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 THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS

11
61

AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE

EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW

VOLUME LIV JULY -DECEMBER, 1916

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS COMPANY :

NEW YORK : 30 IRVING PLACE
COPYRIGHT, 1916 , BY THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS Co.

237470
 INDEX TO THE FIFTY-FOURTH VOLUME OF

THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
JULY -DECEMBER, 1916
Articles on the European War will be found listed under the heading of “ War, The,” while other
articles dealing more specifically with tbe internal affairs of the various nations involved , are indexed
under the names of those countries. A connected account of the war, and a list of its principalevents
during the six months covered in this index, will be found, respectively , in the articles listed under the
titles, “ Strategy of the War" and in the “ Chronological Record of Events in the War," both included
under the heading “ War, The."
Pp. 1-128, July; pp. 129-240, August; pp. 241-352, September; pp. 353-464, October;
pp. 465-576, November; pp. 577 -688, December.
ADAMS, Cyrus C . Mystery of the Niger River, 197.
Agriculture after the war, 536 .
Agriculture: See also under Farming.
Poor crops for 1916, 21 ; Crop indications, Im
provements in , 148 ; Crop conditions in July, 255.
Alaskan railway, Progress in construction of, 543.
Alcohol Italian objections to, 450.
Alford, Fred S . Australia 's part in the great war,
186.
AlliesSamof, 322.
the future- England, Germany and l’ncle
Americanism , -what it is, 326.
Ammonia , Coke-oven , for munitions, 433.
Anglo -Latin psychology, The South American
view of 452.
Apes, Human qualities of, 107.
Arabia, Movement for independence of, 527.
Arabians in America . 533 .
Arbitration , Compulsory, adopted by Norway, 391.
Argentine, Population of the, 451.
Armenians and American interests under Rus
sia , so .
Army, United States: See under United States.
Art works damaged in warfare, Compensation
for, 603.
Art exhibitions in war time, 446 .
Arvold , Alfred G . Drama for rural communi
ties, 309 .
Australia : See also under War, The.
Australia ' s part in the great war, 186.
Aviators, Mental and physical tests for 223.
BALKANS, The simmering, 85.
Rarbosa, Ruy, Liberal leader of Brazil, 667.
Bird treaty with Canada, A , 374.
Books, The New , 115 , 232, 343, 455 , 565, 674.
Botha, Louis, prime minister of the Union of
South Africa , 633.
Boy Scouts and their training for citizenship , 643.
Brain work at night time, 666.
Brazil, Military unpreparedness of, 668.
Brieux, Eugene, and his work for blind soldiers,
555 .
Brown. L . Ames. Woodrow Wilson , the candi
date. 41.
Bunin , Ivan Alexievich , Russian poet, 224.
Business conditions in the United States. 22.
Business, Governmental supervision of, 468.
CANADA : See also under War, The.
Canada : French -Canadians and the War, 659 .
Canada . Progress of the Hudson Bay railroad, 538 .
Canada's two years of war and their meaning, 181.
Caribbean Sea , American policy in , 247.
Cartoons of the Month, 33, 156, 266, 383, 494, 609.
Celluloid . A non -explosive substitute for, 338.
Child labor law , The new , 251, 423.
Chile, Foreign trade relations of, 669.
China, New President of, 53.
China , Present-day, 106 .
China , Railway construction in , 657.
ChinaLi :Yuan-
Yuanhung,
Shih -Kai's death , and succession of
25 .
Christian coöperation , 649.
Christophides, Miltiades. Venizelos, the foremost
Greek , 602.
Citizenship , Training for, 138.
Clarke, John H ., Justice of the United States Su
preme Court, 162.
Collins, Paul V ., The Rural Credits law as en
acted, 303.
('oöperative housing of munition workers, 557.
Coöperative student creamery, A , 105.
Corn Products Company, Court decision for dis
solution of 145 .
Cotton , High price of, 484.
Congress :
Anti-dumping legislation , 142.
Appropriations for public buildings. 143.
Boards and commissions, New , provided for, 372.
Child labor bill, President Wilson 's demand for,
140.
Child labor bill passed by Senate, 251.
Chronological Record of Proceedings in , 30, 152,
263, 379.
Continued summer session of, 250.
Immigration question in , 252.
Naval bill in , 141.
Philippine bill passes Senate, 246.
Railroadspecial
eight-hour law andsessions,
its passage, 361-366.
Recent and regular 133.
Record of 139 - 143.
Reprisal measures against Great Britain , 372.
Revenue bill, The new , 141, 256, 372.
Shipping bill in , 251,
Cuba , Presidential election and business condi
tions in , 24.
Cuba, Stability and prosperity in, 600.
DANISH West Indies: Keys to the Caribbean , 292.
Dartmouth College, New president of, 488.
Daylight- saving in America , 206.
Defense question to be settled , 594,
Denmark and the proposal to sell her West Indies
to the l 'nited States, 488.
Deutschland (German commercial submarine), Ar
rival of, 130 , 150.
Domestic issues. Notes on some 594 .
Drama for rural communities, 309,
Dumping, 212; legislation against, 142.
EDMUNDS, George F ., Reply of, to Richard Olney,
on the work of President Wilson , 548.
 iv THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Education
146 .
Association, National, Convention of,
English Channel tunrel, Project of, 413.
Exports, Increase in , 22.
FAIRBANKS, Charles Warren , Republican candi
date for Vice- President, 52.
Farm loan banks, Federal law for, 250.
Farm progress helped by the Department of Agri
culture, 251.
Financial:
Farm loan banks, 250.
Financial News, 126, 238, 350, 462, 574, 686.
Federal reserve system , Operation of, 549.
Gold , Influx of, from abroad, 483.
Gold store in United States doubles, 597.
Loans to England and France, 482.
Money question out of politics, 468 .
Securities, American , returning from Europe, 483.
Flowers, wild Our disappearing . 109.
Foodstuffs, Rise in price of, 484.
Foreign markets, Combining to capture, 211!
Foreign problems, Notes on our, 594.
Foster, Paul P . Tapping the resources of Rus-
sia . 542.
Fox, Frank Hampto n . Christian coöperation, 649.
n students in , after the war, 111.
France, America
France : Rhone-Marseilles canal, 333.
Frederick, J. George. The skyward career of
prices, 199.
Frug, Semyen, the Jeremiah ofmodern Jewry, 572.
GARMENT trades, Labor troubles in, 147; strike set
tlement, 259.
German economic policies after the war, A Swiss
view , 323.
German production of French iron , 102.
Germany, Food problem in , 26.
Germany, Iron money in , 448.
Germs, Living, as museum specimens, 335 .
Gorky, Maxim , as a defender of the Jew , 551.
Government and the citizen , 356 .
Government policy : Facing the next four years,
470.
Grainger, Percy , the " Kipling of Music," 332.
Grant memorial at Washington , 637 .
Great Britain , American loan to , of $250,000,000, 256. Macy, V . Everit, Brief sketch of, 617.
Great Britain . Retaliatory measures against, 372.
Greece : See also under War, The.
Greece, Allies' intervention in , Venizelos on , 324 .
Greece becoming more involved in the war, 25 .
reen . Leon M . Public school boys under military
training . 67.
Gregg , Gen . David McMurtrie, 274.
HERRICK , George F . Armenians and American in
terests under Russia . 80 .
Hervieu, Paul, dramatist and man of letters, 217.
Hill, James J., empire builder, 216 .
Holland and the war, 486 .
Holliday, Carl. The country school's re-birth , 69.
Holmes, Mary Caroline. An American Arab's trib
ute to Syria , 535 .
Housing, Coöperative, of munition workers, 557.
Houston, David F ., and his work as Secretary of
Agriculture, 251.
Houston , David F . The government and good
roads, 275.
Houston, Texas, an inland seaport, 91.
Hudson Bay railroad, Progress of, 538 .
Hughes, Charles E ., as a political figure, 46 .
Hughes, Charles E ., Rise of, in politics, 10.
Hughes, Hugh J. Agriculture after the war, 536 .
Hutchinson , Roland W ., Jr. The army and the
motor truck , 413.
Hyphenated -Americanism , Discussion of, 479-480.
ICE patrol, international, The, 305.
Income tax, Increase in , 142; 256 ; Number of peo
ple who pay, 142
Immigration, Congress preparing to limit. 252.
Industries, America ' s New , 93 ,
Infantile paralysis, Epidemic of, 147, 220, 375.
Italy , A coalition ministry in , 24.
Italy and the intellectual life, 673.
Italy 's merchant marine problem , 226.
JAPAN : Terauchi, Count, appointed premier, 485 .
Jew , The, and the war, 449.
Jew , Maxim Gorky as a defender of, 551.
Johnston, Charles. Kitchener of Khartoum , .
Jute, A substitute for, 339 .
KAWAKAMI, K . K . America and the Russo-Japa
nese alliance , 299.
Kitchener of Khartoum , 65 .
Knaufft, Ernest. The Grant memorial at Wash
ington , 637.
Krupp works, women in the, 337.
LABOR :
Garment makers' strike settled , 145 -147 ; 359.
Minimum wage movement. 427.
Railroad strike threatened, 145 -147; 256-257.
Shorter hours for women and children , 367.
Street car strike in New York city, 258.
Laut, A . C . Our new navy, 517.
Leading Articles of the Month , 89, 209, 322, 435 , 545 .
655 .
Levine, Isaac Don , Arabs rersus Turks, 527.
Lewis, O . F . The man who comes out of prison ,
314.
LiHuan-Hung, New president of China, 53.
Literature after the war, 341.
Lloyd, W . S . Cleveland under eastern time, 206 .
Lloyd George, David , Public service of, 149.
Loans, American, to European governments, 256 .
Low Seth , Public work of, 366.
Lyons Book Fair, and the Week of French Cul
ture, 94.
MCGRATH , P . T . Canada's two years of war and
their meaning, 181; The international ice pa
trol, 305 ; Progress of the Hudson Bay railroad ,
538 .
McKelway, A . J. The federal child -labor law , 123.
" Macbeth " in Japan, 671.
Macdonald , James B . German East Africa, 192,
Macedonia , Greek and Bulgarian in , 214.
Maps and Diagrams:
Africa : Niger and Congo river systems, 197.
Alaska , Government railway in , 544.
Arabia , 529.
Asia Minor, American mission stations in , 81.
Atlantic Ocean route from Africa to South Amer
ica , 559.
Canada : Hudson Bay railroad route , 538 .
Caribbean Sea , Islands of, and relation to main
land, 292.
China, Railway construction in , 657.
Coke-oven for recovery of ammonia , 434.
Election map : States where women voted for
President, 582.
Election results: States carried for Wilson and
for Hughes, 582.
Food prices, Two years' increase in , in three
world cities, 200.
France : Rhone-Marseilles canal, 334.
Houston , Texas, General plan of the port of 92.
Poland and adjacent territory inhabited by
Poles, 629.
Prohibition, Progress of, in United States, 589.
Running : Relationship between speed and dis
tance covered, 96 .
Russia, northern, Projected railroads in , 542.
South Africa Union of. 636 .
Time zones in the United States, 207 .
Transylvania and its relation to neighboring
countries, 411.
War:
Eastern front (Poland and Galicia ), 59.
Galician front (Dubno to Stanislau ), 288.
German East Africa, 194.
Italian front (the Carso Plateau ), 283.
Rumania , 405 , 506, 623.
 INDEX TO VOLUME LIV
Russian front (Grodno to Czernovitz), 178.
L'adermining trenches, 661, 662.
Western front (Northern France), 174.
Western front (Bapaume and Peronne). 406.
Woman suffrage: Where women voted for Pres
ident in 1916, 582.
Marshall, John . A . J. Beveridge's life of (A re
view ) , 619.
Marshall, Thomas R ., Democratic candidate for Philippines policy under the Democratic party,
Vice- President, 51.
Medical : Magnesium chloride for wounds . 454.
Medical: Tuberculosis, Intensive red light and, Philippines, A new charter of government for, 246 .
Menkel, William
York , 203.
. Police preparedness in New Philippines, Future of the. 471.
Metehnikoff, Ilya, Brief sketch of, 331.
Mexico :
Administration statement in reply to Carranza Poetry, The substance of, 113.
note, 17 .
Affairs in , 595 .
American policy in , Costs of, 248.
American policy, a defense of, 546 .
An American woman's notes on 201.
Carrizal fight with Mexicans, 134.
Conditions on the border, 485 .
Expedition into , and mobilizing of militia , 13-16.
Joint Commission of Inquiry, 135, 368, 485, 595.
History repeating itself in our relations with
Mexico , 18 .
Dur methods with , 13.
Our relations with 131- 136 .
Party platform planks on, 16 .
President Wilson's refusal to withdraw troops, 3.
Withdrawal of troops from , 132.
Microbism , Latent, and its dangers, 561.
Military service, Universal, 137, 209; Democratic
aspects of, 339.
Military
our
system
way
. Adequate,
toward a , 654.
Need of, 137; Feeling
Military training for civilians, 259.
Military training . Fundamentals of, 210.
Military training in the public schools of Sumter,
S . C ., 67.
Mills College, New president of, 488.
Minimum wage by law : Status of the movement,
427.
Mining boom , The greatest in history, 429.
Money, Iron , in Germany, 448.
Mongolia and Russian -Japanese activities, 554.
Monroe doctrine, Brazilian hostility to, 452.
Moon , Scenery of the, 560.
Motor industry , Amazing development of, 373.
Motor trucks in warfare, 374 .
diotor3 truck , Use of, in the United States army,
41 .
Mounet-Sully , Reminiscences of, 446; The career
of, 562.
Music : African songs, 561.
Music, German, after the war, 564.
Music's service to religion, 340.
XATIONAL Defense, Council of, Appointment of ad
visory board for, 482.
National defense lessons to be learned. 137.
National Guard. The ; its status and defects, 163.
National Guard mobilization on the Mexican bor
der, 249, 369, 595 .
National policy, Questions of, and their settle
ment. 246.
Naval Consulting Board work for industrial pre
paredness, 138 .
Naval training cruise for civilians, 259.
New York city street car strike, 258.
Niger River, Mystery of the, 197.
Norway adopts compulsory arbitration , 394.
Norway and the war, 486 -487. Woman vote in the election, 584-585.
Norway, Attitude of, on interference with mails Poor farm of Westchester county, New York, and
ard commerce, 453.
OBITUARY, 32, 155, 265, 382, 493, 608.
Oil reserves for the government in California , 596.
Osborne, Thomas Mott. Return of to Sing Sing,
PANAMA
596 .
Canal, and its influence on freight rates,
General Goethals' report on, 596.
Some financial aspects of, 330.
Paper, Rise in price of, 597.
Penitentiary-sanatorium at Witzwil, Switzerland,
441.
Peru , foreign trade relations of, 669.
245 , 246.
Philippine view of the Jones bill, 221.
Philippines, American trade and tariff in , 150.
Plattsburg camps, Progress of the, 259.
Playmaking . Communal, 312 .
Poetry, Formal and free, 229.
Poland, Question of autonomy for, 100, 438.
Police preparedness in New York, 203.
Political:
Campaign , Progress of the, 143-144, 252, 369, 481-482.
Congress, Election results in , 590 -591.
Democratic administration , Appraisal of, 478.
Democratic advantage in this campaign , 12.
Democratic national convention . 3.
Democratic party, Component elements of, 470 .
Elections, National and local, on same day, Mis
take of, 469.
Election, Presidential, Results of, 579-593.
Florida , Democratic primaries in , 371.
Forecasts and results, 588.
Georgia , Democratic primaries in , 371.
Governors, The vote for, 592.
Gubernatorial and senatorial elections to be
held , 144.
Hughes, Charles E ., Acceptance address of, and
start of first western trip, 254.
Hughes as a campaigner, 357- 358.
Hughes as a Presidential candidate , 356.
Illinois nominating primaries, 369.
Maine, Republican victory in State election , 358.
Maine, State campaign in , 255 .
Management
589.
of party campaigns, Contrasts in ,
Minor parties, The, 318 .
New York nominating primaries, 369.
New York nominating primaries and candi
dates, 253.
Nominations, -mistake of leaving them to par
ties, 7.
Parties and leaders in America, 6.
Parties but no policies in our government, 469.
Party fences breaking down, 467.
Party platforms, Discussion of, 19 - 20 .
Progressives ' future. The. 588.
Progressive national convention . 4 -5 .
Prohibition gains in the election, 586.
Republican national convention , 4- 12.
Roosevelt' s emergence as a leader. 6 .
Roosevelt - How he could have been nominated.
4 - 9.
Senatorial candidates, 253.
Senatorial elections, 480 .
South . The and the Presidential election , 584.
South Carolina , Democratic primaries in , 370.
Supreme Court justices as Presidential candi
dates, 21.
Utah and the Mormon vote, 584 .
“ What would you have done ?" as a Democratic
argument, 547.
Wilson , President, as a candidate, 356 .
Wilson , President, Defense of, 547.
Wilson , President, Formal acceptance speech of,
360.
its operation , 665 .
Porto Rico, Prosperous conditions in . 24 .
Portraits :
Abdul Hamid Zehrawi, 531,
Adamson , William C ., 363.
Alev Rohort I 147
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Alfonso, Prince, of Spain , 607. Hervieu , Paul, 218.
Apponyi, Count Albert, 601. Hill, James J., 32, 217.
Hill, Louis W ., 32.
Arredon
Atl, Dr.do (Membe of 354.
, Elisso,r 136, Mexican Joint Commis Hitchcock , Frank, 8, 478.
sionria), 135 . cis Holden,
Hopkins,Hale, 362. Martin , 488.
Dr. Ernest
Aust , Fran Joseph I. of, 578. Houston , David F ., 23, 251.
Averescu , General (of Rumania ), 376 . Hughes, Charles E ., 11, 47, 143, 357. 477.
Bacon , Robert, 248, 254. Hughes, Charles E ., and family, 49.
Baker, Newton D ., 23, 133, 137. Hugo , Francis M ., 469.
Barbosa , Ruy, 667. Humphrey, Andrew B ., 11.
Batocki, von , Adolph , 26. Irigoyen , Hipolito, 492.
an
Beeckm , Robert L ., 478. Jaime, Prince, of Spain , 607.
Belmont, August, 358. Joffre, Gen . Joseph , 486, 489.
on , Allan L .,
Benshole
Bert t, General319.(French commander of Ru Johnson, A . R ., 10.
Johnson, David B ., 147.
manian armies ) . 625 . Johnson, Hiram , 10, 583.
Bliss, Daniel. D . D ., 265 . Jordan , David Starr , 135 .
Bliss, Gen . Tasker H ., 153. Keating, Edward, and Mrs. Keating, 423.
Bonaparte, Charles J., 10. Kellogg . Frank B .. 145 .
Bonallas, Ignacio, 354. Kellogg , Paul U ., 135 .
Bonsal, Stephen , 354. Kellor, Miss Frances A ., 326 .
Borah, William E ., 10. Kirchwey, George W ., 146 .
Boselli, Paolo, 154. Kitchener, Lord, 65.
Botha, Louis, 633. Knapp, Martin A ., 257.
Brandeis , Louis D ., 21. Knox , Philander C .. 253.
Bratiano, John , 376. Koch , Frederick H ., 312.
Brieux, Eugene, 556. Koenig , Capt. Paul, 130.
Brussilov, General A ., 375. Lane, Franklin K ., 23, 354.
Bryan, William Jennings, and Mrs., 4. Lansing, Robert, 23, 354.
Burleson , Albert S . , 23. Lathrop, Miss Julia C ., 4: 3.
Burton , Theodore E ., 478 . Law . Ruth , 607.
Butler , Nicholas Murray, 10. Lee, W . G ., 257.
Cabrera , Luis , 354. Li Yuan- Hung, 53.
Calder, William M . 254. Lloyd -George, David , 486.
Carl Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria -Hun Lobdell, Charles E ., 250.
gary, 606.
Carter, W . S .. 257.
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 19.
Catts, Sidney J., 587. Lovejoy, Owen R ., 423.
Low , Seth , 366.
Chambers, William L ., 257. Lowden, Frank 0 ., 370.
Chase, William Merritt, 608. McAdoo, William G ., 23, 250.
Clarke, John H ., 162.
Cleveland, Esther, 604.
McCombs, William F ., 369.
McCormick Vance . 144. 479 . 5.90 .
Connaught. Duke of, 181. McKelway, A . J., and Mrs. McKelway, 423.
Cowles, Mrs. Josiah Evans, 31. Mackensen, von , August, Gen ., 625 .
Crane, W . Murray, 7, 10. Macy, V . Everit, 617.
Culberson , Charles A ., 371. Mahon , William D ., 258 .
Daniels, Josephus, 23, 468. Marshall, John, 621.
Davies, Gen , Henry E ., 274. Marshall, Thomas R ., 51.
Dawes, Charles G ., 478. Mary, Queen of England, 150.
Devonshire, Duke of, 154. Menocal, Mario G ., 600 .
Dorsey, Hugh M ., 371. Merritt, Gen . Wesley, 274.
Du Pont, T . Colenian, 8. Metchnikoff, Elie, 155 . 331.
Eberhart, Adolph 0 ., 478 . Milliken , Carl E ., 359.
Edmunds, George F ., 548. Mills, Maj.-Gen. Albert L ., 382.
Elkus, Abram
England, I., 149. V , of, 489.
King George Mott . John R ., 354.
England, King George and Queen Mary, 150. Mounet-Sully , Jean . 447 .
Evans, Charles, Jr., 381. Murphy, John B ., 265 .
Fairbanks. Charles W ., 52. New , Harry S., 252.
Ferdinand, King of Rumania , 376. Newlands, Francis G ., 363.
Fernald , Bert M ., 359. Norris, George W ., 250 .
Olney , Richard , 548.
Fitzgerald , William B ., 58. Osborne, Thomas Mott, 146 .
Foch, Gen . Ferdinand, 489. O 'Shaughnessy, Mrs. Nelson, 202.
Ford , Henry, 468. Padgett, Lemuel P ., 244.
France, President Poincaré of, 489. Pani, Alberto J., 354.
Francis Joseph I., of Austria , 578.
Frelinghuysen . Joseph S .. 592.
Parker, John M ., 9. 10.
Patterson, William J., 381.
Garretson, A . B ., 257. Pennypacker, Samuel W ., 382.
George V ., King of England, 150, 489. Penrose, Boies, 8 .
Gerard, James W ., and Mrs., 492.
Gompers, Samuel, 141 .
Perkins, George W ., 7, 10.
Gorky, Maxim , 551. Pershing, John J., Brig
Poincaré, Raymond, .-Gen., 17,
President 248.
of France, 489.
Grainger , Percy , 333. Polk , Frank L ., 136 .
Grant, Miss Bernhard. 604. Quick , Herbert, 250.
Gray, Judge George, 354, Rabinowich, Sholem (" Sholem Aleichem " ), 219.
Gregg, Gen . David MCM ., 274. Ramsay, Sir William , 265 .
Gregory, Thomas W ., 23, 600. Rankin , Miss Jeannette (First woman member
of Congress ), 585 .
Haig . Gen . Sir Douglas, 486 , 489 .
Hale , Frederick , 359 . Redfield , William C ., 23.
Hanger, G . W . W ., 257.
Hanly , J . Frank , 319 .
Reimer, Arthur E ., 319.
Reinhardt, Dr. Aurelia Henry, 488.
Harvey, Gen. William E ., 137. Rihani, Ameen F ., 534.
Herbermann, Charles G ., 382. Riley, James Whitcomb, 327.
 INDEX TO VOLUME LIV
Robins. onRaymond , 5, 478.
Roberts , Gen . Sir William , 150.
Rojas, Luis Manuel, 135 .
Rolland,ltModesto Ce., 135 .
Rooseve , Theodor , 6 .
Rosewater , Victor, 478 .
Rowe, Leo S ., 354.
Rumaniaff, King Ferdinand of, 376 .
Sakharo , Gen . Vladimir , 625 .
Sarrail, General, 377,
Scott, Gen. Hugh L ., 137.
Seabury . Samuel, 369.
Sheridan . Gen . Philip H ., 274,
Sholem Aleichem (Rabinowich ), 219.
Shonts, Theodore P ., 258.
Shrady, Henry Merwin , 640, 641, 642.
Sienkiewicz , Henry, 608.
Smith , W . S . A . 250.
Smoot, Reed, 7, 10. an
Smuts, Jan Christi , 193, 194.
Sothern , Edward H ., 418.
Spain , Prince Alfonso of. 607.
Spain , Prince Jaime of, 607 .
Stone, Warren ldS., 257.
Storey, Moorfie . 135 .
Sumner, Miss Helen L ., 423.
Tagore, Sir Rabindranath . 329.
hi r
Terauc , Prime Ministe of Japan , 485.
Thomas, Albert (French Munitions Minister ), 486.
Thurston , John M ., 265 .
Todd, Mrs. Constance Leupp, 423.
Torbert, Gen . Alfred T . A . 274.
Trevino, Jacinto B ., Gen ., 18.
Tuan Chi- Jui (Chinese Premier), 55.
Tumulty, Joseph P ., 361, 479.
Venizelos, Eleutherios , 215 , 502.
von der Goltz , Kolmar, Gen ., 97.
Wanamaker, John , 478 .
Ward, William Hayes, 441.
White . Horace, 382.
Whitman , Charles S., 370.
Wilkinson , Horace, 10.
Willcox, William R ., 11, 144, 478, 590.
Williams, R . Norris, 381.
Wilson , James, 478.
Wilson , James H ., Gen ., 274.
Wilson , William B ., 23, 141, 423.
Wilson , Woodrow . .13, 23, 43, 141, 361, 423, 475, 589.
Woods, Arthur H ., 203.
Yuan Shi-Kai (Ex-President of China ), 55 .
Preparedness, industrial Progress in , 138.
Presidential office. Development of the, 355 .
Prices, Rise in , 199, 259, 484, 597.
Prisoner, The released, 314.
Progress of the World, The, 3, 131, 243, 355, 467, 579. TAGORE, Rabindranath, poet of the Indian peo
RABINOWICH,
Railroad laborSholem , the Jewish Mark Twain , 217. Tagore,
troubles:
Brotherhoods to vote
vote for strike, 256 .
on strike proposition,
Railroads appeal to the public against demands
of workers, 145 .
President Wilson intervenes, 257.
Eight-hour law , Discussion of, 361-366, 389, 474 -476 ; Turkey
appointment of commission of investigation , Turrent
482 ; law to be contested , 598.
Railroads, Investigation of, by Congressional com United
mission , 482. 599.
Record of Current Events, 30, 152, 263, 379, 491, 606.
Renaud, George L . Early rising in Detroit 207.
Revenue bill. The new , 372, 395.
Revenue, federal. Increase in . 22.
Riley, James Whitcomb, 326 .
Ripley, William Z . The railroad eight-hour law ,
Roads, good . The government and, 275 .
Roosevelt, Theodore, Position of, as public leader
in these times, 12.
Roosevelt, Theodore. See also under Political.
Rumania , as affected by the war. 24.
Rumania : See also under War. The.
Rumania 's Transylvanian neighbors, 420.
Running records analyzed, 96 .
Rural credits law as enacted, The, 303.
vil
Russia :
As a market for America 's goods, 22.
Elementary education in , 104.
Four months in , during the war, 552.
German colonists in , 554 .
New railroad construction in , 512.
Prosperity of, as affected by the war, 435 .
Russian Japanesee treaty and its objects, 150.
Russian Japanes alliance , America and, 299.
Russian parliamentarism , Ten years of, 102.
SANTO Domingo , Revolution in , 23 -24.
School, rural Re-birth of, 69.
School
Scriabinsystem er ,Nikolae
, New
, Alexand vich ,ndA , 79.
for Maryla revolutionary
musical genius, 563 .
Shakesp eare as nature lover and as healer, 227.
Shakespeare, Italian appreciations of, 112.
Shaw . William B . Charles E . Hughes as a politi
cal figure, 46 ; Botha of South Africa , 633.
Shipbuilding business. Expansion in , 598.
Sholem gAleiche
Shippin crisis min . Europe, The,Mark
the Jewish 90 . Train . 217 .
Shrady, Henry ral
M ., the sculptu work of, 637 .
Simonds , Frank H . Russia comes back - a great
Slav victory, 57 ; Germany loses the initiative
Britain begins,es 170; The battle of Europey
Allied offensiv on four fronts, 281; German
in retreat - Rumania , 399; Germany strikes Ru
mania and saves the Balkans, 505 ; Germany
makes a new bid for peace by battle , 622.
Sing Sing, Improved penological method s in , 146.
Smith , Lovina Steward. Rumania 's Transylva
nian neighbors , 410.
Soldiers, blind, Teaching trades to, 555.
Sothern. E . H of., and
Soldier, Soul the, 658.
his views on moving -picture
acting.
South Africa447., Union of, and neighboring territory,
636.
Spain 's interest in the war, 98 .
Spanish- Portuguese union, A , 559.
Speare, Charles F . The new taxes, 395 .
Stock d prices, Rise in . 373.
Stoddarmarket
, T . Lothrop. The simmering Balkans,
85 ; The Danish West Indies: Key to the Carib
bean , 292.
Submarine U -53, Visit of, to Newport, 484.
Sweden and: thePeniten
Switzerland war, 487.
tiary - sanitorium at Witz
wil, 441.
Syria , An American Arab's tribute to, 535.
Syrians in America, 533.
ple, 670.
Taxes,
Rabindranath , Visit of, to Japan, 329.
The newton, 395.
23; Tong, Holling K ., the new president of China ,
53.
Trade, foreign , Great increase in , 372, 597 .
Turkey, Chaotic war conditioans ns in . 148.
: Eviction of Americ from Marsovan ,
325 . ine
, J. W . Coke-oven ammonia for muni.
tions. 433.
States Army:
Army appropriation bill, 247.
Army scheme, our, Absurdity of. 248.
See also Military , and National Guard .
United States Navy : See also Naval.
Navy, American , Need for. 244.
Navy, Appropriation for 243-245 .
Navy. The new , 517.
Naval policy, a non -partisan affair, 467.
United States Revenues, 22, 142, 256, 372, 395 .
VENIZELOS, the foremost Greek , 502.
WADE, Herbert T. Progress of the Alaskan gov
ernment railway, 543.
War, The:
Allies plan for an economic union, 149.
 vili THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Australia : Conscription defeated in , 602.
America as a neutral 471.
American diplomacy, -- where it failed with Eng
land and Germany, 471-474.
Art works, damaged, Campensation for, 663.
Battle noises. The science of, 662.
Canada's support of the war, 602.
Economic Entente Among the Allies, an , 89 ;
Benefit to Russia of, 213.
Editorial notes on , 148 , 260 , 485, 601.
French -Canadians and the war, 659.
German East Africa, Campaigns in , 192.
German prowess. The real basis of, 97.
German war finance, 436 .
Greece, Unfortunate position of, 376, 486.
Hospital trains, 650.
Italian optimism as to the war, 550.
Mine warfare, 661.
Naval fight off Jutland in the North Sea, 26.
Neutral nations Conditions in , 486 - 487.
Newspapers and magazines published in the Woehlke, Walter V . The greatest mining boom
trenches, 414 .
Peace, Prospects of, 26.
Record of Events in , 29, 151, 261, 377, 489, 603.
Rumania 's entrance into the war, 375 -376 ,
Soldiers, Reading matter for, 225.
Soldiers, Maimed and crippled, Providing for
the, 439.
Submarine U -53, Sinking of vessels by, off Nan
tucket, 485.
Strategy of the: Russia comes back - a great
Slav victory , 57 ; Germany loses the initiative
Britain begins, 170 ; The battle of Europe
Allied offensive on four fronts, 281; Germany
in retreat- Rumania , 399 ; Germany strikes Ru
mania and saves the Balkans, 505 ; Germany
makes a new bid for peace by battle, 622.
United States. Indignities suffered by, 260 .
Ward, William Hayes, editor and scholar, 440.
West, James E . The Boy Scouts, 643 .
West Indies, Danish , Proposed purchase of, 247.
Wilson administration reviewed, 545 .
Wilson , President, Reëlection of, 655 .
Wilson , Woodrow , the candidate, 41.
Wilson Woodrow : See also under Politics.
in history, 429.
Woman suffrage, and its influence on social re
form , 367.
Women in the Krupp works, 337.
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW
CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1916
Democratic National Convention Frontispiece Charles E . Hughes as a Political Figure .... 46

vaan
The Progress of the World By William B . SHAW

www
Presidential Candidates Nominated ... With portraits

at
Mexico Supersedes Politics. .. ... .. .. .. . The Democratic Candidate for Vice-President 51
Democrats and Their “ Love-Feast" .. . . . With portrait of Thomas R . Marshall
The Progressives at Chicago . . . . . .. . . TheRepublican Candidate forWarren
Vice-President
Fruitless Efforts at Bargaining . . . .. . . With portrait of Charles Fairbanks
A Transformed Situation . . .. . . . .. . . . The New President of China. ... .....
Roosevelt's Emergence as Leader. . .. By HoLLINGTON K . TONG
Parties and Leaders in America . .. . . . . .. With portraits
The Right Way to Proceed . .. . . . .. . .
The Progressives' Futile Sacrifice. ... Russia Comes Back - A Great Slav Victory.
How the Republicans Were Disappointed BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
The Rise of Hughes in Politics. . . . . .. With map and other illustrations
How Hughes Was Sought in 1916 . . .. . Kitchener of Khartoum . .. .
Convention Climaxes. . . . 11
BY CHARLES JOHNSTON
Mr. Roosevelt in These Times. .. .. 12 With portrait
Democratic Advantage in Campaign .. . . 12
Public School Boys Under Military Training
" Standing by the President. .. . . ... .. . 12
By Leon M . GREEN
Our Methods with Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 With illustrations
Our Invasion in March . . . . . . . . 13
The Country School's Re- Birth ...
Waiting — for What ? ..Troops. . .. . .. . .... .. . . . 14
By Carl HOLLIDAY
Calling Out the State . With illustrations
The Dominating Motive. .. . . .. . .. . .
Intervention the Apparent Object. . . .. A New School System for Maryland .... .. ..
Mexico in Party Platform . . . . . Armenians and American Interests Under
Our Note of Justification . ... . .. Russia . . . . . . .
Our Challenge and Likely Consequences.. By Rev. GEORGE F. Herrick, D . D .
How History Repeats Itself. . . .. . . . With map and illustrations
State Troops Under Arms. .. . . . . ... The Simmering Balkans. .. .
The Party Platforms. . .. . . . By T . LOTHROP STODDARD
Hughes, Brandeis, and the Court. . .
Poor Crops for 1916 . . .. .. 21
Leading Articles of the Month
Business at High Tide . .. . . .. 2

An Economic Entente Among the Allies.. 89

Uncle Sam 's Rising Income. ... The Shipping Crisis in Europe.. . .. . .. . 90
Exports Show New Records. . . . . . Houston - An Island Seaport. .. . .. . .. . .. 91
Russia's Market for America's Goods.. . America's New Industries. . ... . .
Railroad Workers Voting as to a Strike. . The Lyons Book Fair and the "Week of
Revolution in Santo Domingo. .. . . . . French Culture " . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Porto Rico and Cuba in Contrast. 24
Running Records Analyzed . . . . .. . .. . . . . Y6
A Coalition Ministry in Italy . .. . .. . The Real Basis of German Prowess . .. . 97
Rumania and Greece. . Spain 's Interest in the War . . . . . . . . 98
The German Food Problem . . . .. . . . . Economic Bases for Autonomous Poland 100
A Bright Outlook for China . .. . . German Production of French Iron . . . .. . 102
The Naval Fight in the North Sea . . 26
Ten Years of Russian Parliamentarism . . 102
When Will Peace
With portraits, Come?and.. .other
cartoons, .. illustrations Elementary Education in Russia . .. .. .. . 104
A Coöperative Student Creamery . .. . . . . . 105
The Mobilization of the National Guard Present-Day China... . . . .. . . . . 106
(Pictures ) . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . How Nearly Human Are the Apes ? . .. . 107
" Our Disappearing Wild Flowers" . . . 109
Record of Current Events . . . . .
With portraits ...... American Students
War . . . . . .
in France After
.. .. .. ..
the
111
The Cartoonists Start the Campaign ... 33 “Italian The
Appreciations of Shakespeare. . . . 112
Substance of Poetry” .. . . . . .. . . .. .
Some Foreign Cartoons....... .... 36 Il'ith portraits and other illustrations
Wilson the Candidate . . .. .. . .. . .. . The New Books. . 115
By L . AMES BROWN
With portrait Financial News............ .............. . 126
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Jutz - 1
 TION

JERS
NEW EY
Service
Film
International
STL6OUIS
AT
INSESSION
CONVENTION
NATIONAL
DEMOCRATIC
.14-1JTHE
UNE
 :

OTV
THE AMERICANIEW : 8 . ?
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
VOL. LIV NEW YORK, JULY, 1916
THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
Presidential For the first half of June, Amer- of a call to the troops of all the States for
Candidates ican politics forced the European service on the Mexican border. This was
nated war from the front pages of our followed two days later by an ultimatum
newspapers. After the eighteenth , the Mex . to Mexico , accompanied by elaborate argu
ican situation took first place, with the Euro - ments so framed as to justify intervention
pean war second and our political situation on our part or any other course we might
third . Nominations had been made, plat care to pursue. The President flatly re
forms had been adopted, campaign commit. fused to withdraw our troops from Mexico ,
tees were being organized, and the lull of and left it to the Carranza Government,
several weeks had set in that always comes which we had recently recognized, to decide
in a Presidential year between the completed for itself whether in its exhausted condition ,
work of the conventions and the opening of with no hope of obtaining munitions, it
the active campaign . We are presenting would try to repel invasion , or would yield.
elsewhere in this number of the REVIEW one On later pages we return to this subject.
article in appreciation of President Wilson
and his administration , and another article Democrats The Democratic convention at
upon the career of the Hon . Charles Evans and Their
Love - Feast"
St. Louis moved precisely ac
Hughes , who is the chosen candidate of the 131cording to prearranged sched
Republican party . There will also be found ules. Hon . Martin H . Glynn , formerly
articles on Vice -President Marshall and for Governor of New York , made the opening
mer Vice - President Fairbanks, who are the address, or so -called “ keynote” speech ; and
nominees for second place. this proved to be not only a skilful piece of
political special pleading on behalf of the
Merico Justice Hughes fired the first gun party in power, but a brilliant effort of great
Supersedes
Política
of the campaign as soon as he spirit, and of notable alertness in the advan
was named, on June 10, in a tageous use of every permissible point of
ringing message of acceptance. Boldly at argument. Later in the convention , Senator
tacking the Wilson Administration , he de- James, of Kentucky, as permanent chairman ,
clared in that statement that " we have suf- made a powerful address defending the
fered incalculably from the weak and vacil. Democratic record at Washington . His
lating course which has been taken with re- presentation showed that the campaign for
gard to Mexicoacourse lamentably wrong Mr. Wilson 's reëlection is to be led by men
with regard to both our rights and our of no mean order of ability , who will go
duties. " Mr. Hughes proceeded as follows about their work with sincerity and convic
regarding Mexico : tion . The Democratic gathering was quite
We interfered without consistency ; and, while free from those yawning chasms of cleavage
seeking to dictate when we were not concerned, that separated factions and caused sensational
we utterly failed to appreciate and discharge our struggles at Baltimore four years ago .
plain duty to our own citizens.
The convention that unanimously renom There was no voice to question
inated President Wilson finished its work Mr. Bryan in the renomination of Mr. Wil
Full Sympathy son . The one-term plank in the
on Friday, and the leaders were back in
Washington on Saturday , the 16th. Mr. Democratic platform of 1912 was omitted
Wilson lost no time; but on Sunday, the from the new platform and in every way
17th, answered Mr. Hughes by firing forth - ignored . Mr. Bryan was not a delegate, but
with what will have been the heaviest po - was present as a reporter and visitor. He
litical gun of the whole season , in the form entertained the convention with a speech of
Copyright, 1916, by The Review of Reviews COMPANY
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
The While the results of the two
Progressives
at Chicago Chicago conventions ate well
apo known to our readers, some re
statement of them here is in accordance with
our editorial custom . The Republican con
vention opened on June 7 in the large
Coliseum _ building, holding about 14 ,000
people. The Progressive convention began
at the same time, in the Auditorium , where
perhaps 5000 people were seated . Republi
can delegates numbered somewhat less than
a thousand, and Progressive delegates some
whatmore than that number. The Progres
sives had gone to Chicago definitely intending
to nominate Theodore Roosevelt. The pre
siding officer of their convention was Mr.
Raymond Robins, of Chicago, well known
as a worker in the field of social and eco
nomic progress and in that of political re
form . His opening speech was more eloquent
and powerful than any other single conven
tion effort of this season . In the enthusiasm
that followed it, Mr. Roosevelt was virtually
made the unanimous nominee of the conven
tion , although the vote was not taken in a
formal way until Saturday, the 10th , which
© Underwood & Underwood, New York.
was three days later. The Progressive con
MR. AND MRS. WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN vention was vibrant with earnestness and
(Who were popular figures as visitors at all three of enthusiasm . It developed marked differences
the great Conventions) of opinion as to method of procedure . Itwas
party loyalty, and praise for the President full of the kind of men who can make crisp
speeches and are known as “ live wires." It
whose Secretary of State he had been until af had no perfunctory half-hours. From the
fairs with Germany became critical— having
also been the author of the one-term plank first day, the Progressive convention was de
of 1912. Mr. Bryan 's old-time antagonist, termined to make its nominations promptly ,
Senator Stone, of Missouri, now chairman adopt its platform , and adjourn. But it was
of the Foreign Relations Committee of the ingeniously dominated by a group of leaders
Senate, was the chairman of the convention 's who had an impossible theory — as “ practical"
committee on platform . But for everything men so often have — and whose daily and
and everybody associated with the Demo hourly give
demand that the convention should
them time and trust their methods re
cratic term of power at Washington , Mr.
Bryan had only words of glowing laudation. sulted in disappointment and humiliation .
Thus the convention at St. Louis was what
men like Mr. Bryan usually term a " love Fruitle88 This group of leaders was trying
feast.” It lacked the sensations of contro Efforts at leaders
Bargaini
by private conference with the
of the Republican conven
ng
versy (except as there was some difference
tion to bring about Mr. Roosevelt 's simul
behind the scenes in agreeing upon parts of taneou
the platform ) ; but its harmony was lifted s nomination by both parties. The
out of dulness by a degree of enthusiasm that methods employed made Mr. Roosevelt's
rose above previous expectations. We shall cause in the Republican convention obviously
refer again to the platform , although the hopeless from the start. There were a num
Wilson administration , in all its ways and ber of ways by which Mr. Roosevelt's nomi
works, appealing to the country for a vote nation could possibly have been brought
of confidence and a further lease of power, about. Of all the possible ways, the most
is its own platform . The St. Louis resolu improbable was the one actually employed .
tions, therefore, have not much actual impor. The decision of the Progressives to hold their
tance, forming merely one of the documen convention at the same time and place as the
tary records of the convention along with the Republicans was made six months ago . At
three or four principal speeches. that time the Progressives hoped to amalga
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
mate with the Republicans. They had in
mind an agreement upon candidates and
platform , with the one crowning object of
defeating the Democratic administration .
They had not then expected to secure agree
ment upon Mr. Roosevelt as candidate.
Nothing, indeed, seemed more unlikely.
They had at that timeseveral possible candi
dates in mind, foremost of these being Justice
Hughes. Some of them had in mind Senator
Cummins, who had always been a progressive
Republican and who had actually supported
Roosevelt in 1912 as against Taft. . -
It isthetrueProgressive
Ready of
Too for that there were
leaderscertain
who
Compromise were hoping , even six months
ago , to make Roosevelt the candidate of both
Chicago conventions, but they had no real
expectations. If they had been betting men ,
they would have refused to take an offer of
10 to 1 against Roosevelt's being the joint
candidate of Progressives and Republicans.
It is desirable that our readers should keep
clearly in mind that the decision to hold the
Progressive convention at the same time and
place with the Republicans was in effect an
abandonment in advance of the Progressive
party as such . It meant that the Progressive
leaders would make the best terms they could International Film Service
and rejoin the Republicans, with Roosevelt RAYMOND ROBINS, OF CHICAGO, CHAIRMAN OF
and Taft both out of the running. Even PROGRESSIVE NATIONAL CONVENTION
those who are not experienced politicians do
not have to be told that a political party Auence and its moral power. The Progres
which has no real intention of putting its sive leaders had as much as said to the Re
own ticket into the field and making its own publican leaders, “ If you will make your
fight has divested itself in advance of its in - platform fairly agreeable to us, and will
nominate a ticket not offensive to us, wewill
IF THEY support you as against Wilson and the Demo
HARMONIZE
I'M LOST! crats." This was the situation in December
N
LTI
CA and in January, when the Progressive execu
IPRUEBC ON tive committee made the preliminary ar
RDE ENTI
CON
V rangements and extended the olive branch .
STSIOVKE
They were in a bad position for bargaining,
ONTEN because they had been unwilling to lead and
to fight. They had already bargained away
their power to bargain .
Very soon , however, there came
A Transformed
Situation some
swift and surprising
" changes in the political situation .
T 34
The President's popular appeal for prepared
PRARL
OGE- P64 0 8 50956
-. 11944
4 63
, , 7
ness had resulted in an anti-climax when put
10 . to the test of actual measures, and Secretary
Garrison had resigned from the Cabinet.
11.2 4 . 440
6 , 93, 1g
The strong tide of public opinion was rising
in favor of naval and military preparation ;
ANXIOUS WAITING and the Democrats in Congress and in the
From the Los Angeles Tribune Administration were not able to satisfy the
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
demand . Our position as a neutral was be- tion at Chicago ; he afterwards journeyed to
coming increasingly difficult, and the per- Detroit, where in a single speech he revolu
formances of the Administration were be- tionized local sentiment; and in another
wildering in their inconsistency. Mr. Roose - journey he went to St. Louis and spoke upon
velt had been saying strong things in articles Americanism as against influences that he
and speeches - for a year or two, and had regarded as disloyal. By this time Mr.
seemed to many people extreme to the point Roosevelt had become the foremost leader of
of great rashness. But when these utter- opinion in the country, and had so proclaimed
ances were compiled and published in a vol- the dominant issues that he had perforce fixed
ume entitled “ Fear God and Take Your the character of the platforms that were to
Own Part,” which be adopted by the
appeared in the mid three leading parties .
dle of February , the Just as in the period
country was catching from 1875 to 1880
up and the Roosevelt Mr. Gladstone, who
doctrines seemed to had retired from poli
express the aroused tics, aroused Eng
apprehensions of mil land, shaped the is
lions of citizens. Just sues, and arraigned
then ·Mr. Roosevelt the existing Tory
went to the West In government headed
dies for a sojourn of by Disraeli, even so
some weeks, and in Mr. Roosevelt had in
an interview at Trin a few speeches
idad he allowed it to aroused the country
be known that he as regards our na
might become a can tional attitude upon
didate if the country world questions and
was in an “ heroic had made himself the
mood” and was ready leader, as well as the
to accept his doctrines. exponent, of those di
rectly opposed to the
Roosevelt ' s On Feb party in power.
Emergence
Leader
ruary 15,
as the Hon .
Parties and It is in
Elihu Root had made Leaders in deed hard
his famous speech be America to under
fore the New York stand a political sys
State Republicans, de tem that operates in
nouncing the Wilson such fashion as to
foreign policies ; and prevent the men who
the result of this are really leading the
SO © Underwood & Underwood , New York . country from being
help greatly in de- THEODORE ROOSEVELT AT SAGAMORE HILL designated for for
fining the principles mal leadership . A
which were likely to become issues in the great non -partisan Roosevelt movement had
campaign. The popular result ofMr. Root's made itself manifest. Mr. Wilson was the
speech had been to increase the demand for exponent of certain views and methods. Mr.
Roosevelt as a candidate, with the idea that Roosevelt was the spokesman for those in
Mr. Root would become Secretary of State. opposition . In a system of parliamentary
The attack of Mexican bandits upon the government, like that of England, France,
town of Columbus, followed by our military Canada, Australia, Italy, or various other
invasion of Mexico, with its fresh illustra- countries, Mr. Roosevelt would have entered
tion of our dangerous lack of preparation for the elections with a view to becoming prime
any kind of national emergency, still further minister and head of the government if his
altered the situation that had existed in Jan - views had prevailed at the polls. Under our
uary . From all parts of the country there system of Presidential government and of
came demands that Roosevelt should make parties which do not represent public opinion ,
speeches. He received a notable demonstra- but which are mechanical aggregations of
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
local politicians, the real leader is sometimes
named and is sometimes rejected . It is not
necessary to recount the conspicuous illustra
tions of this fact that our history affords.
The Mistake We have often seen in our
AlloftoLeaving it American politics how parties
" Parties ' fail to serve public opinion re
sponsively , evading and resisting such opin
ion , and so shaping alternatives that the
sweep of the popular will is obstructed . The
great mistake, therefore, of those who really
wished to have Mr. Roosevelt appear at the
polls as a Presidential candidate lay in their
leaving the matter in the hands of two po
litical parties, neither of which directly rep
resented those issues for which Mr. Roose
velt stood and that will have to be dealt with
in the campaign . The assumption that our
" parties” are patriotic is not based upon

N
sound observation . There had, indeed, been
formed a non -partisan Roosevelt League, and
there were great patriotic societies and or
© Underwood & Underwood, New York.
EX - SENATOR W . MURRAY CRANE, OF MASSACHU
SETTS , AND SENATOR REED SMOOT, OF UTAH ,
CHIEF MANAGERS FOR THE REPUBLICANS

ganizations that believed in his principles.

Underwood & Underwood , New York
MR. GEORGE W . PERKINS
(Chairman of the Executive Committee and
chief manager for the Progressives )
All over the country there were people who
desired to support him , not for reasons of a
personal sort, but because they believed that
in this crisis ofworld affairs, in which Amer
ica is profoundly involved, Roosevelt was the
man best qualified by training, conviction ,
experience, and efficiency in practical states
manship to be the executive head of the
nation . This non -partisan movement had
come up with great swiftness , and it was not
a wholly easy matter to give it form and
coherence. But it should have placed Mr.
Roosevelt in nomination and asked his
prompt acceptance .
The Right The executive committee of this
Way to genuine American movement
Proceed should have led the way. It
should then have offered its candidate and
the leading planks of his platform to the
regular political parties for their endorse
ment. The Progressive convention would
have accepted the invitation with enthusiasm
on its first day, June 7, and would have
adjourned. These two steps would have in
sured to Mr. Roosevelt the support of very
much more than half of the total opposition
to the Democratic administration . If we
should here proceed to declare that the Re
publican convention in turn would have rati
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
© Underwood & Underwood
SENATOR BOIES PENROSE , OF PENNSYLVANIA , AS
HE APPEARED AT CHICAGO
(Mr. Penrose was supposed to be favorable to the
nomination of Colonel Roosevelt )
scious of sitting by, and waiting, while their
leaders were bargaining them into oblivion
as an organization.
The Progres The only method by which the
sives' Futile Progressives could have influ
Sacrifice
me enced the Republicans was one
that they were forbidden by their leaders to
employ. They could have nominated Roose
velt promptly and adjourned . They could
have appealed to the country ; they could
have demanded the support of all the non
partisan influences that favored Roosevelt .
Mr. Roosevelt thereupon, instead of "de
clining conditionally ," could have accepted
conditionally ; taking his own good time for
deliberation . The Republicans should have
been asked to coöperate if they so desired ,
but not urged by men outside the Republican
membership . The Republicans would under
these circumstances, in spite of themselves,
have named Mr. Roosevelt — not for any per
sonal reasons, but because of the fact that

fied the choice, there are many to retort that

nothing of the kind would have happened.
Roosesenti be
Nevertheless, with entire calmness, we as
p m nt catheus
have nominated Mr.l.Roosevelt, eunder
sert that the Republican convention must
u b
irresistible pressure of the sentiment of the
country, not for personal reasons but because
of the logic of the situation. The times are
abnormal throughout the world . No coun
try but ours would pretend for a moment to
put itself in the hands of the cut-and-dried
old party machines. Neither Democrats at
St. Louis nor Republicans at Chicago showed
themselves fit agents at this time to assume
the control of our Government. The Demo
crats were exhibiting a shallow enthusiasm
and a specious harmony at a time when their
and dealinfather chicago without leo
Administration was floundering in difficulties
and dealing fatuously with incidents and
symptoms rather than with principles. The
Republicans at Chicago were a deadly dull
and perfunctory body, without leadership ,
without moral force , and without sentiment.
They seemed to be restrained from natural
human behavior by a sort of sinister pall that
was cast over their deliberations— perhaps by
the memory of the pitiable eight electoral HON . T. COLEMAN DU PONT (ON THE RIGHT)
votes received by their once great party in AND MR. FRANK HITCHCOCK
the last election . The Progressives were a (Mr. Du Pont was named for the Presidency in the
Republican Convention by the delegates from Dela .
ware . Mr. Hitchcock is said to have transferred his
spirited body, but futile because their brief remarkable political abilities to the support of Justice
story lay all in the past. They seemed con Hughes and was active at Chicago )
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
there are real issues at stake and thatpolitical
parties are sometimes compelled to recognize
facts. Even Tammany Hall was forced in
more than one party crisis, by the logic of
conditions, to support Grover Cleveland.
Furthermore, it happened that nearly every
one of the active candidates whose names
were before the convention - Senator Cum
mins, Mr. Root, Senator Weeks, Mr. Fair
banks, Senator Sherman, Mr. Burton, and
others— could have supported Colonel Roose
velt under existing conditions with vigor and
cordiality. While, therefore, the Republican
convention could have been influenced by
facts accomplished, it could not be bargained
with in advance by a party that was gener
ously proposing to commit suicide. When
the Progressive leaders allowed important
members of the Republican convention to
understand that Roosevelt would not make
the run unless the Republicans should nom
inate him , they had sacrificed their leverage.
How the Repub The Progressives made the error
licanswere ofingtaking
Disappointed the initiative
a conference. by solicit,
Accordingly
the chairman of each convention named five
men . The Progressives offered Mr. Roose
velt as a joint candidate ; but the Republican
committee, naturally, had no power either to Underwood & Underwood
accept him or to offer anybody on their own JOHN M . PARKER OF LOUISIANA
part, because their convention had not yet ( A leader in the Progressive Convention, who was
nominated for Vice-President)
expressed itself. The membership of the Re
publican convention had largely been selected were great numbers of delegates in the Re
or chosen with explicit reference to its anti- publican convention who desired to be com
Roosevelt reliability. It was not representa- pelled by events to break the shackles that
tive of the later developments of Republican bound them , and join in a stampede for
sentiment in the country. It was morally “ T . R ." But they could not do this unless
impossible to secure strength for Mr. Roose- they knew that the country was going to
velt in that Republican convention , unless make T. R . a great non -partisan candidate,
assurances could be given that Roosevelt on the basis of his assured acceptance of the
would run anyhow , quite regardless of what call, with the further certainty that the mil
the Republicans might do. Privately, there lions who voted the Progressive ticket four
WE ARE WILLING TO MEOT TWEMUST FORCET OUR DAT
The ASPSCANSNAP : DIFFERENCE IN TIN PATERVE
3 CONCILIATION MOUR OUR COUNTRY'S DESTINES
WE WILL APPOINT A LY US APPONT A COMMITTEE
CONSATTEE TO CONFER . .70 CM with the PROGRESSIVES
WITH A PUBLICAR COMMITTEE AND HOPE THAT THEY
COMMITTEE AND WE MAY UNITE UPON SOME GOOD
SHALL HOPE TO BE MAN - ANY COOD MAN EXCEPT AYNUSIAS
ABLE TO UNTE ROOGLVELT
GPON SOME GOOD RE
3 MARL WE INSIST,
HOWEVER, ONUN
WHAT WE LETS NOMINATE ‫! العمار‬
AN

John T. McCutcheon THE SPIRIT OF THE TWO CHICAGO CONVENTIONS

From the Tribune (Chicago )
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Photograph by the American Press Association , New York

THE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE REPUBLICAN AND PROGRESSIVE CONVENTIONS IN AN
ENDEAVOR TO AGREE UPON A CANDIDATE ACCEPTABLE TO BOTH PARTIES
( Seated , from left to right: Senator Reed Smoot ( R ), George W . Perkins ( P ) , W . Murray Crane ( R ) ,
Charles J. Bonaparte ( P ), A . R . Johnson (R ). Standing, from left to right, Horace Wilkinson ( P ), Gov.
ernor Hiram Johnson ( Þ ) , Senator Willam E . Borah (R ), Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler ( R ) , and John M .
Parker ( P ) )

years ago would vote for him again in a year do — the thing it actually did , in spite of itself
when the call was ten times as imperative as and against its instincts, was highly com
it was then . To be sure, the Republican mendable. It could not have Roosevelt, so
leaders said this course would be " resented ” it took Hughes. Twice the Republican party
and would compel the Republican convention of the State of New York had nomi
to stand upon its dignity and nominate some nated for the Governorship Charles Evans
body else. All of which was a mere pose, Hughes, an austere reformer and scholarly
and the most obvious nonsense. The Repub- lawyer whom it did not like. Political par
lican convention — unable to act primarily — ties often have to do these good things, that
was waiting anxiously to be compelled by go against the grain . So rapidly did Gov
public opinion and the Progressives to nomi- ernor Hughes rise in the estimation of the
nate T . R . But at that very moment of ccuntry that he began to be widely talked
opportunity the Progressives and T . R . about as “ Presidential timber.” He would
failed the Republicans; so that the conven- probably have been nominated in 1912 ; but
tion of Senator Harding, Mr. W . Murray Mr. Taft, who also recognized his growth
Crane, Senator Reed Smoot, and Mr. James in power as well as in demonstrated fitness ,
Watson was obliged, in spite of its inmost removed him from the political arena by
feelings and desires, to do what seemed to placing him on the bench while he was still
its members the next best thing. Governor of New York and engaged in a
hard fight for his reform measures. It was
The Rise of Considering the makeup of this this elevation of Mr. Hughes to the bench
Hughes
Politics
in Republican convention — and fur that left a situation in New York which
ther considering that it was not drew Mr. Roosevelt back into politics against
allowed to do the thing it really wanted to all his plans and desires. Governor Hughes
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
would have continued his fight, would have
served out his term , would have been made
a candidate before the primaries in 1912, and
would have been nominated over Taft with
Roosevelt's support. In that case Woodrow
Wilson would not have been nominated at
Baltimore ; for it was the -Republican split
at Chicago which madeMr. Wilson 's success
possible in the Democratic convention. Mr.
Hughes as the Republican candidate would
have defeated Champ Clark as the Demo
cratic nominee, and American history during
the past three years and four months would
have been made in a very different way
though we do not know just how .
How
* * * Having been put on the bench ,
Was Hughes
Sociant however, in the fall of 1910 ,
ir 1918 - Mr. Hughes was not involved
in the Republican controversies of : 1912 . i
For that reason he was regarded as especially
available when the search began , a year or
two ago, for a candidate who could reunite
the shattered party . He was intellectual, ||
virile , industrious, honest, and courageous.
It was at first the Progressives rather than
the Republicans who had Hughes chiefly in
mind. But many Republicans, especially in
the West, thought favorably of him and de
sired to vote for him in the Republican pri
maries . They were forbidden to take this Photograph by the American Press Association , New York
step by the Justice himself. There wasmuch HON . CHARLES E . HUGHES (ON THE RIGHT ),
speculation on the point whether he would WITH HON . WILLIAM R . WILLCOX , AS PHOTO
GRAPHED IN NEW YORK LAST MONTH
accept if nominated. His refusal to say that
he would decline a nomination was, however,
taken to mean that he would probably accept
if his nomination promised to unite the two
parties, and came as a call to public duty in
a period of exceptional issues. The Repub
lican convention was led to believe that if it
nominated Justice Hughes he would accept
and would be supported by Colonel Roose
velt and most of the Progressives. Many
candidates were put in nomination and were
voted for on Friday afternoon , the third day
of the convention, two ballots being taken .
Convention
On the morning of Saturday ,
the fourth day, a third ballot
Climaxes
was taken which resulted in the
choice of Justice Hughes by an overwhelm
ing majority, at once made unanimous.
Meanwhile the Progressives in session at the
Auditorium had on Saturday morning nomi
nated Colonel Roosevelt, as soon as they
Photograph by Underwood & Underwood
MR. ANDREW B . HUMPHREY , OF NEW YORK
learned that the Republicans were about to
(Who was onesupporters
of the most earnest of the Hughes nominate Justice Hughes. A reply was tele
at Chicago ) phoned from Oyster Bay, where Colonel
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Roosevelt had remained at his home, saying ber. There will be ample time for the ex
that the nomination would be declined if an pression of views and the development of
immediate answer were desired. It was issues . No citizen need be in any haste to
added , however, that the declination could make up his mind how he will act. As we
be regarded as conditional if referred to the remarked in these pages last month , Presi
Progressive National Committee for later dent Wilson will probably make a strong
consideration and for conference with Colo - run, and no one can now predict the outcome.
nel Roosevelt. Themeeting of the National Those who work for Mr. Wilson 's reëlection
Committee was set for June 26 , at Chicago. will work valiantly . He himself will take
It was supposed that Colonel Roosevelt the stump with all his intellectual acumen ,
would recommend the support of Justice his fascinating oratory, and his advantage of
Hughes , after the Republican candidate had position . Being in supreme power, he can
declared himself in a satisfactory way upon pull strings and make things happen by way
the issues of the campaign . Justice Hughes of illustrating or enforcing his arguments.
lost no time, on June 10, while the conven - Mr. Hughes will be at a marked disadvan
tions were still in session , in resigning from tage for several reasons. One of these is the
the bench and in making a brief statement dangerous and shallow tradition that the citi
accepting the nomination and announcing his zen must not say all that he really knows or
general attitude. Further and more detailed believes in criticism of the actions of theman
expressions of Mr. Hughes' position were to in high office, but must show loyalty to the
be made in his address of acceptance to the country by following the President's leader
formal visit of the notifying committee on ship because he is head of the nation . In
a date unfixed . Advance information would , England you may not criticize the King, but
of course, be available for the Progressive you may criticize the PrimeMinister and the
committee at Chicago ; and it was relied upon Cabinet. In this country you may not criti
by the Hughes supporters as likely to secure cize the President, even though his practical
Colonel Roosevelt's endorsement, and the power for good or for evil is much greater
favor of many if not all of the Progressive than that of King and Prime Minister put
committeemen and leaders. together.

Mr. Roosevelt Many persons have understood Even the New York Tribune,
" inTimes
These " Mr. Roosevelt's position in re the President which has been perhaps the bold
? cent months, and some have not. est newspaper in its criticisms of
He has intensely advocated certain . views, the Administration , declared on June 20 that
and has unsparingly criticized the Adminis- the Mexican crisis must oblige the people of
tration and the Democratic Congress. He the United States to “ stand” unitedly and
has done this as a public leader, but not as whole-heartedly " by” President Wilson, al
a self-seeker. If he had been maneuvering though beyond the shadow of a doubt the
for a nomination , he could have secured it. Tribune believes this particular crisis was
His desire was to promote certain public a result of our own policies — just as
ends. He favored the union or coöperation it believes that a long series of so -called
of parties because he sought results. He “ crises ” in our relations with Germany ,
would have been willing to lead as a candi were, in their specific aspects, initiated at
date only if his services were clearly desired. Washington . The Tribune, indeed gives a
His spirit and his conduct have been wholly plausible reason for its position of the 20th .
patriotic and unselfish . Whether or not he It says that the only chance of peace lies in
has been right in his attacks upon the Wilson Carranza's recognition that the United States
administration, he has been sincere; and his would back its own government if war were
motives have not been personal. Through forced. Foreign crises, artificially created
the preliminary campaign he declared re - and skilfully timed for effect, are not easy
peatedly that he was neither for nor against things to meet in a political campaign. Mr.
any candidate. That he will strongly sup- Hughes will certainly find himself baffled
port Mr. Hughes if he finds it possible to do and embarrassed before the campaign is over
so is the general understanding. by the subtlety, resourcefulness, and amazing
fertility in the staging of foreign crises that
te Election Day does not come
Democratic those now exercising power at Washington
Advantagein until November 7. The cam - can display through the next four months.
this Campaign paign will be waged vigorously Millions of voters are impressed by headlines,
during the months of September and Octo - are moved by the newest sensations, do not
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
think deeply , and forget what happened six
months ago . In the face of the newest Mex
ican situation , how many voters will turn
back to read again Elihu Root's unsparing
analysis of the earlier phases of Mr. Wil
son 's dealing with the Mexican problem ?
Mr. Hughes will need the best aid that Col
onel Roosevelt, Mr. Root, and all the other
masters of American policy can bring to his
campaign . But, even then , both candidate
and supporters will be hampered by the tra
dition that we must rally around the Presi
dent and support him loyally , provided only
he has led us into a situation that is really
serious. Thus the best cards at this stage of
the game are in President Wilson 's hands,
and are likely so to remain .
Our Methods There are certain aspects of the
18 Mexican situation that all
with Mexico
American citizens should keep in
mind. Wehave been greatly occupied with
Mexican affairs while asserting that we
were standing aloof in order to allow Mex
ico to fight it out and adjust her own future.
We forced Huerta's downfall by implacable
opposition , exhibited in many forms and in
cluding the seizure by naval and military
force of Mexico 's chief seaport, Vera Cruz.
We favored the Carranza-Villa movement
and supplied it with arms and ammunition .
Later on we favored Villa in his warfare
against Carranza . When Villa failed we
gave countenance to Carranza and recog
nized him as head of the de facto govern
ment. The Villa elements were reduced to
a state of marauding and brigandage in
northern Mexico . Our abandonment of
them and refusal to supply them with mu
nitions embittered them , and they sought to InternationalNews Service.
embroil us with the Carranza government. PRESIDENT WILSON , AS HE MARCHED IN WASH
In this purpose they were remarkably success INGTON AT THE HEAD OF THE " PREPAREDNESS
ful because of our lack of a definite policy of PARADE" ON FLAG DAY, JUNE 14
our own, and our apparent inability to adjust
ourselves to facts and conditions. the raid . But the authorities at Washing
ton proceeded to do something wholly differ
Our
Since we had undertaken to ent. They strained all the existing resources
Invasion in guard our frontier, we might of our regular army to organize a military
arch have guarded it well. Instead expedition for the invasion of Mexico .
of which we guarded it badly. The bandit Preparations occupied a number of days.
attack upon the town of Columbus owed its Villa and his appearing and disappearing
measure of success to the fact that the offi- little group of bandits were by that time
ters who should have been on duty were off hundreds of miles away, with inaccessible
at another town partaking in certain social hiding places always available in mountain
festivities. To chase the bandits across the mazes where the few inhabitants were Villa's
line and pursue them was so obviously proper friends. Without the consent and against
that nobody of trained intelligence would the protest of the government of Mexico
pause to discuss the question . And this was which we had recognized, we proceeded with
what our soldiers actually did on the day of a British -like valor and a British -like stu
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

© American Press Association , New York

A BAND OF VILLA'S IRREGULAR FOLLOWERS ON A LOOTING EXPEDITION
(The scene illustrates typically the country and the peons of northern Mexico)
pidity, without sufficient equipment, to march might allay apprehensions and avoid war
southward about 300 miles into the heart of with the United States. But the authorities
Mexico. We paralleled a railroad built by at Washington refused to withdraw until
American capital, which we did not use be Carranza had suppressed brigandage and re
cause the Mexicans forbade us, although it stored order in northern Mexico . We had
was highly absurd not to seize it and use it moved into Mexico in the first instance on
Weavoided towns and cities, having agreed the theory of helping Carranza get rid of
in advance to do so . This was three months his enemies and restore order. We had re
and a half ago. The friction along the bor- mained in Mexico as an irritating cause of
der became much worse , because the Mexi- growing wrath against the United States,
cans were highly incensed, whether or not until the lesser hatreds of Mexicans for one
with reason . We needed our troops to pro - another were lost in their larger hatred of
tect the border ; but 15,000 of them were the "Gringoes," as they called the people of
halted uselessly on a long line extending the United States. The particular thing we
southward into Mexico. had done was without apparent value from
the military standpoint, and could not be ex
When these sentences were writ plained on any theory of our professed poli
What? for ten , late in June, our invading
Waiting cies. It was an act of irritation comparable
force had remained in this seem only with the bombardment and seizure of
ingly impossible position for a period longer Vera Cruz in April, 1914.
than that which some of the great wars of
history have required. At one point or an Calling Out Suddenly, on Sunday, the 18th,
other on the fringes of our extended line, the State
Troops
taking Congress as well as the
detachments of our men have incidentally country by surprise , President
come into conflict with irregular bands of Wilson , through Secretary Baker, of the
Mexicans. But we were taking no steps to War Department, called upon the States to
reduce the country to order. Quite naturally mobilize their militia and National Guard
the Mexicans were begging us to withdraw for the protection of the Mexican border.
to our own side of the line, in order that they This meant that more than 100,000 men
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD, 15

From the Press Illustrating Service

UNITED STATES SOLDIERS ON GUARD AT THE BORDER
were required to meet in their respective
armories or designated places of rendezvous,
prepared to be sent southward whenever or-
dered. The call was due to dispatches from
General Funston indicating increased friction
on the border, and a growing danger that our
15,000 men , waiting needlessly and inertly
on the long line south of the Rio Grande,
might be assailed by large forces or even cut
off. Minor raids had occurred on the bor
der, though by very few Mexicans and easily
repelled. We had meanwhile, some weeks
ago , strengthened the border forces until
about 20,000 men were scattered along the
1500 -mile line, in addition to the 15,000 of
whose services we were deprived because we
had placed them where they could accomplish
nothing except to provoke the -Mexicans and
make the guard duty of the 20,000 vastly
more difficult. If the 15,000 had been
promptly brought back to reinforce the long
patrol on our side of the boundary, we should
have had nothing further to fear from raids,
and the people of Mexico would have become
more friendly in their feeling.
The It is not strange that the Mexi
Dominating cans should have been distrustful
Motive and provoked to the point of
desperation . There is no nation on the earth ,
civilized or savage, that could have endured
such an indignity with greater self-restraint
than the Mexicans have shown. Theirs is
a chaotic country, wholly incapable of demo
cratic self-government; but they have intense
sentiment, and we have treated them with

From the Press Mlustrating Service

UNITED STATES TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH A PUEBLO IN MEXICO
16 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
too little understanding. We have said that maintaining peace in Mexico. We promise to
we do not mean to annex any part of Mexe our citizens on and near our border, and to
those in Mexico, wherever they may be found ,
ico ; but we have created conditions which adequate and absolute protection in their lives,
seem to have made armed intervention un - liberty, and property .
avoidable and annexation probable. Texas
and the Southwest are the dominating forces The Progressive platform has the following :
at present in the Democratic party . The
real purposes of the Southwest towards menace Failure to deal firmly and promptly with the
northern Mexico are not much disguised. tions worse of Mexican disorders has brought condi
than warfare and has weakened our
No country ever avows armed occupation and national self -respect. Every resource of Govern
annexation as its ultimate object. England ment should be forthwith used to end these con
took Egypt on the pretext of restoring order. ditions and protect from outrage the lives, honor,
and property of American men and women in
Austria took Bosnia for temporary purposes Mexico.
of administrative reform . We can only
await developments in order to discover what Certainly nothing could be stronger in
is the real purpose of the Democratic admin words than these pronouncements of the two
istration toward Mexico . Chicago conventions. The Democratic plank
Intervention It was at least reasonable to con at St. Louis was carefully shaped to support
the Apparent clude that the military expedi exactly what the Administrati had already
on
fect tion under General Pershing was done. It reads as follows:
designed to bring about armed intervention want of a stable, responsible government
and occupation , because it could be explained in The
Mexico, capable of repressing and punishing
upon no other theory . Its persistence in re marauders and bandit bands, who have not only
maining as against Carranza 's protests points taken the lives and seized and destroyed the
to the same conclusion . The calling out of property of American citizens in that country,
have insolently invaded our soil, made war
at least 100,000 more men leaves no further butupon and murdered our people thereon , has ren
room for serious doubt. Mexico has fought dered it necessary temporarily to occupy, by our
itself to the point of complete financial ex armed forces, a portion of the territory of that
haustion . It could not pay for military sup friendly state. Until, by the restoration of law
plies even if there were any source from and order therein , a repetition of such incursions
which they could be derived . Europe has is improbable, the necessity for their remaining
will continue. Intervention , implying, as it does,
none to spare, and Japan is serving Russia military subjugation, is revolting to the people
at a high profit. South America does not of the United States, notwithstanding the provo
cation to that course has been great, and should
deal in war goods. Furthermore, the block be resorted to , if at all, only as a last resort.
ading of Mexican ports would be an easy The stubborn resistance of the President and his
task for our navy . The seizing of Tampico, advisers to every demand and suggestion to enter
Vera Cruz, and other ports on both coasts upon it is creditable alike to them and to the
could be accomplished by naval bombard people in whose name he speaks.
ment without loss of men on our part. Car
ranza's armies have enough rifles and car wayThisto seems
prompt
clearly intended to pave the
intervention as a matter
tridges, thanks to our recent policy , to make forced by conditions upon a patient and un
a brief and fierce resistance, and to sadden willing Administration
many an American home. But their supplies probably that of Senator. Stone, The language is
of Missouri,
would not avail for regular warfare beyond who was chairman of the platform
a few days or weeks. They know this, and tee. In the Republican convention commit
could have no hopes of success in armed cago, Senator Fall, of New Mexico , at Chi
who is
strife with their great neighbor. the foremost advocate in Congress of Mexi
It is instructive to note the can intervention , made the speech presenting
Mexico
in Party planks in the party platforms on Colonel Roosevelt as a Presidential candi
date. All the platforms, therefore, mean
atforms the Mexican issue. It is hard to
intervention if they mean anything ; and the
make out what the Republican plank means, President is justified
unless it is intended as a call for prompt in in expecting strong sup
tervention by force. It sweepingly denounces port from all parties and elements in Con
the Mexicans themselves and our own Ad gress for any vigorous measures he may
choose to employ. The country does not
ministration alike, and ends with the follow
ing words: wish war, but realizes that we are justified
in trying to protect our border and to aid
We pledge our aid in restoring order and in pacifying northern Mexico.
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
Our The Washington administration
Note of made public on June 20 an ex - ,
Justification ceedingly elaborate statement to
justify its position , in the form of a note to
General Carranza, signed by our Secretary
of State, Mr. Lansing. This note was, of
course, intended quite as much for consump
tion in the United States as for what it pur
ports to be, namely , an answer to the ex
tensive Carranza note of May 22. The
Mexican note had followed several weeks of
diplomatic and military discussion in the
endeavor, on Mexico's part, to persuade us
to abandon offensive forms of invasion , and
substitute for them a plan of coöperation for
the actual patrol of the border while the
Mexican Government was endeavoring to
bring about the pacification of the entire
country after its long years of civil war.- It
is hard to see how any impartial person can
read the statements of the two governments
and make note of the facts, considered as his
torical details, without finding the Mexican
arguments on their face as convincing as
our own. Our note of the 20th lectures, ada
monishes , and threatens. It seemingly 'evades
the distinction that Carranza had urged be
tween the pursuit of bandits and protection of
the border, on the one hand, and the mainte
nance in Mexico of encamped and entrenched
bodies of United States troops on the other
hand. Mexico is crushed, and we arraign her.
Actions The trouble with our position is
Versus that while we are saying one
Professions thing we are all the time doing
another thing. Our actions seem to bear no
relation at all to our professions and state
ments. Any plausible reason for the Pershing
expedition had ceased at the timewhen Gen
erals Scott and Funston conferred with Gen
© Underwood & Underwood
eral Obregon, about the 1st of May. We BRIG .-GEN . JOHN J. PERSHING, COMMANDING THE
should then have had the frankness to bring AMERICAN TROOPS IN MEXICO
our men back to our own side of the line. (Though many criticized a policy which had kept
15, 000 American soldiers on foreign soil, inactive for
This, indeed , was the position that Scott and more than two months, there has been unbounded
Funston themselves agreed upon with Obre of praise for the energy , dash , and all-around efficiency
the members of our Army, from the highest to the
gon as correct. The Lansing note of June lowest )
20 devotes much space to é recital of depre
dations and atrocities. It lays foundations storing civil order and protecting all legiti.
for justifying either one of two perfectly mate interests. ButMr. Lansing's note does
plain courses . One course would be to pro- not appear to explain or justify the particu
tect our border more efficiently than this Ad- lar thing that Carranza was protesting
ministration has been able to do, and to against. Our halted expedition had con
help General Carranza restore order. The tributed neither to the safety of the border
other course would be to call a spade a spade ; nor to the restoration of order and peace
to say that the Pershing invasion was an in - in Mexico. It had , on the contrary, in
vasion ; to admit its relation to the tem - creased the danger of border raids and inter
porary seizure and administration of north - fered with the settling-down of Chihuahua
ern Mexico ; to declare our intention of re- and neighboring states.
July - 2
18 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
position , and should have done either the one
thing or the other months ago. It seemed
too late, however, last month to do any
thing except muddle our way through an in
tervention that had not been duly considered
or wisely planned.
How History The well-prepared lawyer's brief
Repeats in presentation of our case
itsens againstMexico , that this Wilson
Lansing document of June 20 was, recalled
to mind the official arguments and statements
of 1898 regarding Cuba , that immediately
preceded our intervention and our brief war
with Spain . Certain parallels might tempt
one to a further recital; but our older readers
will recall for themselves the pressure of
public opinion here , and the justification af
forded by intolerable conditions in Cuba,
after three years of unavailing internal strife.
In some respects, this Lansing document that
seems to presage an almost immediate war as
a consequence of our military occupation of
parts of Mexico , reminds, one even more
strikingly of the state papers of that great
American Press Association Democratic leader , President James K . Polk ,
GEN . JACINTO B. TREVINO, COMMANDER OF THE as he was about to set forth upon the adven
CARRANZA FORCES IN NORTHERN MEXICO
(Acting upon instructions from Carranza, General ture which was so eagerly desired by Texas
Trevino informed General Pershing, on June 16 , that
any further extension of the American lines in Mexico and the greai Southwest in 1845 and 1846 .
would be considered a hostile act. General Pershing
replied that he takes his orders from Washington ) It is to be regretted that serious causes of mis.
understanding between the two countries continue
Our Challenge,Having pursued the methods
and Likely that would make any country
Consequences frantic, and that are in every
essential phase acts of war on our own part,
we issue a challenge to Carranza to attack
us, and inform him that if there is any war
it will be of his own choosing and making.
This is somewhat like the position that the
Austrians took towards Serbia when they
issued an ultimatum and proceeded to in
vade the country. At least the Austrians
were blunt enough to call the invasion war,
and they avoided a pretense of surprise and
of injured innocence when the Serbians un
dertook to repel invasion . The Mexicans
could not possess national pride if they
did not resent the treatment that they have
received. There is a clear argument for
the honest interventionist. There is an
equally clear argument for those who be
lieve in keeping on our own side of the line,
using better diligence than we have shown
hitherto in protecting our people against © International Film Service
what, at worst, has been a slight danger of THE FAMOUS SIXTY -NINTH REGIMENT, NEW YORK
depredation upon the northern side of the NATIONAL GUARD , ASSEMBLING AT THE ARMORY ON
international boundary. But no clear argu LEXINGTON AVENUE , JUNE 19
ment can be framed for the course that has (This regiment was the first in the State to answer
the President's call for service on the Mexican
actually been pursued . We were in a false border. The picture is typical of country-wide scenes)
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 10

to exist, growing out of unredressed injuries in

flicted by the Mexican authorities and people on
the persons and property of citizens of the United
States through a long series of years. Mexico
has admitted these injuries, but has neglected and
refused to repair them . Such was the character
of the wrongs and such the insults repeatedly
offered to American citizens and the American
flag by Mexico . . . that they have repeatedly
been brought to the notice of Congress. . .
We have borne the repeated wrongs Mexico has
committed with great patience in the hope . . .
that we might if possible honorably avoid any
hostile collision with her. . . .
The movement of the [American ) troops was
made by the commanding general under positive
instructions to abstain from all aggressive acts
toward Mexico or Mexican citizens, and to regard
the relations between that republic and the United
States as peaceful unless she should declare war
or commit acts of hostility indicative of a state
of war. . . .
The Mexican forces assumed a belligerent at.
titude, and General A — then in command,
notified General T — to break up his camp
within twenty -four hours and to retire beyond the
- River. . . .
The grievous wrongs perpetrated by Mexico
upon our citizens throughout a long period of
years remain unredressed . . . . A government,
either unable or unwilling to enforce the execu
tion of such treaties, fails to perform one of its
plainest duties. . . . But now , after reiterated
menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the
United States, has invaded our territory, and shed
American blood upon the American soil. . . .
As war exists, and, notwithstanding all our efforts
to avoid it, exists by the acts of Mexico herself,
we are called upon by every consideration of duty
and patriotism to vindicate with decision the © American Press Association
honor, the rights, and the interests of our country . U . S.SENATOR HENRY C. LODGE, OF MASSACHUSETTS
(Who was Chairman of the Republican Platform Com
mittee at Chicago )
All these foregoing quotations in small
print are not from the current utterances of
President Woodrow Wilson or his Secretary With real things going on in
of State, but from the messages of his prede The party
Platforms the world, it would not seem
cessor, President James K . Polk , seventy worth while to give much
years ago . History does not repeat itself thought or space to the empty utterances
precisely in matters of detail, but at least the known as political platforms. Those adopted
tendency toward repetition is in some cases at Chicago and St. Louis were for campaign
remarkable. purposes only . In most expressions, they were
enough alike to be regarded as made up on
Stato Troops
These pages were written on a the plan of interchangeable parts. The Pro
Under Arma day in June when New York gressive platform is briefer and better
regiments were marching up the phrased than the other two. The Repub
Avenue on their way to the State camp. lican platform is not sincere in its unquali
Like things were going on in Pennsylvania fied attacks upon the Democratic party , and
and other Eastern States; in Ohio, Illinois, it goes beyond reason in its promises to main
Wisconsin , and the Mississippi Valley at tain the full rights of every American , on
large ; and indeed throughout the country. land or on sea, in this time of world war.
These men are not fitted for midsummer Colonel Roosevelt had so strongly put the
climatic conditions on the Rio Grande. If issues of " Americanism " and united devo
war should come it would be necessary to tion to the aims and principles of our coun
recruit many volunteer regiments from Texas try , that each party endeavored to outdo the
and the other border States, where the men others in asserting a position so obviously
are acclimated and thoroughly familiar with sound that nobody could possibly say any
Mexican conditions. thing on the other side. The Democrats at
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
fense must be " not only adequate but thor
ough and complete.” It carefully avoids
taking any position at all on these im
portant subjects. The Democrats also favor
an army “ fully adequate." Their idea of
PREPAR
NESS
ED a citizens' reserve is also that it should be
" adequate." As for a navy , they wish to
have it “ fully equal” to the " tasks which
the United States hopes and expects to take
part in performing.” “ Adequate ” is the fa
vorite word of the Republican and Demo
AM

cratic platform writers. Both platforms

ER

afford full shelter for every extreme of opin

97

IC

CANI
C8

ion upon the subject of armies and navies.

