(1.11) sets, si spect to real where 2P. presents the variation of total transmission loss with resp : ahs ission loss power generation of the i unit and is called incremental transm' (ITL) of the i” unit. The equation (1.11) can be written as follows: Hy Poon Cu, = (1.12) i arm] (ap, te Where L, = of and is called the penalty factor of the i“ unit. a-F4) oP. ‘The penalty factor is define as the ratio of a small change in power at that unit to the small change in received power when only that unit supplies this small change in received power. Equation (1.12) can be utilized to obtain the optimal cost of operation. The condition for optimality when the transmission losses are considered is that the IFC of each plant multiplied by its penalty factor must be the same for all the plants: eC,, _ aC, ay 1.13) ae, OP, (2-13) This equation (1.13) is called “Exact co-ordination equation”. ‘Thus it is clear that to solve the optimum load scheduling problem, it is necessary to compute ITL for each plant and therefore we must determine the functional dependence of the transmission loss on the real power generation. 1.2. General transmission line loss formula Consider two generating plants connected to an arbitrary number of loads through a transmission line network. One line with in the network is designated as branch ‘p’, which is shown in fig.1.9 (a). — Pb line Load Ly ga Xf (a)jon line w.r.to a power source ‘The current distribution factor of a transmi is the ratio of the current through the network to the current supplied by source. Let us assume that the entire load current is supplying by generating sation-1 only as shown in fig.1.9 (b).Let the current in the line ‘p’ be Ip. Current distribution factor M,y = 2. (1.14) (b) Similarly, the entire load current is supplied by second generating station only as shown in fig.1.9 (c). Let the current in the line ‘p’ bel,, Current distribution I factorM,, ==. (1.15) >Load Ip, (c) When both generators 1 and 2 are supplying current into network as in fig.1.9 (a), apply the principle of super position, the current in the line ‘p’ can be expressed as Ip = Myile: + Myzloz (1.16) (a) Where Ig, and I,,are the currents supplied by plants 1 and 2 respectively Certain assumptions are made at this stage (1) All load currents have the same phase angle with respective to common reference. aX. (2) For all branches of the network, the ratio [is same:The above two assumptions allow us to take Ig, andIg,co-phasor withI,. This makes current distribution factor M,, and M,, are real rather than complex. Let the source currents Ig; =|lg;| 20, aNd Ig, = [lox] 20 (1.17) Where o,and o, are phase angles of I,,and I,, respectively with respect to the common reference, Substitute equation (1.17) in equation (1.16), we get the current in the p® line Tp = Mp lloi] 20; + Mpo [loa| 202 The above equation, we may write as Ip = Mpiloi(Coso, + jsino,) + Mpalgs(coso, + jsino,) I, = Mpilg; COS 0, + {Mylo SING, + Mpalgy COSC + JMpalgn SiN Tp = Mpylgy COS 6, + Myalgy COSC + j(Mpylg, SiN, +Mpalgg