Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pne 224 Sedan
Pne 224 Sedan
FINAL REPORT
SprojectEDAN
NEVADA TEST SITE / JULY 6, 1962
Las Vegas 0
20050810 285
LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither t.he United
States, nor the Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accu-
racy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use
of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe
privately owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the
use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" includes any em-
ployee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the extent that
such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares,
disseminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employment or contract
with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor.
PROJECT SEDAN
PNE- 224F
PROJECT 62.85
University of California
Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
and Radiation Biology
Los Angeles, California
hand collecting and by means of buried cans, which served as traps for
were also made: at 2" and 36" above the ground, 2" below the ground, and
dosimeters.
After the test, during August and again in November, no adult lizards
were observed closer to ground zero than 5500 ft. However, adult
within about 2000 ft of ground zero, the apparent low incidence of adult
-ii-
In species with non-overlapping generations, or in which only a
few adults survive more than one year, adult mortality may be un-
also at 3800 and 9000 ft from ground zero. The juveniles were evidently
hatched after the test, but before post-test sampling was begun.
Apparently, neither the eggs nor the hatching of eggs was seriously
Uta. Mortality at 9000 ft was slight, greater at 3800 ft, and evidently
almost complete at 2800 ft. The mortality was well correlated with the
weeks following the test ranged from at least 5000 r (at about 3000 ft
from ground zero) to only 300-400 r at 8000 to 10,000 ft from ground zero.
In areas where free-air doses and doses registered 2" underground were
compared to tissue doses, the tissue doses and the underground doses
were of similar magnitude and only about 10-15% of the free-air dose.
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................... vi
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Establishment of study areas and sampling procedures . . 2
2.2 Dosimetry .................... ......................... 4
2.3 Sampling of arthropods ............... ................. 7
ILLUSTRATIONS
TABLES
-iv-
TABLES (Continued)
-V-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Gist, Joseph Lannom and Sam Telford, Jr. Clayton Gist and Gerald Marten
The cooperation and advice of Dr. Dorald Allred and Dr. Clive
the joint program are gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Norman French made
Angeles.
-vi-
INFLUENCE OF A CRATERING DEVICE ON CLOSE-IN POPULATIONS OF LIZARDS
1. INTRODUCTION
During past test series at the Nevada Test Site, there has been
When a 100 kiloton device is buried 650 feet below ground level,
cljse-in areas, are probably the deposition of dirt and debris from the
crater and the emanation of ganma radiation from this debris. Hence,
close-in areas, and how are tissue doses related to free-air doses?
-I-
2. PROCEDURE
The area to the northeast of the projected ground zero was the
least modified by previous tests, and this area was selected for
and Narver, Inc. This line extended from ground zero (4317 ft above
sea level) to 10,000 ft (4496 ft above sea level). Seven study plots
were established and marked: 750 to 1000 ft2 1500-2000 ft, 2500-3000
ft, 3500-4000 ft, 4500-5000 ft, 5500-6000 ft, and 8500-9000 ft. These
plots extended at right angles 750 ft on each side of the line and were,
except for the first, 750,000 sq ft (17.2 acres) in area. The most
weekly intervals, between June 16 and July 5. From two to four men
were permanently marked by toe-clipping (at least one toe was removed
from each foot), and temporarily marked with fast-drying paint. The
animal twice on the same day. The location of each lizard captured or
recaptured was recorded on a map and the animals were released at that
point.
index 1 ' 2
.
Another line (Line 12A) was surveyed by Holmes and Narver, Inc.,
azimuth of 26o). This line was marked off similarly to Line 16A, but
only an area 1000 ft on a side, centered on the line between 3500 and
5.
Between 3530 and 3800 ft on Line 16A, a lOxlO grid of 100 buried
can traps was established on June 21. The traps were 30 feet apart and
the grid was centered on the surveyed line. A similar grid was set up
between 8730 and 9000 ft on June 23. The cans were 6.9" deep and 6.3"
mounted on one inch legs at each corner. Except for June 27, when a
small device was exploded on Yucca Flat, traps of both grids were
examined daily between June 22 and July 5. These grids sampled areas
somewhat more than 72,900 sq ft in extent. The data from these traps
elevations above mean sea level were surveyed by Holmes and Narver, Inc.,
at 6 points along the line on July 4. These stations were at 750, 1000,
1500, 2000, 2250, and 2500 ft from ground zero. In October, elevations
were surveyed along the line at 1500, 2000, 2250, and 2500 ft from ground
-3-
zero. The deposition at 750 and 1000 ft was estimated from aerial photo-
graphs.
