CTU Ev arse Chan neem ore ce cere eee To vonpa tov expovypdtwv rata TH petaBaoy and TV npolentiny oy Aextixy enrxowevic Acdopéva and 50 e\lyvoywva nadia Tepingn -H pichéry ra» vonran now exppaorran yew rpc yum ra npsia bio yp ay even an patepry ya an cityyon ry perdlaaye and ryy npadextrn ory Next} enexowcavia. Ze aa Sta pom spewva bio newb 0c eLAybysvo nepfélAov ans rove 8 tax 10ve 24 pres, oven ne TIY emoxorvenuan leronpyta tan exyroidron, Sela ro vényua andy oxi tan Ge. HE avvspunrvey} nlewvéryra tev expuomnudray anobeiyrpee dn anevihinena ctovs dikove and mold pte nan rs exypees ovvcoOha, npooray yr va ensteny te vas enon no Sify pe Oe prs. Haparypciia wordo0 oxabran jerdpacy ané woruara nov pnapavr va exypacrory ne mp Aerzind soa o¢ oxtva nov anentov ovvjbex 19 yiiooa, Hv an’ da, nepuperasevruncsnarns 1 éxypaoy ovvethuaroc xan avkiverar avnderec 7 iplsoy pans onépns. Eninléov, exSoxéc xe mposteyc en myc Biplane nov ayopos tve ard arcinetuevo cuyariioveas Yupttepa ond exe. €¢ nov pnopovn va exypanroey wareloyyy puiva and Ake, én 9 epiryo, Adkeug-xler5rd: Phooorns) avdm§, npohextin| emxowovta, npdny Mex emtxowevia, vorpa, entowonants derroupytes The meaning of utterances during the transition from prelinguistic to linguistic communication: Evidence from two Greek-speaking children* Abstract Research on the meanings expressed vocally in the first tuo years of life is necessary for explaining the transition from prelinguistic to linguistic communication. In a longitudinal siudy * The project i co-funded by the European Uafon -European Secial Funds and National Resources ~“EPEAEK I (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Research Projet 70/3/7918) 53of two children in a Greek-speaking environment from 8 to 24 months, we analyze the communicative function of utterances, or their meaning from the point of view of others. The overuhelming majority of utterances was shown to be directed to others from early on and to express emotions, issue directives and declare thoughts. Howewer, a gradient transition is noted {fron meanings which can be expressed through pretinguistic means to those which require Jauguage. Above all, expression of emotions decreases impressively in favor of declarative. Moreouer, versions of imperatives and declaratives which concern a concrete object appear ‘ecatier than those which are typically expressed through words, dike questions Key words: Language development, prelinguistic communication, early linguistic communication, meaning, communicative functions 1. Eloaywyit Ao Kai ouxvétepa md€ov uoomnpizetar 611 n avamtuEN Ins hEKUKHS EMIKO!- 0 vias 10 Seitepo xpévo ins zfs npobnoBétel nomKihes efehigers (pera ad- wv otny avtihnjn ai épOpwon tns omhias, om xpiion oUPBdhwv, orn xa- inyopronoinon tns epneipias kai ony emxorvevia), 01 onofes ovyxhivovv orabiaxa (x. Halliday, 2004, Locke, 1993, Tomasello, 2003), Avuxpovera: €to1 n xupiap xn Kanote Oéon tn YhOOOA avantiooetas aveksptnta and Ades -NapadAmdes Kar mpoyevéotepes-uxodoyIKés, KoIvoviKés ka1 owpatixes eEediEers (BX. Kate€oxiiv Pinker, 1994). 01 npooeyyioeis nov vnootnpizovy tn otabiaKh o1KoB6pnon tov AKA voriitewy Yawoonkhs vonparoB6tnons avaberxvilouy, perafd Adv, inv dmapEn on- havUKGy opoloritov avéyteoa OLA NPONEKHKA Kar 1a KEKUKA eXpAvTALA 1690 05 pos to vonpa 600 Kai ws pos tn Popp (1.x. avefororxa Bates, 1979 xat Vihman, 1996). Exon, Siaipedberar 6x n peréBaon and nv npodextixA on hexuuxh Mepiobo ou- vendyerat pizikés Kal andtoyes addayés, rias Biateivovcar, héyou xdprv, o Jakobson (1941/1968) yia nv eppavion tov npduov défewv Kar o McShane (1980) yia tnv e&éhuEn avidv wav AELEwV and Beixtes ovyKeKPIPEVOV garvoReVEY dE OOPBoha Ev- ‘oud ota péoa tov Bebtepou xpévou. Axopin xi Stay KanoIes @dayés, 6mwS n xph on tov npOrov AEEEDV, epGavizoveal ws OnpavuKés aovvéxeles, UNOOIpizetal 6 ovvtehodviar atabiaxd (11.x. Dore, 1978). A16dov tuxaia o1 Vihman xa McCune (1994) unodexxviovv B1aBaGpioes wpiporntas tov mpdrov héfewy (degrees of ‘wordiness) eva 0 Halliday (1975) avagépetai apxixd o€ «nparodé€eis Zus anoneipes va reprypaposy ta npoheKtixd xai Mpd@ra heKUKA EXPwVAPATA pe OWS x0 va efnynOei n petéBaon orn ywoorKh emxorevia mio SHoKohn otny nepIypagA anoSerxvierai n rlapéyerpos tou vonyatos évavu ins Hopopis (BR. n.x. Halliday, 2004 a1 Oller, 2000 avtiotorxa yia us BvoKohies autés). Ooov apopd to vénpa, oto onoi0 6a eoudooupe 6%, n 6voKohia nnyézer petagi