RE

The Democrats demand a merchant marine

SM and favor the pending Government Shipping
bill. The Republicans demand a merchant
marine, and favor subsidies to private own
ers, denouncing the Shipping bill. Repub
HUCHE
licans and Democrats alike say they favor
the extension of suffrage to women , provided
it is done by the action of the States. That,
toheaven however, is a matter for the individual
© 1916, S. S. McClure
ROOSEVELT HAD BLAZED THE TRAIL
From the Mail (New York ). a m e n a m ent code of the
State platforms, and these planks are, in
point of fact, against the demand of the
suffragists, who asked for an endorsement
St. Louis were much more exuberant and of their plan of an amendment to the Con
rhetorical than their opponents at Chicago ;
so that they far outdid the others in the
Unie hand,
stitution of the United
gressives, on the other
facetiThe
hStates.
and,favor o n Pro
suffrage
fulminating phrases of patriotism . The by both Federal and State action. In a
American Eagle was never made to scream
more loudly or more harmlessly. It is not
few compact phrases the Progressive plat
form deals intelligently with business prob
nila
those who talk most about the flag and Amer- lems, including a demand for a national
icanism who are most devoted to the
honor of their country or the furthering of MAY Be sue
CAH CIDESCU
its best ideals. BUT SHE CANY
Counter
The Democrats extol and praise
Variou... the Underwood tariff, and de
mand a tariff commission. The
Republicans spurn the Underwood tariff,
and also demand a tariff commission . The
Progressives, in a better-phrased plank, up
hold protection , and they too demand a
tariff commission . TheDemocrats who, with
the President's urgent aid, were trying to DEMODACRME
AC DEMOCRATIC
Y
scuttle forthwith out of the Philippines only SPREAD EAGLE
ASPLATFORMA
a few weeks ago, now prate mildly in their
platform of “ ultimate independence.” The
Republicans denounce the frustrated attempt
to scuttle, claim the frustration as their own DEMOC
RAT
deed of merit, and declare that " to leave RECOIC
RD
with our task half done would break our
pledges, injure our prestige among nations,
and imperil what has already been accom
plished .” The Progressives are very spe
cific on the subject of naval and military © 1916, S. S. McClure
preparation , and take strong ground. The " I WONDER IF MY PETTICOAT shows ? "
Republican platform says that national de From the Mail (New York ).
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
budget system . The Republicans and Dem
ocrats also favor fiscal reform in the direc
tion of scientific budget-making at Wash
ington . To sum it all up, there is nothing
in this year's platforms to show any very
serious differences upon matters of principle
or policy. The Democrats simply uphold
their own performances, and the Repub
licans declare that it is they , rather than the
Democrats , who are fit to be trusted with
power. It will be found next November
that the election is turning upon the ques
tion whether the country believes that
Hughes or Wilson would make the better
President.
Hughes, Justice Hughes' resignation on
Brandeis and June 10 was immediately ac
the Court
Court cepted by President Wilson .
After a number of months of investigation
and delay, the Senate had , late in May, con
firmed the appointment of Mr. Louis D .
Brandeis of Boston , to fill the place on the
bench made vacant by the death of Justice
Lamar of Georgia. The Senate Judiciary
Committee finally reported in favor of Mr.
Brandeis by a strict party vote. To what
extent personal or political considerations
had entered into the appointment, and in
how far politics had finally brought about
the confirmation , are matters not now worth © Harris & Ewing, Washington , D . C .
discussing. Mr. Brandeis is on the bench, ASSOCIATE JUSTICE LOUIS D . BRANDEIS, OF THE
admittedly a man of ability and lofty aims. UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT
(Mr. Brandeis took his seat on the bench June 5, hav
It is gratifying to know that many well ing been confirmed by the Senate four days earlier )
informed lawyers believe that Mr. Brandeis
will in due time be regarded as one of the somewhat talked of as a Democratic can
great figures of the Supreme Court. Mr. didate four years or eight years hence ; but
Hughes was so highly valued as a member otherwise there is not much prospect of a
of the bench that it will not be easy to find change in the general practise of regarding
a man of equal talents , industry, and ju- federal judges as peculiarly set apart and not
dicial poise to fill the new vacancy. There to be brought into party contests at the polls .
was some feeling expressed that Mr.
Hughes, having accepted this life appoint The Department of Agricul
ment, ought not to have " dragged the bench Poor Cropsture' s report issued June 8 in
for 1916
down into politics.” But his recent judicial dicated for 1916 a serious fall
colleagues would all, doubtless, be glad to ing off from the splendid crops of wheat and
say that Mr. Hughes did nothing of that oats of the past two years. Owing to a large
kind. The real objection to him as a candi- abandonment of winter wheat acreage, small
date was not that as a judge he was enter- er spring wheat planting and much poorer
ing party politics, but rather that his main - average condition of the plant for both crops,
tenance of judicial dignity was so strict that the wheat production of the present year
promised only 715 million bushels — the
his political views could not be ascertained.
Those who have not liked the precedent of smallest yield since 1911 and nearly 300 mil
taking a candidate from the Supreme bench lion bushels less than the harvest of 1915 .
should consider that the rare exception gives The month of May was a hard one on the
emphasis to the rule. Mr. Hughes was plant in the areas of greatest production , the
destined to be a Presidential candidate , and drought being broken too late to repair the
even the bench could not protect him from damage done by earlier lack of moisture.
that fate. Probably Mr. Brandeis will be The crop of oats is also more than five points
22 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
off in condition from last year and is well $ 72 ,000, 000 , where, a year before , only $ 5 ,
below the ten years' average, the total indi. 000, 000 went to those countries . No less
dated yield being 1255 million bushels. Last than $ 25,000,000 was classified as explosives.
year's record harvest totalled 1540 million Automobiles amounted to $ 3,000,000, as
bushels. This disappointing showing would against only $ 150,000 in 1915. The other
have a depressing effect on the exchanges and important items were manufactures of iron
on trade in an average year. The present and steel, of brass and copper ; oils, sugar,
wild activity in business and industry causes cotton, and leather. That the discussion of
the news to be passed almost unnoticed . capturing the South American trade is not
without practical results is shown by the in
The Federal Reserve Board in crease of-50 per cent, over the correspond
· Business
High Tideat its June report finds prosperitying week before the war.
in America at its climax. Fac
tories have orders to keep them working at Russia's MarketRussia as well as South America
capacity throughout the year. Money is for Goods
America's is engaging the attention of our
plenty and cheap ; wages in general are prob as exporters. There is a general
ably higher than ever before, and collections feeling that the vast country and its great
are unusually good. Railroad earnings are population are ready for a forward step in
showing a remarkable recovery. In spite of commercial development that will make it a
the record wages being paid, there is much foreign market second to none in importance
unrest among employees. Another unfavor to American manufacturers. Before the war
able factor is the congestion of freight, espe- theGermans had come almost' to monopolize
cially ocean freight. Every shipyard in the the Russian market, sending annually no less
United States is working to capacity, with than $ 332,000 ,000 worth of goods across
an aggregate of more than 1 ,000,000 tons the border - more than 50 per cent. of the
of shipping on the stocks. total imports. They had beaten the British
in the race, being more intelligent and pains
,In consequence of the activity of
Uncle Sam ' s taking in the matter of prices, credits, and
Rising
Income
business and trade the Govern - variety of offerings. This German trade
ne ment's receipts from internal with Russia being now absolutely cut off
revenue collections are breaking all records except for a few subterranean arrangements,
and will far transcend the advance esti- America 's chance is at hand. It is this sit.
mates. For the first ten months of the uation which lent especial importance to the
year, according to a statement issued by Sec - Russian loan of $ 50,000 ,000 arranged with
retary McAdoo , the “ ordinary” sources of New York bankers in June. The borrower
the Government's income increased $ 13,600,- had to pay a high price for this credit, the
000 over 1915 in addition to an expansion of
$ 26 ,000,000 in the income tax collections.
An interesting part of this report from the
Secretary of the Treasury is that relating
to the collections on distilled spirits, which
for the ten months increased no less than
$ 10,000,000 over the corresponding period
of 1915 in spite of the fact that several
States had just been added to the “ dry"
column. Secretary McAdoo estimates the
total receipts for the fiscal year at close
to $500,000,000.
Exports Our foreign trade, too, seems to
Show New have reached a climax. Under
Records the impulse of war demands, ex
ports from the port of New York reached
their highest record in the second week of
June with a total value of $ 92,000,000. In
the corresponding week of 1915 the value
was only $ 15 ,000 ,000. Three-quarters of © Press Publishing Co.
this huge outgoing volume went to Great " LET WELL ENOUGH ALONE"
Britain , France, Russia , and Italy — some From the World (New York ) .
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

by G . V. Buck PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON AND HIS CABINET AS NOW CONSTITUTED

( From left to right, are : The President; William G . McAdoo , Secretary of the Treasury ; Thomas W . Greg.
- Gry , Attorney -General; Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy ; David F . Houston , Secretary of Agriculture ;
Robert Lansing, Secretary of State [in the light suit ]; William B . Wilson , Secretary of Labor ; Newton D .
Baker, Secretary of War ; Albert S. Burleson, Postmaster-General; Franklin K . Lane, Secretary of the Interior,
and William C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce)

loan carrying 674 per cent. directly, with prescribed by the Newlands Act - proposals
a further considerable chance for profit in that were quickly rejected by the union men .
the probable Aluctuations in the exchange
Tate for rubles which are now selling for Revolution In this Review for September
31 cents as against a normal rate of 51.2. "inDomingo
Santo of last year there was printed a
summary of recent Haitian his
Railroad On June 16 the conference of tory, then timely because of revolution and
Workers voting railway managers with the rep - assassination . Just now it is the other half
to a strike resentatives of the unions in of the sameWest Indian island which is mis
New York City came to an end in a total behaving in the customary manner. Haiti
failure to agree . The union heads at once had installed — as we then pointed out — its
prepared to submit to a vote of the workers eighth President within four years. Santo
a proposition to strike on all trains except Domingo last month was in arms over the
those carrying mail and milk . This in - choice of its seventh President within five
volves the sending out of 500 ,000 ballots and years. Not one of the thirteen executives
the voting will not be completed for about who passed on had served out the term for
five weeks. Then , in August, the conference which he was elected . In fortunate contrast
will be resumed , with the brotherhood chief. with Haitian insurrections, those in Santo
tains wielding the power of a strike threat Domingo still remain comparatively blood
or confessedly unable to employ that last less. Presidents Victoria , Nouel, Bordas,
weapon. The representatives of the em - and now Jiminez , all resigned before the
ployees refused in the June conference to revolutionists came too close . President
abate in the least their demands for ten - Jiminez achieved the distinction of serving
hour pay for an eight-hour day of 100 miles eighteen months, longer than any of his im
run - except for passenger trains— and time mediate predecessors ; but for some time there
and a half pay for overtime. The railway had been murmurings of discontent. Once
managers offered to submit the question to again money has been the root of evil, and
arbitration , either by the Interstate Com allegations were freely made that President
merce Commission, or under the procedure Jiminez and numerous relatives in official
24 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
positions were looting the public treasury . ever. Gen . Afredo Zayas, an eminent law
Since 1907 the administration of customs in yer and former Vice-President, is again the
Santo Domingo has been under American candidate of the largest group of Liberals.
direction , to guarantee the payment of in - The island's sugar crop will this year be
terest on the bonded indebtedness ; but the considerably smaller than the average, due
surplus passes into the local treasury in to prolonged drought; but as the price of
sufficient amount to breed discontent. sugar in the States continues to advance the
net return to the Cuban planter may ex
President Early in May impeachment mo- ceed normal.
Jiminez tions were carried in both
Resigns branches of the Dominican legis A Coalition The Austrian offensive against
lature, but that movement was blocked when Ministry
in Italy
the Italian invaders' positions
President Jiminez declared the capital in a u begun in the middle of May ,
state of rebellion . Then the opposition took just a year after Italy entered the war - was
up arms, under the leadership of General as successful from the political standpoint as
Arias, Secretary of War, and President from the military. It forced the resignation
Jiminez resigned his office on May 7. Amer - of the cabinet headed by Premier Antonio
ican diplomatic and naval authorities have Salandra . The Opposition , under the lead
dominated the situation since that time, re - ership of ex- Premier Giolitti, had for some
fusing to approve the selection of Arias as time been demanding representation in the
President and desiring the restoration of ministry ; but so long as the fortunes of war
Jiminez . At present the issue is the extent favored Italian arms a political crisis was
to which American interference shall be tol averted . With Austrian successes in the
erated ; and the presence of several thousand Trentino, and a threatened invasion of north
of our marines under Admiral Caperton , ern Italy , the Salandra ministry came to an
" the policeman of the Caribbean ," renders end . On June 10 the Chamber of Deputies
that issue chiefly academic . Unfortunately, rejected a vote of confidence. King Victor
however, there have already been skirmishes Emmanuel consulted the leaders of all
between the revolutionists and our marines, parties, and offered the Premiership to Paolo
with the constant danger of further con - Boselli, dean of the Parliament, who is in
Aicts. No one questions the beneficial effects his eightieth year. Baron Sonnino will con
of our administration of the Dominican cus- tinue as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and
toms. But there is always decided objection , General Morrone and Admiral Corsi re
upon the part of the " outs," to the efforts of main at the head of the War and Navy
American diplomatic representatives and departments. All parties are represented in
naval authorities to support and strengthen the new ministry. Meanwhile the great
those in power ; and most Dominicans now Russian offensive in Galicia and Bukowina
seem to be out of sympathy with President has apparently caused the Austrians to aban
Jiminez . don their drive toward Italy.
Porto Rico The islands to the east and Rumania
Should the Russian armies con
andContrast
Cuba in west - Porto Rico and Cuba tinue successful along the Ru
and Greece u Suciu dins

It continue to be prosperous and manian border, arguments favor

contented. The Porto Ricans, through legis- ing that country 's entrance into the war
lation at Washington , are about to receive would once more be revived. During recent
American citizenship , together with a revised months Teutonic propagandists in Rumania
form of government. In Cuba the quad - had been most successful, culminating in the
rennial Presidential campaign is proceeding purchase by Germany and Austria of more
with less friction , probably , than any other than half of the vast Rumanian grain crop .
in the republic's brief history . President The chief local result has been an alarming
Menocal has been renominated by the Con - rise in the price not only of foodstuffs, but
servatives with a plea for four more years of of everything else. The Rumanian people
stable and responsible government. But the are thus faring badly , for the compensating
country is naturally Liberal; and if the sev - profits are passing into the pockets of a
eral factions of that party were to adjust small group of capitalists. In the other
their long-standing differences and agree neutral Balkan country, Greece, the past
upon a single candidate, President Menocal's month has seen decided changes — which ,
reëlection would not be so certain . Such however, have not bettered an unfortunate
an outcome, however, seems as remote as situation. Bulgarian armies have moved
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 25

JK
RI
GREKENLAND ANK
FR

ND
ELA
ENG

4 .
ro
Att is

THE BULGARIANS AND GERMANS TRESPASSING ON GREEK SOIL

KING CONSTANTINE, AS INNKEEPER (Despairingly , to the French, English , and Serbian Allies) : " What can I
do with more strangers in my house ? There is much trouble and little profit from those already here."
From De Amsterdammer (Amsterdam ).

southward across the border, and occupied one strong man ; but his vigorous and auto
several Greek forts. With the Allies oc- cratic ways at times carried him into posi
cupying the port and harbor of Salonica, tions from which graceful withdrawal was
and Bulgarians entrenched a few miles difficult. Once he was banished from the
northward , Greece may well expect soon to capital in disgrace , only to be recalled three
feel all the ravages of war. That the Allies years afterwards to put down civil strife
have abandoned hope of active assistance which finally culminated in the abdication
from Greece, and have even feared that King of the Regent and the formation of the
Constantine might join with their enemies, Chinese Republic, in 1912, with Yuan him
is indicated by the partial demobilization of self as President. His recent attempt to re
the Greek army on June 8 — brought about store a monarchical form of government, and
by a threatened commercial blockade by the appoint himself Emperor, was ill-advised .
British and French . King Constantine- He soon found that the demand for a re
who is a brother-in -law of the German Em - public had not abated. The southern prov
peror - has been reminded that Greece be inces broke out in revolt, and even after
came an independent kingdom ( 1832) un . Yuan had abandoned the scheme they se
der the protection of Great Britain , France, ceded from the Peking government and de
and Russia , and that Constantine's father, clared themselves an independent republic.
then a Danish prince, was placed on the Upon the death of Yuan Shih-kai and the
Greek throne ( 1863) by those same powers. succession of Vice-President Li Yuan -hung,
The inference is plainly that the future of these revolting provinces asserted their loy
the Greek kingdom , from the viewpoint of alty to the new government. Li Yuan -hung,
the Allies, is not bound up with the con incidentally, had been their choice for presi
tinuance of the present dynasty . dent of the southern republic. The reader's
attention is directed to the article on page
A Bright The sudden death of Yuan Shih 53, analyzing the present situation in China
Outlook
China
for kai last month seems destined , and describing the new President. The au
na curiously enough , to have a bene. thor is Mr. Hollington K . Tong, an able
ficial effect upon the course of Chinese af- Chinese editor who has been visiting this
fairs for the present at least. For fifteen country and who wrote the article on the
or twenty years he had been called China's eve of his departure for his native land .
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
OPhotograph American Press Assn .
ADOLPH VON BATOCKI
( To whom
properly 'has been assigned
appropriating the taskforof seventy
food supplies
Sion Germans )
During the first months of the be made to save lives, nearly 10 ,000 sailors
The derman war it was confidently asserted
Food Problem
by Dr. Dernburg, in the pages of
this inagazine, that Germany would be able
to feed herself for two years even though
completely shut off from outside markets.
That this prediction will become a fact there
is now no doubt. There have been un -
ceasing rumors of an ever-impending food
crisis, and there have been murmurings of
dissatisfaction with many of the Govern
ment's restrictive measures. There is ad
mittedly a scarcity of many articles of food
— just now it is potatoes, meat, butter, and
sugar — and much depends upon the coming
harvest. It is no longer denied that the
crops of 1914 and 1915 were poor. The
Government has now placed the entire prob -
lem of the supply and distribution of food
in the hands of a Food Regulating Board ,
at the head of which is Adolph von Batocki,
who won renown by his rehabilitation of the plan for a league to enforce peace in the
East Prussia after the brief but disastrous
Russian invasion of 1914. The energy and
optimism with which the new “ Food Dic
tator" has taken up his difficult and thank
less task have strengthened the belief what he has to say, whether his views accord
that no mistake was made in his selection . with their hopes or not.
The Naval Fight In this Review for last month ,
in the Mr. James B . Macdonald ana
North Sea lyzed the navalprobabilities in
the North and Baltic seas and predicted that
the coming summer would bring a naval en
gagement on a vast scale . Even before the
magazine had reached its readers, the main
British and German fleets met in what was
probably the greatest sea fight in history .
Moving northward along the Danish coast,
on the afternoon of May 31, the German
feet came in contact with advance elements
of the British . An engagement began which
lasted until long after darkness had set in .
At first the advantage in strength was with
the Germans. Then the British battle
cruiser squadron arrived, and the fight was
more nearly equal. Finally, the famous
British battleship feet reached the scene,
darkness came, and the German feet with
drew . Both sides claimed a victory, and
Kaiser and King alike congratulated their
men . The British were probably more frank
in stating their losses, and for some days it
seemed that they had suffered much and
achieved little. Later the Germans admitted
losses that they had previously denied. Six
powerful British cruisers were sunk and also
finding ard
mil. eight British destroyers. The Germans lost
a battleship , one large and four small cruis
ers, and five destroyers. As no attempt could
went down with their ships. The battle
will have no effect on the outcome of the
war. Great as were the losses, they will
hardly be felt by either side. Britannia still
rules the waves, and the German fleet re
mains a vital factor. But the North Sea
fight has afforded one of the most thrilling
episodes of the great European conflict.
There are no definite prospects
When will of the war's early ending.
Peace Come? The
longing for peace and the talk of
peace are, indeed, more in evidence from
month to month . Both sides are preparing
to fight through another year, yet both are
hoping to leave the trenches before next
Christmas. The idea that President Wilson
may mediate is less repugnant to the belliger
ents than it was declared to be only a few
months ago . Mr. Wilson has spoken well of
future. Some of our German readers do not
like Mr. Simonds' predictions. But he has
earned the right to express his honest views,
and most of our readers are glad to read
 THE MOBILIZATION OF THE
NATIONAL GUARD

International Film Service

THE TWENTY SECOND REGIMENT, N . Y . ENGINEERS, GATHERING IN THEIR ARMORY - A SCENE DUPLICATED IN
THE NATIONAL GUARD ARMORIES OF MANY STATES LAST MONTH

Photograph by the American Press Association, New York © by the American Press Association , New York
THE SIXTY -NINTH (N . Y.) ON FIFTH AVENUE GETTING OUT THE REGIMENTAL WAGONS
27
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

© Underwood & Underwood , New York Photograph by the American Press Association, New York
A BUSY SCENE OUTSIDE AN ARMORY ENTRAINING FOR THE STATE CAMP

© Underwood & Underwood , New York

A NEW YORK REGIMENT MARCHING FROM THE ARMORY TO THE RAILROAD STATION

© Underwood & Underwood, New York © Underwood & Underwood, New York
TROOPS LEAVING THE TRAIN NEAR THE STATE UNLOADING BAKE-OVEN EQUIPMENT AT CAMP
MOBILIZATION CAMP WHITMAN , BEEKMAN , N . Y .
 RECORD OF EVENTS IN THE WAR
(From May 20 to June 20, 1916 )
The Last Part of May May 28. — The Serbian army, rested and newly
clad , is reported to have arrived at Salonica
May 20.- The British army is joined
the Turks in the Tigris Valleyoperati ng against
, by, a after spending the winter on the Greek island
force of Russian cavalry " after a bold and ad. of Corfu. .
venturous ride" ; the main Russian armies ad in May 29.- It is officially stated at London that
forty -four air attacks upon England since the
vancing toward Bagdad from the Caucasus and
from Persia are still widely separated from each beginning of the war, 409 persons have been
killed and 1005 injured ; in three attacks by
other and from the British.
May 21. - The third month of the battle of German warships, 141 persons were killed and
Verdun opens, with the Germans renewing their 611Mayinjured. 30, - It is stated at Ottawa that the Ca
assaults at Dead Man's Hill and Hill 304 ; the nadian losses in the war have totaled 5242 dead
French recover by assault the Haudromont quare and 14,768 wounded .
ries, lost on April 16 . The Austrian War Office claims that since
May 22. - The French at Verdun , by a vigore their offensive began , two weeks ago, they have
cus assault, recapture part of Fort Douaumont, captured 30 ,388 Italian officers and men .
lost three months earlier. He 31. - British and German fleets meet off
A German attack at Vimy Ridge, between · May coast of Jutland (Denmark ), near the Skag.
Loos and Arras, carries a mile of British trenches the
erak , in what is probably the greatest naval
to a depth of more than 100 yards. engagement in history ; the advantage in
The Italian General Staff estimates that 600, strength
000 Austrians are engaged in an attempt to break ward withliesthefirstBritish,
with the Germans and after
causing the Germans to
through the Italian lines in the Trentino. -
May 23.- A War Food Department is created withdraw ; the British admit the loss of six
large cruisers and eight destroyers, the**Ger
in Germany, to deal with all matters relating mans, a battleship, a battle cruiser, four , light
to the supply and distribution of food ; Adolph cruisers, and five destroyers ; 9500 lives are
von Batocki, who had charge of the rehabilita lost.
tion of East Prussia after the Russian invasion The Germans at, Verdun attack the French
of 1914, is appointed to the office.
The Italian War Office admits the continued fantrywestassaults,
line of the Meuse, by artillery fire and in
with violence said to equal any
withdrawal of troops before the Austrian offen - previous effort.
sive in the Sugana and upper "Astigo Valleys. The Russian armies in Turkey meet with their
The British House of Commons votes a war first reverse, and are compelled to evacuate Ma.
credit of $ 1,500,000,000, covering expenses to the makhatun, Armenia .
first week in August; the total authorization to
date is $ 11,910 ,000,000 . The First Week of June
In the western Sudan, near El Fasher, British
forces defeat native followers of the Sultan of June 1.— The Germans carry by storm Cail.
Dafur. lette Wood, in the Verdun district, between Vaux
May 24 . - The United States protests to Great and Douaumont.
Britain and France against arbitrary and im June 2.- The German attack on Verdun cen
proper interference with mails on the high seas, ters near Fort Vaux, the French declaring that
which has resulted disastrously to citizens of the the fighting attains unprecedented violence.
United States ; such methods, it is declared, can Southeast of Ypres the Germans capture a po
no longer be tolerated . sition held by Canadians and take 350 prisoners ,
The Germans at Verdun, after hand-to-hand including a general.
fighting, occupy the village of Cumières and re- June 4. - Russian armies under General Brusi?
capture Fort Douaumont. lov begin an offensive movement against the
May 25.- King George signs the British com - Austro -Hungarian lines in Volhynia , Galicia, and
pulsory military service Bill, applicable to all Bukowina , on a front of 250 miles extending
able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 41; from the Pripet River to the Rumanian frontier.
he refers to the fact that 5,041,000 men have Italian resistance to the Austrians stiffens and
voluntarily enlisted since the war began, the progress of the Austrians becomes less
May 26 .- Bulgarian troops enter Greece for marked.
the first time, and occupy several Greek forts June 5. — The British cruiser Hampshire is sunk
north of Deini Hissar. by a mine or torpedo west of the Orkney Islands;
The Rockefeller Foundation of New York ap- Earl Kitchener, Minister of War, and his staff
propriates $ 1,000,000 for the relief of war suf (who were on their way to Russia ), and all ex
ferers in Poland , Serbia, Montenegro, and Al. cept twelve of the crew are lost. - i . n . is
bania . June 6. - Fort Vaux, within five miles of Ver
May 27. - General Joseph S. Gallieni, recently dun , is completely occupied by the Germans, who
French Minister of War and known as the attained a foothold on June 2 ; 'within a week
" savior of Paris," dies of illness. the German line has been advanced one mile.
29
 30 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
The Second Week of June June 13.- Canadian troops recapture their old
position southeast
June 8.-- An official Russian announcement mans on June 2. of Zillebeke, lost to the Ger
states that more than 50,000 Austro -Hungarian June 14 .- An Economic Conference of the
and some German prisoners have been taken Allies is opened at Paris, with ministers of com
in four days ; it is understood that the Russians merce and finance in attendance.
have advanced more than twenty miles over a
front of 100. The Third Week of June
The Entente Powers adopt " precautionary” re
strictive measures against Greece, creating a June 16. - It is officially declared at Rome that
commercial blockade ; the Greek cabinet decides the Austrian offensive has been almost entirely
upon partial demobilization . checked and that an Italian offensive has been
The French Chamber passes a " daylight sav . successfully developed.
ing' bill, setting clocks forward one hour from June 17 .— The Russian army enters .Czernowitz,
June 14 to October 1. capital of Bukowina, Austria, upon the with
June 9. - The Italian Admiralty announces drawal of the Austrians.
that the transport Principe Umberto has been June 19. - A coalition ministry is constituted
torpedoed and sunk in the lower Adriatic, with in Italy, with Paolo Boselli as Premier and
large loss of life. Baron Sonnino as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
June 10 .- Russian successes against the Austro June 20. — The Russian drive against the Aus
Hungarian forces in Volhynia , Galicia, and Bu- trian lines continues successful; it is estimated
kowina continue; 35,000 additional prisoners are at Petrograd that 170,000 prisoners have been
declared to have been taken during the day, as taken, and it has become evident that the Rus
well as the fortress of Dubno . sian aim is to capture armies, rather than to
June 11. — The Italian cabinet headed by occupy territory.
Premier Salandra resigns following the failure The British Board of Trade issues a state
of a vote of confidence in the Chamber of Dep ment outlining the results of the economic con
uties ; the ministerial crisis was brought about ference at Paris, it being agreed that trade re
principally by the demand for a coalition min strictions against Germany will continue after
istry. the war is ended .

RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS

(From May 20 to June 20, 1916)
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS June 1.- The Senate confirms the nomination
May 20. — The House passes the Administra of Louis D . Brandeis as an Associate Justice of
tion's Shipping bill by a party vote : the confer- the United States Supreme Court.
ence report on the Army Reorganization bill is June 2. - The House adopts the Naval appro
adopted by vote of 349 to 25 . priation bill, carrying approximately $ 270,000,000.
May 23. — The House passes the Porto Rico bill, June 12 .— The House begins consideration of
reconstructing the governmental system of the the Fortifications bill, authorizing appropriations
island and making male Porto Ricans citizens of of $ 34,397,000.
the United States ; a new Administration "pre June 17. — The House passes the Pension ap
paredness" measure is introduced , providing for propriation bill ($ 158,000,000 ) without amend
the creation of a National Council of Executive ment and without a dissenting vote.
Information (consisting of six members of the
Cabinet) and an advisory commission.
May 24 . - The Senate Committee on Judiciary, AMERICAN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
by a party vote, favorably reports the nomination May 26. - Governor McCall signs the income
of Louis D . Brandeis for the Supreme Court after tax bill passed by the Massachusetts legislature.
four months' consideration . . . . In the House, May 27 .- President Wilson, addressing the
the Naval bill is reported from committee, carry . League to Enforce Peace, at Washington , declares
ing authorizations totaling $ 241,450,000. his belief that the United States is willing to
May 29.— The Senate , after three weeks of fili- become a partner in any feasible association of
bustering led by Mr. Kenyon (Rep., la .) and nations formed to guarantee territorial integrity
Mr. Husting (Dem ., Wis.), passes the bill ap and political independence and to prevent hasty
propriating $ 43,000,000 for river and harbor im wars.
provements . May 30.— Memorial Day addresses are deliv
May 30. - In the House, the Naval bill is ered by President Wilson , at the Arlington Na
amended, through the efforts of the Republican tional Cemetery, and by ex-President Roosevelt,
minority 'by increasing the number of submarines at Kansas City ; both speak on Americanism and
authorized from twenty to fifty. preparedness.
June 3. - President Wilson signs the Army Re
May 31.- In the House, the Naval bill is organization
amended to increase the provision for aeronautics bill .
and to include the Senate's provision for a Gov . June 5.— The voters of Iowa reject a woman
ernment armor -plate plant. suffrage amendment by a small majority.
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS . 31
June 7. - Republicans and Progressives meet in
national conventions at Chicago, with responsible
elements in both parties seeking harmony in can
didates and platforms.
June 9. - In the Republican National Conven
tion the first ballot for the Presidential nomina
tion gives Justice Charles E . Hughes 253 votes,
John W . Weeks 105, Elihu Root 103, Albert B .
Cummins 87, Theodore E . Burton 82, Charles W .
Fairbanks 72, Theodore Roosevelt 67, and Law
rence Y , Sherman 63.
June 10 . - Charles E . Hughes, Associate Jus
tice of the United States Supreme Court, is nomi
pated as the Republican candidate for President
on the third ballot in the convention at Chi
cago , with Charles W . Fairbanks as Vice-Presi
dential nominee ; Mr. Hughes resigns his judicial
office and accepts the nomination ; the Progres
sives, after a two-days' attempt to reach an
agreement with the Republicans, dominate Theo
dore Roosevelt and John M . Parker of Louisiana.
June 14 . – The Democratic National Convention
meets at St. Louis, former-Governor Glynn of
New York delivering the "keynote" speech as
temporary chairman . . . . A "preparedness"
and Flag Day parade in Washington is partici
pated in by 60,000 men and women , including
President Wilson, members of the Cabinet, the
Supreme Court, and Congress.
June 15. - President Woodrow Wilson and Vice
President Thomas R . Marshall are renominated
by acclamation in the Democratic convention .
June 16 . – The Democratic convention at St.
Louis comes to an end with the adoption of a
platform and the election of Vance C . McCor
mick of Pennsylvania as national chairman to MRS. JOSIAH EVANS COWLES, OF LOS ANGELES
manage the Wilson campaign . · (Elected president of the General Federation of
Women's Clubs, in their biennial convention held at
THE AMERICAN EXPEDITION IN MEXICO New York City late in May)
May 22. — The Carranza government in Mex FOREIGN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
ico presents a note to the United States review May 29.— The province of Hu-nan, China, de
ing recent relations, protesting against viola clares its independence of the Yuan Shih -kai
tions of the sovereignty of Mexico, urging a defi government.
nite outline of policy, and formally inviting the June 6. - Yuan Shih -kai, President of the
withdrawal of American troops. Chinese Republic, dies at Peking after a brief
May 25 , - Villa's chief bandit lieutenant, Cande illness ; the Premier announces the succession of
laria Cervantes, is killed during an attack upon
a small detachment of privates of the Seven Vice-President Li Yuan Hung .
June 9. - Four of the revolting Chinese proy
teenth Infantry southeast of Cruces, Chihuahua. inces rescind their declarations of independence
June 15. - Mexican raiders, said to number 100,
cross the border at San Ignacio, Texas, and at andJune assert their loyalty to the new government.
12.– The Argentine electoral congress
tack American cavalry troops ; three American names Hipolito Irigoyen (Radical) President, the
soldiers and six Mexicans are killed . culmination of a bitter political fight.
June 16 . - The commander of Carranza forces
in Chihuahua, General Jacinto B . Trevino, in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
formns General Pershing that any extension of June 1.- American marines are landed at
the present American lines will be considered Monte Christi and Puerta Plata, Santo Domingo,
a hostile act. . . . At the American Army to restore order pending the subsidence of the
Headquarters in Texas, it is stated that thirty revolutionary outbreak and the election of a
American soldiers have been killed and over 100 President; resistance is offered by the natives
wounded since August 1, 1915. and a captain of United States Marines is killed .
June 18. – The President calls out the organ: June 8. - Word is received at Washington that
ized militia and National Guard of the various Amoro Sato, educated at Depauw University, will
succeed Viscount Chinda as Japanese Ambassa
States, for the protection of the frontier against dor
further Mexican aggression ; before being sent to the United States.
to the border the troops will undergo special OTHER OCCURRENCES OF THE MONTH
training in mobilization camps. May 20. - Two Curtiss war aeroplanes make
June 20. – The United States replies to the the journey from Newport News, Va., to New
Mexican note of May 22, setting forth its posi- York City, without stop ; the estimated distance
tion and refusing to withdraw American troops of 416 miles is covered by one machine in four
while anarchy in northern Mexico continues. hours.
 THE ANIERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
OBITUARY
May 23. — Gen . Murray Van
Diver, prominent in Maryland
Democratic politics and finan
cial affairs. . . . Webster
Wells, for many years pro
fessor of mathematics at the
Massachusetts Institute of Tech
nology, 65.
May 25. — George H . Lindsay,
former member of Congress
from New York , 80. .
Leander Edmund Whipple, a
widely known writer on meta
physical topics, 67.
May 26 . — Timothy Dwight,
formerly President of Yale
University, 87.
May 27.— Gen. Joseph S. Gal
lieni, recently French Minister
of War, 67. . . . Mme. Jane
Dieulafoy, the French author
and explorer.
May 29. - James J. Hill, the
noted railroad man and " em
pire-builder” of the Northwest,
77. . . ... Thomas Roberts
Slicer, D . D ., the distin
guished New York Unitarian
minister, 69.
i

May 30.- Col. john Single

ton Mosby, the famous Con
federate ranger, 82. . .
Rear-Adm . John , F . Merry,
U . S. N ., retired, 76.
June 1. - Charles Sooysmith ,
a distinguished New York civil
THE LATE JAMES J. HILL AND HIS SON, LOUIS W . HILL engineer, 60.
June 2.— Harris Merton Lyon ,
(Mr. James J. Hill, who died May 29 at his home in St. Paul, was the
greatest of American railroad builders and administrators. He was the magazine editor and writer of
foremost surviving figure, in the economic upbuilding of the Northwest
His son , Louis W . Hill, succeeds him as head of the Hill system of rail
short stories, 32 .
roads. In a later number of the REVIEW will appear more extended men June 4. — Dr. Elizabeth Wiley
tion of Mr. James J. Hill's career) Corbett, a pioneer in the " pure
food " movement, 82.
May 31. — Lieutenant Sir Ernest Shackleton ar- June 6.- Yuan Shih-kai, President of the Chi
rives at Falkland Islands in a small open boat, nese Republic, 57.
after seventeen months spent in Antarctic ex June 7. - Auguste Emile Faguet, the brilliant
ploration , during which his ship Endurance was French writer and academician, 69.
lost ; twenty -two of his men were left behind June 9. - John R . McLean , publisher of the
in the Antarctic. Washington Post and Cincinnati Enquirer, 67.
June 1. - Representatives of railway operators June 11.— Mrs. Glenn Ford McKinney (Jean
and of engineers, firemen , conductors, and brake Webster), the author, 39. . . . Dr. Frank D .
men meet at New York City to discuss demands Gray, a leading surgeon of New Jersey, 59.
for an eight-hour day .
June 3. - Civilian parades in favor of prepar June 12. - Acton Davies, the New York dra
edness are held in Chicago, St. Louis, Provi. matic critic and author, 46.
dence, New Orleans and other large cities. June 13. - Prof. Silvanus Phillips Thompson , a
June 5.- A tornado sweeps over Arkansas, noted English physicist, 65. . . . Jules Hede
Missouri, and Mississippi, destroying whole man, one of the best known of French jour
towns and causing the death of more than 100 nalists , 45.
persons. June 16. — Edwin C . Burleigh , United States
June 13. - The election of Ernest Martin Hop . Senator from Maine, 73. . . . Lt.- Col. Morton
kins as president of Dartmouth College is an Fitz Smith, U . S. A ., commandant of cadets at
nounced . the United States Military Academy, 44 .
June 15. — The conference between railroad June 18. — Gen , Count Helmuth von Moltke,
managers and representatives of the employees recently Chief of the German General Staff, 68 .
comes to an end without agreement ; the labor June 19. - Frank Vincent, author and tropical
leaders will seek the power to declare a strike explorer, 68.
and then meet the managers in another con June 20.— George W . Olney, for many years
ference. editor of the "World Almanac," 81.
 THE CARTOONISTS START
THE CAMPAIGN
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From the Ledger ( Philadelphia )
DEW people would have predicted four Colonel Roosevelt, as the boldest and most
T years ago that the chief issue at the open - virile champion of the doctrine, did much to
ing of the Presidential campaign of 1916 rouse public opinion along this line. The
would be “ Americanism ." Our relations national conventions took up the theme, and
with the great war, however, seemed in re- speeches and platforms echoed it. Parties
cent months to have brought about a condi- and candidates vied with each other in put
tion where unequivocal loyalty to the United ting themselves on record for " the Flag."
States loomed large in political discussions. “ Hyphenism ” — or the divided allegiance of
July - 3 33
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

E
HUGH

MR. HUGHES WILL STAND ON THE PLATFORM

From the Star (St. Louis )
" IF THEY WILL ONLY STAY ON TILL NOVEMBER " .
From the Sun (New York ) unquestioned stand of both leading candi
dates on this subject.
foreign -born citizens— was emphatically de
nounced . Although the campaign started
strongly on this note, it is doubtful whether
" Americanism ” will long remain an issue,
in view of the wave of patriotism sweeping RE
over the country as a result of possible war AM
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with Mexico , and because of the clear and NTS
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ROOSEVELT'S LAST CHICKEN Botir : “ Take it away !"
From the Mail (New York) From the Times (New York )
 THE CARTOONISTS START THE CAMPAIGN 35
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From the Inquirer (Philadelphia)
 SOME FOREIGN CARTOONS
UNION

ORD

exiko EM
THE REJECTED INTERVENTION
Uncle Sam : “ You had better stop abusing your wife TROUBLE !"
immediately , or there will be
From Nebelspalter (Zurich )
ALTHOUGH the European cartoonists
n have momentous affairs of their own
to deal with , they manage to keep a critical
eye on what is happening across the Atlantic.

WILSON IN THE MEXICAN CACTUS

He has had no luck with Germany; no wonder ; how Wilson 'S DEAREST WISH
can he make progress forward , when the brambles are " There is a British Viceroy of India — Why not one
catching him from behind ? of America ? "
From the Lustige Blätter © (Berlin ) From Simplicissimus © (Munich )
36
 SOME FOREIGN CARTOONS

EN RALEN
RESCeHrNTEUT

1 .

WITH IN Dielli
WILSON VON BETHMANN HOLLWEG
AMERICA AND GERMANY
theVox
way BETH MANNtheHOLlweg:
to settle rest. " “ By Heaven, we'll only pay half the score; you'll have to ask the gentleman across
BAILIFF WILSON : " Very good ; just begin to pay me cash for your share, then."
From De Amsterdammer (Amsterdam )

• 107

W
ILLUSTRATING GERMANY'S REPLY TO THE AMERICAN E a ning
le? car1916
NOTE
WILSON : "Why are you weeping, my son ?” PUTTING IT DIRECTLY TO THE KAISER
LITTLE GERMAN MICHEL :. " You give presents to “ The responsibility is personal, it is not common ; it
everyone else, but from me you wish to take even my is absolute and not relative." (American note to Ger.
one favorite toy !” many )
From Nebelspalter (Zurich) From Le Rire © (Paris)
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

I ESCOMA
Javis
Aux NEUTRENA
BLOCUS
INTÉGRALITER DE
L'ALLEMA

UNCLE SAM LEAPING INTO THE ALLIES' RANKS

(An Italian view of America's diplomatic negotiations
with Germany)
From Il 420 (Florence)

THE NEUTRALS COMPLAIN AGAINST THE BLOCKADE

OF GERMANY
THE NEUTRALS: “ We have endured, without saying
anything, the invasion of Belgium , the massacres of
civilians, the Lusitania affair, the attempts to destroy UNION FORCES
munition plants, the violation of the Hague conven
tions which we signed — but indeed , our patience has
limits, and we cannot submit to have you hinder us
from making money by revictualing your enemies."
From Le Rire © (Paris)
With the exception of the little cartoon
from the South African Cape Times, this
page deals with the relations of the neutral
nations to the war. Their troubles in this re
gard have grown largely out of the interfer MAROONED
ence by the belligerents with their shipping. GERMAN EAST AFRICA (the last survivor of Germany's
overseas possessions)
fatherland ? " : " Oh, where is the fleet of my
From the Cape Times (Cape Town, South Africa )

N
DE
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SON

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A PECULIAR THEORY
DR. Wilson : " Take my advice, Jonathan , and keep
out of it . They are all mad ! "
(" Since the rest of the world was mad, why should
we not refuse to have anything to do with the rest of
the world ?" - -President Wilson )
From the Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales)
THE POWER OF SMALL COUNTRIES
NETHERLANDS: " I haven 't got ny little ship back yet
And they 're taking the cargo , too. "
GREECE AND SWEDEN : “ But you'll be smart if you
stick firmly to your demands. Then you can put any.
thing over on the big fellows, just like us."
From De Amsterdammer (Amsterdam )
 SOME FOREIGN CARTOONS

" THE PROPOSITION IS BEATEN !" THE“ AgainGERMAN PLAGUES

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From Lustige Blätter © (Berlin) From Ulk © (Berlin)
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"When it RAIDSto flying, that
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for those bugs!" bird certainly has it over me!"
From Nebelspalter (Zurich) From Der Brummer © (Berlin)
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

A
M

E TH RUSSIA SURPRI
N SE
THE TEUTON Powers : " Well, well, we thought it a RUSSIA WAKING UP
small toy . From l' Asino (Rome) BEA said that I was tied up ; but I was
not tied up l." be
R: “ It can
wel
The two cartoons aboveone from an From L ' Esquella de la Torratra ( Barcelona)
Italian , the other from a Spanish source -
suggest the keen interest with which all Europe has watched the " coming back ” of
the Russian armies during th past few
weeks. The grim Russian attituede to wards
German peace talk is indicated by the Odessa
cartoon below .

TORTURING THOUGHTS
KAISER WIL 'IELY : " Are the Allies going to offer me
peace terms or not ? "
FRANZ JOSEF : " Don 't break your head over that!
They 'll break it for you , when the time comes.' THE ADVANC E OF CIVILIZAT ION
From Odesski Listok (Odessa , Russia ) 'The highwaymen of yesterday and of to -day .
( Apropos of England 's holding up of neutral commerce )
From Kladderadatsch © ( Berlin )
 WILSON THE CANDIDATE
BY L . AMES BROWN
TOR the first time in recent years the to the " so-called issue of Americanism ."
T Democratic party enters the Presiden - Americanism is not the issue. No abstrac
tial campaign upon the right side of an issue tion is the issue and no generality can cover
of vital importance to the country. That it. The issue is the man who has controlled
issue is the record of the administration of the Executive branch of the Government
President Woodrow Wilson , whom the since March 4 , 1913, and his acts. Other
party renominated at its convention in St. matters are unimportant, comparatively
Louis early in June. The country , in this speaking, but he and what he has done relate
most solemn hour of its destiny, is asked to vitally to the course the nation 's history is
pass judgment upon the record of the Demo- to follow . Americanism he defines as his
cratic President and to indicate at the polls own acts in shaping the foreign policy of the
in November whether it desires to retain his Government. He asserts the correctness of
leadership in the uncertainties of a future this definition and leaves it to the country to
which may be altogether as troublous as the accept him or reject him according to its esti
time during which he has directed the for- mate of his executive labors.
eign and domestic policies of the Govern KEEPING THE PEACE AND SAFEGUARDING
ment.
AMERICAN RIGHTS
As the protagonist of his own achieve
ments, the President goes before the country Mr. Wilson offers himself as a candidate
in fulfilment of a solemn duty , conceived by primarily as the man who has preserved the
him before he took the oath of office. He is nation 's peace in a time when war was re
carrying out the obligation he then recog- vealing itself in a revolting character never
nized of submitting his administration to the before presented to mankind. He has pre
country for its approval or disapproval. He served the peace and withal safeguarded
has sought to interpret the soul of a nation against the dangers of Germany's early, law
during a period when that soul was tried by less submarine operations the lives of those
conflicting emotions. Now he asks to be Americans who travel on the high seas in the
judged . He conceives that no other course future. For a year he relied upon negotia
is open to him in honor, while his party tions to procure these safeguards, despite the
realizes that it has no other man to typify the fact that in this period the Lusitania was de
issues it has submitted to the nation . stroyed and other lawless depredations were
For this reason and no other the President committed by Germany which aroused a
enters the political lists again . Were cir - substantial element of the electorate to dis
cumstances different, were the traditions of satisfaction with that patient course. But at
the Presidency other than what they are, I the end he succeeded .
am justified in saying that the President At the end he achieved the purpose which
would gratefully surrender to other trust would have animated any other President
worthy hands the responsibilities he has who had followed a different policy . Surely
borne for the past four years. Hehas passed it need not be restated that had any one of
through a trial of heart Aames, and, if in those who offered themselves as candidates
the past he nurtured ambitions, he is as against Mr. Wilson' at Chicago been Presi
barren of them to-day as have been other dent when Germany began her illegal sub
men at other stages in the history of man - marine campaign , his chief purpose would
kind when it was given them to foot the have been to procure a permanent abatement
lofty eminences of life and realize the empti of that campaign . Mr. Wilson 's policy has
ness of mere personal aspiration . succeeded, then , and his favor or disfavor
THE MAN HIMSELF THE REAL ISSUE with the people must rest upon their justifi
cation of the means by which this end was
Mr. Wilson comes before the people with - achieved . Imputations of weakness will not
out a shibboleth . It was a sensible news be permitted to obscure the fact that, faulty
paper correspondent at Chicago wno referred or not, “ heroic” or not, his policy succeeded
41
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
with respect to the principal wish of every pared. He has delivered speeches without
patriotic American in the crisis it was number advocating military preparation , he
evolved to meet. Maledictions against his has walked as a private citizen in a prepared
" ignoble" " vacillation ” will not prevent an ' ness parade, and, as a result of his activities ,
appreciation ofhis ultimate attainment when, the authorization of the greatest army and
to borrow from a convention orator, “ the navy development program ever adopted by
proudest spirit that ever brooded over a bat- Congress in peace times is assured. The issue
tlefield had to bow in acknowledgment of between the President and his opposition is
the rectitude of the demands which our merely one of a few more fighting ships and
President made in behalf of his country and a different method of bringing the army ex
humanity ." pansion about, but the opposition does not
Thus far the opposition to Mr. Wilson cavil at the statement that he had procured
has avoided the obligation of formulating an the maximum of authorizations which could
unequivocal statement of the faults they have been forced from the present Congress.
charge against him . The Republican plat- His record on preparedness is a most efficient
form -makers limited themselves to the easy performance.
task of destructive criticism . Such avoidance
cannot continue, however, for I am suffi DOMESTIC POLICIES
ciently familiar with the campaign plans of What would be Mr. Wilson 's status as a
the President's supporters to know that they candidate, did not this vital matter of inter
will force the fighting with this clearly de national relations overshadow all else ? How
fined challenge. would he stand and what would be his pros
They will not permit the opposition to rest pects were it possible for him to be judged
its case upon mere assertions of Mr. Wil solely in the light of his record as adminis
son' s shortcomings. It is a parlous future trator of the domestic affairs of the Govern
which the country faces, and the voters in - ment? Could he win if he had no claim to
tend to comeas nearly as they can to passing the suffrage of the nation other than that
upon fixed quantities, to choosing between based upon the extent to which his adminis
certainties as closely as certainties can be tration has promoted the happiness and wel
approximated. Mr. Wilson 's policy is ex- fare of the people ?
pressed in acts and not in generalities. His Consider this : The chief legislative meas
policy, if he is returned to office, will not be ures for which the President stands person
different from what it has been since August, ally responsible are the Underwood Tariff
1914 . He will insist that definite, not gen - Act, the Federal Reserve Act, the Trade
eral, pledges be pitted against it. Commission Act, the Rural Credits Act, and
The other foreign policy of Mr. Wilson the Tariff Commission Act. There is an
on which the country must pass is his Mexi- imposing number of business , labor, and pub
can policy. He has dealt with Mexico in lic-welfare enactments besides, which I have
the kindly spirit inspired by the possession of no space to discuss here. It is the greatest
superior power. He has encouraged the legislative achievement of any American
development of constitutional government President of modern times. All of the
there, the while that a feeling of kinship measures named , with the exception of the
among all the nations of this hemisphere was tariff act, have received or are certain to
fostered . He has endeavored to maintain receive the support of substantial bodies of
peace between that troubled country and the Republicans in Congress. The Republican
United States, knowing well that a policy platform criticizes the Rural Credits Act,
based upon the use of physical force always but a majority of Republican members of
was accessible as an effective last resort. Congress voted for the measure. The Re
THE PRESIDENT'S PREPAREDNESS RECORD
publican platform declared for a Tariff
Commission , and its authors refused to con
Linked with these issues on which Mr. sider any declaration in criticism of the Cur
Wilson 's political future rests is that of pre- rency Act, knowing too well the heartiness
paredness, naval expansion and development of the country's appreciation of that measure.
of the army from the standpoint of size and
efficiency. He has taken a stand far in ad THE " FULL DINNER PAIL"
vance of his party on this issue. By a vigor- As for the tariff, it should be said that the
ous personal campaign he has compelled the country is more prosperous than it ever has
majority of Congress to assent to his views been . Mr. Wilson will not demand all of
that the army and navy be adequately pre- the credit for the tremendous business ex
 WILSON THE CANDIDATE

Harris & Ewing, Washington, D . C .

PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON

pansion of the past three years. He is con - perity issue, if it can be called an issue. Mr.
tent that this expansion has taken place and Wilson will not fail to challenge the state
that the " full dinner pail " is here. Atmost, ment that he does not share the responsibility
the tariff issue is in abeyance. Mr. Wilson for it. Hewill point to the fashion in which
came into office under an unequivocal man- his Administration forestalled a certain panic
date from the country to lower the tariff when the financial centers of the world were
wall which isolated American industry from paralyzed by the war's outbreak. He will
" fair competition ” with the industry of the point to the enactment of the currency re
world . The only tenable argument for the serve law which insures ample credits in
withdrawal of this popular command would stringent times and allows the fullest busi
be a recrudescence of hard times. This has ness expansion and the utmost facility of crop
not taken place. Until the end of the war movement consonant with sound principles.
has nullified the conditions which prevent a He will point to the fact that as things now
fair test of the Democratic tariff, the country stand, the munitions business approximates
is unlikely to reject it. only 5 per cent. of the nation 's commerce.
So much for the negative side of the pros. The country never has changed administra
44 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
tions in a period of high prosperity . Call it and the fuller growth which it has made
superficial reasoning, if you like, to impute possible.
prosperous conditions to the party in power,
but the fact remains that the " full dinner A FRIEND OF ORGANIZED LABOR
pail” has been the most successful campaign We turn from the employers of labor to
slogan of American politics. labor itself to find even more ample basis
for anticipating the success of Mr. Wilson 's
TARIFF CHANGES candidacy. He enters the campaign as the
The atmosphere at Washington is one recognized friend of labor. It is a far cry
which should inspire confidence and not fore- from the 1912 campaign when labor leaders
boding among business men . There is noth assailed Mr. Wilson for his written opinions
ing ominous in it. The Democracy has no on immigration and other labor questions to
threat in its platform or in the public utter the opening of the present campaign when
ances of its candidate against the future pros- they appeared before the Republican plat
perity of the nation . The President's anxiety form committee at Chicago to urge first of
to facilitate the financial upbuilding of the all that the labor legislation adopted under
railroads is but one evidence of his intent to his administration be retained .
conserve by every practicable means the pros- These enactments met what the President
perity to which he believes the happiness of considered the just demands of labor. Prin
every nation is vitally linked . His attitude cipally they specified that labor should no
is not even propitious for those who advocate longer be regarded as an inanimate com
his overthrow as the proper method of in - modity , but raised it to the level of human
suring industrial well-being through higher life.
tariff duties. The President not only has Thus it will be seen that the Wilson Ad
taken the responsibility for the enactment of ministration has undertaken to serve both
a Tariff Commission Act, but he has pledged parties to the so -called industrial dispute .
himself to an impartial consideration of the The President has found it possible so often
facts which this Commission 's investigations to advance the interests of one party without
may disclose as to the need for tariff changes violating the rights of the other, that his ad
at the end of the war. ministration has had the influence of a sooth
The President's aim in readjusting the ing hand upon a situation of gathering omi
tariff to the new conditions which the United nousness,
States must face after the war will be to
insure " fair competition ." His whole trend FROM CRUSADER TO ADMINISTRATOR
ofmind in the last two years of his adminis It would be difficult to indicate the extent
tration has been away from the radical ideas to which the country has altered its estimate
upon which the free-trade creed is founded. of Mr. Wilson as a man since his election
In at least one respect Mr. Wilson intends in 1912. Unquestionably he is a much more
to adopt an attitude in accord with the robust figure in the public mind than he was
wishes of business protectionists. That is as four years ago. The sobriquet of School
regards the dyestuff industry . The Democ- master still clung to him when he entered the
racy will levy tariff duties on dyes imported White House . He was regarded as an
after the war, with the avowed purpose of austere figure, not easy of access to the emo
facilitating the growth of an infant industry. tions and the human appeal, with a mind
The President's attitude on these two points which might be misled by fantastic ideas
already has had a most soothing influence through lack of practical knowledge where
upon the business community. It has fos- with to test them . People know more about
tered the impression that the days of radical Mr. Wilson now than they did then. They
business legislation under Mr. Wilson 's are better acquainted with his faults for one
leadership are over ; that he was in earnest thing ; indeed , some of the things for which
when he said that tariff, currency , and anti- he has been criticized are as far removed
trust laws made up his “ Constitution of as the poles from the qualities disapproved
Peace” for the business world ; or, to use in that earlier time.
a phrase in high favor with one of the Presi- Mr. Wilson has turned out to be a man
dent's most trusted advisers , he has " per- who can both give and take hard blows. He
formed the operation which he deemed neces- has emerged as a human being. The sym
sary to the ultimate welfare of business” and pathy of the people has gone out to him in
now is concerned only with measures for bitter personal sorrows and under malign
facilitating the recovery from this operation ments which were known to be unjust.
 WILSON THE CANDIDATE
Soberly and with mutual understanding, who polls no more than the vote of his party .
Mr. Wilson and his constituents have The section of the electorate which thus
learned that perfection cannot be achieved holds the balance of power in the national
suddenly, that even in the life of a nation election cannot easily be misled. Mr. Wil
the reach must exceed the grasp in order to son fully realizes this. In most cases a man
predicate the joy of future endeavor. Mr. withdraws from his party organization only
Wilson came into office a crusader, with after a somewhat intense intellectual experi
many fine phrasings on his lips of a purpose ence productive of a clearer understanding of
to weed out the undergrowth from the tariff political principles. The independent voter,
jungle, and to smite the body of privilege. much more than the members of the political
He submits his future to the suffrage of the parties, will record his impartial convictions
nation in November as an administrator on Mr. Wilson 's acts at the polls in No
sobered by experience, his crusading purposes vember. If the independent voter is content
accomplished in part and for the rest dis - and happy with the maintenance of the coun
placed by constructive purposes. try 's present international and domestic
status, he will cast his ballot for Mr. Wil
THE APPEAL TO THE INDEPENDENT VOTER son . If he is convinced that the country is
Seldom in our history has the outcome of in need of moral and spiritual regeneration ,
a national election depended with such an ap that the administration of Mr. Wilson has
proximation of entirety upon the personality permitted the national conscience to be dulled
and achievements of an individual. Mr. and the national aspirations to be reduced to
Wilson's candidacy is to an unusual degree a lower level, that a change for the better is
dissociated from the candidacies of his party needed in order that American ideals be vin
colleagues. He stands upon his own record, dicated ; in other words, if he is inclined to
distinctive for the instances wherein he has a venture rather than the acceptance of an
enforced his will upon the Democratic lead . existing certainty, he will consider the claim
ers who sought to have to do with the posi- of the political aspirants who appeal for
tion which the party should occupy in the Mr. Wilson 's removal in their own behalf.
present campaign. Mr. Bryan , formerly the Mr. Wilson has no misgivings as to the
titular leader of the Democratic party, and electorate's judgment upon himself, how
most of the paramount issues on which he ever. As this is written he is at the highest
appealed to the emotions of the nation, are point of popular favor which he ever has
upon the political scrap -heap. Many other enjoyed. The Democracy is proud of him
Democratic leaders, conspicuous in the activi. and assumes a militant air. Republicanism
ties of their party before Mr. Wilson 's sud- fears him , as is evidenced by the panicky
den accession to power, have been relegated effort to choose a winning candidate at Chi
to the background. So it is that the men to cago. The pacifists believe that, despite Mr.
whom Mr. Wilson has entrusted the man Wilson 's commitment to preparedness, he is
agement of his campaign are planning to as thoroughly imbued as they with the spirit
make a most earnest appeal to the voters who of opposition to militarism . The prepared
are acknowledged members of no political ness organizations must attribute to his
party . Mr. Wilson is heartily in accord leadership the greatest defense program in
with these plans, for he has sponsored the the nation 's history. Democrat and Repub
opinion that neither of the old political lican , pacifist and defense extremist, and the
parties includes a majority of the voters of independent voter as well , are prosperous as
the nation and that no Presidential candi they never before have been and the country
date can be elected in a straight-out contest pursues the even tenor of peace times.

&
 CHARLES E . HUGHES AS A
POLITICAL FIGURE
BY WILLIAM B. SHAW
W H ATEVER else the national conven - should yet be willing to place its fate in his
V tions decided last month , they fixed hands, without pledge or hostage of any kind,
the character of the Presidential campaign attests that candidate's command of popular
once and for all in this respect: It is to be a confidence in a most exceptional degree.
contest between two outstanding personali- What is the real basis of that confidence ?
ties, conducted on a high level and with less Before attempting to answer that question
reference than formerly to party lines and it would be well to recall a few of those
traditions. Less than ever before in our his facts in Mr. Hughes' career which sharply
tory, since the time of Washington , will men differentiate his public record from that of
be moved to vote for either of the candidates the average lawyer who " goes in for poli
merely because he is a Democrat or a Re- tics.” In the first place, Mr. Hughes never
publican. There are literally millions of "went in for politics” in the ordinary sense
American voters this year who may be led of the phrase. It would be more accurate
by the developments of the campaign to sup - to say that politics went after him . For bear
port one or other of the candidates without in mind and this is the vital point - Mr.
regard to the past or present party affiliations Hughes had “made good” in his profession
of either. It will not be any party platform before the public ever heard of him , and it
or propaganda that will determine these was because he had made good, and only for
votes, now doubtful; it will be the individual that reason , that the call of " politics" came
character of each candidate, as it is seen to to him at all.
react to the national problems of the hour. The pages of our political history, recent
The conventions themselves were simply and past, are full of the names of successful
organized tributes to the personalities of the politicians who entered public life from the
men they nominated . At St. Louis, Democ- legal profession ; but how many of them
racy voiced its confidence in the first Demo- owed their introduction to politics solely to
cratic administration that had completely their proved capacity as lawyers ? In the
controlled the national government since the case ofMr. Hughes this was what happened :
Civil War. It knew and rejoiced in the A studious, hard -working young lawyer in
things that had been planned and done at New York City had gradually won recog
Washington and endorsed the reasons that nition from his fellow practitioners at the
had been given for doing them . It was nat- bar and had been singled out as one of the
ural that President Wilson , as titular and ablest of the little group of lawyers in the
actual leader of his party, should have re- metropolis who follow their calling for sheer
ceived the testimonial of a renomination at love of it and give their time to difficult
the hands of a grateful party ; but as a per- branches of commercial law . Never a " cor
sonal distinction the naming of Justice poration lawyer," he had never enjoyed a
Hughes by the Republicans at Chicago in large income from fees — as such incomes are
the preceding week was even more signifi- rated in New York — and to the general pub
cant. In all our one hundred and twentylic he was known not at all.
years of party divisions, this was probably PR
PROBING THE GAS TRUST
the first instance in which , at a time of real
crisis in national affairs, a man was seriously He was a " lawyers' lawyer,” respected by
proposed for the Presidency whose views on his colleagues at the bar and a member of
current issues were unknown to the public . one of the old and well-connected firms,
The amazing feature of the episode was when a legislative committee came down
that it came as the culmination of a brief from Albany charged with the duty of in
ten years of public life, six of which had been vestigating the metropolitan lighting com
passed in retirement from every form of po - panies. Such committees have not always
litical activity . That a national party , with commanded universal respect for their mo
so scant an opportunity to test a candidate, tives , but in this instance honesty was de
46
 CHARLES E . HUGHES AS A POLITICAL FIGURE 47
cidedly the best policy , even from the THE INSURANCE INVESTIGATION
standpoint of party politics, and Chairman
Stevens persuaded his colleagues that the While the gas investigation brought Mr.
situation demanded the services of the ablest Hughes into city and State prominence, he
and most upright counsel that could be had. was made a national figure by his association
They were directed with the insurance in
to Mr. Hughes' door vestigation . A scan
and thus opened an dal in the Equitable
opportunity for disin Life Assurance So
terested public service ciety had led to the
such as seldom comes appointment of a leg
to any man , for the islative committee to
gas companies of New investigate the whole
York sorely needed insurance field , and in
an overhauling and, view of Mr. Hughes'
although the con striking success as in
sumers did not know quisitor for the gas
it and Mr. Hughes committee it is not
himself may not at strange that Senator
first have realized it, Armstrong and his
the one man in the colleagues on the in
city who was fitted to surance committee
do the work was the should choose him to
man whom the com conduct this more dif
mittee selected as ficult and important
counsel. line of investigation .
The searching in Mr. Hughes was
quiry that Mr. traveling in the Ty
Hughes conducted rol and was asked by
into the operations of cable if he would ac
the New York Gas cept the work . He
Trust had direct and replied affirmatively,
far-reaching results . making the one con
No one had ever be dition that he should
fore analyzed the ac be absolutely unham
counts of the lighting pered by any influ
companies to show ence, direct or indi
whether or not they rect. Of what fol
were entitled to the lowed , Mr. Ervin
rates that they were Wardman, writing in
then receiving from this Review for No
the public with the vember, 1906, said :
sanction of law . Mr. If the range of the
Hughes brought to gas inquiry was broad ,
bear on the problem the scope of the insur
the same thorough ance investigation was
vast. During its prog
going methods and ress there was neither
relentless energy that week -day nor Sunday,
night after night, in un
had made him master broken succession that
of his law cases American Press Association, New York was not filled with the
from the beginning of CHARLES EVANS HUGHES AS HE IS TO -DAY labor of going over the
his practise. The testimony word by word
report of the committee drafted by him con - for new clues, of searching letter books and rec
vinced both the public and the Legislature ords without number, of delving in books that
were monuments in their mass, of hearing the
and ultimately all of its essential recommen stories of those who had information to give and
dations were embodied in law . The concrete of sounding rumors and suspicions to the bottom .
result that made Mr. Hughes' name known To undergo this midnight test of endurance of
detail and drudgery was marvelous; to arrive in
to every citizen of New York was the the chamber where the hearings took place, every
achievement of eighty -cent gas. morning, fresh , cool, keen, and resolute for the
48 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
brilliant daily duel was a surpassing feat of leaders, or rather managers, of his party in
both brain and body. the State began to reckon with him in their
Thus a way had come to this New York own way — as they had reckoned with every
lawyer to render a unique service to the Governor that their organization had helped
people of his city and of the nation at large. to put in office. Roosevelt in 1899 had coun
This was in the year 1905. In that autumn seled with them and then had followed his
a mayor was to be elected in New York City , own course . He had been a real Governor;
and the Republican nomination was tendered but from Hughes, the novice in politics , no
to Mr. Hughes. He declined the nomina - such rôle was expected . They soon learned
tion on the ground that he was already en - that executive appointments could not be dic
gaged in work of a public character which tated by them or anyone else . The Gov
must be kept absolutely free from political ernor's office was thrown open to the public,
bias, and that he was bound by every obli- and every citizen who had anything to say
gation of duty to see the thing through as about any matter of State business was
the public had asked and expected him to do. heard , but the man in the Governor's chair
He therefore went on with the investigation , made his own decisions.
and when the work was through it is said
he worked twenty hours a day preparing the A REAL GOVERNOR , NOT AFRAID OF THE
report of the committee. BOSSES
Executive independence did not end at
BECOMES GOVERNOR OF NEW YORKK . that point, however . The administration
As the Republican organization of New came into office pledged to certain definite
York City had stood in dire need of a candi- constructive work of great importance to the
date for mayor in 1905 , so the State organi State . The new insurance laws were to be
zation in the fall of 1906 was hard pressed set going and the regulation of public -service
to find a winning candidate for Governor. corporations made effective. Politicians who
By this time Mr. Hughes was no longer tried to thwart the administration 's program
numbered among the “ unknowns.” Every - found that they had a real fight on their
body in the State knew something about his hands. They won a few temporary victories,
work in the two investigations and his capac- but in the long run the Governor had his
ity for leadership , but his activities thus far way. When the race-track gambling bills
had not especially endeared him to the gen - came up for passage there was a square issue
tlemen who in those days looked after the between the Governor and certain members
interests of the Republican organization . As of his own party in the Legislature. Influ
the convention assembled , a suggestion came ential Republican leaders outside the Legis
from the White House at Washington , at lature attempted to secure the defeat of the
that time occupied by a somewhat conspicu - bills. It was then that Governor Hughes
ous New Yorker, to the effect that the nomi- announced that he would “ appeal to the peo
nation of Mr. Hughes was demanded by the ple” - a phrase that the Old Guard took as
best interests of the party and the State. a joke until they found that it was loaded ;
Whether or not the “ Big Stick " was poten - for the Governor made good his threat, went
tially effective in this instance, it is a fact out on the stump, and aroused popular senti
that the Republican State convention acceded ment to such a degree that the recalcitrant
to the expressed wishes of President Roose- legislators either had to vote for the bills or
velt and made Mr. Hughes its standard - lose their precious legislative heads; and so
bearer for that campaign. Both Mr. Hughes it was the Governor who had the last laugh.
and the party had their hands full that year
in defeating William R . Hearst, but the feat A SECOND TERM AT ALBANY
was accomplished , with a comfortable margin In 1908 the Governor's term expired and
of votes, although Mr. Hughes' associates on there was a demand for his reëlection , but
the State ticket lost to Democrats. Thus the sound of that demand was drowned in
Mr. Hughes was transferred from the bar the cries of the politicians who had been hurt
to the field of practical politics and govern - and were as eager to get rid of Hughes as
ment, not by his own volition , but because they had been to get rid of Roosevelt eight
the State needed his abilities and " drafted” years before. There was a President to be
him for its service. chosen that year and again a voice from
His election as Governor of New York Washington suggested that the renomination
made Charles E . Hughes at once a force to of Hughes was needed to strengthen the na
be reckoned with in American polities. The tional ticket. The advice proved sound , for
 CHARLES E . HUGHES AS A POLITICAL FIGURE 49

JUSTICE AND MRS. CHARLES E . HUGHES AND FAMILY

( In 1888 Mr. Hughes married Miss Antoinette Carter, the daughter of the senior member of his law firm . Mr.
and Mrs. Hughes have three daughters and a son . Miss Helen Hughes is an honor graduate of Vassar College ;
the second daughter, Miss Catherine, was graduated from the National Cathedral School for Girls last month .
The son, Charles E . Hughes, Jr., is a graduate of Brown University and the Harvard Law School, and is now
practising in New York )

the aid given by Governor Hughes to the more than to any other one man that such a
Taft campaign in a speech at Youngstown measure was finally enacted.
and in a series of speeches in the Middle The big achievement of the Hughes ad
West was accounted one of the important ministration was the establishment of the two
factors in carrying the Presidential election . Public Service Commissions, one for New
He had become a most effective campaigner. York City and the other for the remainder
The Governor himself was reëlected and of the State . To these commissions was en
went bravely on with the reform movements trusted the regulation of the transportation
already begun . He worked in season and companies and also of lighting and other pub
out for a direct primary law , and although lic utilities. These bodies have not accom
his efforts did not come to full fruition dur- plished the full measure of corporation con
ing his term as Governor. it is due to him trol in the interest of the public that was
July _ 4
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REI'IEWS
expected of them , for appointment was well
their personnel has at The Hughes Chronology received in every
times fallen below the April 11, 1862 – Born, Glens Falls, N . Y . quarter and to Mr.
high standard set by 1876 -78 -- Student, Colgate University Hughes himself it ap
Governor Hughes in 1879-81 - Student, Brown University pealed as the fulfil
his first appointments. 1881 - Graduated, Brown University ( A .B . ) ment of a lifelong am
But notwithstanding 1884 — Graduated , Columbia Law School bition . He therefore
1884 — Admitted to New York bar
shortcomings the com 1884 -87 – Prize Fellowship Columbia Law resigned the Gover
missions have brought School norship and took his
the public utilities of December 5, 1888 — Married Antoinette seat on the bench
Carter
the State under a sys 1884-91 - Practised law , New York City October 10 , 1910.
tem of governmental 1891-93 — Professor of Law , Cornell From that day to the
inspection and regula 1893- 95 - Special lecturer, Cornell tenth day of June,
tion that marks an 1893-1900 — Special lecturer, New
Law School
York 1916 , no comment on
immense advance 1893-1906 – Practised law , New York City public affairs escaped
from the conditions 1905 - Counsel, Stevens Gas Committee his lips. If he had
that existed when (New York Legislature) been immured on
Mr. Hughes began 1905-06 – Counsel, Armstrong Insurance Devil's Island for
Committee (New York Legislature )
his Gas Trust in 1906 – Special Assistant to United States those six years, in
quiry. Attorney General in coal investigation stead of living at the
It should not be as 1905 — Nominated for Mayor of New York National Capital, his
sumed that the Gov by Republican convention , but declined opinions on American
1907 -10 - Governor of New York
ernor merely swam October 6, 1910 — Resigned Governorship problems and issues
with the current in October 10, 1910 — Became Associate Jus could not have been
advocating popular tice, United States Supreme Court more effectually con
measures. Heincurred June 10, 1916 - Nominated for President of cealed from his fel.
the United States by the Republican
severe criticism from National Convention at Chicago low citizens. This
some of his own sup June 10, 1916 - Accepted nomination was in accord with
porters by his veto of June 10, 1916 – Resigned Supreme Court
seat
his own high concep
the two-cent fare bill, tion of the dignity of
on the ground that the judicial office and
this was a matter to it prevented the
be determined by the Public Service Commis- bandying of his name in factional politics.
sion , and his protest against the Federal This article did not set out to tell what
income-tax amendment, which, he argued, Mr. Hughes believes. Before this magazine
would confer on Congress the power to tax comes under the reader's eye he will have
incomes derived from State and municipal done that himself, in his speech of acceptance.
bonds. To both propositions he was opposed The aim of this article is to contribute in
on principle, and he set forth cogently and some degree to the popular knowledge of
fearlessly the reasons that guided him in his what Mr. Hughes represents in his person
attitude. and character, as a citizen called to take a
Of Mr. Hughes as an executive it has been great part in a national campaign involving
said that the qualities of the trained lawyer, mighty issues.
the thoroughness of analysis, the ability to EARLY HISTORY
penetrate a mass of intricate detail, to see
straight through and on into the results of a Charles E. Hughes was born fifty - four
proposed measure, and to visualize those re- years ago at Glens Falls, N . Y ., the son of
sults, gave him a vast superiority over the a Baptist clergyman of Welsh extraction ,
ordinary administrator in making and formu. He was studious and was early ready for
lating decisions. college. His college work was divided be
tween Colgate ( then Madison ) University ,
CALLED TO THE SUPREME COURT at Hamilton , N . Y., and Brown University ,
It was doubtless his knowledge that the Providence, R . I., where he graduated in
Governor possessed these exceptional abilities , 1881. He studied at the Columbia Law
as well as a natural attraction towards a School, New York , and was admitted to the
gifted member of his own profession , that bar in 1884. After seven years of practise
led President Taft, in the spring of 1910, in the city he became a professor in the
to nameMr. Hughes as an Associate Justice Cornell University Law School, but returned
of the United States Supreme Court. The to active practise in 1893.
 THE DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE
FOR VICE -PRESIDENT
THE Honorable Thomas Riley Marshall tion as a lawyer soon spread beyond the
I has been filling the distinguished posi- borders of his county until he grew to be
tion of Vice-President of the United States, recognized as one of the ablest lawyers in
with ability and dignity , for the past three the State.
years and more. Such is the anonymity Mr. Marshall is distinctly an Indiana
attaching to this important office , however, product. North Manchester was his birth
that the greatest national publicity that has place, in 1854 ; Wabash College, at Craw
come to Mr. Marshall during this entire fordsville , was his alma mater ; an Indiana
period was when the Democratic party unan - girl - Lois I. Kimsey, of Angola – became his
imously renominated wife, and his whole
him at St. Louis last professional career was
month . built up in his native
When he was first State.
chosen as President Since Americanism is
Wilson 's running mate made so much of at
on the - Democratic present, it is appropri
ticket in 1912 , Mr. ate to mention that
Marshall was Gover Marshall's roots go
nor of Indiana, a posi deep into patriotic soil.
tion which he was A granduncle of his
occupying with distinc was the great Chief
tion for the second Justice John Marshall,
time. His State while on his mother's
thought so well of him side he is descended
that he was its favor from Charles Carroll,
ite son for Presidential of Carrollton , one of
honors at the Balti the “signers."
more convention in Personally, Marshall
1912 . When he ran is by no means over
for Governor the first sized ,and is rather slen
time Marshall was der and wiry . Hehas a
elected by 15,000 ma kindly face and a quiet
jority , although Taft manner. He is a lover
carried the State for © Pach
of books, and is fond of
President by 10 ,000. Bros. , N . Y . children , though not
As Governor, Mar THOMAS R . MARSHALL blessed with any of his
shall made an excellent own. His friends say
record and strongly supported many measures that Tom Marshall is a good neighbor, a
for political, industrial, and social reform . genial companion, and a capital story -teller .
Bills for the regulation of railroads, child Many tales are told also of his modest gen
labor, and the safeguarding of workers in erosity to children and needy young men .
various lines of employment, received his As a speaker he is popular and effective, both
strong endorsement, as did also the income in a political campaign and before a Chau
tax amendment and that for the popular tauqua audience. Five educational institu
election of Senators. tions have conferred on him the degree of
Until his election as Governor of Indiana, LL. D . It is not astonishing, in view of his
Mr. Marshall had never held office , but had character as a man, his reputation as a law
kept steadily at his law work . He began yer, and his record as Governor and Vice
practising at Columbia City, Indiana, on his President, that Indiana loves Tom Marshall
twenty-first birthday. His fame and reputa - and is proud of her distinguished son .
51
 THE REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE
FOR VICE -PRESIDENT
IT was quite the proper thing for the Re- lected for important chairmanships. Na
I publican convention to choose Charles tional prominence came in 1896 , when as a
Warren Fairbanks for Vice -Presidential can - result of vigorous denunciation of the " free
didate on the ticket with Justice Hughes . silver" proposals, he was made temporary
His State of Indiana is the home of Vice- chairman of the convention that nominated
Presidents, and is, besides, by common con - William McKinley .
sent, carried in the doubtful column until In the following year ( 1897 ) the Indiana
Election Day, with the popularity of a legislature sentMr. Fairbanks to the United
native-son candidate likely to turn the scale States Senate, reëlecting him in 1903. The
and carry the State for new Senator became
his party. As for Mr. the recognized spokes
Fairbanks himself, not man , in his branch of
only is he eminently Congress, for President
qualified to preside McKinley in the criti
over the Senate , but, cal period of the war
as Indiana 's candidate with Spain .
for the Presidency In 1904 came the
itself, he is, in the opin nomination for the
ion of many, fully able Vice- Presidency, on the
to administer properly ticket with Theodore
the duties of that Roosevelt, and during
higher office to which the succeeding four
the Vice- President is so years Mr. Fairbanks
often called. fulfilled the duties of
Born in an Ohio log his office with credit
cabin , sixty - four years and distinction .
ago , Charles Warren When the split in
Fairbanks grew up as a the Republican party
farmer boy. His par came, four years ago ,
ents, however, were Mr. Fairbanks was
sufficiently prosperous chairman of the plat
to send him to college, form committee in the
and at the age of convention which re
twenty he graduated nominated President
from Ohio Wesleyan © Bretzman Taft ; and during the
University. CHARLES WARREN FAIRBANKS campaign he supported
He immediately took the Republican ticket.
up the study of law and was admitted to It is declared, however, that he did not an
the Ohio bar in 1874. That same year he tagonize the Progressives, and that in the
moved to Indianapolis , where he practised event of union he will be acceptable to them .
law without interruption for twenty- three Mr. Fairbanks is a man of polished and
years. Mr. Fairbanks, the lawyer, was emi dignified appearance, tall and slender, with
nently successful, and became one of the an ability to make and keep friends. He has
leading attorneys of Indiana. Fortune as unassailable records on currency, tariff, and
well as fame were the fruits of those years . labor matters, and is known as a student of
It is not unusual for successful lawyers international law . As yet, he has not been
to become interested in politics and there . prominent in the discussion of national, de
after to be sought as advisers. Thus Mr. fense, but his spokesman in the convention
Fairbanks attended first State and then na- declared that he stands for " preparedness
tional conventions, and was invariably se- against war and preparedness for peace.”
52
 THE NEW PRESIDENTOF CHINA
BY HOLLINGTON K . TONG
THE political atmosphere in China has His personality and early training will
I been clarified. The succession of Vice- enable the new President to work in har
President Li Yuan -hung to the Presidency mony with various leaders of the land. A
on June 7 , upon the death of Yuan Shih -kai, man of wide outlook , General Li is full of
has united the discordant elements and re- sympathy with the legitimate aspirations of
stored peace and order. Like his predecessor democracy. Born in 1864, he is a native of
in 1912, who loomed up large after the es- Hupeh , possessing the true characteristics of
tablishment of the Republic, following the his fellow provincials — great tenacity of pur
overthrow of the Manchu régime, President pose, unexampled bravery, and aptitude for
Li to -day stands out prominently in the military achievements. Having naturally
Orient as the man of the hour. chosen the military as his profession , coming
The new President of China is able to har- as he did from such a martial province , young
monize the conservatives and radicals
and command their support. This
opinion I do not hesitate to give after
having observed his official career and
personal conduct at close range for the
last three years ; often heard him dis
course on the improvement of house
hold affairs, the reform of govern
ment, and the development of pa
triotism ; read many of his instruc
tive telegrams to the late President
in Peking, while residing at Wu
chang, as Vice-President of the Re
public and Governor of Hupeh . In
those confidential telegrams, General
Li propounded great principles, en
forced moral issues, or gave timely
warnings.
In undertaking the difficult task of
uniting the conservatives and radicals,
the new President will have will
ing assistance from men of various
talents and abilities desirous of form
ing a strong government and placing
their country in the front rank along
with Western Powers. Already, Pre
mier Tuan Chi-jui, a recognized
leader of the military party, has as
sured him of his whole-hearted sup
port . Likewise , men like Tang
Shao -yi, Wu Ting- feng, and Tsai Ao
have wired to him congratulations
which mean the offer of their assist
ance. The coöperation of the new
President and the Premier, and the
promise of assistance from popular
leaders , have dispelled the dark cloud
of prolonged civil war which has
overshadowed the young Republic of © by Underwood & Underwood , New York.
China for the last fivemonths. LI YUAN -HUNG , THE NEW PRESIDENT OF CHINA
53
54 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Li Yuan-hung entered the famous Peiyang 1915, however, he was made Chairman of
Naval College, and, after a course of six the State Council, which was advisory in
years, graduated with honor. He was soon nature, and sometimes acted as parliament,
assigned to a cruiser as a non -commissioned in the absence of the two houses of the Legis
officer. lature. When the movement to make Yuan
During the Chino -Japanese war, he fought Shih -kai Emperor was started , last Decem
bravely by the side of Admiral Ting Shih - ber, President Li resigned his chairmanship ,
chang, the Nelson of China. After the war, evidently as an expression of his disapproval
he attracted the attention of Viceroy Chang of the movement. For his stanch support
Chih -tung, to whose Yamen at Nanking he to the Republic, the four seceding provinces
was subsequently transferred for the task of elected him their President, but the presi
training troops. When his protégé was ap - dential duties were actually transferred to
pointed Viceroy of Hunan and Hupeh , with him by a mandate issued by Yuan Shih -kai
his headquarters at 'Wuchang, General Li when he was breathing his last. This de
accompanied him thither to assist in the 'or- parting act of the late President clearly
ganization of the modern army. . shows that the Constitution and the law do
· Later he went to Japan to study fortifi- mean something in China.
cations at the suggestion of his chief, who ,
though a distinguished scholar of the Con YUAN 'S REMARKABLE CAREER
fucian school, was favorably disposed to - The new President is a great admirer of
wards new learnings. On his return , he was his late chief, Yuan Shih -kai, whose execu
appointed a major of cavalry , and was pro - tive ability and administrative experience he
moted to the rank of Colonel while serving unreservedly praised. Nothing , therefore,
in the 21st Brigade. He was Field Marshal could be more natural thần that, on his as
of the Changteh maneuvers in 1905, which sumption of the presidential duties, he should
he organized and conducted with great suc- have issued a mandate paying a great tribute
cess. For the following five years he served to his predecessor, and reviewing in brief his
on the Army General Staff at Wuchang , career as a veteran statesman of China.
where he was exceedingly popular with his Born in Honan in 1859; five years older than
fellow officers on account of his straight the new President, Yuan Shih -kai came from
forwardness and sincerity. an official family of high standing. - In 1882
he went to Korea with a Chinese detachment,
MILITARY LEADER OF THE REVOLUTION first as secretary and then as Chinese Im
The revolutionary outbreak in 1911 perial Resident, remaining there for twelve
brought him forward as the suprememilitaryyears.
commander of the revolutionary forces. In His later official career was equally bril.
that capacity he negotiated with Yuan Shih - liant. In two years Yuan Shih -kai, the late
kai, who had just been recalled to office and President of China, was promoted from the
power in the great emergency in which the post of judicial commissioner to the Gov .
Manchu government found itself. In a per- ernorship of Shantung. The winter of 1901
fectly friendly way these two great men con - found him securely seated on the chair of
ferred , but their negotiations came to noth - Viceroy of Chihli, vacated by Li Hung
ing. The war was resumed , resulting in chang. He took a prominent part in the
their being pitted against each other for a formation of China 's modern army, which
time. Neither defeated the other, and their won for him a good reputation abroad.
colleagues settled their destinies at the peace Among the other posts which he afterwards
conference. When the settlement came, held were president of the Board of Foreign
Yuan Shih -kai became President of the Re- Affairs, Grand Councillor and Senior
public, and Li Yuan -hung became Vice- Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In 1909
President and chief of the General Staff. he resigned , but on the revolutionary out
For ten months Yuan Shih -kai and Li, break, two years later , he was recalled to
Yuan -hung, as President and Vice-President power. The outbreak resulted in the estab
of China, respectively , carried on their state lishment of the Republic with Yuan Shih -kai
functions at two different places. After the as the President. In the course of his eulo
conditions in the middle and southern prov . gistic mandate as the new President, Li
inces had been settled, Vice -President Li, at Yuan-hung said that Yuan Shih -kai had ac
the invitation of Yuan Shih -kai, came to complished much in the maintenance of
Peking, where he was engaged in the less order, the encouragement of national indus
spectacular side of the administration . In tries, and the readjustment of relations be
 THE NEW PRESIDENT OF CHINA
tween Peking and the provinces, and that his
death was a great loss to China.
Some American friends of China, familiar
with Oriental politics, have expressed to me
their wish that the new government under
President Li, who has so heroically taken up
the difficult task left behind by the once great
Viceroy of Chihli, who saved thousands of
foreign lives during the Boxer rising by his
refusal to obey the imperial order, should
be free from molestation by Japan , the neigh
boring country. The Mikado's government,
however, seems to have already started a
campaign of discrediting the new administra
tion of China, in spite of Japan 's public
declaration to the contrary. Two recent
press cablegrams from Tokio, and via Lon
THE LATE YUAN SHI-KAI, THE FORMER PRESIDENT

don , reporting the sending of American

Photo by Kain News Service,
TUAN CHI-JUI, PREMIER AND MINISTER
OF WAR
tioops from Tientsin to Peking, and the
dispatch of two thousand Japanese troops to
Tientsin and Peking, have created in this
country an impression that the situation in
China was very bad . The wrong impression
would not have been made had it been , in
the interest of truth , briefly explained in the
messages that the dispatch of foreign troops
to Peking and Tientsin was merely the year
ly routine of changing legation guards. It
is hoped that the news service under the
control of the Japanese Government will not
further discredit the new Chinese Govern
ment.
All that the Chinese people ask of the
world is fair dealing and that they be al
lowed to work out their own salvation under
the direction of the new President, assisted
by the progressive leaders now rallying
around him . If China be let alone, Presi
dent Li can steer the ship of state out of the
danger zone, and the new government will
be able to inaugurate an era of prosperity
and industrial development in a short time.
56 . THE AMERICAN REI'IEW OF REVIEW 'S

American Press Association , New York

RUMANIAN INFANTRY ON THE MARCH
( These pictures of Rumanian soldiery derive timeliness from the fact that the Russian advance
into Bukowina was considered as having an influence on Rumania 's possible entrance into the war.)

