Features of Power System Analyses Software
Modules
Load Flow and Optimal
Power Flow analysis
- Gauss-Seidel
- Newton-Raphson
- Fast-decoupled
- Optimal load flow
- AC/DC load flow
- Load flow solution
of multiple-islanded
systems. The
solution is available
for each of the
islands having a
reference (slack)
node.
- Unbalalanced 3 -
phase load flow,
including 1 and 2
phase load flow for
lines drawn
separately from a 3
phase supply point.
*This document lists all the features of PowerApps, However, for a project only a specific features may
be provided or customized solution may be provided depending on project specification.
Features
Component modeling
- Transmission lines
- Overhead conductors
- Cables
- Constant Power loads
- Constant Impedance loads
- Constant current loads
- Load model as arbitrary exponent value of
bus voltages
- Combination of all types of load
characteristics mentioned
- Modeling of load curves as function of time
(e.g. hourly loads over a period of one day or
one week or one month)
- Two winding transformers
Three winding transformers
- HVDC links (both two terminal and multi
terminal links)
- Phase shifters
- OLTC transformers
- Series capacitors
- Series reactors
- Induction motors
- Static Var Compensators
- Choice of objectives for the OPF
(Transmission loss minimization, Voltage
Stability improvement, Removal of operating
violations, Economic dispatch).
- OPF control options are, active and reactive
power injections, shunt compensations, series
compensations, phase shifters, transformer
taps.
- OPF sensitivity calculations with respect to
the performance objective provide
information for suitable siting shunt reactive
power compensation and also identifies most
effective controllers for optimization.
Other general features
- Study of multiple load flow cases for all the
network islands in one single execution of
load flow program for any specified algorithm
- Automatic one line diagram creation and
presentation of results for all the study cases.
The one-line diagrams are created for each
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Features of Power System Analyses Software

Modules Features
network island. Further, single line diagrams
for different kV level (voltage level) based
network are also automatically generated.
- Facilities for interactive single line diagram
creation using a Windows based GUI.
- Automatic network model construction based
on breaker statuses using an inbuilt Network
topology processor. The Network topology
processor algorithm is suitable for real time
applications and operator training simulators.
- Multiple study cases due to changes in
breaker statuses, changes in load power
specifications, changes in generator
schedules, changes in transformer taps etc. are
handled in single program execution without
creating additional databases and the results
are stored in the same database for post
processing (e.g. Report generation). All other
analysis which needs load flow base case as
input are automatically executed after each
load flow base case (e.g. Transient stability
analysis with different disturbance scenarios)
and the results are stored for post processing.
- No in built restriction on system size or
components. The size of the system can vary
between the barest minimum to maximum
permissible by the memory available. It is the
opinion of this author that the entire Indian
grid network can be represented for the
analysis.
- Interface to Energy Audit Calculations which
use the load flow resutls. Energy Audit
software computes the loss load factors based
on the recorded historical metered data and
uses the same in conjunction with the load
flow results for peak load flow condition to
determine the technical losses. The total
energy losses are determined by the recorded
metered data from the database. The
commercial losses are estimated based on the
total energy losses and the technical losses.
Short Circuit Analysis
- Default flat 1.0 p.u positive sequence bus
- Fault levels for voltage based calculations
asymmetrical and - Option to consider pre-fault bus voltages from
symmetrical faults load flow along with the sequence
including bolted impedances for loads.
faults - Automatic one line diagram creation

Page 2 of 7
*This document lists all the features of PowerApps, However, for a project only a specific features may
be provided or customized solution may be provided depending on project specification.
Features of Power System Analyses Software

Modules Features
- ANSI/IEEE - Multiple case studies in single execution of
standards the program for different network
- IEC standards configurations and/or different source
including 363 and impedances or ratings
909 - Automatic generation of reports for all the
- G74 British specified study cases on the single line
standard, a computer diagram
algorithm based - Induction motor models
standard for IEC 909 - Fault calculations for network with multiple
standard. IEC 909 islands with sources in each island.
standard specified
multiplication
factors based on
hand calculation
procedures and
simplifying
assumptions.
- Short circuit analysis
of multiple-islanded
systems with
solution for each of
the islands