Adeov and 10 yeyovss oui oUIs Mpeaes <é€ers» touhdxi0t0v Bev elval, Kad KoIvA NapaBoxt, ax6pn onpaoro}oyiK6 add npay- parodoyik6. Me Gia 6yta, 6ev ouviord axdyin agnpnyévn xarnyopiono{non ts eper pias avefaprma an ta nepixeipeva, 6s oupBaiver pe tis hé€ers tov evmdixwv. Avt- Bes, gaiveta va exppéizes anh pia npéBeon va eninpeaotes 0 ouvopntis yia éva 54ouyKexpipévo o€ x48e nepioraon Moyo. Os ex tobtou, emnKpatei n avédvon tw mpo- DEKUIKOY Kar NeKUKGY eKPOVNGTOY (axSpa Kal LoV xEIPOVOIEY), aNd tn KOT tw EMKOWVaVIAKSY 10Us NpoBEoKwY, YIa Napaberypa ws aithpata A oxdhua (BA. evSerKt! x4 ané inv extevh oxeuxh BiBMoypagfa: Bates, Camaioni & Volterra, 1975, Bruner, 1983, Dore, 1974, Sugarman, 1978). Agetnpia twv avakvoewv avtdv eivan ouviGws n Gewpia wor hexiiKdv mpa€ewv (Austin, 1962, Searle, 1969). Ze aviés us npooeyyioers 6eon6ze1 n Biixpton avayeoa oe npoorexuxés xa Snot xés emixorvaviaxés npé€ers (av kai pe apketd Biapopetnkous 6pous Kai xpItApia, 6ras unoBerxvdovy 01 Ninio xai Snow (1996) omy xpi tous odvoyn tev OxeNKiDy eyxer- pnpdvov). 6a vioGethooupe tous dpous avrotis €6a je inv eupttepn Buvath tovs év- ‘voto. Dns npootaxuKés npdgers anarteitai n exrdsipwoon yas emOupias ex pépous tov A- 2eov (nx. zmteita: va avunxeipevo), evid os SnhouKés eoniizera n npocoxA oF Katt ple ‘oxoné to poipagpa jas ev onépyan «oxéins» (1.x. Kevaypaipetas to ondorpO €vbs BazoU pe éva «japls). Kara row ouvatveon, omy npodeKuxh nepio60 ot anoKahodpeves npar Tonpootaxuxés npders nponyodvrar tov npwotoBnheotKav (1.x. Bates et al., 1975). Ta cuphyata Briotavia: wor6oo ws npos us npxites hé€ers (BA. 1.x. Oldenburg-Torr, 1997 ya 0 mpoyevéorepo fav mpootaxtixdy Kat Painter, 1984 yia 10 npoyevéorepo tov Bat xv, napa inv {51a péB050 ovNoyis Ka avdédvons BeBopévw). Kai 01 800 néviws Karnyopies npakewv @aivera va e€ediooovtal noIKAoIpSIes HE 10 xp6vo, epmoutizovras, extds twv Adhv, Kai us popgés tous (1.x. Ninio & Snow, 1996, Ninio xar Wheeler, 1984). Tia napdSarypa, éva eiS0s npootaxtixdy, ta aitipara, Kaiovaviai 6ho Kai mo agnpnpéva evo anartosv do Kai NEpIOostepO tn yhxiooa (B). m.x. Bruner, 1983 xai y1a mo ovompatixé Sebopéva Kar ovvéyels €U- Pnpdtov Ninio & Goren, 1993, Ninio & Snow, 1996). Tho ovyxexpipéva, apxiKa zmtobviai amté avuxeipieva mov prtopouv kai va Berxtobv, apyétepa zntotvrar Kar anévta nov popoby va «Berxtobv» pévo péow ins yhoooas, téhos heKtiKEs Mhnpo- opies (tierra jie Atha dyia epeorhoels) H emoivovia otnv onoia znteitat n eoriaon ins npoooxhs tov ddkou oe Ka- Toto tpito parvopevo Ones éva avuxeipevo (6nAabA KAU népa and tous Bio sov- vopiAntés») anoxaeitar tpiabixA. EneiSi Sewpeitar emmdéov exovora anoxadeitar a1 npookexuixi (illocutionary) (BA. nx. Lock, 2001 y1a odvogn e€ediFewy xard mv mpodexukh emxorvervia). Exei pedemnBel extevios otov npdto xpévo tns zis, Onov ouvtedeitat Kat pe xe1povopies, eve Bev avapévetar nprv tous 9-10 A axopn Kal tous 12 phives (avédoya pe to nds opizerar enaxpiBios, Bd. Brinck, 2008 ya oxenxi ov- zitmon). H npoyevéotepn emxoivvia artoxaeitai anoeKuxs (perlocutionary) Kat Sva5ixii. Kpiorpo xapaxtnpiotixd tns Bewpeitar, npdotov, 6u eiva axovoia, epsoov 10 vonpa ouvéyera HOvo and Inv MeupA tw AAwv Kal, Sestepov, 6u Sev apopa 4. To ovpnépaoya padiora avt6 evioxGetar and yedéres tns pudoyéveons (n.x. Gomez, 1991) xa: ns naBooyias (1.x. 1a tov avuioyé Baron-Cohen, 1989). 5. Av xa1 n biagopd éxe1 antoBoBei axnv aropux 1oropia xéGe naxbio6 (Oldenburg-Torr, 1997), € ya nepiobo énov o1 hé€ers onavizovv fows Bev eivar equetd va unoBerntet pe aogaAcra oe pa qinespuxi épevva av nponyeita: xdnora ané us Bo Katyopies npékew. 55éva tpito paivépevo népa and tous bdo «ouvopiAntéss, Or apxés ins evtonizovea, amy evouxti6n npofohh ouyKIvnoIaXOY Kataordoewv, apes auth m npoBohA va anoxta vénya yia toUs Addous. YrioriBerai pAdiora 611 oLabiaxd peraBadderar oe exo¥o1a Ka }éow Ins Eppnveias Kar avtiBpaons avtey nov aupPiavouy pe to Bpé- 905 (Keller xa1 Schélmerich, 1987). Avr avaberxvGeta xare€oxhy ous «npw1oou- YopIAiess —nprv 10 téhos tou nparou eEapAvoU- dav to Bpépos, péoa ano Kivhoels, expdoeis tou npoodnou Kar expovinpara, ouvtovizetai HE tous dAous o€ Eva Hoi paopa ovvaroOnpanxay Karaovdoewv (Trevarthen Kai Hubley, 1978). Tlapabooiaxd dpws, n éxppaon ouvaioBipatos Staxwpizetar and inv eMKoIve- viaxh npéeon. Fivar evberxtix6 611 0 Trevarthen (1990) avuhapBaverat to ovvai- oOnpa ws mv «novmntay ts emnKorveovias Ka1 tnv NpOBeon ws inv