© American Press Association , New York

RUMANIAN LANCERS
RUSSIA COMES BACK - A GREAT
SLAV VICTORY
BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
I. THE FIRST BLOW together with an enormous booty of supplies,
munitions, and artillery. As the Austrian
TOT since the Russians were defeated killed and wounded cannot be less than
W on the Dunajec has there been so great 125 ,000 , the blow has already cost the Haps
a victory won by either side as that which burg states 300,000 . Add to this figure
crowned Russian arms in the past month . 100 ,000 Austrians killed, wounded , and cap
Even now , after two weeks of fighting, it is tured — very few captured in the Italian
still impossible to set a limit to the Russian drive that began a month ago, and the total
triumph or decide whether or not the defeat Austrian loss for recent weeks is at least
of the Austrians will have consequences ap - 400 ,000 , nearly three-quarters certainly a
proaching those of the earlier Austrian de permanent loss. Here is a measure of the
feat at Lemberg or the later Russian disaster Russian blow and the Austrian disaster that
at Dunajec . is easily to be grasped, for we have at all
When this comment is written , June 20, times recognized that men , rather than posi
it is possible to see that the Russian advance tions or towns, were the real element in this
has gone far enough to imperil the whole war of attrition .
front of the Central Powers from the Baltic
at the Gulf of Riga to the Rumanian fron II. THE MORAL EFFECT
tier. It is possible to declare that Russia
has already advanced some forty miles at Before turning to examine the military de
some points and from twenty to thirty in tails of this absorbingly interesting Russian
many ; that her advance is now approaching offensive, I wish just for a moment to call
Kovel on the north , Brody in the center, and attention to the moral effect. Ever since
has overpassed Czernowitz at the south and February 21 — that is, for four months — the
at least temporarily broken the connection Germans have been pounding at Verdun. In
between the Bukovina army and the other this time they have advanced about six miles
Austrian forces. on a front of perhaps fifteen . They have
Could the Russian advance be pressed for nowhere pierced the French line, and there is
another week at the present rate, which is no longer any chance of piercing it. This
altogether unlikely, Kovel would fall, Lem - achievement now stands against the Russian
berg would be in danger, and the Russian success as the Teutonic total for the first half
front would approach the Carpathians south of the year 1916 , for the Austrian attack
of the Dniester. So far as one can judge by upon Italy, already abandoned , has made no
the outward evidences, such an advance considerable progress.
would compel the Germans to retire behind Now , just one year ago the Germans and
the Niemen and the Bug, resign their Cour their allies attacked the Russians with the
land and Volhynian conquests, and stand on purpose to put them out of the war. They
the eastern frontier of Russian Poland, thus won stupendous successes, but failed to elimi
giving up about half of the territory con - nate Russia as a military force; because Rus
quered in the great campaign of last summer. sian armies, despite terrific losses, escaped
Such a retreat would not involve the surren capture. At the close of the campaign the
der of any German territory ; it would leave German press and public men told the Ger
above 50 ,000 square miles of Russian lands man people that Russia had been so crushed
to the Kaiser ; but it would yield some 25,000 that her recovery would be a matter of years.
square miles of Austrian territory in Galicia Peace was to be had after a brief campaign
and Bukovina to the Czar. in the Balkans had opened the road to Egypt
In the past ten days nearly 175,000 Aus- and brought Britain to her knees.
trians have been captured by the Russians, The destruction of Serbia did not open the
57
58 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
road to Egypt, and the Russian attack from to turn the Germans out of France might be
the Caucasus in the winter put an end to all postponed for a year and the bloody repulse
hope of a Turkish attack upon Suez . Even might help toward peace .
the British disaster at Kut did not affect the But the British did not stir. They took
situation , for the fall of Erzerum and Trebi- over a portion of the French lines, the Arras
zond had already imperiled the whole Turk - sector, and stood fast. The attack upon
ish Empire and lost the larger half of Arme- Verdun led to nothing but casualties. Some
nia . The wreck of the Turkish armies had time in March the Germans were compelled
to be reorganized and these were compelled to draw down from the front of the British
to stand on the defensive on the frontiers a fraction of the troops that they had sent
of Anatolia and in Mesopotamia . there from the eastern front. We do not
With the close of winter came the Verdun know the number, we do not even know if
drive, with its promise of a prompt and com - the number was considerable ; but some di
plete victory which would dispose of France visions have been recognized before Verdun
and bring peace (note that every German which had been before the British when the
campaign since last summer's has significantly Verdun attack began .
been press-agented in Germany as the fore- The Germans continued their attack upon
runner of peace) . But, while Verdun re - Verdun because they seem to have been satis
mains untaken , Russia suddenly steps out fied that France was tired of the war and
and wins the greatest Allied victory since would weary of bearing so much of the bur
Lemberg and , save for Lemberg, the only den of the conflict herself. Meantime an
great offensive success on the Allied side. To attack upon Italy was also launched by the
theGerman people this means but one thing: Austrians, apparently with some eye to the
it means that Russia is not destroyed , and, political conditions in the Italian Kingdom ,
since she is not, more German armies will and in the hope of winning a victory suffi
have to be sent to save Austria . We are ciently large to bring Italy to a separate
then back at something like the position of peace.
September, 1914, so far as the eastern cam - To get the men for this Italian attack ,
paign is concerned. Austria had to borrow from the eastern
Suppose that Russia can again be beaten front. Patently she took a considerable num
by another tremendous German campaign : ber from the lines between the Pripet
will this eliminate a nation whose man -power marshes and Rumania , relying upon the
is almost inexhaustible, whose allies are able enormous strength of the fortifications that
and apparently prepared to supply money and had been constructed , and apparently too
munitions ? completely accepting the assertion made in
Germany that Russia was still helpless.
III. THE LARGER View This gave the Russians their chance and
they took it with a suddenness that surprised
Let us now glance for a moment at the the world. We have always known that
larger aspect of the Russian operation . We there was an irreducible minimum of safety
know that with the coming of winter and in the matter of the number of men required
the end of all chance of operations in the to hold a trench line. Lee before Richmond
East for many months, Germany drew a described his final disaster as due to the fact
large portion of her troops from the eastern that his line had been stretched so thin it
front; she drew both from her own lines broke. He meant that the extension of the
north of the Pripet marshes and from the Union line to the West had compelled the
Austrian lines to the south , where her troops Confederates to keep pace and they lacked
had been supplying stiffening for the Haps the numbers to do it. At last their whole
burg armies . line washeld by so few effectives that it was
These troops were not immediately sent in broken in several places at once.
at Verdun . On the contrary, they were con When Russia struck , she had before her
centrated in front of the British lines be- a number of Austrians too small to hold the
tween the Somme and the sea, with the obvi- line, which was nearly two hundred miles
out expectation that an attack upon Verdun long. This Austrian host has been estimated
would force the British into a premature at 600 ,000 ; the Russian force has been set
offensive, while the Russians were still un - as high as 2 ,000 ,000, a figure which seems
able to move because of weather conditions to me excessive. But what is essential to
Such an offensive the Germans could expect recognize is that for the first time we see
to repulse, and then the hope of the Allies the thing that the Allies have all along fore
 RUSSIA COMES BACK — A GREAT SLAV VICTORY 59
Www Plock Warsaw Brest % Wisotzk
Posen Kolo Kutno Litovsk Pripet
Marsh es
R. Lowicza
chegar meOstrowo talicaPRofiz
Glogau
Petrikau
Lodz Eu Mansorods
Řadom
vangorods
Lublin
stove Rovn A
el

GERMANY VIw LeRodomek Vladimir Lut o Ostr

SK ong
reslau Lublinity Kielce Sandomierzu Dubno
Chenstochow ' Zamosciuto
SE MTD Oppeln Beuther Bendzio Likuwa Brodychting
isto lec
Olkusz ittarnow Mie Jaroslaw Lemberg
Tarnopoly
Proskirov
OPP de Cracow G A Przemysl
L 84
Troppauge Kamminietz

RUMANIA
anok iniet
W

ME PUKLA PASS / Stryi, Dni

W

Mezo Lupkow Turka (Tuchla est 'NNPodolsk

o
Olmütza Stanislau
W

H CAA ARP Laborez er

ws

HomonnasPPKOK
A PAST2S8K PASS

Лbore
RIBESKID PASS
Brunn ST Chotin
polyva T NT SCze
Znaima Kremnitz Kaschaul Ungyári

AUSTRIAHỤ NG A RMármåros ss BUKOWINAN

FI
i
he

SI
T
Pressburg Los oncz & Sziget
VIENNA KOKomorn Danu BO Debreczin Bistritz
Odenburg Raab pest
Groszwardein Klausenburg
Gratul Stuhlweiszenburgo Scale
JU of Miles
GENERAL DRAFTING CO. INC.NYO 5 0 100 200 TRANSYLVANIA
SCENE OF THE GREAT RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE (SEE NEXT PAGE)
(The battle front last month extended from the
the Rumanian
Pripet Marshes, east of Brest-Litovsk, south to Czernowitz, on
frontier )

cast, namely, a lack of men on the Austro - bank of the Meuse have increased the total
German side adequate to hold the extent of operative front to perhaps fifteen .
lines that they now occupied. To take Ver- The Russians, on the contrary, seem to
dun and to break into Venetia the Austrians have attacked at many points along a front
and Germans had weakened their eastern of upwards of 150 miles. The total dis
lines beyond the safety point. The result tance from the Rumanian frontier to Pripet
was the first disaster to the Central Powers Marshes is less than 200. Outnumbering
since the Lemberg time, but a disaster that the Austrians by perhaps three to one, hav
came at an unhappy moment, for the Ger ing accumulated a vast store of ammunition
mans were telling the world the war was and of heavy artillery, they suddenly broke
won, their lines were irrefragible, and that into flame and assault at innumerable points
peace was only prevented by the obstinacy on this vast extent of trench line.
of the defeated . What followed was a reproduction on an
enormous scale of what occurred in Cham
IV . HOW IT BEGAN pagne last September. There the French
various efforts succeeded in breaking the German lines at
Up to the present time thepierce some points; at one point they got clear
of the contending armies to the trench through , but at other points the Germans
lines of the foe have been confined to narrow held on to their first or second line. As a
fronts. The Dunajec movement, which result the French advance was held up by
succeeded ,was made on a front of less than the Aank fire of the positions which held out
thrust. The until German reserves arrived .
is, the decisivewhich
twenty miles, that Champagne,
French attack in failed , On the eastern front the Russians were
was made on a front of less than twenty , similarly halted at various points . But the
the British blow at Loos was on a front of movement was on such a vast scale that at the
barely ten miles, the German attack upon places where they broke through they broke
Verdun was made upon a front equally re. through on a front of many miles. Such
stricted, although the attacks upon the west gaps could not be covered by the fire of the
60 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
portions of the line which remained intact; roads which connect Tarnopol with Lem
therefore there was a general retreat along berg. But at this point the advance seems
perhaps two-thirds of the whole Austrian to have been checked and the Austrians are
front, that is, on the whole northern and the holding on to positions along the west bank
whole southern flanks. Only the center held of the Strypa, which flows from north to
and is still holding west of Tarnopol. south parallel to the Sereth .
The great break in the Austrian lines was But this Austrian stand seems imperilled
made in the north between the Styr River by a successful crossing of the Strypa a few
at Kolki and the Austrian frontier due north miles to the south at Buczacz ; here the Rus
of Tarnopol. Here the Russians had before sians are advancing and claim to have
them two fortresses , belonging to the famous reached the Zlota Lipa River, which also
Volhynian triangle of Lutsk, Rowno and flows from north to south , parallels the
Dubno. Rowno the Russians had retained ; Strypa and is at least ten miles west of it.
Lutsk and Dubno fell, the first by assault, If the Russian claims prove accurate then
the second as a result of flanking operations the Austrian center will have to retire behind
in the first days of the general attack . the Zlota Lipa to escape envelopment.
With the fall of these fortresses the Rus- Finally, still further to the south the Rus
sians opened a wide breach in the Austrian sians have cut the railroad between Czerno
lines through which they poured their great witz and Stanislau at Sniatyn, have defeated
numbers. Their immediate objectives were the Austrian army defending Czernowitz
Kovel to the northwest, at the intersection and have just officially announced that they
of the railroads from Lublin and from Brest- have occupied this capital city of Bukovina.
Litovsk. These are vital to the Austro -Ger The Austrian army that is defending Buko
mans, since if they are lost, if Kovel is cap- vina is now without rail connection with the
tured and held , the whole German position other Austrian armies and is thus isolated .
from the Gulf of Riga to the Pripet Marshes
is outflanked and must be abandoned.
At the moment this review is written the
V . ON THE MAP
Russians, still unchecked, have advanced Perhaps the best way to illustrate the sit
nearly forty miles on the road to Kovel and uation is to have recourse to the map. When
have passed the Stachod River, less than the Russians began the Austrian line ran
thirty miles from Kovel. They seem to be approximately straight from Pripet Marshes
moving on a broad front and to have reached to Rumania . Now the line is shown first
Lokacz, twenty miles to the south and about by a huge curve, the convex side toward Aus
the same distance from the important town tria . The radius of the curve would be
of Vladmir Wolynski, at which point the some thirty miles. This curve represents the
Austrians, now heavily reinforced by the great Russian wedge, which is still progres
Germans, are reported to be preparing to sively eating into the Austrian lines toward
make a stand . Kovel and toward Lemberg.
Meantime there has been another gigantic From Tarnopol another narrower curve
Russian thrust southwest from Dubno along must be drawn, passing through Buczacz ,
the Lemberg railroad, which has reached the crossing the Dniester near Niewiska, pass
Austrian frontier just east of Brody, that is, ing west of Horodenka, and reaching the
sixty miles northeast of the great city of Pruth west of Czernowitz and then sweep
Lemberg. So far as it is possible to interpreting round to the Rumanian boundary.
the official statements by use of the map the I n other words, the Russians are advanc
Russians have succeeded in cutting clean ing in a wide circle both in the north and in
through the whole Austro-German front for the south ; in the north they have progressed
a space of some forty miles from north to not less than forty miles, in the south almost
south and have pushed northwest, west, and thirty . The Russian center has so far not
southwest for almost an equal distance. Still made much progress, but the advance of the
unchecked they are going forward along the flanks now threatens the Austrian center,
Rowno -Kovel and the Rowno-Lemberg rail. which must presently retreat to avoid en
roads. velopment, unless the tide is turned promptly
To the south , that is, in the center, the by a victorious counter-offensive in the north
advance has been far less successful. Start and from Kovel.
ing just west of Tarnopol, it has passed the Roughly speaking, the situation now al
Sereth Valley and reached the Strypa, some most exactly recalls the situation in the last
ten miles to the west, following two rail. days of August, 1914, when the great Rus
 RUSSIA COMES BACK - A GREAT SLAV VICTORY 61
sian advance on Lemberg began. Two Rus- Russians at the Zlota Lipa — or the Gnila
sian armies were then moving on Lemberg, Lipa a few miles to the westward — and hold
one commanded by Russky coming south - the line from the Dniester through Sokal,
west from Dubno, the other commanded by Vladmir Wolynski and Kovel to Pinsk .
the same Brusiloff, who now commands all In such a case the deadlock in the East will
the Russian armies in this district, moving be restored and Russia will have succeeded in
rilsent poseonanboth
reat bathreatened
on both sides of the Dniester.
ordeThus t stoothede,AAus-
d periflanks us winning a tremendous local victory, in re
conquering as much of her own and Aus
trian army fell back until it stood a few trian territory as the Germans hold in
miles east of Lemberg and perhaps fifty miles France, in taking a huge total of prisoners
from its present position . Here it fought and of guns and munitions, but she will have
a great battle, was routed, and fled in dis- failed to compel the Germans to make a
order westward to the San , losing 300,000 great retirement, which would have enor
in prisoners and an enormous booty ofmuni mous political effect in Germany and moral
tions and guns. This proved to be the great effect elsewhere. All one can say now is
est military disaster of the war and resulted that Russia has laid a foundation on which
in the advance of the Russians to the Car the greatest possible edifice of victory might
pathians and the Dunajec and the conquest be raised, but there is, as yet, no reason for
of all of Galicia save the Cracow district. forecasting such a victory.
Can the Russians repeat the success of the
early days of the war ? It is too early to say . VI. IN FRANCE AND ITALY
But it is plain that unless their two great
thrusts , that to the north from Lutsk and The effect of the Russian attack upon the
Dubno and that to the south along the Austrian offensive in the Tyrol has already
Dniester, are checked within a few days, the been reported. Practically this operation has
Austrians will be flung back upon Lemberg ceased and the Italians report certain Aus
and will either have to evacuate this city and trian retirements and several local successes
all of eastern Galicia or fight upon the field in retaking lost positions. It seems certain
which saw their former terrible defeat. that many thousand Austrian troops have
If the Russians can advance to Lemberg, been despatched from the Tyrol to Galicia
then the retirement of the Austro-German and it is reported that Austrian troops in
armies from the Carpathians to the Gulf of Albania are hurrying back .
Riga is inevitable, for in Galicia the Rus On the contrary there is, as yet, no pause
sians would be at least a hundred miles west in the Verdun attack . But, unless the Rus
of the present German front from Pinsk to sians are promptly checked , it is easy to fore
the outskirts of Riga. Recall that the Ger- see that Germany must either draw troops
man success at the Dunajec involved the from the army she has massed before Verdun
retreat of all the Russian armies in the Car or else still further weaken her forces along
pathians and in Poland , that this retirement, the British line. As the forces before Ver
after the first disaster, was made in orderly dun have never been large ; that is, have
fashion and was successful as a retreat, but probably never exceeded 300,000 at any one
that it was impossible for the Russians to time, although this number of Germans has
stand again , on their whole front, until they probably been killed, wounded, and captured
had reconcentrated their armies behind the since the battle began , it seems safe to con
Dwina and the Pripet Marshes, where they jecture that drafts will have to be made upon
were when the present movement began . the armies holding the line from Verdun
It would be foolish to attempt to forecast to the sea. .
at the moment when the Russian offensive But such a weakening of these armies
is entering into the second phase, which must could but have one consequence. Unques
determine its real value. The first phase tionably there would be a British attack , just
was comprehended in the breaking of the as there was a Russian attack , when the
whole Austro -German front in many places, troops along the eastern front had been
on a very wide front at two points, and an drawn upon to strengthen the armies in the
advance unequalled since the German tri- West. Quite in the same way any excessive
umphs of last summer. We can see that draft upon the Austrians facing the Italians
Russia may be able to turn the tables and would lead to a prompt offensive along the
take her revenge at the present time. But Isonzo. Again , the recall of Austro-German
it is equally possible that the Germans may troops from the Balkans would be the signal
send sufficient reinforcements to check the for attack upon the Bulgarians by the
62 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
large Austro-French -Serb army now before half of troops immediately available, most
Salonica. . . of them in France . She has guns and muni
Roughly, then , we begin to grasp the tions ; only her generalship remains prob
strategy of the Allies. They have prepared lematical.
for a great offensive, but they have also com
bined their operations in such fashion as to VII . TOWARD A DECISION
attack on the front where the enemy is
weakest and to attack only when the weak , With this number of the REVIEW OF RE
ness has becomeso apparent as to hold out the VIEWS there will close the second year of
promise of a success of the first magnitude. the world war. Unless all signs fail we are
The fundamental idea of the Allies is that now entering upon the decisive phase and I
the Austro-Germans are now holding a line believe that the successful Russian campaign
out of proportion to the men they have left in Galicia may easily prove to be the first
to defend it. They believe that the Germans circumstance in the fighting which will de
are resolved to hold this line, rather than to cide the outcome. It is a fact that all ob
shorten it by retiring, because such a retire- servers recognize that the Allies have made
ment would be a confession of weakness tremendous preparations for the summer
which would have a great effect upon neu- campaign. There are still those who insist
trals like Rumania and Greece and allies that the attack upon Germany will be post
like Bulgaria and Turkey, who have no in - poned until next spring ; Colonel Feyler, the
tention of staying with the loser. most celebrated of neutral commentators,
This theory may be right or wrong . We writes in his Geneva paper that he heard
shall see it worked out before winter and such talk on a recent visit to the French
there is no need of prophesying. But if the front, but he adds significantly that he does
Allies are right in their reasoning the Ger- not credit it.
mans are now in the position of Napoleon Since the Germans began their attack
in his last campaign in Germany in 1813, upon Verdun last February they have lost at
when he let the statesman overbear the sol- least 350,000 men there and elsewhere ; the
dier and held on to territory for political Austrians have lost 400 ,000 in the last
effect with troops, which , had they been con - month . Here are 750,000 troops either per
centrated might have won the war and saved manently or temporarily out of the fighting
his empire. line of the Central Powers. France in the
The mission of France in the last few same time may have lost 200,000, Britain
months may be compared to that of Masséna 100 ,000 , Italy 150,000, Russia 200 ,000 , but
in the Marengo campaign . He defended these losses are divided among four great
himself in Genoa until Napoleon had crossed powers instead of two. Henceforth Britain
the Alps, and the great victory had been pre- must and will take off an increasing share of
pared. Genoa fell as it is conceivable that France's casualty burden . Britain , Russia ,
Verdun may fall, but the victory ofMarengo and Italy are still far from having their last
regained Genoa and much beside. It will men in line; Russia will not come to such
not be for France but for Britain to bear a pass.
the burden of the offensive in the West and The element of attrition has been greatly
there have been many signs recently, not overemphasized by all who have written
ably the forecast of Bonar Law , that the about the war and I own frankly to my own
British are at last about ready to step for- error, but I am convinced that as to France,
ward when the appropriate moment comes. Germany, and Austria , particularly the last,
That moment will come if the Germans the casualty lists have become a serious ques
have to weaken their western lines to help tion and another six months of fighting at
their Austrian ally , as they had to weaken the rate of the early months would exhaust
their lines in 1914 after the Austrian dise their resources in reserves. Conceivably this
asters had brought the Hapsburg Empire is now the case with all three ; I believe it is
within two steps of ruin . But in 1914 Ger- true of Austria .
many could turn East with a light heart be- The fact that Russia, with inexhaustible
cause she had no considerable British army supplies of men, is able to take the offensive
to face her and France was at the limit of this year with armies that again demonstrate
her immediate strength as a consequence of their superiority over the Austrian is then
her heroic efforts at the Marne. Now France of great significance . It means that Russia
is in better shape than she was in November, can do what she promised to do, what all
1914, and Great Britain has a million and a German writers have feared she would do .
 RUSSIA COMET R + 1 - 7 - - -

OUM

Photography Press Dancing

(Austrias teie bose cett

It means that after all the range of peels

the Teuton must return to his originaliz e d
of the Slav. His soldiers are persting by he
the hundred thousand in the battle with the Boer
British and the French , but his greatest ide
for the future, the Slay, is on his fant in the
and the future lies dark ahead, ia crippled to
Germany must after this war, it is a
in a deadlock , turn East to face the ancient
foe, whose population grows by the aus
and whose land is almost without Timut
Germany attacked France last mi
she did in August, 1914, in the hope of
posing of her before the allies ofE T
were ready. France held at Vere
did at the Marne and now R
tially repeated her amazing
But two years have passed
000 Germans have been
tured, or removed
second attack up
there be a ser
the first 1
Britain

ITCHENER

Cyprus, added to the

British En for Beacons
eld 's inter onstantinople
om the R by the elder
there woulu und Du ther of the
lost the use of the Palestine, he
65
62 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
large Austro -French-Serb army now before half of troops immediately available, most
Salonica. of them in France. She has guns and muni
Roughly, then , we begin to grasp the tions; only her generalship remains prob
strategy of the Allies. They have prepared lematical.
for a great offensive, but they have also com
bined their operations in such fashion as to VII . TOWARD A DECISION
attack on the front where the enemy is
weakest and to attack only when the weak With this number of the REVIEW OF RE
ness has become so apparent as to hold out the VIEWS there will close the second year of
promise of a success of the first magnitude. the world war. Unless all signs fail we are
The fundamental idea of the Allies is that now entering upon the decisive phase and I
the Austro-Germans are now holding a line believe that the successful Russian campaign
out of proportion to the men they have left in Galicia may easily prove to be the first
to defend it. They believe that the Germans circumstance in the fighting which will de
are resolved to hold this line, rather than to cide the outcome. It is a fact that all ob
shorten it by retiring, because such a retire servers recognize that the Allies have made
ment would be a confession of weakness tremendous preparations for the summer
which would have a great effect upon neu campaign . There are still those who insist
trals like Rumania and Greece and allies that the attack upon Germany will be post
like Bulgaria and Turkey, who have no in -poned until next spring; Colonel Feyler, the
tention of staying with the loser. most celebrated of neutral commentators,
This theory may be right or wrong. We writes in his Geneva paper that he heard
shall see it worked out before winter and such talk on a recent visit to the French
there is no need of prophesying. But if the front, but he adds significantly that he does
Allies are right in their reasoning the Ger - not credit it.
mans are now in the position of Napoleon Since the Germans began their attack
in his last campaign in Germany in 1813, upon Verdun last February they have lost at
when he let the statesman overbear the sol- least 350,000 men there and elsewhere ; the
dier and held on to territory for political Austrians have lost 400 ,000 in the last
effect with troops, which , had they been con - month . Here are 750,000 troops either per
centrated might have won the war and saved manently or temporarily out of the fighting
his empire. line of the Central Powers. France in the
The mission of France in the last few same time may have lost 200,000, Britain
months may be compared to that of Masséna 100,000, Italy 150 ,000 , Russia 200,000, but
in the Marengo campaign . He defended these losses are divided among four great
himself in Genoa until Napoleon had crossed powers instead of two. Henceforth Britain
the Alps, and the great victory had been pre - must and will take off an increasing share of
pared. Genoa fell as it is conceivable that France's casualty burden. Britain , Russia ,
Verdun may fall, but the victory of Marengo and Italy are still far from having their last
regained Genoa and much beside. It will men in line ; Russia will not come to such
not be for France but for Britain to bear a pass.
the burden of the offensive in the West and The element of attrition has been greatly
there have been many signs recently , not overemphasized by all who have written
ably the forecast of Bonar Law , that the about the war and I own frankly to my own
British are at last about ready to step for error, but I am convinced that as to France ,
ward when the appropriate moment comes. Germany, and Austria , particularly the last,
That moment will come if the Germans the casualty lists have become a serious ques
have to weaken their western lines to help tion and another six months of fighting at
their Austrian ally, as they had to weaken the rate of the early months would exhaust
their lines in 1914 after the Austrian dis- their resources in reserves. Conceivably this
asters had brought the Hapsburg Empire is now the case with all three; I believe it is
within two steps of ruin . But in 1914 Ger- true of Austria .
many could turn East with a light heart be The fact that Russia, with inexhaustible
cause she had no considerable British army supplies of men, is able to take the offensive
to face her and France was at the limit of this year with armies that again demonstrate
her immediate strength as a consequence of their superiority over the Austrian is then
her heroic efforts at the Marne. Now France of great significance. It means that Russia
is in better shape than she was in November, can do what she promised to do , what all
1914, and Great Britain has a million and a German writers have feared she would do .
 RUSSIA COMES BACK - A GREAT SLAV VICTORY

Photograph by Press Illustrating Co.

AUSTRIAN -ITALIAN FRONT
(Austrian telephone central, installed in the rocks of the high mountains near Goritz )

It means that after all the range of perils, and seaborne commerce. Such defeat, lim
the Teuton must return to his original fear ited though it would be, would certainly
of the Slav . His soldiers are perishing by affect the Turk and the Bulgar and if the
the hundred thousand in the battle with the Bulgar should change sides, if the Allied
British and the French, but his greatest foe army at Salonica should reach the Danube,
for the future, the Slav, is on his flank again then the last possible profit to Germany in
and the future lies dark ahead, if a crippled the war, the expansion to the East, would be
Germany must after this war, even if it ends disposed of.
in a deadlock , turn East to face the ancient On the other hand , if Germany can throw
foe, whose population grows by the millions back the Slav and the Briton , if she can dis
and whose land is almost without limit. . pose of the British offensive and restore Aus
Germany attacked France last winter as trian fortunes in Galicia, there may be talk
she did in August, 1914, in the hope of dis- of peace, with the war unwon this autumn.
posing of her before the allies of the French Europe will hardly go through another sum
were ready. France held at Verdun as she mer of war unless one side or the other sees
did at the Marne and now Russia has par- the promise of the realization of the victory
tially repeated her amazing successes of 1914 . for which it has sacrificed so much . The
But two years have passed and at least 4 ,000,- Allies will not move hastily , nor in advance
000 Germans have been killed, wounded, cap - of the hour that they have fixed . They never
tured , or removed from the firing -line. The had the smallest intention of striking this
second attack upon France has failed . Must spring, despite the German assertions to the
there be a second attack upon Russia , since contrary, because they have prepared their
the first has plainly failed ? What will maximum blow . If it fails, they will hardly
Britain do if this attack is made and what be able to prepare another equally powerful
can Italy accomplish , if the Austrian armies and we may see this war end as did the last
are compelled to turn East ? wars of Louis XIV in a peace restoring
Every sign that one can see points toward status quo ante, instead of the Napoleonic
the coming of a decision in this war before débâcle.
snow Aies. So far it is a draw , but if the The fall of Czernowitz necessarily re
Germans were turned out of France, if the opens the question of Rumania . The Bu
Russians came back through Galicia, then charest Government means to come into the
there would be no draw , for Germany has war on the Allied side just in time to get
lost the use of the sea and all her colonies Bukowina and Transylvania . They almost
 N
64 THE AMERICA REVIEW OF REVIEWS
came in in the spring of 1915 before the the French still hold on just west of Vaux
great Russian disaster. Conceivably , if the as they have in front of Douaumont.
Austrian defeat continues to grow , they will In nearly four months the Germans have
come now . Certainly they will not unless gained less than a hundred square miles of
the sure profit exceeds the possible loss. Ru - French territory, a little more than the gain
mania is a weather- vane worth watching be of the French and British last September.
cause it may tell the wind — particularly They have taken about 40,000 prisoners,
worth watching just now . slightly more than the French and British
took in Champagne and Artois. The total
VIII. VERDUN French loss is certainly 150,000, it may be
200,000. The German loss has passed 300 ,
The naval battle in the North Sea, spec. 000. Compare this with 175, 000 prisoners
tacular as it was, and doubtless the greatest and 3000 square miles captured by the Rus
sea fight of modern times, left the two sea sians last week and there is apparent the
powers where they stood before it. It was a difference between a victory and a defeat.
victory for the British or the Germans as Finally the Germans have not advanced over
you choose to believe British or German six miles anywhere and the Russians have
statements. The latter, to be sure, were covered more than forty.
badly shaken by the German confession that There have been many explanations of
they had falsified their report at the outset. the German persistence . For myself I think
A decisive victory for the German press that there have been different reasons at dif
agent there was, because he got his report in ferent moments. First there was the hope
first and the British report was one more that the British would be drawn into a pre
testimonial to the utter failure of the British mature offensive, then the dream of taking
to understand the handling of anything that Verdun and winning a great moral victory ,
might give them prestige in neutral countries, then the belief that France would be ex
· Thanks to the fashion in which the British hausted by the strain or 'that her people
reported their fight, the great majority of would become dissatisfied. : But since none
Americans believe that the British fleet met of these things has happened why do the
with a great disaster and the Germans won Germans still continue to sacrifice men ? ,
a remarkable victory . Nothing that could • Conceivably the Germans already see the
be said now would change this, but, of possibility that they will have to shorten
course, the fact is that the battle was without their lines in the West. In this case the
importance in the decisive sense and that line of the Meuse from St. Mihiel to Namur
there is a fair chance that the British came is the natural defensive position , a position
off a shade the better , regard being had for of very great strength. But until the French
the comparative tonnage of the two navies . are driven back from the hills of the Meuse
Certainly the German boast that the British west of the river, the position could not
no longer control the sea is empty . . . be held with ease, since the French would
· At Verdun the Germans have made real hold an immense bridgehead from Verdun
progress, but only slight progress withal. to St. Mihiel.
When I was in Verdun in April the French This may be a wholly absurd conjecture,
still held the summits of Mort Homme and but it is the only one that answers the present
Hill 304, now they have been forced down situation . Verdun is an utterly worthless
the southern slopes of both and along the mass of ruins, the French lines behind it
river the Germans have passed Cumières. would be stronger than the present line and
All told on the west bank they may have the French people are now fully informed
advanced half a mile in ten weeks, but they as to the situation and would not be gravely
are still far away from the last and best line affected by the fall of the town. This was
of French defense on the Charny ridge. not true in February or March. The Rus
East of the Meuse the Germans have sians have already asserted that they will
taken Vaux, the fort to the east of Douau- relieve Verdun in Volhynia, but this remains
mont and about the same distance from Ver to be proven ; meanwhile the defense of Ver
dun. The capture came after long weeks dun approaches its fourth month and the
of desperate fighting. It marks the most attention of the world has turned from Lor
material gain the Germans have made since raine to Galicia and from German to Rus
the early days of March and it brings them sian operations. Bethmann -Hollweg's map
a step nearer to the final line of French de- of Europe has already undergone amendment
fenses on the east bank of the river. But and the end is not yet in sight.
 KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM
BY CHARLES JOHNSTON
I ITCHENER will be remembered for
four great constructive works of or
ganization , carried out in Egypt, South
Africa, India , and England. In each case
his work was creative and revolutionary in
conception , and carried out with the utmost
precision in every least detail. No man
touched the world-extended British Empire
at more points, or touched it with such de
Eisive, fateful effect. It may be said , in
deed , that the integrity of the Empire, in the
twentieth century, is the work of Kitchener,
Four dangers arose , in regions separated by
vast continental spaces; in each region ,
Kitchener met the danger, piercingly diag
nosed the cause, patiently and courageously
overcame it. Every honor within the power
of his countrymen to give him was offered to
Kitchener ; yet all honors fall short of his
immense attainment.
Born in Ireland, at Crotter House, near
Ballylongford, in Kerry, on the south shore
of the Shannon estuary, Horatio Herbert
Kitchener was the son of an English father ,
Lieutenant-Colonel H . Kitchener, of an old
Leicestershire family , and an English mother,
Frances Chevallier, whose father's home, As
pall Hall, Suffolk , later came into Lord
Kitchener' s possession , and is the source of
one of his minor titles. Kitchener was Earl
of Khartoum and Broome ( in Kent) , and
Viscount of the Vaal and Aspall. H . H .
Kitchener was in France in the summer of
1870 ; he immediately volunteered for ser
vice in the French army, and fought through
the Franco- Prussian war ; so that he was a
companion in arms of Joffre, Gallieni, and
Pau, the three most prominent soldiers of
France at the beginning of the world war.
Kitchener entered the Royal Military
Academy at Woolwich , the West Point of
Britain , where her engineer officers are
trained, and came out with a thorough © International Film Service
knowledge of engineering, and, as it hap
pened , with a practical knowledge of survey A RECENI PORTRAIT OF LORD KITCHENER
ing and photography also . These two last
acquirements made him eligible for the Pales , Cyprus, which had just been added to the
tine Survey, with which he worked from British Empire, as the payment for Beacons
1874 to 1878, at the time when Joffre was field's intervention to save Constantinople
working at the military defenses of Paris and from the Russian armies led by the elder
serving in French garrison towns. From Grand Duke Nicholas, the father of the
Palestine Kitchener went to the island of present Grand Duke. As in Palestine, he
July — 5
66 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
completed four years' survey work, gaining, tions. Then, in 1898, came the achievement
among other things, in these semi-Oriental which gave him world -wide fame.
regions, a thorough knowledge of colloquial The fanatical Prophet of Islam ,, the
Arabic ; for Kitchener , like Sir William Rob- Mahdi, had raised the standard of war
ertson , his chief aid at the War Office, was throughout the Sudan, where, in 1885, Gen
a remarkable linguist. It was said of him eral Charles Gordon , “ Chinese Gordon," as
that he could keep silent in ten languages. he was called, for his daring exploits against
· Beaconsfield's pro- Turkish policy drew the Tai-ping rebels, had died heroically in a
England closer to Turkey's great Viceroy- forlorn hope at Khartoum . The Sudan was
alty, Egypt; and, because of his knowledge given up to murder and rapine. Kitchener
of the colloquial tongue of the Egyptian peodrove a light railroad southward along the
ple, a modern dialect of Arabic , Kitchener Nile, carried an army swiftly to Omdurman,
naturally gravitated into the Egyptian ser- won a striking victory which gave the Sudan
vice, in which many Englishmen , like Sir to civilization and prosperity , and gained for
Samuel Baker, were doing fine constructive himself a peerage and many honors.
work . From 1882 to 1884, immediately This was on the eve of the South African
after leaving Cyprus, Kitchener was in com war. The failure of the first British leaders,
mand of Egyptian cavalry, and took part in the beleaguering of Ladysmith and Mafe
the Nile Expedition of 1884-5 , which king, led to greater efforts. Lord Roberts
brought him brevet rank of Lieutenant- was sent out to South Africa , and Kitchener

- -
Colonel, the Order of the Medjidie of the joined him as Chief of Staff, succeeding him
Second Class, and the Khedive's Star. Half- in 1900 as Commander -in -Chief. After the

-
way down the Red Sea, over against the war, a higher title and further honors came
sacred city ofMecca, is Suakim , the southern to Viscount Kitchener.
outpost of Egypt, and now the eastern termi His next exploit was the thorough reor
nus of a railroad connecting the Red Sea ganization of the Indian army. He held the
with the Nile . Suakim is one of the hottest position of Commander -in -Chief in India,
stations on earth and one of the most deso - from 1902 to 1909, and finally overcame the
late, comparable to central Arizona in the objections of Lord Curzon , the Viceroy, to
hot season . Here Kitchener served as Gove his reforms. The fine showing of Indian
ernor, from 1886 to 1888, with distinction ; regiments in the world war is largely due to
the following year, 1889, saw him fighting Kitchener's work.
on the frontier of the Sudan, the wild , vast I n 1910 Kitchener was in England , a
back -country to the south and west of member of the Committee of Imperial De
Egypt. Then , from 1889 to 1892 , he served fense . The following year he went to Egypt
as Adjutant-General of the Egyptian army, as " Agent and Consul-General," Lord Cro
nominally as an officer of the Sultan 's Vice- mer's old post, in which Kitchener was serv
roy, the Khedive; but in reality, consoli- ing when the war broke out at the beginning
dating the beneficent influence of England of August, 1914. Kitchener happened to be
over Egypt. The next year, 1893, saw him on short leave in London . There was a dis
at the head of the Khedive's army, with the cussion , it is said, between Asquith and Lord
title of Sirdar, " Commander -in -Chief." Haldane as to the work of the War Office.
From this time until the outbreak of the Lord Haldane is reported to have said “ The
Boer War, Kitchener played a leading part job is too big for you, or for me, or for both
in the organization of Egypt, where, since of us together ; Kitchener is the only man !"
1879, Sir Evelyn Baring, to be better known So “ K . of K .” was stopped on his way to
as Lord Cromer, was in control of Egypt's Dover, and made Secretary of State for
political and international relations. War. Kitchener proved himself not only a
South of the Egyptian frontier, on the great soldier, but a great statesman also .
upper Nile among the cataracts, Dongola His breadth of view , gained by so much
forms, with Berber and Khartoum , a triangle foreign travel, his knowledge of other
of great trading cities, such as cities are in tongues, enabled him to do splendid service,
Arabic Africa. In 1896 , Kitchener com - in the difficult adjustments between the En
manded the military expedition thither, com - tente Powers, especially in the International
ing out of the campaign with the rank of Conferences at Paris. Now his work is
Major-General ; he was also created a ended. But it is also completed. The army
Knight Companion of the Bath ( the C . B . of England is ready — such an army as the
he had won seven years before ), and re- Empire never saw before and may never see
ceived other British and Egyptian decora - again . That army is Kitchener'smonument,
 THE BATTALION OF CADETS AT THE SUMTER, S. C., HIGH SCHOOL

PUBLIC SCHOOL BOYS UNDER

MILITARY TRAINING
BY LEON M . GREEN
LAST November the REVIEW OF RE- Additional proofs of assertions then made
L VIEWS printed an article on “Military are now available . Boys are boys every
Training in the Public School,” which set where, and the experience of the Sumter
forth the results of fifteen years' experience schools may thus be taken as a fair indica
with the system in the schools of Sumter , tion of what would happen in other schools.
S. C . Since then the discussion of military Professor Edmunds himself has made the
training in the public school has become following statement with regard to the
nationwide. Prof. S. H . Edmunds, super. charge made against military training :
intendent of the Sumter Graded Schools, It has been definitely charged that military
has received hundreds of letters, from all training in the public high school leads to bru
sections of the country, making further in tality and militarism . This is no man of straw
quiry regarding the system of military train set up simply for the pleasure of complete dem
olition ; it is an actual reason urged by a prom
ing. Since November, too , many schools inent educator in a large city not far from Chi
have adopted the plan of training in vogue cago. The chairman of the board of education of
at Sumter, S. C . New York State has that city wrote me that of nine members of the
provided by legislation for military train board, five were in favor of military training
in the public high school and four opposed . The
ing in the schools, and other States are superintendent had given as his ex cathedra
falling in line. opinion that it would surely lead to brutality and
There has, however, also arisen decided militarism . This is a question that cannot be
argued in an academic way. There are those
opposition to military training in the pub
lic school. The creation of a spirit of mili who would maintain the affirmative with such con
vincing cogency as to create an element of doubt
tarism and brutality is urged against military in the mind of the seeker after truth , until he
training for boys. The original REVIEW OF should have become fortified by the more logical
reasoning of those who could point out the
REVIEWS article partially anticipated this fallacy
criticism , and showed that in the Sumter academicof discussion
such specious reasoning. Fortunately,
is not necessary. If, after
schools no bad spirit had been engendered . fifteen years of continuous trial, we can show
68 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
that military training in the public school does
not result in militarism or brutality , a very
great burden of proof will rest on our opponents
to demonstrate without question that our ex
perience is an exception to the general rule .
Professor Edmunds recently wrote to a
number of prominent men , asking their opin
ion of the result of military training in the
Sumter schools. These men are all in touch
with the schools of that South Carolina city
and know what has been accomplished there
in the last fifteen years or more.
The Governor of the State, Richard I.
Manning, replied as follows:
Nine of my own sons have attended the cators of the United States, replied to Pro
Sumter schools. I have had abundant oppor
tunity to observe other boys who have been under
the same influence. I wish to express the opinion
that the military training that the boys have
received has been a distinct benefit to them . The
objections raised that such training will lead
to militarism or brutality are absolutely with
out foundation in fact. Experience has
shown that under military training the boys have
shown marked improvement in their carriage
and manner ; that such training cultivates prompt
obedience, alertness, precision, neatness, while
at the same time it encourages manliness in de
portment and improves the general tone of the
student body. I have never seen the first symp
tom of development of brutality or undue mil
itarism . I have no hesitancy in advising the
high schools of this and other states to adopt
military training wherever practicable.
The State Superintendent of Education,
J. E . Swearingen, wrote:
Their military training has given them that
fine touch of politeness and consideration char.
acterizing the intercourse of gentlemen of the
highest type. The effects of this training on the
school, the boys, and the community have been
admirable.
ONE OF THE CADET COMPANIES OF THE SUMTER PUBLIC SCHOOLS, WITH
BOYS AGED FROM TWELVE TO NINETEEN
Dr. W . S. Currell, formerly of the Uni
versity of Virginia , and now president of
the University of South Carolina, expressed
this opinion :
The University of South Carolina has had
pupils from the Sumter high school for a num
ber of years, and they are amongst the best
trained and prepared students that we have ar
our institution . The young men from the high
school who have been students at the University
of South Carolina give no evidence whatever
of brutality, nor do they evince the spirit of
militarism falsely said to be characteristic of
graduates of military institutions.
Dr. H . N . Snyder, one of the leading edu
fessor Edmunds as follows:
It gives me great pleasure to say that we find
the students trained in the Sumter high school to
be well trained not only in scholarship but in
conduct and in character. They show none of
the quality which those who oppose military
training in schools fear.
The Mayor of Sumter, Mr. L . D . Jen
nings, also expressed a favorable opinion :
My observation leads me to the belief that mil
itary training in the Sumter schools has not cul.
tivated a spirit of militarism or brutality. On
the contrary, it seems to have had the effect of
keeping the boys in school until graduation , while
fitting them to be soldiers should the necessity
arise. I have not seen a single instance among
the many boys trained in military tactics in the
high school where such training had the slightest
tendency toward brutality or the inculcation of
a spirit of militarism .
The military value of the high-school boy
after such training as that given by the
Sumter schools is shown in a report fur
nished by three members of the National
Guard of South Carolina :
1. Since the beginning of mili
tary instruction at the Sumter
High School, practically all the
officers and the non -commis
sioned officers of the Sumter
Light Infantry have been men
whose fundamental military
training was received during the
formative period of life while
at the Sumter High School.
2. In comparing recruits com
ing to us from the Sumter High
School with those who have not
had previous military training,
our experience has been that
the former can be placed im
mediately anywhere in ranks,
while the latter have to be
trained for a considerable
length of time in awkward
squads before they can be used
at all anywhere,
Photograph by U , S . Bureau of Education
A SCHOOL FAIR , WILLIAMSBURG, VA.

THE COUNTRY SCHOOL 'S

RE -BIRTH
BY CARL HOLLIDAY
(Professor of English, University of Montana)
O Americans important center in the community. Con
truly realize sider for a few minutes some facts about the
the remarkable so - practical results of rural and small-town
cial and economic educational efforts in America.
changes now taking Apparently the back- to -the-soil move
place through the ment has had its day. There is in all proba
agency of the small- bility a large enough proportion of the
town and rural American people now engaged in producing
schools ? Professor food from the earth — if they only knew how
THE COUNTRY SCHOOL James once declared to do it efficiently . The next great economic
HOUSE IS A COMMON that most people are movement in America will probably be the
MEETING PLACE old fogies at twen - countrifying of industries. Unnoticed , this
ty-five, that they movement has really been going on for sev
have gained at this age hard -set notions and eral years. Large cotton factories have
a safe means of making a livelihood, and that sprung up near the cotton fields; paper mills
they henceforth travel in a comfortable rut. are steadily moving toward the forests ; to
There is undoubtedly a marked tendencybacco factories are less and less in the cities ,
among American rural teachers to avoid and more and more near the source of raw
such a condition ; they are realizing that the material. The tendency to move away from
teacher who never does more than he is crowded centers of population , with their
paid for never is paid for more than he congested apartment life , to the country and
does. They are realizing that the day is small towns where the laborer and his fam
gone when the schoolhouse was intended ily may have cheap breathing space— in other
simply for children ; they are seeing to it words, this countrifying of industries— is
that the building is fast becoming the most growing more and more evident. Uncon
69
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
a woman as a publicity
agent ? In Kansas, again ,
the women 's clubs are being
used as most effective instru
ments of publicity . In nu
merous sections such associa
tions have complied with the
request to give one entire
meeting to a discussion of
the theme: What can be
done to improve our local
schools? In both Ohio and
Kansas representatives from
Photograph by U . S . Bureau of Education
such clubs regularly meet at
FIRST " RURAL LIFE DAY " IN YUMA COUNTY . ARIZONA (SUNNYSIDE stated intervals with the
SCHOOL DISTRICT). MAY 1. 1914 County Superintendent and
principals to exchange sug
sciously, perhaps, the rural and town school gestions for such improvements. Of course,
has been preparing for some time for this such efforts have led to much talk about
change through the vitalizing of community. the schools, and wherever people are talk
life , through the infusion of genuine human ing about education — whether favorably
interest into the existence of country and or unfavorably — they thereby prove that
town. In short, the school teachers are they are at least thinking about the school
making rural life as varied and as interest house. Such an awakening of interest has
ing as city life. had as a result, in Kansas, that some school
officers are doing what has seldom been done
ADVERTISING SCHOOL ACTIVITIES in America - publishing a monthly statement
In the first place, the rural teacher has of the receipt and disbursement of school
learned what the merchant long since learned money. Of course, somemembers of school
— that in order to get people interested in boards have objected to the financial search
your institution you must let them know that light; but the public has a right to know
you have an institution . Frank publicity for where its money is going, and any objection
the schoolhouse is the new method in several to such publicity immediately arouses sus.
States. If crackers, soap, and tobacco are picion.
worth advertising certainly education is COMMUNITY ENTERTAINMENTS IN SCHOOL
worth it. Therefore, in Kansas, for in HOUSES
stance, a genuine campaign of publicity
plain advertising , if you will — for the schools Still another method now sprcading
is in progress. At Fredonia , Kansas, the throughout rural America of turning the
school people asked for publicity in the local public interest toward the schoolhouse is
papers — and got it, and the movement has that of inviting every reputable form of en
spread rapidly . Country papers in many tertainment to be held in this building. Long
sections agreed to give one whole issue to ago the great merchant-king learned that if
the local schools , and some promised to have he wanted people to buy he must get them
a regular weekly col into the habit of com
umn of school notes . ing into his store.
It is now being sug Thus Wanamaker
gested in this State as spends a small for
well as in Ohio that tune each year giving
a teacher be chosen as free concerts, while
county educational the Marshall Field
editor or reporter to establishment main
attend to compiling a tains children ' s play
weekly column of rooms that are genu
school news and to inely costly. Just so
receive some extra the rural school is
compensation for the A SCHOOL BUILDING IN JACKSON COUNTY, OREGON , making determined
work . USED AS A MEETING PLACE FOR THE ENTIRE efforts to have the lo
What can surpass COMMUNITY cal neighborhood look
 THE COUNTRY SCHOOL'S RE -BIRTH 71

Photograph by Russell Sage Foundation

SCHOOL GARDENS AT YONKERS N . Y .

to it as the source of all community enter- tion, what-not, see to it that the affair is
tainment. held in the local schoolhouse.
Ask the student of rural education about Recently at the dedication of a rural high
the effects of this, and he will state that school the principal took me to the “ game
first, it makes people familiar with the inside room ,” where I found college professors,
of the schoolhouse and fastens on them the railroad brakemen , and sawmill hands
habit of resorting to it ; second, it causes smoking and playing cards together. My
friendly talk , in other words, publicity, for eastern Puritanical inheritance was at first
the institution ; third, it elevates the char- somewhat shocked ; but a little thought con
acter of all performances, shows, and other vinced me that here was the beginning of
amusements in the community . For citizens the end for the low poolrooms and saloons
will not tolerate in a schoolhouse what they of the neighborhood .
would allow without protest in another place
of entertainment . THE COUNTRY THEATER
ENCOURAGING SANE AMUSEMENTS From North Dakota there has spread an
other new form of entertainment, the rural
The average American does not realize theater. Founded by a professor in the
how vast this movement has become. In State Agricultural College, the movement
fcrty-five leading cities of the United States proposes that the country folk as well as
there were assembled at evening entertain the city dwellers shall have their longing
ments in schoolhouses during one month of for dramatics satisfied . But the country plan
1914 not less than 800,000 people ! This excels that of the city ; for the rural theater ,
decidedly modern tendency is undoubtedly whether it be in school, barn , church , or
causing profound changes in American so - farmhouse , is a community activity in which
ciety ; for, besides the effects mentioned man, woman and child take part as actor,
above, this method of amusement induces the stage-hand, business manager, or prompter,
young to expend their surplus energy in sane, and the country production is therefore a
decent ways, makes local society more dem more vital expression than the city theater .
ocratic, encourages everybody to know every - The institution has spread to neighboring
body, and gives a death -blow to dens of vice. States, and the calls upon the State schools
One should not be surprised , therefore, to of South Dakota , Montana, and Iowa for
hear speakers at teachers' institutes in the acting editions of good plays are fast in
far West declare that if there is to be a creasing. Who can calculate the impetus
show , a dance, a social, a club meeting, a such a movement may give to the future
lodgemeeting, a political assembly , a conven- dramatic literature of America ?
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REI'IEWS
A COUNTY FAIR MAINTAINED BY CHILDREN do cakes, canned fruits, and other eatables.
Undoubtedly the country teacher has dis . And this leads to the next important move
covered that whenever he shows that he is ment now in progress in American rural
interested in his community, the community education — the school survey of local re
will become interested in him . All over sources. Here is an endeavor so intensely
America this exchange of interest is now practical that its success is assured . Some
exccurring. At Hadley, Massachusetts , for times it has taken the form of pointing out
instance, there has been instituted what is deficiencies, as in the “ Good Roads Day"
known as “ Trophy Day," an occasion when movement inaugurated by country schools of
the products of all the schools of the com North Carolina, where numerous rural
munity are brought together and prizes of schools have called meetings of neighboring
tered for the best corn , the best cake, the farmers to consider the state of the high
buat sewing , and the best other results of ways, road experts have delivered talks, and
the practical activities of children . What the results have been some of the best coun
all interest this affair arouses each year ! try pikes in America. And the benefits of
Then , too, the teacher's efforts are not this endeavor have not been confined to the
Ignored ; for prizes are offered to the in farmer ; they have been returned to the coun
ali uctor whose students show the best all. try teachers ; in Durham County, for ex
round results. This is really nothing less ample, the improved roads have caused a
than a junior county fair — an educational in 50 per cent. increase in school attendance.
alitution that is rapidly growing popular More often the school industrial and agri
throughout rural America, and may change cultural survey has taken a positive turn in
the child 's whole viewpoint of country life. showing the good elements of the section ,
and many a community has been astonished
DEVELOPING LOCAL RESOURCES at the local resources discovered by the chil
The old - fashioned county fair has almost dren . Common questions now heard through
I d to exist in most sections ; but this new cut the Western States are : Can you tell
lity, supported by the enthusiasm and pride what are the financial resources of your
at an ever- fresh army of youthful recruits, county ? Why don 't your schools make a
le seng more to call attention to local agri financial survey ? Naturally this practical
rumal and industrial possibilities than was form of inquiry causes the boy to " ask Dad,"
indeamed of in the days when the grown- which causes Dad to think and inquire,
e conducted the exhibition . Moreover, which causes the whole community to in
He junior fair, unlike its predecessor, never vestigate. In Ohio, Wisconsin , and Iowa,
Ima i deficit ; for the best ears of corn are various rural schools have inaugurated this
in demand as seed, the dresses and movement, have tabulated and published the
w mieum of sewing find a ready sale ; as results , and have even established a per
manent exhibit of county re
sources in the schoolhouse.
This scheme was founded ,
in many particulars, several
years ago in an English in
stitution , Berley House
IDA School, where not only were
G permanent exhibits of coal,
iron, tin , and other English
CAMP resources maintained , but
ROYS GIRLS also ores were buried in the
school campus amidst such
environments as would be
most likely to exist where
the minerals were commonly
found ; the students pros
pected for the deposits, sank
shafts, hired student labor
for mining, planned minia
Photograph by t'. 8 . Dept of Agriculture
ture railroads leading to
CLUB GIRLS AT THE IDAHO STATE FAIR BEING TAUGHT HOUSEHOLD carefully planned factories,
ECONOMICS studied marine routes and
 THE COUNTRY SCHOOL'S RE-BIRTH

* PLAYING HOUSE " ON A LARGER SCALE THAN USUAL. THE CHILDREN AT NEW PALTZ, N . Y., HAVE THE FARM
WITH ITS FENCES, AND PASTURE LOTS, AND ALSO A FINE HOMEMADE BARN AS
A COMPANION PIECE TO THE HOUSE

markets, and thus learned geology, industrial
and commercial geography, transportation,
banking, labor problems, manual training ,
and general commerce in a way that no book
could ever teach .
Here in America the plan has never been
followed out to this degree ; but numerous
small-town and rural schools have inaugu-
rated county investigations and established
the county -resource exhibit room . In Lick -
ing County, Ohio , and at Cascade and Kalis-
pell, Montana, for instance , the school fairs
with their exhibits and data charts have
been a revelation to the community .
INSTRUCTION FOR ADULTS
In connection with these local " shows" portant step — the establishment of school
there is often some exceedingly practical in -
struction given for the grown-ups. Right many a business man to see with what ac
here is probably the beginning. of the next
important movement in American education
- the effort to continue school instruction
throughout the entire life of the citizen .
Good examples of such practical teaching
were recently shown at the high school of
Sterling, Colorado, where, in a three-days'
course in cement work, thirty -five farmers
learned to make concrete floors, steps, and
posts, and at Kalispell, Montana, where ex -
periments in the making of nine kinds of
cement were conducted. This is a long step
from the old- fashioned school training of as well as the community.
the three R 's and birch rods; but it is sim
ply an indication of the coming influence of
the rural school as an economic and social
agency . And this influence is beginning to
be realized by men high in authority . For
instance, Superintendent Ray, of the little
town of Ashley, Ohio , made his student in
vestigations of local agriculture so famous
that the Pennsylvania Department of Edu
cation sent a man out to the little com
munity to see how such an unusual thing
was accomplished .
STUDYING COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Such efforts to make education vital to
community welfare have led to another im
chambers of commerce. It would surprise
curacy, confidence, and precision the boys
and girls in these assemblies discuss local
industrial possibilities, plan marketing, and
examine transportation and commercial prob
lems. If all town commercial clubs really
went at the work of building up their com
munity industries with similar scientific
knowledge and intelligent foresight, Ameri
ca would soon double its productive effi
ciency. And it should be noted , further,
that all such endeavors have a subtle bene
ficial effect upon both student and teacher
They make the
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
that its initiative movements
have revolutionized rural life
within its borders. Within
five years it has established
the following institutions,
customs and movements :
boys' corn -growing contests ;
a county teachers' associa
tion ; school fairs and en
tertainments netting several
thousard dollars for the pur
chase of pictures and statu
ary ; debating, declaiming,
athletic, spelling, arithmetic ,
sewing, and cooking contests
or meets all over the county ;
a monthly printed bulletin
published for the informa
tion of teachers, pupils, and
GIRLS' BASKET BALL TEAMS OF THE RURAL HIGH SCHOOL AT BIGGS. parents on all subjects per
BUTTE COUNTY , CALIFORNIA taining to local education ;
agricultural training out in
boy think that he is doing something definite, the fields for man , woman , and child ; the
fill him with praiseworthy zeal to serve his serving of warm lunches to all students ; a
community, make the community look to the rural school survey with resulting maps and
school for information, make life more charts ; school district agricultural fairs ;
varied and therefore far more endurable for farmers' clubs throughout the county (the
the rural teacher, broaden the pedagogue's first one bearing the euphonious name of
interest, and remove the common danger to The Skillet Creek Farmers' Club ) ; the
the American country teacher — that of rust founding of thirty -two clubs and societies in
ing out. the county so that everybody can have op
portunity to air his views; a county school
WHAT ONE WISCONSIN COUNTY IS DOING banquet every winter and a county school
Imagine what all the endeavors mentioned picnic every summer ; community singing
above might accomplish if carried out in one throughout the county.
community ! Have you heard of Sauk Coun- Indeed, life has become decidedly worth
ty, Wisconsin ? It is fast becoming the talk the living in Sauk County. Some morning
of educational circles. Its motto evidently the people will awake to read in the " school
is : “We do it ourselves,” with the result bulletin” that their County Superintendent,

Photograph by C . C . Thompson
ASSEMBLY HALL IN A SCHOOL AT TOUCHET, WASHINGTON , LARGE ENOUGH FOR PEOPLE FROM OTHER
DISTRICTS
 THE COUNTRY SCHOOL'S RE-BIRTH

TEACHING AGRICULTURE THE RIGHT WAY - BOYS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL AT ST. IGNATIUS, MONTANA, WEED
ING THE HOT BED

George W . Davis, has been lured away by a progressive county in the United States will
$ 5,000 job as head of some larger educa- be rejuvenating its rural life through the
tional effort ; but Sauk County has foreseen very same processes .
this and has lately appointed a deputy to
learn all the tricks in this business of making FIGHTING WASTE AND SLOTH
affairs hustle in the county. A charge commonly brought against our
We cannot examine in detail all these va - modern American youth is that he lacks econ
rious important undertakings of this one omy and thrift. Here again the American
county ; but note the results of just one — the rural school is quietly causing a social and
school survey of resources. First, the facts economic revolution . A movement started in
of local and home geography are noted. The Garrett County , Maryland, under the name
near-at-home facts of civics, history, agricul- of the Pupils' Economy League is spreading
ture and farm arithmetic are collected and throughout the country districts with sur
studied. School district maps are drawn prising rapidity, and undoubtedly will, in
showing the location of roads, streams, time, save many millions of dollars of avoid
schools, homes, halls, churches, creameries, able waste . Each member of the association
cheese -factories, grist-mills, timber areas, al-wears the league button — what child does
falfa fields, silos, pure-bred herds of cattle, not want a badge of some sort ? — and upon
orchards, untilled lands, rented farms, run - becoming a member promises to aid in every
ning water in farm kitchens, bathrooms, manner possible in obtaining greater returns
pianos, automobiles, lighting systems, paved for educational expenditures and in saving
roads, and farmers' clubs or other organiza- community money .
tions. The survey for the year 1913-1914 Heagrees to report and, if possible, to pre
showed 24 creameries, 29 cheese-factories, 40 vent the destruction of fences, the deface
Babcock milk -testers in schools, 530 silos, ment of buildings, the mutilation of inte
850 acres of alfalfa on 325 farms, 391 rented riors, the breaking of glass, the loss of
farms, 92 herds of pure-bred cattle , 40 + auto- furniture , books, and instruments, and to
mobiles owned by farmers, 32 rural social inform the proper officials concerning bad
organizations, 68 electric - lighted and 78 gas- places in roads, broken or leaking pipes,
lighted farm homes, 227 bathrooms, 270 damaged sidewalks, dangerous trees, and
kitchens supplied with running water, and the multitude of other things that are inimi
635 farm homes with pianos. Does any reg - cal to life and property. Moreover , on the
ular Chamber of Commerce in America last Friday of each month the league has a
know as much about its surrounding terri- dignified general meeting in which plans for
tory ? Naturally , several of these plans have community improvements are proposed and
been adopted by other sections ; as, for ex- discussed by the earnest youngsters. This
ample , in the schools of Kimball County, is indeed teaching good citizenship by the
Nebraska, and Boulder County, Colorado, only reliable process — that of being good
and it is only a matter of time until every citizens.
76 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Courtesy of Prof. Garland A . Bricker, Syracuse Un' versity

A MANUAL TRAINING CLASS, WITH THE WORK WHICH THEY ACCOMPLISHED DURING THE FIRST THREE
MONTHS. (SCHOOL DISTRICT NO . 6, WOODLAND, WISCONSIN ). ROSCOE HUTCHINS, TEACHER

DIAGRAMMING THE COW right end ; for a penny saved is a penny

made.
The old -fashioned primer said primly :
SCHOOL GARDENS
See the cow .
Is she not beautiful? Then , too , this school-garden movement in
The cow can run . the rural and small-town school — what sta
But the horse can run faster than the cow . tistician can really calculate how much it
has added to the wealth of this country ?
Little Johnnie would have expressed it At Canton, Illinois, for illustration , the
differently : teachers aroused the Parent- Teachers' As
sociation to the importance of having gar
Put your peepers on the cow . dens for the children . The Association put
Ain 't she a bute ?
She can git a hump on herself. it before the town commercial club ; the club
But she ain't in it with the horse. procured vacant lots and offered prizes ; the
town and country papers took it up as a good
But the cow is decidedly " in it " - especial- news item . Soon the whole neighborhood
ly at the present high price of beef. So over was talking about it. Two hundred and
in the country schools of Ohio " cow charts " eight gardens were grown, and three judges
are being used to show the student exactly from the Board of Education , the Parent
the nutritive value of each section of the ani- Teachers' Association , and the Commercial
mal, and what the proper price of a pound Club judged the plats according to crop, ar
from each section should be. The picture rangement, size, cultivation , location , and
displays the cow diagrammed as the butcher preparation . They should have added some
would divide her ; each portion is numbered, thing for perspiration ; for the total results
and the selling price is marked on each sec- showed real work . From that one season 's
tion . The children attempt to draw by efforts came produce valued at $ 1008.80 .
memory the diagrammed cow , and after five There were radishes worth $ 193.27 ; onions
or six lessons can outline that cow 's financial to the value of $ 176 .59, and lettuce amount
anatomy to perfection. No more can the ing to $ 183.14.
Ohio butcher impose upon the innocent Look for a moment at the physical, intel
young wife and sell her a piece of chuck lectual, and moral results of such a move
steak for a T -bone, or a slice of shoulder for ment. It gave direct financial aid to several
a sirloin. This is beginning thrift at the families genuinely in need of help ; it fur
 THE COUNTRY SCHOOL'S RE-BIRTH

TEACHING THE BOYS TO MAKE CONCRETE IN SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 8, TOWN OF GREENBURGH, WESTCHESTER
COUNTY , N . Y .

nished fresh vegetables for many a table that been large — $600 ,000 in Pittsburgh and
knew too often only pork and beans; it fur- $ 250,000 in Toledo — but in towns like
nished employment and entertainment for Helena and Great Falls, Montana, and
young people who otherwise might have Chester, Pennsylvania, the savings of chil.
found devilment for their idle hours; it dren also show astounding growth .
awakened real interest in the soil and in na
ture; it caused more interest in child life ; it OTHER ACTIVITIES OF COUNTRY SCHOOLS
created a better understanding between home Such are a few of themany vital activities
and school ; it gained the coöperation of par- of workers in our rural and town schools.
ents in educational efforts ; it trained the Space will not permit explanation of the
mind and eye toward an appreciation of the many other practical efforts to make life prof
orderly , the clean , and the beautiful; it itable and interesting for every country and
taught perseverance and thrift. town child ;— how , for example, in North
BANKING FOR SCHOOL -CHILDREN Carolina and Montana the teacher has set
the students to collecting the county legends
But by far the most important school and history, interviewing the oldtimers, and
movement to -day in the interest of thrift is thus storing up a heritage of worthy pride ;
the school savings bank. Do we Americans how in all rural communities of Florida a
truly realize the magnitude of this endeavor ? careful physical examination of every child
To-day there are over $ 1,300,000 in these by agents of the State Board of Health is
savings banks created by the school-teachers, now required ; how the rural-school warm
and more than 217,000 children are
depositors. Founded in 1873 by a
Belgian teacher, Professor Laurent,
of Ghent, the school banking system
was first inaugurated in America at
Long Island City by another Belgian ,
John H . Thirty, and to -day from
Maine to California the youngsters
are depositing their pennies and “ jit
neys." Generally the school keeps
the child 's money until the sum of $ 3
is reached , and then deposits in the
youngster's name in a bank paying at
least 3 per cent. The amounts de
posited in the cities since the begin A CLASS IN FAIRFIELD COUNTY . OHIO , STUDYING HORTICUL
ning of the system have, of course, TURE AND PRACTISING CLEFT-GRAFTING WITH WAX
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Photograph by Thomas C . Newman

CHILD'S WELFARE ASSOCIATION OF CHANUTE, KANSAS
lunch , with its well-balanced ration , has study of country conditions ; how at Lewis
spread its savory odors from the one-room town, in the same State , the schoolboys built
prairie school in Nebraska, where it was first four of the buildings in such a manner that
cooked, to every State in the Union ; how the structures are the pride of the commu
the white children on the Flathead Indian nity ; how — but what's the use ? We are
Reservation in Montana study arithmetic by only started ; as Kipling would say, " All that
feeding and weighing pigs ; how in some is another story."
counties of the same State a house and ten The old fogies may snarl and declare that
acres are being provided free for the rural the children had better be learning how to
principal so that he may be more contented cipher and spell ; the dilettante may complain
and permanent ; how in rural New York , that we are worshiping materialism ; the clas
Ohio , Montana, and Washington the chil sicist may wail that the inspiration ofGreek
dren are taught to sing, not by some cracked - and Latin is lost forever ; but the fact remains
voiced pedagogue, but by means of phono- that the present generation of rural children
graph records of the best voices in the world ; is reaching citizenship with more knowledge
how in East Chicago, Indiana, and Williams- and appreciation of its responsibilities and
burg, Virginia , the rural child is being pro- powers, and with more zeal for social wel
moted on the basis of his doing his best, and fare and brotherhood than we or our fa
not on the heartless grading system ; how the thers ever dreamed of. Surely the old -time
Rural Life Association in Montana has pedagogue was right when he declared :
gained such influence that it has induced the
Governor to start the custom of setting aside " And
Thingsperain't now what they uster was ben
And people don't do now what they uster did
one day known as Rural Life Day for the then ."