Transient Stability Study - Different generator models. From simple

classical generators with constant voltage
- Transient models of behind transient reactance to modeling
excitation systems, detailed synchronous machines with variable
turbine governors, voltages behind sub-transient reactances.
static-var - Standard IEEE excitation system models and
compensators, power turbine and governor models
system stabilizers - Commercial excitation models and governor
and HVDC models
controllers - Models for power system stabilizers and
different stabilizing signals
- Load shedding / - Modeling load characteristics similar to that
islanded operation in the load flow analysis
- Transient stability - Modeling load characteristics as function of
analysis of multiple- frequency
islanded systems - Dynamic models of Induction motor and its
with solution for load
each of the islands - Motor starting studies
- Under frequency/Under Voltage relay
operation simulation
- Load shedding
- Islanded operation
- Element opening/closing
- Loss of generators
- Transient stability simulation for multiple

Page 3 of 7
*This document lists all the features of PowerApps, However, for a project only a specific features may
be provided or customized solution may be provided depending on project specification.
Features of Power System Analyses Software
Modules
Other functions
- Relay Co-ordination
- Voltage Stability
Analysis
- Harmonic Analysis
- Dynamic Stability
Analysis
- Network Reduction
- Sub-Synchronous
Resonance
- Long term load
forecast
- Ground Mat Design
as per IEEE Std 80-
1986
- Relay Co-ordination
analysis of multiple-
islanded systems
with solutions for
each of the islands
- Voltage Stability
Analysis of multiple-
islanded systems
with solutions for
each of the islands
*This document lists all the features of PowerApps, However, for a project only a specific features may
be provided or customized solution may be provided depending on project specification.
Features
network islands having Generators in each
island.
- Multiple transient stability disturbance
scenarios for each base case load flow study.
Note that, multiple load flow case studies can
be performed followed by multiple transient
stability simulations for each load flow study
case in a single execution of program.
- Composite relay coordination of earth-fault
relays and phase fault relays
- Relay coordination considering normal
maximum load current, unbalanced current in
the neutral, transformer inrush current, motor
starting currents, thermal with stand limits of
equipments. Automatic TCC plot generation
for each fault location showing operating
characteristics of relevant primary backup
relays, which may include both earth and
phase fault relays. Relay coordination is done
for both the phase fault and earth fault, if
earth fault relays are specified in the input
along with the phase fault relays.
Coordination with instantaneous settings is
also considered.
- Relay coordination of a system with multiple
islands and sources in each island
- Distance relay coordination
- Static voltage stability analysis, with different
types of indices calculations. Minimum
singular value of the complete load flow
jacobian and reduced jacobian matrices. The
L index. The C1 and C2 indices. Z index. VP
curves and VQ curves.
- Harmonic analysis with different distortion
factor calculations (IEEE 519 standard).
Driving point impedance v/s frequency plots
showing series and parallel resonance points.
Modeling of harmonic filters and sources.
Automatic report generation of harmonic
current flows through specified circuit
elements for each harmonic orders and
displaying the same on one line diagram
without user interaction. The total voltage and
current harmonic distortion factors are also
displayed on one line diagram automatically
as a part of report generation.
- Multi-machine dynamic stability analysis
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Features of Power System Analyses Software

Modules Features
with controllers.
- Network reduction
- Study of sub synchronous phenomenon in
frequency and time domains.
- Long-term energy demand forecast using
trend analysis (choice of trends- Linear,
Quadratic, Exponential, Polynomial), linear
multivariable regression analysis, end use
methods, partial end use methods, and
scenario approaches. Inbuilt statistical
calculations to assess the accuracy of energy
demand prediction. Where an area for which
energy demand forecast is needed is
composed of several micro areas, energy
forecast will be done for each of the
constituent micro areas as well as for the
macro area. In such cases the macro area
projections will have two components. A)
Projections based on macro area data. B)
Projection based on summing of micro area
figures. The Micro area projections will also
have two components. A) Projections based
on micro area. B) Projections based on
normalizing micro area projections on the
macro area projections.
Power Foundation Several of the Power System Analysis Software
Classes, for object algorithms have been developed in C++, using
oriented programming object-oriented programming approach. The base
of power system components used in developing the power system
analysis and simulation analysis algorithms are Power Foundation Classes
algorithms (PFC). PFC is provided freely along with the
PowerApps. The source codes of all the analysis
algorithms are provided freely. Only the source codes
of the PFC are protected and PFC is provided by
means of a protected DLL. Providing the protected
PFC along with the source codes for the analysis
algorithms has following advantages