exateHBuvon» KaL to «oKond» ins. Tevixdtepa, urloompizerat (1.x. Brinck, 2008, Stern, 1985) 6x ca Bpe- (pn poipdzovian pe tous Adous npd1a ouvaoAPara, KatémIv INV MPODOXH oF KAtI Kai, téhos, pia np6Beon. Nor600, evs 0 Biaxwpioyds ovvaronpGrwv Kar npoBéoe ‘wv pmopei va GewpnBei xphompos and xénores andyeis, anoxpOBer mBavios oun e€E- dufn an6 inv exShhwon tov npdtev omv éxppaon tov Sedtepwr propel va eivar ‘oraBiaxih Kai 6x1 andtopn®. Tap’ dAn péluora tnv nAnBGpa mov oTorxXeiwv yia tnv emKoIvoviaKt, ouvaLoBN- plauxh Kai yywouxh avantugn tov Bpépous (BA. 1.x. Cole & Cole, 2000), Sev 61a0é- Toupe ovornpanixé otorxe!a ya to Ms e€ehioverar to Vonpia Lav expavnpate E16 ‘xd o10 xpfoipio yia tn yhdbooa Sevtepo e€4ynvo ms zwis. Avid ouppaiver Kupias y1a Tin éxgpaon ouvaioOnpatav Bev cupmepiapBaverai ovvhOws ous pehétes tw em XoIVOvIAXGY NpOBocwV and 10US 9 ives Kai PETG, lati Bewpeitar aKosora (Mx. Barrett, 1981- Bates 1979: Dale, 1980). Exel pehernGel xupiias xatd to npdto eEapn- ‘vo ths 2oiis (1.x. Malatesta, 1981). Emmgov, 01 Aiyes Epeuves nov aoxohodvran pe a ouvaioBhpara o€ petayevéorepn nepiobo Sev Siaxwpizovv ouviGws povnurd pe 0a ex6ihwors tous and dha owpaund (xupiws exppdcels tov npoodnou) (B). Kat foxy Bloom,1993 yia tn oxéon ovvaioBiiparos Kai npdtwV hé€ewv a10 BebtEpO xP6 vo, xa1 Malatesta, Culver, Tesman, Shepard, Fogel, Reimers, Zivin, 1989 yia nv éx- goon ovvacnpatoy Kupias oto Bebtepo e€Ayinvo). 01 ehéxiotes pehétes nov eou' ZouV otn guvnuKh Exppaon cuvaoPnpAtwY Kard to BebtEPO eLGpnve evbiagépovear xupfs y1a inv pop tov expovnpdtoy, abiK6tepa yia tnv npoowdia tous (7.x. Ha mansov, 2002, Scheiner, 2004). Axéya x1 dtav Giyouv znuipata vohpatos, eoudzouy 10 mids B1agopés vopatos, e1b1K6tepa avapieoa oe éKpPacH ovvAIOBARALOS KaI NPS Gcons A o¢ ouyxexprpéva ci6n npoBEocwv, onparoBorosviar an6 Srapopés orn HOP- ‘on (nx. (D'Odorico & Franco, 1991: Papaeliou, Minadakis & Cavouras, 2002). Tlapé tov napapepiop6 twv ouvaioBnpatov otis pederes werd tous 9 hives, ov ‘véyoune ané 1a undpxovia euphpara 61 n PavNMKh éxppacH tous ev oLapard Veo pis adda ovvexizera oto Sevtepo e€apnvo (Papaeliou et al., 2002) xar, neprOwpiaxd 6. Adhwote axépn xat yin ra 2a unoainpizetar Méov 6u n Brdxpion avapeoo oInv cKoboIa éxppagn Kat 1 ovyxivnoiaxt xpauyh Bev civar andutn (Cheney and Seyfarth, 1990)ou, Kar ons mpdires hé€ers (7.x. Carter, 1979, Leopold, 1949, Ninio & Goren, 1993). OpoGva pe tov Stern (1985) dAwote, axdpin Kai otoVs 12 pives to poipaopa ov vai08npdtwv Kuplapxei omny emiKoIvevia, ExoUpe wotdoo Aeyous va avapévoupe o1aB10x6 nepropiop6 tns Exppaons ovvaioBApaLos. MecaU Gov, éxer Bravuneodei 1n Gewpnuxh unéBeon én perdBaon ons hé€ers ~€151k6 otny Kate€oxty xpiian tous yia avagopa o€ ovyKeKpinéva parvépeva- anaxte! anootasionoinon ané inv épicon ouyxivnoiaxi avtiSpaon omy epneipia (Halliday, 2004: Werner & Kaplan, 1963). Epmeipixd paduora, éxer Berxtel Ou oF mpdtes hé€ers enpavizovtar o¢ oUBétEpN OV: yaivnoaxit xatdotaon A ouypés «Apepns eypiryoponss (Bloom, 1993). 01 dé€ers av: ts Bev avagépovear Ayeoa o¢ ouvaroBipara, av Kar Sranotizoveai and avré qo: ov ta naibid puhave yia 6.t1 ta ouyxivel, Zidxos pas otnv épeuva auth eivar va Kataypapoupe ovornpauxé us avantuia- xés adayés oto Vonjia wv EKPOYNHATOY an6 tous 8 pives, Mepiobo nov Kataxe- peitar napaéooiaxd otnv anohexuxh emKowwvia, €os tous 24 pives, bray exppd- zoviai méov, Kara KoIvi NapaBoxh, npoBEoe1s ~owviBws PAdiata pe ovvEvacpots défewv. O€toupe eIIKStEPA To Epanpia N6ao UxVA exppazortar ovvaLOBALATO, Hpo- orayés Kai Snddwoers, Sndabi ta rpia Baoixd, Kara tn BIBAIoypagia, ein voRpatos omy npdxpn aut nepiobo. Emndéov, nbs axpiBios e€ehiooovtar unoKainyopies av- TOY tov BaoKOY Vonparey; Na napdBerypa, éva npootaxuxé ex@avnya pmopel va ouviotd afinpia ya Kati A anéppiyn jas mpoogopds. Gewpodpe 6x pmopope va ovpBAMRoUpE on pedétn tns perdPaons ané mv aKoU- 1a npohextuKh oIny exodora extiKh emxoIvovia pOvo av Bev anoxheicoupe inv ex gpaon owaoOnptov and us kanyopies meprypagiis. Ze avuiBeon pe 6,1 cvpBaiver ouviBws ous épeuves ts npodexuxis emxorvovias, Sev Ga nepropiotoipe, pe dda ho- Via, 0€ expavfiyata MoU Mapayovtat exovora yia €va oUyKeKPIEVO OKOND. Tha va Ov: pneprhéfovpe worsoo oxy neprypaph pas Kar inv mBavins axowora exBiAhwon av- vaio8np.