A RALLY AT THE SCOFIELD SCHOOL , ETNA TOWNSHIP, LICKING COUNTY , OHIO

 A NEW SCHOOL SYSTEM
MARYLAND
SINCE the first day of last month the
State of Maryland has been living and
working under a new school system - one
that is pronounced by those who have given
the matter careful study a distinct improve
ment over the former system . The numer
ous and important changes in the State
school laws came about as the result of a
State-wide survey of school conditions in
Maryland made by the General Education
Board. This survey was begun two years
ago , at the invitation of the State govern
ment, by which a large portion of the expense
was paid . The recommendations of the
Survey Commission, headed by Dr. Abraham
Flexner and Dr. Frank P . Bachman , were
set forth in an illustrated book of nearly two
hundred pages which was published and dis
tributed in January last. The bill making
effective the recommendations of the report
was introduced in the Legislature on Febru
ary 25, passed both branches on April 3, and
within a short time was signed by Governor
Harrington .
The new features added to the Maryland
State school law by this measure are sum
marized by State Superintendent Stephens as
follows :
1. Members of State and county school
boards are henceforth to be appointed
by the Governor, regardless of party
affiliation and without the advice and
consent of the Senate . This is a great
step in the direction of eliminating poli
tics from the membership of these
bodies .
2. Standard qualifications are established
for State and county superintendents ,
school supervisors, truant officers, and
teachers of special subjects. The ap
proval of such appointments by the
State Department is required and one
half of their salaries are to be paid out approval. Superintendent Stephens has
of the State funds.
3 . The minimum salary of the county
superintendent is fixed at $ 1800. . vital school legislation has been obtained for
4. Broad powers are given to the State and Maryland in a single year than would have
county superintendents in professional been likely to be passed in twenty years if
matters.
FOR
5. State certification of teachers is estab
lished.
6 . A minimum school year of seven months
for colored and nine months for white
schools is required .
Compulsory school attendance is re
quired of all children between the ages
of seven and thirteen years during the
entire school year.
Approval by the State Superintendent
of all plans for new school buildings
and for repairs in excess of $ 300 is pro
vided for.
Teachers will henceforth be appointed
by the county superintendent and con
firmed by the County Board of Edu
cation.
10 . A minimum county school tax rate of
34 cents must be levied, with the right
of the County Board of Education to
demand 40 cents.
11. Store
State school funds will be apportioned
as follows: Two - thirds on number of
children between the ages of six and
fourteen and one-third on the school
attendance.
A high -school supervisor, a rural
school supervisor, a white supervisor for
the colored schools, and an additional
clerk are added to the staff of the State
department of education .
13. A primary supervisor must be appointed
in each county having 100 teachers ; also
an attendance officer in each county and
a stenographer for each county super
intendent.
14. A biennial school censusmust be taken.
Governor Harrington , himself a teacher
and educator of thirteen years ' experience,
declared that the recommendations of the
Survey Commission met with his heartiest
added to his cordial endorsement of the new
law the statement that in his judgmentmore
there had been no aid from outside the State.
9 7
 BITLIS , TURKEY, LOOKING TO THE WEST
( The large building, a little to the right of the middle, of which three arch windows show , is the Protestant
church. "Back of it, and a little to the left, is the Boys' School, the Girls' School, and the Knapp residence )

ARMENIANS AND AMERICAN

INTERESTS UNDER RUSSIA
? BY REV. GEORGE F. HERRICK , D .D .
DOLITICS in the Near East has long for the past two years no American in
I been a witches ' cauldron of large dimen - Turkey has claimed any “ open vision . "
sions. American missionaries resident at Those who could remain at their post have
Constantinople have, by the necessities of done their work under sore limitations, and
their position, been obliged carefully to the work they have done has been, in large
watch the stew without stirring it. Their part, giving help to those overtaken by ter
constant service and sympathy have been rible suffering. There was never yet a night
given to the suffering peoples by whom they so dark or a darkness so prolonged that dawn
have been surrounded. They are there to and a full day did not follow . Americans
help the people, who are often in dire need resident in Turkey have lived and worked
of help . in expectation of such a day.
MISSIONARIES AND POLITICS TURKEY AT THE PARTING OF THE WAYS
Watch the racial and national impact and On August 1, 1914, Turkey stood at the
clashing they must. They must do this the parting of the ways. Shall she join the Al
more carefully and warily when the sky is lies, her two old and tried friends, England
darkest and the storm clouds are most threat and France, now linked with her ancient
ening. enemy Russia ? Shall she yield to the three
Their friends of the West have long been fold pressure of the Power that in recent
calling to them , " Watchmen , what of the years has been posing as her friend , Ger
night ? Are there any signs of dawn ?” many ? Shall she take the middle course and
Then suddenly, when other calamities seem keep strictly neutral in the war ?
to be overpast, when the war with Italy and It required scarcely more than " horse
the barbarous Balkan wars are ended comes sense" to see that the third course alone was
the tremendous shock and clash of this world the path of safety . So thought the Sultan .
war. Such was the judgment of Yusuf Izeddin ,
80
 ARMENIANS AND AMERICAN INTERESTS UNDER RUSSIA 81
ADRIANOP
CONSTANTLEINOPSE BLACK
SAMSOON SEA
SCUTARI
RODOSTOS NICOMEDIA MO

ha 'ADABAZAR
BARDEZAG
AMASIA ORDOU TREBIZOND
MARSOVAN

BROUSA TOCAT ENDERES ERZROOM

ANGORA : YOZGAT SIVAS. KEMAKHERZINGAN ALASHGERD
RA TEMRAN
a DIVRIG EGIN
SAK HISSAR KARA HISSAR CESAREA GORUN . ARABHA TCLUHMMO
RK OWTIPA
KIRP E US
BITHLIS L
MANISA
SMYRNA ALAS
NEVSHER MALATIA
HADJIN SERT
KONIA SiS ZEITOON X DIARBEKIR - REDVAN
BOURDOUR EREKLI . • KARS MARASH MARDIN
TARSUS ADANA OSMANIYEH O ORFADINAMIDYAT
M IDYAT
MERSINE O " MISSIS AINTAB BIREJIK
KILLIS
KESSARI ALEPPO
GAN

YMEDITERRANEAN SEA
A Stations . Harpoot Out-Stationsekessab
0 _ 50 _ 100 150 200 250 CCYPRUS Railroads, finished proposed -----
ENGLISH STATUTEMILES
MAP SHOWING THE AMERICAN MISSION STATIONS AND OUTSTATIONS IN ASIA MINOR
the heir-apparent, the ablest member of the that his personal influence in the army was
Imperial House, fallen at last the victim prejudicial to the safety of the Czar and his . .
of his bitter enemy Enver, the Minister of government !
War. With the Sultan and the heir-appar. It seems not to have penetrated the Turk
ent agreed the Grand Vizier, the Sheikh ul ish intelligence that when the Allies had dis
Islam , and at least two others of the cabinet. covered that the Turks — and Germans — had
But Enver and Talaat, with the compelling defended and guarded access to their front
influence of the Germans, made a majority , door, the Dardanelles, with such skill as to
and the tightening of the suicidal cord began. make forcing an entrance too costly , the
natural thing to do next would be to try the
THE TURKS JUBILANT back door. What if that “ exile" Nicholas
For a long time the cord seemed soft as were getting busy with an efficiency and
velvet. The Turks succeeded far beyond ampleness of preparation equal to German
their own hopes. The glories of their bril- efficiency, all through the autumn months, to
liant past were suffering eclipse before their do something later on !
marvelous victories over England and France
combined. They were to recover their ERZ ERUM
European possessions. They were to drive The Turks and Germans had, they
Russia out of the Caucasus and extend their thought, made Erzerum , their strongest
Eastern boundary to the Caspian . They Asiatic fortress, lying six thousand feet above
were to wrest Odessa, Sevastopol, and all sea level, quite impregnable to any attack by
the northwest coast of the Black Sea from Russia , and they were taking breath in win
defeated Russia , repossess Egypt and Tripoli, ter, ready for a spring campaign . Why did
gain over the Mohammedans of India and the Turks fail to guess that perhaps the
become, with Persia and Afghanistan, the Russian bear, legions of them , might choose
dominant Asiatic power. midwinter in a Greenland climate, under
All this was writ large in the Turkish masses of snow , to overleap all barriers and
papers of Constantinople last summer. So successfully defy all opposition to their pos
ended the year 1915 — but hold ! session of the city which was the great
THE “ FALL ” OF THE GRAND DUKE NICHOLAS stronghold and defense of Turkey on the
northeast ?
' The Turks chuckled over the " utter de- The Turks declared the place “ of no mili
feat” and collapse of Russia and the “ fall" tary value," after they had lost it.
of theGrand Duke Nicholas in the summer The Russians took no rest till they had
of 1915 , because the " defeat" was under his driven the defeated Turks southward be
leadership ; or was his “ exile " due to the fact yond Mush , Bitlis, and Van , and had taken
82 THE AMER REVI OF REVI
ICAN EW EWS
American institutions in all the Near East?
As to the Armenians, one thing is already
certain .
THE RULE OF THE TURKS OVER ARMENIANS
IS IMPOSSIBLE HEREAFTER
Whether this would be true if, instead of
" Armenians” we were to say “ Christians,"
remains to be seen. It may be decided in the
near future. But for the Armenians the
case is clear. It admits neither of discussion
nor experiment. The writer, in a public
utterance three years ago, declared that the
THE GIRLS' SCHOOL BUILDING OF THE AMERICAN stability of the Turkish Government would
BOARD MISSION AT ERZERUM depend on the readiness of those in power, in
fact as well as in words, hereafter to put
possession of those cities and their villages, their Christian fellow countrymen on full
and had also pushed northward to the Black equality with themselves. They have never
Sea coast and then westward toward Trebi- been ready to do this. How unready they
zond, a city which has held a proud place were has been demonstrated with horrible
in history for more than two thousand years, and ghastly distinctness during the past
next to Erzerum in its value to the Turks. year. Kindly as wemay still feel toward the
· Turkish people, the case against their gove
TREBIZOND AND AFTER ernment is closed . Judgment is pronounced .
Trebizond fell to Russia on April 15 , two Christians of every race refuse to submit to
months after Erzerum . When one considers independent Turkish rule.
the terrain on which the Russian armies have The Armenians, a race with an honorable
had to operate since the fall of Erzerum and record in history extending back more than
the distances they have marched in an ene- two thousand years, are still a live and virile
my's country , what they have accomplished people. The Turks undertook their exter.
in these four months is simply marvelous. mination . The undertaking was impossible
Trebizond is not so important a commercial of accomplishment. There are now living,
port as Samsoun and, as a harbor, Sinope is scattered in many lands, close on three mil
incomparably better than either of these lion Armenians. A large part of Armenia
places. It is, in fact, the one fine harbor on has already passed under Russian rule . Be
the south shore of the Black Sea. Since the fore the war the Armenian population of
fall of Trebizond the Black Sea is potentially South Russia was very large. Probably
Russian , and the advance of the Russian nearly two million Armenians are now Rus
armies along the south shore cannot long be sian subjects. The portions of Turkey al
effectually resisted. ready conquered by Russia have a large
The rapid movement of the Russian arm - Armenian population .
ies southward is still more immediately im . Among the hundreds of thousands - half
portant. When Mosul, Bagdad, and the a million probably in all - scattered in Persia,
whole eastern portion of the Berlin -Bagdad Egypt, America, and other countries , many
railway are in Russian hands, Turkey and of that people will return to their beloved
the Turks will be at the mercy of their fatherland when they feel sure that they
mighty ancient foe. Russia has ten times the will be safe and prosper under Christian
population of Turkey, and with the knowl- rule . They count on the growing liberality
edge close at hand of the treatment their of the Russian Government in recent years.
fellow Christians, the Armenians, have suf. Some of the largest and most intelligent
fered at the hands of the Turks now in and progressive portions of the Armenian
power , the mercy the Turks can hope for race have had their homes south of the
from Russia can best be stated in minus Taurus range of mountains. It is yet too
terms. They are trembling, and with reason , soon to tell what is to be the future of that
at what the near future will reveal. portion of the Turkish dominions, or how
the final settlement at the end of the war
What is to be the effect of these stupen - will leave the Armenians of that region .
dous changes upon the fortunes of the Ar Concerning the future of Constantinople
menian people and upon the stability of the prophet who will speak with authority
 ARMENIANS AND AMERICAN INTERESTS UNDER RUSSIA 83
has not yet received his commission . There by the British Ambassador, Sir Philip Cur
are now at least 125,000 Armenians and rie. It was then that the Russian Ambas
200,000 Greeks in that city . sador, Count Nelidoff, said to the Grand
Vizier, who complained of the American
RUSSIA AND AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS missionaries, “ Why don 't you send them out
Coming to the question which more im of the country ?" An edict for their expul
mediately concerns Americans, the first query sion was issued by the Sultan . Sir Philip Cur
which will arise in many minds will be, rie promptly informed the Grand Vizier that
"Will not Russian rule be prejudicial to such an act would incur the displeasure of
American interests, especially to missionary his government. The edict was suppressed
work in the provinces newly acquired by and its issue denied. The denial furnished
that government ?” . the reason for the writer to seek an inter
It is well known that till recent years view with the keeper of the archives of the
American missionaries deprecated any en British embassy , with the result that the fact
croachment of Russian power into Turkey. above stated concerning the edict of expul
A glance backward will help to understand sion was verified .
the position of the early missionaries, and a This was twenty years ago . Till that
consideration of events and changes which time Americans resident in Turkey felt lit
have taken place in recent years will fur- tle desire to see Turkish shiftiness replaced
nish us with grounds for our confidence by rigid Russian intolerance . Their hopes
that the position and work of Americans in for reforms in the interest of the Christian
those lands will be stronger than ever in the population of Asia Minor, based on Article
past. 61 of the Berlin treaty of 1878, had been
The writer's personal acquaintance with disappointed by the failure of Great Britain 's
conditions in Turkey began in 1859. Then, efforts, though such able men as Sir Charles
and for many years thereafter, it was not Wilson and Lieutenant ( the late Earl)
permitted American missionaries even to pass Kitchener were sent into the country.
through Russia on their way to Persia or to
Van . " My imperial master, the Czar of all GERMANY AND AMERICAN ENTERPRISE IN
the Russias, will not permit American mis TURKEY
sionaries to gain a foothold for influence in German influence soon gained the ascen
Turkey ," said the Russian Ambassador at dency. This became very evident to Ameri
Constantinople three-quarters of a century cans nearly ten years ago, in the case ofwhat
ago. was there called “ the Chester scheme" for
Years later , General Ignatieff, then Rus- building some two thousand kilometres of
sian Ambassador in Constantinople , was railway in Asia Minor. The plan was fore
asked to order the visé of the passport of an . doomed to failure, but not at all because of
American missionary who wished to pass Turkish opposition . The scheme, if carried
through Russia on his way to Persia . When out, would have been a great boon to Tur
he saw that the profession of the gentleman key . But German influence, and concessions
was left blank , he demanded that the blank they had already obtained , completely
be filled out. The American Minister re- blocked the American plans. Those plans,
plied : " The gentleman is an American citi- if carried out, would have been a serious
zen . He is to make no stop on Russian soil. check on German influence. Indeed, com
He cannot, therefore, exercise his profession, bined with English and French influence,
whatever it be, in Russia . I have ordered would have checkmated Germany, and the
his passport made out in this form . Kindly Turks would not have been on the side of
see that it is viséd." The Ambassador Germany in the present war.
winced at seeing the corner he was in and for PRESENT CONDITIONS
once yielded.
In 1895-1896 the Turks charged the Coming to the problem that now faces
American missionaries — falsely , as they after- Americans and their institutions in the Near
ward learned — with fostering Armenian se - East, under Russian rule , the first thing to be
dition , and in March, 1897 , they sent Rev . noticed is the very great change which has
George P. Knapp from Bitlis to Alexan - taken place in recent years in the condition
dretta under guard , and were prevented of those institutions. Property investment
from expelling him from the country by in buildings and their grounds was small in
the effective interposition of Mr. Riddle, the early years. There was no stamp of per
then American Charge d'Affaires, supported manence in the plants of schools and hospi
 84 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
tals. All that has changed . Even our em - that, while in the early years of American
bassy was lodged in rented buildings till less missionary work in Turkey . the Protestant
than ten years ago. Our consulate is still communities were aided pecuniarily in the
so lodged. The separate incorporated bodies erection of their churches and common
that represent American missionary, educa - school buildings, this property is now owned
tional, and philanthropic work in what we and controlled by the native communities .
have known as Turkey - not including Egypt No details are here given of the great
- are twenty -four, viz.: work of the Bible Society, of the publication
1. The American Board . and other work centered at the Bible House,
2. * Woman 's Board of Missions, Boston . or of the most important and extended work
3. * Woman 's Board of Missions of the In of the Presbyterian Board in Syria .
terior .
4 . * Woman's Board of Missions for the Pa The American money expended in the
cific. establishment and administration of these
5. Euphrates College. institutions during the eighty-five years of
6.
pital.
Central Turkey College, including Hos their existence has been nearly $40 ,000,000 .
7. * St. Paul's College, Tarsus. They represent to -day in actual ownership
8. * Anatolia College, Marsovan . of property a little over $ 8,000,000, and
9. * International College, Smyrna. their actual yearly running expenses, in ad
10. Thessalonica Agricultural and Industrial dition to receipts from native sources, were,
Institute.
11. American Bible Society. before the war, just about $ 1,000 ,000.
12. Bible House, Constantinople. Only six of these institutions have as yet
13. American Tract Society. come under Russian rule, but the six insti
14 . Presbyterian Board of Missions. tutions at Harpoot, Diarbekir, and Mardin
15. Presbyterian Woman's Board of Missions.
16 . American Friends' Mission . are likely also to come under Russian rule.
National Armenia Relief Association . The attitude of Russian officials toward
18 . Reformed Church in America. Americans in charge of those institutions is
19. Young Men's Christian Association . all that can be desired and furnishes a re
20. Young Women's Christian Association .
21. American Hospital, Konia . assuring promise for the future. In view of
22. Robert College . the close relation formed between Russia and
23. Constantinople College (for girls ). England and France, the relation of that
24. Syrian Protestant College . great empire to Americans in Turkey has
Besides the above, there are thirty -four totally changed . In any event, American
institutions, not separately incorporated, institutions in that land will, it is believed,
be safer under Russian than they would be
under the direction of the American Board : under
FOR GIRLS
German rule .
The College at Marash . The hour of disillusion for the Turks has
The Collegiate Institute at Smyrna. struck . It is the crucial hour for their
The Anatolia (Collegiate ) School at Marsovan .
government, perhaps the hour of doom . For
High schools at Gedik Pasha, Constantinople ,
the people it may be a new beginning, the
at Adabazar, at Brusa, at Talas, Caesarea, at significance of which they can as yet but very
Sivas, at Aintab, at Adana , at Hadjin , at Bitlis,
at Van , at Erzerum , and at Mardin. imperfectly estimate . Russia has some thirty
FOR YOUNG MEN million Moslem subjects, peaceful and pros
Theological schools at Marash , at Marsovan, perous like the Moslem subjects of Great
and at Mardin. Britain , France , and Holland. The Turks
Collegiate and Theological Institute at Samo are enduring intolerable suffering as the result
kov, in Bulgaria. of the entrance of their government into the
FOR BOYS
High school (to become a college) at Van . war. The return of peace will find them
High schools at Barderag, at Sivas, at Talas, stripped of all that makes life worth living.
Caesarea , at Erzerum , and two industrial schools In despair they will cling to any sincere
at Oorfa, and schools at Trebizond and Ordoo, offers of help . Such offers will be made by
the latter under native control. those they are now told to count their ene
HOSPITALS mies. But Americans only will be so situ
At Marsovan , at Talas, Caesarea, at Sivas, at that they can give them both the mate
Harpoot, at Van, at Adana, at Mardin , and at ated
rial and the spiritual aid of which they will
Diarbekir.
be conscious they are in dire need. It may
The reason no church or other ecclesias- be our privilege and our glory to take the
tical buildings are included in this list is lead in saving not only an ancient Christian
*Working with and under the general direction of race, but a vigorous Moslem race also from
the American Board . destruction .
 THE SIMMERING BALKANS
BY T . LOTHROP STODDARD
W HAT will happen upon the summer's peace . But the ship -owners and traders of
battlefields lies on the knees of the the ports and the sailors and fishers of the
gods, but since the action of the soldier is so islands all lie in the hollow of the Entente's
vitally dependent upon the decision of the hand. Ruin might overwhelm them in an
statesman , we may well essay the role of hour's bombardment, while the great Greek
augurs by casting a glance into the seething merchant marine of nearly three million tons
Balkan witches' cauldron and attempting to could be seized within a few days.
descry amid its swirling Aux some omens of The query naturally arises how the Greek
the hidden future. people would act in case of an Allied ulti
Three chief ingredients go to make up the matum to join the Western powers or be
hell-broth — Bulgaria , Rumania , and Greece . treated as an enemy. This is by no means an
To Greece let us first turn . academic question . The Allies' attitude to
wards Greece is rapidly becoming more men
THE PATHETIC SITUATION OF GREECE . acing. At the beginning of the war they
Poor Hellas to -day presents a melancholy counted upon Greek assistance almost as a
spectacle of economic distress, political con - matter of course, and Greek neutrality has
fusion , and partisan recrimination . For al- therefore roused the Allied nations to a pitch
most a year she has stood literally between of angry disappointment highly dangerous
the devil and the deep sea. All along her for this little people. Russia (never really
northern frontier has hung the Teuton -Bul- friendly to Greece ) , has long been urging
gar tide, a suspending wave ready to crash ruthless coercion . What has perhaps saved
down and blot out her fairest provinces Greece so far has been the strong traditional
should she venture to enter the lists against Philhellenic sentiment in France and Eng
the Central Powers. Yet off every Grecian land . But even there public opinion is
shore has coiled the great sea -serpent of the changing fast against Greece, and it is safe
maritime powers , spurning her neutrality, to say that the French and English govern
seizing her ports, ready to strangle her like ments could to-day do things which a year
Laocoon at the first whisper of resistance. ago would have roused intense public dis
And the peril from without is heightened approbation .
by dissension from within . While King There can be little doubt that the Allies
Constantine and his supporters, entrenched would welcome a revolution in Greece which
in office, continue to asseverate that peace would dethrone King Constantine and re
alone can save Greece from instant destruc place the present neutralist cabinet by a pro
tion and grimly pursue the path of neutrality visional government under Venizelos pledged
despite every menace of the Western powers, to open alliance with the Western powers.
a good half of the nation follows ex-Premier But such a revolution does not appear likely .
Venizelos in denouncing neutrality as the Besides the fact that fully half the Greek
source of all its woes and demands full com - people seems to be neutralist in sentiment,
pliance with the Allies ' imperious will. the army is evidently loyal to the King.
As nearly as can be judged the Greek Ever since the late Balkan Wars a new ele
people is about equally divided on this issue, ment has entered into Greek politics - mon
the lines of cleavage running in accordance archical feeling. Before 1912 the Greeks
with geographical position and economic in - displayed no special affection for their dyn
terest. Roughly speaking, we may say that asty , and in the troubles of 1909 the royal
the mainland is for neutrality, while the port family came near being driven from the
towns and islands are for an Entente alliance country . But Constantine's brilliant cam
and war. This is just about what we might paigns against the Turks and Bulgars awak
expect. The peasants, whether of exposed ened a genuine love among the masses of the
Macedonia or distant Peloponnesus, are people and made him the army's idol. Since
deadly sick of fighting and long above every- the Greek General Staff has consistently ad
thing else to till their neglected farms in vised the King not to enter the present war,
85
 86 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
it is clear that Constantine has done nothing determination to annex the Bulgar-peopled
to alienate the army, however much he may land of Macedonia. For Macedonia the
have angered Venizelos and that leader's Bulgars starved and pinched themselves al
political following . And, of course, so long most forty years, for Macedonia they fought
as the army remains loyal, revolution is al- the two Balkan Wars, for Macedonia they
most unthinkable. openly declared themselves willing to hazard
Short of some crass blunder on the part of their race- life. How the cup was dashed
the Central Powers, therefore, it seems prob from their lips at the Bucharest Congresses
able that Greece will maintain her pathetic of 1913 all the world knows, but few per
neutrality unless the Allies compel her to sons realize the half-insane fury which then
take sides. How Greece would act in face settled down in those morose, half-savage
of an Allied ultimatum it is impossible to hearts. Forced to sit idly by and watch the
say. Very likely the Greeks themselves have hated Serb root out Macedonian Bulgarism
no clear idea. Certainly , their position by one of the most ruthless persecutions
would be a dreadful one. Even a passive known to history, their strong-man's agony
state of war with the Allies would spell grew , and grew , and knew no rest. ..
absolute economic ruin , and since Greece Then , in the twinkling of an eye, all was
does not quite feed herself it would also changed. A few short autumn weeks saw
mean semi-starvation . Yet, even so , it is by Macedonia , the promised land, wholly in
no means certain that Hellas would bow her their grasp , saw the hated Serb prostrate in
neck to the yoke. The Greeks are an in the dust, saw Bulgarian armies pouring
tensely proud people with whom patriotism . through the Albanian hills and halting only
rises to the dignity of a religion. The long on the distant shores of the Adriatic Sea .
course of half-contemptuous bullying which Such triumphs this sober folk had not fash
the Allies have meted out to Greece has ioned in its wildest dreams.
roused in very many Greek hearts a sullen Of course the harvest is not yet secure.
hatred all the deeper for its very hopeless - The Entente Powers have solemnly sworn
ness. If called on to choose between death to avenge their Serbian ally's downfall, and
and what she deemed dishonor, Greece might to visit upon Bulgaria a punishment which
prefer to die. One thing is certain , the shall kill her hopes forever and virtually
Greek army has been getting steadily more erase her name from the roster of the
anti-Ally . This is probably the reason why nations. But the Bulgars, canny reckoners
the Allied Powers have recently compelled that they are, have pondered the matter
the Greek government to demobilize half its well, and hold the risk of national death
army. preferable to acquiescence in permanent ra
So stands Greece, encompassed about with cialmutilation .
darkness and menaced by dire perils ; one of This is the best answer to the rumors
the most pathetic victims of the war. We afloat in the Entente press that, if things
who wish her well may hope for the best, but should go badly for the Central Powers,
we cannot conceal from ourselves the stern Ferdinand of Bulgaria would quit the Teu
fact that her immediate future appears tonic camp and make his peace with the
gloomy in the extreme. Allies. For, brought to the acid test of
present-day realities, such talk appears the
BULGARIA'S ATTITUDE veriest foolishness. Peace with the Allies
To cross the Hellenic frontier into Bul- would mean for Bulgaria the relinquishment
garia is like passing from midnight into noon - of most of Macedonia to a restored and
day. Of course Bulgaria , like Greece, is powerful Serbia . It would also mean Bul
suffering sorely from economic pressure, and garian acquiescence in a Muscovite annexa
the recent conquest of Serbia was a bloodytion of Constantinople, with the consequent
affair which brought death and bereavement nipping of Bulgaria between these two ag
to numberless homes. Nevertheless, in their grandized and vengeful Slav Powers.
moral atmospheres the two nations are as Of course , so far as Czar Ferdinand is
far asunder as the poles. Whereas, Greece personally concerned, it is not at all impos
is plunged in hopelessness and fear, Bulgaria sible that if things looked black enough he
is thrilling with the intoxication of extremest might be willing to agree to even this state
victory. Bulgaria 's history is that of a of things rather than risk the loss of his
nation possessed by a fixed idea carried al. crown. He is an essentially Machiavellian
most to the pitch of monomania . That idea person with strong selfish ambitions, and it
was Bulgarian race-unity, embodied in the is quite likely that he values his Sofia throne
 THE SIMMERING BALKANS
above Macedonia. But, despite what is as did the primitive Magyars and Ottoman
commonly believed , Ferdinand does not have Turks, it is not strange that many Bulgarian
the last word in these matters. The final intellectuals are to -day emphasizing this blood
arbiter is the Bulgarian people, a race of relationship with their present allies to north
aggressively self -conscious, self-respecting and south in a common struggle against a
freemen who know what they want and pro - common foe.
pose to keep what they have gained . Bul As regards Bulgaria's present position in
garia's attitude respecting Macedonia is ex- the European War, therefore, we may confi
actly that of a she- bear standing over her dently align her solidly with the Central
newly rescued cubs. She will face death Powers, and so far as present indications
itself rather than abandon her Macedonian show , that alignment can be regarded as a
children , and should Czar Ferdinand so fixed quantity,
much as suggest that sacrifice he would for RUMANIA 'S NEUTRALITY
feit not only his throne but most probably his
life as well. Since nobody knows this better Turning now to the third primary Balkan
than Ferdinand, and since the Allies do not factor, Rumania , we find a condition of
show the least intention of recognizing the things totally different from that prevailing
Bulgar title to Macedonia , all fine-spun in either Bulgaria or Greece. Of course ,
theories anent Bulgaria 's defection to the Rumania , like Greece, is still maintaining
Entente camp in case of Teutonic reverses neutrality , and like Greece, again , is subject
must appear the veriest moonshine. to pressure from both the warring coalitions,
One rather curious link in the chain bind- but this pressure is so much less acute , and
ing the Bulgarians to the Central Powers is domestic conditions are so dissimilar that the
the simultaneous growth , in Bulgaria , Hun - situations of the two countries are not at all
gary, and Turkey alike, of the movement the same.
known as “ Pan - Turanism .” This sudden As regards external pressure, whereas
discovery by the Bulgarians of ethnic affini Greece is virtually a long, jagged peninsula
ties with their Magyar and Osmanli neigh- completely at the mercy of the Allies' sea
bors may surprise us until we remember that power, Rumania is a compact inland block ,
the original Bulgarians were a horde of Asi- . impervious to the Entente's naval strength .
atic nomads who , in the seventh century, In fact, the Central Powers can exert much
conquered the primitive Slav tribes south of greater pressure upon her than can the Allies,
the Danube and settled down as masters. for Russia is the only Entente Power which
Of course, in time the conquerors fused so touches Rumania , whereas the Central Pow
completely with their more numerous sub- ers , through their uninterrupted geographical
jects that they quite lost their language and unity , could throw their combined weight in
peculiar identity . Nevertheless, the strain Rumania 's direction if they so desired . At
was a potent one, for the old Bulgarians left the same time, Rumania 's strategic position
behind them much more than their name. is so important, and her army so large, that
They stamped upon the stock many distinct- neither side could afford to drive her want
ive traits which placed the new Bulgarians only into the opposite camp. Lastly, the
emphatically apart in the category of “ Slav” ultimate economic argument - starvation,
peoples, particularly as regards the really which might be so effectively employed
pure-blooded Slav Serbs to the west. This against Greece, cannot be used against Ru
is one of the great reasons which made the mania , since Rumania is not only self-feeding,
Bulgarians so restive under Russian tutelage but is a large exporter of cereals.
after the Russo - Turkish War of 1877 , and Accordingly, such pressure as has been put
so insistent upon their peculiar race- identity upon Rumania thus far has been not so much
ever since . bullying as blandishment. And both sides
The complete breach with both Serbia and have highly tempting arguments. Rumania ,
Russia after the second Balkan War of 1913 like the other Balkan States, is far from
has enormously emphasized this tendency. having achieved her racial unity . Political
Virtually excommunicated from the Slav Rumania contains only some eight million
world by both those nations, the Bulgars inhabitants , whereas the Rumanian race num
have answered with characteristic defiance bers nearly fourteen millions. The “ unre
by boldly renouncing the title of " Slav," and deemed" Rumanians are divided between
glorifying in their remote Asiatic ancestry. Austria -Hungary and Russia , and Rumania
When they remembered that these ancestors would dearly love to redeem all of them , but
belonged to the same “ Turanian ” race-stock, since Austria-Hungary and Russia are on
88 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
different sides in the present war, Rumania struggle. He loves France, esteems Ger
would have to ally herself with one of these many, hates Hungary , and abhors Russia.
powers in order to redeem the Rumanians To make confusion worse confounded , the
belonging to the other . The problem is, warring coalitions have not confined their
however, complicated by the disagreeable rival propagandas to intellectual and emo
fact that if Rumania should be so unlucky tional appeals, but have deluged Bucharest
as to pick the wrong side, the winner would with “ arguments ” of a more concrete kind,
probably overrun even the present Rumania to which Rumanian politicians are said to
and do away with it altogether. have unusually responsive palms. The result
Thus torn between her hopes and fears, of all this is the presence of a violent pro
Rumania has prudently kept clear of all “ en - Ally faction , under the leadership of Mr.
tangling alliances ” whatsoever, narrowly Take Jonescu, and an equally violent pro
watching for the moment when the outcome Teutonic faction headed by Messrs. Carp
of the war should become so certain that she and Marghiloman . Both these factions have
could venture to " rush to the victor's aid ” done their best to sweep Rumania into the
and thus earn an easy reward. This mood war on their particular side.
has been best exemplified in the attitude of But, between the extremists sits the solid
her present premier, John Bratiano. A figure of John Bratiano, and thus far his
shrewd, cryptic personality, he has bided his appeals for " watchful waiting" have pre
time with exemplary patience, and has abso - vailed. Besides reasons of military exigency
lutely refused to be “ drawn.” His policy and foreign policy, he possesses one argument
of “ watchful waiting” has, however, been purely domestic in character, yet decidedly
maintained only with great difficulty on ac- trenchant in kind . The Rumanian yokel is
count of the excessive turbulence of Ruma waking up and demanding a larger share of
nian domestic politics. the good things of this world . A few years
Rumanian home politics are not only an ago he put his demands in the shape of a
uncertain, but also a peculiar quantity. It dreadful peasant rising which brought Ru
used to be said that “ Paris was France ." mania within a hair 's-breadth of anarchy .
That is no longer so , but it is absolutely true The rising was put down, but the frightened
that, politically speaking, Bucharest is Ru- upper classes hastened to promise speedy so
mania. This gay capital, proudly hailing cial reform . The simultaneous outbreak of
itself as the Paris of the Near East, is an a whole series of Balkan crises made this
islet of over-refined Western civilization set reform for the moment impossible owing to
in an ocean of mediæval rusticity. The Ru- the exigencies of foreign policy, and the Ru
manian social edifice is in a decidedly un - manian peasant was sensible and patriotic
healthy condition . At the top is a luxurious enough to recognize the facts and await
aristocracy with vast landed estates ; below quieter times. But, though patient, he has
there is little or nothing save a vast mass of not forgotten , and he does not intend to see
backward, poverty -stricken peasants . There social reform indefinitely postponed through
is no middle class worth speaking of, unless a rash policy of foreign adventure.
we may dignify with that name a mushroom This is the silent force which more than
growth of politicians and professional men anything else nerves John Bratiano's arm in
sprung up during Rumania 's half -century of quieting the violence of extremist politicians
independent political existence. The result and in braving the shouting of the Bucharest
is that everybody who is or aspires to be any- mob. Of course, so great is the prestige of
body goes straight to Bucharest, which thus the capital that were either of the extremist
absorbs the whole birth and brains of the factions to seize control of the government
country . Thus the benighted countryside the country might docilely follow its lead .
leaves such abstruse questions as foreign poli. Nevertheless, Bratiano seemsto-day still firm
tics to Bucharest, and, conversely, Bucharest in the saddle, and so long as he retains his
has an almost incredible amount of politics. grip , and the issue of the war remains any
To traverse the thorny thicket of Bucha- thing like in doubt, Rumania will probably
rest politics would consume an entire article continue her neutral attitude.
in itself. Suffice it to say that it is as varied Thus the Balkans at the moment when the
as it is intense. Besides the irreconcilable European combatants are girding up their
patriotic aspirations previously described, the loins for the terrific grapple of the summer's
average Rumanian experiences a most com - campaign : outwardly calm , in reality seeth
plicated set of emotions every time he con - ing with the complex interplay of elemental
siders the different combatants in the present forces which a single blow may shatter.
LEADING ARTICLES OF THE
MONTH

AN ECONOMIC ENTENTE AMONG THE

ALLIES
AMONG both belligerent and neutral declared that it did not desire the economic ruin
U nations the political question which of the Central Empires. This idealistic affirma
tion was a deplorable error. It is obvious, in
looms largest on the horizon is that of the fact, that if Germany can reconquer, after a brief
tariff. Undoubtedly this will be one of the period , the place in the world which she held
prime issues between the Republican and before the war, she will support and fortify her
Democratic parties in the coming Presiden - economic expansion by her military power. Con
sequently this dangerous militarism , combated
tial election . We have already given some for so many reasons and with such admirable
account in these pages of the proposed defen energy by the proletariat, will soon revive
sive and offensive tariff league of the Central stronger than ever.
After a truce of a few years, caused by the
Powers after the war. The other side of the general
shield comes to view in a significant article with even exhaustion , the struggle will be renewed
greater violence, but we must not
appearing in the May number of La Revue merely admit this possibility, we must interdict
(Paris) . even the simple hypothesis of such a thing.
This is, of course , intended to rouse In the treaty of peace it will not suffice to
French manufacturers to their perils and exact the restitution of Alsace, Loraine, Trente,
Trieste, and the other regions unjustly annexed.
their needs, but it is of interest also to every It will not suffice to demand the evacuation of
American firm having dealings with foreign Belgium , of Serbia, of Montenegro, and of the
countries. other countries invaded and oppressed . It will
That Americans are becoming conscious not suffice to reëstablish the autonomy of Poland,
Bohemia, and the other nations which have been
of the pressing importance of our attitude reduced to a sort of slavery. It is needful to de
towards the tariff is, indeed , evidenced by mand imperiously economic advantages such as
two developments of the past month . One may guarantee the faithful execution of treaties,
is President Wilson 's message concerning an and prevent forever any new criminal attempt
" anti-dumping ” tariff law to protect our in on the part of our enemies.
dustries from disastrous competition on the After this introduction , the author. Mr.
resumption of the activities of peace in the B . Sancholle-Heuraux, proceeds to recom
mend an immediate preparation of the
depleted belligerent countries. The other is
ground for the formation of an economic
the bill introduced in Congress by Represen -
entente among the Allied Powers, saying
tative Bailey , of Pennsylvania , to establish a
Pan -American trade league, providing that that the Germans, who feel that they are al
after July , 1916 , we will admit free the ready vanquished in the field of arms, well
products of any country in " the two Ameri understand that it is only by economic strug
cas" which will admit our own products gle that they can hope to reconquer the
free. “ By passing this bill,” says the well- world .
known editor, Herbert Quick , “ Congress Their emissaries circulate among their allies,
may establish a great trade kingdom for the among the neutrals, and even among their ene
two Americas, which would be based on mies, preparing the bases of a future customs
friendship and amity . . ." league. Count Andrassy already proposes an
It is precisely such an economic entente immense Zollverein comprising the Central Em
pires, the countries they believe themselves to
that the writer in La Revue urges upon the have conquered, and the Balkans, which will
Allies in the article from which we abstract enter into victorious conflict against the nations
the following paragraphs : of the Entente. As Le Matin says: They
will exert all their industrial power to assure
At its last congress the French Socialist party themselves of commercial empire, industrial
89
 IC AN E W EWS
90 THE AMER REVI OF REV
I
empire, banking empire- in short Empire. The foregoing remarks are of general in
The Deutsche Rundschau declares not ofwith
res not
out reason that the economic organization withthe terest, both to Allied and neutral Powers.
Central Empires far surpasses in importance the The next section of this article is entitled
question of annexations from the point of view " Latin Organization," and deals specifically
of possible results. We may equally affirm that with the methods of forming a close reci
the economic results from a union of the Allies procity between France and Italy. The
and the countries which may join them , will far
surpass the moral, financial, and political benefits author quotes Italian writers as to the impor
of victory . tance of establishing mutually favorable re
We must needs then prepare ourselves now lations between the two countries — thus
and without loss of time. France and its Allies, opposing a Latin union to a Teutonic union .
at the end of this immense war, must no longer Such relations, it is believed , may be estab
be tributary to Germany. Innumerable have been lished in mining interests, in agricultural
the faults committed in the past. . . . The les-
son has been severe — may it be profitable ! To
fall back into the same errors would be unpar
interests, in manufacturing, and in labor
interests . It is advised also that a financial
donable, would be criminal, for it would mean union be formed to support the primary
after a brief interval, a ne:r war . . . even
more terrible. economic union , and especially to relieve
It is true that future commercial treaties are. Italy from pressure by Berlin bankers.
already being discussed, and a dangerous trend The third and fourth sections of this
seems to prevail, which may be thus defined : timely article are devoted to an arraignment
Protection among the Allies with the doctrine of
the most favored nation , and Draconian protec of French manufacturers and merchants for
tion against the Central Empires; in other words, their lax and unenterprising methods towards
intestine war among the Allies, a common fight extending their foreign trade, and the writer
against Germany. This formula . . . would be urges the adoption of both commercial
a fatal error, for, opposed to the Germanic Cus
toms League, it would end in indubitable and and governmental reforms in words which
disastrous economic defeat. Against the future may well be taken to heart by Ameri
German Zollverein one victorious path alone is can firms anxious to develop their foreign
open to the Allies, that of Free Trade. . . .
To obtain this result treaties of commerce are relations. Incidentally, he lauds the Ger
not sufficient. It is necessary to have a loyal man methods of procedure and advises emu
entente between the industrials, the merchants, lation of these.
and the agriculturists of the friendly countries. In speaking of the governmental reforms
Each nation must resolve to accomplish profound necessary, the writer scores French consuls
modifications in industry, commerce, and culture,
with the object of aiding each other and never rather severely and gives a contrasting pic
injuring each other. These changes and improve ture in favor of German efficiency, based on
ments must be studied in cnmon accord by a report made by a French officer who was
those interested ; they should discuss them , pro charged at the beginning of the war with
pose them to their governments, and impose their
determined will to these ends, basing it on con seizing the archives of a German consulate
vincing economic reasons and accomplished facts. in Morocco.

THE SHIPPING CRISIS IN EUROPE

IT is a well-worn statement that the mar- to themachinations of speculators, but this is
I kets of the whole world are open to largely a fallacy. It is really due to sey
the Entente Allies and to the neutral coun- eral causes . In the first place, the tonnage
tries of Europe, while the Teutonic powers of ships engaged in international trade has
are cut off from foreign commerce. This is been very sensibly reduced since the war be
a statement which should be made only with gan by ( 1 ) requisitions and ( 2 ) " accidents "
important qualifications. The cost of ocean at sea. Each of the great French steamship
transportation is increasing by leaps and lines has been obliged to turn over to the
bounds. The results of this increase , felt state a considerable part of its fleet; more
throughout Europe, are becoming almost as than half in some cases. It is estimated that
serious as those of a blockade. This startling about 40 per cent. of the total tonnage of
and unprecedented situation , especially as it the French merchant marine has been thus
affects France, is analyzed in an article by diverted to the use of the government. Ma
M . Auguste Pawlowski, contributed to La rine disasters from August, 1914, to the end
Nature ( Paris ). of 1915 involved a loss to French shipping
The rapid increase in freight charges has, of fifty- three vessels, aggregating 85,325 tons.
the author tells us, sometimes been attributed Lastly, French vessels amounting to 16 ,078
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 91

tons are blockaded in foreign ports, espe- are others. The expenses of navigation have
cially in the Levant. increased immensely. At the port of Mar
A similar situation exists in Great Britain seilles the price of coal was 28 francs a ton
and Italy . The British Government has in 1914 ; it is now 140 francs. The cost of
requisitioned 800 ships of 1000 tons and over, lubricating oils has doubled . Food for the
while forty -two British ships are held in crew costs half again as much as before the
hostile ports and seventy-eight in the Baltic war. Rates of marine insurance have risen
and Black seas. It has been estimated that of on account of new perils to navigation in the
50 ,000,000 tons of shipping available shape of submarines and mines. Repairs are
throughout the world in the middle of 1914, difficult to obtain . Above all, on account of
more than 15 ,000 ,000 have been withdrawn ; the scarcity of labor and the demands made
viz., 8,000,000 by government requisition in upon shipyards by the various governments,
France, Great Britain , and Italy ; 6 ,000,000 the price of ships has soared to an extraor
by the immobilization of German and Aus- dinary level. According to the British ship
trian shipping; and 1,000,000 by disasters ping journal Fair Play, a cargo steamer of
at sea. 7500 tons, which in 1910 could be bought
Thus, even if the demand for transporta for 36 ,500 pounds sterling, now commands
tion facilities had remained constant, freight about four times that amount.
charges would have been augmented ; but the Finally , in consequence of the scarcity of
fact is that imports have greatly increased . labor and of railway rolling stock, the work
In France imports were 50 per cent. greater of loading and discharging cargo is attend
in 1915 than in 1913. Unfortunately the ed by serious delays, entailing heavy demur
export trade has, meanwhile, fallen off. The rage charges and an extraordinary congestion
result is that shipping facilities can be fully of the ports. At Dieppe alone, during the
used only in one direction . In 1914 23 per first half of 1915, no less than 35 ,000 to
cent. of the vessels visiting French ports 40, 000 francs a day was paid for demurrage.
departed in ballast, while in 1915 the pro- It is believed that the total expense at French
portion had risen to 58 per cent. Hence ports under this head will amount to 725 ,
freight charges on imports tend to be based
on the expense of the double voyage, to All these circumstances have conspired to
and from the foreign port. The same sit - bring about a veritable crisis in freights.
uation exists in railway traffic ; trains run - From Australia , India, and America the
ning loaded to the interior and returning transportation charges to Europe have dou
empty to the seaports. bled and trebled. The charge for transport
Here we have three principal causes for ing a ton of coal from Wales to Marseilles is
the extraordinary rise in freights, but there ten times the rate prevailing before the war.

HOUSTON -s AN INLAND SEAPORT

HOUSTON , Texas, ituated Mfiftyer work of dredging it was carried on in a
exas,iiss situated
11 miles inland from the Gulf of Mex- piecemeal and half-hearted way for years.
ico, on an insignificant stream known as Finally inall,y iin n 1910, the citizens of Harris
Buffalo Bayou. Yet more than forty years County, in which Houston is situated, pro
ago a line of steamers and sailing vessels posed to the Rivers and Harbors Committee
was in operation between Houston and New in Congress to contribute half the funds
York City . The dredging of a channel 100 needed to finish the work, provided Con
feet wide and twelve feet deep through gress would appropriate the rest and take
the waters connecting Houston with the measures to ensure prompt completion . The
Gulf - viz ., Lower and Upper Galveston proposal was accepted, work was begun in
Bay, San Jacinto Bay and River, and Buf- 1912, and in the autumn of 1914 the Hous
falo Bayou — was begun in 1871. For sev . ton Ship Channel was announced as an ac
eral years after this waterway was opened complished fact.
many vessels plied between Houston and This was, however, only the first step in
the outside world , but with the increasing great undertakings which will ultimately , it
size and draft of ocean shipping this traffic is believed , make Houston the leading Gulf
gradually died out. In 1899 plans were . port. More recent work , and the plans for
made for a twenty -five- foot channel, but the the future, are reviewed in the Engineering
92 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Sunset
01.06.1 CONNECTION Ave
Draw Bridge

R
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TO BE BUILT TON SM
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INDUSTRY TRACK

NO.
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WAREHOUSE
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TO BE BUILT O
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LCOM PLETE UNIT NO .2 LOCEHALAENVNAELOF , PWRHOAPROV AGNRDAINDOCKS
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Water Tower
From the Engineering Ners.
GENERAL PLAN OF THE PORT OF HOUSTON, TEX., SHOWING COMPLETED AND PROJECTED DEVELOPMENTS
News, from which the illustration on this owns 237 acres of land fronting the basin
page is taken . and channel, and the purchase of additional
The ship channel has an average depth land is contemplated . On the side of the
of 2612 feet from Bolivar Roads, oppo- channel opposite the cotton sheds a great
site Galveston, to the turning basin at its grain elevator will be constructed, together
inland extremity, lying within the city limits with track sheds, driers, loading-conveyor
of Houston , but seven miles by water and galleries, and other facilities for transship
412 miles in a straight line below the busi- ping grain . All these improvements will be
ness center of the town. The port au- owned and operated by the city.
thorities hope ultimately to have a channel The belt-line railway and all the railway
250 feet wide with a minimum depth of yards and wharf connections will be operated as
thirty-five feet. Moreover, a plan is on a municipal enterprise. It is proposed to estab
lish zones of uniform charges for transportation
foot, under private auspices, to develop the
channel above the turning basin and nearer from all points within the city. The municipal
railway has connections with all the city railway
to the city at an estimated cost of systems, which , counting as distinct the separate
$ 10,000 ,000. divisions of the same railway, number seventeen.
Houston is already one of the largest concentra
Soon after the completion of the present tion and shipping points for cotton . The cotton
channel the city took up the development shipments already amount to approximately
of the municipal port. A bond issue of
$ 3,000,000 was voted and sold , and the con 3,000,000
In a
bales annually.
word , thanks to the enterprise and
struction of wharf and docking facilities public spirit of her citizens, Houston is about
was at once begun. To February 1, 1916 , to enter the ranks of great American sea
about $ 1, 100 ,000 of the $ 3,000,000 had ports. To quote an earlier article in the
been expended, and contracts for the ex-
penditure of about $ 1,000,000 more were Engineering News:
about to be let. The constructions finished andAs lakes
the waterway connects with other streams
and under way consist of wharves and cot about seventythere is available for improvements
-five miles of waterfront, with close
ton
inallysheds, whileto thea diameter
excavated turning ofbasin600, orig.
feet, rail connection ; and with its ultimate enlarge
ment as the business grows and the western
isThebeing widened to a diameter of 1100 feet.
amount of excavation required is very
country becomes more thickly settled and pro
ductive the possibilities for the future as a port
great, are unlimited. Of course Houston expects to
the basinowingaretofromthe fact
twentythattothethirty
banksfeetof reap a considerable share of the trade opening
country
developed
above the water level. The city already for this section of the
the Panama Canal. by the of
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH
AMERICA'S NEW INDUSTRIES of " crudes," i.e.,
years ago the annual output
THE European war has affected Amer- benzol,
I can industries in two ways. In the toluol, naphthaline, and phenol, was about
14,375 tons. To-day the estimated output is at
first place, we have been called upon to the rate of 135,000 tons a year. Some 33 com
supply the Old World to an unprecedented panies are now occupied with the manufacture of
extent with things that it is either using in coal-tar intermediates. The leading production
greater quantities or producing in smaller is aniline, of which the output for 1916 will ex
ceed 15,000 tons. Over 3,000 tons of the other
quantities, or both , than in normal times . intermediates are produced by the same com
In the second place, we have been forced to panies. Large additional amounts are made in
utilize our own resources and our ingenuity the works of companies directly engaged in man
in producing things at home that we for- ufacturing colors and making their own inter
uf
mediates. The number of companies manufac
merly wholly or largely imported from Eu turing finished dyes has increased from six in
rope. It is in the latter respect that our in 1914 to twenty- four in 1916, although it should
dustries have undergone the most remarkable be borne in mind that some of these are small
metamorphoses. Moreover, while some of companies devoted largely to experimental work.
the resultant changes may not outlast the Finished dyes are now being produced at the rate
of 15,000 tons annually .
war, many will undoubtedly be permanent.
Dr. Edward Ewing Pratt, Chief of the In which connection the Scientific Amer .
United States Bureau of Foreign and Do- ican makes the significant editorial comment
mestic Commerce, writes in the Scientific that “ a dye factory may be changed within
American concerning " some of the fields a week or ten days into a factory for the
into which American manufacturers have production of high explosives.” Hence the
been forced ” by the temporary conditions development of the dye industry fits in with
of the war, and which
ich they have found so “ preparedness."
congenial and profitable that they are not
likely to abandon them with the return of Moreover, the growth of the natural dyestuff
peace. industry as a result of the color shortage has
been very interesting . The Bureau of Census
These new industries have resulted either be reports a domestic output of such dyes of $ 1,
cause certain lines of goods formerly received 866,000 in 1914 , an increase of 32 per cent. as
from the Central Powers and Belgium have been compared to 1909. At the start of the war Amer
cut off altogether or because accustomed supplies ican extract works were fortunately in a position
from the Allied countries have been greatly re to expand rapidly and were handicapped only
duced by the lack of ships. In either case Amer by the difficulty in getting raw material from
icans are learning to manufacture goods that the West Indies and elsewhere as quickly as it
were formerly bought abroad , and this experi was wanted . The principal increase has been in
ence will undoubtedly, in the long run, be of logwood extract, quercitron, fustic, cutch, and
more real benefit to the country than the tempo archil. At the same time the production of osage
rary munitions business. orange extract on a commercial scale has been
Our principal purchases from Germany, in the established, and this material is now available
order of their value, have been hides and furs, for the tanning, textile, paper, and other indus
cotton manufactures, dyes and chemicals, ma tries. It is being used successfully in dyeing
chinery and other manufactures of iron and steel, paper. The study of osage-orange as a dyewood
potash , pottery, silk and silk manufactures, toys, was begun by the United States Forest Service
glacé leather and glacé leather gloves, rubber, about three and a half years ago, and was the
paper and paper manufactures, and salt. Of result of an investigation of the utilization of
these classes there are several of which Germany the mill waste of this Western wood . It is not
has had a practical monopoly — such as dyes and at all likely that natural dyestuffs will ever
certain chemicals, potash , and toys — and the again be discarded to the extent they had been
effect of cutting off some of these was immediate before the war started .
and serious. The principal problems we have
now before us are the more complete utilization The war cut off the supply of carbolic
of the coal tar obtained in the coking industry acid from Germany, but American in
and a method of manufacturing potash from one
or more of our potash -bearing materials. genuity soon renewed our stock of this in
dispensable coal-tar product, though the price
It is especially interesting to learn that is still high. In order that our coal-tar in
" the progress made by our dye-makers has dustry may be a well-balanced one there are
exceeded the expectations of all well-in - a great many other coal-tar derivatives, for
formed persons." merly obtained almost entirely from Ger
The recovery of coal- tar " crudes" from the many, to which ourmanufacturersmust turn
coke-oven by-products has now been so developed their attention , and they have already be
that the output is more than sufficient to cover gun to occupy these important fields.
the needs of a national color industry. Two Of American sources of potash we have
94 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
heard much recently , but the author tells us dressing and dyeing 10,000 sealskins, using a
that “ potash as a fertilizer is about as scarce method formerly employed only in England, and
is expanding its plant. This is one result of an
now as at any time since the war started .” agitation for an American fur industry that be
On the other hand , gan soon after the war started . The United
States is the largest producer of raw sealskins in
One other American industry has been greatly the world, and it is also the largest consumer of
stimulated by the blockade of German ports finished seal furs. This would seem to make it
the manufacture of dolls and toys. The rush to natural that it should sell its own sealskins and
get into the toy business when the war broke had dress and dye its own furs. It never has, how
some aspects almost as comic as the most comic ever. Wehave in the past sent our raw sealskins
of the funny toys and I suppose there are now to London , paid London for dressing and dyeing
some sadder and wiser citizens as the result. A them , and brought them back, paying duty double
number of good solid companies have made a and transportation charges. This added 52 per
fine start, however, and many of he older com cent, to the price of the raw skins. The Depart
panies are established on a scale they never ment of Commerce took the first stepsealskins to end this
dreamed of before. There is one novelty com when it held the first sale of raw ever
pany in New York occupying all of a five- story held in this country . It was a success, and has
building that was not in existence a year ago, led to the permanent establishment in America of
and there are dozens of other instances of firms a new industry. In the last year there have been
that have grown too large for their old quarters. several successful fur sales in this country, in
I have talked to a number of the successful St. Louis and in New York .
manufacturers, and their opinion seems to be that
the most promising field is the manufacture of
typical American toys. These are being brought Probably no feature of our recent development
to high degree of perfection and , even more has been more satisfying than the growth in the
important, into a high degree of public favor. shipbuilding industry. Certainly there has never
been a time when tonnage was more needed , and
American toys are even finding a mar American tonnage especially. During the first
three months of 1916 American shipyards for
ket in England, Australia, and South the first time in many years took a lead over
America. British yards. For the three months ended March
Dr. Pratt deals at length with a great sels 31, American yards launched 173 merchant ves
,464 gross tons while , according to
many other new and promising American Lloyd of's 96shipbuilding returns, British yards
industries of which we have space to men launched sixty -nine vessels of 80,561 gross tons ;
tion only two : and merchant ships now building or under con
tract in American yards are approximating the
A well-known St. Louis fur concern is already British output for the future.

THE LYONS BOOK FAIR AND THE

"WEEK OF FRENCH CULTURE”
URING the final week of April a Society of Men of Letters by M . Decour
" fair " or exposition of books was · celle, the Society of Dramatic Authors by
opened at Lyons under the auspices and M . Haraucourt, and the French Academy
upon the initiative of the Mayor of Lyons, by M . Maurice Barrès.
one of the most remarkable among the bril- M . Decourcelle discussed the French pub
liant men who are bending their energies lishing trade in comparison with that of
to the service of France in her hour of other countries, particularly Germany, and
need. Coincidentally there was held a treated his hearers, many of whom doubtless
"Week of French Culture," whose purpose were directly interested, to some searching
is self-explanatory, in view of the reams criticism .
that have been written about German Kul
tur. While the two events were independ thatFrench production for 1913 was 9000 volumes,
of Germany 36 ,000. . . . We may say that
ent, though synchronous, they naturally at our 9000 are worth as much as their 36,000. . . .
tracted the same classes, including "book - But in fact a notable part of their production
men," of all sorts, whether publishers, edi was destined for our use, and we had need of
tors, writers, or dealers. them . In two and one-half years, from 1912 until
the war, France imported from Germany nine
The “Week of French Culture," we learn teen million
from Le Correspondant, was inaugurated by quence of thethings in print. This was the conse
Treaty of Frankfort and of our
a meeting on April 23d in which the French own apathy. The treaty stipulated that all
printed matter, book, journal, brochure, periodi
Government was represented by M . Dali catalogue, almanac, should have free entry
mier, Under-Secretary of Beaux Arts , the cal,
into France. It is well known that two-thirds
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 95
of our fashion journals- apparently our own The error of Germany was her exalted opti
Paris specialty - are in the hands of German and mism , based on forces of quantity and not of
Austrian firms, some of which handle five or six, quality, confounding expansion with greatness.
rivals ostensibly, but actually lending each other What were the conditions that permitted her to
the most profitable support. develop this dream and bring it to the brink of
reality ? It was because the Latin genius, the
The speaker naturally found these amaz managinggenius of limitation and of order, was no longer
Europe. Since the accomplishment of
ing facts very irritating under the present the great moral revolution which has declared
circumstances . However, Germany is not that human nature is fundamentally good and
the only nation ahead of France in pub constantly freedom perfectible provided its instincts are
lishing matters. The speaker continued : allowed of development, a world of
liberty and of wealth has been delivered into the
hands of modern nations— but a confused world .
England has an enormous publishing trade, The Germanic genius has found itself at home
unparalleled scientific publications, and numer , but the Latin genius has found itself
ous popular publications, which are varied , at therein
somewhat out of place.
tractive, and constantly renewed . The United Germany appears to be the country of order.
States is developing daily her libraries, and Italy But it is the order of the policeman and of the
produces really remarkable publications at pres philosopher. Essential order is not found in Ger
ent, with their riches of literature and innate many . And if one seeks it . . . it is in France.
taste for beautiful presentation . . . . Certain She alone followed the Roman lessons and pre
important classic works do not exist among us served them amid whatever adventures and ap
except in editions de luxe. Students who need parent disorder.
to know them are obliged to consult them in the
libraries ; if they wish to study them at home, Finally the celebrated historian declared
only the German edition, both cheap and con-
venient to handle, is to be obtained . . . . In the that if it is not this ideal which is estab
official program of examinations there is more lished by peace when it arrives, i.e., an
than one book which is indicated to contestants ideal of proportion and of limitation , Eu
in the Leipzig editions. rope will advance towards a sort of gigantic
To M . Maurice Barrès there fell the suicide.
pious task of apostrophizing the young wri in As regards the Book Fair held in Lyons
this same week , its ideals were not only
ters who have fallen in the war, no less expository, but constructive. Thirty -one
than 300 of them , including some of much publishing houses of Paris were repre
talent, a circumstance that emphasizes all sented , besides others from Lyons and from
too poignantly the criminal wastefulness of Lausanne. One of the most interesting ex
humanity 's best assets which characterizes hibits was that of the Vaughan Press for
the present conflict. One of the speaker's printing Braille type for the blind. The
points is worth noting — it is to the effect admirable feature of these is that " anyone
that during the past two years very few can do the printing.” The type is set with
chef d 'auvres have been produced by civil ordinary characters, but each of these bears
ians, but hundreds by soldiers in their let on
ters and reflections characterized by the ut. ter itsin Braille
reverse side the equivalent of the let
points. The printing is done
most simplicity. "What displaysmore purity on damp paper and leaves the Braille char
of design ,” he asks, “ than the Lettres of acters in a relief which does not flatten out
Léo Latil or La Toussaint dans les Tran when the paper is dried. Since the presses
chées of Marcel Drouet ?" cost only $ 50 and an experienced person can
What was perhaps the most notable ad print a page in a quarter of an hour, this is
dress of the week, however, was made by obviously an inestimable boon to the blind,
Guglielmo Ferrero, the Italian historian who among whom are so many thousand victims
- -

is so well known in the United States, on of the war.

-

the subject of " The Latin Genius." In com The photographic and moving-picture sec
paring the contributions to human progress
of the Teutonic and the Latin races Mr. tions of the army exhibited some striking
photographs and films. But the most fruit
Ferrero said that Germany had deified pro ful achievement of the Book Fair was
ductive labor, and in a single moment was a small “ technical congress" to promote a
sterilizing it.
gathering called “ The Congress of the
She was conquering the world peacefully by Book ,” which it is purposed to hold at
money. What more did she want. The question Paris next July, and to serve as a nucleus
recalls the energetic words of Kipling. " In for a “ Committee of the Book ” whose office
twenty years Germany would have owned the it shall be to use books as instruments for
world - a rotten world, but hers.” She wanted
to do better. She wanted to conquer it still alive the spread of French culture. The objects
and within a few weeks. of this committee are thus formulated :
 N S
96 THE AMERICA REVIEW OF REVIEW
To 'propagate in foreign lands, principally by books chosen for readers of various ages, condi
means of books, French thought in its different tions, etc.) .
manifestations- literary, scientific, artistic - and C . To have competent persons investigate the
to make foreign masterpieces better known in features in which French publishing is lacking,
our own land, is our aim . especially from the foreigner's point of view , and
Practically, the committee proposes : to create, under the control of special commis
A . To create at Paris a bureau of information sions, collections of popular works in science,
where authors and publishers may keep them - literature, and art, to be published either in
selves informed of the interests of readers in French or in foreign languages, when there is
foreign countries. occasion ,
B . To improve French bibliographies so as D . Finally, if feasible, to found at Paris a
to better present to strangers the resources of the Museum of the Book , which shall assemble at
French publishing trade from the point of view once the most beautiful models of ancient
of their respective needs ( periodical catalogues technique and the latest novelties in modern
of French books on divers specialties, lists of technique.

RUNNING RECORDS ANALYZED

L OW long may an athletic mark be ex inSeconds
11 pected to stand on the record books ? Rate
yds
100
per
How far, on the other hand, can the break
ing of records continue ? For many years
these unanswerable questions have been
raised by students of sports.
In an endeavor to establish a basis for
careful consideration , a writer in the Scien
tific Monthly — Mr. George P. Meade, of
Cardenas, Cuba - has made an analytical 44dno
study of someathletic records. Improvement
in technique or method may affect such 226 yas Distance Run in Miles
records as the high jump and the pole vault, CURVE REPRESENTING THE RELATIONSHIP BE
while changes in apparatus may affect others TWEEN RATE OF SPEED AND DISTANCE COVERED
such as the hammer-throw ; therefore Mr. ( The smoothness of the curve is striking, indicating
Meade selects running races for his study. so definite a relationship between the various records
as to render improbable a marked change in any
In the standard events— 100 -yard, 220 record )
yard, and 440 -yard dashes, the half-mile,
mile, two-mile, and five-mile runs — there in a five-mile race the runner averages little
has been constant world -wide competition better than half the speed attained in a 220
for many years. The world 's best records vard ( one-eighth mile ) dash .
for these distances, together with a compari Amateur athletic records, Mr. Meade
son of speeds, are set forth in the following maintains, have every right to consideration
table : as scientific data. Races are timed by at least
Rate per three skilled timers; distances are accurately
Time 100 Yards surveyed
Distance ( Seconds) Holder (Seconds) and are remeasured in case a claim
100 yards 93/5 Kelly, 1906 9.60 for a record is to be made; strict rules are
220 yards 21.1 /5 Wefers, 1896 9 .59 observed to prevent mistake or fraud at the
440 yards 47 4 /5 Long, 1900 10 .86 start and finish , and unusual circumstances
880 yards 1 :52 1 /2 Meredith , 1912 12.79
One mile 4 :12 3 /5 Taber, 1915 14 .35 (such as favoring winds) are noted by
Two miles 9 :09 3 /5 Shrubb , 1904 15.60 judges or referee. Finally , the performance
Three miles 14 :17 3 / 5 Shrubb , 1903 16 .22 is investigated by a committee of the national
Four miles 19 :23 2 /5 Shrubb, 1904 16 .52 athletic board of the country in which the
Five miles 24:33 2 /5 Shrubb, 1904 16.73 race was run , and every circumstance which
A study of this table shows that for the might affect the validity of the record is dis
100-yard dash and the 220-yard dash the cussed before the record is sanctioned.
rate is practically identical. Here the fa- So many thousands of men have striven
tigue in running the longer distance is offset to break records in the standard events that
by the greater effect of the delay at the start they may be taken as closely approximating
on the rate of the shorter dash . Beginning the best which man can do, rather than as
with the 220 -yard dash , however, the rates representing the best which men have been
increase for each succeeding distance until able to do so far.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 97
THE REAL BASIS OF GERMAN
PROWESS
CPECIAL interest attaches to an article
by Field Marshal von der Goltz, ap
pearing in a late issue of the Deutsche Revue,
owing to his recent death . An eminent
strategist and commander , he was likewise
t Ausmilitary
a prolific
in he wa TurHaving
tr writer.
ar, he he k fought
p ish , the res
in the Austrian campaign and the Franco
Prussian War, he was sent to Turkey in
1883 to reorganize the Turkish army, re
maining there thirteen years. In the pres
ent war he was appointed Military Gov
ernor of Belgium , then ordered to Turkey,
where he occupied most important posts.
The strong Turkish defense of the Gallipoli
peninsula was due to his efforts. About a
year ago he assumed command of the First
Turkish Army.
Coming from so high a source, von der
Goltz's views regarding the martial spirit
of Germany and the desirability of main
taining that spirit are particularly notewor
thy. He says in part:
Frederick the Great withstood all Europe and
remained master of Silesia. Germany to -day is
wrestling with almost the entire world . Her
battle-front extends from the North Sea to Mace
donia - her officers are stationed in Bagdad as
well as in Flanders. We all know what it
signifies that we have not only held our own
against vastly superior forces, but have suc
ceeded in occupying extensive regions of the
enemy's territory ; while our allies will bear
witness to the essential service rendered by the THE LATE FIELD MARSHAL VON DER GOLTZ
German troops in the victories in the Carpa
thians in Serbia, and the Dardanelles. Even the time of the war of liberation . All that does
Italy's treachery and the well-nigh inimical com not suffice, however, to explain the stupendous
mercial policy of the United States have been phenomenon of the present development of
powerless to affect this superiority in any way. strength . Without detracting from the work of
What are the fundamental elements of such Scharnhorst and Boyen, we must look upon it
a gigantic power of resistance ? One cannot as but part of a more comprehensive whole.
point to a preponderance of numbers for we The real foundations of German military
are outnumbered by our enemies. Besides, it strength are composed of more than one corner
would only be shifting the question . For what stone.
makes it possible for us to muster and inaintain the writer points out that all the o
armies mounting into millions? The writer points out that all the great
Is it the splendid organization ? - then we must events in history are traceable to great per
events in
ask again who were our teachers. Technical sonalities. Ideas and powers generated in
skill and the industries have helped us. But who a great mind are the driving forces in the
enlisted all their forces without any difficulty development of mankind. Who can doubt.
in the service of the State ? What weird magic
power enabled our nation to raise so many he asks, that the personal moment in the
billions — a phenomenon unexampled in his gradual development of German prowess is
tory ? . . . to be traced to the Princes of the Hohen
Our old Kaiser William , referring to the sig
nal victories of his armies, once observed : zollern dynasty. He dilates upon the vari
" And we owe all this to old Boyen ." ous rulers of that House in turn to demon
And, indeed, Boyen collaborated with Schorn - strate his contention , winding up with the
stein , the creator of universal military service, assertion that all the world knows that Wil
perfected his army reforms, and laid the founda
tions of our present martial power. The Ger liam II must be credited with enabling his
man military strength of 1914 - 15 is based upon people to face their enemies well-equipped ,
the Prussian defensive organization created at as well as with the development of the
July — 7
98 THE AMERI R O R
CAN EVIEW F EVIEWS
German navy. But beyond such outward utility, above the State , yea , above the King
manifestations of their influence, the Prus- himself, there is an absolute law , to obey
sian rulers have by their conscientious, stead, which is a matter of course to every free
fast devotion to duty, their high ideals, their man . That law is duty : just because that
strength of will, been an inspiring example law is wholly unconditioned does it free a
to their people. man from every other subjection. Many
may regard it a mere " empty form ” or a
But next to personalities (the writer continues] pale vision , and yet that idea , realized in the
it is moral ideas which make a nation great and spirit of the German army, has acquired a
strong. And what idea holds as commanding momentous influence.
a place in Prussian and modern German history
in general, as the idea of duty ! Already the
first Hohenzollern termed himself "God's vice Combined with that military sense of duty is
gerent on the throne,” and that conception is the martial spirit, which , nurtured first in the
peculiar to all the Hohenzollern . From the time Prussian people , has become a common German
of the Great Elector that idea has constituted possession. It is as little comprehended by our
the ruling impulse of officers and officials . Nat enemies as the idea of duty . For if they look
ural, personal interests occupy, as a rule, the upon obedience as servile, they interpret a mar
foremost place among men everywhere. It has tial spirit as a thirst for conquest or a desire to
not always been easy to educate the people stir up strife in the world. But a martiał spirit
eople to
to
has no connection with either. No Prussian King
a different standard of life, particularly as the
conception of the State gained only gradual has oppressed or ill-treated his subjects," even
radual
comprehension . though he demanded obedience ; none has sought
war, even though he could conduct it valiantly.
But, in truth, an instinctive readiness and cour
The nobility of Prussia learned under age to wield the sword, if need be, with zest
Frederick the Great's father to regard mili and skill is indispensable to the strength of the
tary service as an honor, and their absolute German nation. A dreamy recluse may be for
given for raving about " eternal peace.” One
devotion to King and country has again been who lives in the world of reality knows that
splendidly demonstrated - people in other wars are and always will be indispensable in
stations of life sharing to-day that quality athepeople
life of a nation . It is a virtue, therefore, for
to maintain an appreciation of military
with them . efficiency, to feel pleasure in martial deeds and a
The spirit of discipline and order could soldier's life. It would be a misfortune for our
not fail to influence every class of the na people to lose that sense, and the present world
tion . The sense of faithful devotion to duty war sees to it that soldiers continue to be the
favorite toy of German boys, and that German
was aroused everywhere. Inspired by that women regard it as an honor that their hus
ideal. all economic or political egotism iS bands take part in the struggle for freedom and
eliminated. Above every consideration of right.

SPAIN 'S INTEREST IN THE WAR

UITILL the results of the war serve to Essentially the European war is a political
arouse Spain from her long lethargy, counter-revolution and an economic emancipa
tion . If the German element conquers in this
and enable her to occupy the place among war, continental politics will undergo a profound
M
bewe ishe
believe E patriotic Spaniards transformation . We Spaniards are principally
European lands to which
does ng?laluAnter attempt to an
ndr isvorentitled interested in what this change will signify for
swerr this equestion our national life, both in internal and foreign
is made by Señor Eloy
politics.
Luis André in Nuestro Tiempo. One thing that is not open to doubt is that
The writer does not seek to hide his lack
whatever may be the result of the war, Eng
of sympathy with England, but is in so far land's economic power will have been greatly
neutral that he willingly recognizes the rediminished, and that in consequence of this
Spain's national sovereignty, its enslaving chains
spective claims of the Latin , German, and being broken , will have freedom of action both
Slavic nations to their proportionate shares
within and outside of Spain , unless we should
be thoughtless enough to forge new fetters for
in the control of Europe's destinies. A good
ourselvez.
understanding between the continental pow Those of us who regard Spanish decadence as
ers and a restriction of England's influencea case of progressive paralysis, caused by a pri
to her own immediate interests would ap mary traumatic lesion in our organism , and then
aggravated by a succession of psychopathic fear
parently represent in his opinion an ideal suggestions,
result of the terrible conflict. Of what be sought in believe that the sole remedy is to
processes of self-regeneration . The
most intimately concerns Spain , he says : experimental consciousness of freedom from out
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH

Underwood & Underwood , New York

SWEARING IN SPANISH RECRUITS
(Ceremony of kissing the flag and sword )
side obstacles to our movements, will determine a solid guarantee of the hegemony of the
in the body politic a collective energy constituting white race through the world , and the basis
the primal germ of a national volition . When
Spain feels within herself the genuine desire to of an understanding between Latins and
progress, she will no longer remain paralyzed. Germans for the colonization of Africa.
When the bird is no longer fascinated by the The present stage of Spain 's history is
serpent, it realizes that it has wings and proceeds marked by a deep -seated restlessness among
to use them . For us and for Europe this will the masses and by a total loss of their bear
signify emancipation from English imperialism .
ings on the part of the ruling classes. The
In the new order of things, Señor André doctors are bold enough to approach the bed
believes that the Mediterranean will cease on which Spain lies prostrate, but they lack
to be an English highway, and if it enters courage to administer the treatment essential
into the sphere of action of the German peo- to resuscitation .
ples, theMediterranean countries will be pre The restoration of a truly national state
served from the danger of being rendered can only be the fruit of a cordial coöpera
subordinate to England in their maritime tion of the Spanish people and the Spanish
development, or of being menaced by Slavic monarchy. They must be brought into closer
ambitions. It can become a great Latin sea and more sympathetic contact to ensure the
if the Latin peoples enter into a purely de- happiness and the prosperity of Spain .
fensive league as regards the Central Em - Moreover, all the century -old ties that bind
pires, but one essentially in agreement with Spain to France, to Rome, to England, must
them . be broken . On these sources Spain has
In Europe, Latins and Slavs will form heretofore depended for everything concern
the natural counterpoise to the Germans, ing her industrial development, and thus
and this ethnic equilibrium on the continent her national independence has been grad
of Europe will serve as a type of an inter- ually weakened .
continental equilibrium , based on the com - It is estimated that foreign capital to the
munity of interests between Europe and amount of $ 800 ,000 ,000 is invested in Span
America in face of the menace of the ish industrial enterprises, railroads, mines,
Asiatic peoples. This will at once constitute etc . This represents more than half of the
100 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
total capitalization of these undertakings, and ore is about nine million tons, worth iess
indicates the powerful influence at the com - than $ 20,000,000 , and of this the quantity
mand of foreign interests. treated in Spanish foundries is but half a
Señor André sees in the nationalization million tons. The lines of transportation
of the production of iron, copper, coal, wheat, and the banks of issue and credit must also
and electric energy a fundamental factor of be nationalized and freed from foreign con
Spain 's national emancipation . The coal pro - trol. Lastly, there should be a reform of
duced now has to be supplemented by im - taxation based on the suppression of finan
porting two and a halfmillion tons of Eng . cial cliques, and a progressive tax on incomes
lish coal annually ; Spain 's output of iron and property.

THE ECONOMIC BASES FOR AN AUTON

OMOUS POLAND
TN the past winter the Polish press in unity between Russia and the Polish provinces .
I Europe was engaged in extensively dis - In this respect the 1851 marks a historic occasion ,
as on that date custom -duties between Poland
cussing the question whether Poland s poo and Russia were abolished . Then, the connec
litical independence would not cause her tion of Warsaw and Lodz with Petrograd, Mos
cowtem
economic ruin . The discussion has become sys , South
wa
Russia and Siberia by a railroad
and

so general that it overflowed the boundaries markets on one hand, Russia's protective tariff ,
of the press and for a time became the sub guarding her industries from foreign competition ,
ject of public debates and lectures in Petro on the other hand , furnished the bases for the
grad Polish circles. Polish public opinion industrial development of the " Russian Belgium "
was divided in two camps, each expounding - Poland, the " Polish Manchester" - Lodz, nour
ishing and supporting them .
an opposite theory. The old , generally acac- The economic tie, binding Russia and Poland ,
cepted view that Poland owed its economic having become an organic tie, was ignored by
prosperity to Russia, and that to retain that the Polish press, it being in contradiction to the
traditional Polish ideals and aspirations. But
prosperity it was in the interests of Poland tacitu consensu it was recognized by all, and
to remain a unity with Russia, is championed considered as a fact. Nevertheless, no party
by Professor Petrazhitsky, an eminent scholar but the Social Democratic dared to proclaim this
view as a starting point for a Polish political
and publicist. The new theory that Poland program in the critical hour of the out
could be economically self-supplying, and break of. theOnly war in Poland, when the economic
that political autonomy would also mean an unity of Poland and Russia was clearly proved
economic blessing to Poland, is being effect by events, there began to appear groups and
factions in Poland whose political orientation
ively preached by Stanislav Pekarski, Polish was on that unity . In 1914 these elements
editor, and a cohort of journalists and eco gainedgased
much strength , drawing their power from
nomists. In the Retch (Petrograd ) for the masses that have been bound by a thousand
March and April, I. Clemens, a Polish pub ties and links to that social-economic structure
came into existence as a result of Polish
licist, reviewed in a series of articles the which
Russian relations. These forces, even before the
arguments of the two factions, and sum Grand Duke' s manifesto, were awaiting some
marized their reasons and deductions. He kind of a real or superfluous move, in order to
first outlines the facts forming the founda- ingo Russian
over to the
policies. and put
side Polish
Russian“Our press," trust
their wrote
tion of the former view . at that time Pekarski, " evidently considers
the question of the benefit to Poland of its eco
The total value of Russian Poland's indus nomic union with Russia as settled, and therefore
trial products reached in 1910 the sum of 860 evades reference to this ticklish problem , dream
million rubles. To this sum the textile indus ing , one imagines, that we, Poles, will get not
tries had contributed 390 millions, and the metal-only the opportunity for a political existence as
lurgical- 110 millions. Three- fourths of the would satisfy our nationalistic aspirations, but
products of these two chief industries went to that we shall also “etain the opportunity for
Russia . The same phenomenon is observable further exploiting Russia economically."
in the haberdashery industry. When one should
add to this the various other industries, like The latest theory, however, is fully con
shoe, clothing, furniture, etc., the total Polish tradictory to the above statements. The
export to Russia will eloquently speak for itself. modern school of Polish economists claims
Also, in the life of Poland the most important
part was played by those events which in one that conditions have so changed that it is no
way or other helped to promote closer economic longer profitable for Poland to be united
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 101

© Juderwood & Underwood, New York .

BEGINNING TO MAKE GERMANS OUT OF POLISH SUBJECTS
with Russia economically , that it is Russia export of the same products from Russia to Po
which is now interested in Poland as a mar land was growing at the rate of 3.7 per cent.
ket for her products, and that Poland's eco annually. " If this process should continue,"
writes Pekarski, “ in the near future the Empire
nomic independence would guard against would cease being a market for Poland 's tex
foreign industrial aggression and promote tile products, and an entirely opposite situation
her economic interests. M . Clemens goes would arise - Poland would become a market for
Russia 's textile industry."
on to review the history and arguments of The case of Belgium proves that separation
the new view . from industrial markets , the formation of a
state in a portion of the original state, is not
As far back as 1905 the Polish economist economically dangerous. When Holland and
Radishevski came to the conclusion that Poland Belgium were one state, the latter was supplied
could be a self-supplying economic organism , with raw material by the former and its colo
given her natural resources, her own governo nies, while they in return were supplied with
ment, and her outlets to the sea. . . . In 1913 manufactured products by Belgium . Since 1831
V. V . Zhukovski wrote that " the Polish in Belgium is separated from Holland by a tariff
dustries . . . are unable to capture their own barrier, and Belgian industries, in spite of the
home markets. More than a third of the tex . predictions of the manufacturers of Ghent and
tile products consumed in Russian Poland are Liége, have not only refused to perish, but
supplied by Russian plants. And this import prospered greatly.
from Russia is constantly growing ."
Poland 's industrial power is her textile in Poland, antherefore, can have no fear of
dustry . It furnishes Poland a yearly profit of becoming independent state. Her po
150 millions, derived from exports to Russia.
But at the same time it is Poland's sore spot, litical autonomy would , if the views of the
as not a single other Polish industry is as modern school are correct, be the cause of
much dependent upon Russian markets as the her economic prosperity, and not ruin . What
textile. In this fortress of Polish industries , Poland will need then is not Russia, but
Hannibal ante portas : The Russian products,
imported from Russia , like cotton , wool and linen capital. With her dense population, enter
material, beat the Polish products in their with
markets. Moscow triumphantly competes own prise, and political independence she would
Lodz within the boundaries of Poland . In the have no trouble in securing foreign capital,
years 1900-1910 the export of textile products and this would assure for her, from the
from Poland to internal Russia was growing standpoint of these writers, a brilliant eco
at the annual rate of one per cent., while the nomic future.
 102 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
GERMAN : PRODUCTION OF FRENCH
IRON
THE . real reason for Germany's persist. all that time Germany was forging cannon and
: : I : ‘ent attempt to take Verdun is said by making shells with French mineral.
Fernand Engerand, a member of the Frenchh - Germany
Gerinany isis dependent
dependent upon
upon Briey for her
Chamber, to be a desire for permanent pos war material. On the 20th of May, 1915 ,
session and use of the iron mines of Briey .
rey . her six great industrial and agricultural
His argument and statistics have been de associations wrote to Chancellor von Beth
veloped by Lucien Chassainge into an article mannel
mann-Hollweg :
published in the Journal, of Paris.
In the opinion of this French statesman , The manufacture of shells demands iron in a
German military leaders and diplomatists quantity so great that no one could have formed
an idea that so much could be used ," had not our
have long borne in mind the extension of need of it been demonstrated . During the past
boundaries so as to include nearby mineral few months we have needed 4000 tons of the
resources which the empire itself lacks. gray cast used in making the inferior shells
Thus in 1871 the acquisition of French Lor which and
we use in place of shells made of cast
raine brought iron mines which now pro steel drawn steel. If we had not been able
to double the production of rough - iron and steel
duce three- fourths of Germany's total pro since the month of August, 1914, it would have
duction . been impossible to continue the war.
Since 1907, Germany has had to buy As raw material for the manufacture of great
quantities of rough iron and steel, "minette" (the
minerals of France ; and in 1913 France Lorraine material) is becoming more and more
sold her four million tons. From that time, important. That mineral only can be extracted
this Frenchman asserts, German economists from our own ground in rapidly increasing quan
recognized the desirability of acquiring such tities. Minette now covers from 60 per cent. to
80 per cent. of the production of rough iron and
resources as the war of 1870 -71 had left steel. We might count the war as very nearly
· France, and German national aspirations lost should our production of minette be dis
concentrated on the mines of France and turbed .
Belgium . He also maintains that: This quotation shows how important
Before war was declared Germany was on the French iron is to the Germans. They need
mining land of Briey, and after the victory of the Belgian coal for their allies and for their
Marne, victorious France had no war material, commerce with the neutrals. The Belgian
nor means of manufacturing war materials. Be coal mines and the iron mines of Briey
tween 70 per cent. and 90 per cent. of her pro
duction of mineral, of coke, of cast iron , and of are the two elements that the Germans
steel was gone. One hundred and twenty -seven most require for their war. Loss of those
high furnaces were running for France in 1913, elements, Deputy Engerand declares, would
while early in August, 1914, ninety- five of them
were held by the Germans. Indomitable energy mean the annihilation of German military
saved France during that perilous period , and power .

TEN YEARS OF RUSSIAN PARLIAMEN .

TARISM
D USSIA had a jubilee last May. The and outstanding decade in Russian history
N tenth of that month was the tenth an - since the days of Peter the Great.
niversary of the existence of the Duma, Rus. In the press of the entire country the
sia 's House of Representatives. The Rus foremost men in Russian literary, political,
sian press and public seized upon the occa- and social life gave expression to their minds
sion in a manner truly characteristic of the and hearts in a way that, on the whole, be
mood of the transition period through which spoke optimism and hope. It is true there
was no joyous jubilation at the jubilee, but
to review not only the history of the Duma one is glad to note that the chronic tone of
for the last ten years , but also the history despair was almost generally absent as well.
of Russia and her government for the same There was, however, one sentiment that was
period, unquestionably the most momentous universal among the progressive elements,
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 103

ca

Pressnustrating Co.
DEPUTATION FROM THE RUSSIAN DUMA RECEIVED BY PREMIER BRIAND OF FRANCE
and that was the affection for the first Duma. this institution. Even the most obstinate theorists,
The first Duma lasted only seventy-two days, who would not admit at first that the Duma was
dramatically closing its career by that spo representative of the people, have now , under
the influence of a ten years' political education ,
radic " Viborg Manifesto," adopted and come to recognize it as such . The Duma has
signed by a majority of the deputies at Vi become to the people what it aimed at: a neces
sary organic part of its daily life.
borg, Finland. F . Roditchev, a member of But has the other side recognized the Duma
all the four Dumas, Russia's " golden as a positive factor in Russian life ? In spite
tongued” orator, and one of the leaders of of all assurances to that effect, in spite of the
democracy in the Empire, writes in the Retch fiasco of closing the Duma last year . . . we find
it difficult to answer in the affirmative. No, for
(Petrograd ) about the opening day of the that side the Duma still remains the subject of
first Duma: a struggle, though, possibly, not a struggle for
A nation was being created. . . . Its latent the idea itself, but for the form of its materializa
power, sweeping away all obstacles, found for tion .
itself an indelible expression , The Neva (Petrograd ) , Russia's most
On that day, May 10, 1906, fell the walls that
divided the Russian people into innumerable popular weekly
merable popular.. W , remarks on the occasion of
classes of citizens. . . . We felt ourselves equals . the jubilee :
For the first time there appeared a tribune in
Russia from which Russian speech could resound The activities of the Imperial Duma during
with unlimited freedom . the first ten years of its existence have not opened
There began the work of renewing Russia . an era in Russian national life, but have formed,
so to speak, the first preparatory period for it.
For the ten years of the Duma's work have
Editorially the same newspaper says: helped a great deal in healing the sick roots of
Ten years in the life of a nation is, of course, Russian social-political life, and it is terrifying
too short a period to count results. But this brief toif just think what would have happened to us
the great world catastrophe had found us
period cannot but seem long to those who lived
the somewhat rebellious life of our people's rep under the old bureaucratic leadership.
resentatives. Its beginning seems to them so The real political significance of the Duma, its
distant, as if decades, nay, a century, had passed real power and moral force, is not to be meas
from that day. And what have these ten years ured by its passion for power in the government,
accomplished in the nation 's life ? but exclusively by its ability to formulate the
Without any risk of mistaking it may be said demands of the nation 's conscience and the
that the constitutional idea has in this time per nation 's thoughts. Thus, when the Duma stands
manently settled in the minds of the people. It on the ground of all-national interests as, for
is possible that this may not have occurred had instance, last year on the question of supplying
there been in the last ten years no constant and ammunition to the army, she really becomes the
nard struggle . . . . And the people have learned voice of the people.
through this incessant struggle of the Duma for
a new era in Russian government to appreciate In this vein speaks the majority. The
104 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Duma is a power — that is the gist of nine- basis of the bloc tactics the remaining year of
tenths of the literary material devoted to its life. But one can already say now that
thanks to the bloc the Duma had realized some
the jubilee, a power from which salvation is possibilities that seemed unthinkable at the begin
expected . But the Kievskaya Mysł (Kiev ), ning of its existence. Great events are uplift
a very radical newspaper, which is also gen - ing. They have raised the fourth Duma to an
unusual political and moral height. . . . Meas
erally considered Russia 's best provincial ures necessary for the organization of the nation,
daily , is sharply pessimistic. but considered at first to be outside of the realm
For decades have Russia's social forces waited of national legislation , have come to be recog
for a national representation - and to -day ten nized as an important and immediate part of
years have passed from the day when that dream that legislation . The program of the bloc (com
seemed nearest realization . The first Duma was prising the majority of the members of the
to open a new , untrodden path in Russian life . Duma) includes such projects which the former
The first chosen of the nation were to lay the Dumas have tried to enact, but without success.
It is this fusion that makes the Duma the recog
foundations of citizenship and liberty, to make an nized center of Russian public thought, and the
end to the past, and open up a bright future for
the country . . . . public had come to uphold it solidly in its ac
tivities.
The first Duma existed seventy- two days. The No one will deny that there is a vast difference
Duma, as an institution , has been in existence in the attitude of the people toward the Russo
now for ten years. But between days and years Japanese and the present war, which is due to
in this case the difference is not so cardinal. the profound difference in the two wars them
And if it is beyond any doubts that the traces selves. But I don't expect to be refuted when I
left by the first days can boldly .compare with will say that the calm which the entire country
those left by the subsequent years, it is also be demonstrated in regard to this war, the patience
yond any doubt that on the first day of the life and discipline which are being shown even now ,
of our national assembly, as well as on the last and, finally, the unanimity with which the people
day, that assembly bore the stamp of fateful have estimated the causes and results of the
helplessness. present war, are to a large degree due to the
Paul Miliukov, perhaps the greatest fig . activities of the people's representatives, who
ure in Russian social-political life , discusses were absent ten years ago. In the person of the
fourth Duma, so clumsily brought into existence
the possibilities of the Duma in the Retch and so deformed in its composition , we have a
as follows : national assembly that has won the confidence of
the people, thereby acquiring a firm foundation
It is hard to make predictions and it is useless for its existence, free from any kind of accidental
to guess how the fourth Duma will end on the experimentation .