- The algorithms can be examined for purpose

of studying, modification and enhancement
- The PFC components can be extended, altered
using C++ features
- The PFC components can be selectively or
completely replaced by the end users by their
own components
- The input and output interfaces are all
available to the end users. This allows end
users to design their own interfaces for their

Page 5 of 7
*This document lists all the features of PowerApps, However, for a project only a specific features may
be provided or customized solution may be provided depending on project specification.
Features of Power System Analyses Software

Modules Features
applications.
- The end users can develop their own
algorithms using the PFC components.

EMS modules (Energy These modules have been developed and was
Management System implemented at Eastern Regional Load Despatch
modules for real time Center, Calcutta during 1995. The implementation
applications) was done through CDAC, Bangalore. These modules
can be customized to suit specific project
- Network topology requirements.
processor
- Observability
Analysis
- Static State
Estimation
- Contingency
Ranking
- Contingency
Evaluation
- OPF for real time
application
- Off-line simulation
tools based on real
time network
configuration and
data for operators
training.

Page 6 of 7
*This document lists all the features of PowerApps, However, for a project only a specific features may
be provided or customized solution may be provided depending on project specification.
Features of Power System Analyses Software

General Features of the PowerApps

1. Only one common input data file for all the analyses modules. The input data
is supported in ASCII, MS Excel and MS Access Format. Since PowerApps
uses general MFC database interface (DAO, ODBC), supporting other
database formats should also be possible. The output of the analyses programs
are available as ASCII files and also stored in MS Access database for post
processing and report generation. Both input and output are stored in a single
database providing a single file reference for all the analyses modules and for
all study cases. Thus if a specific parameter of the studies is changed in the
database, this change automatically reflects for all the analyses as well as for
all the study cases. This eliminates the tedium involved on the part of the end
user in ensuring the change in parameter for all the analyses, study cases and
reports.
2. PowerApps supports OLE container features. This means other software that
support OLE services can be embedded in the PowerApps. As examples, it is
possible to import bitmaps, word documents, AutoCAD drawings etc in to
PowerApps.
3. PowerApps provides selective OLE services. The XY graph-plotting program
(PowerGraph) is one such facility. This enables the user to import the services
of the PowerGraph into other applications that support OLE container.
4. The single line diagram of PowerApps is created as several pictures
automatically. These include the complete single line diagram of the system
for each network islands and voltage level based single line diagrams. The
single line diagram provides facilities for zoom, interactive relocation of buses
which are automatically placed by automatic single line diagram algorithm,
semi-automatic drawing facilities, color settings for different kV level,
facilities to increase or decrease the print size, copying pictures or SLDs to
other pictures or SLD’s, saving pictures to user defined files and loading the
same from user defined files, deleting the pictures, deleting selected portions
of SLD’s in the picture etc.
5. The PowerGraph utility is a general XY plotting program that has full OLE
server and container. This can be called from PowerApps through a menu
interface. Any number of plots can be included in its view and printed in one
go. It provides facilities for copying graphs, deleting selective variables from
the copied graph. This utility can be used to generate plots for transient
stability simulations, load forecast projections, driving point impedance plots
for harmonic studies and other similar requirements.
6. The TCC plot is a log-log plot that automatically generates the TCC plots for
primary and backup relays for each possible bus fault location in the system.
User can selectively print all or desired plots. In addition to TCC
characteristics of the relays it displays in the tabular format, the relay settings,
operating times, relay currents for specific bus faults connected to specific
branches. Thermal characteristics of equipments, induction motor starting
characteristics, instantaneous operating characteristics can be superimposed on
the TCC plots

Page 7 of 7
*This document lists all the features of PowerApps, However, for a project only a specific features may
be provided or customized solution may be provided depending on project specification.