in most of the study areas for over a month. However, on July 30, 24
days after the shot', investigations were resumed in the more distant
areas. The devastation within 3000 ft of ground zero was so great that
times, at weekly intervals, between August 11 and August 29. The 3500-
4000 ft area was examined once, on August 15. In the fall,, these same
July 30. The grid at 3800 ft was buried and a new grid was established
September 1. and then closed. In the fall, these three grids were re-
2.2 Dosimetry
Three types of dosimeters were used. The first of these was a com-
20 mm thick and were 2 1/2" long and 3/4" in diameter. Twenty six of
stations. The stations were located 1500 ft from ground zero., and at
-4-
10,000 ft. Both dosimeters were taped to a steel fence post, one 2"
from the ground; the other at 36". Both dosimeters were mounted on
the ground zero side of the post. Twenty of these dosimeters were re-
covered on August 10, 35 days after the detonation. The others were
mounted at 36" 3000 ft from ground zero was later found at 3500 ft. One
from ground zero, the other at 4000 ft, and two at 4500 ft. These were
150 mr to 1000 r. Each packet was 41' x 3" x 2 1/2". Two were pre-
located on Line 16A, one at 3000 ft, the other 8000 ft (at 36"). The
former was not recovered; the latter was picked up on July 13, 7 days
after the detonation. Four of these packets were set out on Line 12A,
buried 2" underground. Two were located at 3500 ft and two at 4000 ft.
Santa Barbara and read under the direction of Chapman Leek. Readings
posure.
The third type of dosimeter was a Bausch & Lomb low-z glass micro-
-5-
glass, 1 um in diameter and 6 mm long. They are capable of registering
opposed to free-air dose. Because they are unshielded and because there
and two microdosimeters were implanted beneath the skin of the dorsum
of each - one in the region of the neck, and the other in the lumbar
needle. A slender steel rod was attached to the plunger and adjusted in
length so that when the plunger was depressed the tip of the rod just
reached the aperture of the needle. The microdosimeter was placed in-
side the tip of the needle and shaken down. The needle was then inserted
carefully beneath the skin of the lizard and the plunger depressed,
forcing the microdosimeter into place. The small wound was sealed
with collodion and the animals marked and released at point of capture.
one dosimeter. There were, then, in an area 1000 ft square on Line 12A
-6-
Twelve attempts to recover some of these lizards (by shooting) were
along Line 12A between 3500 ft and 6000 ft from ground zero. These
these traps were examined daily between October 28 and November 13.
for the trap grids at 3800 ft and 9000 ft on Line 16A for a two-week
August 18 and 31. Records were kept for the 50 traps at 2800 ft be-
3. RESULTS
Yucca Flat is a desert basin about 15 miles long and 10 miles wide,
south and the Great Basin to the north. Area 10 is in the northernmost
part of Yucca Flat and was the site of the Sedan test. This area has
been used for underground testing in the past, and in places much of
the native vegetation has been destroyed and replaced by Salsola kali,
"-7-
and Mentzelia albicaulis (Fig. I). In the vicinity of the prospective
ground zero (beyond about 3000 ft) the vegetation was relatively un-
and Coleogyne ramosissima are abundant but on Line 16A the latter is
more abundant. A mixture of Grayia and Coleogyne occurs along Line 16A
between about 3000 and 7000 ft (Fig. 2), but at greater distances from
ground zero Coleogyne is by far the most abundant shrub (Fig. 3).
may have occurred, but were not recorded. Only data pertaining to
afforded by Table 1.
fairly uniform in the four areas examined between 2500 and 6000 ft
on Line 16A. In fact, data from the area examined on Line 12A (also
-8-
The data pertaining to Cnemidophorus on Line 16A have been treated
from the 100-trap grids at 3800 ft and 9000 ft. Because the trap grids
(in treating the trap data) that this was an initial capture. Similarly,
N., the minimum population size (as indicated by all animals registered
crater was about 1280 ft in diameter and almost 400 ft deep from the
top of the crater lip (Fig. 4). The average depth from original ground
level was 320 ft. The lip itself was as much as 75 ft high in places
but only about 40-50 ft high over most of its circumference. At 1000
-9-
2500 ft (Fig. 5) deposition was ordinarily around 3 to 6 in but depths
between 750 and 2500 ft from ground zero are shown in Appendix A, and
on Line 16A was much less than the average for points closer than 1500
ft) slightly more at 2000 ft and 2500 ft (Appendix A). Thus Line 16A
on Line 16A, all of the vegetation was destroyed by the blast and the
16A, and in this belt the vetetation was damaged but not entirely
radioactive dust.