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

INCE the outbreak of the war in Europe ary 11, 1911, when the first general school
D much has been said and written about census was taken in Russia , to January 1,
the many factors that are working for the 1915.
regeneration of Russia . The social, finan . On January 1, 1915, there were in the
cial, industrial and political phases of Rus- empire 80,801 elementary schools (with the
sian life have received considerable attention above exceptions), 9006 of which were in
in the press, but practically nothing has been cities and towns and 71,795 in villages and
said about the progress of elementary educa - hamlets. In the four years that passed since
tion , the greatest of all factors in modern January 11, 1911, the number of schools
civilization, in the Russian empire. In a increased by 19,764, or 32.3 per cent., which
recent issue of the Russkia Vedomosti (Mos. is several times more than the corresponding
cow ) there appeared extracts from a report increase in population . In this connection it
issued by the Ministry of Popular Education is of interest to note that in the last twenty
in February of this year. This report was years the number of schools grew from
the result of five years of work of investiga- 29,000, in 1895, to 81,000, in 1915. From
tion conducted by theMinistry of Education the year when the plan for universal ele
among the schools of the empire under its mentary education had been first drafted ,
control, for there are also in Russia parochial 1907, the number of schools grew from
and private elementary schools, though their 46 ,000 to 81,000, i. e., an increase of 35,000 ,
numbers are not large. In the report are or 74.6 per cent. in seven years. These
also not included the schools of Finland and figures speak eloquently for the strides Rus
the Province of Kamtchatka. The report sia has been making of late in her elementary
" covers” a period of four years, from Janu- education.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 105
The statistics as to the numbers of pupils, that the number of pupils to each teacher
teachers, and their sexes are also not void of has decreased in the same period. On Janu
significance. Thus the number of pupils in - ary 1, 1915, there were 40.7 pupils for every
creased from 4 ,411,000 on January 11, 1911, instructor.
to 5,942,000 , on January 1, 1915, an in Another interesting phenomenon is the
crease of 1,531,000, or 34.7 per cent. The constant increase in the number of female
growth in the number of female pupils was teachers at the expense of the male. Thus,
marked everywhere, but especially so in the in 1911, the percentage of male teachers in
rural districts, where the increase in female the entire force was 43.5 . But in the begin
scholars amounted to 47 per cent. in the ning of 1915 the percentage of male teach
period of four years. The percentage of ers decreased to 37. 1, while that of the
female pupils in the entire student body of female force rose correspondingly to 62. 9 .
the elementary schools increased from 32. 5 However, these statistics are not equal for
to 34.5 within the four years. all the provinces of the empire. In the
The total teaching force in the Russian forty -three Zemstvo provinces ( the more ad
elementary schools consisted of 146 ,000 in - vanced and civilized parts of the country )
structors on January 1, 1915 — an increase the percentage for the male teachers was only
in the four years of 41,000, or 38.6 per cent. 30.2, while in the forty -nine remaining prov
As the increase in the student body was for inces there were as many as fifty -six male
the same time only 34. 7 per cent., it follows teachers in every hundred.

A COOPERATIVE STUDENT CREAMERY

A N interesting experiment in “ learning with such interest and enthusiasm that in the
n by doing " and in coöperation is being first school year the embryo farmers made a
carried out successfully by students in the total of 2891 pounds of the best creamery
agricultural department of the Central High butter in 170 churnings. This record was
School at Duluth , Minn. Being itself new , recognized as a nucleus around which to
the department is not hampered by customs build creamery practise thoroughly sys
and traditions. Less than two years ago tematized and realistic .
in order to teach dairying properly - it ob - The outgrowth was a students' coöperative
tained an appropriation of $ 150 for the pur- creamery with a bank account, a sinking fund ,
chase of a creamery outfit
suitable for the average
farmer . Ever since then the
students in the agricultural
course have had practical ex
perience in purchasing, man
ufacturing, and marketing
creamery products.
The work is described in
Hoard's Dairyman by Mr.
E. P. Gibson , and although
himself head of the agricul
tural department in the High
School and advisory manager
of the creamery , he gives full
credit to the students them
selves.
The equipment, all hand BUTTER -MAKING AT THE STUDENTS' COÖPERATIVE CREAMERY, CENTRAL
power models, consists of HIGH SCHOOL , DULUTH , MINN .
cream separator, combined
churn and butterworker, butter printer, ice and typical " articles of incorporation.” The
Student Creamery Company of the high school
box, Babcock tester , acidity test outfit, salt is an organization among the boys of the agri
test outfit, moisture test scale, butter print cultural department, similar on a small scale to
scale, cream scale, cream cans, and minor the most approved type of farmers' coöperative
utensils. The new equipment was received creameries, for the purpose of obtaining both the
 106 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
manufacturing and the business experience of is also banked to enable the treasurer to pay all
creamery practise. The studentmembers produce bills promptly by check. A payroll is issued
the cream and milk by purchase, and sell to their monthly, and there are monthly reports to the
creamery, profits from which they share in pro student board of directors. At the end of each
portion to their respective patronage. school year the balance in the sinking fund will
Each member pays a deposit of two dollars, be turned over to the agricultural department,
the total of which " stock" is placed in a local dividends will be declared, and the company
bank to guarantee the credit of the organization. dissolved and individual amounts of stock re
Cash received for butter and all other products funded .

PRESENT-DAY CHINA
W H AT is going on behind the scenes At the Peking Prison they not only teach them
y in China ? Is the Chinese Republic a a trade, but they have an employment bureau
Aash in the pan of some imaginative im which connects a man with a job. They segre
gate first offenders from old -timers, and men
pulse, or inspiration , or is it the outcropping convicted of light offenses from those guilty of
of the steady growth of forces that make heavier ones up through second, third, and fourth
for economic and political enlightenment in offenders. In fact, forgery, petty larceny, rob
bery, and assault and battery are the names of
the vast empire ? There are conflicting opin cell rows where convicts of kindred offenses are
ions on the matter. One of the most in exclusively confined . The governor confessed
in " Present-Day
teresting is expressedHordingi that the atmosphere might be rather narrowing,
volume but it was all in the name of modernism and
China," by Gardner Harding,' a volume system .
that gives a concise summing up of the The parole system has been introduced, and
problems, the achievements, and the pros the governor has decided to stick to it. Physical
pects of the Chinese Republic. Although drill, an innovation in any class of Chinese so
Mr. Harding's book was written before the ciety, is held daily, and the setting-up exercise I
proved that the men enter into it with ap
death of Yuan Shi K 'ai, he has made a saw preciation and enthusiasm . But the outstanding
study of conditions economic, political, and note of the prison is cleanliness and order. The
social, that in their inevitable conclusions mon,
cells are large and though doubling up is com
must still hold good so far as the progress they are dry and clean .
of the masses and real leadership in China The organization of the Chinese Suffra
is concerned . gette Society by Miss Tang Chunying, a
Mr. Harding traveled in China after the gets
Chinese girl who had been a student in
collapse of the revolution in order to find Japan and a pioneer for women 's reform for
out just what the Republic had really ac ten
complished there. Cotton factories, coal years before the revolution , is of par
mines, railroads, schools, prisons, the leading ticular interest.
figures of political
observation
China came under his
Peking's Model Prison he That there is a fourishing women 's movement
. in China at the present time is well known, but
finds exceedingly creditable to the social re few perhaps realize that it has sprung spontane
form spirit of the Chinese. ously out of the Chinese people and is not the
result of foreign influences.
Ex-President Eliot of Harvard said a year or The constitution of the Chinese Suffrage So
so ago that the Peking Prison was the most in ciety was impressive. It included ten points to
teresting thing he saw in his whole trip through work for : the education of women , the abolition
China. I think the "Gate of Hope" is more of footbinding, the prohibition of concubinage
interesting, but I should place this magnificent and its result in making marriage a polygamous
prison a close second. institution , the forbidding of child marriages, re.
Take the workrooms, for instance. In great, form in the condition of prostitutes, social service
high -studded rooms forty yards square by a to women in industry, the encouragement of mod
measurement I was curious enough to verify, there esty in dress, better terms of marriage for the
were groups of forty or fifty men each working sexes, leading toward marriages for love, the
at his trade under conditions, if you consider the establishment of political rights, and the eleva
standard of living of the far East, almost ideal. tion of the position of women in the family and
There were big rooms for ten or more trades, in the home.
cluding tailoring, shoemaking, woodworking,
ironsmithing, bookbinding, spinning and weaving, regard present financial conditions
basket-making, printing, and several others, not in Inthe Empire,to Mr. Harding writes :
the least of which was market-gardening out
doors.
It is now known that for the year 1915 China
1 Present-Day China. By Gardner L . Harding. The again made both ends meet with a substantial
Century Co. 250 pp. Ill. $1. balance to her credit. The customs receipts for
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 107
the month of January , the best index to China's
trade conditions, show an increase over last year.
The reorganized salt taxes, which yielded
$6,000,000 in 1913, and rose to $ 29,000,000 in
1914, went up in 1915 well over $ 30,000,000. The
flourishing state of China's government rail
ways is shown by the fact that the Peking-Muk
den, Peking-Kalgan, and the Peking-Hankow
lines besides accounting for the steady progress
in new construction beyond Kalgan, produced
between them a net revenue to the state of over
$6,000,000. Agricultural experimentation is be
ing carried on on a large scale, particularly in
the tea and silk industries, to the latter of which
$ 10,000,000 was contributed by the government
during the early part of the war for the relief
of the silk filatures. The Chinese Government
Bonds are still quoted as they have been for
some years past, at a higher rate than those of
Japan.
Among the possible causes of another war,
in case the integrity of China should not be
maintained , he sees the coveted control of
the South Manchurian Railway, the exploi
tation of the great oil, coal, and other min
eral deposits, etc.; the contest for the de
velopment of this " vast reservoir of eco
nomic power, the greatest that has been
opened up to the world in modern times."
Mr. Harding thinks that the struggle for RAW MATERIAL FOR China's INDUSTRIAL FUTURE
control of power in China which has been (From Harding's " Present-Day China" )
suspended among the nations by the war, will
re-commence practically as soon as peace is must not be plundered , nor dismembered
established , and that America must share in for " the upbuilding of China is vital to the
the only honorable conclusion that China peace of the world .'

HOW NEARLY HUMAN ARE THE APES ?

“ TF deaf, dumb and blind children have his home in Pennsylvania . Of these inter
1 been taught by beings they could not see esting guests only one, a chimpanzee, still
to use language they could not hear, would survives. For weeks at a time he spent as
not one be justified in an earnest endeavor much as six hours a day in their company.
to teach the higher apes, with faculties and He says :
senses alert and with traditional powers of
imitation, to do the same in a limited degree ? In teaching articulate speech I found the first
It seemswell nigh incredible that in animals thedifficulty to be overcome in both the orang and
otherwise so close to us physically there chimpanzee is their lack of use of lips or
tongue in making their natural emotional cries.
should not be a rudimentary speech center in These natural cries are almost entirely, I think
the brain which only needs development." I may say, head tones - shrieks, squeals or grunts,
Dr. William H . Furness, 3d. in an article made for the greater part on inspiration. They
of captivating interest contributed to the unquestionably have, however, distinctly different
sounds to indicate their simple emotions of fear,
Proceedings of the American Philosophical anger, and joy. The orang in one respect does
Society (Philadelphia ), thus formulates one use the lips to make a sound indicating warning
of the problems in a study of simian men or apprehension ; this sound is made with the
tality to which he has devoted much time anlips exaggerated
pursed up and the air sucked through them ,
and prolonged kissing sound ,
during the past seven years. Dr. Furness is followed by a grunting expiration and inspira
a globe-trotter of some renown. His inti tion . . . . My oldest orang would make this
macy with orang-utans began a number of sound on command ( I had merely to say, "What
years ago in Borneo ; and he has since enter is the funny sound you make when you are
re . as
tained two orangs and two chimpanzees at I have heard it, is several high -pitched squeaks
108 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
it as my name. When asked, " Where is papa ?”
she would at once point to me or pat me on the
shoulder .

The next word the writer attempted to

Photograph by George Gladden , with permission of the New York
Zoological Society
"MOLLY" TYING A KNOT IN A ROPE
(At the time when this photograph was taken "Molly,".. the tip of it up against her teeth and at the same
an adult orang- utan , had lived in the New York Y time forcing her to breathe through her mouth ,
Zoological proper tot
Zoological Park about nine years . No one knows how
she learned this trick of tying a knot in a rope . Molly
died about three years ago, a victim of tuberculosis)
teach her was “ cup.” By this time his pupil
understood nearly all the instructions given
her, such as "Open your mouth ," " Stick
out your tongue," " Do this,” and so forth .
She was taught to make the sound “ ka ”
by pushing back her tongue with a bone
spatula , and holding her nose as she was
about to expire . Meanwhile the teacher
kept his own mouth open , with his tongue
in the same position. As he released her
tongue, he would say "ka” emphatically .
It was comparatively very easy from this to
teach her to say "kap” by means of closing her
lips with my fingers the instant she said "ka."
At the same time I showed her the cup that she
drank out of and I repeated the word several
times as I touched it to her lips. After a few
lessons when I showed her the cup and asked ,
“ What is this ?" she would say " cup” very plain
ly. Once when ill at night she leaned out of
her hammock and said, " cup, cup, cup,” which I
naturally understood to mean that she was
thirsty , and which proved to be the case . I think
this showed fairly conclusively that there was a
glimmering idea of the connection of the word
with the object and with her desire. By getting
her to stick out her tongue and then by holding
I finally got her to make the sound th. This was
preliminary
har
to teaching the words “ the," " this,"

made with the lips closed. Their expression of

anger is a deep -toned guttural grunt or bark, Unhappily the young orang died a few
much like that of an angry hog. months after she had acquired the first ink
ling of language, and the author's one sur
The writer also describes the chimpanzee's viving pet, a chimpanzee, has proved to be
natural emotional vocabulary, which, like a much less apt pupil.
that of the orang, is limited to a few inar Both the chimpanzee and the orang-utan pos
ticulate sounds. sess a retentive memory for objects in connection
with actions; in other words, for the association
In the case of the orang -utan it took at least of ideas; they knew precisely the right key for
six months of daily training to teach her to say every lock and padlock in their apartments and
" papa.” This word was selected not only be- could pick them out of a bunch of ten or twelve
cause it is a very primitive sound , but also be other keys and could unfasten the lock . It was
cause it combined two elements of vocalization the shape and size of the key that they remem
to which orang-utans and chimpanzees are un bered, I am convinced ; they were tested with
accustomed ; namely, the use of lips and an ex duplicate keys placed on different key rings and
pired vowel sound. The training consisted of a the right key was always selected . Two of the
repetition of the sounds for minutes at a time, keys were for Yale locks and hard to distinguish .
while the ape's lips were brought together and The orang -utan and the chimpanzee have been
opened in imitation of the movements of my lips. able to learn the letters of the alphabet in or
I also went through these same maneuvers fa der up to M . This is merely a demonstration of
cing a mirror, with her face close to mine that memory for different shapes in a certain se
she might see what her lips were to do as well quence. The letters which I used are cut out
as feel the movement of them . At the end of of wood 34 inch thick by 4 inches square. The
about six months, one day, of her own accord , chimpanzee recollects quite accurately just the
out of lesson time, she said "papa" quite dis sequence of these shapes in the series. By name
tinctly, and repeated it on command. Of course she does not distinguish them as well, except
I praised and petted her enthusiastically ; she where the letter sound is very distinct. B , F , H ,
never forgot it after that and finally recognized L , M seem to be easy for her to recognize, where
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 109
as A , K , E , D , C and G are confusing. When The writer taught his pupils to perform
asked for the letter I she is apt to mistake it for
her eye, to which she points. When the letters many complex operations, including the tying
are drawn the same size and width with chalk of a knot. But he concludes :
on a blackboard or printed in black on white I am eager to be able to say truthfully thatmy
cards she fails to recognize them . anthropoids have shown signs of reasoning (I
I do not wish to generalize, but from my ex mean have deduced an inference from certain
perience with a very bright chimpanzee and an premises), but truthfully I can say that I have
exceptionally receptive orang-utan I should say seen only the faintest rays of evidence, unless as
that the ability to recognize the significance of sociation of ideas, which, in point of fact, is mere
graphic representation is as lacking in the an ly learning by experience, is reasoning. The
thropoid mind as is the inclination to speak. chimpanzee, if given the key to the closet in her
The crudest scrawls of the cave-dwellers are room , will fit it in the lock, turn it in the right
hundreds of centuries ahead of simian thought. direction , slip back the little spring catch , open
I have spent hours trying to get my anthropoids the door, get the top of the spigot which is kept
to draw two crossed lines on a blackboard . If there to avoid a waste of water, fit the top of
the board be placed lying Alat on the floor in the spigot, get a drink of water, and finally turn
front of them they will draw horizontal lines the water off. It appears as if in this act there
with the swing of the arm . If the board be were no sequence of ideas concerted to accom
placed upright, they draw nearly perpendicular plish a purpose, and therefore to a certain ex
lines merely as the weight of the arm carries tent there were reasoning. I am inclined to think,
the chalk down. With pencil and paper they however, that such an act with the chimpanzee
make nothing but scrawling zigzags, with no is governed by a simple succession of ideas rather
method in their madness, and no amount of copy than by a prearranged sequence of actions, with
set or guiding of their hands will induce them a definite object in view . It would seem that
to do otherwise. They have, however, a decided the inability to compare one object with another
sense of color. Both of them have been taught or one action with another precludes their mind
to know red, blue and yellow by name, and the from either deductive or inductive reasoning, and
chimpanzee can select and place in separate piles that their brains are as incapable of reasoning as
blocks colored violet, blue, green, yellow , orange, we do as a dog 's paw (for instance ) is incapable
and red . of holding a pen as we do .

“ OUR DISAPPEARING WILD FLOWERS”

" Hast thou named all the birds without a gun? Society of America," with chapters in all
Loved the wood -rose and left it on its stalk ?” parts of the country. These societies hope
- EMERSON. to do for the preservation of wild flowers
“ THE love of flowers is one of the earli- what the Audubon Society has done for
I est passions and probably one of the birds.
most enduring," and " rare indeed is the per Says Mr. Hansen :
son who would willingly and knowingly con
tribute to the disappearance of nature's price The saddest part of it all is that in the same
manner that war kills off the finest of our man
less heritage, the wild Aowers." hood, so the war upon plants conducted by the
Yet in spite of our love for wild Aowers , thoughtless collector kills off the most beautiful
Albert A . Hansen , Instructor of Botany in and attractive of our flowers, while the ill
Pennsylvania State College, writes in the scented , inconspicuous or otherwise less appeal
Pennsylvania State Farmer that the one-time ing ones remain to take the place of their more
handsome relatives. This is especially true of
familiar and abundant native species have our annual plants : they have but one means of
begun to disappear. Various causes are ad - reproducing their kind and that is by seed. If
vanced as reasons for this disappearance — the the Aowers are picked, these plants are robbed of
their natural right to reproduce their kind , be
cultivation of the soil, drainage, grazing, cause a flowerless plant will never produce seed .
lumbering and building, but Mr. Hansen Have we a right to rob posterity of the pleasures
thinks the greater number are being lost to we now enjoy from the beauties of our wild
flower-lovers because of ruthless, promiscu flowers ? Does not the greatest good for the
greatest number demand that we leave the flower
ous, vandalistic plucking of Aowers, for the on its stalk to perpetuate its kind for the pleasure
temporary gratification of the moment. This of those who follow us ?
cause would be very nearly controllable if
the knowledge of the proper care of our T he wanton destruction of wild flowers
wild flowers were disseminated throughout is largely due to the lack of knowledge of
the country and taught in the public schools. the various ways in which plants and flowers
Already many societies have been organized appeal to the mind of man , of their sensi
in different States, the most prominent of bilities , intelligence, and the various phe
which is — " The Wild Flower Preservation nomena of their life. The study of botany
 110 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
as bearing on the so -called " human side of Other vanishing blooms are the ladies' slip
plants,” will do more to preserve the native per, or moccasin Aower, especially the yel
wild Aowers than any other measure. Those low variety and the white with pink vein
who pluck and destroy Alowers are usually ing, and all other orchids; the shy cardinal
of their essential life, the useful flower, the spring beauty, Mayapple, pink
work done by them , the causes of the mar- ster, jack-in-the-pulpit, lupine, Christmas
vels of their coloring, the various substances fern , partridge berry, and white pond lilies.
made by them , and the curious ways by And it is not alone the plucking of these
which they draw into themselves the various flowers that altogether drives them from the
materials they need ; how they resist their fields and woods according to some botanists.
eneinies and perpetuate their species, and Many Aowers and plants refuse close con
even secure change of location . Scientifically tact with civilization ; they will not thrive
speaking the simplest in cultivated gardens.
common wild Aower When the forests be.
is a marvel: come tramping
"Cell joined to cell, grounds for tourists,
mysterious life passed these Aowers vanish
on mysteriously . Surely
By viscous threads; se since we afford asy
lecting in its course, lum for birds and
From formless matter
with mysterious touch beasts, we can make
That seems a presci provision for our wild
ence, out of which to flowers. There is no
weave
The warp and woof of higher evolution in
tissues." THE TRAILING ARBUTUS the whole plant king
dom than the Aower
Among the wild Aowers that are rapidly ing plant. Mr. Hansen urges the substitu
disappearing along the Eastern seaboard is tion of flowering weeds for bouquets , if we
the arbutus, "the sweetest flower that must indulge the passion for picking wild
grows,” which will soon become extinct un - flowers .
less measures are taken for its preservation . There is a large group of plants represented
by the field daisy, the black -eyed Susan , and
When our Pilgrim forefathers settled in New orange hawkweed, which are so marvelously
England , they were loyally welcomed by a pro gifted by nature, that it seems no amount of
fusion of arbutus, the " sweetest Aower that picking will exterminate them . They are known
grows." To -day the arbutus has become practi to the farmer as weeds, and their collection will
cally extinct throughout New England, except serve the dual purpose of supplying bouquets and
in a few favored localities. The same fate is aiding the farmers in solving the weed problem .
rapidly overtaking the region of State College.
In the memory of the writer, arbutus was plenti Mr. Frank C . Pellett, Iowa State Bee
ful within a short distance of the College ; to - Inspector, is rescuing wild flowers that will
day considerable searching is required to find thrive under cultivation, by the simple ex
patches of any extent. A few years ago, arbutus
was abundant in the region of Cornell Uni pedient of giving them space to grow on his
versity, where it is now practically extinct. The farm . This method can be easily pursued
writer is familiar with a region in Cambria in almost every section where native wild
County where arbutus was exterminated within flowers are threatened with destruction.
the short space of five years. And all this in
face of the fact that the damage is absolutely A half-acre plot on his little farm is used ex
useless, due entirely to ignorance of the habit of clusively as a wild -Alower preserve, and there are
the plant. Arbutus is a perennial, rarely matur: more varieties of wild flowers and plants grow
ing seed in this State, and reproducing almost en ing in this small field than can be found in al
tirely by the trailing, creeping stems, which send most any garden in the country. Some of these
up Rower-branches at frequent intervals. As flowers have become extremely valuable because
pointed out by the writer a few weeks ago in the of the fact that they have practically disappeared
from the fields and timberland of the State. The
Collegian , if the Aowering stems are cut off with
a sharp knife, little harm is done, but if the State has suffered an immense loss because of this
creeping stems are ruthlessly pulled as has been ruthless destruction of its native flowers. Mr.
Pellett believes, and he is preserving all of the
the practice in the past, the doom of the charm species
ing trailing arbutus is sealed. If the creeping realize until such time as the farmers
their mistake and are anxious tobegin
make
to
stems are distributed , the plant is robbed of its amends by repopulating the roadsides with honey
only means of reproduction and those who come producing plants.
after us are robbed of the pleasures which we
now enjoy. Cannot other preserves be founded ?
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 111

AMERICAN STUDENTS IN FRANCE

AFTER THE WAR
THE higher educational institutions of closely the bonds that Unite France with America.
I France — their past and present aspects, To-day it is generally said in the United States
their virtues and shortcomings, their future that, on the whole, of all the great nations of
Europe, France is the most valiant in battle, has
duty and prospects — are discussed in an ex endured the direct trials without flagging, and
haustive and interesting article, appearing committed the fewest acts that call for justifica
in a late issue of the Revue de Paris, by tion or explanation . She will emerge from this
Louis Liard , who has filled most important war with a moral standing higher than she has
ever had . Hitherto, too many Americans re
posts in the educational field of his country garded France as the country of elegantmanners,
and is the author of numerous philosophical feminine fashions, and choice cooking. An en
and educational works. Incidentally, he been tirely new side, and a much nobler one, has now
pays a high tribute of praise to the women revealed to us.
of France for their noble fortitude, their be " that
Another, more direct, result of the war will
in future our American youth will go to
heroic, successful endeavor in this time that did
Parisin tothestudy in far greater numbers than they
past. It is not likely that we shall be
tries men 's souls. well received in Berlin after all that has occur .
We quote the concluding portion of M . red, and we are in no humor to impose ourselves
Liard's article, as being of special interest upon German 'hospitality.
to readers in the United States : " That chapter is closed : German erudition ,
German science, will never again have the un
One body of students upon whom we may con disputed authority in our eyes which they had
fidently count are foreigners. For a number of before 1914. For it is impossible for a nation
years they have been abundantly represented. that is dominated to such a point by a national
One service, among others, that the French uni philosophy so depraved , to retain its intellectual
versities have rendered has been to point the life intact, to be enduringly worthy of the wel
foreigners' way anew to the schools of France. coming esteem which the student body the world
· Prior to the war, Paris, Montpellier, Grenoble, over accorded it. And , on the contrary, the noble
Nancy, Lyons, and other places, could boast of attitude of France, rising to face the great ordeal,
attracting a great number of foreigners. The has earned a profound regard for her learning
war has upset all that. Certain countries that and literature, her national culture, and has
sent us their students will do so no longer. But, given America a greater desire than ever to
on the other hand, others that were wont to send gather instruction from her example."
us but very few , are inclined — we have sure indi. These are words (the French writer con
cations of it - to send us more : our allies, in the cludes), pleasant and encouraging for us to hear.
first place, our friends and , besides, certain neu : Yes, if we know how to turn to account all for
tral nations that, without openly taking part in which we stand, all that we represent as a civili
the conflict, have a feeling for us which needs zation ancient and modern , all the humanity in
but the kindling touch of personal contact with us accumulated and conserved, the sympathetic
our people . spirit, a recognized national trait, we can attract
The higher instruction in the United States and retain those students far away ready to turn
to speak of it specially - has long been tributary aside from the atavic barbarism , suddenly re
to the German universities. Outside of some vived , of Germany, and to welcome the Latin
professors of the Romance language and of ideal, whose torch burns ever bright in our
French literature, who sojourned in Paris, it was hands ; we shall thus secure for our universities,
to Berlin where nearly all the others repaired our higher seats of learning, a clientele even
in quest of science. greater than before, and shall propagate friend
Here is what an American professor wrote ship for France beyond our frontiers, beyond the
quite recently : seas.
" For the last forty years the great majority of The benefits which our higher education will
the students going abroad studied in Germany, thus derive are nothing to the moral benefit that
which had the effect of giving them an exagge France will reap.
rated and partial respect for German science, Let us cherish the conviction, and say to our
while they were ignorant of the least equal value selves, that the higher French instruction has,
of French science. At present, those among particularly at this time, a double function : to.
them who have since long regretted this state of maintain and develop in the nation that which is
things, believe that it would now be possible to its moral raison d 'être, its peculiar genius, the
take advantage of the anti-German sentiment ideal which it has inherited, and which it ought
prevailing in this country, and encourage the to nurture ; then , to radiate abroad by its inher
hundreds of professors in the United States to ent force of expansion , and without doing vio
concentrate their efforts upon influencing students lence to the genius of any other people, the spirit
in that direction .” of any man , those elements of our genius, our
Some months previously, another American ideal, that are communicable.
professor expressed himself in still more impres This, despite the losses which it will have in
sive language : curred, and which it will in time repair, our
"It is almost needless to say that one of the higher instruction has before it a noble task, and
benefits of this infernal war will be to link more the prospect of happy days.
112 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ITALIAN APPRECIATIONS OF SHAKE
SPEARE
IN spite of the storm and stress of the taneous revelation of the genius of a people,
1 war in Italy, the Tercentenary of or rather of a race ; at a later time, again ,
Shakespeare's death has not been forgotten the Romantic school hailed him as their
in the land in which the scene of so many standard -bearer. For Professor Galetti this
of his plays was laid . Notable among the only does justice to one side of his genius,
Italian literary tributes to his memory are in reality he expresses at once the clear
several studies published together in Nuova and harmonious ideal of the Renaissance,
Antologia . The first place is rightfully and the mysterious, enigmatic ideal of the
given to the translation of an address by Sir
Romantic period . He represents at once the
Sidney Lee on “ Shakespeare and the Renais .
highest achievement of the one and the most
sance” ; however, as the original of this is
potent agent in the evolution of the other.
already accessible to English readers, we con -
A striking contrast between the tragedies
fine ourselves to the strictly Italian appre-
of Shakespeare and those of ancient Greece
ciations of our great poet. . is that in the latter man is under the do
The paper by Prof. Alfredo Galetti, of minion of a pitiless fate, the decrees of which
Bologna University, on " Shakespeare and the are fixed and determined. If, in obedience
Shakespeare Myth ,” is not a study of the to some transcendent aim , the hero finds
fantastic theory of Baconian authorship , as himself forced to defy the behests of fate ,
might perhaps be supposed, but an attempt he realizes that the punishment must come,
to show the one-sidedness of Germany's fa -' and is ready to meet it with unbroken cour
vorite claim that the great poet belongs ex- age. In Shakespeare's tragedies, however,
clusively to the specifically Germanic race . Professor Galetti sees an uncertainty as to
In the unsympathetic presentation of this the-' whether the opposing element is divine or
ory can be clearly perceived the action of diabolical, of Ormuzd or of Ahriman, or
the present national antagonisms of Italy . whether the hero is merely the sport of the
In this writer's estimation , it was the ani- contending forces of good and evil, as he
mosity and resentment Gottlob Ephraim Lese often falls a prey to the occult powers of
sing felt toward Voltaire that led him to nature, to witches and disembodied spirits,
seek for a pretender to Germany's poetic Hamlet's assertion , “ There's a divinity that
crown, for one who could be successfully shapes our ends," lacks the definiteness of
opposed to the abhorred dynasty of the the ancient Nemesis, or of the Christian
French poets. Shakespeare, he declared , is conception of God 's guidance. And it is
not only an English poet, he is a German this very indefiniteness in Shakespeare's idea
poet, the poet of those whom the Gothic of the moral order of the world that most
converts to Christianity called Deutsche attracted the Romanticists, the essence of
( Thiudisks ), that is to say, pagans. Did not whose psychology and art was that life is
the German Angles and Saxons conquer, mysterious, contradictory , incoherent, an in
in the fifth and sixth centuries, that Celtic terplay of obscure forces , sometimes fleetingly
Britain , which Rome in her weakness had apprehended by intuition , but always hid
deserted ? And have not the imagination , den from our reason.
the passion and the lyric gift of Shakespeare The article by Prof. Federico Olivero , of
their roots deep down in the most widely Turin , on “ The Hamlet of William
diffused myths, the legends, the customs, and Shakespeare, is a very satisfactory study of
the psychological characteristics of the Ger- this greatest of Shakespeare's plays. In the
man race ? paper by Prof. N . R . d' Alfonso , of the
While, however , Lessing was not disposed Royal University at Rome, entitled “Wil
to relinquish classic tradition , rather seeking liam Shakespeare, Actor and Author, " we
to find the essential qualities of the classic have a criticism of the use some disciples of
dramas in Shakespeare 's plays, succeeding Lombroso have tried to make of Shakesperian
German champions of Shakespeare 's suprem - characters as illustrations of their pet the
acy, belittling the value of this tradition, at ory. He says :
least as far as Rome, Italy , and France It is noteworthy that among the followers
were concerned, and only recognizing the of that school of criminology which sees in
special claims of Greek literature, saw in criminals a definite human species , charac
Shakespeare the expression of a new spon - terized by organic anomalies, of the school
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 113
which upholds the theory of the born crim - ginal— exercised considerable influence in .
inal, and makes epilepsy the sole cause of this direction . In the masques which were
crime, some have sought to find in the de- so highly favored at the court of Elizabeth ,
linquents of the Shakespearean theater proofs and at that of her successor, James I, music
life has been nec character ifhello singe111 was , occupied a very prominent place.
of the correctness of this theory. To do this By group
it has been necessary to simplify greatly their ing together some of the most striking pas
psychological characteristics. It was only sages referring to music, and the charms of
too easy to say that Othello sinned because music, Signora Berio brings out clearly
he was an epileptic , that Richard III was a Shakespeare's love of this art. That he
criminal because of his deformity , etc . If, knew something at least of harmonics is to
however, these criminologists had explored be deduced from the words (Richard II,
the soul-depths of those characters in Act V , sc. 5 ) :
Shakespeare's plays who are represented to Music do I hear ?
have been guilty of criminal acts , they would Ha, Ha ! Keep time- how sour sweet music is
have been induced to modify their theory, When time is broke and no proportion kept.
and would have been shown the path leading
to a right understanding of the psychological As an illustration of the music of the
genesis of crime. They would have seen period the writer presents the words and
clearly that even Richard III, the character notes of the contemporary musical setting
that seems to offer the most conclusive ex . given by Thomas Morley to the song in
ample of a born criminal, is really such by Twelfth Night (Act II, sc. 3) : “ O mis
education (intrinsic and extrinsic ), since he tress mine, where are you roaming ?" and
was brought up in an age of political strife also the words and notes of the "Willow
and of great crimes , and belonged to a fam - Song " of Desdemona. She accepts the opin
ion that most of the songs were adopted or
ily that played a leading part in the events
of this period . adapted by Shakespeare from pieces popular
The musical element in Shakespeare's in his day. This writer also notes that the
plays is the subject chosen by Signora Mar- first Hamlet opera was that of Domenico
gberita Berio . In her opinion Queen Eliza Scarlatti, who, in 1715, produced in the Ca- .
beth's fondness for music — she was an ex- pranica Theater at Rome an operatic version
i cellent performer on the lute and the vir- of this play.

“ THE SUBSTANCE OF POETRY ”

NEW monthly magazine, the Poetry the publication of new poems, each issue of
A Review , edited by William Stanley the Poetry Review will contain serious re
Braithwaite and Joseph Lebowich , an - views of current books of verse, and books on
nounces the object of the publication in its poetry and poets, and special articles that
first issue (Cambridge, Mass., May, 1916 ). touch on phases of poetic activity, exchange
This object shall be to quicken and enlarge of ideas, opinions, etc. — “ in truth a compre
the poetic pulse of this country, to make the hensive history of all the forces which make
public responsive to the creative genius of the for the progress of poetry in America."
poets, to keep the flame of truth and beauty This first işsue contains poems by Benja
burning in the minds of the people ; and also , min R . C . Low , Amy Lowell, Amelia
to offer every possible aid and encourage- Josephine Burr, Louis Untermeyer, Caroline
ment to the poets, to serve as a clearing. Giltman, and Sarah Teasdale . The reviews
house of ways and means to promote the and articles are by Padraic Colum , Edward
art of poesy , and to focus popular interest J. O 'Brien , Edwin F . Edgett, Louis Unter
upon that which is fine and worthy in the meyer, and William Stanley Braithwaite .
work of our contemporary poets. The edi. There has been quite a serious disagreement
tors propose to maintain an impartial stand - of late among various schools of modern
ard of judgment. Artistic merit alone will poetry as to just what the substance of poetry
decide a poem 's publication, and a “ catholi- should be ; therefore it is of decided interest
city of taste and standard of performance to note Mr. Braithwaite 's opinion in quota
will be the guiding factors ” in the judging tions from his article, which is entitled “ The
of poetry submitted to them . Aside from Substance of Poetry .”
July — 8
114 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Poetry is compounded of dream and imagina. poetry which run intimately through the
tion ; the former its spirit, the latter its will. pattern of our lives” we have to discover
There is no human being who has not in some
degree a portion of both these natural forces why, in times of stress and sorrow , the most
of consciousness. Poetry, in spite of all denials, practical people turn to the poets for the
is often the one channel of communication a man renewal of strength with which to combat
has between himself and the world in which he the ills and misfortunes of life.
lives. To confirm this contention think of the
seaman in the old days of clipper ships, of the The two things I am about to name are perhaps
shepherd in the hills with his flock , of the peasant the closest to our consciousness, are, indeed, our
in any land ; from all these lowly classes of consciousness itself, but they affect our positions
men has come a body of natural song, and from in life by their intangible, abstract influences.
the latter, especially, a vast and various store These are experience and character, two of the
of folk literatures which have enriched the beauty four
of life, and given to scholarship a humaneness poetrymajor facts of life in which the essence of
is the most subtle, and through which its
and beauty of feeling . expression is the most profound. Our entire ex
These various grades of individuals, regarded perience with life, with reality, is founded upon
as inferiors according to the cultural standards spiritual curiosity, and therefore the adventures
of the world, were able to communicate with which experience begets, whatever its mood, how
the mysteries — legible to other men , through
poetry ; caught their significances even when they ordinary its results, are poetic.
could not explain them , through the power of
dream and imagination . We are pretty sure, on to Now , the greatest fallacy, I think, in regard
psychological stimulus, is that which declares
the one hand, that wherever there is dream ,
wherever there is imagination , there also poetry that action , the concrete, alone constitute and em
body experience, and that character is formed by
abides. But, on the other hand, our modern the play of such visible forces upon the mental
world has been loath to admit that what dream and moral susceptibilities of the individual. In
and imagination has accomplished in practical one's life the event is most importantly real when
affairs has been too tremendously real and con it is born in the soul; there is the germ and de
crete for an abstraction like poetry to be either velopment of what we call experience, because
responsible for, or justly accredited with, any
contribution to the mechanic marvels of modern we so live all its possibilities imaginatively before
life. This thought alone had altered public the sourcesit ofin our
recording the world through action that all
character are called upon to
opinion in regards to poetry ; it went so far as present the particular event in harmony with
to affect the private feelings which men and our desires and emotions. In this formative
women had for the art. process, through which experience accumulates by
spiritual recognition what is real in ourselves,
Our primary impressions relate themselves to and in consequence of which character and traits
facts. We live in a world of facts, subsist upon of character are shaped , what, we may ask, is
them as a means of attachment to life and its the force ceaselessly and mysteriously at work ?
progress. They are the starting points from Is it not that insoluble, primal force called
which we proceed to those other essentials which poetry ?
contribute to the satisfaction of life and being.
The earth , sky, the city, the countryside, the house The second number of the Poetry Review
in which we live, the objects which we handle shows that the public received the initial
and manipulate in the application and creation issue of this significant magazine with en
of the things necessary for human comfort and thusiasm , and that splendid support is bound
enjoyment; these, from the unreachable blue
dome that spreads above our universe to the to follow the warm welcome given by its
needle with which we mend a garment, are facts. contemporaries. The June number contains
And they would be these and nothing more if
poetry did not dissolve them in our dreams and interesting letters from poets and critics, edi
torials, poems by Louis Ledoux, Joyce Kil.
imagination . mer, John Gould Fletcher, James B . Fitz
gerald , and Karl Wilson Baker; and articles
Mr. Braithwaite thinks that there is in and reviews by Jeannette Marks, Amy
poetry a force, a power, that molds character Lowell, Sylvester Baxter, and Amelia Jose
and subtly plays upon our spiritual natures
to their refreshment and renewal. phine Burr.1
After we have considered all the aspects 1 The Poetry Review . Edited by William S . Braith
of the substance of the " golden threads of waite
ChauncyandStreet,
Joseph Lebowich . Published monthly at 12
Cambridge, Mass. $1 per year; 12 issues.

SEX
 THE NEW BOOKS
PREPAREDNESS : FOR AND AGAINST
Imperiled America. By John Callan The Dangers of Half-Preparedness . An
O'Laughlin . Chicago : Reilly & Britton. 264 Address by Norman Angell. Putnam . 129 pp.
pp. $1.50 . 50 cents.
A candid exposition from the diplomatic stand. The argument of this book resolves itself
point of the real meaning of the world war to into a plea for a declaration of American policy.
the United States. The author, who was formerly in the author's view such a policy is required
Assistant Secretary of State and Secretary to the quite as much as any measure of military pre
United States Commission to Japan , analyzes the paredness. In other words, our power as a na
attitude of foreign powers towards the Monroe tion , however great, will fail unless we make
Doctrine, the position held by the United States known to the world , as well as to ourselves, the
in the Pacific, the Japanese portent, as he terms ultimate purposes of that power.
it, and the community of interest between Amer
ica and the Allies. In some quarters Mr. New Wars for Old . By John Haynes
O ’Laughlin would be regarded as an alarmist Holmes. Dodd, Mead & Co. 369 pp. $ 1.50.
but the trend of his argument is not to develop A statement of radical pacifism , from the
a policy of militarism so much as one of self standpoint of expediency.
protection .
Awake ! U . S . A . By William Freeman. E .What the War Is Teaching.. By Charles
Jefferson. Revell. 218 pp. $1.
Doran. 453 pp. $2. Lectures in which the pastor of the Broadway
This book points out in detail the dangers to Tabernacle in New York City emphasizes the
our Government and people resulting from un hateful aspects of war and points out some of
preparedness. It is a graphic synthesis of mili the fallacies of the so -called armed peace.
tary and economic statistics.
Address by Elihu Root. Dutton. 36 pp. Preparedness. By William I. Hull, Ph.D .
50 cents. Revell. 271 pp. $ 1.25.
A complete reprint of Mr. Root's address, as In this volume Professor Hull takes the stand
temporary chairman of the New York Repub ards of adequacy and efficiency as laid down by
the military and naval experts themselves and
lican Convention , on February 15 last, portions uses
of which were reproduced in the March number them as a measurement of the adequacy
of this REVIEW . and efficiency of the programs of preparedness
now presented to the American people. The
Our Military History . By Leonard Wood, "author attempts to determine precisely what a
defensive war" against a first-rate power in
U . S . A . Chicago : Reilly & Britton . 240 pp. twentieth -century warfare would mean , and pre
III. $ 1. cisely what kind of a military program would
A clear statement of the terrible price that has be adequate for it. He then presents his own
been paid in the past for our national sins of un - alternative proposition — the judicial settlement
preparedness. General Wood also presents in of international differences.
this book his own plan for developing a system
of citizen soldiery. Inviting War to America. By Allan L.
Benson. B. W . Huebsch. 190 pp. $1.
Fundamentals of Military Service. By The Socialist party's candidate for President
gives in this little book the Socialist argument
Captain Lincoln C . Andrews. Philadelphia :
Lippincott. 428 pp . $1.50. against militarism , as applied to the present sit
Captain Andrews was one of the popular and uation of the United States.
efficient officers of the Plattsburg Camp of 1915, The Rise of Rail-Power. By Edwin A .
and is well equipped by training and experi Pratt. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co. 405
ence for the preparation of a volume on military
service. His book is not a dry, technicalmanual, pp. $2.50.
but an interesting interpretation of the spirit A strangely neglected field of military study
and meaning of the service in all its branches. has been invaded by Mr. Pratt, who is an au
It is designed for both the professional and the thority on matters of railroad transportation .
citizen soldier, from private to officer. Indeed , There are interesting chapters on " France and the
a chapter like that on "Leadership” is excellent War of 1870 -71," "Railways in the Boer War,"
reading for a man in any walk of life. This “ The Russo -Japanese War," and various phases
handy little volume is replete with the philosophy of the general problem of railroads as a strategic
and wisdom of the seasoned soldier, and should al element. The author points out that our own
be among the first and essential volumes in the Civil War was the beginning of the scientific
library of the military training-camp man . use of railroads for military purposes.
115
116 THE AMERICAN. REVIEW OF REVIEWS
THE GREAT WAR AND ITS LESSONS
England's Effort. By Mrs. Humphry Ward. blokes in England an’ France an' Germany ain't
going to pray 'im into it."
Scribner. 176 pp. $1. For the most part these Englishmen of "Kitch
This is by far the fullest and most vigorous ener's Mob ," lived under the difficult conditions
statement regarding England's part in the great of warfare according to the letter written
war that has reached this side of the Atlantic. by actual
Kitchener and handed to each member of the
Mr. Joseph H . Choate says, in a preface, that regiments ordered abroad, the gist of which was
" none of the distinguished writer's romances the exercise of energy, courage, and patience, re
compares in vivid description and heart in membering that the honor of the army was the
spiring eloquence with these accounts that she honor of individual That courtesy and
gives of what she has seen with her own eyes of consideration was a conduct. and the yielding to
the resurrection of England." The British Gov . excess and temptation ,duty, . This memorable
ernment granted Mrs. Ward special opportunities letter, which Mr. Hall treason full ended : "Do
to see what England is doing on the battle front your duty bravely. Fear God .in Honor
quotes
the King.
and in the great munition works at home. Her KITCHENER, Field Marshal.” .
picture of what she saw is far more than a
perfunctory sketch of military and naval ac
tivities. It is rather a human document, speak They Shall Not Pass. By Frank H . Si
ing from the very heart of the British nation monds. Doubleday, Page 142 pp. $1 .
in this time of stress. Of especial interest is The famous watchword of the French troops
Mrs. Ward 's account of the astonishing part at Verdun has been chosen by Mr. Simonds as
played by English women in the equipment the title of his interpretation of the world's
and energizing of the nation for its tre greatest battle. Readers of Mr. Simonds' month
mendous task. ly articles in this REVIEW do not need to be re
minded of the convincing and inspirational qual
The First Seven Divisions. By Ernest W . ity of his writings on the war.
Hamilton. Dutton. 338 pp. $ 1.50. Impressions and Experiences of a French
Captain Hamilton, of the Eleventh Hussars,
here gives a detailed account of the fighting Trooper. By Christian Mallet. Dutton . 167
from Mons to Ypres. His book is valuable not pp. III. $ 1.
only as an authoritative account of the fortunes The author of this narrative began as a French
of the . Allied armies at the most critical period private soldier and worked his way up to the
in the war, but also as a professional study rank of lieutenant. He describes the retreat
in modern strategy and tactics. It is a melan from Belgium , the battle of the Marne, and the
choly reflection that the British Expeditionary attack at Loos. The chief significance of the
Force, whose brilliant exploits are recorded in book is the unconscious revelation that it makes
this book, was practically wiped out of of the unconquerable French spirit.
existence within the first three months of
the war. My Home in the Field of Honor. By Fran
Wilson Huard. Doran . 302 pp. $ 1.35.
Kitchener's Mob . By James Norman Hall. ces"My Home in the field of Honor" relates in
Houghton, Mifflin. 201 pp. $ 1.25. the compass of a small volume the experiences of
" Kitchener's Mob” is a graphic, uncensored ac Frances Wilson Huard, wife of Charles Huard,
count of the adventures of an American volun official painter of the war to the sixth Army of
teer, James Norman Hall, in Kitchener's army. France during the perilous days of the French
In the clamorous days of August, 1914, the volun retreat in the early days of the war. The home
teers who answered the first calls for troops were of the Huards is at Villiers, near the Marne
nicknamed "Kitchener's Mob.” Mr. Hallen - River, sixty miles from Paris. While Madame
listed on the 18th of August, 1914, in a London Huard was ministering to the wants of refugees,
regiment that had recruits from all parts of the she received a message from her husband telling
United Kingdom . Out of the chaos of the early her to " evacuate . . . go south, not Paris.” The
days of mobilization , he watched efficiency assert Uhlans had already surrounded Villiers and
itself, saw the military machine grow into a were waiting for morning to make an attack.
coördinated , perfectly working mechanism . His The family and servants started at once in a
admiration for the rank and file is unstinted . hay cart and the farm drays. The book tells of
During six months' service in the trenches Private the adventures of the cortege with those they en
Hall saw only two cases of drunkenness , and countered on the road, of Madame Huard 's stops
never did he see a woman treated discourteously to nurse the wounded , of her great courage amid
by an English Tommy Atkins. The scenes of scenes of frightful panic. When the Germans
actual battle, of hand to hand conflict are de had been driven back, she returned to her home
scribed with a simplicity that carries their horror fourteen days after the time she had left it. The
deep into the mind . The officers die according beautiful villa was a ruin . Everything of use
to the class code they have lived by ; the Tommy had been taken or despoiled in a shamefulman
in the trenches dies in a fit of child -like grieved ner. Even her love letters which she had locked
protest that God could bring him to such an end . in a desk and wrapped in the Stars and Stripes
" Christian nations !” Tommy says scornfully " If were scattered over the village. Later the villa
this 'ere is a sample o' Christianity, I'll tyke me was requisitioned as a French Military Hospital,
charnces down below w 'en I gets knocked out and such it is to -day. The book is delight
. .. . They ain 't no God 'aving anything to do fully illustrated from sketches by the writer's
with this war, I'm telling you. All the religious husband.
 THE NEW BOOKS 117
Because I Am a German . By Hermann one of those that will survive as literature when
Fernau. Dutton . 159 pp. $ 1. the actual conflict of the warring nations has
The sensation created by the publication of faded into an indistinct memory. The portraits
" J'Accuse," a German attack on the government of the ordinary Russian soldier are vivid . One
at Berlin, has not yet been forgotten . Now gets an idea of what the mysterious Russian army
comes a remarkable defense of that book, also is really like from this book. Mr. Morse sees
written by a man who declares himself to be the Russian soldier as a splendid fellow dogged ,
" a sincere patriot, born and educated in Prussia , courageous if not overly intelligent, a religious
and generally reputed a good Christian and a man who carries some sacred relic into battle with
law -abiding German citizen by the authorities of him , faithful to friends, cruel to enemies. The
this country.” He proceeds to analyze and re part of the army known to the author was com
iterate the arguments presented in " J'Accuse." posed mostly of Siberian peoples with marked
Mongolian characteristics ; one regiment was
composed of Mongolians pure and simple. He
The German Spirit. By Kuno Francke. regrets that Russia could not at the beginning of
Holt. 132 pp. $ 1. the war throw larger armies into the field, and
Throughout the discussions engendered by the he praises the Russian Cossack cavalry. With
was, the professor cul
or of the history of German cul more of these intrepid fighters, a larger army of
ture at Harvard, through his breadth of view young and vigorous men, and a better system of
and tolerance of spirit, has retained the respect railways, Germany would have come to an end
of Americans. This little volume presents a in six months. But Russia was incapable of pro
view of contemporary Germany which its au viding transportation, food, war materials and
thor hopes "may help Americans to understand artillery for a vast host, therefore she failed .
better both the sources of enduring German John Morse at the beginning of the war was a
greatness and the reasons why German achieve man of expert military knowledge and training,
ments have so often failed to appeal to Ameri who loved war and all that pertained to war.
cans." Now he writes: " I loathe it with an ineradicable
hate and disgust, and hope never again to see
ground crimsoned with blood."
German Atrocities. By J. H . Morgan. Dut.
ton. 192 pp. $1. The Problems and Lessons of the War.
A collection of evidence regarding the be Edited by George H . Blakeslee. Putnam . 381
havior of German troops in the western theater pp. $ 2.
of war, including documentary material not
presented in the Bryce report. This volume is made up of twenty-three ad
dresses delivered at Clark University in De
The Day of Wrath. By Louis Tracy. Ed. cember last. The foreword is supplied by
President G . Stanley Hall, of the University , and
J. Clode. 280 pp. $1.25. introduction by Prof. George H . Blakeslee.
A novel based , as its author states, on facts an
The points of view presented are as varied and
given in the official records of Great Britain , as the speakers, who include both
France, and Belgium . It is in fact the story of numerous
advocates and opponents of the policy of pre
the German invasion of Belgium . paredness.
My Secret Service. By the Man Who What Is Coming ? By H . G . Wells. Mac
Dined with the Kaiser. Doran. $1. millan. 294 pp. $1. 50.
The remarkable narrative of a man who Mr. Wells has once more been indulging in
claims to have worked in the Krupp factories, prophecy, and his forecasts, like his romances,
heard Commander Von Hersing tell the story will interest American readers — the more since
of his submarine voyage to Constantinople, in - he devotes a chapter to the future development
terviewed Enver Pasha, traveled on the first of the United States, France, Britain, and Russia ,
Balkan Express, and, to cap the climax, dined predicting that the Americans will be first to
with the Kaiser and King Ferdinand at Nish . avail themselves of the coming business oppor
The author represents himself as a neutral who tunities in Russia and China.
was hired by Lord Northcliffe to " scout" for the
London Daily Mail at Adrianople, Sofia, Vienna, The Things Men Fight For. By H . H .
and other points. He denies that he has been a
spy or that he ever was officially in England's Powers. Macmillan . 382 pp . $ 1.50.
service. A thoughtful consideration of the problem of
the hour, with application to present conditions
In the Russian Ranks. By John Morse. in Europe, by an American who has lived in
Alfred Knopf. 337 pp. $ 1.50. Paris, Berlin , Italy and Greece, and has fre
quently traveled through Russia and the Near
This is a notable war book written by an Eng East. Dr. Powers surveys the entire European
lishman , John Morse, who actually fought in the situation from the viewpoint of the national pa.
trenches in Poland. It relates the story of his triotism of each of the warring countries.
amazing adventures, his Aight from Prussia, over
the Russian border, in August, 1914 , his service Halt? Who's There ? By the Author of
in the Czar's army, his capture by the Germans
and his daring escape and return to England . “ Aunt Sarah .” Putnam . 114 pp. 75 cents.
The London Spectator compares the pictures of An attempt to summarize and epitomize, in
human suffering with those incomparable narra. simple, homely language, the spirit and ideals of
tives of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. This book is England in wartime.
 118 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
POLITICS: GOVERNMENT: ECONOMICS
The Presidency. Three Lectures. By Wil
liam Howard Taft. Scribner's. 145 pp. $1.
One of our two living ex -Presidents here out
lines the duties, powers and limitations of the
Presidential office and makes his exposition doubly
graphic by relating incidents from his own ex
perience in the office.
The Federal Executive. By John Philip
Hill. Houghton, Mifflin . 269 pp. $2.
An illuminating study of the growth of the
executive power in this country . Of special per
tinence at this time are the author's discussion of
the executive power in relation to military pre
paredness and suggestions for adding to the effi
A Capitalist's View of Socialism . By au
ciency of the national government.
History and Procedure of the House of duction by Benjamin Paul Blood. Parke, Austin
Representatives. By De Alva Stanwood Alex.
ander. Houghton, Mifflin . 435 pp. $2.
The author's long experience as a member of
Congress and his special familiarity with the
rules of the House of Representatives as de
veloped by speaker Reed enable him to write an
authoritative, as well as a systematic and com
pact treatise on the subject of congressional pro
cedure. One noteworthy feature of the book is
the chapter of character studies of the more
prominent floor leaders of the House, especially
those who figured during the ten years preceding
the Civil War. These sketches are based on the
personal knowledge of such veteran members of
Congress as former Speaker Grow , and others,
with whom the author served during several con
gressional terms.
American Government and Majority Rule .
By Edward Elliott, Ph.D . Princeton : Princeton
University Press. 175 pp. $ 1.25.
It is Dr. Elliott's belief that the greatest hin
drance to the attainment of majority rule in the
United States has been the form of government
through which Americans have been compelled
с Monthly have attracted much attention .
to act. While the people are eager to have the
government do more for the social well-being, it
is clear that the necessary authority is lacking
and that there is no proper equipment to secure
an efficient performance of these new tasks. The
author suggests that our government must be
modified in the direction of greater simplicity.
The American Plan of Government. By $ 1.
Charles W . Bacon. Putnam . 474 pp. $2.50. " A Honeymoon Experiment" is a book that will
A history of the making of the federal Con
stitution and its interpretation by the courts.
The Next Step in Democracy. By R ., W .
Macmillan
Sellars, Ph .D . . 275 pp. $ 1.50.
An outline of the coming socialistic state as
prefigured in the various tendencies now opera
tive in the American democracy. The author
discusses the prevalent misconceptions of social
ism , the serious objections to it, and the condi
tions of the social freedom . His point of view
is that of the economic evolutions. A chapter is
devoted to the effect of the great war on the
prospects for international socialism .
The Socialism of To -Day. Edited by W . E .
Walling, J. G . Phelps Stokes, Jessie W . Hughan,
H . W . Laidler, and others. Holt. 642 pp. $ 1.60.
This volume is made up chiefly of original
documents showing the present position and re
cent development of the socialist and labor par
ties in all countries. The editors of the book,
who are members of a committee of the Inter
collegiate Socialist Society, offer it as the first
international and comprehensive source book
dealing with the socialist movement in any lan
guage. Its publication marks a distinct advance
in the scientific discussion of the socialist move
ment.
thor of "From Boyhood to Manhood.”
Intro
& Lipscomb. 223 pp. $ 1.
The American City . By Henry C. Wright.
Chicago : A . C. McClurg & Co. 178 pp. $.50.
An attempt to set forth in very brief compass
some of the striking social aspects of American
city development. There are chapters on " The
Location and Purpose of Cities," " Protection of
Property, Life and Health ," " Education and In
struction ," " Housing, Transit, and Location of
Factories," and " The Effect of the City upon Its
Citizens." Dr. Wright was formerly of the Rus
sell Sage Foundation and is now first deputy
commissioner of the New York City Department
of Public Charities.
Alcohol and Society. By John Koren. Holt.
271 pp. $ 1.25.
The author of this work is an unbiased inves
tigator who has studied the social control of
alcohol as a practical question in every country
that has thus far experimented with it. Mr.
Koren is an interesting writer and his recent
articles on the drink problem in the Atlantic
Russian Prohibition . By Ernest Gordon.
Westerville, O.: The American Issue Publishing
Co. 80 pp. $.25.
A Honeymoon Experiment. By Margaret
and Stuart Chase. Houghton, Mifflin . 159 pp .
please or disappoint, according to the reader's
taste. It is a summary of the unique experiences
of Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Chase during the weeks
of their honeymoon in Rochester, New York .
This young couple decided to take humble house
keeping rooms, live on ten dollars a week, join
the ranks of the humble wage-earners, and find
out how the other half of the world lives. The
first part of the book gives the "Groom 's" story,
the second part relates the experiences of the
" Bride.” The Groom applied for ninety -two jobs
and investigated twenty-two institutions and
"business opportunities." He obtained work
finally as an accountant at a wage of five dollars
per week. The Bride, during the eight weeks of .
 THE NEW BOOKS
the experiment, applied for ninety -two positions
and beld six as long as strength and circum -
stances permitted . At the end of this young
couple's experiments, they decided that for them
it would be better to cease to live than to go on
living as the average American worker of small
earning capability and precarious employment
must live. Their book makes appeal to intelli-
gent, educated people to pay less attention to
palliative charity and more attention to the find
ing of some better way to reorganize the machin
ery of distribution . There is " enough and more
than enough to go 'round . The earth is groaning
with the good things of life . . . only we do not
understand how to distribute them .”
The Woman Movement from the Point of
View of Social Consciousness. By Jessie Taft.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
$.50.
A study of the various problems associated
with the woman movement, so called , in their
relation to the larger, more inclusive social prob
lems of the day.
Civilization and Womanhood. By Harriet
B. Bradbury . Boston : Badger. 229 pp. $ 1.
A study of the evolution of modern society 's
attitude toward woman , as traced from pre
historic times.
The Postal Power of Congress. By Lind.
say Rogers, Ph.D . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins
Press. 189 pp. $ 1.
A study of the federal control of the post-office
rather than of the history or efficiency of that
arm of the national government.
American and Foreign Investment Bonds.
By William L . Raymond. Houghton, Mifflin Co.
324 pp. $3.
This guide for the investor and the business
man discusses the various factors that enter into
the intrinsic value of investment bonds. In view
of the expectation that the United States may
soon become the market for a large amount of
foreign government securities, such a work has
special timeliness.
Textiles. By Paul H . Nystrom , Ph.D . Ap
pleton's. 335 pp . III. $1. 50.
This book describes the source of raw material,
the methods of manufacture and distribution , the
tests to determine quality , the economic aspects
of textiles, and other phases of the subject that
are of importance to all who manufacture, sell
or use the products of the textile mills. This is
(ne of the series of volumes prepared in the
* Extension Division ” of the University of Wis
consin .
Irrigation Management. By Frederick
Haynes Newell. Appleton . 306 pp. III. $2.
In this volume the former director of the
United States Reclamation Service answers prac
tical questions relating to the operation, main
tenance and betterment of irrigation works. The
book is in fact the result of a series of confer
ences held by men actively engaged in irrigation
projects in our great West.
119
The School and the Immigrant. By Her.
bert Adolphus Miller. The Survey Committee
of the Cleveland Foundation. Philadelphia :
William F . Fell Co.
A valuable report by the Survey Committee
of the Cleveland Foundation. It describes the
condition of school children in Cleveland, from
non -English speaking homes. The efforts of
national groups to preserve their languages and
the general problem of education for the foreign
children . There is also an interesting chapter
on " The Adult Immigrant and the School."
copies of the report may be obtained from the
Cleveland Foundation and also from the Division
of Education of the Russell Sage Foundation ,
New York City.
The Single- Tax Movement in the United
States. By Arthur Nichols Young, Ph. D .
Princeton : Princeton University Press. 340 pp.
$ 1.50.
In collecting the material on which this study
of the single- tax movement is based , the author
spent several weeks in and around San Francisco
securing data regarding the economic background
of Henry George's life there. He also person
ally visited several of the localities where the
single -tax movement has been most prominent,
including Portland, Ore.; Seattle and Everett,
Washington ; Chicago, Illinois ; Cincinnati, Ohio,
and also in Canada, Victoria and Vancouver,
B . C ., and Edmonton , Alberta .
The Irish Orators. By Claude G . Bowers.
Bobbs-Merrill. 258 pp. $1.50.
“ The Irish Orators," a history of Ireland's
long fight for freedom , by Claude Bowers,
tells the dramatic story of the lives and person
alities of nine men who figured in the struggle
for Irish nationality from the middle of the
eighteenth to the beginning of the present cen
tury. They were: Flood , Grattan , Curran,
Plunkett, Emmet, O 'Connell, Meagher, Butt, and
Parnell, the men who tower out of the turmoil of
modern Irish political history as beings of supe
rior powers, whose eloquence served to reani
mate from time to time the smouldering fires of
Irish patriotism . It is impossible not to be in
spired and uplifted by the account of the lives
of these Irish leaders. Dreams spun in their
minds; honey flowed from their tongues. Quo
tations from their best orations are interspersed
with the text, and whatever their faults, there
must be accorded them a gift for language that
stormed into eloquence of the highest order, un
daunted courage, devotion to a great cause and
unworldly absorption in lofty ideals. Mr. Bow
ers' work is comprehensive and scholarly, the
most complete book of its kind that is offered the
public. He uplifts the portrait of each man as a
finely cut cameo, from the basic texture of his
times. His secondary object is to emphasize the
genius of the Irish race. The secret he thinks
gave Parnell so great a hold on the Irish people
- the fact that " through the cold exterior of the
man they could see the beating of his heart” - is
the hold that these Irish orators have upon the
present and upon the future generations. Be
neath the eloquent portrayal of their daring de
fense of their principles, beat the hearts of men
of Aesh and blood , whose sacrifice and fame have
imparted luster to the cause of Irish Nationalism .
120 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
LANDS AND PEOPLES
China : An Interpretation . By James W . prepared in the form of letters home, therefore
it has the effect of an intermittent diary of
Bashford. Abingdon Press. 620-pp. Ill. $2.50. her life during the eleven years of her labor. It
After a residence of twelve years in China is impossible
Bishop Bashford , of the Methodist Episcopal in a few words to describe the fresh
Church , is probably as well equipped as any ness, the charm and interest of this unusual book .
American to undertake the task that he has set The author has the gift of getting under the skin
for himself in this volume - " so to interpret China of the African nature, of literally " seeing black ."
that American and European readers will under Domestic Life in Rumania By Dorothea
stand better the men and forces with which they
must deal in the Far East and will appreciate Kirke. John Lane. 291 pp. III. $1.50 .
more fully not the mere industrial and commer Since the Balkan countries remain largely in
cial qualities of this large section of the human the lime-light, a book by Dorothea Kirk, " Do
race, but the aspirations, the spiritual aptitudes, mestic Life in Rumania," will please readers
and the struggles of our Chinese brothers and who like descriptions of life that is completely
sisters.” There are chapters on " The Downfall strange to our ideas. Her narrative is given in
of the Manchus," " The Transition ,” “ The Chin the form of letters from " La Nurse," in a prom
nese Republic," " China and Japan," " China and inent Rumanian family, to her cousin in England.
the United States," and " China and the World." They are bright, witty, vivid impressions that
include an account of a journey to Constantinople
A Merry Banker in the Far East (and and of holidays in Sinai in the Carpathians. The
South America ) . By Walter H . Young. Lane. chapter that records the excursion to the Pestera
279 pp. III. $ 1.50 . Monastery gives a delightful picture of the wild
mountain life and the awe-inspiring beauty of
After serving for some time on the staff of the this out-of-the-way corner of the earth with its
Charter Bank of India , Australia, and China, "bizarre rocks, the forests with their contrasts of
Mr. Young was made general manager in Chile tender green and dark, almost black, shades
of the Bank of Tarapaca, now the Anglo - South against the delicate blue of the cloudless sky."
American Bank. From this volume of Mr.
Young's experiences one may not expect to gain A Month in Rome. By Andrá Maurel.
very profound knowledge of banking methods Translated by Helen Gerard. Putnam . 401 pp.
either in the Far East or in South America, but III. $1.75.
his pages are entertaining and diverting, pictur It is probably true that most visitors to Rome
ing as they do varied phases of social life in two see little more than what the guide-books point
continents.
out and describe for them . The reader of M .
Railway Expansion in Latin America. By Maurel's book will have open before him long
avenues leading to treasures of which the guide
Frederick M . Halsey. Moody Book Company. books never speak. His book is indeed a revela
170 pp. III. $1.50. tion of Roman art at its best, as it has impressed
Mr. Halsey has prepared the first connected itself upon the mind of a Frenchman .
account of the origin and development of South
and Central American railroad systems. Besides Russian and Nomad. By e. Nelson Fell.
Duffield . 201. pp. III. $ 2.
the thrilling story of the mastering of tremendous
engineering difficulties, this little book suppliesThese tales of the Kirghiz Steppes, part of the
useful and fresh information regarding the in Central Asiatic plateau, were written by an Eng.
vestments in Latin -American railroads of Euro lishman who was for eleven years in charge of
pean capital. There are numerous illustrations the works of a large mining company in that
in half-tone, and four insert maps. region . This borderland between Russia and
Asia has been little visited by Europeans. It is
Black Sheep. By Jean Kenyon Mackenzie. a land of severe winters and hot summers. Mr.
Houghton, Mifflin . 314 pp . $ 1.50 . Fell found both the Russians and the Kirghiz
genial and hospitable, and soon became thor.
" Black Sheep" is a delightful and unique rec oughly
ord of the experiences and adventures of Jean familiar with the languages and customs
Kenyon Mackenzie, a worker in the Presbyterian of both peoples. His is one of the few books in
English that give any satisfactory description of
mission field in West Africa from 1904 to 1913. that
The ten years preceding the war was an era of portion of the Russian possessions.
great missionary development of this district. Rambles in the Vaudese Alps. By F. S.
Self-support was the major intention. At Elat
there was a fair-sized industrial plant ; ten thou Salisbury. Dutton . 154 pp. Ill. $ 1.
sand pupils were at work in the various schools. Valuable for the descriptions of Alpine Aowers,
Medical work progressed amazingly ; health, as well as some of the less familiar mountain
sanitation and progress followed the efforts of scenery of the Vaud region .
the sixty white missionaries and their corps of
The Ghosh
four hundred black assistants. The writer of this Sarah Wonders of the Jungle. By Prince
. Book 1. Heath . 190 pp . III.
book holds herself fortunate to have been in a 48 cents .
measure helpful to this work of civilization , and
she has written of her life in Africa and of the In this little book are described those animals
people there with rare understanding and sym that especially appeal to the interest of young
pathy ; also with color and a vivid sense of the children . The main scientific facts and principles
beauty of tropical landscape and the picturesque concerning each animal are woven into the nar
ness of the natives. The material was originally rative as a part of their daily life. The present
 THE NEW BOOKS 121
work is intended to be a supplementary reader for the benefit of the sportsman there are chap
for the earlier grades in grammar schools. ters devoted to fishing and hunting, and the
varied opportunities for recreation are attrac
Through Glacier Park . By Mary Roberts tively set forth in a chapter entitled “ Camp and
Rinehart. Houghton, Mifflin . 92 pp. Ill. 75 Canoe."
cents . The Tourist's Northwest. By Ruth Kedzie
An account of the recent horseback trip taken Wood, F. R . G . S. Dodd, Mead & Co. 528 pp.
by Mrs. Rinehart through the newly opened Na III. $ 1.75.
tional Park in the northern Rockies. This record
of Mrs. Rinehart's travels may be profitably An admirable guide-book for the northwest of
used as a guide-book to the wonderful mountain the United States, and Canada . Puget Sound, the
scenery that she describes. Columbia River, the Cascades, Portland , Tacoma,
Seattle, the National Glacier Park, and prac
The Latchstring to Maine Woods and tically Washington
all points of interest in the States of
Waters. By Walter Emerson. Houghton, Mif Idaho, and Oregon are fully de
scribed, while there are chapters on the Canadian
Alin . 229 pp . III. $ 2. Rockies, Selkirks, Vancouver
the Island, and the
Almost every member of the large and grow . whole Canadian northwest. The information
ing summer population of Maine will find in regarding railroad and steamship routes and
this book a reference to some familiar scene. hotels has all been brought closely up to date.

AMERICAN HISTORY
Travels in the American Colonies. By third edition of his work, edited by A . J. Noyes,
Newton D . Mereness. Macmillan. 693 pp. $3. together with a history of southern Montana, is
A collection of hitherto unpublished manu included in the present volume.
scripts describing journeys made by their au Chronicles of the White Mountains. By
thors in the period 1690 -1783. There are accounts Frederick W . Kilbourne. 434 pp. III. $2 .
of experiences in travel on the Atlantic slope Notwithstanding the great number of guides
from Savannah to Albany ; from Albany to to the White Mountain region the recent litera
Niagara Falls, Quebec, Hartford, and Boston ; ture of the mountains has not been developed on
through the Great Lakes from Detroit to Chi the side of history. This apparent gap is filled
cago ; up the Mississippi from New Orleans to by Mr. Kilbourne's volume, which begins with
St. Louis ; down the Ohio and the Mississippi the Indian legends of the mountains, describes
from Pittsburgh to New Orleans ; up the Ten the work of the early explorers and settlers, then
nessee, through the country of the Choctaws, the continues the story down to the present day.
Creeks, and the Cherokees, and through the back There are numerous well-printed illustrations
woods from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. and two maps.
Colonial life is vividly pictured in these narra .
tives. Pittsburgh : A Sketch of Its Early Social
Life. By Charles W . Dahlinger. Putnam 's.
The Great Revival in the West, 1797-1805. 216
By Catharine C . Cleveland. Chicago : Univer. pp. III. $1.25.
sity of Chicago Press. 215 pp. $1. As the principal stopping place in the journey
from the East to the Mississippi valley in early
Although there are many allusions in the his days, the settlement at Pittsburgh had special
tories to what was generally known as the Ken prominence and developed a distinctive social
tucky Revival, at the close of the eighteenth life . The story of the settlement in its formative
century, this volume contains the first connected period (1750 -1800 ), and its development in the
story of the episode. It describes the religious early decades of the nineteenth century, as based
condition of the West prior to 1800, analyzes the on newspaper and other contemporary accounts,
teachings and methods of the revival leaders, and is clearly set forth by Mr. Dahlinger, and is of
gives a concise account of the spread of the re more than local interest.
vival and its culmination . There are maps
showing the distribution of population in 1800 The Citizen 's Book. Edited by Charles R .
and the approximate locations of Presbyteries, Hebble and Frank P . Goodwin . Cincinnati :
Baptist associations, and Methodist circuits. The Stewart & Kidd. 242 pp. III. $1.25.
concluding chapter is a sane and well-considered Under the auspices of the Cincinnati Chamber
estimate of the results of the movement. Commerce
of book
this prepared
has been as a
Dimsdale's Vigilantes of Montana. By A . source of information regarding the settlement
J. Noyes . Helena, Mont.: State Publishing Co. and early history of the city of Cincinnati, its
community life, its government, and its institu
290 pp. III. $2.50 . tions. It contains much material never before
The " Vigilantes," who cleared Montana of
" road agents" in 1864 -65, were never as widely brought together in a single volume.
known as their predecessors of San Francisco, The Heritage of Tyre. By William Brown
but the importance of their services in the early Meloney . Macmillan . 180 pp . Ill. 50 cents.
history of their territory was relatively quite as A striking and vivid narrative of the rise of
great. The whole story was told by a contem - the American merchant marine and its culmina
porary, Thomas J. Dimsdale, in 1865, and the tion in the days of the clipper ships.
 122 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
THE GREAT OUT-OF-DOORS
Let Us Go Afield . By Emerson Hough. eastern Atlantic States, containing keys to eighty
Appleton . 319 pp. Ill. $ 1.25. genera and short descriptions of over one hun
A manual of advice to campers and sportsmen dred and fifty species, with special reference to
especially suggested to big game hunters in the distinguishing characteristics that are ap
the west. parent without the aid of a lens. The subject
is presented in a simple, non -technical way.
The Determined Angler and the Brook
Trout. By Charles Bradford. Putnam 's. 161 Under the Apple- Trees. By John Bur.
pp. Ill. $ 1. roughs. Houghton, Mifflin. 316 pp. Ill. $1.25.
A description of the approved methods used A charming blend of nature study and
in the taking of trout, the varieties of tackle em - philosophy.
ployed , and the places where the best trout
are to be found . Marooned in the Forest. By A. Hyatt
Modern Swimming. By J. H . P. Brown. Verrill. Harper. 229 pp. III. $1.25.
The story of a modern Robinson Crusoe in the
Boston . Small, Maynard & Co. 181 pp. III. $1.. far northern forest, embodying many actual ex
A practical manual by an experienced and suc- periences and epitomizing the basic facts of out
cessful instructor in swimming . For the benefit door life.
of expert swimmers there are chapters on the
various new strokes. War Path and Hunting Trail. By Elmer
• How to Know the Mosses. By Elizabeth Russell Gregor. Harper. 203 pp. Ill. 60 cents.
Marie Dunham . Houghton , Mifflin . 287 pp. A series of thrilling adventures of Indian
boys. The author tries to picture the Indian
III. $ 1.25. as he actually was, not as he appears in the
A popular guide to the mosses of the north- pages of Cooper's novels.