éte, xperdzerar va npooeyyiooupe to vénya an6 m oxomé tov adv (omy npoxeipévn nepintwon, yovidy Kai epeuvntiv), ave€apinta an to ti mopei va ewo- ito nai6i xa, méveo an’ 6a, ané to edv exppazer ya mpd8con, H 1éxpron avaye ‘00 otis npooeyyigels tov voriparos ané m oKomid tw Aww Kat aT6 tn oxoMd tou Tia S100 Bewpeitar xphorpn orn Bipioypagia Kai eivar mMéov KoBlepwpevn. EvbaKUKG, 1 Wetherby & Prizant (1989) annoxahoby to vonya nov npoohapBavouy 01 aor sem: KoIveviakh hertoupyias, ev nepiopizovy tov 6po «npoBéoe1s» yia to Vonpa tov TaI- 5108. Hapopoias, 01 Ninio & Snow (1996) npooStopizouy to vénpa ws «KoIvwviKe> 6tav npéxentar yia tnv eppnvela nou anobiGovv o1 4X01 ota expovipara, e161Ka veo pis otn Bpeqixh nkixia dtav 01 guvononhoess Bev Oewpodvear axdpn exovors. 2. MeOobohoyia Avahioape SeBonéva ané 600 nait4 pons KoIveavixiis npoéhevons xeopis emmhoxés yEr- ynons xa1 uyefas: éva Seutepdtoxo xopito1, tv AGNVG, x1 éva npwordtoKo, tn BEM. Ble ‘vieooKontiOnkay ynpiaKé yia yom Gpa ava eBEou 45a o10 onin tous oe eheiBepo at 871vi6i ple tous dddous. Ons o€ bes tis axeuxés épeuves (11x. D'Odorico kas Franco, 1991, Nathani & Oller, 2001), 1a Se50péva KatarphOnxav apxixé oe expovhpara’, je Bion lis naoers ané thy eionvon Kat exnvon tou aépa. Ria tov eviomop6 tov masocwv, xpn- orponomiOnxe éva avuxemsevixd péoo, Snhadh éva npoypapya paoparoypagacis avé- juons ins poviis PRAT (Boersma, 2001). Anoxdefomnxay cmmdéov ané 1a Se50péva ‘x01 pn euxpiveis A apnyios Brohoyixos, Onws o Bitxas, to xhdpa, to yéhIO. ‘Onws unainBixape ony e1caywyh, n xw6ikonoinon toy SeBopéveov ané tn oxo- md Ins emrKorveviaxhs hertoupyias tous Oewpeitar BioKodo zitnpa, e161KG VE 1400 je apf nixia. Mpéxentar ndvia ya pia eppnvevuxh b1a6:Ka0ia pe Baon nomihes napa- hétpous, nov pahiota Kardé toy Halliday (2004) Bev pnopel mapa, o¢ tedixit avéu- on, va eivan S1a1o8nuKh. Mia epmeipixh jtedéin ogethes «otdo0 va avazntiioel oto je- {po tov Suvarod aviixepevixods Beiktes yia tn GUVaywyh voApatos. Onws o€ Ohes Uus oxeuKés épeuves €161Kd Lv NpoheKux@y Expovnpatav (Ix. Bates, 1979: Harding & Golinkoff, 1979) otnprxuixaye xatapxds a otorxefa ya to qUOIKO KaI KOIVWVIKG nepiB@ddov, Sndabh yia avuxeipeva, npdowna, npagers Kai Kataotdoels MoU epmé- xovian. E€etdoape orn ouvéxeia edv 10 ex~pdvnpa a) anevbiverai o€ KarIo10 MP6oW- No npoxerpévou va erxdooupe ixvn emxorveaviakis npéGeons xa1 B) eav apopa éva {ito arvdpevo oro nepiPAddov. Tia va anogaoiooupe «wardoo edv ivan emxorver- ‘Miax6 Kan edv oxerizerai pe Kati népav tov 50 «ovvopiAntév», BaoiotiKaye ous e&fis eveigers: mv eotiagn tov Bhéypatos, xeipovopies, exppdoeis tou npoodnou Kai ye- ‘iK6tEpa KIVHoEIS tov NaiBi0d aha Ka1 UUs avuBpdgeis Ka eppNvEles TOV YovIOY. Zin ouvéxera avazntioape us tpe1s Baoikés hentoupyies (Exppaon suvaioipatos, Npootayh xa SAkwon) adhd xai unoKatnyopies tous. Tia 10 oKon6 auté BagiotiiKa he o€ unodeigers ins npoyevéotepns Epevvas, us onoes «atéo0 npooappécape ova SeBopéva pas (Bh. pera dddoov Bates, Benigni, Bretherton, Camaioni & Volterra, 1979, Capirci, Iverson, Pizzuto & Volterra, 1996, Carpenter, Mastergeorge & Coggins, 1983, Caselli, 1983, Ninio & Wheeler, 1984). Tho avahvuxé: 1. Exgpaon ovvaioPApatos anévavu otny epmeipia: Ocuxh (xapd, euxapiomon, 1xa- vonoinon, éxntnfn, xin) fA Apynuixh (Svoapéoxeia, Outds, poBos, x). 2. Hpootayh: Aitnpa A Andppin pias mpoo@opas. To aimnpa popes va apopa Avu- xeipevo, Apaon/BonBe1a, Mpoooxh A Aexuixih mnpogopia. Pinv teheuraia nepi- mtwon ovvIoTd Epdmon, n onoia propel va apopd Ovopa Avuxerpévou A TIpo- oWnov, Tono A Heprypagh Luppavtos. 3. Anouxit: npooéhkvon ins nposoxis tov Gddov a¢ Avuxeipevo, Hpéoano, Zup- Bav/Tipagn, Zrov Hivaxa 1 napovorizovrar napabeiypata avunpoooncuuxd Kade Kainyopi ora Bebopéva pas, 7. YioBeroiipe tov 6po sexypisvnia> 1600 yia nv npohexuth 600 Kat tn dexUKA nepio8o, av Kat ‘uvnGizetar 0 dpos «piavnon» h «pwvonoinons (vocalization) yia mv npttn. Einv pevva worsoo bias t6o0 perafannxhs nepi6éou, énov ta épia avancoa ac guavonorfocss Kar hECrs Bev Bewpoo- -¥tar anévra, paiveta xphorpn n Evora tov expwviiparos. Npoxemar Adoate yia avTIKEIPEVIRG Op) ‘on povdéa avéduens, nov avuotoixel oe 6,11 exgépetnr avaeoa aE Gio navoess 58Hivaxas 1 Amimpoounevnxd napadeiypara ané 11 emxowenante lemoupyiee rev exyeanypdtey EK@PAZH DYNAIZOHMATOE. EvvaioOnpa (Beuxé): Kparder oto xépi éva narxvi6i nov pohis ins éwae n papd Kai KaBs to Kovvéer o1ov aé é a cee), Yuvatotinna Capraians): c © abepq6s ts npc 0 ayannyévo narxvibs. Exeivn pe éxgpaon Bvoapéoxeis/napandveu oro npdoune npopepen ovnioBés x. sats MPOXTAKTIKA EKOONHMATA