November 13, no lizards of any kind were taken. The areas farther from
-10-
described earlier. The results of the post-test sampling on Line 16A
are given in Table 5. The data derived from the trap grids afford
released on Line 12A just prior to the test. It will be recalled that
Cnemidophorus were shot and one other observed. Also observed were
Phrynosoma. The 50 can traps established along Line 12A (as far out
28 and November 13, these traps captured 38 juvenile Uta in 160 daylight
trap-hours.
3.5 Dosimetry
Free-air doses on Lines 12A and 16A, doses 2" below ground on Line
-11-.
4. DISCUSSION
lizard species before and after the test, if one accepts the frequency
will be seen, this assumption may be invalid under the particular con-
were uniformly distributed along Line 16A except in the highly dis-
turbed areas close to ground zero (Fig. 1). Uta stansburiana was
vegetation might have influenced the ease with which this species was
observed and captured. Horned lizards were rarely captured in any area
_12-
Estimates of absolute abundance of lizards before and after the
detonation hold any promise in this regard (Table 3). These data
The large variances stem from the low recapture success, which indicates
that the 17.2 acre plots examined were too large for the time and
personnel available.
The population estimates are 100, 130, 87, and 95 adult lizards per
17.2 acres, and imply about 6 adult whiptailed lizards per acre. At
first glance this density estimate is not supported by the data from
different lizards were registered during the sampling, and the popu-
lation estimate for the area was 38 (29-55). This implies about 22
(3.2/acre), while the estimate for the traps grid between 8730 and
9000 ft is 10 (5.9/acre).
during the pre-test sampling ranged from 10 to 1860 ft. The median
"-13-
manually and by traps, are increased 135 ft on a side, to compensate
for the large plots are probably too low. It is also likely that the
than 10 per acre. Seven per acre is taken as the best estimate.
lizards will be observed and/or captured per man-hour (see Table 1).
ft plots are possibly too low, implying densities of 0.7 and 0.9
In the plots on Line 16A between 1500 and 9000 ft the mean number of
-14-
leopard lizards observed and/or captured per man-hour was 0.24. This
to 1.0 adult Crotaphytus wislizeni per acre before the test. This is a
great out to 2000 ft that it was assumed that no lizards survived closer
in. Between 2000 and 3000 ft, no adult lizards were observed or trapped
in August or in the fall. In fact, after the test no adult lizards were
observed closer to ground zero than 5500 ft. However, beyond 8000 ft,
in areas where there was no damage to the habitat and where gross gamma
either in August or in the fall (Table 5). The low apparent incidence
generations (or in which only a few adults survive more than one year),
-15-
but were taken in traps, on Line 16A and on Line 12A. The hatching of
lizard eggs did not seem to have been affected by the test, at least
beyond 2000 ft. Of the juveniles captured, almost all were Uta
From the data in Table 5, it may be observed that juvenile Uta were
9000 ft from ground zero. Because there were only 50 traps at 2800 ft,
the captures per hour (.15) are about the same as those which occurred
at 3800 ft (.43) and 9000 ft (.26), where there were 100 traps.
the course of 107 man-hours of effort. These small lizards are incon-
At that time, no young Uta were captured in cans at 2800 ft, and only
4 were captured in traps at 3800 ft. However, at 9000 ft, young Uta
were trapped with an efficiency (.21 per hour) only slightly reduced
from that which occurred in August (.26 per hour). Also, although
there were evidently far fewer young Uta close-in, those present had
grown and were more conspicuous. Two were captured in the plot at
3500-4000 ft, and in more distant plots a total of 33 young Uta were
Uta during August, from 2800 ft to 9000 ft on Line 16A. By the end of
-16-
October the abundance of these lizards was only slightly reduced at
9000 ft. However, at 3800 ft the number of young Uta was markedly
to radiation because the lizards affected were born some time after the
4.4 Dosimetry
10,000 ft (Table 7). On Line 12A, in the area examined between 3500
and 4500 ft, free-air doses were around 3000 r (Table 7). Doses at
2" from the ground did not differ significantly from those 3 ft above
•.2., < 560 r and < 515 r in two from the same animal, and 2) cumulative
or less vs. 3000 r). As pointed out above. the microdosimeter readings
-17-
4.5 Arthropods
the test. These beetles apparently emerged from pupae some time
if any.
-18-
Appendix A
Distance
from ground N 4 E N 26 E N 58 E S 53 E S 19 W S 86 W N 170 W
zero (ft)
* All values in ft
-19-
j4r
20
0
21
01\
22
23
EI
C\J
24-
CQi
A
'-
I 6A 0?
r-4
25
0 0 43q 0
% 0 941 o
'f. 4%
.04 "0'
-
91114 C"4 al 0
en0
.09) OW C1 00m0 0 %0 0
"4 0 c - -
0440
4
44
"to
0"44~ 4 ~ .~ s"
.