BOOKS THAT STIMULATE HEALTH

OF MIND AND BODY
PERHAPS the most sensible advice one can take
on one's vacation is the content of George
Wharton James' helpful book, " Quit Your Wor-
rying." This book is written in a sensible,
straightforward fashion and is plentifully
sprinkled with touches of humor. It discusses
the various causes of worry and gives sugges-
tions for their banishment. You can't change a
worrying person suddenly into a well-poised ,
serene person, but the author believes that with
faith in God , trust, and naturalness, we can
slough off worry like the dead skin of the ser.
pent and find the way of highest achievement.
" Living the Radiant Life," another good book
by Mr. James, asks the question of us : " What are
we radiating ? " If you want to learn to radiate
health , vitality, energy, happiness, serenity, and
spiritual power, this book will help you to find
a way to do it. It is a cool wind of health car-
rying to weary humanity the stimulation of new This valuable work deals with the use of sug
possibilities, of our spiritual, mental and physical gestion, with telepathy, prescience and transcen
life here on earth .
" The Influence of Joy," a by George Van Ness
Dearborn , is issued in the ""Mind and Health
Series" as a " scientific exposition of both the
mechanism and the significance of the basic
emotion with which it deals." Very few people
realize the therapeutic value of happiness, the
actual reality of the influence of joy on the
body. Ill health is, generally speaking, the re-
1 Quit Your Worrying. By George Wharton James.
Baker-Taylor Co. 262 pp. $ 1.
2 The Influence of Joy. By George Van Ness Dear.
born . Little, Brown, . 223 pp. $ 1.
sult of a sudden deprivation of joy, or a long .
continued sufferance of the factors that robus
of permanent happiness. We have had many
books that from different points of view approxi
mate the teachings of this volume, but few that
approach the subject in a scientific spirit suffi
cient to convince the practical person that an
alliance with joy is the best rejuvenating influ
ence to be found in the world . The author is
instructor in psychology and education in the
Sargent Normal School at Cambridge, Massa
chusetts.
" Body and Spirit' is an inquiry into the sub
conscious, by John D . Quackenbos, M .D ., based
on the many experiences in psychotherapy Oc
curring in the author's practise, since the efficacy
of suggestion in the treatment of physical and
mental disorders has become a medical certainty .
dental psychic phenomena, and closes with a
chapter on the psycholic proof of immortality, the
glimpse we may gain through reason of a " ra
tional heaven ."
Emerson said that the hardest task in the world
was " to think.” One of the most valuable books
recently published is “ Thinking as a Science,"
by Henry Hazlitt. He shows us that in these days
of easy educational facilities, our minds have
* Body and Spirit. By John D . Quackenbos, M . D .
Harper & Bros.
• Thinking as "a 282Science.
pp. $ 1.50.
By Henry Hazlitt. E . P .
Dutton Co. 251 pp. $ 1.
 THE NEW BOOKS
grown lazy ; we run to a book , or to a specialist
with every petty problem , and neglect to culti-
vate real hard independent thinking. The author
recommends a list of helpful books for those
who are anxious to become scientific thinkers.
" How to Add Ten Years to Your Life,” 1 and
incidentally to double its satisfactions, is told in
a convenient handbook by S. S. Curry. Most
books on like subjects are apt to be vague. Mr.
Curry's book gives exact instructions as to how
to start right each morning, what exercise to
practise, how to breathe, work, play, study, get
nony with the life forces, and to facili-
tate in all ways the highest human development.
"Side-stepping Ill-Health " : is a most useful
book to have in the home. It is a simply written
book of sensible advice by an able practising phy-
sician, Edwin F. Bowers, M .D . The chapters on
insomnia and on the care of the teeth are worth
the price of the book. Other subjects treated in
successive chapters include: Colds and their
causes, coughs, that " tired feeling," headaches,
Derves, corpulency, rheumatism , typhoid , chil-
dren 's diseases, the quest of beauty, and exposi-
tion of the newly discovered form of analgesia
used by Doctor William H . Fitzgerald , of Hart
ford , Connecticut. The author approves of the
public having the knowledge that many painful
disorders will yield to pressure on certain nerve
centers more easily than to drugs, narcotics and
the surgeon's knife.
"Principles of Health Control;" 3 by Francis M .
Waters, Professor of Physiology and Hygiene in
the State Normal School, at Warrensburgh, Mis
souri, presents a study of hygiene with ali the
emphasis placed upon corrective work. His thesis
is the well-known quotation from Herbert Spencer,
NOVELS AND STORIES
IT is gratifying to note the republication of the
stories of H . c . Bunner, that veteran story .
teller whose work has ever been in popular de-
mand. Two volumes are issued containing
twenty -two stories, introduced with a short pref.
ace, by way of a memoir, by Brander Matthews.
They include such gems of story -telling as " The
Midge," " The Zadoc Pine Labor Union," " The
Story of a New York House,” and “Mrs. Tom 's
Spree." Professor Matthews gives briefly the
facts of Bunner's life. He was born at Oswego,
N . Y., on August 3, 1855, and died at Nutley,
N . J., on May 11, 1896 . His schooling was a
disappointment to him in that he was not able
to enter Columbia College after having pre
pared for a college course. After a short busi
ness career he became a newspaper man and
when Puck began to be published in English , he
became its editor, and it was due to his judgment
" How to Add Ten Years to Your Life. By S . S.
Curry School of Expression Co. (Boston.) 134 pp .
Side-Stepping 111 Health.
By Edwin F. Bowers,
M .D . Little , Brown. $ 1.35.
Principles of Health Control. By Francis M .Waters,
D. C. Heath & Co. 476 pp. $ 1.50 .
lan.Who
285 Ispp.Insane By Stephen Smith, M .D . Macmil.
?
$ 1 . 25.
* The stories of H Bunner. Two vols. Scrib
Der's. 806 pp. $ 1.25 perC . vol.
. icans, whose destiny is immutably interwoven
123
that “ To be a good animal is the first requisite
to success in life, and to be a nation of good ani
mals is the first condition to national prosperity."
The author rightly contends that since modern
life tends to impair the physical organism , there
should be instilled into the minds of the masses a
thorough knowledge of defense against the in
roads of disease. From individual health control
he proceeds to the larger aspect of national health
control, and the problems America must face in
husbanding her resources of public health . While
this volume is primarily a text-book , it will not
fail to interest everyone who wishes to possess a
healthy body and mind.
" Who Is Insane?” . a new gospel of the preven
tion and cure of insanity , will commend itself
to the general reader. It is based on sound
knowledge and years of experience. Its author,
Stephen Smith , M .D ., was formerly Commis-,
sioner of Lunacy in the State of New York , and
the book is a commentary upon his work in the
institutions for the insane and the charities and
reformatories of the State. It illustrates the illu
sive nature of insanity, its origin in the function
ing of illy balanced brain cells, the scientific
principles on which the prevention of insanity
and its successful treatment must be based ; and
an argument that the same principles must be
applied to the reform of criminals and to the
mentally defective. Just "who is insane," has
long been a difficult question to decide. All peo
ple easily detect the mental aberrations of others
and utterly fail to perceive their own defects. It
has long been admitted that genius is allied to
madness. It is of great importance that one
should learn to gauge mental integrity intelli
gently by a correct standard, and for this pur
pose Dr. Smith 's book may be highly recom
mended .
and taste, together with a keen appreciation of
the sources and appreciation of humor in the
native American character, that the first Ameri
can comic weekly became a success. Bunner
wrote much agreeable light verse, but it was
his gift for writing short stories that brought
him fame, and keeps his memory green with his
many admirers. He is one of the few writers
who help us to remember the old landmarks of
New York that were long since swept away.
For pathos, for charm , insight, natural grace and
sentiment, Bunner is still unequalled by the writ
ers of the younger generation . Professor Mat
thews says that his stories, any of them , bear
comparison with those of Hawthorne, Poe, Bret
Harte and Cable, that " they are novel in topic,
fresh in atmosphere, individual in treatment and
ingenious in construction ." One may add the
definition of another quality - a subtle differen
tiation of the natives of the States, the descend
ants of the original settlers, as a people possessed
of ideals peculiar to themselves, which are of
such inherent power that their potentiality can
withstand all attacks of forces that would destroy
nationality. He makes us conscious of ourselves
first as human beings, who must live in neigh
borly relations to one another, secondly as Amer..
with the soil that bore them . This is his power,
124 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
and this also is the fragrance that rises like a officer, Le Gallic , Madame Ortegue's cousin , who
penetrating fine mist from the pages of the old believes in the unknown, in the formulæ of re
tales. It is to be hoped that we shall soon have ligion , as firmly as Ortegue disbelieves. In the
a third series of the Bunner stories to add to the narration of final passion of death - two deaths
present edition. so strangely contrasted - Bourget rises to the
climax of rare artistic creation . One feels that
"What are the pregnant changes going on in Catherine Ortegue is France hesitating between
England that will bear fruit after the war is her loyalty to science and the religious nostalgia
over ?” is the question asked and answered in that the war has poured into her heart. Bourget
" The King's Men," a story of England in war questions whether death has not a significance
time, by John Palmer. The book does not carry
the reader to the actual scenes of conflict. The elsewhere than on earth. To Ortegue death was
a catastrophic phenomenon ; to Le Gallic a con
drama of the war is played off stage. Mr. Palmer summation . Which of these two hypotheses is
gives us in a simple unpretentious narrative the utilizable ? Bourget writes and here we must
feeling that had brought about the transformation remember fact of his own religious conver.
of the minds of the young men of England since sion — that the no one can prove experimentally that
the beginning of the war. The distinction of this the faith of religious belief in the future is not
book lies in its sheer earnestness. " The King 's
Men " are those who serve life's high purposes well founded . Our very pain in the search after
truth is a prayer. When we feel the need of
at home or at the " front,” who cry when the pomp God, it is because He is quite close to us."
and glory of the world is dissolved in blood and
tears, not " This is the end of everything," but " Fulfillment,” 4 by Emma Wolf, is a story of a
" This is only the beginning." The author thinks great romance and of the unalterable ideals of
it is impossible to picture England as the war a love-marriage based upon the essential realities
will leave her, but that his book is a thesis of of character. It is convincing, idealistic, and
what is going to be the spirit of England after breathes the best of our traditions of true Ameri
the war, the outcome of the revolution that is canism as expressed in the family life. Gwen
going on in two out of every three English Heath, the beautiful undisciplined girl-wife ; De
homes. borah, who typifies "Law and Order," and
George Leland, the chivalrous son of a perfect
Many people who read of the mountain feuds mother, weave the story unto a happy ending
of Kentucky cherish the idea that the mountain after days of storm and tumult. The author is
eers are akin to uncivilized savages. " The Red to be congratulated upon her artistry and clear
Debt," 2 by Everett MacDonald , presents a sympa vision of the eternal verities, that alone can feed
thetic perspective on the causes, both hereditary and prosper the human soul.
and environmental, that have produced their
crimes of passion and revenge. It is a splendid , Zane Grey continues to give us the favor of
big, strong story of Old Captain Lutts of Moon the wild life in the West as it existed half a cen
Mountain, Kentucky, his stalwart sons, the " rey tury ago. “ The Border Legion " ! is a thrilling
enuers," and of his beautiful adopted daughter, romance of love and adventure among a band
" Belle Ann ." The author knows the creeds of of Western outlaws in Southern Idaho in the days
these mountaineers, the insulation of their proud when the rush for gold peopled the region beyond
spirits with their own particular faiths; he feels the Missouri with strange and lawless characters.
their rights and their wrongs and their passion Joan Randle quarrels with her lover, and in a
fit of pique he runs away to join the Border
ate love of kith and kin. Splendid descriptions of Bandits,
the wild beauty of the Kentucky highlands add suit of herKells and Gulden . Joan goes in pur
lover and is captured and kidnapped
glory to this poignant chronicle. by Kells. From this point onwards, the action
One must understand the peculiar genius of the is fast and furious. Not for an instant does the
eminent French writer, Paul Bourget, to fully ap story lag or fail in interest. Love, danger, and
preciate his latest work, “ The Night Cometh,"sa breathless adventure run a swift race through
story of opposing conceptions of the meaning of the pages. The finest character from an artistic
death placed against the background of the war. point of view is Kells, the bandit who rescues
One may not call Bourget a great writer, but Joan and redeems his own soul.
he has been fluent and easily productive, and
he has followed the delicate filaments of his in In view of the recent stimulation of interest
spirations with rare diligence. He has more in Irish literature caused by the ill-fated Irish
than thirty volumes of fiction to his credit that Rebellion , " The Portion of a Champion," by
sustain a high level of excellence, and he has Francis o Sullivan tighe, will please those who
been a great influence for good with the masses, care for stories of the heroic age in Ireland.
by his respect for virtue, his love of beauty, and Conal, the son of a chieftain , starts out with
the ardor of his religious faith . proper equipage to win his fortune. His father
In “ The Night Cometh , we find Michael places upon him three geasa , or prohibitions
Ortegue, an orthodox scientist and a great sur never to refuse a feast or entertainment, never
geon facing death , and that which to him is the to allow a single man to pass first before him
greater calamity, separation from his young wife through a ford , never to omit to claim the high
with whom he is profoundly in love. Ortegue is est seat and the choicest portion if the option is
an atheist, and he urges his wife to make a death given him . Conal has many adventures, and he
pact with him . Opposed to the scientific and woos the beautiful Etain in the course of the
materialistic Ortegue, is the young wounded great march of the Irish army under King Dathi
1 The King's Men . By John Palmer. Putnams. 311 the* Fulfillment.
pp. $ 1. 35.
Quick -with -Weapons, through Gaul and
By EmmaWolf. Holt. 397 pp. $1. 35.
: The Red Debt. By Everett MacDonald. G. W . pp •. The$ 1 . 35Border
Dillingham . 334 pp. $ 1.25. .
Legion. By Zane Grey. Harper. 366
a The Night Cometh. By Paul Bourget. Putnams. *** The Portion of a Champion. By Francis o Sullivan
312 pp . $1.35. tighe. Scribners. 368 pp. $ 1.35.
 THE NEW BOOKS 125
Italy, where their progress is broken by battles Fall of a Nation," ? sketches briefly what might
with the Hun, the Gauls and the Roman legions. happen to the United States if nothing should
In the chronology of ancient Irish kings, King be done in the matter of national defense. The
Dathi is set down as reigning in the year 405 of action takes place in the future - years after the
the Christian era, following the reign of Nial of collapse of the Great War in 1917. America
the Nine Hostages, who also invaded Gaul. The has become glutted with prosperity, and around
legend relates that King Dathi was killed by a the coffers of her wealth there are no safeguards
flash of lightning at the foot of the Alps, after of defense. She is attacked by traitors within
his followers had destroyed the hermitage of a and by the armies of the Federated Empires of
recluse named Parmenius. Northern and Central Europe. Defense, owing
to unpreparedness, becomes a pitiful farce. In a
" Our Miss York” is a good novel for vacation few weeks, the Republic of the United States
time. It is the romance of a girl who has a ceases to exist and the States become “ Imperial
genius for business - combines business brains Colonies.” The remainder of the book tells the
with beauty and charm . She succeeds in gratify story of the ingenious plotting by the conquered
ing all her ambitions ; her deals resolve fortu Americans which finally results in the victory
nately as if by magic. At the height of her busi- over the enemy and the reëstablishment of the
ness success, she falls in love. What happens? Republic. Fantastic and improbable as are the
Does business Ay out of the window when love events and puppets of the book , it serves a dis
knocks at the door? Edward Bateman Morris, tinct and worthy purpose. It protests against
the author, answers the question in the final de the corruption of materialism , against the polit
cision of the heroine, who for all her business ical corruption of legislatures and municipalities,
success was a very fascinating human kind of a courts, and Congress ; it shows us that the Great
girl. A bright, amusing, unusual book . War must sweep away the old régime not only
in Europe, but in this country, if we are to sur
Thomas Dixon's vivid, powerful novel, “ The vive as a nation , free and independent.

An Amiable Charlatan . By E. Phillips Opo “ poor white." The latter, an Englishman, an

penheim . Boston : Little, Brown. 302 pp. Ill. Oxford man, has been brought down by drink to
the position of a “ bywonner," an overseer on a
$1.30. Boer farm . The life stories of his children , Tom
Joseph H . Bundercombe, a wealthy American, and Adela, provide both the tragedy and the ro
goes to England his daughter, Eve. He
with mance of this exceptional novel.
finds amusement going about under an assumed
name, associating with criminals, in various dis The Hermit Doctor of Gaya. By 1. A . R .
guises, and getting himself watched by Scotland Wylie. Putnam . 554 pp . III. $ 1.35.
Yard . Mr. Oppenheim works the story out in
a masterly way that will appeal to all lovers A story of Anglo -Indian life that brings to
light a hero who fights nobly against famine and
of that type of fiction .
disease, and a heroine of great character and
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110-

TU
 FINANCIAL NEWS
1. — THE JULY DISBURSEMENTS AND THRIFT
THERE are two great profit-distributing
I periods, viz., January and July. Some itself in richer array. Those who cater to
idea of the current prosperity of the country
may be gained from the size of the payments
of interest and dividends in these months.
Last January over $ 250,000,000 was paid
out to bond and stockholders, a much larger
sum than ever before at that date. In the
time that has elapsed since, there have been
a greater number of dividend increases and
resumptions on stocks of corporations than
were ever made before in a corresponding
period, and the aggregate amount of money
which they represented runs into the tens
ofmillions. Therefore, while July normally
is a much smaller month than January in
the sum divided up among security holders,
it should realize for them this year over
$ 200,000,000.
Enhanced Spending Power
Some idea of the movement for profit-
sharing may be had in the statement that
in the past twelve months no less than 300
instances have occurred where dividends
have been restored , or raised , or initial pay-
ments made, and the American investor has
gained thereby something like $ 275,000,000.
And there seems to be no end to this, for
week after week a score or more additions
are made to the list. One reason why the
spending power of many individuals has
doubled and trebled since the war is that
securities which had been unproductive for
years are now paying big dividends and sell -
ing at market values far beyond the range
of previous imagination. It has happened in
more than one case that stocks listed as " ob
solete” have been resurrected and given a
very good rating , and some " wall paper" has
come to have value as collateral in bank
loans .
There are plenty of indications that the
abnormal dividends of the times are being
distributed, in turn , by recipients in mani-
fold ways. Never before have the imports
of jewels been so large as now . For the
fiscal year to June 30 they will amount to
$ 50 ,000 ,000 . It is true that this is partially
due to the closing of Belgian and French
markets to the trade, but it mainly expresses
126
--
-- . -
the ability of the American public to deck
-
-
the creature comforts of life and to those
things which were formerly regarded as
luxuries and now as necessities find it diffi
cult to supply the demand. In spite of the
stimulation of automobile production , there
are many buyers waiting wearily through
lovely spring days for the delivery of their
favorite makes.
Increased Bank Deposits
One turns from this record of the spend
thrifts to the figures of the Comptroller of
the Currency which have lately been pub
lished. These show that in the year to May
1, 1916 , the deposits of the national banks
of the United States increased $ 2,243,000,
000. This does not take into account the
deposits of trust companies , State banks, or
savings banks. So far as figures are avail
able from the different States, there has not
been a very large savings-bank deposit gain
aside from that which reflects the accumula
tion of interest on deposits. The era of full
employment in the industrial sections of the
country did not begin until the fall of 1915,
and even later in the Middle West and
South , so it will not be until the totals for
1916 are compiled that one can indicate
whether the moderate-salaried man or the
artisan is saving from his higher wages.
The national bank deposits in a majority of
instances represent the funds of corporations
which are subject to quick withdrawal in the
event of larger business demands.
The Need of a Thrift Propaganda
There used to be a saying in the South
that more money was saved when cotton sold
at a moderate price — say, 9 or 10 cents a
pound, which would permit a fair margin of
profit to the planter — than when it reached
a figure several cents a pound higher. In
the one case it prompted caution in personal
expenditures, and in the other extravagances
that not only absorbed the additional gain ,
but led to permanent habits of living that
were beyond the reach of the average indi
vidual. This is undoubtedly true to -day,
when money comes so easily to many work .
 FINANCIAL NEWS
ers. Take, for instance, the relation between
incomes embraced within the first group of
those taxable under the income-tax law , and
the number of automobiles at present li.
censed in this country . There are 275,000
individuals showing a $ 4000 income at the
beginning of 1916 and 2,200,000 automo
biles in use. If we subtract those automo
biles that have a commercial function , which
“ pay their keep ," so to speak, there are still
legions that are owned for pleasure purposes
and by those who cannot possibly save much
each year on the basis of their necessary
expenses. In mass the figures which societies
for thrift have compiled showing the money
that goes into candy, soda water, chewing
gum , moving pictures, etc ., are formidable,
but on a per capita basis they are not very
alarming. These are not fixed or arbitrary
charges and can be regulated to the current
earnings, as in most cases they are. The spent to the last penny. It is not necessary
same is true of the item of dress, which
Auctuates in the individual budget in a
fairly proper ratio with income.
It is obvious that the creed of the day is
not taken from " Poor Richard's Almanack.”
It is also true that after years of propa
ganda the American has not acquired the
thrift of the peoples of continental
Europe, of which the French set the example
for the rest of the world . The sum of $ 50
or $ 100 still seems too small to invest in an
interest-bearing security at a rate of return
which recommends the investment as secure. The securities which we would recom
It is by these small units, however, that mend for fair yield and safety are real-estate
many respectable fortunes have been ac
quired and competences built up for those
days when earning capacity steadily con
tracts. The writer never passes a certain
institution in New York which exhibits a
lesson in thrift in its window without being
amazed at the ease with which it is recorded
there that a “ competency" may be founded
in the setting aside of no more than $5 a
week . Interest compounds very quickly into
principal of respectable proportions.
A very excellent habit to acquire is to re-
invest the income of securities, mortgages,
etc., which may not be required in the pay-
ment of ordinary running expenses. Enter
it in a savings-bank account until it reaches
an amount at which a good $ 500 or $ 1000
bond may be purchased , and then withdraw
in favor of the higher return this gives. not of losing the principal available.
127
Thus interest is earning interest as soon as
it is paid over to the investor. A man who
had $ 2500 a year above his requirements
adopted this plan and in ten years found he
had saved considerably over $ 30,000. In
vested at 5 or 6 per cent., this produced a
" competency” large enough to carry him
through another ten -year period of reduced
salary , even with the extra burdens of col
lege educations for his children and heavy
doctors' bills for himself.
Safe Investments for Surplus Income
This is a most propitious time for the
wage- earner, salaried man , or man with a
profession , as well as for the merchant with
a good business, to consider the question of
laying up for a rainy day. The joy of life
can be just as great while we are saving a
percentage of income as when it is being
to deny ourselves all the conveniences and
creature comforts in order to save a portion .
Out of the abundance of the times a larger
number should be averaging against the in
evitable leaner periods of the future. They
have the opportunity now to acquire securi
ties of highest grade at prices giving the
greatest average yield in a decade. The man
who does not put his capital to a use that
will return him 41/2 per cent. exhibits poor
stewardship . More than this even can be
had with careful selection and watchfulness .
mortgages on developed property , guaran
teed real- estate mortgages, municipal bonds,
first-mortgage railroad bonds of selected
properties, and also the prior liens of well
operated and well-located public utilities,
and preferred stocks of railroads and indus
trials in good repute. It is always well to
carry a moderate percentage of one's invest
ment fund in bank, where it may be quickly
available for the investment opportunity
which frequently develops in the market and
which so many miss on account of funds not
being liquid at the moment when prices are
low . There is just now great temptation to
invest surplus incomes in speculative securi.
ties on account of their high yield and possi
bilities of appreciation . This is the surest
way of undermining an investment ideal, if
128 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
II. - INVESTORS' QUERIES AND ANSWERS
No. 747. EASTERN AND WESTERN MUNICIPALS the interest of every banking house of recognized
I have become interested in municipal bonds for the standing to have satisfied clients, and there are
investment of some funds which I have available and a few such houses that will not be found ready
have been told that Western issues of such bonds yield
more, as a rule, than those having their origin in the abundantly to fulfill their moral obligation, in
East. Is this true ? order to attain this end.
It is. To give you an idea of the difference No.749. SOME RECENTOFFERINGSOF $100 BONDS
between Eastern and Western municipal bonds IN THE GENERAL MARKET
in this respect, we mention a few issues of each
class listed recently among the offerings of two I have saved a few hundred dollars which I am de
sirous of investing in small denomination bonds, and I
thoroughly reliable investment banking firms: should like to have you give me an idea of the kind of
Per Ct. opportunities for such investment I would find at the
(Buffalo , N . Y ., 412's. .. . . . . .. . .. 3.90 present time.
Eastern J Lawrence County, Ohio, 5's. 4. From a list of one hundred dollar bonds re
Municipals Milwaukee, Wis., 412's.. . .. . .. . 3.95 cently offered in the general market, we take the
LOlyphant, Pa., 5's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .15 following issues, which show a fairly wide di
Galveston, Texas, 5's. .. . . . . . . . . 4 .75 versity as to type, quality and price :
Western Chittenden County, Ark., D .D ., 6's 5 .25
American Tel. & Telegraph Col. . Trust Offering Price
Municipals Marshall, Okla., 6's. . . . . .. . . .. . 5.55 4's 93
Palo, Pinto County, Texas, 6's .. 5.50 Anglo -French 5's . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. 9674
The foregoing examples are intended , of Argentine Government s's. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 91
course, to give only a general idea of the kinds
of bonds between which there is a noticeable dif
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Conv. S's.. 109
Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone s 's.. . 9874
ference in income yield. There are of course a Denver Gas & Electric first 5's . . . . . . . . . . 99
great many Western municipals, especially those Laclede Gas first 5's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
of the larger centers of population , that sell to Montana Power first and refunding 5's.. . . 9872
yield little , if any more than the issues of well Southern Pacific San Francisco Term . 4's.. 8574
known Eastern municipalities. A large class of Seaboard Airline 6's. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 100
bonds having its origin in the West gfor which
there seems to be a steadily growin demand No. 750. COLLATERAL NOTES AND TRUST FUND
among investors to whom the question of yield INVESTMENT
is an important one, is made up of drainage of some collateral
I am sending you a description you
district issues. Many of these have practically trust notes and would like to have tell me whether
they would be acceptable for the investment of trust
all of the characteristics of municipal bonds, but funds where the trustee must report annually to the
in selecting them for investments, it is well to Probate Court.
inquire carefully about the features of the State In our opinion there are no securities of this
laws under which they are issued. general type that are suitable investments for
No. 748. WHAT IF YOUR INVESTMENT BANKER trust funds. We certainly do not believe the
FAILS ? notes in question would be approved by the court
Suppose I buy bonds from a bank or investment house for such a purpose. We have always considered
which afterward fails or goes out of business. What that the character of the business of the issuing
recourse would I have in collecting the interest and corporation in this instance was such as to sur
principal of my investment? round it with a great many elements of specu
Your recourse would be to the corporation lative risk. In the last analysis, it is a business
that issued the bonds. The safety of a bond that partakes of the nature of publishing, and
investment depends always in final analysis upon we do not know of any publishing business that
the strength and integrity of the issuing cor could offer a security of genuine investment
poration , or in the case of bonds secured by standing unless it were a mortgage on its real
mortgage, upon the character of the mortgaged estate conservatively appraised and with small
property. If the banking house from which an account taken of the other tangible assets usually
issue of corporation bonds had been purchased found in connection with such a business- assets
were to fail, or to go out of business for any which experience has shown to possess relatively
reason, it is obvious that the underlying security little salvage value in cases of difficulty.
for the bond would not be affected and that there In a general way we think that a good plan to
would be no practical difficulty, everything else follow in making such an investment as this
being equal, in the way of collecting interest would be to confine the selection of securities to
regularly through some other channel. This is , those which are legal for the investment of
true of mortgage investment, as it is a corpora savings bank funds in your State (Michigan ).
tion bond investment. The Michigan laws prescribing such investments
There is no obligation on the part of bankers are good laws even if they are somewhat less
whose business is the distribution of investment rigid than the laws of a number of the Eastern
securities, except to investigate the merits of the States. You would find a good many investments
securities in the first instance, and to keep in that are " legal” in Michigan affording an in
touch with the affairs of the issuing corporations come yield of more than 5 per cent., or quite as
in the interest of their investing clients through- much as any one responsible for the safekeeping
out the life of the securities they sell. It is to of trust funds probably has a right to accept.
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW
CONTENTS FOR AUGUST , 1916
Thc German CommercialSubmarine Frontispiece Germany Loses the Initiative - Britain Begins 170
The Progress ofthe World - BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
Chapters of Current History . . . . . . 131 With maps and other illustrations
Our Unexpla ined Invasion . . .. . . . . . . 131 Canada's Two Years of War and Their
Irritating Diplomacy . . . .. . . . . 131 Meaning .. . .. . ........ 181
A Threatened War - About What? . 132 By P . T . MCGRATH .
" The Guard ” Ordered to Mexico 132 With illustration
A Worthy Correction . . . . 132 Australia's Part in theGreat War.
Grateful for Escape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 By Fred S. ALFORD
The Carrizal Occurrence .. . .. 134 With illustration
Good Sense and Diplomatic Manne 134 German East Africa.. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .
Things for Inquiry . . . . 135 By James B . MACDONALD
Lights and Shades .. . . .. 136 With map and other illustrations
Defense Lessons to Be Learned . 137 Mystery of the Niger River .
A Haphazard Episode. . . . . .. . . . 137 BY CYRUS C . ADAMS
Training Our Citizens. . . . . .. . . .. 138 With map
Industrial Preparedness.. . . . .. . . 138 The Skyward Career of All Prices .. .. .. .. . .
A Council of Executive Information . 138 By J.With
George FREDERICK
Congress on the Home Stretch . 139 illustration
Making 139
Bidding the Record for
Brilliantly “ AdProgressives.
Lib." . . . 139 An American Woman's Notes on Mexico . . 201
Abolishing Child Labor.. . . . . . .. 140 ll’ith portrait of Mrs. Nelson O'Shaughnessy
Capitalizing the Farmer . .. . . . . .. . 140 Police Preparedness in New York . . .. . . .. . 203
Creating the Great Navy . . . . . . . . . 141 BY WILLIAM MENKEL
The New Revenue Bill. . .. . 141 With portrait and other illustrations
The Income Tax Nearly Doubled .. 142 Daylight-Saving in America :
High Protection Features.. . .. .. . .. . .. 142 1. - Cleveland Under Eastern Time. . . .. . 206
Saving Money for the Government. 142 By W . S. LLOYD
Congress and "Pork ” . .. .. . 143
II. - Early Rising in Detroit. .. .. .. .. . ... 207
The Political Campaign . . .. . . .. . . . . .
143
By George L . RENAUD, M .D .
Managers Chosen . .. . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . 143
Too Many Elections. . . .. 144
The Decision Against the Corn Products Leading Articles of the Month
Company . . . . .. . 145 Universal Military Service. . .. . .. . .. . .. 209
Railroads Appeal to the Public. .. .. . . 145 Fundamentals of Military Training. . .. .. 210
Warden Osborne and Sing Sing . .. . . . 145 Combining to Capture Foreign Markets . .. 211
Teachers in Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 “ Dumping" .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. ... .. . .. 212
Trouble in the Garment Trades. .. .. .: 147 147 The Benefit to Russia of an Economic
Infantile Paralysis. .. . . .. Entente with the Allies. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213
Better Crop Reports . . . . . . 148 Greek and Bulgarian in Macedonia . . . . . 214
Terrible Fighting in Europe. . .. . 148 James J. Hill, Empire Builder. . .. .. .. . 216
Turkey in Chaos. . . . . . . 148 Paul Hervieu, Dramatist and Man of
Allies Uniting for Trade. . .. . . . 149 Letters . . . . . . .
The Useful Lloyd George.. . . . . 149 Sholem Aleichem , the Jewish Mark
A Commercial Submarine. .. . . 149 Twain . . . . . . . 219
Affairs in the Far East.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 150 1 Infantile Paralysis. . . . . . 220
With portraits, cartoons, and other illustrations A Philippine View of the Jones Bill . . . 221
Record of Current Events . . ... . . 151
Mental and Physical Tests for Aviators. . 223
With portraits and other illustrations Has Russia a New Tolstoy ? . .. . .. . 224
Reading-matter for Soldiers. .. . .. .. 225
Cartoons of the Month . 156 Italy 's Merchant-marine Problem .. .
Shakespeare as Nature-lover and as
226
Hon . John H . Clarke, Associate Justice of Healer . .. . ." Free" . . . .. . . .. . . . .
. . . . and
the United States Supreme Court. . . .. .. 162 Poet ry, For..mal 227
229
With portrait With portrait and other illustrations
TheDefeNational Guard :il Its
lu Status and Its
ctss ...... ...... .wi. ..th. .. . ..st.ra. ti..on..s . .. .. . .. .. 163 The New Books........ .... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . 232
Financial News....... 238
- - -
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Aug. - 1 ALBERT Shaw , Pres. Chas. D . LANIER, Sec. and Treas. 129
Photograph by American Press Association
THE GERMAN MERCHANT SUBMARINE “ DEUTSCHLAND " AT BALTIMORE

TAILED as a wonderboat, and the realization of Jules Verne's

IT imaginative “Nautilus," the giant German submarine
“ Deutschland" slipped into Baltimore harbor on July 9, after an
adventurous voyage of four thousand miles across the Atlantic.
Reports of her coming had preceded her, although skepticism was
not lacking as to whether the feat would actually be accomplished .
The “ Deutschland " cleared from Bremerhaven on June 18, and
remained at Heligoland for four days training her crew , before start
ing for America. The trip across took sixteen days, during which
the daring craft played hide and seek with many enemy vessels, sub
merging rapidly when any came into view , and coming to the surface
again when the horizon was clear. Her total run submerged was
not over ninety miles. In the English Channel she lay for fully
ten hours contentedly on the bottom . By means of microphone in
struments the whistle of a buoy or the churn of a ship 's screws could
be heard six miles off, while a good supply of food, a well-stocked
library of choice literature, and lively graphaphone music made
things comfortable and entertaining for her crew of twenty -six men
Photo. by Am . Press Ass'nand three officers.
CAPTAIN PAUL KOENIG The “ Deutschland" is 315 feet long, with a gross tonnage of
OF THE " DEUTSCHLAND.” 791, and has more than a thousand tons cargo capacity . She brought
over 750 tons of dyestuffs, valued at about $ 1,000 ,000 , and a few
sacks of official German government mail. With a cargo of nickel and rubber , she was
to start on her return voyage toward the latter part of last month , and much specula
tion prevailed as to the prospect of her safe arrival on the other side. The " Deutsch
land " is the enterprise of a private company in Germany, which declares her to be the
precursor of other vessels for the establishment of a regular transatlantic merchant service
by submarine, thus defying the Allies' blockade. The next under-water liner due on this
side, it was said , would be the “ Bremen .”
 THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Vol. LIV NEW YORK , AUGUST, 1916 No. 2

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

Chapters At the moment when our com - our attack upon Vera Cruz and our seizure
of Current ments were written for the July of that port in April, 1914. Certainly there
history number of the REVIEW the en - was nothing very convincing about our cam
tire National Guard of the country was try - paign for clearing northern Mexico of ban
ing to obey the mobilization order of June dits, and producing a condition of civil order.
19, and we were generally supposed to be From the first, our troops found themselves
entering upon a great war for the conquest in a rather rigid line, on the defensive, in a
and control of Mexico — whether temporary hostile country . Pershing was not in the
or permanent. Several months before that least fearing the Villista bandits, but was
we had sent an expedition of the regular constantly guarding his army against attacks
army, under General Pershing, about 15,000 by great bodies of Carranza's soldiers. The
strong, straight southward into Mexico to a authorities at Washington adhered stoutly
point about 400 miles from our boundary . to the theory that wewere in Mexico to pro
The Pershing expedition was regarded by all tect our border in some way against bandits.
of Europe, all of South America , all of But no one attempted to show just how our
Mexico , and most of the people of the United practical steps were related to our professed
States, as an invasion that would bring on objects.
some sort of a war and would result in the
occupation of Mexico and its control by the Finally, at the end of May came
United States. We had gone into Mexico Irritating
Diplomac y the very unpalatable “ note” from
on this adventure of last March after the the Carranza government to our
provocation given by a bandit group under government at Washington , protesting
Villa's direction or command, who crossed against our invasion, demanding the with
the boundary and made an attack upon the drawal of our troops, and explaining that
village of Columbus in the State of New instead of our helping to pacify Mexico we
Mexico. Our troops had immediately crossed were behaving in a way that aggravated
the border in pursuit of this band, killing every difficulty and that caused Mexico to
about a hundred of the Mexican marauders. doubt the good faith of Uncle Sam . This
It was a number of days later before the was not an agreeable note. It was uncandid ,
Pershing expedition was sufficiently prepared like a contentious legalbrief. It would have
to enter upon its deliberate southward march . comewith better grace from a ruler who had
shown ability to maintain order . But it
Our The ostensible purpose of this must be remembered that after several years
Unexplained
Invasion
expedition was to chase groups of chaotic civil war, the establishment of
" of Villa 's bandits, and thus to normal conditions in a country like Mexico
help Carranza (whom we had previously could not be expected from any one as an
acknowledged as head of the de facto gov- over-night task . Our job was to guard our
ernment) to pacify northern Mexico . The own border with efficiency. There had been
impression was created that we were making several years during which we had learned
our military invasion upon a full under the need of a thorough -going border patrol,
standing with Carranza and in a spirit of but we had neglected it. Wehad put Persh
harmonious coöperation . But that did not ing and his men in a very dangerous position,
turn out to be just the situation . This with no explanation of a convincing kind.
American invasion was even more distaste- Wemay as well be frank and admit that the
ful to the people of Mexico than had been whole world regarded the Pershing expedi
Copyright, 1916, by THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS COMPANY 131
132 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
tion as intended to do something much more
important— as respects the solution of the
Mexican problem - than to run down a few
bands of drifting and half-starving looters
and raiders who were for the moment out-
lawed by the Carranza government. It was
the Carranza argument that the time had west, but only along their homeward track .
come for a frank avowal of our purpose, This naturally offended the American com
whether to withdraw or to remain .
A Threatened And, of course,
since Carranza
--About
WarWhat had been recognized as represent
?? ing the sovereignty of Mexico ,
it is not conceivable that he could have done Union for Mexican border duty . Nothing
anything else except to request our prompt
withdrawal. Yet Carranza 's diplomatic
notes were fussy, pompous, and irritating ;
while our own attitude was open to the
criticism , from the Mexican standpoint, that
it seemed utterly evasive and mysterious.
The two countries seemed to be in danger
of a bloody and useless war, in consequence
of a lack of frankness on both sides. It
was all highly puzzling. The only influ -
ences that favored the Pershing expedition
were those that the Wilson administration
had so constantly criticized and assailed —
namely, the influences that are guided and
controlled by those who have mines and in -
vestments in Mexico, or other especial rea-
sons for hoping to see stability brought about
by the intervention of Uncle Sam . The
Pershing expedition , like the Vera Cruz ad -
venture, was in violent contradiction of the
Mexican policy of this Administration.
AND 1 SAYS TO HIM : .
- 667 OUT OR I'LL
PUT YOU OUT !
20
HOW CARRANZA WAS IMPRESSING THE PEONS
From the News (Dallas, Texas)
" The Guard " After the first of June, friction
Ordered to had constantly increased. Gen
Mexico eral Trevino, commanding the
Carranza forces in the north , informed Gen
eral Pershing that his men must not be
moved further south , nor yet to the east or
mander, who replied — as might have been
expected — that he was acting under orders
from his own superiors. It was on June 19
that President Wilson issued the order call
ing out the militia of every State in the
that had then appeared in the news of the
day, nor anything that has since been made
known, furnished what would seem to be a
full reason for so unexpected and precipitate
a call. Everybody in the world , including
the citizens of the United States, took it to
mean nothing else than a decision at Wash
ington that we would have to invade Mexico
and " straighten out” the affairs of that
chaotic country. The National Guard proved
to be a creaky and unfit piece of military
machinery, but it was made up of excellent
human material, and it was inspired through
out by willingness and desire to render public
service. We have no criticism to make of
themen themselves, although we have always
frankly expressed our disapproval of the Na
tional Guard system . This discussion , how
ever, is dealing rather with the Mexican
problem than with the organization of
American troops.
A Worthy
The one great outstanding fact
Correction is that while the country was
resounding with the movement
of State forces — because of local interest
in the home troops of every community
the Pershing expedition was being rapidly,
though silently, withdrawn from Mexico .
We were removing the cause of all the
trouble ! Within a month after the order
calling out the National Guard, the move
ment of withdrawal from Mexico had been
so definitely set on foot, and had proceeded
so far, that theMexicans had ceased to com
plain , because they had gained their point.
Officials at Washington allowed the news
papers to say that the objects of the Persh
ing expedition having been accomplished, our
troops would probably be all on the northern
side of the boundary line by the middle of
August or thereabouts. We were told that
General Trevino and his troops were co
operating admirably in helping to pacify the
country, and that everything was delightful
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 133

Photograph by Harris & Ewing

MR. BAKER . THE SECRETARY OF WAR, RETURNING FROM A WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE ON THE MEXICAN
MILITARY SITUATION AND SURROUNDED BY WASHINGTON CORRESPONDENTS
(Mr. Baker is the central figure. The newspaper men are intelligent, experienced, and fully trusted by high
officials. They are recognized at Washington as a part of the government of a country which is supposed to be
ruled by public opinion )
- the crisis fully passed , all phases of the would have been no possible reason for
Mexican problem in the course of happy calling out the National Guard . The coun
adjustment! Never in all human history , try , however, will be profoundly grateful for
probably , has the making and unmaking of ourmiraculous escape from a war which the
foreign crises proceeded with such facility world at large thoughtwe were forcing upon
as during recent times at Washington . Cer- Mexico . Thus the Administration will al
tainly the disorder in northern Mexico has most certainly have the rewards that peace
given good reason for our prohibiting the loving Americans are glad to bestow upon
export of arms and ammunition to that coun - those who are skilful in bringing the coun
try , and for our careful and efficient patrol try safely out of critical situations. For - in
of the boundary line. But nothing has hap- view of the unspeakable horrors of needless
pened that should have led us into war with war — when any country is brought out of
Mexico . It is therefore highly gratifying such situations in safety, few be those ill
to know that we are correcting the grave tempered citizens who have the bad grace
blunder of the Pershing expedition , and that and the temerity to continue in a disagreeable
there is a reasonably good chance of our tone to demand the reasons why they were
bringing these men back to our own soil ever thrust into hazardous predicaments .
without our having to pay for the mistake There is, indeed, a prevailing opinion that a
by being embroiled in a war so needless that show of threatening force is sometimes
by comparison it would make even the Mexi- needed in order that people may duly react
can war of seventy years ago seem heroic and from alarums of war to common -sense moods
justifiable . of inquiry and negotiation . While it is our
opinion that there has existed no reason for
Grateful It is also obvious that if the the clatter of arms (excepting for a thorough
for regiments under General Per - and vigilant policing of the border by our
Scape shing's command had been main - regular army) , we have great pleasure in
tained as a part of the border patrol there congratulating the Administration upon its
134 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
later response to sound reason . Withdraw . who commanded the detachment, and some
ing the Pershing column was preliminary twenty of his men , twenty-two others being
to any kind of decent negotiation . The ad- taken prisoners by the Mexicans. According
mirable tone that marked official utterances to Mexican accounts, our troops made the
both in Mexico and at Washington , after attack ; according to reports of our own men ,
the middle of July , was due to the definite the Mexicans set a trap and opened fire.
knowledge that we were recalling the expedi- Meanwhile all other phases of the Mexican
tionary troops ; and it was either tacitly or problem seemed for the moment to have been
otherwise agreed that the Pershing invasion forgotten at Washington in the demand for
should not be a subject of future negotiation the release of the twenty -two men who had
or diplomatic discussion . been captured. There was of course no
reason for holding them , and they were
The It should be remembered that the brought up to El Paso within a few days
Carrizal conduct of our troops in Mexico and sent across the line. This incident might
Occurrence for the most part was above have led us into a war that would have sacri
criticism . The unfortunate occurrence at ficed thousands of lives on both sides. Those
Carrizal, on June 21 (two days after Presi- who were determined that we should stay in
dent Wilson had called out the National Mexico seemed not very sorry over this Car
Guard ) , involves questions of fact upon rizal incident. Those who felt otherwise
which we are not prepared to express an saw in it an illustration of the painful risk
opinion. About eighty colored troopers from we were running in holding the Pershing
the Tenth Cavalry had been sent a long troops idle in the heart of a foreign state ,
distance away from the main line of the against the protests of the government and
American army, on some such ostensible people of that country.
errand as the pursuit of a deserter. - The
situation being as it was, it might well seem Good Sense and Our recovery of a reasonable
that this venture was highly imprudent. At " Diplomatic state of mind, and the decision
or near the town of Carrizal, our men seem nners of political Washington to accept
to have chosen to go through the town rather the military view of the matter, has entirely
than around it, and the result was a clash relieved us of all immediate danger of a
which resulted in the death of Captain Boyd , war with Mexico . The Mexicans have no

Photograph by Press Illustrating Service

MEXICAN SOLDIERS RELEASING AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ON THE BRIDGE AT EL PASO
( The colored troopers of thesoldiers
Tenth ofCavalry DGE AT ELthe middle line,
who were taken prisoners at Carrizal are seen in the middle line,
Carranza 's army guarding them on both sides )
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 135

AN UNOFFICIAL MEXICO -AMERICAN CONFERENCE TO PROMOTE PEACE AND GOOD UNDERSTANDING

( In the last days of June and early days of July , when war seemed the definite Washington program , there
was an overwhelming American sentiment for peace that tried to express itself in different ways. One effort
took the form of a conference called by the American Union Against Militarism . The picture above shows three
Americans and three Mexicans. Seated, from left to right, are : Dr. Atl, editor of a newspaper in the Mexican
capital; Dr. David Starr Jordan , scientist, educator, and peace advocate : Mr. Moorfield Storey , the Boston
lawyer and reformer ; and Mr. Luis Manuel Rojas , director of the Mexican National Library. Standing, are :
Mr. Modesto C . Rolland, well known as a Mexican engineer and consul, and Mr. Paul U . Kellogg, editor of
the Survey)
means with which to fight the United States, in conference with Mr. Polk over the details
and would only make war as a result of such of a plan for a joint commission , to be com
an invasion as would provoke any people on " posed equally of Mexicans and Americans,
earth to bitter resistance. They are willing to deal with existing problems, chief of
to have us take a few weeks in order not to which is a plan for the more effective pro
seem to be withdrawing in response to their tection of the frontier. The discussion was
demands. It is of course the demand of practical and harmonious.
American public opinion , which happens to
accord with the demand of Mexico, that has Things One of the topics that this com
brought about the desired correction of a for
Inquiry
mission will deal with is the
great mistake. The army itself is gallant cause of the raids that compel
and is obedient. But it is impossible to think us thus to patrol our border so vigilantly.
of the Pershing expedition as having a mili- In Mexico it is charged that these raids are
tary character. It is understood that the all organized within the United States, with
General Staff at Washington and General a view to keeping up a state of affairs on the
Pershing himself were recummending with frontier that will lead to intervention . The
drawal in the strongest terms. The troops plan of a joint commission was proposed by
had been put in a position which had no General Carranza, and it was announced on
strategic value, and the only reason for keep - July 14th that President Wilson had ac
ing them there, apparently, lay in the fact cepted this idea. It will be necessary, of
that Mexico was offensive in her manner of course, to proceed with care in order to work
asking us to take them away. During the out the details of the scope and method of
absence from Washington last month of Sec- such a joint commission. In the middle of
retary Lansing, Mr. Frank L . Polk , Coun- July, General Carranza announced that
selor of the State Department, was Acting negotiations were proceeding in a spirit of
Secretary . Mr. Arredondo, as Ambassador good will and that there was no danger of
Designate of the Mexican government, was war. Carranza was optimistic enough to
 136 . THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
eagerness for the resumption of normal and
friendly relations between the two countries .
One of the disturbing features of the situa
tion was the report that a large quantity of
ammunition that had been shipped to Texas,
under pretense of supplying the ordinary
local trade, had been delivered to Villa sym
pathizers and smuggled in wagons across the
border to Villa 's headquarters on the Rio
Florida, southwest of Chihuahua City.
There were rumors of renewed and enlarged
activity on the part of Villa and his follow
ers. The chieftain himself was reported as
sufficiently recovered from his wounds to be
in the field again . On July 12th a bill was
introduced in the House at Washington , by
Congressman Randall, of California, to ap
propriate $ 2 ,000 ,000 for the relief of desti
tute Mexicans who need food and clothing ,

Photograph by Press Illustrating Service, New York

HON . FRANK L . POLK, COUNSELOR OF THE STATE
DEPARTMENT
(Mr. Polk, after a short experience, has shown him
self a competent and valuable member of the Adminis .
tration . During Mr. Lansing' s absence he has been
Acting Secretary of State and negotiator of a pending
project for settling differences with Mexico)

declare that the reforms which the Consti

tutionalists had demanded will soon be in
corporated in the Mexican constitution. He
promised a presidential election when the
country was completely at peace ; and de
clared that there will be amnesty for all
Mexicans who have left the country when
ever the Government finds itself on a firm
basis. But stability is not yet in sight.
Lights Enough confidence was shown
Cand at Washington to justify an
Shades order, about the middle of July ,
permitting the movement of commodities into
Mexico excepting war munitions. The
Mexican people have lately suffered a good Photograph by Harris & Ewing. Washington
deal from the stoppage of shipments of ordi SEÑOR ELISEO ARREDONDO , MEXICAN REPRESENTA
nary supplies of food , clothing, and other TIVE AT WASHINGTON
necessaries. General Pershing found a (Mr. Arredondo , as Ambassador Designate, has been
working with energy, and good will at the State De.
complete change of attitude all along the partment to bring about a plan for safeguarding the
border and insuring peace between the United States
line, when he began the withdrawal, and an and Mexico)
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 137
to be expended by the War Depart
ment. There is nothing but kindly
feeling in the United States towards
the unfortunate and suffering women
and children of Mexico, as well as
towards great numbers of peons and
ordinary workmen who are the vic
tims of conditions for which they are
not responsible . When Mexico can
find a way to seek our friendship and
help , and when we on our side can
find the best way to be of use to
Mexico, it will be fortunate indeed
for everybody concerned .
Defense Lessons It is to be hoped that we
to Be
Learned
may learn the practical
a lessons of a military kind
that our movement of the regular
army in March , and our experience
with the National Guard system in
June and July, can afford us if we
know how to acquire benefit from
experience. The dominating lesson
to be learned is the futility of our
expensive and inefficient scheme of Photograph by Harris & Ewing , Washington
AT THE NATIONAL GUARD CAMP, FORT MYER , VA.
national defense . The officers of (Secretary Baker, on the right, and General Scott, Chief of
our regular army are well trained and Staff, on the left, are calling upon Gen. William E . Harvey,
head of the District of Columbia National Guard in camp at
an excellent nucleus. But Fort Myer, in the suburbs of Washington )
our method of enlisting men in the
regular army is obsolete and worthless. trates the simple fact that our rulers and
As for the National Guard , it is made up of lawmakers at Washington have not found
much splendid material, wholly ill-assorted , out what is requisite for national defense.
fit enough to serve the country in a small It will be necessary to build up, as Secretary
way for purposes of home defense, but wholly Garrison so clearly foresaw , a federal army
unfit to be transferred on momentary notice reserve expressly designed to meet exigencies.
to the national service and shipped several We have plenty of partially trained young
thousand miles to meet a foreign emergency men willing to go into the regular army for
We have now perhaps ninety thousand Na- a period of one year, if they may then be
tional Guardsmen in Texas and elsewhere retired to a reserve. The present system is
along the frontier. Most of these are from undemocratic, chaotic, obsolete. A system of
New York and the East. Many of them are universal training is the only one that is just
married men with families dependent upon and reasonable. Very brief and intensive
their weekly wages or monthly salaries. It service in the army ; no reënlistments per
is grotesquely unfitting that they should be mitted ; the rapid building-up of a great re
kept in camps for months not even doing serve force. These are some of the cardinal
patrol duty , when there are thousands of principles of the only plan that deserves to
acclimated Southwesterners who can ride be considered. Our failure to have a good
and shoot, and who should be made part of system is partly a reflection upon our national
a temporary force that would take excellent intelligence , but chiefly a reflection upon our
care of frontier conditions. national character. We squander public
money enough to train every boy in the
For many of the Guardsmen - United States to be a good citizen and one
Episoder particularly the young, unmar- capable of defending his country . But block
ried men — this precipitate and heads, local politicians, and selfish lobbyists
seemingly needless call to the Mexican border have great sway in this country of party
will have proved an interesting and perhaps machines and self-seeking tendencies. For
a valuable experience. But the whole epi that reason , thousands of men are to -day in
sode is haphazard in the extreme, and illus State camps, who should be at home.
138 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

YOUR COUNTRY NEEDS YOUR HELP!

INSURE YOUR COUNTRY YOUR HOME AND YOUR PROPERTY

BY CO-OPERATING IN THE MOVEMENT FOR
INDUSTRIAL PREPAREDNESS
A NAVAL CONSULTING BOARD POSTER FOR INDUSTRIAL PREPAREDNESS
( This reduced illustration is from one of a series of large colored posters)

Training On the other hand , it is cheering been registered for possible war service.
Our to find so many young men in Comprehensive information was sought from
Citizens camps, under the guidance and the owners of factories, mills, and mines as
instruction of officers who preach the ideals to the feasibility of adjusting their plants
of peace , but who demand of every citizen to the production of war materials. The
a willingness to take hard military train data has been forthcoming in a spirit of
ing for the sake of being fit to do his hearty coöperation . The supreme import
duty in time of need . Henceforth , no ance of thus marshaling the country' s manu
young man should be permitted to exer- facturing facilities is shown by the fact that
cise the rights and privileges of a voting probably 80 per cent. of our industrial plants
citizen unless he can show affirmatively ( 1) would be concerned in producing war goods
that he has a good character and reputation , of some kind in time of hostilities.
(2 ) that he is able to earn a living by doing
some kind of useful work, and ( 3 ) that he A Council This makes it all the more neces
has been trained in the duties of citizenship , of Executive sary that the skilled workers in
including a knowledge of his ordinary civic Information mills, mines, and factories, in
obligations and a duly certified fitness to transportation and communication systems,
render appropriate service in case the com - and in governmental departments, should not
munity or the country needs him in time of in time of hostilities be called from their
war or other public emergency. work to fight, but should be kept at their
industrial posts of duty . They should be
The European conflict has dem - enrolled for their own forms of public serv
Industrial onstrated conclusively the abso
Preparedness ice. The information gathered by the com
e lute dependence of the military mittee is being kept strictly confidential for
on the industrial factors of a nation in mod - the use of the War and Navy Departments.
ern warfare. With the air now full of The government will thus know how to get
complaint in the United States about the into immediate touch with the proper plants
unpreparedness of our militia forces, it is for the production of needed war supplies.
gratifying to note the progress so far achieved The manufacturers, on the other hand, by
in the making of an inventory of the nation 's learning in advance what they can produce
industrial resources. This work is being for war purposes, will be able to keep their
done by the Committee on Industrial Pre- plants going with war work. The com
paredness of the Naval Consulting Board, mittee's plan contemplates the giving out of
of which Mr. Howard E . Coffin is chair- small “ educational” orders to these factories
man . A field force of 30,000 engineers, with in time of peace. This will accustom them
State and local divisions, is engaged in the to the production and shipment of some par
task . More than 100,000 manufacturing ticular necessary commodity . Aside from
plants in all parts of the country have already the vital benefit to be derived from proper
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 139

preparedness , the distribution of war orders Sixty -third Congress was in practically con
among the producers of the entire country tinuous session from April, 1913, to March ,
will not only prevent the dangerous concen - 1915. The present Congress was not called
tration of the work in factories on unpro- in extra session , and thus there was a respite
tected seaboards, but should do much to from the 4th of March last year until De
allay fears as to a “munitions trust." It is cember 6 , when the present session began .
gratifying to note that Congress is recog
nizing the great importance of this work of Making There has been a practical agree
Mr. Coffin 's committee, and is creating a the Record ment among the leaders of both
Council of Executive Information to carry A 210." sides to reach adjournment on or
it on permanently. This Council, with an about Saturday, the 19th of August. Presi
advisory Commission , will be composed of dent Wilson , meanwhile , as we remarked
men of eminent ability in various fields of last month , is in a position to shape events
industry. The great staff of workers who that may have an important bearing upon
have gathered the mass of information for the elections in November. No President,
the committee's industrial inventory may all things considered, has ever been more
also , it is hoped, be permanently organized effective than Mr. Wilson in securing the
for future coöperation . consent of Congress to such measures as he
has deemed right. As the work of his first
Congress on Members of the law -making two years recedes into perspective, it re
the Home bodies at Washington are not to veals immense achievements through sheer
Stretch
on be blamed for desiring to com - concentrated purpose and masterfulness .
plete the work of the session and return to There is plenty of room for criticism , and
their homes. During the months of July , the Republicans will have ample fighting
August, and September, Washington is a ground. But the Democrats and Wilson
hot place, and the Congressmen become supporters on their part have the decided
fagged. Last summer there was a welcome advantage in going before the country on
respite. The Sixty -third Congress had ex - the record of their legislative achievements.
pired on March . 4 , and the newly elected The country in 1908 gave the Republicans
Sixty -fourth was not called into special ses- a mandate to reform the tariff. The re
sion . Consequently the halls of the Capitol sult was a shocking failure. The Democrats
were closed from March 4, 1915, to De- in their turn received a like mandate in
cember 6 , when the present session began . 1912, and the result is at least regarded as
The three preceding Congresses had all been better from the standpoint of the average
called into special sessions. Thus in 1909 citizen . The Republicans talked much about
the Payne-Aldrich Tariff was passed in the reforming the banking and currency system ,
first months of Mr. Taft's administration, and had every opportunity , but left the work
and Congress adjourned on August 5. In undone. The Democrats accomplished the
1911, Mr. Taft called the new Democratic thing forthwith. The Federal Trade Com
Congress to deal with the Canadian re- mission , to deal with industrial monopoly
ciprocity measure, and he found that he had and like problems, has not been fully tested,
invoked a series of so-called “ pop gun ” tariff but it promises to be a useful agency ; and
bills, Congress remaining in session until it would seem only fair to say that the
August 22 . In the following year, 1912, Democratic record in dealing with so -called
the regular " long session " continued until “ big business" is less capricious and arbitrary
August 26 . That was the season of the than was that of the immediately previous
campaign ; and Mr. Wilson 's inauguration Republican régime.
on the 4th of March, 1913, was followed
by the prompt assembling of the new Con Bidding Normal issues have been great
gress, which passed the Underwood Tariff Brilliantly for ly confused by the extraordinary
measure and other notable legislation . This solves foreign situations of the past two
session persisted through the summer and years. Domestic programs have been to
fall, making merely technical adjournment some extent forgotten in the face of hazard
when the first regular session began on De- ous diplomacy and agitation over military
cember 1. Congress continued to sit through and naval preparedness. Yet the treatment
the winter, spring, summer, and fall, until of domestic issues will have an important
October 24, reassembling on the first Mon - bearing upon the votes of large groups and
day in December and continuing active until classes of men in November. This being
its legal expiration on March 4 . Thus the clearly perceived, and Congress with good
140 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
working Democratic majorities being still tem ofto rural
the la
credits encourage the farmer
ба
and
less man oppo
in session, President Wilson naturally de- v.
land
sires to make the record of the current year
an impressive one. Accordingly , he made On July 17 , the day before his
one of his informal visits to the President's Capitalizing
** the visit to the Senate, President
100m in the Senate wing of the Capitol on Farmer Wilson had affixed his signature
July 18, and expressed his desires in clear to the completed Rural Credits bill. Thus
terms to the leaders. The other House one of the greatest of the Progressive meas
had just passed a workmen 's compensation ures has become a realized fact, although it
bill to be applied to federal employees, and is yet to be seen just how the machinery of
had previously passed, by a large majority ,
a child labor bill modeled on the lines and ness plan
the
will
for improving agriculture as a busi
work out. We have published ,
principles of the famous old Beveridge bill.
Mr. Wilson demanded that the Senate in from the pen of an expert, Mr. Paul V .
Collins, two articles (see our numbers for
clude both of these measures in its immediate the months of April and May) explaining
program . This is politics in a high and a the essentials of this Rural Credits measure.
brilliant sense of the word . It was an It creates a series of twelve land -loan banks
nounced everywhere as Mr. Wilson's bid under the direction of a central Federal
for the Progressive vote, but nobody can board , which will lend money at a reasonable
justly criticize that method of seeking standard rate for farm development, on a
support. plan of gradual repayment through a long
Abolishing When Mr. Beveridge and other term of years. It would seem to us a good
way to bring capital and agriculture into
Child
Labor
" Progressive leaders were fighting unison for the most important of all possible
op for their child labor bill, they industrial objects — namely, the thorough
were as voices crying in the wilderness. going development of American farming.
Their principal opposition came from South Quite contrary to prevailing impressions, we
ern Senators, and from New England capi have not been making nearly as much farm
talists who controlled Southern cotton mills progress
which employed child labor. Certain of making inin Europe this country as they have been
during the last twenty
these Southern Senators, previous to Mr. five years. With the Child Labor bill and
Wilson 's visit of July 18, had determined to the Workmen 's Compensation bill completed
prevent - by filibustering if necessary — the and put on the statute books in the present
passage of the bill this year. It seemswholly month , this Administration will be able to
probable that they will have to give in , and
that this great charter of life, liberty, and
freedom for American children will become
a reality. The bill excludes from interstate W .W .

commerce all products originating in facto

ries employing children under the age of
fourteen . Since this REVIEW has favored
that kind of national child labor legislation
for some ten years, it is hardly to be ex
pected that we should withhold praise from
Mr. Wilson for using his official and po ERICA
litical influence to make the reform a real
ity . This was one of the cardinal demands
of the national Progressive movement of
1912, as reiterated in the terse Chicago plat
form of the Progressives as adopted this SS
year. That platform demands, among many
APCAER EDNE
other things, the following reforms: PREE
ESS TY
Wemust remove the artificial cause of the high PRROOGSRPERI
cost of living, prevent the exploitation of men , P
women , and children in industry by the exten
sion of the workmen 's compensation law to the
full limit permitted under the Constitution , and
by a thorough -going child -labor law protect the THE PILOT — TRIED AND FOUND TRUSTWORTHY
wage-earner, and by a properly regulated sys From the World-Herald (Omaha)
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 141

Photograpii by Harris & Ewing. Washington

AT THE DEDICATION OF THE NEW HOME OF LAST AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR IN WASHINGTON
THE MONTH
(President Wilson and the Secretary of Labor, Mr. Wilson , joined in celebrating the completion of the
seven -story building which is to be the " home" of organized labor .
The picture shows them reviewing an impres
sive labor parade, with Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, who stands in the center)

make a strong appeal, when its campaign boat destroyers, the bill provides for thirty
opens in September, for the votes of the coast submarines to be built in 1917 and a
social-reform elements of the Progressive total of fifty -eight in the three-year program ,
party, for the farmer vote, and for the vote with a further series of nine fleet submarines .
of the wage-earning classes, whether organ Thus the Senators have adopted the Re
ized or unorganized . publican idea of a strong American navy,
under the President's lead, with the hearty
Creating The House of Representatives approval of the best-informed opinion of the
theNavyGreat had already completed its legis country. The House of Representatives
the Great
los lative program , except as it had should accept the program of the President
to deal with the compromises to be worked and the Senate, which is intended to give us
out in a series of conference committees after the second navy of the world at the earliest
the Senate had given its amended form to possible moment.
pending measures. Thus in the middle of
July the Senate had altered the House Naval The New On July 10 the House of Repre
bill by an enormous increase in the number Revenue
Bill
sentatives passed the Emergency
of new ships to be built and in the total Revenue bill providing funds for
outlay. As finally settled in the Senate on the extraordinary expenses of the Adminis
July 18, with the approval of the President tration 's preparedness program . Thirty-nine
and Secretary of the Navy and the support Republicans and one Independent voted with
of leading Senators of both parties, the meas- the Democrats in favor of the measure. The
ure calls for a total of 157 new vessels of Administration found estimates for the new
all classes within the next three years. The fiscal year indicating that expenditures would
House had ordered five battle cruisers for exceed receipts by no less than $ 266,000,000 .
the coming year ; but the Senate bill calls This threatened deficiency did not take in
for eight big ships, four of them to be battle consideration the extraordinary expenses of
cruisers and four dreadnaughts. The three- the troop movements to the Mexican border.
year program includes sixteen , large ships. As to these defense items, it is reported that
Besides numerous scout cruisers and torpedo- the Government will take care of them
142 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
through an issue of bonds to an amount of cheap labor after the war. This clause pro
$ 125,000 ,000. To make up the deficiency hibits selling articles from foreign countries
caused by the preparedness program , the at prices less than the market value in the
Government now expects to take about $ 70 ,- world 's markets, after adding freight duty
000,000 from the Treasury, which is in most and other charges. The bill reclassifies the
prosperous condition ; raise $ 107 ,000,000 duties on dye stuffs in an attempt to help
through increased income taxes ; $ 17 ,000,000 American manufacturers become independ
through a tax on inheritances ; $ 71,000 ,000 ent of Germany. Raw dye products are to
from taxes of 5 to 8 per cent. on the gross be admitted free, with rates running as high
receipts of munition companies, including as 30 per cent. ad valorem on finished dyes,
producers of copper, and $ 2,000,000 from and a special protective duty of 5 cents a
miscellaneous imposts. The total Govern - pound. A tariff commission is provided for,
ment expenditures provided for will approxi the commissioners to receive $ 7500 a year
mate $ 1,579,000,000. and the body to go to Congress annually
The new measure retains the ex for an appropriation , $ 300 ,000 being pro
The Income
Nearly emption of $ 3000 incomes for
TaxDoubled vided for the next fiscal year.
unmarried citizens and $ 4000 Inefficiency and waste in govern
Saving Money
for the married . The basic tax for incomes for the ment are so common that in
above these sums— known as the normal tax Government stances of them no longer excite
- is to be twice that provided for by the
Underwood bill, or 2 per cent. up to $ 20,000. even a mild protest. We often overlook
The proposed surtax is 1 per cent. on in guarding ofof theadministrative
examples
public
thrift and the
interests where laxity
ccmes between $ 20 ,000 and $ 40,000 , with might have been unnoticed. A case in point
increases for each $ 20,000 of additional in is the work of the unpaid Federal Commis
come up to $ 100,000 ; 5 per cent. on incomes sion appointed several years ago under the
between $ 100 ,000 and $ 150,000 , with in Weeks
creases by $ 50,000 steps up to 8 per cent.; 000 theAct with the right to expend $ 1,000,
first year and $ 2,000 ,000 a year for
9 per cent. on incomes between $ 300 ,000 and
$ 500,000, and 10 per cent. on all over
$ 500 ,000.
How Many In the debate of this Emergency
People Pay Revenue measure, Representative
the Tax Hull, author of the income tax
and inheritance tax sections of the bill, dis
cussed the distribution of income tax payers.
He denied that only one-half of one per
cent. of the population of the United States
paid any income tax , although he admitted
that only 400,000 persons make individual
returns. His contention was that practically
one-half of the tax is paid by the 190,000
corporations of the United States, and that,
therefore , their 2,500,000 stockholders
should be added to the 400,000 people who
make individual returns. It is perfectly
obvious, however, that the 400 ,000 group
is largely contained in the list of stockholders
and it is also true, though not so obvious,
that the 2,500 ,000 stockholders are not so
many different people, but that this figure EVENUE
I FOR
is arrived at by adding together lists of NATIONA
stockholders which show the same individ DEFENSE

ual names repeated over and over again .

High Included in the new bill is an
Protection
Features
anti-dumping clause designed to U . s.: " I DON 'T MIND PUMPING — BUT ARE YOU
8 protect the American market SURE YOUR BUCKET DOESN ' T LEAK !"
against a flood of European goods made with From the Times (New York )
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 143
five subsequent years, in the purchase of
forest lands in the White Mountains and
the Southern Appalachians, to save the for
ests from destruction . Large tracts have
been purchased for the Government at a
total administrative cost of less than 50 cents
an acre and there is still $ 3,000,000 unex
pended . Secretaries Lane and Houston, and
former Secretary Garrison , who have served
on the commission , are deserving of especial
credit for their support of this non -partisan
and non -sectional enterprise , as well as for
raising standards of economy and foresight
in public service.
Congress The “ pork -barrel" appropriations
and
" Pork " by Congress form a less pleasing
picture. Bills introduced during
the present session provide for more than
700 public buildings, involving an expendi
ture of $ 100,000 ,000. Bills now on the cal
endar would appropriate from $ 25,000 to
$150,000 each for buildings in towns of
less than 1,000 population . Some appropria
tions just as uncalled for have actually been
made. The log- rolling methods of Con
gress are responsible for this, quite as much © Bain News Service, New York
as the greediness of the towns benefited . A NEW SNAPSHOT PHOTOGRAPH OF MR. HUGHES,
TAKEN IN NEW YORK LAST MONTH
There is at least one recent instance of a
community rising above petty local interests
and telling its representatives in Congress on their respective branches of the public
service with as high a degree of devotion to
that a better use could be made of public the country
money than in building it a post-office. The scandals or fromand hint as great freedom from
Mayor and Common Council, with nearly previous administrationofin impropriety as any
500 citizens, of Ripon , Wisconsin , have peti country. There is every the history of the
tioned Washington to have the $ 75,000 that Governor Hughes, ifreason to believe
elected , would
appropriated for their post-office building maintain the highest administrative stand
diverted to purposes of national defense,
preferably aviation equipment. This is not árds. The campaign will not be fought in
only a patriotic act ; it is good common-sense. this particular domain . Just how it will be
remains to be seen . But it will be
Many other towns might well follow the shaped concerned with large issues of public policy,
example. and with national leadership in critical
The There is not much to be said times.
Political about a political campaign that Managers Mr. Wilson and Mr. Hughes
ampaign has not yet begun except in a bers are alike fortunate in their
preliminary way. The elections in Novem nosed choice of campaign -managers .
ber will be decided by the independent vote The Democratic chairman is Mr. Vance
of the country ; and the Progressives of four McCormick, of Pennsylvania , who made a
years ago have now become to a great ex - notable success some years ago as mayor
tent independents. Both candidates will of Harrisburg, and who was the unsuccess
have good grounds for appealing for Pro - ful Democratic nominee for Governor
gressive and independent support. Neither against Brumbaugh in the election of two
Wilson nor Hughes is a narrow partisan . years ago. Mr. McCormick typifies what
Both are of the intellectual and reforming is best in our politics and our public life.
type. The Wilson administration is not dis- A campaign under his direction will have a
tinctively partisan . There is no spirit of nar- genuine character and use reputable meth
Tow partisanship in the departmental work , ods. The chairman of the Hughes campaign
and the Cabinet officers have been carrying committee is Mr. William R . Willcox , of
144 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

HON . WILLIAM R . WILLCOX , OF NEW YORK HON . VANCE MC CORMICK , OF PENNSYLVANIA

( The new chairman of the Republican National ( The new chairman of the Democratic National
Committee ) Committee)

New York City. Mr. Willcox is a per- will not open until after the adjournment of
sonal friend of the candidate and a citizen of Congress, and will be based largely upon
distinction and honorable standing. He has the legislative and executive record of the
always been ready to render such public Democratic party . It is expected that be
service as he was called upon to undertake ; fore the end of the campaign Colonel Roose
and he has made memorable records in three velt will take the platform for Hughes and
positions : ( 1 ) as Park Commissioner in Fairbanks.
Mayor Low 's administration , (2 ) as Post
master of New York in President Roose It is, in our opinion, always to
velt's administration , and (3 ) as first head Too Many be regretted that we cannot hold
of the Public Service Commission regulat a national election on its own
ing the transit facilities of New York City, merits, free from association with State and
when that body was created by Governor local politics. Thirty -six States have Gov
h
o, aseading lighter
Hughes. A campaign committee, under Mr. ernors to elect in November, with Legis
Willcox's chairmanship , has already been latures for a great majority of the States,
named, with half a dozen leading Progres - and with thousands of officers of county,
sives in its membership of about eighteen . city, and township governments. These
The Progressive National Committee, meet. State and local elections ought to be held in
ing at Chicago on June 26 and following the spring, or else in the odd years. The
Colonel Roosevelt's advice, had decided by November election day of even years should
a large majority to support Hughes and the be reserved for choosing members of Con
vet, have
Progressives, however,
h
Republican ticket. A number of leading
e w re gress, members of the United States Senate,
e ell ctoom and Presidential electors.
ave bpreferred There will this
support Wilson and they will be well repre- year be a great effort on the part of the
sented on the Democratic campaign com - Republicans to carry the Senate and if pos
mittee. Mr. Hughes is preparing to de- sible the House . Some thirty-four Senators
liver a series of speeches in the West during are to be elected by popular vote. As a re
August, following his formal notification sult of the primary elections, Hon . Frank
on July 31. President Wilson's campaign B. Kellogg becomes the Minnesota candi
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 145

date, and he will probably succeed Senator

Clapp . Mr. Kellogg is a man of excep
tional fitness and training for the position
of Senator. Mr. Knox is likely to return
to the Senate from Pennsylvania . Owing
to the death of Senator Shively, there will .
be two seats involved in the Indiana elec
tion . Mr. Harry New and Mr. James
Watson are the Republican candidates, and
Senators Kern and Thomas Taggart are
the Democratic. The California situation
becomes interesting because Governor John
son is in the race for the Republican nomina
tion and Mr. Francis Heney or Secretary
Lane is expected to be the Democratic
choice .
TheDecision It came as a surprise to finan
the corn cial circles when , in the first
Products
Company week of July, the Federal Dis
trict Court gave its decision against the
Corn Products Company and ordered the
concern dissolved. The treatment of the
American Can Company last March , when
the court refused to order dissolution , had
led Wall Street to believe the Corn Prod
bets Company would be allowed to live.
In the latter case , Judge Hand held that,
while it was true the Trust had not stifled © Lee Brothers
competition in the glucose and starch trade, HON . FRANK B. KELLOGG , OF MINNESOTA
the only reason they had not stifted it was (Mr. Kellogg, who will probably be the new Senator
from Minnesota , has been president of the American
that their attempts were unsuccessful. The Bar Association and is perhaps the most experienced
of American lawyers in the application of the Sherman
Corn Products Company is said to control Anti- Trust Law )
some 60 per cent. of the glucose trade of
the United States, although its directors deny tuting only one-fifth of all the employees,
this percentage as accurate. The case is without a clearmandate from a public tribu
to be appealed . nal that shall determine the merits of the
case after a review of all the facts.” The
.
Railroads As was noted in the July issue railways propose the Interstate Commerce
Appealto
Public
the of this REVIEW , the representa - Commission as the public body to decide the
one tives of the railroad employees matter. The Pennsylvania Railroad indi
asking for higher wages refused last month vidually has printed an appeal to its 225,000
the offer of the railroad managers to arbi- men to use their influence against a vote in
trate the dispute, and proceeded to obtain a favor of striking. Only 18 per cent. of the
vote from some 500 ,000 railroad employees Pennsylvania employees are called on to vote
as to whether their representatives should be on the question .
empowered to declare a general strike if they
should find it necessary. While the balloting Warden Last month Warden Thomas
on this question is going on , the railroads Osborne and Mott Osborne resumed his du
have undertaken to place their position be Sing Sing ties at Sing Sing Prison , New
fore the public by placing an advertisement York , the courts having disposed of the vari
in every daily and weekly newspaper in the ous charges preferred against him before
United States. This announcement, which local courts of Westchester County . The
was printed in 17,000 different periodicals, welcome accorded Mr. Osborne by Sing
takes the ground that the question is really Sing's inmates, organized as the Mutual
one for the public to decide and that the Welfare League, was something unprece
railroads feel they have “ no right to grant a dented in the history of prisons. It was
wage preferment of $ 100,000 ,000 a year to announced that a psychopathic clinic would
theseAng.–employees,
2
now highly paid and consti- be started at Sing Sing for the scientific study
146 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Teachers Fifty thousand teachers gathered
in New York City early last
Convention
von month and gave up a week to
conferences on matters connected with their
calling - chiefly the great problem of relat
• ing education to life, training the child and
the youth to do useful work in the world .
The National Education Association has not
often given so much of its time to the coun
try school and rural conditions as it did this
year. The address of the president, Dr.
David Bancroft Johnson , was a plea for a
national commission to study the farm home
and the farm woman , with a view to the con
servation of health and strength on the farm .
The question of national preparedness came
before the Association in the form of a de
bate on military training in the public
schools. The convention was conservative in
its resolutions on this subject, declaring that
" military ends should not be permitted to
pervert the educational purposes and prac
tises of the schools.” General Wood and
Mr. Bryan , with other eminent speakers, ad
dressed the teachers for and against military
training. Many men and women who at
tended the sessions of the association re
mained in New York for some weeks as
Photograph by Paul Thompson , New York members of the Columbia University Sum
HON . THOMAS MOTT OSBORNE ( AT THE RIGHT) mer School, which has a total enrollment of
AND GEORGE W . KIRCHWEY
(Dr. Kirchwey served as Warden of Sing Sing Prison
over 8,000 students. Although this is the
while Mr. Osborne was fighting in the courts the charges largest summer school in the country, or in
that
affairshad
) been brought against his management of prison the world , it is by no means the only one
that shows a remarkable record of growth
of individual criminals. All convicts will be during recent years. Throughout the coun
examined and those found mentally defective try summer schools are gaining not only in
will be separated from those of normal men - attendance of students, but in quality of
tality. Each convict's personal history, the equipment and seriousness of purpose as well.
details of his home life and
early environment, the influ
ences to which he has been
exposed in his later career,
his conduct in prison, will
all be investigated . The
funds for this work are con
tributed by the Rockefeller
Foundation . Later, when
the new State prison is com
pleted, Sing Sing will be a
great receiving station , where
all prisoners will undergo a
preliminary examination and
grouping . Thus the very
name of Sing Sing, long the
symbol of all that is rotten
and decadent in a bygone
prison system , may yet be Underwood & Underwood , New York
associated with the vital force SING SING INMATES WELCOMING WARDEN OSBORNE UPON HIS
of the new penology. RETURN LAST MONTH
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
Trouble in A lockout involving nearly 60,
the Trades
Garment 000 workers in the garment
des trades of New York City has
been in effect since April. During the
three months of enforced idleness there has
been much suffering on New York's “ East
Side." Large relief funds have been raised
by the workers themselves; the unions have
dispensed aid systematically, and generous
contributions have been made by those
wealthy citizens who always respond in
emergencies of this kind . Yet the need has
outstripped the provision to meet it. A com
mittee of disinterested men and women who
have studied the situation carefully declare
that as a result of the lockout “more than
200 ,000 human beings are facing hunger in Photographs copyrighted by Underwood & Underwood, New York
New York City to -day.” Acting in the in DR. DAVID B . JOHNSON DR . ROBERT J. ALEY
terest of the general public , Mayor Mitchel (North Carolina ) (Maine )
hasmade repeated efforts to bring about arbi THE RETIRING AND THE NEW PRESIDENT OF THE
tration between the Manufacturers' Protec NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION
tive Association and the employees. The
manufacturers demand, and the unions con - well be adopted by the cloak and suit makers.
cede, the right to hire and discharge em - At any rate, since the workers have from
ployees. The unions insist, however, on the the outset expressed a willingness to abide by
principle of collective bargaining. In some arbitration, the manufacturers should con
of the garment trades prices for piece work sent to submit all questions in dispute to a
are now fixed by the application of a systemboard of impartial business men .
of impartial tests conducted by the manufac
turers and the unions conjointly . Either this An epidemic of infantile paraly
or some similar method of adjustment might Infantile sis (known among the doctors
e as acute anterior poliomyelitis )
caused much alarm last month in New York
City and at a few other points. Nine years
ago over 2500 cases of this disease were re
ported in New York, but the mortality rate
was only 5 per cent. This year the deaths
have been more numerous — approaching 20
per cent. Up to July 20, when the crest of
the disease wave seemed to have been reached
in the city , the number of cases had not
equalled that reported in 1907. The meas
ures taken by the city officials to check the
present epidemic have been more stringent
and thoroughgoing than in former years.
Sunday schools, moving-picture theaters, and
other gathering-places have been closed to
children under sixteen . The Health De
partment, aided by citizen volunteers , has
made careful sanitary inspections of the city.
Suburban places have enforced a rigorous
quarantine against New York children .
Many precautions have been taken against
the spread of the disease , and even distant
cities have guarded themselves against infec
Photograph by Press Illustrating Service, New York tion from the metropolis. In the present
STRIKING CLOAK AND SUIT MAKERS OF NEW YORK state of our knowledge of this disease ( the
CITY , IN LINE TO DRAW FROM THE UNION THEIR germ of which has not yet been isolated ) ,
ALLOWANCE OF $ 3 WEEKLY the medical profession can only emphasize
148 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the importance of rigid personal hygiene, Terrible The chief developments of last
especially as regards the nose and throat, and Fighting
Europe
in month in the European military
the avoidance of contact. de situation are set forth with great
acumen and power of analysis by Mr.
Better The Government crop report of Simonds in his monthly review of the war,
Crop
Reports
July 8 is an important one, be- which will be found in subsequent pages of
S cause the season has progressed this number. The magnitude and the in
far enough to make the estimates at that date tensity of the struggle this summer quite
more certain than in earlier months. The numb the mental grasp of the ordinary
midsummer report of 1916 shows a more reader . The greatest military experts two
prosperous condition than was indicated in years ago , at the beginning of the war, would
June. Taking the crops as a whole, they not have believed it possible that after
are undoubtedly better than the average for twenty- four months the conflict could have
the five years preceding the wonderful yields become so stupendous in its activities. The
of 1915. The month of June produced an most striking changes of the pastmonth have
improvement in the wheat fields, put at been due to the rapid sweep of the Russians
44,000,000 bushels, which would make the against the Austrians, and the powerful ini
combined crop of the winter and spring tiative of the English against that part of
wheat some 759,000,000 bushels. The final the German line in France that faces the
yield of oats was put at 1,317,000,000 British army as now greatly increased and
bushels, an improvement of about 5 per cent. well trained. The British are using artillery
over the June indications. A larger acreage almost, if not quite , as effectively as the
of corn is planted this year and the July French and Germans. Austria seems to be
estimates are for a crop of 2,866 ,000,000 weakening ; but the grim and unshaken de
bushels. With favorable conditions this may termination of Germany, now on the defen
increase even to exceed last year's unprece sive against considerable odds, has aroused
dented crop of 3,055,000 ,000 bushels. Pota - the reluctant admiration of all her foes. Na
toes, while growing on a smaller acreage tions so valiant as those now at war deserve
than last year, promise a slight increase in to live in good understanding and mutual
yield over 1915. confidence. Yet peace does not seem near
at hand .
A Great Hay, The grass fields are more impor
Tobacc o, and
Cotton Year
tant in the farmers' economy Turkey It is in Europe that Russia is
fear than are generally suggested in making most notable advances .
crop reports ; last year the value of the hay Chaos Her movements have been ar
crop was no less than $ 912,000 ,000 , and in rested in Asia Minor. Yet in due time she
1916 there is a considerably increased yield seems likely to fight her way to further con
of hay and a better demand for it. It may quests south and west of the Caucasus. The
be worth in money more than any of the condition of Asia Minor is so distressing that
cereals. A record tobacco crop was reported , almost any change would be for the better.
and 2 ,000 ,000 ,000 pounds of beet sugar will Even yet we have not learned the whole
be produced this season , making the United truth regarding the extent of the crime
States the fourth largest beet-sugar producer against the Armenian race. Turkey has been
in the world. This crop has quadrupled growing steadily more reckless and irrespon
since 1900 and is this year worth $ 100 ,000 ,- sible in her treatment of neutral rights.
000. As to cotton , it is difficult to realize American colleges, schools, hospitals, and
that the Southern planters were, little more other institutions have been seized in con
than a year ago, in the depths of despair, siderable number without plausible pretext,
with cotton selling for scarcely more than and Americans and other foreigners expelled
half the estimated cost of production and from the country. The sealed archives of
with loud calls from all sections of the South French and other consulates that had been
to cut the acreage in half. This staple is turned over for safe-keeping to American
now bringing its producers between 12 and consuls have now been violated, and influ
13 cents a pound, in spite of a great crop ential natives of Turkey have been executed
for 1916 , estimated at 14 ,266,000 bales — the on the pretense that these consular papers
third largest in history. Railroads, factories, had implicated them in disloyalty to the
and industry in general throughout the Turkish Government. If our Ambassador,
Southern States are showing the effect of cot- Mr. Morgenthau , had remained at his post
ton's return to normal prices and demand. it is possible that some of these things could
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 149

have been prevented ; yet it is quite likely

that no American at Constantinople could
have done much to change this more recent
course of events.Mr. Abram Elkus, a Jewish
lawyer of New York City, has been named
by President Wilson as Mr. Morgenthau 's
successor. Mr. Elkus is a man of high at
tainments and great public spirit, who is
exceptionally fitted for the Constantinople
post. There is great work for him to do,
and it is to be hoped that he may be able
to render high service in the most critical
and difficult period of Turkey's history.
Allies We shall in subsequent numbers
Uniting
Trade
for of the REVIEW give more ex
e tended discussion to the economic
aspects of the European war. A recent con
ference of the Allies, at Paris, agreed upon
the general outlines of a plan for something
like commercial and financial union , not only
during the remainder of the war, but for a
first and a second period after the making
of peace. This group of nations proposes to
constitute some sort of an economic world
of its own, to the exclusion not merely of
Germany and her present allies but appar
ently also to the disadvantage of the nations
that are neutral. The prospect of such a © Underwood & Underwood, New York
HON . ABRAM I. ELKUS, OF NEW YORK
combination is not an agreeable one. The (Who will succeed Mr. Morgenthau as Ambassador
end of the present war should also end the to Turkey )
kind of economic and imperial rivalry that
produced the war. The Paris proposals are The Mr. Lloyd George seems to be
unsound in principle and cannot, it would Useful the indispensable public man of
seem to us, be carried out in practice. Pro Lloyd George the British Empire. He left the
found changes, of course , must result from Chancellorship of the Exchequer to become
the death of so many trained industrial work - Minister of Munitions, and he solved that
ers, and from the vast destruction of capital problem . . After the rebellion in Ireland he
in war expenditure . It is not possible to see went to that country and worked out a set
how any European nation can ever pay its tlement that is about to go into effect. Irish
war indebtedness. Americans who are con Home Rule is to begin almost at once, with
stantly invited to subscribe to European war a Parliament in Dublin made up of the pres
loans would do well to leave it to the muni ent Irish members of the Westminster Par
tion makers and other beneficiaries of the liament, except for six Ulster counties that
war to take the risk of these investments will remain for the present as if they were
European workers will not remain patiently a part of England or Scotland. This plan
in their home countries and devote them - has the support of John Redmond and Sir
selves for generations to the payment of in - Edward Carson , and is a good temporary
terest on the war debts of 1914- 17 . Rather compromise . Mr. Lloyd George passes from
than do that they will migrate to North and that task to the post left vacant by the death
South America, or other outlying regions. of Lord Kitchener, and he is now therefore
In point of fact, however, there will be Minister of War.
socialistic financial schemes that will in some
way distribute and equalize burdens, and Our frontispiece shows the first
create for each country the opportunity of Commercial German commercial submarine,
a fresh start. Such harmonizing of the Submarine the Deutschland. She evaded
world as would permit nations to give up the Allies' ships of war and reached Balti
their expensive armies and navies would more early in July , with a cargo consisting
help to pay the interest on national debts. of several hundred tons of valuable dyestuffs.
150 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

© by International Film Service

KING GEORGE AND QUEEN MARY IN THEIR GARDEN . WITH GENERAL SIR WILLIAM ROBERTSON . CHIEF OF STAFF
OF THE BRITISH ARMY
The Deutschland was wholly unarmed, and and to insure economic and political order
in every sense entitled to the fullest rights throughout the Far East. Both Russia and
and privileges of a merchantman . Her voy- Japan declare that nothing in the treaty is
age was chiefly significant as illustrating the adverse to American interests. It is wholly
pluck and courage of the Germans under creditable to the Japanese that they are push
conditions of great difficulty . The Deutsch - ing their commerce with the utmost energy
land was to be followed at once by a larger throughout all the regions touched by Pacific
“ U -boat," named the Bremen , and others waters. They have a monopoly of the carry
still larger were said to be approaching com - ing trade, and this has given them a new
pletion. The commercial importance of thisfoothold in the Philippines. What we gain
movement is quite limited. The Deutschlandby our tariff arrangements is now offset by
was loaded with rubber and nickel and ready
the shipping discriminations that the Japa
for her return before the 20th, although all
nese are able to secure for their own traders.
statements given out were intended to mis Having acquired the Philippines, it is not
lead in order that she might elude and baffle creditable that we do not trade with those
the Allied warships that were lying in wait islands under the American flag . An at
for her just outside of the capes at the tempt is to be made at Washington to pass
mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Her home- the Philippine bill (which has been
ward voyage will have aroused the interest dormant since the Senate amendments were
of the whole world . rejected by the House) before the end of the
session . It is a disadvantage that the Demo
Affairs Diverse explanations have been crats do not know their own minds regarding
in East
Far the given of a new treaty between our policy and position in the Pacific. In
East Russia and Japan , relating espe- the debate on the Naval bill last month ,
cially to their mutual interests in China. We Japan's ambitions were openly treated as a
prefer to believe that the main object of the menace. For our part, we favor a large
treaty is to prevent future misunderstanding navy and perpetual friendship with Japan .
 RECORD OF EVENTS IN THE WAR
(From June 21 to July 19, 1916 )
The Last Part of June The First Week of July
June 21.– The United States informs Austria . July 1.- A great Allied offensive against the
Hungary that evidence in its possession justifies Germans in France is launched by the British
the belief that the attack on the American steamer and French where their lines meet at the River
Petrolite, in the Mediterranean, was a deliberate Somme, on a front of about twenty miles; the
insult to the flag of the United States by the attack was preceded by four days of artillery
submarine commander, and requests that an bombardment which destroyed barb -wire entan
apology be made. glements and the first and second lines of Ger
June 22 , - The Greek Government accedes to man trenches.
the demands of the Entente Powers, including against It is estimated that the Italian offensive
complete demobilization of the army, the forma territory Austria has recaptured a third of the
tion of a new cabinet without political color, May 13 to June 16 . the Austrian offensive of
lost during
and the dissolution of the Chamber with the sub The Russians take Kolomea, an important
sequent holding of new elections.
Reports are received in London of a serious center in eastern Galicia.
July 3.- Both French and British reports in
uprising against Turkish rule in Arabia , the out
come of the Pan -Arab movement; Mecca , the movement dicate slow but steady progress of their offensive
holy city, and Jeddah, the chief seaport, pro the French inmake the region of the Somme River ;
greater gains, having advanced
claim their independence .
at one point nearly six miles toward Peronne.
June 23. — The Skouloudis ministry in Greece The blockade of Greece by the Allies, which
resigns, and former Premier Alexander Zaimis caused Greece to accede to demands, is officially
( said to be more favorable to the Entente Pow raised .
ers) is invited by the King to form a cabinet. The Royal Commission which investigated the
The official Russian statement declares that in Irish rebellion criticizes conditions of lawlessness
three weeks' operations General Brusilof's that had been permitted to exist, resulting in
armies in the south took 199,354 prisoners. a widespread belief that no repressive measures
The whole of the Austrian crownland of Bu- against sedition would be undertaken by the gov
kowina comes under the control of the Russians, ernment; former Chief Secretary for Ireland,
as the Austrian army retreats into the foothills Augustine Birrell, is held primarily responsible.
of the Carpathians. An imperial ukase suspends sittings of the
In the attack on Verdun, the Germans win the Russian Duma until November 14.
Thiaumont field work, making the greatest gain July 4.— The Germans again capture Thiau
since the capture of Fort Vaux on June 6. mont, one of three great field works comprising
June 25. — The British begin a violent and in the fortifications of Verdun to the northeast.
tense artillery bombardment of the German posi July 5. - An official Turkish statement an
tions along the whole British front. nounces the recapture from the Russians of
An Italian auxiliary cruiser and a French tor Kermanshah , an important military and com
pedo boat are torpedoed in the Strait of Otranto .
It is officially stated that the number of pris mercial point in Persia.
oners held for connection with the Irish rebellion July 6.— The details of Lloyd George's scheme
is 1619 ; 161 others were convicted , and 1171 for provisional Home Rule for Ireland are made
released . public, involving the exclusion of the six Ulster
June 27.- Reports from the Russian war zone ment. counties and the creation of an Irish parlia
indicate that the Germans have extended their David Lloyd George is appointed Secretary for
lines southward, reinforcing the Austrians and War in Great Britain .
checking the Russians in the Kovel district.
Belgian troops invading German East Africa July 6-7.– After several days of comparative
reach the shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza. quiet, the British resume their offensive north of
the Somme and gain 3000 yards of German
June 28. - Dr. Karl Liebknecht, the German trenches.
socialist leader, is sentenced to thirty months'
imprisonment for peace activities which were July 7.- Official information regarding British
adjudged to constitute attempted treason . munitions supply shows that there are 3,500,000
June 29.- Sir Roger Casement, the Irish leader, workers, including 666 ,000 women, engaged in war
is convicted of high treason by a London jury industries, and that there are 4000 controlled
and sentenced to be hanged . firms producing war munitions.
July 8. — The Russian offensive against the Ger
June 30.— The French recapture the Thiaumont mans and Austrians grows in power and scope ;
field work northeast of Verdun .
The Russian Duma passes a bill permanently the immediate object is Kovel, an important
prohibiting the sale of drink (excepting light railway center.
wines) containing more than 112 per cent of July 9. - A great German commercial submar
alcohol; the measure must pass the upper house. ine, the Deutschland, arrives at Baltimore after
151
152 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
July 11. – The Germans renew their
efforts to take Verdun, and gain ground
east of the Meuse.
July 13. – Viscount Mersey, arbitrator
in the case of the cargo of the Wilhel.
mina ( an American vessel seized by the
British in February, 1915), awards ap
proximately $ 390,000 to the owners.
July 14.— The British renew their at
tack on the second line of German
trenches north of the Somme, breaking
through on a four -mile front; the attack
as before is preceded by several days'
violent artillery bombardment.
July 15. - The British declare that the
offensive against the Germans has re
sulted in the capture of 10 ,000 prisoners.
July 17. - The Russian official report
states that 13,000 prisoners were taken
O G . V. Buck, Washington in Volhynia on the previous day; the
THE GERMAN COMMERCIAL SUBMARINE “ DEUTSCHLAND ,” AT Germans admit a retirement across the
BALTIMORE, AFTER ITS TRANSATLANTIC VOYAGE Lipa River.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer states
that the war cost to Great Britain has
a transatlantic trip, during which she submerged creased to $30,000,000 a day .
only to pass Allied warships and other craft; July 18. — The British Government places
the vessel carries 750 tons of chemicals and dye eighty - two American firms and individuals in
stuffs, and will attempt to return with a cargo the class with which residents of the United
of rubber and nickel. Kingdom are forbidden to trade, under the
Edwin Samuel Montagu (Financial Secretary Trading with the Enemy Act.
of the Treasury ) is appointed Minister of Muni In an effort to arrest the British advance, the
tions in Great Britain . Germans launch an imposing counter- attack in
July 10. - A " food kitchen ” is opened in a the Somme region.
lower-class residential section of Berlin, where it July 19. — The British recover most of the
is expected that 30,000 persons will be supplied ground lost to the Germans in their counter
daily with cooked food at low rates. offensive.

RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS

(From June 21 to July 19, 1916)
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS June 30. — The Senate passes the Fortifications
June 21. - The House amends the Army approappropriation bill.
priation bill, increasing the provision for aero
nautics by $ 2,000,000.
July 22. — The House passes the Fortifications
bill, carrying $ 34,300,000, doubling the appropria
tions of last year.
June 23. — The House, by vote of 332 to 2,
adopts a resolution authorizing the President to
draft the State militia into the Federal service.
June 26 . — The Senate approves the House reso
lution providing for the merger of the National
Guard with the regular army for service in
Mexico and along the border, but rejects the
provision for payment of dependents of militia
men . . . . The House passes without roll -call
the Army appropriation bill, carrying a total of
$ 182,000,000 or $25,000,000 more than when re
ported from committee.
June 27. – The Senate adopts the Pension ap
propriation bill ($ 158,065,000) and the Sundry
Civil appropriation bill ($ 128,000 ,000 ), and
agrees to the Conference Report on the measure
authorizing the expenditure of $75,000,000 for
good roads during the period of five years.
June 29. — The Senate passes the Post-Office
appropriation bill ($322,000,000).
July 1. - In the Senate , the Naval bill is re
ported from committee, calling for the laying.
down of ten battleships and six battle-cruisers
within three years. . . . The House passes a
special measure appropriating $ 2,000,000, to pay
$ 50 monthly to dependent families of National
Guard members who are without means of sup
port. . . .introduces
In the House, the Ways andbill
Means
Committee a special revenue de
signed to meet the extraordinary appropriations
of the present session ; income-tax rates are ma
terially increased, and an inheritance tax and a
tax on the manufacture of munitions are created ;
the measure also provides for a tariff commis
sion , increased duties on dyestuffs, and " anti
dumping” legislation .
July 3. - In the Senate the Army appropriation
bill is reported from committee, carrying the
unprecedented total of $ 330,598,000, being an in
crease of $ 148,000,000 over the measure as it
passed the House.
July 6. — The House begins debate upon the
new Revenue bill, and agrees to vote on the
measure July 10 , the Democratic leader, Mr.
Kitchin, of North Carolina, makes a plea for
Republican support.
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS 153
July 8. — The Senate Democrats, in caucus,
amend the Administration's Shipping bill and
agree to press the measure for passage ; the
amendments exclude the purchase of vessels
owned in European countries now at war, those
already engaged in American trade, and ships
below 75 per cent of their original efficiency .
July 10 . - The House passes the Administra
tion's special Revenue bill by vote of 240 to 140 ;
40 Republicans vote for the measure.
July 11- 12. — The Senate and House agree to
the conference report on the Rivers and Har
bors bill, appropriating $42,000,000.
July 13. — The Senate begins discussion of the
Naval appropriation bill; Mr. Swanson (Dem .,
Va.), and Mr. Lodge (Rep ., Mass.), speak at
length in favor of the measure.
July 18. - The Senate approves the enlarged
construction program recommended by the Naval
Committee and understood to bear the endorse
ment of President Wilson and Secretary Daniels.
July 19. — The Senate, by vote of 51 to 17, re
tains in the Naval bill the provision for a Gov
ernment armor-plate plant.
AMERICAN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
June 24. - Judge Hand , in the Federal District
Court at New York, orders the dissolution of the
Corn Products Refining Company, as an illegal
trust operating in restraint of trade.
June 26 .— The Progressive National Committee,
meeting at Chicago, accepts the declination of
Theodore Roosevelt and adopts his recommenda .
tion that the Progressive Party endorse Charles GEN . TASKER H . BLISS, ASSISTANT CHIEF OF STAFF
OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY
E. Hughes, Republican candidate for President. (Who went to the border last month to solve extra
June 27. - William R . Willcox, of New York, ordinary problems resulting from the concentration of
militiamen addition to perhaps 30,000 mem
is elected Chairman of the Republican National bers of the regularinarmy)
90 ,000
Committee, to manage the Presidential campaign
for Charles E. Hughes. the President, creating twelve land-loan banks
June 28. - Charles E . Hughes, Republican nom under the direction of a federal board.
inee for President, and ex-President Theodore July 18. — Abram I. Elkus, the New York law
Roosevelt confer at New York regarding cam - yer, is nominated by the President as Ambassador
paign issues and plans. to Turkey, succeeding Henry Morgenthau.
July 1.- A statement from the Secretary of THE AMERICAN EXPEDITION IN MEXICO
the Treasury at the close of the Government's June 21. – The threat of Carranza - that Amer
fiscal year indicates a surplus of receipts over ican troops would be fired upon if they move
expenditures of $ 78,737,810, compared with a east, west, or south - is carried out; at Carrizal
deficit for the fiscal year 1915 ; the corporation a scouting force of less than 100 troopers of the
and income-tax produced $ 124,867,430, 50 per Tenth Cavalry ( colored ) is attacked by a large
cent. more than the previous year. Carranza force ; Captain Boyd and Lieutenant
July 3.- The President signs the measure Adair and a score of troopers are killed, and
passed by Congress providing for the incorpora twenty -two are taken prisoners ; the Mexican
tion of the militia into the regular army. casualties include General Gomez, the com
July 6. — Thomas Mott Osborne is reappointed mander.
Warden of Sing Sing Prison, following the com June 22. - Secretary of State Lansing sends an
plete failure of charges brought against him . identic note to the diplomatic representatives of
July 10. — The personnel of the Republican South and Central American republics, stating
Campaign Committee is announced , made up of that the United States has had for its object not
eleven Republicans and six Progressives. intervention in Mexican affairs but defense of
July 11. - President Wilson signs the bill au American territory. . . . The Navy Depart
thorizing the expenditure of $85,000,000 within ment is informed of an attack made upon a small
five years for rural roads. boat from the U . S. S. Annapolis on June 18 at
July 14 .– The President nominates Federal Mazatlan ; landing to assist American refugees,
Judge John Hessin Clarke, of Ohio, to be Asso two officers are arrested and the sailors in the
ciate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. boat fired upon ; later the officers are released.
July 15.- Representative James Hay, of Vir . June 24. – The Mexican representative at
ginia, chairman of the Military Affairs Com Washington officially informs the United States
mittee, is nominated by the President as a Judge that Chief Executive Carranza gave orders to
of the United States Court of Claims. his military commander not to permit American
forces to advance further south or to movc east
July 17.— The Rural Credits bill is signed by or west, that these orders were brought to the
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
feats and practically destroys a Carranza force
at July
Carrali tos, Chihuahua.
6.— The Secretary of War authorizes the
discharge, upon request, of militiamen with de
pendent families.
July 7.- Secretary Lansing assures the Mexi
can government that the United States is pre
pared immediately to exchange views as to a
practical plan to remove finally the conditions
which have been the source of controversy .
July 10.- Acting Secretary of State Polk and
the Carranza diplomatic representative at Wash
ington, Eliseo Arredondo, begin a series of in
formal conferences at Washington in an endeavor
to adjust the differences between the two govern
ments by the creation of a joint commission . . . .
It is estimated that in three weeks 60,000 militia
men from all parts of the country have been
brought to the Mexican border,
FOREIGN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
June 27. — The Duke of Devonshire is appointed
Governor -General of Canada, succeeding the
Duke of Connaught.
July 9. - The Panama election results in the
choice of Ramon M . Valdes, the followers of
Rodolfo Chiari refusing to vote because of al
leged frauds.
July 13. - Martial law is declared throughout
Spain , on account of the strike of railway em
ployees.
PAOLO BOSELLI, THE NEW PREMIER OF ITALY
( The dean of the Italian Parliament, in his eightieth
year, was called to head a coalition ministry on June 19 )
attention of General Pershing, that an Americand
force moved eastward, and that it was engage
by Mexican troopstaryat Carrizal. ng
June 25. - Secre of State Lansi informs
the Mexican Government that its communication
of June 24 " is a formal avowal of deliberately
hostile action ” ; he demands the release of pris
opers taken , and asks for a statement of the
course of action which the Mexican government
has determined upon . . . . General Trevino ,
chief of the armies of northern Mexico , issues
a call for volunteers to repel an American in
vasion . . . . The War Department orders
that the militia organizations be dispatched to the
border immediately without further concentration
or June ing in mobil
train27. ization camps.
- Mexican bandits cross the border at
Hachita , N . M ., and murder an American ranch
manJuneand28.his wiferal
- Gene . Carranza orders the release
of the United States soldiers made prisoners dur
ing the Carrizal engagement.
June 30 . – The first of the National Guard or
ganizations - a battalion of Utah artillery
reaches the border .
July 3.- It is learned that the American forces
in Mexico have been further withdrawn , so that
the most southern position is at El Valle, 150
miles south of the border.
July 4.- The Carranza government in Mex
ico informs the United States that it is willing THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, NEW GOVERNOR
to consider, in a spirit of concord, remedies which GENERAL OF CANADA
should be applied to the present situation ; it (The successor of the Duke of Connaught is one of
suggests an acceptance of Latin -American offers the great land-owners of England Before his space ,
sion to the peerage, in 1908. he served as Member of
of mediation . ers d
Parliament and as Financial Secretary to the Iro
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS 155
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
July 1. - An engagement occurs in the interior
of Santo Domingo between revolutionists and
United States marines ; one American and twenty
seven Dominicans are killed .
July 5. - Rear-Admiral Caperton reports that
an agreement has been reached with Santo Do
minican revolutionists supporting General Arias,
providing for disarmament and further discus
sion of domestic affairs.
July 6. - A political convention between Russia
and Japan is signed at Petrograd, the avowed
object being the maintenance of peace in the Far
East.
July 10.- It is reported that a secret agree
ment has been reached between Peru and Vene
zuela to seize large tracts of lands involved in
long-standing boundary disputes with Colombia
and Ecuador .
OTHER OCCURRENCES OF THE MONTH
June 24. – An Argentine aeronaut, Bradley
Zuloaga, crosses the Andes Mountains in a bal
loon, from Chile to Argentina.
July 1 . – The New York Sun is purchased by
Frank A . Munsey, who will merge the Press with
it, the Sun thus obtaining an Associated Press
franchise .
July 5. - An epidemic of infantile paralysis in
New York City, already resulting in 134 deaths
and threatening to get entirely beyond control,
causes the Health Department to employ stringent
emergency measures and nearby communities to DR. ELIE METCHNIKOFF, BACTERIOLOGIST
adopt precautionary quarantine restrictions. (O f Russian birth and education, Professor Metchni
July 7. - Dr. Robert J. Aley, president of the koff won fame in Paris where he was called in 1888 to
the Pasteur Institute, of which he later became director.
University of Maine, is elected president of the In 1908 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine.
National Education Association at the convention During recent years Metchnikoff devoted his researches
in New York City . . . . The Government's to the prolongation of human life. All of his ancestors
crop report indicates harvests better than the died young, but) he had passed seventy -two when he
died last month
average but below last year's records.
July 12 .— Sir Ernest Shackleton sails from
Punta Arenas, Argentine, with an expedition to
rescue twenty -two of his companions abandoned
July 7.- Joseph Ramsey, Jr., ex-president
the Wabash Railroad, 66 . . .
of
Howard P .
on Elephant Island in the Antarctic. Taylor, formerly widely known as dramatist and
July 16 . - Heavy rainfall causes serious floods playwright, 78.
in North Carolina and surrounding States, with July 9. - James A. Blanchard, former Justice
great damage to property and crops and the loss of the Supreme Court of New York , 71.
of fifty lives. July 10.— Emory McClintock , a distinguished
July 17. - As the total of deaths from infantile New York insurance actuary, 75.
paralysis in New York City reaches 400, a July 11. — Sir William Wallace, for many years
marked falling-off in the number of new cases administrator of British interests in Nigeria, 59.
is noticed for the first time. July 12. - Dr. Arthur Cleveland Cotton , a dis
OBITUARY tinguished Chicago specialist in children 's dis
June 20 . - Edward S. Ellis, noted as a writer eases, 69.
of stories for boys, 76. July 13. - Horace Davis, former president of
the University of California and former member
June 21. - Capt. Frank Holcomb Mason, for of Congress, 86 . . . Dr. Adam Cardenas,
many years a distinguished member of the ex -President of Nicaragua.
American consular service, 76 . July 15. - Prof. Elie Metchnikoff, the famous
June 22.- Robert F . Hoxie, professor of po bacteriologist, former head of Pasteur Institute
litical economy at the University of Chicago, 48. of Paris, 72. . . . Hunter Holmes Moss , Rep
June 27. – George A . Knight, a prominent San resentative in Congress from West Virginia , 42.
Francisco, attorney and Republican leader, 65. July 16 .- Norman W . Harris, the Chicago
June 29.– Linn Boyd Porter (" Albert Ross” ), banker and philanthropist, 69, . . . Rea
the author, 65. Charles H . Eldredge, U . S. N ., retired , 75 .
July 3. - Mrs. Hetty Green , the noted woman July 17 .— John Glendenning, the English actor,
financier, 81. well known on the American stage, 58.
July 5. - James Graham Cannon , a prominent July 18.— James H . Moore, the Chicago lawyer
New York bank president and authority on and capitalist, promoter of many large indus
clearing-houses, 58. trial corporations, 64.
 CARTOON COMMENTS ON
CURRENT EVENTS * COME NOW ! YOU VE
ZATION GOT TO TAKE IT SOONER
CIVILI
FOLLOWS OR LATER AND YOU
N IT NOW
MIGHT AS WELLTIOTAKE
TUS FISH CA
IFI
PAC
L
PIL

MEX
ICO
NICAR
AGUA

PAN
E
PIN

AMA
LIP
PHI

MWIGNES

1916, by John T. McCutcheon IT'S FOR HIS OWN GOOD

From the Tribune (Chicago )
DACIFICATION forMexico, if applied American civilization has followed the flag
by Uncle Sam , would undoubtedly re- in other parts of the world . It is possible,
sult beneficially for that country, just as however, that Mexico might be skeptical of
this at first.

1 TOLD YOU HE
WAS A ROBBER , A
CHEAT AND A LIAR
BUT SINCE I GOT TO
KNOW HIM BETTER
ME AIN 'T 50 BAD

ON
ATI
S
B I LIZMY
UMO A R
CO
XI
ME

STANLEY

THE SWELLING IS GOING DOWN WITHOUT EVEN UNDOING HIS DEVILTRY

AN156 OPERATION From the Tribune (South Bend) From the Pioneer Press (St. Paul)
 CARTOON COMMENTS ON CURRENT EVENTS 157
EXICAN SY

Jochea
INVASION
U. S.

" CONSIDER MY SIDE, SEÑOR SAM ”

From the News (Newark)
THE PASSING OF CRISIS NO. 140
or Uncle Sam :
we fight." “I'm through talking. Do what I say
CARRANZA: “What!
UNCLE SAM : “ Yes , Do you really
I mean it." mean that?"
CARRANZA : “From the well.
Oh, very I give up."
Post (Chicago )

RAZ
SAR
CA
SO
S
CCSI
VASILE C,ON
N
by
"

- KUU
© 1916, by the Philadelphia Inquirer Co.
W

STARTING
From theONStarANOTHER
(St. Louis)ROUND SITTING ON THE LID , " HONEST TER GOODNESS"
From the Inquirer (Philadelphia )
PRESIDENTIAL DILEMMAS
Copyrint 1016 h doan T. Mother
WAR
WITH THE WARUS. ESTABLISHMENT THE WAR
WILL UNITEU.S.
THE MEXICAN
WITH
WILL THERESULT
IN THE COMPLETE
ULTIMATE INOFMEXICO
ORDER
IS THE
WILL
MEXICO
WITHEXPOSE AND
EMPHASIZE
FACTIONS UNDER AND UNAVOIDABLE
AND
THE
DELINQUENCY
GRE BANNER DEFEAT IMPERATIVE OF THE
DEMOCRATIC
TO THEREPEL OF ALL FACTIONS
MEXICAN THE OBLIGATION
OF THE ADMINISTRATION
THAT RESISTANCE N NOT ,
KATED INVADERS TO OFFER
THE INVADING
FORCES
U .S. AFTERPREPARING
A THAEE YEARS
WARNING
FOR THE PRESENT
MILITARY SITUATION
BE

CARRANZA.
wade "To be orfornota long
lusero government to be!time?"A de facto government for a little while ATLER
McCutcheon,
the(Mr.Presidential in thisofcartoon,
dilemmas the cleverlyquestion)
Mexican epitomizes WILSON ; "If we pull out of Mexico,
I'll be blamedfromformyshirking duty :ourif
From the Tribune (Chicago) we go in, In be blamed for the disasters that will result failureourto have
army ready
158 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
MAW -WHERES MY ARMY CLOTHES
AND MY CAMP KIT : - BLANKETY ":
BLANK !!! - YOU NEVER CAN
TO EMPLOYES WHO FIND ANYTHING IN
GUARD OR
ASTHEMEMBERS THIS HOUSE
ULL DAY DURING
WHEN YOU
ABSENCE ON DUTY. NEED
POSITONS ON TO IT :
YOURe ON YOUR
TURN .

(CONGRESS

MEXT
IOCO

ENT
IPM
EQMUP
CA
AL
MATERI
STAN

TWO PATRIOTIC AMERICANS HOME, SWEET HOME!

From the World © (New York ) From the Central Press (Cleveland)
The recent National Guard mobilization the country by keeping employees who were
supplied the cartoonists with plenty of ob Guardsmen on fulltheir
duty, and holding pay during
jobs openabsence on
pending
ject-lessons with which to point their daily th
preachments on preparedness. It was a their return .
revelation of the American failure to be
ready at a given moment to meet the nation 's
demands in equipment. But Kirby, of the BULLETIN
New York World , found in the situation at CALL FINDS WAR DEPT. UNPREPARED
least one inspiring element — the widespread LACK OF EQUIPMENT HAMPERS
disposition of employers to do their share for NATIONAL CUARD
IPRE
AMNED

CAVALRY AND ARTILLERY AWAITING |

TIIO

HORSES.
BULLETIN LACK OF MACHINE CUNS AND
AFTER THREE WEEKS
AND A DAY THE UNITED AEROPLANES
STATES HAS SUCCEEDED
IN GETTING
OUT 43,000
OF A POSSIBLE SHORTAGE OF SLEEPING
130,000 MILITIA TO
THE BORDER CARS DELAYS TROOPS
MajGen.Wood NO UNIFORMS FOR
.
RECRUITS.
NOT READY,

SOME SYSTEM ! "DO NESS

YOU ?"CALL THAT PREPARED
"HOW GRATIFYING !"
From the Times-Picayune (New Orleans) From the Eagle (Brooklyn)
 CARTOON COMMENTS ON CURRENT EVENTS 159
MOAFSTTEHRE COM E
HIGH SEAS ON
UP :

J .BULL
COME
DOWN
ANDME
GET!! BLO
CKA
DE GERMANY

ASTER
OF MATTER
JOHN
DETEHPE

D
CHLAN
DEUTS
U - BOAT
BALTIMORE

From the CHALLENGED

Tribune (South Bend) From A theWATER
NewsHAUL
(Dayton)
CREATOF KOT! THE STRICTLAW WALICATION
WIL MAWEITOF INTHEIN
OFHIMMEL!
THE RULESTHEOFSTRICT APPLICATION
INTERNATIONA L LAW RULES
POSSIBLE
BLOCKADING
INTERNATIONAL
TO GERMANY
USE OUR NAVY EFFECTIVELY
GOMARINES ARE USED
MAKE USEITOURALMOST IMPOSSIBLE FOR US AS MERINART SHIPS
TOAGAINST SUBMARINES
THE ENEMY'S EFFECTIVELY
COMMERCE
THE VERYIT NATURE
RENDERS OF YTHEDANGEROU
EXTREMEL SS
SUBMARINE
THE VERYITNATURE OF THEDANGEROUS
SUMARINE US TO THEMVISITBEFORE
FORSEARCH AND
RENDERS
TOFORAPPROACH
EXTRENCLY
ENEMY MERCHANT SANKING THEM
THE PURPOSE OF TING NOSHIPS
SEARCHING THEM .

McCutcheon
The1916,Germans
by John T.
It a Great
Find marine Handicap in Their Sub. And inNowTheirtheOperations
Warfare Entente Allies It a Great
AgainstFindGerman Handicap
Commerce
WHEN INTERNATIONAL
From theLAWTribune
IS IRKSOME
(Chicago)TO COMBATANTS
NE
MARI
RIE
WAS A SUBM
NOT A SEMMAAR

SA

13

DEUTSCHLAND THE DEUTSCHLAND

MERCHANT

1915,by Press Publishing Co.

NO FAVORITES ! UP AGAINST ANOTHER HARD ONE
From the World (New York) . From the Dispatch (Columbus)
160 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

AM
FOR EST
HUGH

PERKINS

YOU CAN LEAD A MOOSE TO WATER, BUT YOU

CAN 'T MAKE HIM DRINK THE PRODIGAL RETURNS, BRINGING HIS OWX
From the Tribune (Sioux City) FATTED CALF
From the World-Herald (Omaha)
The cartoons on this page suggest the pre
dicament of the Progressive party and its
erstwhile leaders resulting from Colonel
Roosevelt's decision to support the Republi
can ticket this year. Whether the Moose
vote can be " delivered ” in November has
been a much -debated question ever since the
Colonel's intentions were declared in his tele
gram to the Progressive National Committee.

WHAT ARE T . R . AND HUGHES WISHING ?

From the News (Detroit )
STIC G

PARKER
THE
BI
K

THEY LO PM OUT
ONTOA LIMO
NOV "
O

AND SAWED
THE LIMD OFF

UP IN THE AIR GETTING RID OF THE MOOSE

From the Ohio State Journal (Columbus) From the Dispatch (Columbus)
 CARTOON COMMENTS ON CURRENT EVENTS 161

165
DURING A LULL IN THE FIGHTING
PEACE Angel : “Wait, Mars, I'll capture you yet.”
Mars: “ Go 'way, do leave me in peace.”
AT VERDUN From Die Muskete (Vienna)
GERMAN OFFICER : " My men ; the enemy have not
yet been able to understand our Chancellor's peace
terms. We shall have to speak a little more strongly
with them . "
From the Lustige Blätter (Berlin )
The great struggle at Verdun has been
reflected in numerous cartoons from the bel
ligerent countries, those in the German
papers maintaining a show of confidence,
while the Allies picture the futility of the
continued attempt. Austrian cartoons quite
often strike a peace note.
THE CHESS GAME AT VERDUN
APPROA
From Kikeriki (Vienna )
H IL TILATTI

THE MAD GERMAN BULL HAS BEEN KNOCKING

SOUR GRAPES HIS HEAD AGAINST THE IRON DOOR THESE MANY
THE GERMAN Fox : " I don 't want Verdun, any. MONTHS
how !"
From L ' Asino (Rome) From Hindi Punch (Bombay)
HON . JOHN H . CLARKE , OF OHIO , ASSO
CIATE JUSTICE OF THE UNITED
STATES SUPREME COURT
THE successor to Justice Hughes, who
1 resigned his place on the bench when
nominated for the Presidency, will be Judge
John H . Clarke, of Ohio , who two years ago
became Federal District Judge for the Cleve-
land district. Judge Clarke was born at
Lisbon , O ., in 1857. He was graduated at
Western Reserve University in 1877, and in
the following year was admitted to the bar.
From that time until he was appointed Dis-
trict Judge in 1914 he continuously prac-
tised law before the Ohio courts, in the
earlier years at Youngstown, and after 1897
at Cleveland. Although for some years gen -
eral counsel of the Nickel Plate Railroad ,
Judge Clarke favored the radical policies ad - made citizens, giving a program of music
vocated by the late Mayor Tom Johnson of
Cleveland, who supported Clarke's candidacy
162
for the United States Senate against the late
Mark Hanna. Judge Clarke has always
been a Democrat in politics. His appoint
ment to the Supreme Court bench , follow
ing the resignation of Mr. Hughes , leaves
the State of New York without representa
tion in the court. A majority of the judges
are still Republican . As Federal District
Judge at Cleveland , Judge Clarke dispensed
with much red -tape and shortened court pro
cedure by the application of time-saving de
vices. His court became famous for the
ceremony with which he invested the nat
uralization of aliens. Each month he held
a reception in his court-room for the newly
and speeches. Like Associate Justice Mc
Reynolds, Justice Clarke is a bachelor.
 THE NATIONAL GUARD
ITS STATUS AND ITS DEFECTS
U THAT is the present status of the NationalGuardsmen as a result of the new
1 military law of June 3 , 1916 , as compared with their previous status under the
Dick bill of 1903? What changes have been made by the new law , and how do
they affect the Federal relations of the citizen soldiers of the separate States ? What
are the obligations of the State military forces to the nation ? What are the defects
of the National Guard system as a whole and the remedies therefor, and what is
there in the charges of inefficiency arising in the course of the recent mobilization ?
These questions have interested not only the Guardsmen themselves, but also
their families and friends, as well as prospective volunteers for enlistment and the public
generally. In view of a considerable amount of confusion and ignorance on the whole
National Guard subject along the lines mentioned, the following article, by one
in full possession of the facts, attempts to explain some of the points in question .

DRIOR to 1903 there existed , in the vari- organized militia for the whole United
I ious States, and as a part of the military States. The new law provides for a gradual
system of the United States, a loosely con - increase from an immediate strength of 200
trolled force variously known as “ the Na- men for each Senator and Representative in
tional Guard ,” “ the State militia," or more Congress to a strength of 800 men for each
properly as " the organized militia .” Mem Senator and Representative - a total of
bership in this organization was voluntary 400,000 — this increase to be accomplished in
and without pay. The men were bound only five years .
by the terms of a rather lax enlistment period
of three years. Each State controlled its THE NEW LAW OF JUNE, 1916
own forces and governed them in accordance Under the old law the organized militia
with the provisions of its own Constitution of the different States was “ requested " to
adopt the physical standards of the United
EFFECT OF THE DICK BILL OF 1903 States Army, and was allowed great latitude
In 1903 came Federal supervision and in the matter of discipline and drill,whereas
oversight through the agency of the Dick bill the National Guard is now required to con
passed by Congress. This Dick bill, intended form to the standards of the Regular Army
to increase the efficiency of the militia , pro in physical qualifications and discipline,
vided among other things for an expenditure which includes training and drill. If the
of $ 2 ,000 ,000 yearly for arms and equip - men are found physically unfit they are not
ment, and $ 2,000,000 yearly for the ad - allowed to continue in a position which in
vancement of small-arms ( rifle and pistol) time of war they would not be able satisfac
target practise . While the National De- torily to occupy.
fense Act of June 3, 1916 , is a distinct ad They are also required to observe more
vance from the scheme as laid down under carefully their obligations to the Govern
the Dick bill, it carries along some of the ment, and the general progress of each
defects of that measure and helps to per organization is continually kept in evidence
petuate the faulty National Guard system by means of a careful and thorough system
Under both laws, tactical divisions— that of reports and records which supplement the
is, complete military groups containing the annual inspection . The old requirement of
proper proportion of infantry, cavalry , field twenty - four (one and one-half hours each )
artillery , and other units — were to be re- drills during the year, with field training in
cruited according to population . This plan , camp for one week, has been increased to
under the old law , gave a total of 125,000 forty-eight of these 172-hour drills, with an
163
164 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
additional field -service training offifteen days. a system real discipline, either of the enlisted
While the increased benefit of double the or commissioned personnel, was impossible.
amount of time spent in training is readily CHIEF FEATURES OF THE NEW LAW
apparent, the increase of the field-service
period was perhaps the most important fea There are four features of the two laws
ture of this change, as rifle and pistol target mentioned in which the differences as be
practise occur during the field -service period . tween the old and the new are of great con
Under the old law the timewas so short that sequence to the National Guard. First
the entire year's training in this important comes the matter of payment for the services
branch of the work was usually confined to of both officers and enlisted men. While this
from one to two days, and every man was is not large in amount (being for each en
pushed rather than guided through the listed grade but twenty - five per cent. of the
course of instruction . With the additional corresponding grade in the Regular Army,
time now allowed , careful target practise is and from $ 200 to $ 500 yearly for the com
not only more possible, but more probable. missioned grades) , the effects of changing
from no pay at all are important and far
CHANGES IN ENLISTMENT CONDITIONS reaching . Second, from a more or less
In line with the doubling of the number heterogeneous organization — the logical re
of hours of instruction and the attempt to sult of governing the militia by the various
increase efficiency, the enlistment period State constitutions — the requirements of the
has been increased from three years to six new law compel the adoption of the Regular
years. Three years of this " shall be in an Army organization throughout. In addi
active organization , and the remaining tion to the benefits of this practical scheme
three years " in the National Guard reserve." of organization , a very important result is
The qualifications for enlistment have also the ease with which the National Guard can
been made to conform to those of the Regu- be merged into the Regular Army in time
lar Army. The method of choosing officers of war. Thirdly , the new bill has made pos
is much improved, as they are now appointed sible a general increase in efficiency .
not only from officers and members of the While, as before, the efficiency and also
National Guard , but from “ officers, active the amount of money to be allotted are de
or retired, and former officers of the United termined as far as the records are concerned
States Army, Navy and Marine Corps ; grad . largely by the attendance and drills at one
vates of the United States Military and annual inspection , this annual inspection is
Naval Academies, and graduates of schools, now backed up by a competent system of
colleges, and universities where military sci- weekly records and reports which the organ
ence is taught under the supervision of of- ization commanders must furnish regularly .
ficers of the Regular Army.” This prevents the possibility of a condition
Appointment is made after the applicants where organization commanders let things
pass an examination as to their moral, physi- slide during the year, and then make des
cal, and professional qualifications, before a perate efforts to assemble the largest possible
board of three regular or Guard officers ap- number of men for the annual inspection re
pointed by the Secretary of War under rules gardless of their previous attendance or
and regulations established by the War De training.
partment. Officers may be removed for vari
ous military offenses, or by the recommenda PAYING THE GUARDSMEN
tion of a board of officers appointed to pass The effect of paying the National Guard
on their qualifications or moral character. members is a feature that deserves more de
Under the old law in the majority of tailed explanation . To begin with , it is
States an officer was elected by the mem - wrong to expect men continually to render
bers of the organization with which he efficient service without pay. Under the old
served . The legal and only method of de- law there was at the most no great sense of
priving an officer of his commission for negli- obligation , and, setting aside for the moment
gence or inefficiency varied from almost an the fact that citizenship entails an obligation
impossible task in some States to more rea - to the government, the majority of National
sonable rules in others, and almost always Guardsmen undoubtedly felt that the obliga
political influence was involved. The evils tion was on the other side, that they were
of making the selection of an officer or his giving their services without pay to an un
advancement dependent on the good will of grateful, parsimonious government, and that
the men under him are obvious. Under such even the community in which they lived was
 THE NATIONAL GUARD 165
at times unappreciative and derisive. It is The oath taken by every militiaman under
not strange that men were habitually absent the old law was to his State alone. Now
from drills, that the government property he swears allegiance " to the United States
entrusted to the militia was carelessly of America and to the State of . . . " and
handled, and that discipline was conspicu - binds himself to obey " the orders of the
President
ously lax. President of the United States and of the
Now , however, if an officer or man is Governor of the State of . . . " There
absent from drills, he is liable to forfeit part can, however, be no conflict as between State
of his pay. If he loses or injures Govern - and Federal authority , for while his oath
ment property entrusted to his care, the binds the NationalGuardsman to serve both ,
money value is deducted from his pay. If he does not serve both at the same time, but
he commits military offenses, a court-martial either the one or the other.
may assess against this same pay. One of the STATUS OF THE GUARDSMAN IN FEDERAL
essentials of discipline is that prompt punish SERVICE
ment should invariably follow the commis
sion of an offense. As some of the methods Should he join prior to the calling out of
of punishment possible in the Regular Armythe Guard by the President, his obligation
- such as extra work or restriction to the is to the State and his status is that of a
limits of the garrison or barracks — are not National Guardsman not in the active serv
applicable to the National Guard , this loss ice of the United States. Upon the call
of pay is practically the only punishment pos- of the President his status automatically
sible under the system . At any rate, it is a changes , and his obligation is then not to the
great advance from the old system , where State, but to the Federal Government. He,
practically no punishment for offenses or in other words, becomes a National Guards
carelessness was possible and discipline was man in the active service of the United
consequently lacking . States, and as such he is subject to " such
THE PRESIDENT'S POWER OVER THE laws . . . as may be applicable to members
of the ( Regular and) Volunteer Army."
NATIONAL GUARD Inasmuch as the Dick bill distinctly pro
Another essential difference as between the vided for their service outside the State,
new law and the old is in the power given there is no injustice in mustering into the
to the President to order the movements of present NationalGuard themen who, it may
the Guard . Under the old law this was be claimed , enlisted originally for State serv
limited to calling out the Guard to repelice only — unless the individual company
invasion , suppress insurrection and rebellion commanders, through ignorance or deceit,
The President could not order these troops withheld from the men information as to the
beyond the territorial limits of continental provisions of the bill under which they were
United States. In order to be used in ag - entering the service. It should also be added
gressive service outside the borders it was that every man , before entering the service,
necessary that the individual volunteer for had the right to and should have investigated
such service . The act of June 3 last, how the provisions of the Dick bill and of his
ever, provides that “when Congress shall enlistment contract.
have authorized the use of armed land forces
. . . in excess of the Regular Army . . . DEFECTS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD SYSTEM
the President may . . . draft into the mili In addition to the minor defects of the
tary service all members of the National National Guard system already noted , the
Guard . . . . " Nor are their services short and wholly inadequate period of train
limited to any particular class of duty or to ing, even under the new law , should be
any particular territory . pointed out. European recruits are not al
When so drafted , the status of the Guard lowed to go to the front unless they have
becomes temporarily that of the Volunteer had a minimum of 1200 hours' training.
Army and remains so until the President's Compare this with our seventy-two hours of
crder restores them to their previous status. training per year.
The importance of this lies in the undivided An evident source of danger is the evil of
control of the National Guard in time of political interference. In no other phase of
war. It is automatically relieved of all alle - our national life does this manifest itself
giance to State authority , and becomes sub - more than in the military service. This is
ject to the orders of the Federal Government a condition that the members of the Na
alone . tional Guard will more fully appreciate
166 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
after six months' service under the Federal An inherent fault of the Guard system
Government than they could ever learn in is that, like anything else short of universal
as many years of inactive service. The vast training, it distributes the military burden
majority of National Guard officers appre- unequally and results in sending from their
ciate this menace of political influence, and occupations great numbers of men of affairs
desire that the National Guard be complete - whose loss might well be expected to para
ly federalized — that is, taken entirely out of lyze at least temporarily the national indus
the control of State politics . tries upon which the men at the front must
Another serious defect which cannot be depend for food , ammunition , and supplies
eliminated under the present system is the of all kinds. It should also be pointed out
disinclination of the State authorities to deal that the plan of increasing the numbers of
with the National Guard from a standpoint the Guard at a critical time from peace to
of purely military efficiency. The National war strength results in flooding the mili
Guard organization is too apt to represent a tary organization with untrained men at
certain number of votes rather than a certain a critical time, which creates a dangerous
number of future defenders. situation .
DIFFICULTIES OF MOBILIZATION
It is not fair to charge the National Nor must the individual Guardsman be
Guard, as it will exist , with the mistakes and condemned for inefficiency where matters
defects of theGuard as it existed prior to the have not gone smoothly . He deserves much
passage of the Act of June 3 , 1916 . A good credit for his well-nigh voluntary service.
deal of confusion has been aroused in the As the officers of the Federal Government
public mind owing to the unusual condition come in closer contact with him and his kind ,
under which the new law is going into ef- they see what enthusiastic , sincere, and valu
fect. It is to be noted that, first, under its able service can be secured from these men
provisions, the Regular Army is just begin - if the situation is properly handled . What
ning a material increase in size and a mate- ever defects there may be in the militia are
rial change in the composition of the units defects of the system and not of the indi
of its organization ; second, the organized vidual members.
militia is being
tional Guard transformed
. Both into are
these changes theunder
Na .I.ACK OF EQUIPMENT AND TRANSPORTATION
DIFFICULTIES
the direct supervision of the War Depart
ment, a work which of itself is sufficient to Much has been heard of the lack of equip
occupy the attention of all directing officials ment for the troops during recent weeks.
of both the Army and organized militia. The delay in securing this equipment was
Third , the National Guard is being re- due to the fact that the enormous quantity
cruited to more than double its original of material constituting the reserve supply
strength , and is at the same time being mo- of arms and equipment necessary to increase
bilized. And fourth, the Guard is being the National Guard organizations from
concentrated at the Mexican border while peace to war strength was held by the Fed
all these changes are going on. eral Government in warehouses at a very
few points, such as Philadelphia and St.
DELAYS IN MOBILIZING Louis. This made the rapid distribution of
There was a delay of from twenty to these supplies to the places where needed al
thirty days in mobilization . This was occa- most a physical impossibility. The only
sioned by a number of causes — namely, by practical remedy for such a glaring defect
the transfer of property to Federal control, which would have been far more apparent
by the physical examination of all men , by had the recent mobilization occurred at a
the raising of units from peace to war time of real national peril - is to store the
strength , and so on . In other words, the reserve supplies under government control
delay was an incident of the radical change in government warehouses in each State, so
of status and of the expansion of the force, situated as to insure their rapid distribution
and was not due to inefficient mobilization to the mobilizing troops.
At no time in the history of the United Transportation conditions also presented
States has the mobilization of the National various difficulties. A feature which led to
Guard been attempted under such difficulties disaster in one State, and was a serious prob
as actually existed at the present time. lem in another, was the attempt to mobilize
 THE NATIONAL GUARD 167
from 15 ,000 to 20,000 men in one camp, organizations was more than 100 per cent.
with but one railroad as a means of commu- And to complete the confusion at this criti
nication . For this one road to transport cal juncture, all that was necessary was the
15 ,000 men to one spot, and also handle their acquisition of a large number of green and
equipment, baggage, and daily food supplies, untrained animals, for riding, draft, and
was a transportation problem so enormous as pack purposes. ( These had not been fur
to be fully appreciated only by an expert nished before the mobilization call because
railroad man . of the great cost involved .) When the
The State and Federal Government were horses and mules finally arrived, they were
both equally at fault in not choosing and in many cases handled by men equally green
approving a plan by which the mobilization and untrained . The daily sights at any of
could be accomplished in several camps of the mobilization camps afforded glaring il
from 3000 to 5000 men each , and so situated lustrations of the fallacy of raising an " army
that, while they would be in proximity to of a million men over-night."
each other, they could also have the advan Such conditions can only be remedied
tage of rapid mobilization and the conve through an awakening of the American peo
nience and comfort afforded by the use of ple to the serious handicaps forced on the
separate lines of railroad communication . military establishment by a lack of proper
preparation. Far from making sport of the
SHORTAGE OF FOOD experiences of the Guardsmen who went
The newspapers reported raids by hungry light-heartedly to the border, they should
guardsmen on stores at various stopping rather look on this as a narrow escape from
places. The fact is that the War Departº a national calamity, and should seriously
ment had started all the men out with ten study the experiences of these men with a
days' rations for a five days' trip. If the view to providing such a universal military
food supplies ran short, it could have been training that a like dangerous condition can
due to nothing but the inexperience of those never again threaten the country.
in charge in making their daily apportion
ments, or to the wasteful methods of the UNIVERSAL TRAINING AS A SOLUTION
men themselves. As for the soldiers break - It is earnestly hoped that in time we shall
ing loose and indulging in depredations all fully realize that the rushing off to a
against private property, this was clearly a possible conflict of 100,000 or more civilians,
breach of discipline which can only be ex - dressed up as soldiers but totally incapable
plained on the ground of lack of training of properly defending themselves with the
and experience in both officers and men . arms placed in their hands by the Federal
It is to be noted that, unfortunately , the Government, is nothing short of a criminal
political influence which has in past times act. At the present time it would have re
played havoc with our military activities, has sulted in the veritable sacrifice of 100,000
also been at work in the presentmobilization . or more courageous Americans had the crisis
In the various State concentration camps are been such as to pit them against a well
many units which the Government did not trained , efficient, and aggressive foe.
wish to call out, and has no use for at pres- These loyal men will doubtless all return
ent, but which political influence succeeded to their homes imbued with a keener appre
in having ordered to State camps. Now ciation of the many things a man must learn
these troops, both officers and men , are dis- to be a soldier , as well as of the time neces
appointed and angry because they have not sary to acquire this training ; also of the fact
been sent to the border ; the politicians are that military work is a life-study, like every
pulling wires to have them sent there, but other serious occupation — with this excep
the Government really does not need them tion , that while mistakes in the business
or want them , and meanwhile the families world are usually expressed in dollars and
of many of the Guardsmen are actually cents, military mistakes are all too often ex
suffering destitution . pressed in human lives. These men will un
doubtedly realize, as every thinking man
GREEN MEN AND GREEN ANIMALS must realize, that universal military train
What military efficiency the National ing, not compulsory service , is the only safe,
Guard may have had was largely destroyed efficient, fair -to -all method of putting our
by the enormous influx of raw recruits inci country in a position to preserve the right
dent to the change from peace to war to live and work at peace with all the
strength . The increase in the case of most world .
168 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

International Film Service

A GENERAL VIEW OF THE CAMP OF THE FIFTH INFANTRY,MASS., VOLUNTEER MILITIA , AT EL PASO ,

MEN OF THE SEVENTH

NEW YORK DIGGING
TRENCHES AT MISSION ,
TEXAS

Photograph by American Press Association , New York

THE FIRST ILLINOIS

CAVALRY UNLOADING
THEIR WAGON TRAIN
AT BROWNSVILLE,
TEXAS
 THE NATIONAL GUARD 169

PENNSYLVANIA
TROOPS CLEARING AWAY
CACTUS AND PREPARING
THE GROUND FOR THEIR
ENCAMPMENT NEAR
FORT BLISS , TEXAS.

International Film Service

MEMBERS OF THE SEC

OND INFANTRY OF
TEXAS SEARCHING THE
HOME OF A MEXICAN
IN MADERO CITY, TEXAS,
FOR WEAPONS, TO PRE
VENT SNIPING

Photograph by American Press Association, New York

l'hotograph by the American Press Association

THE CAMP OF THE SEVENTY-FIRST, NEW YORK , AT MC ALLEN , TEXAS
GERMANY LOSES THE INITIA
TIVE - BRITAIN BEGINS
BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
I. THE GREAT CHANGE as Napoleon disposed of Austria at Auster
litz, Prussia at Jena, and Russia at Fried
T HE last days of the second year of the land in the first and fortunate phase of his
world conflict saw a momentous change. great career as Emperor. Three times she
For the first time the initiative on all failed. Under her blows France and Rus
fronts passed to the enemies of the Central sia staggered , but did not fall. Meantime
Powers. In the East, the West , and the there was left to Britain the time to make
South , German and Austrian troops stood her new armies, to arm her millions and put
on the defensive, outnumbered and sensibly them on the firing -line. They are now there .
recoiling under furious assaults of Russian , Almost two years ago there was just such a
Italian , British , and French troops. Even in chance for the Allies to seize the initiative as
the Balkans formidable Allied bombardments they have now taken . Defeated at the
seemed to forecast an attack upon Bulgaria Marne, while her Austrian ally was routed
and Salonica. Nowhere save about Verdun , at the San and the Bug, Germany seemed in
now without importance, did the Germans a desperate posture. But only France of all
take the lead and here the results were im - the Allies had been even measurably ready,
material, as they were inconsiderable. there were lacking to the British all troops
Not less significant was the fact that at save the few survivors of the first army,
last the great British army showed itself worn to tatters by Mons, Cambrai, the
ready for the operation which had long been Aisne, and Ypres. France, having borne the
expected of it and twice, at Neuve Chapelle brunt of the terrible first attack, was in no
and Loos, demanded of it in vain . These position to strike.
lines are written too soon after the opening So the moment passed and Germany go
of the British attack to warrant any esti- ing east won her great campaign of last
mate of the fighting quality the new armies summer - won it on the battlefield , but lost
have displayed, but after nearly three weeks the object, failed to dispose of Russia . Free
they are still going forward and the blunders again , Germany turned , first south to rescue
of Loos and Neuve Chapelle have not been Turkey and then west to deal with France.
repeated. With Britain still unready France fought
Looking backward we see now the whole another Marne at the Meuse and held again .
great war drama unfolded in three acts : From February to July her gallant poilus
The German effort to dispose of France, clung to the hills of the Meuse above Ver
which ended in the failure at the Marne and dun and beat off the most formidable and
the stalemate in Flanders ; the German ef- sustained attack this war has seen , and no
fort to dispose of Russia, which terminated other war suggests a parallel.
in the Pinsk Marshes and terminated in It was always certain that Germany and
failure ; the German effort to exhaust France, Austria would ultimately have to stand on
morally as well as physically , which came the defensive unless they disposed of at least
to naught in April, when the French were one of all their foes before Britain was ready.
able to repulse the most desperate of the It was always certain that they would ulti
German assaults upon the Meuse lines and mately lose the initiative unless, while they
thereafter to hold them to a struggle with possessed it, they turned it into a decisive
out importance or issue. victory over Russia or France . And their
Three times Germany, surrounded by ene failure has been absolute, because all their
mies richer in men , in money , in all ma- foes are now on foot, determined and power
terial resources, and having absolute control ful. The last chance to win the war in the
of the sea, strove to break the circle of fire field ended for the Central Powers with
about her and dispose of one of her foes, the failure before Verdun .
170
 GERMANY LOSES THE INITIATIVE - BRITAIN BEGINS 171 .
It was the recognition of this fact that Austrians are holding lines far too extended
prompted the German proposals for peace for their numbers. Lee did this at Rich
two months ago. It was the realization of mond and lost his army. Napoleon did this
this fact that dictated the rejection of the in Eastern Germany in his last German cam
proposals by the Allies. We are now enter- paign and suffered defeat, which turned out
ing, have already entered , a new phase of the to be fatal. The Allies believe that by steady
war — the fourth act as I reckon it, counting and concerted attacks -upon all fronts they
the Marne, the Russian campaign , and the will presently wear the Germans and Aus
Verdun operations as the other three. Ger- trians down to the point where they must
many has failed to conquer her foes ; they shorten their lines or court disaster. But
are now sufficiently strong in men and muni- to shorten the lines is to confess defeat.
tions to undertake the conquest of Germany. To evacuate France or Poland is to lose the
For two years German preparation and ef- war absolutely , because these are the prizes
ficiency have overbalanced numbers, wealth , Germany holds against her lost colonies and
and sea -power, but there is no longer any ocean commerce.
advantage of preparation with her - rather The Germans assert that they can hold
it is with her foes. their present lines indefinitely , that they can
impose losses so great that the Allies will not
II. THE CIVIL WAR PARALLEL be willing to pay the price . This was the
argument of the South , proclaimed in the
Go back again to the Civil War. For last newspaper printed in Richmond, which
two years the South kept the initiative. She wet from the press fell into the hands of the
struck at Antietam , at Gettysburg, at Shiloh . victorious Northern troops that entered the
Three times, twice in the East and once in town. The parallel may be wholly inexact ;
the West , she sought a decision . She failed , conceivably the Germans can hold . But this
and with Gettysburg and the concomitant is the precise question that is now raised .
uering the iitt bbecame
fall of Vicksburg she lost the initiative for
ff uniqHenceforth
oofever. ecame a question not "This is the new issue.
No one in France, Russia , or Britain ex
conquering the North , but of holding it pects to reach the Rhine or the Oder this
off until the people of the North wearied of year. It is doubtful if there is any gen
the sterile sacrifices and the terrible cost. eral hope in Allied capitals that Belgium
It took nearly two years after Gettysburg can be liberated before snow Alies. The Rus
to bring Appomattox. Grant's great offen - sians do not expect to approach Cracow or
sive, of which the North expected so much , Posen , probably not to reclaim Warsaw or
led only to the drawn battles of the Wilder- Lodz, before the year-end .
ness and Spottsylvania and the shambles of The utmost that the Allies hope is that
Cold Harbor in 1864. Yet in this terrible France may be freed of German troops be
campaign , counted . as a failure at the mo- tween the Meuse and the sea, that the Ger
ment, Grant won the war. The South had man hold upon Belgium may be shaken , that
neither the men nor the resources to re- Austria may have to surrender more of
place the losses. While the lines before Galicia. So much for map hopes, but,
Richmond still held , the Confederacy crum - what is more vital, the Allies hope and be
bled to dust. lieve that the concentrated and continuing
Now this is in sum what the Allies ex- attack on all fronts will begin to wear down
pect to happen in the case ofGermany. They German power of resistance, tax German
expect that the Germans and the Austrians man -power beyond its limits, and establish
will no longer be able to replace casualties as clearly the ultimate outcome of the struggle
the British , the Russians, and the Italians if it is prolonged to its natural end .
patently can . Russia 's man supply is in - Weare at the beginning of fourmonths of
exhaustible ; she has already proved this fighting, more intense , more bloody, more
Britain is only beginning to draw heavily on terrible than this war has yet seen . At its
hers. Italy has made no draft to speak of. close the Allies believe that Germany will
But France, like Germany and Austria, is know herself beaten and knowing herself
approaching, if she has not reached , that beaten be ready to discuss peace on the basis
point where she can no longer send fresh that peace can be had. The four months
men to the front to replace losses and each will cost Germany far more than a million
casualty therefore diminishes the total of casualties, they will cost Austria not less than
men in the line. half as many. Britain and Russia have the
The Allies believe that the Germans and men to pay this price, while France and Italy
172 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
will make material contribution . But the ish select the Somme Valley as the point of
real test must be in the casualty lists, in attack ? It is not possible to answer this
the capacity to bear them on the two sides question wholly . We do not know whether
of the battle-front. The war of exhaustion they discovered some weakness there, or at
has at last reached the decisive point. And the least decided this was the weakest point
it is to the war of exhaustion rather than in the German line. Perhaps it was be
to the war of position that we must turn to cause at this point the French and British
find an answer to the riddle of the world
lines join , and this permitted a coöperation
war. Can Germany pay the price and hold ?
between Foch and Haig .
Now as to the point of attack : Look at
This is the whole question now .
the map and you will see that near the
III. THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME Somme River two wide circles in the battle
front meet. One wide circle, or semi-circle,
In this article I purpose to discuss the comes all the way round from Champagne,
Somme battle, the first step in the Allied from Berry-au -bac, near Rheims. The other
offensive, in far greater detail than I have is a far smaller circle, enclosing Bapaume and
discussed other operations because I desire meeting the northern part of the line at Arras.
my readers to have a little glimpse of the In military phrase these two semi-circles
future as well as the past of the movement are salients, that is, bulges, extending into
now on foot. the Allied line and held by the Germans.
Let us begin by clearing the ground. The If the French and British were able to
Allied offensive will end in one of three penetrate the German line, just where the
things : ( 1 ) It will shortly be checked. If two semi-circles or salients meet, which is at
it is checked, then it is of no real value ; it is the Somme River, as they advanced they
to be compared with the German attack on would be far in the rear of the German
Ypres in 1915 or on Verdun this year, with troops at the extreme points of the salients,
the Allied offensives in Champagne or that is, west of Bapaume in the Ancre Val
Artois. ( 2 ) It will result in a sudden break ley , in the northern salient, and in Roye,
in the German lines, wholly changing the Chaulnes, Noyon , and before Soissons in the
face of the Western war. (3) It will con- southern. If the Allied advance continued,
tinue as a long, steady pounding, with slow the Germans in these extreme points would
but sure gains by the Allies, following in presently have to retreat to avoid being cut
some fashion the analogy of Grant's ad - off by the troops advancing across their rear
vance from the Rapidan to the James, which and lines of communication . This would
failed of any decisive success, but did result happen very soon in the case of the Bapaume
in material gains of ground and ultimately salient because it is very small ; it would not
exhausted the man -power of his foe. happen for a very long time in the case of
Now if the movement is soon checked, the Noyon salient, because it is very large
there is no use to discuss it. The chances and the Allies would have to cut deeply in
of a sudden break are small ; it may come, order to menace the Germans.
there is always the possibility , but it is too If the Germans were compelled to aban
remote to warrant speculation here. don the Bapaume salient they would have to
There remains the third possibility . The retire from their first and second and pos
Allies may slowly but steadily push the sibly their third line trenches over a front
Germans back over considerable ground . from Arras to the Somme, rather more than
This is what I personally look for. The thirty miles. If they were compelled to
question of success or failure will be decided leave their Noyon salient, they would have
on the price the Allies pay for their progress to give up at least fifty or sixty miles of front
and their capacity to continue to pay the and a very considerable area beside, includ
price. These things are problematical, but ing their territory nearest to Paris.
at all events we can now examine the ground Now look at the map again and you will
upon which they have chosen to attack . We see that the whole German position in
can examine the progress that has so far been France is in itself a salient, a huge salient,
made. We can see clearly enough what the coming west from the Meuse and bending
Allies are aiming at, both in their immediate north at the Oise near Noyon . Hence if
front and behind this. We can forecast what the British and French were able to make a
will happen if they are able to carry out their very deep cut into the German lines, ad
plans as they have laid them . vancing as they are from west to cast, the
First of all, why did the French and Brit- Germans would presently have to leave all
 GERMANY LOSES THE INITIATIVE - BRITAIN BEGINS 173

Photo by Am Press Ass'n

MOVING A BIG BRITISH GUN INTO POSITION IN THE FIGHTING ON THE WEST FRONT IN FRANCE

THE CONDITION OF THE DEFENSES ON HILL 304 AFTER A TERRIFIC BOMBARDMENT

(This picture shows how the trenches are torn and battered by the tremendous artillery fire which precedes
the advance of troops toward the enemy's lines. The piled up sandbags and the trench timbers rapidly become
an unrecognizable mass of débris, under which the defenders are often buried )
 174 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Courcelles Fremucourt two miles shorter
con .Coliseumiset
Serre Arles Grévillers Avesne
BAPAUME Bancourt: than the French at
Auchomilla Beaumont Hand
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VA N Beaucourt onCrendcous
Beaucourt be ault nc ou
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nt Champagne. The
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Thiepval Cour
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evenly divided be
il-Marlo
oughtPoziers Marbnpuich Flerst Lebeur V IsTransloy tween the French
T eine An huslig and the British .
Bouzincourt
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der
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-Dermancour) Meanlte aricourt Bouchavesnes
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Contie Hom .
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" leManel
Chipilly Mericourt
sense Chuignes
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Proyart 1 toy locaBallery vilers or Somme between the
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V Horgonya
t Brle
French and the
Lamotte-c Santerre Herleville so.yecoAfondiscoort
un terre town. On thenorth
Bayonvillers ties Fresnes Schrist bank of the Somme
Wicncourt
rteve Silarbonnieres et they reached Harde
Guillaucourt court, four miles
from their starting
igsacourt Covg Lihons Licourt
a ROSIERES
CHAULNES
(penancourt
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Scale of Miles- Meharicourt
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Railways - Cant Heights in Het Bersaucourt
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For which is perhaps
five. It is hinted
SCENE OF THE NEW ALLIED OFFENSIVE that the Germans,
did not expect any
Northern France south of the Meuse and attack from the French and were taken by
the Belgian frontier, to avoid being cut off surprise. This may explain the larger French
by this attack, which would move through success; itmay have been due to better organ
their west front and across their rear. ization,but at all events the French did their
work first and did it effectively. They were
IV . WHAT HAS HAPPENED done by July 10, and were then looking
Having thus roughly sketched what
down on Péronne, which they had lost on
October 1, 1914.
might happen, let us examine what actually The British did notmove as rapidly. They
did happen and then use the material thus were checked after their first drive and it
acquired to explain the future. was not until July 15 that they reported the
On or about July 1 the French and taking of Longueval, which brought their
British troops on either bank of the Somme, line as far east as the French position of
facing east and holding the front before the Hardecourt, due south of Longueval. But in
little town of Albert, suddenly attacked the themeantime the British had begun to strike
German lines. The attack was preceded by north as well as east and to take a series of
.many days of terrible bombardment along little towns due north of their line of com
the whole front, the orthodox prelude to munications. In other words, the French
an attack in trench war. having driven a wedge into the German
The attack was launched upon a front of lines, the British at once took advantage of
sixteen miles, about twice as broad as the this wedge and began to widen it by strik
first German attacking front at Verdun and ing north at the same time they struck east.
 GERMANY LOSES THE INITIATIVE - BRITAIN BEGINS 175
11

At the time these lines are written , July énvelopment, that is, they can escape unless
19, the situation is about this : Together the they hang on beyond all reason and this is
French and British have driven a wedge utterly unlikely . The most that is in im
into the German lines. At its base , which mediate prospect for the Allies, if they can
rests on the old front, this wedge is six keep on , is to shorten their own lines by
teen miles wide. Four miles east, between turning theGermans out of Bapaume, Roye,
Estrées and Longueval, it is ten miles wide. Chaulnes , and Noyon and recover some hun
At its point, just opposite Péronne, it is dreds of miles of French soil.
rather less than two miles wide. This repre
sents the greatest advance the Allies have V . WHAT MAY HAPPEN
made since the trench war began and the
French have covered about the same dis Let us now assume for the moment that
tance before Péronne in ten days that the the French presently succeed in pushing
Germans covered before Verdun in consider- south, the British north , for the few miles
ably more than a hundred. At Longueval that will compel the Germans to go back
and Bazentin -le - Petit the British are inside behind Bapaume and behind the Somme
the German second line for the first time in from Péronne to Ham . The German line
trench warfare. Together the French and will then run pretty straight south from
British have taken upwards of 23,000 pris- Arras through Péronne and Ham to the
oners and many guns. This is a smaller bag Oise, either at Noyon , as now , or at Chauny,
than the Champagne-Artois attack netted a few miles to the northeast. What then ?
and considerably smaller than the Verdun If the Germans have constructed a re
bag of the Germans. .. serve line somewhere along this position , the
Now the effect of driving in this wedge Allies will have to begin all over again . They
has been this : The British at Longueval are will have to begin as they began before. They
at least ten miles further east than the Ger- will be in the same position as the Germans
mans in the extreme point of the Bapaume after they had broken the first line of the
salient. They are endeavoring to advance, French at Verdun and advanced to the sec
not east but north , that is, toward Bapaume, ond. We shall have another bombardment
not Péronne, and the effect of their advance and all the familiar details of trench war
is threatening the lines of communication of fare. But if the Germans have no reserve
the Germans northeast of them . If they line, then the situation will be very different,
can get to Bapaume, which is rather more then we shall have a war in the open again
than five miles due north of Longueval, then over fifty or sixty miles of front, between
the Germans will have to come out of the the German trenches at Arras and the Oise
whole salient and form a new line running River. Then the Allies, by driving in a
between Péronne and the outskirts of Arras, wedge will have turned the Germans out of
which they hold . a very wide section of their trenches and
On their side the French are now endeav - compelled them to fight in the open , where
oring to strike south, not east. They are the superior numbers of the Allies will tell
several miles further east than the Germans very heavily against them .
in Chaulnes and Roye and they are striking When the Germans broke the first
at the communications of these troops. They French line at Verdun , the French had pre
are fighting to get possession of several little pared no second line. They had , of course ,
villages, Barleux and Beruy -en -Santerre the old forts and they had relied on them .
among them . They are not attempting to The most expensive thing to the French in
get Péronne, which is on the other side of the whole Verdun operation was restoring
the Somme from them , surrounded by their line, that is, building a new line be
marshes and dominated by hills to north hind the one that had been broken . It was
and east. expensive because the Germans had to be
If the French are able to get south a mile held back while it was being done. As it
or two on their side of the salient the Ger - was, Douaumont was lost and the situation
mans will have to leave Chaulnes and prob - was critical for some days. Not impossibly
ably Roye, this will mean giving over a good the German resistance and counter-attacking
many miles of French territory and may even now is covering the preparation of a reserve
involve quitting Noyon . But they can stand line, but this is mere conjecture.
behind the Somme from Péronne to Ham At all events we see clearly that the
and then across the hills to the Oise at French and British advance has got to a
Chauny. They will not be threatened with point where it is a grave threat to German
176 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
positions to the north and south at Bapaume, these two objectives the Germans will have
Roye, and Chaulnes. We see that the French to quit much of France. If the British get
have been rather sharply checked and that Cambrai, they may have to evacuate all.
the British are still advancing. In point of France now held by them between the Ar
fact-the latest German bulletins claim slight gonne and Lille . As it stands, the Allies, to
success for a German counter-attack in use Mr. Asquith's words, are only “ just be
Biaches. We see that if they get a little ginning," but they have made a beginning
further north , the Bapaume salient will go which marks a new phase in the war.
and if the French get a little south Chaulnes P erhaps I should add, for the sake of
and Röye will have to go. clarity , that the foregoing is not a prophecy .
Looking now to the large field , what may So many times I have been criticized for
happen if the British are able to push on - forecasting something, when I have merely
and it is to the British that we must look pointed out that it was the purpose of one
for the burden of the achievement, for the side or the other to do the thing described .
French did their share at Verdun . Some There is nothing yet to show that the Allies
twenty miles almost due east of Bapaume is will succeed or fail. The Russians have just
the town of Cambrai, which gave its name carried out an offensive on a grand scale. A
to Smith -Dorrien 's battle on the most critical far smaller gain of ground by the French or
day of the Great Retreat, although the action British would mean the retirement of the
was fought somemiles to the east. Cambrai Germans from France. !
is the junction point of two railroads of ut- But the history of the various offensives
most importance to the Germans, the main shows that usually the great gains are
lines of communication of the Germans be- made in the first days. TheGerma
tween Lille and the Oise . If the British upwards of four miles before Verdun in as
could lay hands upon Cambrai, then it would many days ; they have not got much more
be fairly : certain that the Germans would than two miles forward since then, that is, in
have to come out of all their line from four months. The French have been sharply
Soissons to Arras and their position in Lille checked to the south of Péronne and are
would be gravely threatened. In addition not making any effort to advance toward
Cambrai is the center of a number of na- the east; in fact, they are resisting strong
tional highways, even more important to the counter -attacks in Biaches .
Germans than the railroads. The Germans have had plenty of time to
It is fair to conclude, then , that the ulti- concentrate men since they found out from
mate British objective is Cambrai. They what quarter the storm was coming. We
will be twenty miles distant from it if they may see thewhole operation checked in a few
get Bapaume. They are twenty -five as it days. We may see it change to the Verdun
stands, but this is from the south. From type of foot-by -foot advance at terrific cost.
the northwest they are only twenty miles 'This is what the Allies expect. But the
away now in Arras. From both Arras and objectives are plain . If they are attained,
Albert, which they hold , national highways certain things will happen and the thing to
converge upon Cambrai and we may look do is to watch , first, the villages south of
to see an effort to reach the town both ways. Bapaume, such as Martinpuch and also the
Less than twenty miles from the French villages, such as Carbonel, Beruy-en -Santerre,
position before Péronne is the considerable and Barleux, south of the French line, and
city of St. Quentin . This is also an impor- then to watch Bapaume, Roye, Chaulnes,
tant railroad and highway center and if the and Noyon . Finally Cambrai and St.
French could get into it, all the German Quentin may be accepted as the ultimate
positions to the south would go and the Ger- goals of the two Allies, if they are able to
mans would have to come back close to the keep on .
Belgian frontier, giving up Laon and La Perhaps the most significant thing in the
Fere and probably retiring from the Cham - whole operation is the tone taken about it by
pagne Plain north of the Aisne. Berlin commentators. There is in the Ger
We may then take Cambrai and St. man capital not the smallest effort to mini
Quentin as the probable objectives of the mize its possibilities, although the confidence
Allied offensive, insofar as it is aimed at that these possibilities will not be realized is
objectives. Its main purpose is to strive for absolute. In point of fact we are at the
the exhaustion of the German reserves. If beginning of a great campaign and the stakes
the French and British can cover the twenty are becoming apparent. That is all that
miles that lie between them and either of can safely or wisely be said now .
 GERMANY LOSES THE INITIATIVE -BRITAIN BEGINS 177.

Underwood & Underwood

THE WRECKAGE OF A GERMAN AEROPLANE ON THE BEACH AT LA PANNE
(This Aviatik biplane attempted to bomb the residence of the King and Queen of Beigium at La Panne. A
Belgian aviator started in pursuit and sent it down into the water)

International Film Service A WAGON WHEEL MOUNT FOR AN ANTI-AIRCRAFT

A TRIO OF FRENCH "POILUS" IN THE BOMB- PROOF MITRAILLEUSE, ENABLING IT TO REVOLVE AND FIRE
SHELTER IN ANY DIRECTION
Aug.- 4
 178 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
VI. WHAT RUSSIA DID PGROONG
A month ago, in writing of the Russian BARON OWITSHI
was TOK
offensive , then three weeks old , I pointed out 'vourovy

that unless the forward sweep of the north

ern Aank, which was striking northwest from uit
Lutsk toward Kovel were shortly halted the
whole Austro -German position from the FOON

Gulf of Riga to the Rumanian frontier OREST

VITOVSK
would be imperilled and the fall of Kovel no

would probably necessitate a general with

drawal. I also called attention to the ad TET
vance of the southern Aank , already beyond LUON

Czernowitz and moving northwest in the

direction of Lemberg and having its imme
diate objective the important railroad center
of Kolomea.
L
The Russian advance toward Kovel was
promptly and effectively checked by German LOLU
reinforcements hurried down from the north ARNO
POL
and from the west by the two railroads, one Emysl
coming from Brest-Litowsk , the other from
Lublin and Warsaw . For nearly a month
the Russians have made no sensible advance
at the point of their wedge, which was near
est to Vladmir-Wolinski, a town some miles
south of Kovel. Originally they had broken CZEKRovi
through the German line on a front of some
fifty miles between the Styr at Lutsk and the
Austrian frontier at Brody. ta
For nearly three weeks German and Aus
trian troops were hurled at the northern
side of this wedge, southeast of Kovel, and 6 10 20 30 40 38
the most desperate fighting took place along THE RUSSIAN FRONT IN JULY
the Styr River at Kolki and Sokul, the Rus
sians attempting to advance west and north,
the Germans striving to come south across and have nowhere been able to advance to
the river and cut off the troops in the ward Kovel from the west bank. The fight
point of the wedge and west of Kolki. In ing here has been terrible and is still con
the end the Germans gave up the effort and tinuing. A little to the south of the Stachod,
fell back on a very wide front from the Styr which at its start flows from east to west
to the Stachod River, which flows north and for a few miles, the Russians are now re
south parallel to the Styr and some twentyported to have made material progress and
miles to the west of it. the Germans admit a retirement behind the
The Russians then advanced along this lower Lipa, just north of the Galician fron
whole front from the Pripet Marshes, tier. But this advance is in the direction
straightening out their entire line from the of Lemberg, not Kovel, and Lemberg is at
Marshes to the Austrian frontier at Brody. least sixty -five miles south and west of the
They then began a new drive across the present head of the Russian columns and in
Stachod River, the last considerable obstacle no immediate danger from this quarter.
in their pathway before they came to the Conceivably the Germans will now with
Turja, another river flowing parallel to the draw behind the Turja , from the Pripet
Styr and the Stachod and again twenty miles Marshes to the point where the Turja and
to the west. Kovel, the objective of the the Bug are only ten miles apart. Standing
Russians, is situated at the point where the behind the Turja and the Bug, which flows
two railroads coming west out of Russia from southeast to northwest half way be
toward Poland cross the Turja. tween Lemberg and the Russian frontier,
So far the Russians have not been able they will have an admirable line of defense,
to cross the Stachod except at isolated points prolonged to the Dniester by the Gnila Lipa.
 GERMANY LOSES THE INITIATIVE - BRITAIN BEGINS 179
It was on this line that the Austrians elect- railroad junction of Kolomea , they have got
ed to defend Lemberg in 1914 and suffered still further west and cut the southernmost
decisive defeat, because of the success of a of the trunk lines crossing the Carpathians
Russian turning movement still further to and connecting Lemberg with Budapest.
the south , where the Russians are again They are in the outskirts of the considerable
striving to get forward. town of Delatyn on this line, and its fall
If the Germans can hold this line and seems likely .
definitively check the Russians here , in front Actually, then , the southern wing of the
of Kovel and Vladmir Wolinski, then their Russians is moving along the Carpathians
lines north of the Pripet Marshes will not and between them and the Dniester, threat
be imperilled. If they fail and the Rus ening all the railroads crossing the Carpa
sians get across the Turja and the Bug , take thians between Lemberg and Hungary, and
Kovel, Vladmir -Wolinski, and approach in addition is in possession of a portion of one
Lemberg, then momentous changes seem in - of the trunk lines and is advancing up two
evitable. But, measured by their progress of the passes, the Jablonica and Kirilibaba .
in the past month , the Russians will not in This threat, if not presently abolished ,
any event be able to do this in the next four may end by compelling the evacuation of
weeks. They will do more than can rea Lemberg , by interposing between the city
sonably be expected of them if they are and Hungary. It may repeat the Russian
able to approach this line in that time. They exploits of September, 1914, and if it does
have suffered tremendous losses, they have the Austro-German armies will have to re
used up vast quantities of munitions ; they tire behind the San , as they did before , and
have got many miles beyond their railheads the whole position from the Gulf of Riga to
and are in difficult territory. All told they the Carpathian Mountains will be gravely
have made at least fifty miles on a front of compromised. The Russians may equally
more than a hundred from Pripet well down well attempt to send armies through the
toward Brody. Aside from the push to mountains into Hungary. ( As I correct
ward the Lipa, which again opens the ques- these proofs, there is even an announcement
tion of Lemberg, they seem to have cometo a that Cossack troops have entered Hungary
halt, which was to be expected . over one of these passes.) The political ef
Of the Russian center it is enough to say fect of such an invasion successfully pushed
that it has practically stood still. It is faced would be great and might lead the Austrians
by admirable troops, possessed of many rail- to abandon Galicia again .
road lines, and these have been able to hold These are, however, remoter contingen
on, losing rather less than ten miles on a cies. We see that the Russians are still
wide front from Brody to the Dniester, fac- unchecked in this region and we have the
ing Tarnopol. This Austro -German army testimony of German critics to the peril of
is not yet threatened by envelopment, al- the threat and to the failure of the Austrians
though Russian armies to the north and south so far to get the situation in hand. The
of it are further west, because it can move Austrians have many admirable lines to de
far more quickly than the Russians, thanks fend themselves on , lines coördinating per
to the railroads, and its Aanks are protected fectly with the Turja-Bug -Gnila Lipa line
by the Bug and the Dniester. If the Ger- north of the Dniester. Their situation is
mans presently decide to retire to the Turja not yet critical; it will not be until the Rus
and the Bug, on the north, it can go back to sians get both Stanislau and Stryj, a good
the Gnila Lipa and prolong the front, cov - fifty miles further west. Again , no such
cring Lemberg. Its real menace will come achievement is to be expected this month, but
from the south , precisely as the same menace it is toward this goal that the Russians are
ultimately turned the Austrians out of Lem - steadily pressing .
berg in September, 1914. But this is still
a remote contingency. VII. WHAT IT MEANS
Looking now to the south , it becomes
plain that the Russians have here accom - Now , briefly, this is what the Russians
plished remarkable things. Four weeks ago have accomplished : They have in seven
they had barely taken Czernowitz. Now weeks regained upwards of 15,000 square
they occupy all of Bukovina to the Carpa - miles — almost twice as much territory as the
thians, are crowding up the Kirilibaba Pass Germans hold in France and four-fifths of
toward Transylvania, have pushed north - the area of German conquest in the West.
west out of Bukovina, and , taking the vital They claim to have taken about 300,000
180 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
prisoners. Two years ago their claims were Baiburt and is advancing upon Erzingan .
proven accurate by American agents, whose Finally , Russian troops are fighting with the
mission it was to -look after the Austrian French in Champagne and as I close this
prisoners. The Austrians and Germans dis- article new Russian detachments are reported
pute the claim . But it is not-unreasonable landing in Brest. Go back a year,and read
and is about the same total that was made what Berlin was saying of Russia at that
in the first Lemberg drive. The Russians ţime, with the disasters of Galicia in mind,
claim to have taken a huge bag of guns, a with the realization that Warsaw .was then
vast booty of munitions and transport, and about to fall, and we were talking about
this claim is not disputed. All told , the Petrograd and Moscow , and the picture is
Russian operation must have cost the Cen complete.
tral Powers not less than half a million men One final word : The real question is not
in seven weeks. territory , but men and guns. Russia 's great
Berlin on its side announces that the Rus, contribution to her allies latterly has not
sians killed have been officially estimated at been in territory conquered, but in men put
262,000 . This would mean a total loss of out of the war and guns captured . Her at
at least a million , but the thing is a pure tack forced Austria promptly to give over a
guess. Even if this price had been paid, drive into the Italian plain that was going
however, not even the German authorities forward prosperously . Verona, Vicenza, and
question the ability of Russia to pay it, and perhaps Venice, were saved in Volhynia and
the achievement is plainly worth the price, Bukovina. The German reserves hurried to
for, in addition to the casualties inflicted save Kovel may or may not have come from
upon Germany, it has brought Austria to a the West, but they cannot be sent to the
new crisis and set afloat again rumors of a West to meet the Anglo -French drive on
separate peace. The moral effect upon the that front. We hear of Austrian and Ger
world , and most upon Germany, has been man troops recalled from the Balkans. We
tremendous, as all Berlin comment discloses, must expect an Allied operation there against
and the lie has finally been given to the Ber- Bulgaria shortly. But will Bulgaria care
lin forecast of last year that Russia had been long to fight single-handed against French ,
put out of the war. Russia has manifestly British , and Serbian troops and guns massed
“ come back .” together ?
One should say that there has been no There are two measures for what Russia
disposition in Berlin to minimize the Russian has already done : the forecasts of Russia 's
achievement. Some of the best-known corre- immediate military future, made in Berlin
spondents have been permitted to report Ger last autumn, and consequences of an Anglo
man " amazement." German writers have French advance in France and Belgium over
announced that Russia 's men , munitions, the same amount of ground. In the latter
supplies in guns have seemed inexhaustible. case seven weeks would see British and
And so far this Russian achievement has French troops approaching Liége and we
been the great thing of the latter half of the should be measurably near to a peace flow
second year of the war ; in some ways it has ing from German surrender. No one ex
been the biggest thing in the whole war. To pects this now . We are only at the begin
it must now be added a further Russian suc- ning ; and Russia has but given the signal.
cess in the Caucasus, where the Grand Duke Yet in doing it she has gone beyond her
is showing new energy and has just taken allies ' hopes or her enemies' fears.
Photograph by the American Press Association , New York
DUKE OF CONNAUGHT INSPECTING REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE FAMOUS “ PRINCESS PAT " REGIMENT ON THE
EVE OF THEIR DEPARTURE TO FILL THE DECIMATED RANKS OF THIS REGIMENT

CANADA 'S TWO YEARS OF WAR

AND THEIR MEANING
BY P . T. MCGRATH
[Mr. McGrath , who has frequently written for the ReViEW OF REVIEWS on topics related to
Newfoundland and Canada, is President of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland. For a
quarter of a century Mr. McGrath has been the most conspicuous journalist of his country - having
served as correspondent of the London Times and contributed to many foreign magazines and other
periodicals . He is the managing director of the St. John 's Evening Herald .— The EDITOR .]