SiN.) The above expression can be written as lof’ = (Mpulgs COS, +Mpalgy COS 69)? + (Mpiley SiG, + Mpaley Sino)? [lol? =Mp,"Io,? Cos? G, + Mpy"Igy? CoS? + 2Mpil,Mpalgy COS 6, COSC + Mpy'Io,’ sin? 6, +M),"Ig,” sin? a) + 2Mpilg,Mpalga Sino, sino, Expanding and simplifying the above equation, we get [lof = Mp7Io.? + Mpa*To2? + 2MpiTo: Mpaiga CO8(6, — 6) (1.18) We know that Pa, = V3 Nfl eos, Poa = 8 WNallsleos és Where P,,and P,,are three phase real power outputs of plants 1 and 2 at power factors of cos, andcos},, and Vand V,are the bus voltages at the plants. P I, —— 91 — and [I,,| =—=—92—_ Mo YB|V,|cosé, and [lo ¥3IV,|cos 6, (1.19) If Ris the resistance of the branch ‘p’, then the total transmission loss in the p® line is given by P, = )3ll,| Rp (1.20) ? Substituting equations (1.18) and (1.19) in (1.20), we get 2 Pa? 2 Pot B P, = SBR, | My?

mn The terms B,,,B,,and B,,are called loss co-efficient or B- co-efficient. The unit of B-coefficients are MW”. The above results can be extended to the general case of k-plants with kk transmission loss P, = )) Y’ PomBanPon ft (1.22) Where 7 cosa) RM, My, ™ WallVa|€08 6m, C08 by Since the transmission lines are symmetrical, loss coefficients Bmn and Bam are equal, ie Ban=Bam In addition to the assumptions already made, other assumptions are necessary if B-coefficients are treated to be constant. Since total load and load distribution between sources vary. The assumptions are: (1) Power factors of plants remain constant. (2) Plant current maintain constant phase angle with respective to common reference. (3) All load currents maintain a constant ratio to the total current. (4) Voltage magnitude at every plant bus remains constant. 1.3. Computational Approach for optimum allocation of generation Now we present computational steps to find the optimum generation of ‘n’ power plants. Manual solution of ‘n’ non-linear equations is impossible. So it necessitates digital computer for doing all calculations automatically. We know that optimum generation schedule of the plants is obtained if (IC), ; f-0T)] for i=1, 2,.. 4m (1.23) We know the incremental cost of i” unit is (1.24)Determination of ITL formula 3 > PouBanFon el nol ‘The general transmission loss P, For two plant system (k=2), P, = PG:By, + 2PoPo2Bi2 + Po2Bae ITL of plant-1 is obtained as aP, 2(B, Po, + BioPo,) Similarly, ITL of plant-2 is obtained as 2ABy2Po, + BaiPo,) ap, In general a = > 2B,P, (1.25) Poy ot a. dP, dc, . Substituting ——* and —1 in co-ordination equation (1.23), we get Py, dP,, (IC), = 4[1-(TL),] => aPe, +b, =a- uM 2B;P,)) a P * a,Po, +b, +2) 2B,Pg, = A a,Po, +b, +22B,Po, +2 2B,Poy =2 i i x 2b, -25°2B,P,, a =P, = "fori = 1,25, y a, +2B,h bo 1-3 L2BiPos ; sori =1,2,--,k (1.26) iy oB, a For any particular value of, the equation (1.26) can be solved iteratively by assuming initial value ofP,, are zero. Algorithm for 2. -iterative method Step (1): Choose the initial value of 4 = A° with the use of cost-curve equations Step (2): Assume initial value of P,, =Ofor i=1, 2, ..., k. Step (3): Calculate S°p, using equation (1.26)iB yPoy k Step (4): Calculate P, = 7 )°P,,B,P, ah Step (5): Check if power balance equation is satisfied i.e., DP, = Po- Ifyes, stop. Otherwise, go to step (6) Step (6): Increase 2° by ax if |}\P,, -P, -P,] a <0 (or) Decrease 2° by aa if] Po, -Po-P,]>0, i Then repeat from step (3), till the final constrained optimal solution is achieved. 