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MIGADIKH ANALUSH - MIGADIKES SUNARTHSEIS

SEMFE, SHMMU & POLIT. MHQAN. - E.M.P.
19/06/2019

Jèma 1: (a)(1,5 m.) Eˆn u(x, y) = x2 − y 2 + e−y sin x − ey cos x, x, y ∈ R, na

breÐte olìmorfh sunˆrthsh f : C → C ¸ste u = Re(f ) kai f (0) = −1.
(b)'Estw A ⊆ C pedÐo kai f : A → C olìmorfh sunˆrthsh.
((i) (0,5 m.) Eˆn f olìmorfh, na deÐxete ìti h f eÐnai stajer .
(ii)(0,5 m.) Eˆn h |f | eÐnai stajer , na deÐxete ìti h f eÐnai stajer .
(iii)(0,5 m.) Eˆn f (z)f 0 (z) = 0, ∀z ∈ A, na deÐxete ìti h f eÐnai stajer .

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Jèma 2:(1 m.) AnaptÔxte se seirˆ Laurent th sunˆrthsh f (z) = +
z−2 z−3
gÔrw apì to 0, sto daktÔlio 2 < |z| < 3.

Jèma 3:(1 m.) Jètoume D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}, ∂D = {z ∈ C : |z| = 1} kai

jewroÔme mh stajer  suneq  sunˆrthsh f : D = D ∪ ∂D → C pou eÐnai olìmorfh sto
D. Eˆn |f (z)| = 1, ∀z ∈ ∂D, na deÐxete ìti h f èqei mia toulˆqiston rÐza sto D.
(Upìdeixh: Arq  ElaqÐstou.)

Jèma 4:(1,5 m.) Na deÐxete ìti

Z +∞
√
x sin x π −1 3+i
dx = [ e − 2Re(a2 eia ) ], ìpou a = e iπ/6
= .
−∞ 1 + x6 3 2

Jèma 5: Eˆn γR (t) = Reit , t ∈ [0, 2π], π < R < 2π, na upologÐsete ta oloklhr¸-
mata
eπz 1 − cos z
Z Z
dz (0, 5m.) dz (1, 5m.)
γR z2 − z γR z 3 sin z

Jèma 6: 'Estw f olìmorfh ston anoiktì dÐsko D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} pou ikanopoieÐ

|f (z)| ≤ e−1/|z| , ∀z ∈ D \ {0}.

Na deÐxete ìti:
e−1/r
(a)(1 m.) |f (n) (0)| ≤ n! , ∀r ∈ (0, 1), ∀ n ∈ N. (Upìdeixh: Olokl. TÔpoi
rn
Cauchy gia parag¸gouc.)
(b)(0,5 m.) f (z) = 0, ∀z ∈ D.
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LUSEIS
Jèma 1: (a) 'Estw f = u + iv h zhtoÔmenh sunˆrthsh. Oi sunj kec Cauchy-
Riemann dÐnoun

vy = ux = 2x + e−y cos x + ey sin x (1)

kai

vx = −uy = 2y + e−y sin x + ey cos x. (2)

Oloklhr¸nontac thn (1) wc proc y paÐrnoume

v = 2xy − e−y cos x + ey sin x + c(x). (3)

ParagwgÐzontac thn (3) wc proc x paÐrnoume

vx = 2y + e−y sin x + ey cos x + c0 (x),

opìte, lìgw thc (2), c0 (x) = 0, dhl. c(x) = c.

H (3) t¸ra grˆfetai

v = 2xy − e−y cos x + ey sin x + c.

'Eqoume −1 = f (0) = u(0, 0) + iv(0, 0) = −1 + i(c − 1) ⇒ c = 1.

'Ara, h zhtoÔmenh sunˆrthsh eÐnai h

f (x + iy) = x2 − y 2 + e−y sin x − ey cos x + i( 2xy − e−y cos x + ey sin x + 1 ).

(b)(i) 'Estw f = u + iv . Tìte, f = u − iv. Oi sunj kec Cauchy-Riemann gia tic

f, f dÐnoun antÐstoiqa

ux = vy , uy = −vx , (x, y) ∈ A,

ux = −vy , uy = vx , (x, y) ∈ A.

