Example #1

Find the general solution of the given

differential equation:
(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0

Step 1

SEPARATE
S
For the given differential equation,
(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
we can add ydx on both sides of the equation
to yield
(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥
+
multiplying ( ) will separate x and y
,-+ .
1
[(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥]
(𝑥 + 1)𝑦
Step 2

INTEGRATE
I
Integrating both sides
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 =1
𝑦 𝑥+1
will result to
ln|𝑦| = ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶

combining both natural logarithmic

functions
ln|𝑦| − ln|𝑥 + 1| = ln 𝐶
employing logarithmic and exponential
properties
.
789,-+9
𝑒 = 𝑒 78 :
𝑦
=𝐶
𝑥+1
the general solution is then,
𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
Example #2
Find the particular solution of the given
differential equation:
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
= , 𝑦(4) = −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

Step 1

SEPARATE
S
Multiplying the given differential equation
by 𝑦𝑑𝑥 will separate x and y
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
? = @ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥

Step 2

INTEGRATE
I
Integrating both sides of the equation
1 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = − 1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
will result to
𝑦 A −𝑥 A
= +𝐶
2 2
multiplying the equation by 2 will yield to
general equation
𝑦 A −𝑥 A
C = + 𝐶D 2
2 2
𝑦 A = −𝑥 A + 𝐶
𝑦A + 𝑥A = 𝐶
substituting the initial values of x=4 and
y=-3 will give a value for C
(−3)A + (4)A = 𝐶
𝐶 = 25
explicitly stating the particular solution of
the given differential equation will be
𝑦 A + 𝑥 A − 25 = 0
𝑦 = ±G25 − 𝑥 A
but the initial values of x=4 and y=-3
suggests that the particular solution is

𝑦 = −G25 − 𝑥 A
Example #3
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 A − 4
𝑑𝑥

Step 1

SEPARATE
S
Multiplying the given differential equation
H,
by will separate x and y
. I JK
𝑑𝑦 A
𝑑𝑥
? = 𝑦 − 4@ A
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 −4
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑦A − 4
Step 2

INTEGRATE
I
H.
The integral of can be done by partial
. I JK
fraction decomposition
𝑑𝑦
1 A = 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 −4
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑦A − 4 𝑦 − 2 𝑦 + 2

When y = 2
1 = 𝐴(𝑦 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑦 − 2)
1
𝐴=
4
When y = -2
1
𝐵=−
4

1 1
1 4 − 4
=
𝑦A − 4 𝑦 − 2 𝑦 + 2
 1 1
1 N 4 − 4 O 𝑑𝑦 = 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−2 𝑦+2

the integral is then,

1 1
ln|𝑦 − 2| − ln|𝑦 + 2| = x + 𝐶
4 4
multiplying the equation by 4 will result to
1 1
Q ln|𝑦 − 2| − ln|𝑦 + 2| = x + 𝐶R 4
4 4
ln|𝑦 − 2| − ln|𝑦 + 2| = 4x + ln 𝐶
using properties of logarithm will combine
|𝑦 − 2 |
ln = 4x + ln 𝐶
|𝑦 + 2 |
|.JA|
78
𝑒 = 𝑒 KS-78 :
|.-A|
𝑦−2
= 𝐶𝑒 K,
𝑦+2
expressing the equation explicitly as y in
terms of x will result to the general solution of
𝑦 − 2 = 𝐶𝑒 K, 𝑦 + 2𝐶𝑒 K,
𝑦 − 𝐶𝑒 K, 𝑦 = 2 + 2𝐶𝑒 K,
𝑦(1 − 𝐶𝑒 K, ) = 2(1 + 𝐶𝑒 K, )
2(1 + 𝐶𝑒 K, )
𝑦=
1 − 𝐶𝑒 K,
Example #4
Find the particular solution of the given
differential equation:
𝑑𝑦
(𝑒 A. − 𝑦)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑒 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥, 𝑦(0) = 0
𝑑𝑥

Step 1

SEPARATE
S
Multiplying the given differential equation
H,
by will separate x and y
Y Z [\] ,
A.
𝑑𝑦 .
𝑑𝑥
?(𝑒 − 𝑦)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥@ .
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 cos 𝑥
A.
(𝑒 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
=
𝑒. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
using the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
and dividing the left hand side of the
equation
.
𝑦𝑑𝑦 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 − . =
𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
.
𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 − . = 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
Step 2

INTEGRATE
I
Integrating both sides of the equation
𝑦𝑑𝑦
1 𝑒 . 𝑑𝑦 − 1 . = 2 1 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
𝑦𝑑𝑦
1 .
= 1 𝑦𝑒 J. 𝑑𝑦
𝑒

integrating using integration by parts

𝑢=𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 J. 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 = −𝑒 J.

1 𝑦𝑒 J. 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦𝑒 J. + 1 𝑒 J. 𝑑𝑦

1 𝑦𝑒 J. 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦𝑒 J. − 𝑒 J.

𝑒 . − (−𝑦𝑒 J. − 𝑒 J. ) = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 . + 𝑦𝑒 J. + 𝑒 J. = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
substituting the initial values of x=0 and
y=0 will give a value for C
𝑒 . + 𝑒 J. (𝑦 + 1) = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 d + 𝑒 Jd (0 + 1) = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝐶
2 = −2 + 𝐶
𝐶 = 4
Appending the value of the arbitrary
constant and explicitly stating the given
equation will yield to a particular solution of
𝑒 . + 𝑦𝑒 J. + 𝑒 J. = 4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑒 . + 𝑒 J. (𝑦 + 1) = 4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑒 J. (𝑦 + 1) = 4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑒 .
4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑒 .
𝑦+1=
𝑒 J.
4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑒 .
𝑦= J.
−1
𝑒
4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑒 . − 𝑒 J.
𝑦=
𝑒 J.
Example #5
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8

Step 1

SEPARATE
S
The x and y of the given differential
equation can be separated through factoring
by grouping
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + (−𝑦 − 3)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥) + (4𝑦 − 8)
factoring out x and -1 on the numerator
while factoring out x and 4 on the
denominator will result to
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 (𝑦 + 3) − (𝑦 + 3)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (𝑦 − 2) + 4(𝑦 − 2)
again factoring out y+3 on the numerator
and factoring out y-2 on the denominator
will result to
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)
(.JA)H,
multiplying the whole equation by
(.-f)
will separate x from y
𝑦−2 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+3 𝑥+4

Step 2

INTEGRATE
I
By performing long division

1 1
𝑦 + 3G𝑦 − 2 𝑥 + 4√𝑥 − 1
(−) 𝑦 + 3 (−) 𝑥 + 4

0−5 0−5

5 5
1− 1−
𝑦+3 𝑥+4

Integrating both sides of the equation

 5 5
1 ?1 − @ 𝑑𝑦 = 1 ?1 − @ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+3 𝑥+4
𝑦 − 5 ln|𝑦 + 3| = 𝑥 − 5 ln|𝑥 + 4| + 𝐶
combining logarithmic functions and
applying logarithmic and exponential
properties will result to
5 ln|𝑥 + 4| − 5 ln|𝑦 + 3| = 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐
ln|𝑥 + 4|h − ln|𝑦 + 3|h = 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑥+4 h
ln i i =𝑥−𝑦+𝑐
𝑦+3
,-K j
789 9
𝑒 = e(,J.-l)
.-f
Implicitly stated, the general solution is
then,
𝑥+4 h
? @ = 𝐶e(,J.)
𝑦+3