1.4. Problems 1. A system consisting of two generating plants with fuel costs of C, = 0.05P3, +20P,, +1.5 C, = 0.075P3, +22.5P,, +1.6 The system is operating on economical dispatch with 100MW of power generation by each plant. The incremental transmission loss of plant-2 is 0.2.Find the penalty factor of plant-1. Sol: Given C, = 0.05P3, +20P,, +1.5 C, = 0.075P3, +22.5P,, +1.6 Pa; = Pop = LOOMW dP, ‘02 ‘The penalty factor of plant-2, and = (ITL)of plant - 2 = 0.2 1 1 1 = =p = 1.25 he 1=(TL), ;_4P, 1-0.2 Poo ac, Incremental fuel cost of plant-1= =0.1P,, +20 "1 ac, Incremental fuel cost of plant-1= =0.15Py) +22.5 stir ie OCs For optimality, the condition is aC, 1 dc,, _ dc, oe © GPa, 1 Poa Ly(0.1P,, + 20)L, = (0.15P,. +22.5)L, (0.1P,, + 20)L, = (0.15P,, +22.5)x1.25 15x100 + 22.5)x1.25 _ 46.875 _ (0.1x100 + 20) 30 :. The penalty factor of plant-1 is 1.5625 . Two power plants are connected together by a transmi: ean a plant 2.When 100MW are transmitted from plant-1, the transmission loss is 10 MW. The cost characteristics of two plants are C, = 0.05P2, +15P,, Rs / hr C, =0.06P2, +12P,, Rs / hr Find the optimum generation when: = 22. Sol: From given data, load is connected at plant-2. The cost characteristics of two plants are ©, = 0.05P2, +15P,, Rs /hr Pi e+e i C, = 0.06P2, +18P,, Rs / hr Load 5625 ssion line and load at The IFC characteristics are O.1P,, +15 dc, = 0.12P, 12 Poy al The transmission power loss for two plant system is P, = By Pq, + ByzP oo + 2BiaPo.Pos Since the load is connected at bus-2 and power is transfer from plant-1 only, B,, =0 and B,, =0. oP, =B,,P3, oP 10 Pz, 1007 = 0.001P5, =>B =0.001MW* ap, Gon = 2x0.001xP , ‘a The ITL of plant-1 is (ITL), 1 1 The penalty factor of plant-1 is L, = ———— = —_~___ sa aad 7 '1=(ITL), 1-0.002P,, The ITL of plant-2 is (ITL), = oP =0 Py»The penalty factor of plant-2 is L, - 1-1-1 2“ 1-(ITL), 1-0 For optimality, when transmission losses are considered, the condition is a 2 (0.1Po, +15)L, = (0.12P,. +12)L, = 2 (0.1P,, +15)——_1 _ (9,12, +121 = 22 1 i0.002R,,) (0.12P,, +12)x1 = 0.1P,, +15 = 22(1 - 0.002P,,) = 0.144P,, =7 «Pg = 48.61MW and (0.12P,, +12)x1 = 22 © Pop = 83.33MW . A two bus system with load at bus 2 only. If 5OMW is transmitted from bus 1 to load at bus 2 over the line, the loss is 2.5MW.The incremental production costs at both the buses are AC, _9.03P, +15 ana SS aP, 1 2 The value of A is 23 Rs/MWh. Find the generation schedule for economy with losses coordinated. What will be the generation schedule if the losses are not coordinated but considered? Sol: From given data, load is connected at bus-2. The IFC characteristics are 1 Pi dc ‘OF Cy Pa = 0.05P, +20 SG: _ o.03P, +15 | aP, Load