'Epetai ìti ux = vx = 0 kai ˆra f 0 = ux + ivx = 0, sto A. Sunep¸c, f stajer  sto

A.

(b) (ii) 'Estw |f | = c.

Eˆn c = 0, tìte f (z) = 0, ∀z ∈ A kai ˆra f stajer .
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'Estw c 6= 0. Tìte ∀z ∈ A,

c2
f (z)f (z) = |f (z)|2 = c2 ⇒ f (z) = ,
f (z)

opìte f olìmorfh sto A. Apì to er¸t.(i) èpetai ìti f stajer .

(b) (iii) Jètoume g = f 2 . Profan¸c, h g eÐnai olìmorfh sto A ki epiplèon

g 0 (z) = 2f (z)f 0 (z) = 0, ∀z ∈ A.

'Epetai ìti g = c ∈ C. Tìte ìmwc,

p
|f |2 = |g| = |c| ⇒ |f | = |c| = stajer  sto A.

Apì to er¸t. (ii) èpetai ìti f stajer  sto A.

Jèma 2: Gia |z| < 3, jètoume

z
w= ⇒ z = 3w, |w| < 1,
3
opìte
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1X n X zn
=− =− w =− .
z−3 31−w 3 n=0 n=0
3n+1

Gia |z| > 2, jètoume

2 2
w= ⇒ z= , |w| < 1,
z w
opìte
∞ X 2n ∞ ∞
1 w 1 w X n 1 X n+1
= · = w = w = .
z−2 2 1−w 2 n=0 2 n=0 n=0
z n+1

'Ara, gia 2 < |z| < 3,

∞ ∞
1 1 X 2n X zn
f (z) = + = − .
z−2 z − 3 n=0 z n+1 n=0
3n+1
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Jèma 3: Upojètoume antijètwc ìti f (z) 6= 0, ∀z ∈ D. Apì thn Arq  tou ElaqÐstou
paÐrnoume ìti
min |f (z)| = min |f (z)| = 1.
|z|≤1 |z|=1

Epiplèon, apì thn Arq  tou MegÐstou paÐrnoume ìti

max |f (z)| = max |f (z)| = 1.

|z|≤1 |z|=1

'Epetai ìti
min |f (z)| = max |f (z)| = 1,
|z|≤1 |z|≤1

opìte |f | = 1 sto D kai sunep¸c f stajer  sto D. Epeid  h f eÐnai suneq c sto D,
prokÔptei ìti f stajer  sto D (ATOPO!).
'Ara, h f èqei mia toulˆqiston rÐza sto D.

Jèma 4: Epeid  a6 = eiπ = −1, i6 = −1, oi rÐzec thc exÐswshc z 6 + 1 = 0 eÐnai oi

±a, ±a, ±i.

[Shm. ìti to polu¸numo P (z) = z 6 + 1 èqei pragmatikoÔc suntelestèc kai eÐnai ˆrtia
sunˆrthsh tou z . Sunep¸c, an z0 rÐza tou P (z) tìte kai oi ±z0 , ±z0 eÐnai rÐzec tou
P (z).]
Apì tic parapˆnw rÐzec, mìno oi

a, b = −a, i

èqoun jetikì fantastikì mèroc. Epomènwc,

Z +∞
xeix zeiz
6
dx = 2πi[ Res(f, a) + Res(f, b) + Res(f, i) ], ìpou f (z) = .
−∞ 1 + x z6 + 1
Gia kˆje ρ ∈ {a, b, i}, èqoume

ρeiρ eiρ ρ2 eiρ ρ2 eiρ

Res(f, ρ) = = = = − ,
6ρ5 6ρ4 6ρ6 6
opìte
+∞
xeix
Z
2πi 2 ia 2 ib 2 i2 πi 2 ia 2 eia − e−1 ) =
πi −1
dx = − (a e +b e +i e ) = − (a e +a [ e − 2Re(a2 eia ) ].
−∞ 1 + x6 6 3 3

Exis¸nontac sthn parapˆnw ta fantastikˆ mèrh ki epeid  eix = cos x + i sin x, x ∈ R,

paÐrnoume thn apodeiktèa.
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Jèma 5:

eπz
• Ta an¸mala shmeÐa thc sunˆrthshc f (z) = 2 eÐnai 0, 1 ∈ intγR∗ opìte
z −z

eπz eπz
Z  
f (z)dz = 2πi[ Res(f, 0) + Res(f, 1) ] = 2πi |z=0 + |z=1 = 2πi( −1 + eπ ).
γR 2z − 1 2z − 1

1 − cos z
• Ta an¸mala shmeÐa thc sunˆrthshc g(z) = eÐnai
z 3 sin z
0, ±π, ±2π, ±3π, . . . .