Anéppryn: H papa ins Biver to nompaxs pe xupé Kat a Aicnpa (y1a avuxeipevo) Ev) xomtder enipova éva paxpé xourdxs névo o10 tpanézt, ankoves to x¢p1 ns npos aut6 XO ‘dzovias evadhé€ tm payd. Mpopépes xét1 ay «a, 6 po out, Altnya (ya npdtn/BonGesa): Eve eivar xaQiopévn oro xapexadxt tns, amhover ta xépia npos tov pnaynd yia va tnv on. oe! Kai héer Kan av «a, ‘Aitnjia (y1a npoooxi) H napa phd: oro imdéguvo xwpis va mv Kortéa.. Tinyaiver Sinha Kat ipoavias ins in ove ota Aéet ceeen Aiuapa (ya hewtixi mhnpopopia/Epotnon: = Epdtnon yia avuxeiqevo (Ti) Kpatder oro xépi éva xuBéxs. To onxdover npos en popd xa1 ins dec pe epwtny.auxd 16 vo «10%» [evvodvtas «tt civar aut ~ Epdmon yia npdowno (Flows Bhénovras €va dpmoup pe omcoyeveraxés puotoypagics, Beixver pe 10 Saxtwho mn gwLo- Yougia evés dvipa, xonrdze1 evalAdE tn payé Kar pater: «03 [gaivetas va evvoel: snoios civai autés;»] = Epatnon yra téno (Movs): ‘Vaxver ta nanoitora ins yia va Byes Boda. Kontéizer in popd yupviovtas us naddpes npos 1a néveo xa1 Méyovtas «a, [pordze1 va evvoek: «00 eivas = Epistnon yra tpéno (Mas;}: Tipoonadet va avoier iv noprodha ané éva nanevi6i ins. Komi vov jnopnd Kar Meer He epurnparixd t6vo n.x. «a, [aivetar Gav va evvoes: «nds avoiyene] X. «10> AHAQTIKA EKOQNHMATA Afhwon (y1a avaxeievo): Aeixver pe to Béxtuho éva hovdod6s Kar Kortdvias evadAAE tn oy.d xa) avt6 déer «tar Afhwon (yra mpafn): Tas éneoe éva narvi6s oto névwpa. Kowdzer evadda€ tn pop xar aut6 Kar Mee [Mordzei va hex: endl.» «éneoes) Aithwon (y1a npéowno: Bhénet ta gwtoypagia tov nano Kai Kowtézovtas tn papa Bcfxve pe to Béxtuho xar Méer 10u» [@aiverar av va ewoei: nonnotss). co) nana»,OBnynGAxape enions ané 1a Bebopéva va avayvwpiooupe emmnpoaBeres Karn. yopies. Have an’ dda, ouvavinoape expwvnpara xwpis oaph evberfn anobéxtn, va onoia anoxadovpe €86 «pn enikorveviaxas. Ta napaberypa, to naibi napatnpei éva avuxeipevo, xwpis tavtéxpova va o1pégel to BAépHa t0V oe Karlorov. Tapopora expavnpata Exouv eviomorel o€ npoyevéotepes epevves tov MPATOV déEEwV, OtaV ta naib14 Bpfoxovrai pova tous kai nepiepydzovtar aviiKeipeva A KataBGdhouy Npo- oné®cia yia pra npégn (nx. Barrett, 1981, Carter, 1979). O1 Papaeliou & Trevarthen (2006) 1a evtémoay 6pws kai npohexuxd, unoomnpizovias padiora du e€urinpetoby inv Katavénon rou KoopOY, axpiBds dnws n opiAia TOV oTpépeTaL enpos tov eautds (uN6BEon Tou avthowV and to Epyo tou Vygotsky, 1962). Me be Sopévo dws 6x1 otis ovvOHKes Ins Buxtis plas épeuvas ftav navta Mapdv KanoI0 Gto- no, Sev pmopodpe va antoxdefooupe tov emxorvoviaxd xapaKtiipa AULAY TV EK- ovnpatwv napa mv anovoia avuxerpeviKdy BerktdV ov Va Lov texyNpIdvoUY, 1.x. Bdéppia npos tov Addo. Téos, ovvavtrioape nod nepiwpiaxd Kar emiKorver~ viaxé exevipata nou Sev evidooovtal O€ Kaya a6 U5 tpeIs BaorKés Nertoup- yies nov avapépape napandves, 6s to otepedtuno narxvibs advndeniBpaons (1.x. toa!) Kai 0 xaipeniop6s. ; Ta Be6opéva xamyopiononiOnxav ané pia exnaiSevpévn xpiti. Tia va edeyxBet 1n afjomotia ins KobiKonoinons, éva twxaio Selypia (~20% tov ovvdhov) Karnyo- pionoiiOnxe xai and bevtepo aveFdpinto xpith. H ouppavia peaks Kpitdy ano- Seixtnxe vymdh (81,7%), c151K4 edv NABoupE uNOYN 6uI epMdEKerar n BGoKodn na- paperpos tov vonpatos. 3. Anorehéopara © api pds tov exprovnpdwev nou avadboaje napovordzetar otov Tlivaxa 2. Tlivaxac 2 Bevodo ror exyeompdron xen evrxduepa tov henry ave nent AGHNA XTEAAA Dovodo expavnpatow 10.035 4322 [Fivodo hexuxdv expownpdtor 1.685 944 Me GeGopéves us peydhes aropixés Siagoponoricels ot yAwoorsh avantugn el ‘1x4 ot0 Bevtepo xpovo ins 2wAis (11x. Bates, Bretherton & Snyder, 1988) Kal pe OKO- 6 va ovyxpivoupe to pubpé avantugns twv Sto narbidv tns épeuvas pe to puBRS @dov naibidy, fexopioaye ta expovaipaca nov ovviotoby AéEers. Kas Ops 1400 vopis omnv avamwugn, n hexuxdimtar (wordiness) ev6s expovipatos Oewpeitar zi- tmpa d1aBaions (Vihman & McCune, 1994), anaruioaye tpia edaxiota xputipra ya 60100% 80% 60% 40% 20%: 06 eni rou ouvdhow twy exgavnndrov 100% 80% 60%: 40%: 20%: % emi row ovdhou eww expaovnjdcov A@HNA Wes 89" "1012" 13-15 16-18 19-21 2224 Haaxia o€ phves ETEAAA "89" "012" 1345 1618 19-21 22.24 Waxio o€ paves Tpexpipara 1a war Ip Karovope v0» faorxasy emcomarancsy Rerronpyiaiy (Exypacy Zvaobiparos, Mpoorary, Siwon) avd ylexia xox navdi 10 oxond aute: a) ovdhoBixh popph pe peylor0 péyeDos 4 ovdAaBés ax pia toviopé- vn, B) xpiion ouvaph pe inv nepioraon Kal y) oupBauKh obzevfn poppis Kai xphons (Bd. mo avatvuxd Kapotoov, Kavi kai Ztaynovha6ov, 2008). 