aS _ 0.05, +20 : aP, The transmission power loss for two bus system is P, = By,P?, + ByyP*, + 2B,.P,P, Since the load is connected at bus-2 and power is transfer from bus-1 only, B,, =O and B,, =0. «PL =B,,PP Eu PP . P, = 0.001P? 0.001MW"! = By,Case (1) Losses coordinated a = 2B, ,P, = 2x0.001xP, \ aP, ‘The ITL of plant-1 is (ITL), = 1 The penalty factor of plant-1 is L, 7-0.002P, ‘The ITL of plant-2 is (ITL), = s =0 7 The penalty factor of plant-2 is L, = my ; For optimality, when transmission losses are considered, the condition is adc, _ de, Sy Saye dP, dP, ba=k (0.03P, +15)L, = (0.05P, + 20)L, = 1 (0.03P, + 15)——_*+____- = +15) TO.00SR) = (0-05Ps + 201 = 23 = 0.03P, +15 = 23(1-0.002P,) = 0.076P, =8 -.P, =105.26MW and (0.05P, +20)x1 = 23 -.P, = 6OMW Total load demand Po =P +P, -Py = 105.26 +60~0.001x105.26? =154.17MW Case (2) losses not coordinated dQ _ eC, ap, dP, => (0.03P, +15) = (0.05P, +20) = P, =0.6P, - 100 From the real power balance equation, we have P, +P, =Pp +P, P, + (0.6P, ~100) = 154.17 +(0.001P%,) 0.001P?, -1.6P, + 254.17 =0 6+ J(-1.6) - 4(0.001)(254.17) 1.6 +1. p, = L6#V(C1.6)' — 40.000)(254.17) _1.621.24 178 senwor1421.1MW. ‘ 2x0.001 0.002“-F.=178.85MWand P, =0.6x178.85-100-7.31MW. 4.Two thermal plants are production costs of the pla dc, interconnected and following are the incremental ints. 20+ 1OP,, Rs /MWhr 5+10P,, Rs /MWhr Where P,, and P,, are expressed in p.u.in 100MVA base. The transmission loss is given P, = 0.1P3, +0.2P2, +0.1P,,Pgp-.If the incremental cost of received power is 50 Rs/MWh, find the optimal generation. Sol: Given: dc, dP, dc, Py» P, =0.1P2, +0.2P2, +0.1P ,P,.p.u. The transmission power loss for two plant system is P, = By P¥ + BypP%q2 + 2By2PoiPoo = 20+10P,, Rs /MWhr 15 +10P,, Rs / MWhr 0-1 9.05 Comparing the coefficients, we get B,, = 0.1B,) =0.2 and B,, = 2 Incremental cost of received power is A= 50 Rs/MWh. The condition for optimum allocation of total load when transmission losses are considered is Su ‘e1 The ITL of plant-1 is (ITL), 2B, ,P,, + 2B,,P,y = 0.2P,, + 0.1P 5, The ITL of plant-2 is (ITL), = + = 2B,,P,) + 2B,,Pq, = 0.4Py, +0. 1P,, 2 Po, 1 The penalty factor of plant-1 is L, eee 1=(0.2P,, +0.1P,,) 1 1 1=(TL), y_ aP, d The penalty factor of plant-2 is L, = -4P,. +0.1P,,) «For optimum operation 20x, = 2 Ly =A aP,, Pay?a 1 (20-10? a) 555 SEARS) =(15+10Pox)7 9 ap, + 0.1Po:) ey => (20+10P,,) = 50(1-0.2P,, - 0. IP.) = 20+10P,, = 50-10P,, —5P,. 20Po; + 5Pa2 = 30 => Py, =-4P3, +6 (or) = (15 + 10P,) = 50(1 - 0.4P,, - 0.1P5;) => 15+10P,, = 50-20P,, - 5P,, 5Pq, + 30P,, =35 Solving above equations, we get 5P,, + 30(-4P,, +6) =35 _ 35-180 -145 After substituting the P,,and P,, values, we get power loss P, = 0.11.26)’ + 0.2(0.956)? + 0.1(1.26)(0.956) = 0.4625p.u. P,, in MW = p.ivaluex Base MVA =1.26x100 =126MW P,, in MW = 0.956x100 = 95.6MVA and P, inMW = 0.4625x100 = 46.25MVA . A system consists of two power plants connected by a transmission line.The total load is located at plant-2.Data of eveluating loss coefficients consists of information that a