UNIT-2 Hydrothermal Scheduling 2.1. Hydro Electric power plant models Initially, there were mostly thermal power plants to generate electrical power. There is a need for the development of hydro-power plants due to the following reasons. (i) Due to the increment of power in the Joad demand from all sides such as industrial, agricultural, commercial, and domestic. (ii) Due to the high cost of fuel (coal). (iii) Due to the limited range of fuel. Conventional hydroelectric plants are classified as run-of-river plants, run-of-river plants with pondage and storage type plants. In the former type water is utilized as available in the stream, as there is no provision for storage. Where there is pondage provision, hourly fluctuations in load can be met. In the later type, where storage is provided the water stored during the excess water period can be utilized during the lean season or when power demand is high. The plant may be a single development on a river or there may be several plants constructed and cascaded on the same river as shown in fig.2.1. In some cases inter connection of plants on different streams is also possible. Dam Power BE Power Penstoc& Shy, Tail Fig.2.1. Cascaded hydro electric plant 2.2, Characteristics of Hydro Plants 2.2.1. Input-output characteristics These characteristics can be obtained in the same way as for thermal ‘units on the assumption of constant water head. The input is water input or discharge in cubic meters per second and output is power output inmegawatts. While the water requirement is nearly linear till rated load, after \ cificieney decreases and greater discharge is required to meet the that tt incr . Incremental production cost characteristic The incremental production cost characteristic can be expressed analytically as follows. IPC=C, (0S PSP,) =aP, +C (Pn SPS Py) mS Where a is the slope of the characteristic between Pin and Pua. 2.2.4. Comparison between hydro and thermal plants: ‘The hydro-plants can be started easily and can be assigned a load in very short time. However, in thg case of thermal plants, it requires several hours to make the boiler, super heater, and turbine system ready to take the load. For this reason, the hydro-plants can handle fast changing loads effectively. The thermal plants in contrast are slow in response. Hence, due to this, the thermal plants are more suitable to operate as base load plants, where as hydro plants to operate as peak load plants. The operating cost of thermal plants is very high and at the same time its capital cost is low when compared with a hydro-plant. The operating cost is low and capital cost is high in hydro-plant. In the case of thermal plants, the optimal scheduling problem can be completely solved at any desired instant without referring to the operation at other times. It is a “Static optimization problem”. The operation of a system having both hydro and thermal plants is more complex as hydro-plants have a negligible operating cost but are required to run wnder the constraint of availability of water for hydro-generation during a given period of time. This problem is the “dynamic optimization problem’, where the time factor is to be considered.\ ng problem in a hydro-thermal system can be stated The optimal schedulir ° under the constraints of water as to minimize the fuel cost of thermal plants . availability for hydro-generation over a given period of operation. 2.3. Optimal scheduling of H. : : thermal system, shown in fig.2. which consists Consider a simple hydro- and one thermal plant supplying power to load connected at the 1 is referred to as the fundamental system. ydrothermal System: of one hydro center in between the plants and Water inflow,J Reservoir Poy (or) — storage Thermal Plant | Py Water discharge,q Fig.2. fundamental hydro-thermal system The mathematically formulate the optimal scheduling problem in a hydro-thermal system, the following assumptions are to be made for a certain period of operation T (a day, a week, or a month, or a year): (1) The storage of a hydro-reservoir at the beginning and at the end of period of operation T are specified. (2) Water in flow to the reservoir and load demand on the system are known as functions of time. The optimization problem here is to determine the water discharge rate q (t) so as to minimize the cost of thermal generation. minC, = [ C(Por(t))dt (2.1) 9 Subjected to the following constraints: (i) The real power balance equation Poplt) + Poult) =F) + Pelt) ie, Pyplt)+Poult)-PO-Polt)=0 forte (0,7) (2.2) Where Pay(t)is the real power thermal generation at time't’, Pon(t)is the real power hydro generation at time't’. P, (t)is real power loss at time't’”, and P,(t)is the real power demand at time't’. (ii) | Water availability equationyk at is the water storage in discharge units. xe = _X° and X" are specified as water storage rates at the beginning and at the end of the optimization interval, respectively. (ii) The real power hydro-generation in any sub-interval can be written as PX, =h, {l+ 0.5(X' “)} (q" -p) (2.9) Where hy =9.$1x107h); his the basic water head which is corresponding to dead storage, e is the water head correction factor to account for the variation in head with storage , and p is the non-effective discharge. Equation (2.9) can be obtained as follows: PK, =9.81x10°h (q* —p)MW Where (q* —p)is the effective in discharge in m$/s and hk is the average head in the K*" interval and is given as Where A is the area of cross-section of the reservoir at the given storage hy = h, {1+ 0.5e(X* +X} At . 5, . Ga? Which is tabulated for various storage values 0 PE, =H {1 +0.5e(X* + x} (a®-p) v Where e The optimization problem is mathematically stated for any sub-interval 4¢ by the objective function given by equation (2.5), which is subjected to equation constraints given by equation s (2.6), (2.8), and (2.9). In the above optimization problem , it is convenient to choose water discharges in all sub-intervals except one sub-interval as independent variables and hydro-generations, thermal generations, water storages in all sub-intervals and except water discharge as dependent variables; i.e., independent variables are represented by q®,for K=2,3,..,N and for Ke1.Dependent variables are represented byq*,PK.,PK,,X€ and q_,for K=1,2,....N. Equation (2.8) can be written for all values of K=1, 2,..., N: ie., X!-X°-ji'+q'=O for K=1 X?-x!-j?+q?=0 for K=2r r X(t)—X (0)- Format +f 0 0 a(t)dt =0 (2.3) Where X (t)is the water storage at time't’, X (Ojis water storage at the beginning of operation time,T. X (T)is water storage at the end of operation time,T J(t)is the water i flow rate, and q(t)is the water discharge rate. (iii) Real power hydro-generation The real power hydro-generation Poy(t)is a function of water storage X(t) and water discharge rate q(t) : ie Pal) = (8 oalN) (2.4) The solution for above problem is obtained by using discretization principle. Here optimization interval T is sub divided into N equal sub intervals of At time length and over each sub-interval, it is assumed that all the variables remain fixed in value. The same problem can be reformulated as 7 ees teas At CPEs, min i aN aeeowrsy (2.5) ma “ a Subject to the following constraints: () Power balance equation PE + Phy ~ PP = 0 (2.6) Where PS is the thermal generation in Kt) int al, P&,is the hydro generation in K" interval, Pxis the transmission power loss in K" interval and expressed as PE = Byp(Pop)* + 2BypPo Per + By (PEs) and Pp is the load demand in the K" interval. (i) Water availability equation XK XU _ jKat a gkat=0 Where X'* is the water storage at the end of the interval K, “Ks i 7. 7 J* is the water inflow rate in interval K, and q'is the \ ter orage at the end of the interval K. ng equation (2, xX® — xucy Where 7) by At, it becomes — j* +q* =0 for K=1,2,...,N (2.8)