61To éva naiSi napiyaye Binddoro aprOp6 expevnparov évavts tou Gov. Hap! 6u1 pnopei y1" avi6 10 h6yo vo Bewpndel mo emKoIvaviaK6, naphyaye piKpAtEpO noaoor6 hé€ewv (16.8% tov ouvshov évavtr 21.8% a6 (0 Ado mardi). Or hékers mpavizoviar pahiora Kar ora Bo M114 Gerd a6 tovs 11-12 piives xar agioonpel- 010 pOvo peta tOvs 15-16, eve Bev awvBuiizoviar oe MpordoeIs aKdpn Kal o1ouS 24 mfives. Me Baon noha mhéov ouyxprtixa ororxeia ané Addes yhdooes (BA. Kupiws 1m o140pi0n tns Emxoweviaxns KAipaxas MacArthur, 1.x. ota ayydixd Fenson, Dale, Reznick, Bates, Thal & Pethick, 1994 xa1 ota 1onavixd Lopez, Omat, Gallego Gallo, Karousou, Mariscal & Martinez, 2005) adhd kai Se5op€va and ta eXdnviKd, On0v aKOpn Kai GbVOEtes Npordaess Hapdyovtar NpIV tous 24 wives (11x. Kavi, 1995), ta S00 nai614 paiverai va avhxouy oto éva térapto 1av NaIb1dV MoV avantdooovrar hw00IKA pe apyods pUBRONs. Ons ovvayetar ané ta Tpaghpara 1a xat If, o1 tpeis ertoupyies now pas ev~ Diagépovv -ovvaioOnpa, npootayh Kar SAhwon- exppézovtar and wm ovvipmnuKA me1ovStnta tov expovnp.dtav (87% Katd yEoo Spo Kar Ova B40 nad14). To undhomo 13% anotedeitar a6 Katnyopies nov @Givovv orabiaxé Kal avtl- mpoownedovea ouvipimtixd (Katd 88%) ano pn emKoIveviaxd expoviipora. Sev Ga errextaBovpe €6d 010 Od nepiBioptaxd nodoord Adhwv KarnyopIaY 6nWs 0 xal- petiopos. Enperovoupe Opus 611 ta YN emkoIvwoviaKd expwvinpaca Eexivoby pe Eva a€ioonpeiwto 11,4% (yE0 6po yia ta Bo r1a1614), to onoio otovs 22-24 phives Oi ver o€ pOhis 1,9%. Los mioés touddxrorov nepimtdoers epmdexerar éva aveKespevo (1.x. 10 nai6i napatnpei éva narxvi61 tov) Kai mo neprBopraxd pra npAEA (11x. 10 nai6i npoonaBei va onxw0ei 6p610). Mpdxerrar ouverts yia Expeviipata NOU NpO- o1614z0Uv o€ avté nov ovvobeouv npoondBeles povaxiKAs Katavénons tov KboHOv, 6nus Brateivovial o1 Papaeliou & Trevarthen (2006). Bav eivat avui n xpfion tous, civai evB1agépouoa n napovaia 1ous axépin Kai os OBVOAKES aUUs Ins épeUvas OU euvooiv Inv emikorvovia dyw Ins pOvIpNs napovOIas Tw GAAwv. Aev Ba npéner av: vends va napapepizovias and us pees Tov expiovnparoy, drs éx€r oUpBei O1s Teploodtepes oxcuxés Epevves oro MapedOSv. Luis Adhes pioés NepiMboers wo1600, 1a expaviipara Bev paivera, and evbeigers 60s to Bhépqa, va oxerizovtar le KArIOVa euneipia (averxeipevo A npagn). Av xat téro1a expwvipara Sev éxouv ouzntndei om BiBhoypapia, Bev anoxdefoupe va napatnposvia: add tavtéxpova va napaBhérioviar lati ev npombidzouv oa yawoorKd. Kai ta So ndvews ei6n Yn emKorvaviaxdy expevnpatoy mepiopizovia nod pe mv mduxia, 01 ters Baonxés Kanyopies ous onoies coudzoupe Siagépovv afioonpefiara o ovxvomta Kar e€éixEn. Nepis, SndabA otovs 8-9 pives, KupLapxOBY ExpevARAta TOU exppazovv ouvaioBipara (~40%) kar hryétepo ta ipooraxtKé (~30%), eve va br hwUIKG OVoIaoNKa anouardzouv. Z10Us 22-24 phves pws KUPIapxotv Méov aU- vipinuxd ta Enkwrixd (~75%), eve éxouv nepropiotel xaBoprotuxd o1 Ades Karnyo- pies, e181x4 ta ouvaio@hpara. Tho avaduuxd, n éxppaon ovvaroBfipatos apxizes pev He nepinov 40% adha gO. vel o€ toudaxiotov ato éva BéKato (10%) orous 22-24 ives. Era Tpapiipara 2a Kar 2B paivera 6u unepioxbouv Oagpds apxixd ta apvntiKXd ovvaioBipara otoUs 8-9 aAQHNA anna) 9% ent reav ZuvaoOnpéraw el oll "go" "1012" 185618 19-21—22-24 Huxia o¢ paves DTEAAA 100 Z = 90F a 70 60 50 0 30 a val 5 i =| a ious 1618 AS21224 enc % ent wo Zuvaio8nparov Tpayjpara 2a nar 26 Kaxavop rer vnoxarityopty vy enaxomumanyic Aeroupy fas ‘Exypaoy Evveiobyjaros (Berxot nai Apmprexos) avd mhinia xox newbie prives (and 58% és 65%), xpis wotdao va eupavizouv peyadn Biagopa orn ov- véxeia ané 10 Berd, napa tnv ehagpd abfnon toy teheutaiwy H mpootaxuixi heitoupyia neptopizetai xa1 auth pe tnv maxia, add dx1 t600 500 n éxppaon avvaiobipatos. Piva o1abiaxd o¢ nepinov j106 10V apxiKod NOGONTON, xarahtiyovtas o¢ 12% xai 16% avéhoya ye to ma18i. O1 untoKamnyopies ins Exouv word- 00 caqis Siagopenxi e€€sEn (Tpagnpara 3a, 3B). 63AOHNA 96 eni cas mpootayns 8.9" % eni rns mpootayas "a9" "1012" "131516181921 22-24 Waxia o€ paves Tpayprpara 3a xar 38 Karavop tev onorampyopusy myc enrxorereaniic Aewoypyiac 1y¢ Tpoovayiis (Aityna vim Andppryn) avd moxie. war nani Karapxas, ra npootaxixd expavipata civar oxeB6v e€ ohoxhiipov (99%) aitipara (avnotomtdvias atnv eepyaderaxt» hertoupyia tou Halliday, 2004). H andppiyn yas npoogopas napapéver ndvia mo nepiOwpiaKh, av Kal avgavera HE to xpovo and 1% ‘6¢ 7%-12%. Ta aithpara perd@voviai pev hiyo ouvohixd, adha adhdzer afioonpeiata 10 €i60s tous pe tnv nduxia (BA. Ipaghpata 4a xa1 46). 