power transfer of 100 MW from sation-1 to staion-2, results in a total loss of 8MW.Find the required generation at each station and power recived by the load when A of the system is 100Rs./MWh.The incremental fuel costs of two plants are given by SC: _0.12P,, +65Rs /MWhr at SCs _0.95P,, +75Rs /MWhr ’02 Sol: From given data, load is connected at plant-2. The incremental fuel costs of two plants are pO 2 dc 1Y (0) Pa SS: = 0.12P,, +65Rs /MWhr | dP., | Load = 1.26 pu.and -. Pyy = -4(1.26) + 6 = 0.956 pu.0.25P,, +75Rs /MWhr Po ; i tem is The transmission power oss for two plant — sys P, = By:P%q) + BypP?qy + 2B,PiPoo i lant-1 Since the load is connected at plant-2 and power is transfer from p! only,B,, = 0 and B,, =0, BPG. P_ 8 7 =>B,, =— =—— =0.0008MW np2, 100? « P, = 0.0008P3, aP, ; The ITL of plant-1 is (ITL), = ap = 2B, ,Pg; = 2x0.0008xP,, a1 1 1 The penalty factor of plant-1 is Ly = Fe 7G go1eRy : 5 a, _o ‘02 The ITL of plant-2 is (ITL), = EEL 1-(ITL), 1-0 For optimality, when transmission losses are considered, the condition is dc, dc, L,= Por Poo The penalty factor of plant-2 is L, = L,=2 (0.12P,, +65) = (0.25P,, +75)L, = 100 1 (1-0.0016P,,) => 0.12P,, +65 = 100(1-0.0016P,,) = 0.28P,, =35 J Py = 125MW and (0.25P5. +75)x1 = 100 Py) = 10OMW Power received by the load=(P, +Ps)—P, = (125 +100) - (0.0008P2,) = (225) - (0.0008x(100)*) = 212.5MW . 6. A system consisting of two plants connected by a tie line and load is located at plant-2. When 100MW is transmitted from plant-1, a loss of 1OMW takes place on the tie line. Determine the generation schedule at both the plantsystem is 25Rs/MWh and IF s and the power received by load when A of the are given by 2 _ 0,03P, +17 Rs /MWhr , SCs _ 9.06P, +19 Rs /MWhr aP, Sol: From given data, load is connected at plant-2. : a, f . The incremental fuel costs of two plants are P; fee we ati Po AC _9.03P, 17 Rs /MWhr | 7 road ; =0.06P, +19Rs /MWhr 7 The transmission power loss __ for P, =B,,P’, +B,,P*, +2B,.PP, Since the load is connected at plant-2 and power is transfer from plant-1 two plant system is only, By) =0 and B,, =0. “.P, =B,,P? >B,, enor =0.001MW” P? 100 0.001P? The ITL of plant-1 is (ITL), = —+ = 2B,,P, = 2x0.001xP, ‘The penalty factor of plant-1 is L, = 2 =-__.__ *1=(ITL) 1-0.002P, dP, The ITL of plant-2 is (ITL), = w, =0 The penalty factor of plant-2 is L, = mE =0 (TL), 1- 1 For optimality, when transmission losses are considered, the condition is Srp, Sar, an dP, aP, 1 (0.03P, + 17)_——__ = (0.06P, +19)L, = ( 1 T0.002R) ( » +19)L, = 25 = 0.03P, +17 = 25(1-0.002P,) = 0.08P, =8*. Po, = l1OOMW and (0.06P, +19)x1 = 25 P, = LOOMW Power received by the load=(P, + P,)-P, = (100 +100) -(0.001P?) = (200) -(0.001x(100)’) = 201MW . - Consider the two bus system as shown in below figure,the incremental production costs at the pd generating satations are dc, <= =0.005P, +5 and 2&2 -0,004P, +7 1 = 0.0002 oan The B-coefficients iven i i cE are given in matrix form asB 0.00005 0.0003 | 1 ff @ Po 7 Pd © |Pae Determine the penalty factor at both the buses and also the approximate penalty factors. Given 4 =8Rs / MWh Sol: Given:The incremental production costs are Pi Q- EC, _ 9,005P, +5 ACs _ 0.004P, +7 dP, and The B-coefficients are B “Fos peunee eae | -0.00005 0.0003 The transmission power loss for two plant system is PL = ae + ByP*o2 7 2By2Po:Po2 =0. 