Epeid  π < R < 2π, mìno ta 0, ±π perièqontai sto eswterikì tou kÔklou γR ,
opìte
Z
g(z)dz = 2πi[ Res(g, 0) + Res(g, π) + Res(g, −π) ].
γR

1 − cos z
Epeid  ta ±π eÐnai aplèc rÐzec tou sin z kai den eÐnai rÐzec thc ,
z3
paÐrnoume ìti
1 − cos z 1 − cos z
z 3 z3 2
Res(g, ±π) = 0
|z=±π = |z=±π = ∓ 3 .
(sin z) cos z π

Epomènwc, Res(g, π) + Res(g, −π) = 0.

Apomènei na upologÐsoume to Res(g, 0).

∀z ∈ C èqoume

1 − cos z = z 2 ϕ(z), z 3 sin z = z 4 ψ(z),

ìpou

1 z2 z4 z6
ϕ(z) = − + − + ...
2! 4! 6! 8!
kai
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z2 z4 z6
ψ(z) = 1 − + − + ....
3! 5! 7!

Apì ta parapˆnw anaptÔgmata prokÔptei ˆmesa ìti

1
ϕ(0) = , ψ(0) = 1, ϕ0 (0) = ψ 0 (0) = 0.
2!

Epeid  ψ(0) = 1 6= 0, h sunˆrthsh h = ϕ/ψ eÐnai olìmorfh se kˆpoia perioq  U

tou 0 kai isqÔei

1 z 2 ϕ(z) h(z)
h(0) = 6= 0, g(z) = = , ∀z ∈ U.
2! z 4 ψ(z) z2

Epomènwc, to 0 eÐnai pìloc thc g tˆxhc 2 kai ˆra

ϕ0 (0)ψ(0) − ϕ(0)ψ 0 (0)

Res(g, 0) = lim[ z 2 g(z) ]0 = h0 (0) = = 0.
z→0 [ ψ(0) ]2
Z
Telikˆ, g(z)dz = 2πi · 0 = 0.
γR

Jèma 6: (a) StajeropoioÔme èna r ∈ (0, 1) kai jewroÔme ton kÔklo γr (t) =
reit , t ∈ [0, 2π]. Profan¸c o kÔkloc autìc perièqetai mèsa ston anoiktì dÐsko D. Apì
Olokl. tÔpouc Cauchy gia parag¸gouc paÐrnoume
Z
(n) n! f (z)
f (0) = dz, n ∈ N.
2πi γr z n+1

Gia ìla ta z ∈ γr∗ , n ∈ N èqoume (lìgw thc upìjeshc)

−1/|z|
e−1/r
 
 f (z) 
  ≤ e = ,
 z n+1  |z|n+1 rn+1

opìte h M L− anisìthta dÐnei

n! e−1/r e−1/r
|f (n) (0)| ≤ · 2πr · n+1 = n! n .
2π r r
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(b) StajeropoioÔme èna n ∈ N. Me thn antikatˆstash t = 1/r paÐrnoume ìti

e−1/r tn
lim+ = lim = 0.
r→0 rn t→+∞ et

[Prˆgmati, ∀t > 0, et = 1 + t/1! + t2 /2! + . . . + tn+1 /(n + 1)! + . . . ⇒

⇒ et > tn+1 /(n + 1)! ⇒ tn /et < (n + 1)!/t → 0 kaj¸c t → +∞.]

PaÐrnontac to ìrio kaj¸c r → 0+ kai sta dÔo mèlh thc anisìthtac tou erwt.(a),
prokÔptei ìti f (n) (0) = 0, gia tuqaÐo n ∈ N. T¸ra ìmwc to Je¸rhma Taylor dÐnei
∞
X f (n) (0)
f (z) = z n = 0, ∀z ∈ D.
n=0
n!