64A@HNA 50% 2 rwor0xs |] = eacns 1 Le nsrncmeeno 40%4 30% 96 eni tay Anmpavoy 20% 10%: 0% "89° "012" 13151618 19-21 22.24 Hhaxia oc wives ZTEAAA 100% 90% s0¥t 70%} 60% - Seaman 50% 40%4 2 aKsIwiNo % eni ov Artnpérew 30% 20% | | | 10% fe | i ie J "g9" "10-12" 1315 16.18 19.21 22-24 Whxia oe pives ne BLUE Tpaypypara 4a xan 4p Karavoqu} ov vnoxaryyoprsy ine enrxorrermarnys Lerrovpytac tov Arviaros (y2a Avranriuevo, Tipdky, Hpoooy xx Aexteny, [Aypoyopia xj Epeiryo) avd nieria: xa nevbit Tipéxertar apxixd xupiws yia aithpata yia tny anéxtnon avaxepévav (tovAaxI- ot0¥ 90% tov ouvdhou tov altndtwv), HOV perdvoviar 6s anpaverKa oro tédos (0€ 37% Kai 50%). AvuBEtws, ta athpata yio extédeon MpAfewy (n exkavovioUNKi he 65A@HNA 100% x BF. 90% 80% 70% 60% | pase he 50% 4 = nroxno 40% + 30% + 20% + % eni wav Anhoaewe 10% 4 : rm «4 La "89" "1012"" BIS" 1618” 19-21 22-24 Waxie o¢ prives DTEAAA 100% mal 90% J = nrorono 9% ent vov Andootow z "g9" "1012" 51GB 1921-22-24 haxia o¢ paves Tpexpyjpera 5a xar 58 Kavavopuf tov vnoxcrnyopaay 1y¢ eraxorvenianis Aerroupytas mys Aiflivons (y10 Amnixeipuvo, FIpéowno, Téno xar Soyfdy) avd pixnia nar navdi toupyia» tov Halliday, 2004), apxizouv pe ONS 6-8% tou ouvddov, 10 ono{o Gps vnepdimhaordzerar ev 1éhe1 o€ 15-20%. TEAos, 01 epwttioers eival ovolaouKd avo- apxtes apxixd (0-0,3%) adkd paxponpoBeopa aufavoveas, Exéixd o1ous 22-24 ph- Ves pLavOUY O10 45% Toy arINLATwY. AgopobY néviws Ka avrés ovvipuMUKE (1Hd- Vo an6 90% tov ovvddov tovs) aftnpa yia KaToVORAoIa Kano10U avUKEIPEVOU. 66‘Taos, n Sndwuxh dertoupyia avgaverar evrun@oraxa pe inv nhrKia, e161K4 pers tous 16 paves. On10s padiora paiverar ota ypaghpara Sa Kar 5B, npSxertar Kar NANI xatefoxiv yia avagopé oe avuxeipievo (oxcb6v des o1 Sndvoers apxIKd Kal €ws 70% 10 GvVOhov Lous) akOyn Kal otOUS 22-24 yhves. 4, Dopmepaopara 1 ovpmepaivoupe oxeuKd pe m1 vonparob6mnon péow ExPOYNPAtwY vaopitepa and inv nhuxia tov 24 pnvav; Ein ouvipuUKh tovs Meioyngia, ta expavhpara exppa- Zou and tous 8 pives ouvaioB pata, emBuptes Kai «oKé\feis». H xpiion tous dpos ‘Adze1 onpavuxd pe mv nduxia, KaBHs Mepropizeral nod’ n éxppacn ovvaioOnpa- Tov Kai My6tepo auth TV MPOOTAYwY, Eve avEdvovtar eviun@OIaKd 1a SnhoOUKA exgevapata. 01 S1agopés Hou onperdvoviar peta wv bio naxidv xpivoupE du civai puxpés, eneidh apopodv [6vo ta Moooord tns KAGE Neoupyias Ka! inv NhiKia tov efehi€ewy, adAd Oxi m oxenKA Bapdrnta KaBe AEroupyias A inv KaresBuVoN eféhifiis ins. H pei@on tov «ouvaioBApatos» fray npoPhéynnn pe Bion BiBhoypapixés ev5ei- fais. Av cixe @otda0 Sexxtel Gyicoa pe avoInparixA avadvon peyddou aprOyoo ex- pwvnpatey Onws €50. H mapovoia wordoo auths ins dertoupyias eivar Bapvvovoa péxpr tous 10-12 piives, ev Sev eEapavizerar andtoya pe mv eppavion emKorver- viaKdv npoBgoewy. AvuBEWS, Kar OF IpeIs heroupyies ouvUNAPXOUV KAO" ho 10 ava- intuEiaxé pdopa nov pedetioape. Ei61K4 ny nepiobo 13-15 ynvov, Snaabit hiyo npr my natn atioonpeiwtn anon Mé€ewv ora SeBopéva pas, epavizoviar pALOLA RE napépo1a nocootd. On evbei€eis autés ouvnyopobY UnEp tu Npooeyyioewy TOU UTIO- ompizouy orabiaKés Kai 6x1 anétopes avantueiaxés addayes. EniPeBardoape ent: ons 611 n éx@paon ovvaioOnpatov €xel AGN and tous 8 pives oagels evbeikers ario- Béxin, Anéxe1 ovvends nodd an6 ty axouoia MpoBokh ovyKivho1aKv Kataotdoewy ins npdtns mepi660u tns zis fh my anki avtibpaon oe éva evxdpioro h Suddpe- oto efwrepix6 epéBioua, Ta naibi4 gatverai avudérws va npoPAdouY ouvaioBhpo- ta, emzmiavias tny eppnveia Kar avti6paon wv aor. Exppazovy, yia napaberypa, xapd ya va tn porpagtoUv pe tous 4ddous fA SvoapEoxKeia yia va NpoKad_oou inv Siaxon ins. Alagaivovtal uvends Karto1a ixvn, Ere, npoBeons va ennpeaotei n ‘oupmepigopa twv édhwv npos pia ovyxexpipévn xatebBuvon, Kadiordvias ta 6pta pe- tad axoso1as kar exodoias Exppaons aoaph. H abgnon ts 6nkwuisis dertoupyias efvat enions avayevopevn, ye Béon tnv npo- avapep8cioa BiBhioypagia, 1a Sebopéva pas éxel oapids us pizes ins otnv npohe- xuiKA mepio50, pe nepi8upraKi napovoia axdyn Kai o1ous 8-9 piives. YriepSimda- ordzetar navtas hiyo npiy inv npdtn atoonpefiomn adnan héEewy n onoia napa: inpeicar arous 16-18 paives, emBePardvovias éto1 unoéoers xa1 epmerpixés evdeigers 6uI n Snhoukh xpiion expovnpatoy civai orev