0002P? -0.0001P,P, + 0.0003P} The ITL of plant-1 is (ITL), = —+ = 0.0004P, —0.0001P, P, 1 1 The penalty factor of plant-1 is L, i-(m, = 120.0004P, +0.0001P, h : 1 +0. 2 The ITL of plant-2 is (ITL), = eS = 0.0006P, —0.0001P, 2 1 The penalty factor of plant-2 is Ls = tay = {=o 0064p. 40.0001 . », + 0.000 1P,gion losses are considered, the condition ig For optimality, when transmis dC,, _ dC, 8G p, -8Sp, aa dP,” dP, t 1 ___+—____- .0OSP, +5)——_____+_______ = (0.004P, + 7) 0.0001P, (0.005P, + 5) {9 9004P, + 0.0001P,) ( » + 1 =6,0006P, + 0.0001P,) => 0.005P, +5 = 8(1- 0.0004P, + 0.0001P,) = 0.0082P, -0.0008P, =3 P, = 0.0975P, +365.85 and => 0.004P, +7 = 8(1+.0.0001P, -0.0006P,) = 0.0008P, - 0.0088P, = -1 Substitute Pi, we get 0.0008(0.0975P, + 365.85) -0.0088P, =-1 -0.008722P, = -1-0.292 1.292 1282 _ 148,13 ? 0.008722 hd andP, = 0.0975(148.13) + 365.85 = 380.29MW. Penalty factor of plant-1 isL, = = ______1_____1 159 T-(T), ~ 1-0.0004(880.29) + 0.0001048.13) Penalty factor of plant-2 is 7 7 = 1.0539 1a“ Tramp, ~ 1 0.0006(148.13)+-0.0001(880.29) Approximate penalty factors At plant 1the approximate penalty factor is ( + 2) =1+0.0004P, - 0.0001P, =1 + 0.0004(380.29) - 0.0001(148.13) = 1.13 7 At plant 2 the approximate penalty factor is ( aR) 1+ 0.0006P, -0.0001P, = 1+0.0006(148.13)-0.0001(380.29) = 1.05 14S 2 8.In a three plants system the cost functions are given by F,(P,) = 500 +7P, + 0.002P,?;F, (P,) = 400 + 6.5P, + 0.003P,"; F,(P,) = 200+7.2P, +0.006P,’and the transmission loss is expressed as2 = 0.00002P;’ + 0.1 00005P? +0.006P? assuming total load i be 9OOMW. fa the economical dispatch schedule. Sol: Given: F(P,) = S500 + 7P, +0.002P,? The IFC of plant-1? is 2" oe =7+0.004P, )* 1 F,(P,)= 400+6.5P, +0. 003P,7 The IFC of plant-2 is =. 6.5 + 0.006P, 2 F,(P,) = 200 + 7.2P, +0.006P,? The IFC of plant-3 is Se =7.2+0.012P, 3 dF, Condition for the economic scheduling is -" = ap, = Therefore, 22 = 4h _, 7, 0,004P, = 6.5 +0.006P, dP, dP, 2. P, = 0.667P, +83.34 oe dF, _ dF similarly, ae = eo => 7+0.004P, =7.2+0.012P, 2. P, = 0.334P, -16.667 From given data, P, = 900MWand P, = 0.00002P? + 0.00005P? + 0.006P? According to power balance equation, P.+P,+P,;=P,+P, = P, + 0.6672, + 83.34 + 0.334P, + 16.67 = 900 + 0.00002P? + 0.00005(0.667P, + 83.34) + 0.006(0.334P, +16 => 0.000692P? - 2.0574P, + 835.35 =0 a + /2.0574? - 4(0.000692)(835.35) 2.0574 +1. => P, = 2:0574 # 2.0574 — 410.000692)(835-55) _ 2.05741.3858 _ 9457 sexrw forjags 2x0.000692 0.001384 Neglecting the higher value as the higher value is much more than the tote load on the system. 1 P, =485.26MW After substituting the P; value in the P2 and P3 expressions, we get 2 P, = 0.667(485.26) + 83.34 = 406.8 MW ~ P; = 0.334(485.26) + 16.667 = 143.45MW Total loss is PL=135.46MW.