"4 4 r-4 £*4 ('" "i"4 %
0 ~ ~93W
0q 0n reI-Ch, %0 C -
5"4 S4 1%.0 3%- %0 "4(34 .
0&d
bo 10 ('" "4 "4 C14 ('" "4 w co
-v4 14 r% LA %0 %0
44 441 0 0
0 0 0 0
I04 00
'H "4
0 0 Uj
00i 2 41 ('3
W! 0 ('" -nO i 0 0 .0 0% 0v
300 3 A 9A C.I IN; 4V 'A %;
*r3.
*C*4
.l 04 0o "4 " " 4
%00
0%
"03 0 ~
"4 34
00 00 0 t
H I
0J0 0 0 IA 0 0 0
.340 .00 0 0 0 0
0. 0
0 0 0 00.d
44 w
:3 0 %4 %w n 0"4L
03..
W* 0
'O1'
0M 0 00
0 44fl..4sO. n nIn n
1- P
e n on G
N"-26-
Table 2 - Captures of Cnemidophorus tigris per man-hour in selected areas
on Lines 12A and 16A in Yucca Flat between June 16 and July 5, 1962.
The figures for Line 16A are based on the sums of 3 censuses and
include captures and recaptures. The figures for Line 12A are
based on 2 censuses and there were no recaptures.
Area
(ft from ground Man-hours Cnemidophorus captured Captures/man-hour
zero)
Line 16A
Line 12A
-27-
Q) U) % C U % 0
-4 Cl Cl ; 9 C
1 4 Cl4-
C:- i I -
(U -#U, cc Cl C
'2) 4-4 44 14 0
q0 S
Cd0 1 0 o C f 1
0)
Ch r4r '0
-w 42.4
o - t
-L) Q) m
*.-4(0 ý4J C:C ) o h U ,
w2 c4J-U $4 14 C14 Cl- 04 a'
0+ M. a) N-
4-j
M~-ý4 4 J-- 4 -- 4 -
to a2)cl)
042) Q) c
M 4400 :1
"~ >
0-4- - -
. 0)
42) w- 0)' 4 l
I -428-
Table 4 - Deposition of overburden on Line 16A by the Sedan detonation
on July 6, 1962.
-29-
Table 5 - Captures and observations per hour of effort on Line 16A between
July 30 and September 1 (above), and October 28 and November 13,
(below). The actual numbers are given in parentheses. Data do not
include two adult Phryhosoma captured in traps at 9000 ft from
ground zero in August
Daylight
Area trap grid-
(ft from hours or Cnemidophorus Crotaphytus Uta
ground zero) man-hours Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile
3500-4000 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 .29 (2)
4500-5000 27 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 (8)
-30-
Table 6 - Capture-recapture estimates of abundance of juvenile Uta in
two plots (72,900 sq ft) on Line 16A in Yucca Flat during
August 1962. Xt is the number of marked individuals at risk in
the population at time of sample t, nt is the total size of the
sample at time t, and xt is the number of marked individuals
captured at time t.
2 65 35 16 1,040 147,875
3 84 26 13 1,092 183,456
2 70 24 8 560 117,600
-31-
Table 7 - Cumulative gross gamma dosages recorded by dosimeters pre-
located on Lines 12A and 16A before the Sedan test. Film
badges are indicated by (fb), glass microdosimeters by (m).
All other dosimeters are lead-shielded combination glass and
chemical dosimeters. Film badge data are ± 25%, combination
dosimeter data are ± 15%.
-32-
Table 8 - Captures of arthropods in can traps on Line 16A in Yucca Flat
before and after the Sedan test
A o s i
221 10 4
Srolglod(Ers ostatxs 20 91 61 10 91
Eleodesormsante40 5320 0 6 9
Ve-ioiscnfusu 28 06 192233
-34-
REFERENCES
(1958).
-35-
TECHNICAL REPORTS SCHEDULED FOR ISSUANCE
BY AGENCIES PARTICIPATING IN PROJECT SEDAN
AEC REPORTS
36
TECHNICAL REPORTS SCHEDULED FOR ISSUANCE
BY AGENCIES PARTICIPATING IN PROJECT SEDAN
DOD REPORTS
37
ABBREVIATIONS FOR TECHNICAL AGENCIES
38
SUPPLEMENTARY DOD DISTRIBUTION FOR PROJECT SEDAN
PNE NO. DIST. CAT. PNE NO. DIST. CAT. PNE NO. DIST. CAT.
In addition, one copy of reports 201, 202, 203, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217,
218, 221, 225, 229, 230, 232, 234, and 235 to each of the following:
E. H. Plesset Associates
1281 Westwood Blvd. ,
Los Angeles 24, California
Attn: Mr. M. Peter
39