ouvGebepévn pe tn perértesta ava- mun ins yhdooas (1.x. Bates et al., 1979). Katé tous Werner & Kaplan (1963), mp6- xerta1 yia tnv avadudpevn ikavérnta tov naiSi0l va Eexenpioe! Kat ANG 10 UNdAOI- 67no ins eymeipias ia va to Katavonoes pazi pe tous AMhous. Aut Bewpovv Arnot 6u eivar n xavefoxhy hentoupyia ov déEew. Ev rOBTOIS, aKOpN Kai OTOVS 22-24 phe ves éva 1pito nepiriov twv SnhOoewv (36,5%) emitedeitar axdpn pe npedEKUKa pod. Taos, ta Bebopéva pos emBeBaiwoav axdyn ya opa inv npoyevéotepn avamugn Lov npootaKUKaY Evavu tov EANOLKOY EXPOVRPATOV, TOUAAXIOTOY Stay OUVUTIO- Aoyizovtar Kar autd ns MpodexuKiis neprd6ou. ‘YnoOétoupe emmndéov 6u n oUxvérnta tov eMpépoUs KatHYoPIAY Ins TpOOTayAs xa1 ins BAAwons KaBopizetar, petaky AAwv, ané tn Yvwo1aKi tous nepiTAoKOMta. Tia napaberypa, Sev gaiverai tuxaio 61 1600 ta SAwTIKG Goo Kar ta TIpootaKUKG x- oviqara eppavizovias apxiKd ain hydtepo agnpnpévn tous exboxh, EnhabA mv ‘avapopa o€ ana avtixeipeva. Ta vosipata avtd poposy va ExppadTOsV Ka! RE TPO- AeKuixd péoa, KatefOxAv 10 BeiGIpo. Eva npootaxuxa, avFvovtar pe tO XPEvO, HELa- £0 @Awv, arthpara ya npa€ers, e161x6tepa yia Kano10 cios peraxivnons (1.x. o™V aykahd Kano10v). Fip6xertai yia de1toupyia Hou o Halliday (2004) anoxahei «xavo- ‘viotiniis xat propel va Bewpnéei m1 agnpnpévn and inv «xarevduvuxt, 6ndabA to aitnya yia éva avuxeipevo. H znobpevn mpdgn eivan éva emxeipevo xa1, ouverts, vonté ovo yeyovds (BA. xai Tomasello xai Merriman, 1995). fl1o evturt@o1axé au- EGvovta «otsoo 01 epwrioes, o1 onoies pnopodv va BewpnBovv axdpn mo apn- pnyéves, yrati znroov ia hextux mnpopopia. H ovyxexpipévn padora ertoupyia pmopei va avuotorxndei pe tn spadno.axty tov Halliday (2004), n onoia avapéve- tar dvtws iyo apydtepa. YnoBétoupe ndviws O11 n avabvon wy epwrfioewy Biev- KohivetaL aT6 10 OxeLIKa aTIA6 apxiKA xopaKtHpa tous, Shab 6u1 zntobV to dvo- a evés amtod avuxerpévou évavu mo o6vGerov pavopevev, Ons ta ovpBavta h ja andvnon o¢ éva «nds. Hpdxetar naviws yia artartnueh hertoupyia, yiati mpo- ‘iimoGéte1 kai ovvaioBnon 611 1a npaypara pnopoby va Karovopaotouv. H ouvaioGn- on auth Gewpeftar, AMdwore, xpioMN yia m petaBaon ous mpares héfers, evsd Bev ave- péverai Todd vapis, ev6erKuKa ota SeBopéva row ovzntd n Bates (1979) oxi nprv tous 13 jtives. H xphon hé€eav ya karovopaoia gavopévev mponyeitar naviws toy Tpatev eporhoewy ya ovdpata Tpayparay ota euphipara tv Ninio & Goren (1993). Mia mo BieioBuixh pedétn tou nos avantJodetai n vonparob6tnon vepis o1n zum 8a npéner peddovEURG va avemapaBéoe ovornpLanKa tis hestoupyies MpoheKtIKGY a1 hexuXdv expovnpatwv. Ga npénet enions va héBer unsipn my opAia omnv ortofa extiBevtar ta nai6i4. H ouxvémnta Kai to eiB0s xdGe emxoivoviaxtis ertoupyias Ho- pei va 61apéper avadoya pe to Korveovixd nepiBaNov Kai inv Mepforaon emKorvervias, Tha napaberypa, n SnAWUKA xphon tv MEEwY yIa Katovopasia PaivopEvay fows evvocitar mepioodtepo o€ opiopéva nepiPédhovta évaves Addwv, ermpetizoveas ovve- Gs Kai Us Xphoeis tov exgiovnpdrov and ta max6xd, Eivay evBerxtaxh n undeon ins Nelson (1973) 6U n xpfion tov héEEwv y1a avagopd o¢ mpdypara cuvnBizeral me- pioodtepo o€ opiopéva o1Koyeve1aKd nepiBadhovia, Evavu dMwv nov evvoouy mn xpi- fon twv é€ewv ya KoIVwVIKH ouvEIahayh Gms o€ xaiperIOPOds. Aev anoxdcievar padora, 1600 01 SndGoeIs 600 Kai O1 epuTHoeIs Yia ovopata va evIOxONKaY om Buch pas épeuva, enei6A o1 evAhiKes otSxevav oto va expaleboowy déEers aT ta THal- 61d yia us avéyxes tns épevvas. Téhos, Ba npéne: va pedetnody ovornpauxd ne- 68proodrepa naidid, egdoov ta 60 row napamphoape gaiverar mis avamtixOnxay pe mio apyous pu8pods an’ 6u ta Nepioastepa NaIBi4, ta oMoia o1ovs 24 phyes Mapd- {youv npordoels. Znviyata nov apopobv inv avdBuan tns YNoooIKhs EMxoIvenvias prropobY Ev Wai va ponorowv PSvo péoa ari6 GvoINHaUKés avahboers avantuLaKov Bebopevav. ‘Ta Sika pias BeBonéva, éSei€av orabiaxi perdPaon o¢ emrxoweviaxés eroupyies NOU npooibidzowv nepioostepo o€ aves tns yhibooas, Karefoxhv in GAkwon pas oxé |yns xo1 tnv epaanon, AvéBaav enions tov emxorvioviaxd xapaxtipa tov expaovn- atwv, axdpn x1 Sxav avapévovtay Myotepo, SahadA otny éxppaon oUvaroONPGLOY piv tous 10 yiives. Ynoberxvowv ovventds dui ous neprypagés tov avartubiaxdv adayéov anovorevaixés oxNpatonorhoes Snes o andhutos Braxwpiop6s avijieod o€ ‘axoio1a Zxgpaon ouVaIOONPAtY Kai emKoIVovIah npEOeon bey evar THévIa xpH ‘oipes. 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