TWO years of war have seen Canada ef- the effect of which is to stimulate every class
I fecting achievements on behalf of the and element throughout the Dominion to
British Empire which not even the most far- ever- increasing efforts in behalf of the cause
seeing contemplated when the present world to which she has dedicated herself, believing,
struggle began in August, 1914. She has as she does , that not only victory, but safety
raised an army now within measurable dis- rests with big battalions and adequate pre
tance of 500 ,000 men . She has increased her paredness. All these developments have been
grain acreage so as to gain the third place of the greatest benefit to the mother coun
among the wheat-producing countries of the try, but surpassing them even has been the
world , exceeded only by United States and moral advantage accruing to Great Britain
Russia . Financially she has transformed her in the struggle through the whole-hearted
situation entirely , becoming a creditor instead support which Canada, Australia , and the
of a debtor nation and raising a domestic other self-governing dominions are according
loan for the first time in her history, as an her, and which, there is reason to believe,
earnest of her whole -hearted spirit. ' Indus- will result in a rearrangement of the rela
trially , she has expanded enormously and tions of the motherland and the oversea pos
gained a position not easily described in fig - sessions of the British Empire after the war
ures, and she has evolved an entirely new is over.
pursuit, that of munition -making, which GREATEST OF OVERSEA EXPEDITIONS
daily grows in magnitude and importance.
Economically all these factors have con - The tale of Canada's military achieve
tributed to create a flood of prosperity simi- - ments in two years can best be told by a few
lar to that enjoyed by the United States and illuminating comparisons. Her first con
181
 182 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
tingent of 30,000 men , sent across the Atlan WELL-PAID SOLDIERS
tic in October , 1914, in thirty ships, was the Moreover, Canada has enlisted , uni
largest individual force ever convoyed across formed, equipped, trained, and transported
a waste of waters in modern times, and its these men at her own cost and is paying,
transfer was doubly significant in being ef- equipping, provisioning, and munitioning
fected with the second largest navy in the them in the field in the same way, though
world impotently bottled up in the Kiel they are fighting 3000 miles from her own
Canal, unable to make any effort to prevent shores. Then she is doing all this on a scale
it. By the spring of 1915 Canada had in - truly munificent. The rate of pay for the
creased the force sent across the Atlantic to Canadians - rising upwards from $ 1.10 a day
60 ,000, or equal to the British army landed for the privates — is not alone vastly above
in France in the first month of the war. In that paid by other nations in former wars,
slightly over a year it had grown to 90 ,000 , but without a parallel now , save in Australia
somewhat more than the force (87,114 ) and New Zealand. The British soldier gets
which England sent to the Crimea during about thirty cents and Continental countries
the two years of that historic conflict. By pay only a fraction of that.
the end of 1915 Canada's total oversea was The dependents of Canadian soldiers also
120 ,000 , or twice the American force actual get from the state $ 20 a month for wives or
ly engaged in the Spanish war during the widowed mothers, similarly well above the
-- four months it lasted. allowances made by European countries, ex
At the end of last April the Canadian en - cept the British, and Canada again supple
listment exceeded 310 ,000 - 30 ,000 elimina - ments this by the generosity of the Canadian
ted by casualties, 65,000 “ at the front,” people , who have raised a Patriotic Fund for
70,000 in England, 135,000 training in Can - this purpose — the contributions to which,
ada (and most of them ready to send across from the beginning of the war up to the
as the Admiralty 's dispositions admitted of end of April last, or for twenty -one months,
transport) , and 10 ,000 retained there for - amounted to $ 10, 327, 000, of which over
garrison and outpost duties ; while enlist- seven million dollars had been disbursed ,
ments continued at the rate of 5000 a week. the remainder being required for the rest of
This was a larger force than the British the current year ; and for which another ten
force in South Africa during the four years million dollars will be required in 1917 if
of the Boer War, or than the whole British the war continues. For a country so young
Army when the present struggle began , and as Canada, with comparatively few we: lthy
to bring it into existence called for the crea- men , this is especially noteworthy.
tion of a larger administrative machinery Lastly, to care for those disabled in the
than the entire British “ War Office" in struggle , or the dependents of those who
time of peace. fall, a pension scheme has been adopted by
Canada's original contingent was larger Canada, even more generous than that of
than that of purely British troops under the United States after the Civil War, giv
Wellington 's command at Waterloo ; and in ing the totally disabled private, or the widow
the great fighting of Neuve-Chapelle in of one killed in action $ 480 a year and in
April, 1915 , Canada's losses were larger than creasing for higher ranks, so that the outlay
those sustained by the British forces in that will involve, for every 100,000 men in the
King -conquering struggle a century before. fighting line an increase in Canada's annual
Creasy in his " Fifteen Decisive Battles of burdens in the future of about seven mil
the World ” estimates the population of the lion dollars a year. In addition plans are
United States at the Declaration of Inde- maturing whereby the caring for the wound
pendence as two and a half millions; and ed and invalided through the establishing
Mulhall, in his “ Dictionary of Statistics," of hospitals and sanatoriums, and the fitting
estimates that during the five years that of them for civil employments again
war lasted, 288,200 Americans fought for through the utilizing of technical schools
their country. When it is remembered that and other agencies, will be carried out on a
all Canada 's fighting men have to be trans- scale the like of which the world has never
ported across the Atlantic to reach the battle- yet seen .
fields, and that in the face of menaces like O f the military efficiency and fighting
the submarine and the modern battleships, qualities of the Canadian soldiers it is need
which did not exist 140 years ago, the true less to speak. After raising by the volun
significance of this undertaking will be best tary system for a war in which her interest,
realized . from some viewpoints, is only indirect, as
 CANADA'S TWO YEARS OF WAR AND THEIR MEANING 183
large a force proportionately as the North peaceful Dominion, the aim ofwhich , as Sir
ern States raised in the Civil War until the Wilfrid Laurier had previously said , was to
“ draft" system was put in effect, she pitted " avoid being drawn into the vortex of Eu
them against the exponents of militarism in ropean militarism ” would have been regard .
the extremest form the world has ever seen, ed as insane. But now Canada is showing
and how nobly they met the test the battle the same determination as the mother coun
fields of Flanders will proclaim until time try in the carrying on this war until the aim
shall be no more. To-day every fourth adult is attained which Asquith and Grey have so
male in Canada has enlisted or is preparing clearly set out.
to enlist, and the patriotism of the " home- Besides Canadian soldiers doing their part
stayer " in providing thus generously for the on the battlefield and Canadian statesmen
loved ones of the bread -winners gone to war providing, for the monetary problems in
is something the world may well marvel at volved , patriotism of no meaner order was
in these days when sentiment is supposed to exhibited by the Canadian farmers, who last
give place to hard sense. year responded splendidly to an appeal by
THE FINANCIAL SIDE
their leaders for a larger production of grain
by seeking an enormously increased acreage
Of course, Canada has not faced this crisis throughout the West, and harvesting grain
without assuming financial burdens of a char. crops unapproached in her history. The year
acter similar to , if not as crushing as those 1914 saw a crop failure and consequent wide
which are bearing down the nations of Eu- spread depression , notably in the West, but
rope to almost as great an extent as the actual despite this the acreage was 3714 millions
loss of men is doing. Canada's public debt against 331/2 millions in 1914, and 3572 mil
before the war was $ 336 ,000 ,000 , and her lions in 1912, the largest previously record
Finance Minister, when making his Budget cd , and the yield in bushels increased from
Speech in Parliament on February 15th, es- 71312 millions to 1054 millions, or over 50
timated it at $ 580, 000,000 for the fiscal year per cent., which phenomenal harvest pro
to end on March 31st, while he indicated duced the amazing money value of $ 789,
that the country was faced with an increase 000 ,000, so that, although the production
of debt during the next fiscal year of $ 250 , from forests, mines, and fisheries remained
000,000, which would make her funded ob- only about normal, the total of Canada's pri
ligations at the end of March , 1917, some mary production last year exceeded one bil.
$830 ,000 ,000, so that it is probably no ex -' lion dollars ($ 1,123, 169,000 ) for the first -
aggeration to say that by the time the war time in her history. The producing of this
is over and all the claims arising therefrom vast crop, one which materially assisted in
are met, the total public debt of Canada will reducing the price of the world's most im
be about one billion dollars. This, on a 5 portant foodstuff at a time when , by all the
per cent, interest basis, will cost $ 50 ,000,000 laws appertaining to periods of international
a year to carry . Then , on top of that will stress and strain , the rate should have mate
come a large pension list, probably not less rially advanced, was a gain to Canada and
than $ 20 , 000 ,000 a year, making a total for the Motherland which cannot easily be com
interest and pensions of $ 70,000 ,000 per puted, and the feat is one which Canadian
annum . farmers plan to duplicate the present year
When it is considered that similar charges with the like object in view .
before the war were only $ 13,000 ,000 and
that the sum of $ 70 ,000 ,000 which Canada CANADA'S INDUSTRIAL ADVANCE
will be called upon to bear in the future , The war has compelled Canada to make
represents over half of the revenue of the great manufacturing progress, likewise . .
country in normal times (not including reve- Granted that for the time being war orders
nues from war taxes) the greatness of the represent a large proportion of the manufac
load will be better realized. Her war out- turing increase , it must inevitably follow
lay alone is five million dollars a week at that permanent manufacturing industries
present, or twice her entire expenditure for will be the outcome, because the factories
all public services in pre-war days, and, of now devoted to making munitions will at
course, the financial obligations of her mili- the close of hostilities be converted into
tary undertaking must increase in direct ratio works where various forms of requisites for
as her armed forces grow in numbers . Yet the pursuit of peaceful avocations will be
two years ago a man who would have sug - produced in great quantity . It is estimated
gested that such things would befall in the by competent authorities that some $600,
184 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
000 ,000 worth or, roundly, about half the and towns, and cities destroyed by the war,
production of Canadian factories to -day, is will doubtless follow a period of world-wide
represented by war orders — not alone for reaction which will be the critical time for
shells and similar material, but also for the Canada, because she will then have to meet
host of other things which the effective con - the contingency of a vast inrush of people
duct of a war entails, and this implies, first, from the war-swept areas of the Old World ,
that there has been a substantial transfer seeking in the western hemisphere a relief
of manufacturing enterprises from other from the possibility of a renewal of the hor
forms of work to the satisfying of war or- rible conditions that existed during the
ders since these began to be placed in Can- weary months and years of carnage.
ada ; second , that there has been also a great
increase in the number of Canadians engaged PROBLEMS AFTER THE WAR
in manufacturing; and third , that there has One speaks advisedly of the ten years fol
been an enormous investment of Canadian lowing the war as a dangerous period for
capital employed for these purposes. Canada .
Canada. In the matter of her domestic prob
War orders have embraced many indus- lems she will have to cope with conditions
tries, such as leatherware, auto -cars, iron unexampled in the world 's history. There
and steel products, lumber , milling and can will be, first, the vast multitudes of men
ning industries , and the like, and one writer with military training, altered habits of life,
has said that Canada has been making for disciplinary instincts and a new intelligence ,
war purposes everything from buttons to who will leave their impress on every phase
submarines, from boots to aeroplanes. Not of the activities of the country . Already
alone has Britain been served in these re - there is talk of the creating of a "Grand
spects, but her Allies as well and Nova Scotia Army of the Dominion ” like the Grand
has been producing box cars for the Siberian Army of the Republic which was so impor.
railways to be shipped via Vladivostock , tant a factor in the internal life of the
while from Alberta have come vast supplies American republic in the generation that
of flour and grain and cannery products for followed the Civil War, and whether this
the use of the French armies . This will con - materializes or not, few will deny that the
tinue, of course, until the war ends, and assuming ofmilitary service will have opened
even for some time afterwards there will be new vistas of existence for thousands, and
demands for such of Canada's products as will have unfitted them for their pre -war
will meet the needs of peace times. careers, while, of course, the war, by open
But following closely in the wake of a ing up to women countless new occupations,
peace treaty, there must come an industrial will have so altered the ordinary avenues of
and economic revolution in the Dominion , a employment as to compel the returned sol
revolution induced by the fact that a nation diers to find other means of livelihood, and
of only eight million people has undertaken the whole tendency of modern ideas is to
these vast and varied activities, and that it invoke the aid of the state in such cases , to
will have to face entirely new problems when cope with problems which will not lend
the European struggle ends. The aftermath themselves to solution by ordinary methods.
of the war will be a diminution of exports It is true that after the American Civil
because war orders will cease, a diminution War vast armies of returned soldiers created
of imports because of an “ unemployed " prob - a problem for America somewhat akin to
lem due to the return of hundreds of thou thatwhich Canada will have before her . In
sands of soldiers who will have to be reab- America it was solved in part by the fact
sorbed into the existing industries of the that the vast West had scarcely been opened
country or satisfied by new industries created up, and that the building of railways and the
for them , and a readjustment by all forms creating of new States helped materially to
of trade to a new and more permanent con - deal with it. In Canada's case the railways
dition . This, however, should shortly after- have, in a large measure, preceded popu
wards give place to a few years of great busi- lation ; and have indeed created for her a
ness activity , increasing production , and an new problem already, exemplified by the fact
expansion of exports occasioned by the re - that at the recent session of the Canadian
construction of the vast areas of Europe Parliament substantial monetary aid had to
desolated by the war. After that, when be provided to help the Canadian Northern
Europe is rebuilt and themultitudes therein and Grand Trunk Railway systems to tide
settled down to years of poverty and depres - over difficulties to which the war had given
sion , to re-create homesteads, and villages, rise , owing to the impossibility of their float
 CANADA'S TWO YEARS OF WAR AND THEIR MEANING 185
ing railway securities in the British markets and consumption, manufacture, and distribu
while hostilities continue, because the Im - tion , importing and exporting, and the thou
perial Government restricts the investments sand and one other matters that this will
by British capitalists entirely to war bonds give form to , not, as ordinarily , in lesser de
and other securities issued by the Imperial grees and by gradual stages , but in the larger
Government, the governments of her vari- aspect and compelling immediate attention .
ous overseas possessions, and the governments These may well tax the statesmanship of
of the countries with which she is allied . Canada in the coming years, and fortunate
The present railway situation in Canada, will it be for her if her public men are able
therefore, has given force to the argument to rise to the occasion .
that the time has come for the nationaliza THE DOMINION 'S NEW STATUS
tion of the various railway systems there.
Doubtless the strongest argument for this is The chief external problem which she will
that most European countries have national have to consider is that of her future rela
ized these agencies and that in Britain itself, tions with the other parts of the British Em
since the war began , the state has virtually pire. It is unbelievåble that after a war
controlled the existing railroads. What may like the present, in which the various units of
be regarded as the first step had been taken , the British Empire have been brought to
moreover, in Canada, already, by railroad gether in the fashion they have, their political
regulation — if not by actual nationalization relations to each other can revert to what
of the railways. A railway commission , with they were before this struggle began . Neces
all the powers of a Supreme Court of judica . sarily at the present time, nothing but the
ture, had been for years past in control of most speculative contemplations are possible
Canada 's railways, and with highly satis- with regard to this aspect of the matter, be
factory results, so that it seemed to many cause none can tell how long the war will
but a step from that to the actual acquisition last, under what conditions it will end, and
of the lines themselves and all that this what new complications will develop in the
imports. meantime. But if anything emerges from a
consideration of the matter from the view
INFLUX OF NEW POPULATIONS point of imperial consolidation , it is that the
Canada's domestic problems will also be relations of Great Britain and her great
aggravated by the certainty that after the Dominions must undergo a complete change
war there will be a vast inrush of people at the end of this war and that Canada as
from the European countries that have suf- the largest of the " Colonies” must blaze the
fered so frightfully by the present struggle trail for the new status of the motherland
seeking refuge in the vast Northwest from and those younger nations now arising in
the contingencies of a fitful or even a last- America, Africa , and the antipodes .
ing peace, in the war-swept areas which In perhaps one respect more than any other
lately housed them . Some observers predict this problem will be rendered acute by the
a doubling of Canada's population within question of naval preparedness after the war.
the next twenty years as a result of this It may be recalled that at the end of 1912
and point to what happened in America in Sir Robert Borden 's Government in Canada
the generation after the War of Secession to proposed to present three dreadnoughts to the
illustrate what they think will happen in mother country as a gift, but that this policy
Canada also . They profess to see the po- was so vehemently opposed by the Laurier
litical equilibrium likely disturbed, and the Opposition that the Ottawa Senate , with a
center of political gravity, which is now " Liberal” majority, rejected the measure and
Ontario, shifted to the Prairie Provinces, brought this scheme to nothing. Throughout
and passing from the hands of the English- the war Canada has been , navally , a negligi
speaking communities to the multitudes ble quantity , depending for her protection,
speaking strange tongues and coming from absolutely and altogether, on the British
strange lands, who it is thought will do fleet. Such cannot, of course , continue after
much to people the vast areas still un - hostilities cease and an imperial " stock
ploughed in the fertile West and lay the taking" comes to be essayed. Canada 's ex
sites of future cities in the wilderness. perience heretofore in navalmatters indicates
Arising out of these new conditions will that she will have to depend for the mainte
be the problems of governing, educating, and nance of this defensive arm , in a large meas
assimilating such diverse elements. Allied ure on Newfoundland, which possesses a
therewith will be the problems of production great supply of sailorly material such as Can
 AN S
186 THE AMERIC REVIEW OF REVIEW
ada does not enjoy, that has already been in turn ,must mean some share in the admin
utilized on Canada's behalf in completing istrative control of the common empire ,
the crew of the solitary warship Niobe which which must also necessitate that the rela
Canada maintained in the Atlantic in the tions between the “ United Kingdom " and
carly months of the struggle. A measure of the “ Overseas Dominions” shall be recon
naval coöperation must imply political asso - structed on the basis of a union of some sort,
ciation between Britain and Canada. This, rather than the loose tie which now prevails.

AUSTRALIA 'S PART IN THE

GREAT WAR
BY FRED S. ALFORD
AUSTRALIA watched the breaking out anxious period of the war. There was some
n of the war, early in August, 1914, abatement of bitterness, but the campaign
with the deepest concern. There was but was continued and decided on party issues,
one opinion . England's war in the defense resulting in the defeat of the Government
of martyred Belgium , in particular, and (Liberal) at the polls on September 5 , 1914.
democracy and freedom generally was Aus- The Rt. Hon. Andrew Fisher then took
tralia 's cause too. It was an inspiring slogan office as Prime Minister of a Labor Govern
that rallied the people to the fag with re- ment, and endorsed the war policy of his
markable unanimity . Something like 97 per predecessor by pledging Australia " to the last
cent. of the population of Australia is of man and the last shilling."
British birth or direct British descent - more
British than Britain herself. The remaining : THE COMMONWEALTH NAVY 'S PART
3 per cent. are mostly of German birth or It says much for the efficiency of the
descent. Many of these were indiscreet, Australian navy that it was able to put to
championing the cause of the " Fatherland,” sea without a moment's delay, ready for
and were promptly interned . But it must every emergency. Its establishment was of
be frankly stated that the hyphenated Aus- recent date. The Rt. Hon . Joseph Cook,
tralians generally have proved good colonists then Minister for Defence, piloted the bill
and a fair proportion of their numbers have authorizing the construction of a local navy
shown their practical appreciation of British through Parliament in November, 1909.
freedom and liberty by enlisting in the The program provided for a naval expendi
Australian army for active service against the ture of $ 90,000 ,000 over a period of eight
common foe. years. The governing force behind the de
parture was that the time had arrived for
AUSTRALIA 'S PROMPT RESPONSE Australia to take up the burden of the de
The outbreak of hostilities in Europe fense of the Pacific, owing to the concentra
caught Australia in the midst of bitter gen - tion of England 's naval forces in the North
eral elections. Both federal houses of Par- Sea. The order for the construction of the
liament had been dissolved, owing to a con - dreadnought H . M . A . S . Australia was
stitutional deadlock. The ministry had been placed in England the following month .
urgently recalled to Melbourne when the Provision was also made for the building of
war clouds lowered, and were guided by cruisers, smaller vessels, and submarines.
public opinion . The Prime Minister, Rt. The fleet had been in commission only a few
Hon. Joseph Cook , P. C ., placed the com - months prior to war, and was, accordingly,
monwealth navy at the unreserved disposal modern .
of Great Britain , and offered to provide, The Australia proved a golden investment.
equip, and maintain an expeditionary force It is no secret that her 12-inch guns, in the
of 20,000 men for dispatch to Europe. Both early days of the war, on two occasions at
offers were immediately accepted by the least, saved the rich east coast of the Com
Imperial Government. monwealth and New Zealand from bom
No constitutional machinery existed for bardment by the German Pacific squadron .
the recall of a dissolved legislature, so the In the meantime, Australian and New Zea
elections had to proceed during the most land forces, escorted by the Commonwealth
 AUSTRALIA'S PART IN . THE GREAT WAR 187

AUSTRALIAN TROOPS ON PARADE IN MOORE PARK , SYDNEY, N . S. W .

fleet, made a quick conquest of Germany's At the close of 1909 a scheme for the com
Pacific possessions— New Guinea , Samoa , pulsory universal service was placed on the
and the Marshall Islands. The resistance statute, and was put into operation in 1911.
offered was not serious, and the casualties All youths between the ages of 14 and 18
sustained were not heavy. After Von Spee were required to register for training unless
had sunk the Monmouth and the Good Hope exempted asmedically unfit. Those between
off the coast of Chile, he was driven ' round the ages of 14 and 16 were trained as Junior
Cape Horn into the trap prepared by the Cadets . The next two-year term is in the
brilliant Sturdee at Falkland Islands. The Senior Cadets. From 12 to 14 years, pre
Australia was largely responsible for the liminary training is carried out by the public
movement that drove the German squadron schools. At 18 years of age they pass into
to its summary doom . the Citizen Forces, where the service con
The consummation of Australia's naval tinues until the age of 25. Full military
efforts was when the H . M . A . S . Sydney uniforms and equipment are supplied even
ended the career of the notorious commerce to the youngest cadets. The innovation has
raider Emden , off Cocos Island , on Novem - worked smoothly and successfully , and is
ber 9, 1914 . The Sydney was one of a dozen popular. The trainees are compelled to put
cruisers escorting thirty-eight transports con in so many hours ' drill per quarter, training
veying 30 ,000 Australasian troops and equip - being given two evenings every week and one
ment. It is recorded that the Emden 's cap - afternoon every month . In addition , the
tain had determined to " cut loose" among Citizen Forces go into camp for field train
such fine game, but the departure of this ing for a fortnight every year.
immense convoy had been well guarded. At the outbreak of war the following, di
The Emden , unknowingly, had passed the vided into military units, were in training
convoy a few miles to the east just before under the scheme:
dawn. The Sydney soon afterwards picked Junior Cadets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000
up the wireless call for help from Cocos and Senior Cadets . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,354
streaked off like a " slipped ” greyhound after Citizen Forces (1894-5-6 quotas)... 51,105
its quarry, and almost within sight of the
troop-ships quickly battered and destroyed FORMING THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCES
the Kaiser's most successful raider by over When the first call for volunteers was
powering gunnery. This feat was responsi- made, the oldest trainees were only 20 years
ble for an outburst of extraordinary enthusi- of age. The scheme, therefore, was of too
asm and gratification throughout Australia. recent establishment to be of any great utility
at that time. The Citizen Forces were ,
COMPULSORY MILITARY SERVICE however, mobilized for manning forts and
At the time that the Commonwealth had similar home work , and their training still
decided to establish its own navy, the mili- continues. The first 20,000 men for the
tary defense of Australia was not overlooked. Expeditionary Force were offering within a
188 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
few days, and included a sprinkling of youth - seasoned athletes. By midday they had
ful “ Citizens." Australia was fortunate in pushed theGerman -officered Turks back four
having a large supply of officers to draw miles in extraordinarily difficult, broken
from , trained specially for service in connec - country, capturing trench after trench , ridge
tion with the compulsory system . All those after ridge, by the most furious and long
now enlisting between the ages of 18 and 22 sustained bayonet drive in history. It was
have had five years' training. an unparalleled performance, and by troops
The initial force of 20, 000 — the First Di- under fire for the first time. Had it been
vision - consisting of three infantry brigades possible to reinforce them , Constantinople
and one brigade of light horse, left western would have fallen in a week. In the mean
Australia on November 2, 1914. They dis- time, the remainder of the Australians, with
embarked in Egypt to complete their training the New Zealanders, were able to land. The
and incidentally to preserve order . When thin line of khaki held firm , though without
Turkey threw in her lot with the Teutonic respite or sleep for four days, and the in
powers, the seditious propaganda in Egypt vaders finally became, as the Turkish counter
by German agents was making headway, and attacks died away, securely dug in . The
the small, quiet English Territorials from the casualties were appalling — the Australian
mills of Lancashire were treated with levity First Infantry Division losing 60 per cent.
by the Egyptians. The arrival of the big of its strength in four days ! The success,
Australians on the scene was opportune. as General Sir Ian Hamilton has stated,
They knew how to impress natives and did was due to the natural initiative and re
it in characteristically Australian fashion . sourcefulness so characteristic of Australians,
The undercurrent of mutinous discontent in being able to go on when they lost their
disappeared. The men from the antipodes officers or were out of touch with them in
rapidly became popular and were styled the the broken country .
" wealthy Australians.” The 30,000 Austral
asians on that first Christmas Eve drew an THE HEROIC STAND AT GALLIPOLI
average of $60 each — nearly $ 2,000,000 ! The area held by the Australians on Galli
They spent this freely and lavishly in Cairo, poli for three months was about two miles
more than making up for the absence of the long by one mile deep , recorded for all time
usual tourists, creating a new conception of as “ Anzac" ( from the first letter in each
soldiery at once strange, majestic , and fear- word of " Australia -New Zealand Army
some, but at the same time idolized by the Corps” ). In this " few acres of hell” the
Egyptian population. Anzacs, as they are popularly known, were
never free from shell fire. In the front
the " ANZACS” AT THE DARDANELLES trenches, in support, or back on the beach ,
The training of the men from " down the deadly shrapnel was ever searching out
under” was continued on the heavy desert its victims. In no other spot in the whole
sands. It was said to be the most arduous theater of war have men been under fire day
to which any body of troops were ever sub- and night without being able to retire occa
jected . It was a test of endurance, and those sionally for rest and respite outside the zone
who failed to stand it were sent back , leaving of immediate hostilities. Weakened from
an army of physical giants fit for anything. summer epidemics and nerve-racked from the
They were prepared for a special task , and daily ordeal, the Anzacs were still impatient
their opportunity came at the Dardanelles on for the big move. The opportunity came in
the ever-memorable 25th of April, 1915, August, when several divisions of Kitchener's
when the famous Third Brigade of Austral- new army made a surprise landing at Suvla
ian Infantry, commanded by Brig .-Gen . E . Bay, a few miles to the north of the Anzac
G . Sinclair -Maclagan , C . B ., D . S . O ., and positions. The Anzacs were to coöperate in
with the “ Terrible Tenth " Battalion , under a dashing offensive, masterly conceived, to
Col. S . Price-Weir, V . C ., forming the cen - carry the dominating positions of the Penin
ter of the first line of attack , waded ashore sula .
under a merciless fire at point-blank range While the Anzacs were carrying out their
and rushed the first enemy trench on the part of the contract with unexampled bril
beach with the cold steel in the early dawn. liance, the new army at Suvla threw away
Then , pausing only to throw off their packs, all chance of success by the unaccountable
they stormed up the precipitous cliffs of Gaba inertia of the field commanders in failing to
Tepe under a stream of leaden death. advance rapidly inland when the opposition
Nothing could stand against these big , was slight and time precious. It was bun
 AUSTRALIA'S PART IN THE GREAT WAR 189
g aburning
gling with far-reaching and terribly serious Turks were aware,rabyvinthe s had enooft aaban
bar
consequences , as inexplicable to Sir lan Ham - doned stores , that the Anzacs had left. The
ilton (whose orders were to push forward men felt keenly leaving the positions so
at all costs ) as it was to the Anzacs, who dearly won .
cannot understand hesitancy in such circum - The troops were reorganized in Egypt,
stances. For the second time the success and the present strength of the Australian
and the sacrifice of the Anzacs was in vain . army, including the three new divisions, has
While every unit accomplished magnifi been brought up to sixty -eight battalions of
cent work in that August fighting, the taking infantry ( each 1000 rifles ) and ten regiments
of the Lone Pine trenches, with a loss of of light horse. In addition , there is the full
3000 men , is the finest thing yet recorded complement of army service, army medical
even in this war of great deeds. The honor corps, besides a flying corps and a number
belongs to the First Brigade of Australian of artillery brigades, etc . Two more di
infantry. Charging across the intervening visions of infantry are under contemplation .
ground, swept with a hurricane of lead, hack . The New Zealand army, associating with the
ing their way through deadly entanglements, Australian , is about one-third the size of the
the survivors reached the enemy position . latter - all under the command of General
The trenches were roofed over with heavy Sir W . Birdwood, who is the idol of his men
logs. Finding or making openings, the in - and familiarly known as “ Birdie."
trepid Anzacs plunged straight in amongst
the waiting Turks. Then followed the most CHARACTER OF THE AUSTRALIAN SOLDIER
bloody and terrible conflict underground con Critics say there is no discipline in an
ceivable . Choking with acid fumes of burst Australian army. From the continental
ing bombs, smothered in blood from the standpoint there is not. Australians obey
vicious stabbing of cold steel, the fightwaged orders promptly and intelligently, but retain
through the network of trenches, over the their individuality . General Birdwood de
barriers of mangled dead and dying soldiers, lights in relating experiences characteristic
without abatement for fifty hours. Physical of the men of Anzac. An English colonel
endurance and deadly tenacity won, in spite of the old school once complained that the
of overwhelming odds, and the Anzacs re- Australians did not show him proper respect.
mained sole possessors of Lone Pine. “ That is nothing," replied General Bird
wood ; " they seldom salute me either. One
THE WITHDRAWAL FROM THE DARDANELLES day, when on the rounds of inspection , I
* * With the entry of Bulgaria into the war passed a burly Queenslander on sentry duty
on the side of the Central Powers, with who stared at me with nonchalant interest
drawal from Gallipoli was inevitable. The without saluting. Just then a shell came
British Government hesitated to sanction screaming over, and the Queenslander, turn
this, fearing the effect it might have on the ing quickly to me, cried warningly : 'Duck
Australian people. The Commonwealth was your blamed head, Birdie ! ” “ And what
approached , and the Prime Minister, Rt. did you do ? " inquired the Colonel, aghast ,
Hon . W . M . Hughes, P. C ., LL .B . (who anticipating an account of a summary court
succeeded Mr. Fisher in October, 1915 ) , re- martial. “Why, I ducked my blamed head,
plied that Australia would continue to be of course,” was the smiling reply of the dis
guided by the imperial authorities. He tinguished General
offered to create three new divisions of in - Glorious deeds of individual bravery and
fantry and supply reinforcements of 16 ,000 thrilling episodes at Anzac would fill vol
per month, bringing Australia 's contribution umes, but one thing stands out alone : that
to 300 ,000 by themiddle of 1916 . This was was the fortitude and cheerfulness of
unanimously endorsed by public opinion . wounded Anzacs. They died smiling, often
Australia did feel bitterly the failure of the with the words of their war-song on their
Dardanelles operations, when victory ; prac- lips, " Australia will be there.” Famous sur.
tically assured by superhuman efforts of the geons and war correspondents with experi
troops, was lost by blundering of the British ence of other fronts met nothing like it
War Office. The evacuation was a master- before. In an inspiring poem , London Punch
piece. Fraught with natural difficulties gave tribute to the Anzacs as " the bravest
threatening annihilation of the rearguard , thing God ever made." The Australian is
every living soul (only four were wounded ) described by competent judges as the finest
melted silently away, and the last. boat had soldier in the world . Clean -cut, of magnifi
pulled out from Anzac Beach before the cent physique, extraordinary endurance, and
190 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ever cool and resourceful, he is in a class by overwhelming. It illustrates Australia 's grim
himself. He is grim and determined in com - determination to see the business through.
bat and a big , merry, overgrown boy in re. While the majority of the members of the
laxation , with a fine capacity for enjoying House of Representatives favor compulsion ,
the best of life. the extremists of the Labor Party are oppos
In April last the first of the Anzac army ing it. The Labor Government, in power
landed in France as unobtrusively as the first by a small majority, is endeavoring to avoid
English expeditionary force, twenty months a change in recruiting policy recommended by
earlier. They proceeded immediately to the the Commonwealth War Council until the
front, and it is a great compliment to their return of Prime Minister Hughes from
prowess that they took over one of the most Europe.
difficult sectors of the whole Western front. Mr. Hughes is a man of extraordinary
Their fine physique and merry dispositions force of character, who dominates his mili
won the hearts of the French immediately . tant supporters by his masterful personality.
The casualties of the Australians on Galli. He freed Australian metals from German
poli totaled 41,524, of whom 6837 were control, eliminated shareholders of German
killed ; 1838 are missing (all considered birth from Australian companies, and has
killed ), while only 61 are prisoners of war. forced his views on post -war trade problems
The balance were either wounded or ill. on the British Government so strongly that
These casualties were mostly confined to the he was asked to represent the Empire at the
First Division, who bore the brunt of the Economic Conference in Paris in June. Mr.
work. The New Zealand losses were in the Hughes electrified Great Britain by his fervid
same proportion . Casualty lists are now eloquence and advocacy of a more vigorous
coming through of the operations in France, prosecution of the war and was offered a
but are not heavy yet. seat in the British Cabinet. If the Prime
Minister demands compulsion after his re
A STEADY STREAM OF RECRUITS turn to Australia , then it will be adopted .
After the dispatch of the first expedition Meanwhile, special efforts will be made to
ary force, other contingents were raised and accelerate enlistments. New Zealand, how
left at intervals. The forces are being ever, has introduced a bill into Parliament
voluntarily recruited, and up to the middle for compulsion, and the other dominions are
of May 260 ,000 men had been accepted for not likely to lag behind this lead.
active service abroad. Approximately 200,
000 have been dispatched to the front. The AUSTRALIA PAYS HER OWN WAR BILL
remaining 60 ,000 men are in camp in various The sacrifice to Australia is no small one.
stages of preparation for service abroad. The She is bearing the whole of the cost of her
medical examination is unusually strict, and military efforts. The nature of this burden
nearly another 100 ,000 men have been re- may be judged by the fact that the Australian
jected for slight defects. Owing to the great soldier is the highest paid in the world , and
distance from the field of operations and the probably the best equipped. A private draws
heavy cost of maintenance, it was considered $ 10.50 per week , a corporal $ 17.50 , a lieu
unwise to relax the medical test, as men who tenant $ 35, and higher ranks in proportion .
break down under the strain ofmodern war. Very liberal provision is also made for de
fare are a burden . Besides those enlisted for pendents of fallen soldiers, and for soldiers
active service , a large number of men , mostly incapacitated. The pension to a widow or
medical " rejects,” are retained for home other dependents is half the rate of pay the
service , on a war footing, for camp and de- soldier was drawing, with extra for each
tail work . In including the contributions child under sixteen . The scale of pensions
to the navy, Australia is maintaining an to permanently disabled soldiers is being in
active force of approximately 300,000 men at creased 50 per cent, and will in special cases
present, but which is steadily growing all the be $ 10 per week for a private, but generally
time. No other dominion , proportionately , $ 7 .10.
has done so much . The whole of the soldier's equipment, in
As the commitments for reinforcements cluding rifles and small-arms ammunition , is
are now so large, and as public opinion de manufactured locally . Artillery, field re
mands that the supreme effort should be quirements, and land transport is mostly
made to bring the war to an early termina supplied by England . For the transportation
tion , the agitation for the immediate adop- of troops the Commonwealth has a fleet of
tion of general compulsion is widespread and ninety vessels in constant service. Up to the
 AUSTRALIA' S PART IN THE GREAT WAR 191
end of June, 1916 , Australia 's participation bushels, or 50 per cent. in excess of the pre
in the war is estimated at $ 375,000,000 in vious best crop.
" local" expenditure alone. The Treasurer To assist the Allied cause further, muni
has stated that no returns are available yet tion committees have been formed in each of
of the expenditure incurred by the Imperial the states, for the purpose of directing the
Government in maintaining and equipping manufacture of shells in large quantities ,
Australian forces at the front, where neces with satisfactory results. The Common
sary. This will be adjusted and debited to wealth explosive factory has been enlarged ,
Australia later. and the Government, besides providing for
Much of the war expenditure is being met its own needs, is also supplying the cordite
by local loans. In September, 1915, the first requirements of two other dominions.
war loan of $ 25,000 ,000, at 472 per cent. The finest example of Australia 's sense of
interest, was submitted to the people, and responsibility in matters of defense was in
$ 70,000 ,000 was subscribed . In January , the successful launching last year of three
1916 , the second loan of $50,000,000 was destroyers and the cruiser Brisbane, a sister
submitted , and $ 105,000,000 was subscribed. ship to the famous Sydney, constructed in the
Previously to this the banks advanced the Commonwealth Naval Dockyard in Sydney
Government $50,000,000 until after the war. Harbor, N . S . W . This was the first large
The ready response to the war loans is a clear warship built in any of the dominions. Other
indication of the people 's confidence in vic keels have been laid down. A portion of the
tory . Australian navy is in the North Sea fleet, the
INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS SOUND balance on escort duty . All have done fine
work .
The industrial position in Australia is very • HEAVY SUBSCRIPTIONS TO CHARITABLE
satisfactory. There is no unemployment, no
distress, and therefore no relief work . The FUNDS
war census, taken in 1915 to determine the The people's part in thewar is remarkable
country 's resources, showed that the wealth for its practical enthusiasm , more particu
of Australia was $ 5,000,000,000 and the larly in view of the disastrous drought of
annual income $ 1,000,000,000. Savings- 1914. The public have subscribed, up to
bank deposits were the highest in the world May, 1916 , nearly $ 20,000,000 in donations
per head of population , and show no decline to the various patriotic funds. About half
The postal revenue has increased and gov- of this amount is for the wounded soldiers,
ernmental finances generally are in a sound the balance being devoted to Belgian relief
position . The states have been spending and Red Cross funds. Hundreds of thou
millions of British capital on great reproduc- sands of dollars' worth of wheat, beef, mut
tive works. It is feared , however , as a result ton, and other goods have been collected for
of a protracted war, that there will be a the Belgians, and innumerable gifts and
limitation to borrowing, and there is an un motor ambulances for the Red Cross.
dercurrent of uneasiness in respect to the Australia 's part in theGreat War may not
economic aftermath should Europe be in - be large compared with the colossal efforts
volved in great financial crises. involved in all Europe. But added to the
Australia is remarkable for its recuperative more or less equal efforts of New Zealand,
qualities. It experienced the worst drought Canada, South Africa, and India , and com
for fifty years in 1914 -5 , depleting stock to bined with the great energy of Great Britain ,
a large extent, and necessitating the impor- the British Empire, working unitedly in one
tation of wheat and fodder. Last year, by direction , must exert a powerful and over
way of contrast, was the best season ever whelming influence on the successful course
known, the wheat yield totaling 190, 000, 000 and duration of the war.
 A DETACHMENT OF BRITISH FORCES IN CAMP IN EAST AFRICA

GERMAN EAST AFRICA

. BY JAMES B.MACDONALD
C UT off from the world for nearly two invaded Nyassaland — a British crown colony
years and assailed on all sides by ene- sparsely populated by missionaries and coffee
mies, the Germans in East Africa have made planters — and militia had to be sent from
a gallant fight. They are defending a coun - South Africa to repel them .
try almost twice the size of Germany itself, . On Lake Tanganyika two German gun
densely populated by natives who only a few boats dominated the shipping, and were face
years ago tried to drive them into the sea. tiously known as the “ Dreadnoughts of the
Out of this unpromising material they have Lake.” . To combat them the British shipped
drilled and armed a large native army. : ' two armed motorboats from England and
The war opened with British cruisers bom - railed them over the South African and
barding the wireless station and government Rhodesian railways to the point furthest
buildings at Dar- es -Salaam . A German . north , from whence they were transshipped
cruiser returned the call, and sank a small on traction wagons 166 miles through the
British war vessel dismantled in Zanzibar wilds of northern Rhodesia until they
harbor. Some skirmishing on land took place reached the Lualaba River. Here they were
on the northern frontier. Troops from the commissioned and taken over by twenty- eight
German military station at Moshi occupied officers and men sent by the Admiralty . On
Taveta , and held it until recently . They Christmas last, they ran their trial trip on
also ' threatened Mombasa , the seaport and the lake, and next day one of the German
terminus of the British Uganda Railway ; gunboats got a shock when she met them
and, to hold them in check, Indian troops unexpectedly without her escort. Some
were sent from Egypt. So matters remained weeks later , the adventurers chased and sank
on this front all during 1915. . . the other.
. The British, having no troops available COMPLETELY HEMMED IN BY ENEMIES
for an invasion , had to content themselves
with declaring a blockade of the whole coast. On March 9 of the present year, Ger
In July of that year their monitors destroyed many declared war on Portugal, and the
the German cruiser Königsberg , which had colony of Mozambique immediately became
taken refuge up the Rufiji River, but her a party to the war in Africa . The Portu
guns and crew had previously been removed guese promptly seized Kionga, on the coast,
to assist in the defense of the colony. and the strip of land on the south side of
During the same month , a German force the Rovuma River, which the Germans had
192
 : GERMAN EAST AFRICA 193

dispossessed them of in 1894. This front,

however, is inconvenient to both combatants,
besides being inhabited by unconquered na
tives hostile to all white men .
Meanwhile , the Belgians and the British
had organized simultaneous invasions from
the north ,west, and south . On the southern
front, between Lake Tanganyika and Lake
Nyassa, a force of Rhodesians and Transvaal
ers under Brigadier-General Northey en
tered the German colony and captured Neu
Langenberg , with large quantities of ammu
nition and stores. Afterwards the important
town of Bismarckburg, at the foot of Lake
Tanganyika, was occupied.
The Belgians entered the province of
Ruanda in two columns, under the command
of General Tombeur, from either end of
Lake Kivu and supported by their gunboats.
After several skirmishes , the German forces
retreated in the direction of Lake Victoria
Nyanza before the converging columns. The
Belgians have since occupied Kigali, the prin
cipal town in the province.
GENERAL SMUTS, BOER, THE BRITISH
COMMANDER

The main advance , however, has come

from the north — from British East Africa. JAN CHRISTIAN SMUTS, BOER LEADER OF THE
BRITISH FORCES AGAINST THE GERMANS
where a composite force of some 25,000
British , Colonial, and Indian troops was first move of General Smuts was to push a
brought together under the command of reconnaissance in force towards the southeast
General Jan Christian Smuts. Fifteen slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, to test the
years ago, General Smuts headed a Boer strength of the German position . Finding
commando in a raid through Cape Colony,
and last year led the southern army through them in force there, he dispatched mounted
and other troops with motor transports, ma
German West Africa . He has had a won chine guns, and a mountain battery , under
derful career. Educated in Cape Colony, he Major-General Stewart, through Longido,
passed through Cambridge University in to encircle the northern end of the mountain
England and qualified as a barrister in Lon and attack Moshi from the west while he
don. At twenty -eight years of age he was drove at it in a frontal attack. The Ger
attorney-general of the Transvaal Republic mans made a good fight in the dense woods,
under President Kruger and took a promi where artillery and bombs were useless, but
nent part during those historic times. Since they were unprepared for an attack in their
Louis Botha became Premier of the Trans rear, and left 380 dead and many prisoners.
vaal, and afterwards of South Africa, Smuts Some of their forces retired along the Tanga
has been the minister to whom was assigned , railway, while themain body retreated south
as a matter of course, the most difficult and to contest further General Smuts's advance
contentious portfolio , and on one occasion he
assumed three simultaneously . Botha with - toward Kilimatinde, the capital of the
colony.
out Smuts would be greatly handicapped ; yet Military operations in these parts are con
the latter has not the complete confidence of ducted under difficulties — where the rains
his own people, although both they and the are tropical, crocodiles infest the rivers, wild
British element recognize that he is the ablest elephants and rhinoceros charge the motor
statesman in the country. He is a clever transport, giraffes object to the telephone
man, born in South Africa in the wrong wires, baboons protest against the shrapnel,
generation. In any other country, he would and lions reconnoitre the outlying patrols.
have made his mark even more quickly . As one Tommy put it : “ This is a blooming
On assuming command at Nairobi, the 200 — without the cages.”
Aug — 5
194 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Railway men from South Africa rapidly
laid down rails linking up the Uganda rail
10 Tirea with the German terminus at
lain turce was detached to follow the
Lutter te to the sea at Tanga and open up
ping buse. They slowly captured
et ster station until they reached and
Tanga imelf last month .
14 lett General Smuts free to push
med with the main column across country
I n terde, the seat of theGerman colo
Poi perepunent, which is on the main rail
Wat te midwar between Daar-es-Salaam
in Itter seizing Arusha , where im
** ** . : caravan routes meet, he pushed on
tersheim and Salanga.
Nada Trangi, about seventy -five miles
wa the main railway, was occupied by
live.cl lin Deventer on April 19, after a
per the The Germans retired towards
eftande but getting heavy reinforce
By reurned to the attack under the per
Winel Mention of General Von Lettow GENERAL SMUTS IN THE FIELD, DIRECTING OPERA
T erkinunander of theGerman imperial TIONS AGAINST THE GERMANS
( The automobile gun and motorcycles are typical of
1488A tall the colony. Following a heavy the modern equipment used by the British to overcome
great natural obstacles in a country where there are
e. the attack was continued dur-
A phe ph 10th, and 11th ofMay, but was but two railroads and practically no highways )
yule with heuery losses, THE GERMAN COLONY
Il ya the British forces gather in over man East Africa is in extent about
2 munibers for the final advance on 384Ger,000 square miles, and has now been un
The All the date of the colony will be German rule for twenty - five years.
i n i. Due the natives will have to be derDuri that period the Germans built the
low and diverted before a white man railwayngfrom Dar -es-Salaam , on the coast,
hip with the country. to Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika , which bisects
the colony; and a short line near the British
NISUMU BRITISH East African boundary from Tanga, on the
EAST AFRICA coast, to Moshi. The latter is opposite the
NAIROBI British town of Taveta , where there is a
branch railway connecting with the trunk
NILIMANJARO line through British East Africa. It is in .
A

this neighborhood that the colonial armies

BAS

TAN
MOM

E
OR
GERMAN ST
of Britain and Germany began to contend
KOWOONBARAS with each other.
KOROGWE
ZANZIBAR
A little beyond Moshi there is a Boer col
NINAWA BAGAMOYO (BR ) ony of “ bitter -enders,” who emigrated here
BAST AFRICA
DAR ES
SALAAM after the British annexed the Transvaal and
Orange Free State. So far as we know , this
( India
Oceann is the only bona fide white settlement in the
UNDENOU colony, apart from the government officials,
traders, military, and missionaries. This,
e

however, is not to be wondered at because

ues
tug

the country is climatically unsuited to Euro

Por

n
sio

PORTUGUESE S
a
Inv

SASY AFRICA / peans, or their domestic animals, except in

favored parts near the British border . It is
otherwise in the higher altitude and more
WO
fighting,byshowing fertile soil of the highlands of British East
which Africa .
w The colony is unfortunate in having all
the Ger
3 lion of the
" the plagues of Egypt” andmany more of its
 GERMAN EAST AFRICA 195
own. It is the home of rinderpest, which and following the river which Aowed out of
devastated the cattle of South Africa until Lake Victoria Nyanza down to Egypt
a preventative was found in arsenical dip- proved it to be the Nile.
ping, which destroys the ticks or parasites Sir Samuel Baker, in 1864, discovered
which cause the trouble. It is the home of Lake Albert Nyanza on another headwater
sleeping sickness, which carries off thousands of the Nile, and sighted the “ blue moun
of natives in this and the neighboring Congo tains” which Stanley was later to locate in
Free State. It is the home of the tsetse fly , 1888 as the snowy peaks of Ruwenzori.
whose puncture is death to the horse ormule. The Duke of the Abruzzi, now in command
Even donkeys die mysteriously. Apart from of the Italian Fleet in the Adriatic, ex
the usual malarial fever and occasional dys- plored these mountains in 1906 and identi
entery, Europeans who live long in the coun - fied them as “ the Mountains of the Moon ” .
try are liable to get the dreaded blackwater of Ptolemy — “ the Egypt nurtured in the
fever . Snow " of Æschylus— and " the Mountain of
In brief, tropical East Africa is only a Silver," the source of the Nile, of Aristotle.
shade less deadly than tropical In 1866 , Dr. Livingstone
West Africa ; but the human started on the journey from
seems to be able to adapt him which he never returned , and
self to any climatic conditions in the course of his wanderings
for a time. discovered Lake Mweru , Lake
So far no payable minerals in Bangwenlu, and the upper
any quantity have been found ; reaches of the Congo River.
and transportation away from The last mentioned is locally
either of the two railways is known as the Lualaba River,
limited to human beasts of and Livingstone died in the be
burden . lief that it was one of the head
Dar-es-Salaam is the princi waters of the Nile. It remained
pal town and seaport of Ger for Stanley, at a later period, to
man East Africa. It is laid out follow it to the sea and prove it
in one long row of whitewashed to be the Congo.
stucco houses along the shore In the meantime, Dr. Living
of the bay. Like Lorenzo stone was lost to the world and
Marques (Delagoa Bay ) , all Stanley was sent to find him .
business is transacted in the Starting from Bagamoyo, on
early morning and late after the mainland opposite Zanzi
noon, owing to the excessive bar, Stanley, in February , 1871,
moist heat. struck across country as direct
As a government undertak - A MASAI WARRIOR WITH as possible for Ujiji, on Lake
HIS FIGHTING GEAR
ing, the colony has never paid , ( A type of the natives in Tanganyika. There he found
although it is Germany's largest the German colony) Livingstone, and returned with
and most important one. Even the news of the latter's discov
with changed ownership , it holds out no eries. The route taken by Stanley in his
prospect of developing on other lines than plucky and adventurous journey is indicated
those of an important native trading center to-day by the track of the principal railway
and a magnificent game preserve. in German East Africa . The latter, how
ever, starts, not from Bagamoyo , but from
EARLY CENTRAL AFRICAN DISCOVERIES the seaport of Dar-es-Salaam , a few miles
In 1849, Dr. Livingstone, starting from farther south .
South Africa, crossed the Kalihari desert and
came upon Lake Ugami; and between 1851 HOW GERMAN EAST AFRICA WAS ACQUIRED
and 1856 he crossed the continent from the Stanley 's discoveries, and the forming of
west coast to the east and discovered the the Congo State by Leopold II, King of the
Upper Zambezi river and the now far- famed Belgians, brought about the partition of the
Victoria Falls. unoccupied areas of Africa by the Great
Burton and Speke, in 1858, discovered Powers.
Lake Tanganyika, some 400 miles long ; and Germany was the last to enter the field
Speke sighted Lake Victoria Nyanza, the of colonial enterprise, but not the least eager.
largest body of fresh water in Africa . Ac- The northern boundary of Portuguese
companied by Grant, Speke returned in 1862 East Africa had been recognized by Germany
196 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
in 1866, and by Britain in 1891, as defined England trading with Hudson Bay” (com
by the Rovuma river. To the north monly called the Hudson Bay Company).
stretched a coast line of about 1000 miles, He intended that they should be adminis
subject to the authority of the Sultan of tered by enterprising merchants, and that the
Zanzibar, whose independence had been rec obligations of the Imperial Government
ognized by Britain and France in 1862. should be limited to protecting them against
Dr. Karl Peters, a German subject, landed foreign interference.
on the mainland opposite Zanzibar in 1884 In pursuance of these objects, the
and proceeded to make " treaties” with the Deutsche-öst-Africa Gesellschaft was formed
native chiefs on behalf of the German Col- with a capital of $ 1,000,000 to take over the
onization Society. " treaty ' rights of Dr. Peters. A revolt of
In 1885, the British ambassador in Berlin the slave-trading Arabs in 1888 attained
communicated to Prince Bismarck , the Ger- such dimensions that the company's forces
man Chancellor, the following despatch from were driven back to the coast and held only
his government : the port of Dar-es-Salaam .
The Imperial Government thereupon in
The supposition that Her Majesty' s Govern tervened to suppress the rising, and latterly
ment have no intention of opposing the German took over the administration of the whole
scheme of colonization in the neighborhood of
Zanzibar is absolutely correct. country.
Her Majesty ' s Government, on the contrary, Meanwhile, in 1884, Sir Harry Johnston
view with favor these schemes, the realization of had concluded " treaties” with the Chief of
which will entail the civilization of large tracts Taveta, and this led to the formation of
over which hitherto no European influence has
been exercised , the cooperation of Germany with the Imperial British East Africa Company.
Great Britain in the work of suppression of the After appointing a joint boundary com
slave gangs, and the encouragement of the ef mission , the governments of Britain and
forts of the Sultan both in the extinction of the Germany came together on various occasions
slave trade and in the commercial development
of his dominions. and, with the friendly aid of France, settled
all differences by the creation of German
Bismarck contemplated initiating his co East Africa, British East Africa , and British
lonial ventures tentatively on the lines of the Uganda in 1890. As part of the deal,
earlier British chartered companies, such Britain ceded Heligoland , in the North Sea ,
as “ The East India Company" and " The to Germany, and acquired dominion over
Governor and Company of Adventurers of the Island of Zanzibar.

THE TWO SMALL POWER BOATS. - MIMI" AND - TOU -TOU ." WITH GUNS MOUNTED . WHICH GAINED THE
COMMAND OF LAKE TANGANYIKA FOR THE UNION FORCES
 SE
sa AARA

A
DAHOMEYA
RIA F
GUL OFA
DEN
and SUDAN GE
NI
CGOOALSTD

CAM
TOGO
LI

ERO
BE
RI
A

ON
)
BRITISH
N CH EAST AFRICA
F RE
N GO
CO CONGO

STATE GERMAN
EAST AFRICA A

MAP SHOWING THE NIGER AND CONGO RIVER SYSTEMS

MYSTERY OF THE NIGER

RIVER
BY CYRUS C. ADAMS
ONE hundred years ago this July Cap- pressive fact known about the Congo was
tain J . K . Tuckey and twenty of his that the majestic food it poured into the
crew died of fever among the rapids of the Atlantic freshened the sea several miles from
lower Congo, about 130 miles above the the shore; it certainly was a great river.
mouth of the river. Half of the party were But Mungo Park had proven that the Niger
dead a few weeks after their little vessel, also was a great river when he floated down
Congo, steamed into the river. Such a trag . its upper and middle course ; and as no one
edy could not occur in Africa to-day. had been able to find where the Niger
Tuckey did not know , as we do, that the reached the sea, it is not very strange that
virulent type of malaria , which ruined his geographers, a century ago, hitched it up
enterprise , is caused by the sting of a cer- with the Congo.
tain mosquito ; and that the disease cannot Mungo Park, the splendid and intrepid
occur if this pest is kept from breeding or young Scotchman who inaugurated the mod
the human body is protected against it. ern era of African exploration , was largely
It is one of the recent triumphs of science responsible for the theory that the Congo
that many problems of tropical hygiene are might be the outlet of the Niger. He was
already solved . Nearly 3000 whites are now enthusiastic over the idea. He wrote that,
living in the Congo basin ; and the death if the theory turned out to be true, the fact,
rate among them , for some years , has been in a commercial sense , would be second in
only about twenty per thousand a year. importance only to the discovery of the Cape
Tuckey wrote, before the calamity came, that of Good Hope. “ From a geographical
the climate was hot but seemed to him point of view ,” he added, “ it is certainly
salubrious. the greatest discovery that remains to be
We need only mention what Captain made in the world .”
Tuckey was trying to do to demonstrate how Great men of science sometimes sit com
dense, a century ago , was our ignorance of fortably in their studies at home and work
African geography. Nobody had found out physical or other problems whose solu
where the Niger River reached the sea ; and tion in the field costs investigators years of
as the mystery grew the theory became popu - toil and hardship . In this way, it is said,
lar that the Congo, or Zaire River, was the Dr. Gauss, of the University of Göttingen ,
lower part of the Niger. The most im - determined the position of the North Mag
197
198 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
netic Pole in the region where James Ross waterway from the sea for about 1000 miles
found this rather elusive object. The Ger- into the continent. So much cannot be said
man geographer, Reichard, became interest of any other river in Africa.
ed in the problem of the Niger ; and, gather The Niger is the third greatest river in
ing all data available with regard to the Africa and the eleventh in rank in the
waters in the equatorial regions of West world. How did it happen that for genera
Africa, he came to the conclusion that the tions no one knew the place and the manner
Niger must find its way to the ocean of its junction with the Atlantic ? The prob
through the streams of a delta ; and that lem was really a hard nut to crack , though
this delta was probably on the coast of the with our present methods of African ex
Bight of Benin where a large number of ploration and our knowledge of how to live
small streams were known to enter the in the deadly climate of the delta, the mys
Atlantic. tery would probably have been solved in a
The eminent geographer hit the nail on few months. The Niger delta , one of the
the head. His theory told the truth . The largest in the world , stretches 250 miles
western branches of the delta empty into along the coast. Most of its streams are
the Bight of Benin ; the eastern branches into small; and, skirting the coast, one can hardly
the adjoining Bight of Biafra. The prob - observe them , so completely are they hid
wa solved in an armchair : but the den in the dense region of mangrove swamps.
English gentlemen who, at that time, were Explorers soon found that they might strug
organizing the Tuckey expedition , laughed gle for weeks up a stream only to prove it a
to scorn the German hypothesis, declared blind alley ; for a peculiarity of the Niger
that Rerchard's deductions were “ entitled to is that not a few independent rivers form
very little attention ” and that his data were between the delta branches and have no
" wholly gratuitous." connection with the Niger itself. Most of
James McQueen was another armchair the delta is a network , difficult to enter or
investigator, but the books he read were to retreat from .
hundreds of black slaves taken to the West All nature is hideous there . The brown
Indies from the Niger River region . He had waters lazily coursing ; the evil odors of the
read Mungo Park 's fascinating story of his slime and ooze ; the repulsive animal life
journey down the Niger for hundreds of from crocodiles to pythons, lurking in the
miles and thought it very strange that no shadow for their prey ; and a choice collec
explorer had ever found where the great tion of insect plagues including the anopheles
river reached the sea. McQueen began to mosquito with its poisonous sting. These
question every native of the lower Niger he terrible conditions, persisting for about forty
could find ; and kept accumulating this tes - miles inland, are then succeeded by solid
timony for five years before he was ready earth , noble trees and sweet air ; but the
to publish his results. In 1821, when he had swamp region of the lower delta is one of
solved the puzzle to his satisfaction , he is themost forbidding parts of Africa .
sued a book in which he announced as a Richard Lander, at last, in 1830 , floating
fact, and not as a theory , that the Niger down the Niger , was taken by natives into
reached the sea through a wide-spreading the Nun branch of the delta and descended it
delta in the region of the "Oil Rivers." As to the sea. The Niger problem was solved.
a fact, the delta front is exactly where Mc. For many years, the Nun branch was the
Queen said it was. The Oil Rivers are the means of commercial communication with
delta streams of the Niger. the river ; but some time ago a sandbar
McQueen's book made more fun for the forming at the Nun mouth made entrance
learned geographers than any comic news- difficult for ships; and a good route to the
paper. The idea that an obscure trader in Niger has now been developed through the
the West Indies should dream that his con - Forcados branch of the delta .
fabs with ignorant slaves had solved the But the terror of the delta persisted till
Niger mystery was a most amusing joke. the white man learned how to fight the
McQueen lived to see the day when his malignant agencies of tropical diseases.
joke was recognized as a solemn geographical England gave the Niger a wide berth till
fact. It was from the West Indies also after 1850 . It was thought to be a plague
that McQueen sent to Europe the first in - stricken region from which no good would
formation of the great Benue tributary of ever come. Its terrors have Aed to-day be
the Niger which , with the Niger delta , is fore the advance in knowledge. Large ves
now known to provide a fine, uninterrupted sels ascend the Forcados branch, carrying
 THE SKYWARD CAREER OF ALL PRICES 199
commerce to and from the far interior of while the Congo and the Amazon have ex
Africa ; and Nigeria , a coming empire of actly similar relations to the Equator, the
industry with its great cattle, cotton , tin Congo has more rapid movement in its wa
mines, and other resources, is joined to the ters , more life and inspiration in its air .
sea both by rail and river. Draining an area nearly half as large as the
A hundred years ago our fathers thought United States, the Congo's 6000 miles of
of the Congo only as the outlet of the Niger. waterways, supplemented here and there by
We know now that it is the second greatest railroads, are bringing its 12,000,000 native
river system in the world . Most of its population into closer touch with the better
basin has the advantage of standing from influences of white occupancy. No primitive
1500 to 2000 feet above the sea, while the tropical land seems now to have a brighter
head of navigation on the Amazon and most and more hopeful outlook than the Belgian
of its tributaries is usually not over 300 - Colony of the Congo , when peace shall
400 feer above sea-level. The result is that, · come again.

THE SKYWARD CAREER OF

ALL PRICES
BY J. GEORGE FREDERICK
TWO big struggles seem to be going on tance. No amount of clever salesmanship
1 in the world — the clash of armies and could have sold more than usual three years
the clash of prices. The result of the first ago, but to -day they are almost literally
struggle is to kill off men , and the result of worth their weight in gold . Luxuries, too,
the second struggle is to kill off old standards paradoxical as it may seem , are going up
of value — to speed prices beyond anything ward in price because of increased demand ,
ever known in the world before. even in Berlin , the beleaguered ! It is au
It will be remembered that before the thoritatively reported that more women are
Civil War the level of prices was something wearing silk in Germany than ever before ;
like 100 per cent. lower than the permanent and at a recent sale some old paintings
level achieved by prices after the war. brought record prices. As for pearls of cer
Laborers were plentiful at as low as 50 tain high . grades — they have simply ceased
cents a day, and food and materials were to exist everywhere ! They are not any
in proportion . War never fails to boost more to be had at any price !
prices , and the greater the war the greater CONTRASTING NEW YORK, LONDON, AND
the boost. This being the world 's greatest BERLIN
war, this present boost is absolutely un
precedented. But it is not the price or pearls that is
Price is evidently the delicate balancing worrying the world . The world of busi
needle on which the economic world pivots, ness is worrying about raw material and
and like a seismograph dial it is registering labor, and the householder is worrying about
world disturbance at points thousands of food. The rise in food values the world
miles away. The entire working world is over is graphically shown in Fig. 1, con
in a position of worry over materials and trasting prices for certain staples in the
production, with only a passing thought world 's three principal cities, New York ,
about selling. It is no longer a question of London and Berlin . The comparison of all
disposal of output, but of securing materials, foods shows that whereas New York City
labor, and equipment ; and adjusting to price has suffered a 20 per cent. increase, London
conditions. has suffered to the extent of 55 per cent, and
In such a situation only one result is Berlin 100 per cent. This gives a general
sure— that prices will continue to mount measure of difference between the price
until the great suction of demand is reduced . pressure in different parts of the war-tor
The demand is twisted and tangled — that is tured globe. An interesting sidelight is that
one great difficulty. There is now terrific , price-pressure for goods is felt about 5 to 10
unlimited drain on certain chemicals, for in - per cent. stronger in cities of over 50,000
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
can consumer a pretty penny.
Even the United States War
Department, finding itself
up against unconscionably
high prices in munitioning
Uncle Sam 's army, began
agitation for an association
of dealers for protection
against exorbitant prices. It
was also remembered that
large army orders disturb
the market and bring on in
Sugar Potatoes Mutton Flour Beef Bacon creases to the public.
Poode

New York London Am Berlin GASOLINE PRICES

A curious thing has been
FIGURE 1- INCREASE OF FOOD PRICES SINCE JULY 1, 1914. IN THREE
WORLD CITIES
that more fuss was made
over the 72 per cent. rise in
population . Berlin 's low sugar cost is ex - gasoline than over food prices. The Federal
plained by the fact that Germany is a sugar- Trade Commission made inquiry into gaso
producing country and it had been planned line, but not into food. It is apparent that
that Germany could substitute sugar for gasoline is an article of almost universal con
other forms of food . Since these figures sumption and an object of universal solici
were compiled it is indicated in cables that tude.
even sugar prices are rapidly following other But the seriously upsetting element of
prices. price increase has been in industry's raw ma
THE HUMBLE RICE ACHIEVES PRIZE FOR terials and labor ; also uncertainty of supply
at any price. It is common now for officers
PRICE INCREASE of concerns who have never heretofore con
Beef, the great human staple , is naturally sented to see raw material makers to visit
much inflated in price. In Vienna beef has them in an humble spirit and endeavor to
risen 256 per cent. Even in America com - place an order - price no consideration. Un
mon dried beef has risen 100 per cent. But fortunately all makers are in much the same
it remains for plain , common , every-day rice =
to top the highest of all known price ad- WHAT WAR HAS DONE TO AMERICAN MATERIALS
vances, whether for munition raw materials, The wholesale prices of the following staple
food or whatnot. Rice in Vienna is 552 per articles have increased as follows since July 1,
cent. above normal ; 426 per cent. in Berlin . 1914 :
The highest raw material advance is 431 per Bleaching powder ...... . . . . . . .431 per cent
cent., for bleaching powder (see price ad Blue Vitriol . . .. . . . . 245 per cent
vance list ). Even in sequestered Switzer Sulphuric
Caustic
acid .. .233 per cent
soda . . .. . . . . 191 per cent
land sugar is advanced 80 per cent., while Glycerine . . .: . . 162 per cent
England, the home of mutton , now pays Muriatic acid . . . 161 per cent
80 per cent. more for it. Bessemer Steel Billets . 125 per cent
Wrapping -paper . 122 per cent
In America the cost of living went to a Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 per cent
high point at once on news of war, August, Silk . . . . . . 85 per cent
1914, jumping in twenty days from 141.5 Galvanized sheet iron . . . . 73 per cent
( index number) to 162.4. But it promptly Gasoline 72 per cent
Nails . . . 67 per cent
receded, being carried downward by stock Tin 47 per cent
scare, until it touched the low point of 136 .3 Pig -iron .. . . 47 per cent
in September, 1915. Then it steadily shot Leather . . . . . . . . . . 44 per cent
ahead until it reached a new high mark of White lead in oil . .. .. 44 per cent
Clay worsted cloth . . . . 40 per cent
169 in May. At that time it declined, Paper (news roll) .. .. . .. . 33 per cent
but on the first of July reached the record Worsted serge . . . . . . . . . . 33 per cent
level of 170. The New York World has Wool .. . . 30 per cent
stirred up an indignant crusade against high Flour cloth ... . 25 per cent
Gingham 22 per cent
prices, claiming that chasing after abnormal Builder's lath . .. . .. . 17 per cent
foreign war profits is costing the Ameri- Brick ... 14 per cent
 AN AMERICAN WOMAN'S NOTES ON MEXICO
position , and the result is " stalemate.” Many
thousands of industries are “ oversold .”
Price - once the tender spot, the keen bone
of contention — now is no consideration, for
all sorts of wild price increases are the rule,
not the exception.
Abuse of the situation has been a result –
it being figured by some who have no cost
increases that in the general upward scramble
they, too , might as well apply price -pressure.
Some frankly say they use high price as a
brick -bat to club business away !
The cost of money has gone up as well
as the cost of materials. “ Call loans” in
July, 1914 , were 2 and 3 per cent.; in July,
1916 , they were 3 and 412 per cent. Time
loans were 274 and 3 per cent. ; to -day they
are 3 /4 to 474 per cent. In Minneapolis a
record of 6 per cent. for commercial dis-
counts has been reached .
PRICES UP TO STAY
Labor costs have tremendously increased
in many lines. The May first labor strikes
and raises are estimated to have amounted to
THE PRICE PRESSURE ON WORLD CENTERS
Percentage of increase in the retail prices of
food in New York , London , and Berlin since
July 1, 1914 :
New York London Berlin
Sugar . . . 81 per cent 152 per cent 30 per cent
Potatoes. . 33 per cent 47 per cent 37 per cent
Mutton . . . 28 per cent 80 per cent 160 per cent the upward movement of prices has revo
Flour . .., 25 per cent 60 per cent 14 per cent
Beef . . . .. 13 per cent 60 per cent 180 per cent lutionized the economic world , and may con
Bacon . . . 8 per cent 37 per cent 153 per cent
All foods 20 per cent 55 per cent 100 per cent
: 201
several billion dollars. Common ordinary
carpenters have been paid this spring as high
as $ 50 per week ! Publicists are crying in
alarm that a vicious, ever -widening circle of
price rise is being created and that ruin will
follow in its wake. Calmer reasoning by
past experience hardly justifies this. War
price increases - like war taxes — are never
reduced. They pin themselves permanently
to the social fabric and demand that their
high level— though perhaps not their high
peaks — be regarded as the normal level of
the future. Such a situation acts upon the
upset industries as war has acted upon
traditional England - it has pried loose many
set notions and compelled new thinking and
new planning.
The usual curious result of mounting
prices is visible now — the added prosperity
of both the laboring man and the capitalist,
but the embarassment of the middle profes
sional, esthetic, salaried classes. They have
no means, like labor, of forcing salary stand
ards upward ' to meet price increases : nor
have they real opportunity to share in profits.
As a result America's laboring classes and
proprietary classes are more prosperous than
ever before, while the middle classes are only
normally prosperous, but with abnormally
high prices to meet.
What will happen to prices if war ends
is a popular bogey ; but one thing is certain :
tain in it the germ of some social revolutions
as well.

AN AMERICAN WOMAN ' S NOTES

ON MEXICO
THE last three months of 1913 and the of Vera Cruz and the landing there of
1 first four of 1914 formed a critical United States troops.
period in the relations between the United During those trying months there re
States and Mexico While the Huerta Gov. mained in Mexico only a few Americans
ernment was making its last desperate efforts whose heads were steady enough to enable
to win the recognition of the United States, them to see clearly and relate calmly and im
the Administration at Washington , ceasing partially what was going on . One member
to rely on the usual diplomatic channels of of this little group was a woman - Mrs. Nel
information , sent a confidential agent to the son O 'Shaughnessy, wife of the American
Mexican capital, and at the same timemade Chargé d 'Affaires at Mexico City . Her
overtures to the insurgents under General letters to her mother , written from day to
Carranza in the north , who were greatly day in natural family intimacy, and not in
aided by the removal of the embargo on tended for publication , give the most vivid
border shipments of arms and munitions. picture that has come to us of the unfolding
The friction between the two nations culmi- scene of anarchy.
nated in the seizure by our navy of the city These letters now appear in a volume en
202 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
titled “ A Diplomat's Wife in Mexico." i If A generation of rich and poor alike will be
an occasional judgment expressed in one of at the mercy of the hordes that will have new
the early letters seems inconsistent with opin strength and means to fight, and eat, and pillage,
and rape their way through the country. There
ions expressed at a later date, it is only a will be a stampede of people leaving town to
frank revelation of the writer's limitations night and to-morrow , but those in the interior,
and changes in viewpoint and detracts in no what of them ? There is sure to be violent anti
American demonstration , especially in out-of
way from the essential candor and sincerity the-way places.
of her narrative. .
Many of the facts stated and opinions ex- At last came the Vera Cruz incident and
pressed in Mrs. O 'Shaughnessy 's letters have actual intervention. Admiral Fletcher re
a direct bearing on the Mexican situation of ceived orders to prevent the delivery by the
to -day . Soon after the Y piranga of the arms
arrival of the Hon. and munitions which
John Lind in the she was carrying to
capacity of Presi the Mexican Govern
dent Wilson 's con ment and to seize the
fidential agent, Mrs. customs. Comment
O ' Shaughnessyre ing on the interna
corded her emphatic tional situation in
dissent from his at that month of
titude on the ship April, 1914, Mrs.
ment of arms from O 'Shaughnessy said :
the United States to I think we have done
the Mexican insur a great wrong to these
gents : people ; instead of cut
ting out the sores with
Something that devel a clean , strong knife of
oped in a conversation war and occupation , we
with Mr. Lind has been have only put our fin
making me a bit gers in each festering
thoughtful, and more wound and inflamed it
than a little uneasy . He further. In Washing
has the idea, perhaps ton there is a word they
the plan , of facilitating lon 't like, though it has
the rebel advance by been written all over
raising the embargo , this port by every
and I am afraid that movement of every
he will be recommend warship and been thun
ing it to Washington . dered out by every can
We had been sitting, MRS. NELSON O'SHAUGHNESSY non - war. What we
talking, after dinner, are doing is war, ac
shivering in the big companied by all the
room over a diminutive electric stove, when he iniquitous results of half measures, and in Wash
first tentatively suggested such action . I ex - ington they call it " peaceful occupation .”
claimed : " Oh, Mr. Lind ! You can 't mean that !
It would be opening a Pandora box of troubles These prophecies of evil — which have been
here." Seeing how aghast I was, he changed the verified only too fully in the event - occupy
subject. But I cannot get it out of my head . only a small portion of these intensely inter
Mrs. O 'Shaughnessy admitted that the esting letters. There are etching-like por
raising of the embargo on arms and ammuni- traits of all the leading personalities that had
tion in the north might go far to settle the a place on the Mexican stage in those crucial
Huerta dictatorship, but not the larger months. In no other form has there been
Mexican situation . In the following Febru preserved so human and convincing a likeness
ary , when news was received in Mexico Cityof Victoriano Huerta , the crafty old Indian
of the actual raising of the embargo, Mrs. of
whohissought at that time to guide the destinies
troubled country .
O 'Shaughnessy wrote :
There is a well-deserved tribute to Admi
This act will not establish the rebels in Mexico ral Fletcher for his steadying influence in
City or anywhere else, but will indefinitely pro averting actual war, and there are also at
long this terrible civil war and swell the tide
of the blood of men and women, " and the chil. tractive pen pictures of Sir Lionel Carden ,
dren - oh , my brothers." the British Minister, and Admiral Sir Chris
1A Diplomat's Wife in Mexico. By Mrs. Nelson topher Cradock, who was later to lose his life
O 'Shaughnessy . Harper. 355 p . III. $ 2. in the naval battle off the coast of Chile .
 THE MOTOR CYCLE SQUAD, SERGEANT SAMUEL JOHNSON , COMMANDING

POLICE PREPAREDNESS
IN NEW YORK
BY WILLIAM MENKEL
DOLICING a city in time of peace is one men can be concentrated almost immediately
I thing. Coping with an extraordinary at any given point in the entire city .
emergency like a Dayton flood or a San I n any great disaster, the first problem is
Francisco fire is a far different one. On such to provide food and shelter for the homeless .
occasions the local police force is likely to be Such unfortunate people immediately become
unprepared and inadequate for the job, and a great, suffering, distracted horde, difficult
United States troops or the State militia must to handle effectively without organization .
be called in to bring order out of chaos, keep These “ refugees ” have been carefully planned
down lawlessness, and organize shelter and for. Sites for camps have been selected ,
relief work . It is a wise city boats and vehicles listed for
that prepares for such emer transportation purposes, and
gencies in time of peace and arrangements made for can
order. vas shelter . The whole camp
The work of the New will be conducted according
York Police Department in to the highest standards of
getting ready for just such camp hygiene and sanitation
crises is an interesting lesson as laid down by modern mili
in “ preparedness ” and an 'ex tary regulations. This work
ample of what can be done will all be done by police
by the police force of a large men. They not only know
municipality to put itself in how to lay out the camp site,
shape for handling sudden but can pitch the tents , and
calamities. For fully a year put into operation all the
now a campaign of prepara sanitary measures applying
tion has been systematically to large groups of people
pursued, with the result that housed in one camp. They
to -day the Police Depart- Am . Press Asso. have had the best of train
ment of America's greatest ARTHUR H . WOODS ing, both theoretical and
city is prepared to the best of Police Commissioner of New York City practical, under regular army
its ability to meet almost any officers . Many of them have
conditions brought about by fire, food, been through the course at the Plattsburg
cyclone, tidal wave, earthquake, or even a camps for this very purpose.
foreign invasion . The force of 11,000 men Then there is the commissary branch of
is trained for all the various kinds of work the work. The people must be fed , and that
involved in dealing with a sudden catastro- without the delay and waste of the well-inten
phe. The plans are ready and need only to tioned buthastily and ill-organized volunteer
be drawn forth from their pigeon -hole in efforts. This commissary work has been
order to set the whole machinery in motion studied to the last detail. The Police De
In case of riot or other necessity , 8 ,000 partment not only knows exactly where to
203
204 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
THE POLICE WIRELESS PLANT, WITH SERGEANT
PEARCE IN CHARGE
lay its hands immediately on the needed food
supplies, but will furnish out of its own
ranks the cooks to prepare the meals. Even
bills-of-fare have been planned and an outfit
of eating utensils provided . Provision has
also been made against the possible cutting
off of the city 's outside food supply by the
destruction of railroad terminals and other
transportation facilities.
In times of disaster, telegraph and tele-
phone wires are often destroyed . It would
be difficult in such a case to communicate in
can imagine the serious plight of a large com
the ordinary way with the various police munity
units scattered throughout the great city.
own wire
The department, therefore, has its own wire
less stations and operators, and its signal
corps trained in wigwag, heliograph , and
other systems of communication , so that even
with the telephone and telegraph lines dis
connected , orders can be sent out and the
men mobilized for their different duties.
The possibility of foreign invasion also
brings along its problems for the police.
A threatening enemy may have agents
within the city , ready to destroy the water
supply and transportation depots with a few
well- placed explosives. All the important
points of the city 's public services have
therefore been carefully noted and will be
heavily guarded at the first sign of trouble.
Important public buildings will likewise have
strong police lines thrown around them .
All this emergency work would naturally
divert a large part of the force from its
ordinary duties . Disorderly elements are
prone to take advantage of just such condi
tions, and looting and other forms of lawless
ness take place. This is where another or
ganization, recently formed, will step in as
a second line of police defense. It is called
the Home Defense League. This organiza
tion is simply the banding together in every
police precinct of a group of citizens for
training as a police reserve. There are al
ready about two hundred of these precinct
organizations, with a total membership of
about 21, 000 men . The members of this
HomeDefense League meet weekly in school
buildings, halls, or vacant lots, for lectures
and practical instruction in police duties ,
calisthenics, and military drill. The police
captain of the precinct supervises the work,
but the men elect their own officers and will
in due time be provided with their own dis
tinctive uniforms and badges.
The scheme as a whole is frankly experi
mental, but the enthusiasm so far exhibited
by the different branches of this Home De
fense League speaks well for its success. The
League's first participation in practical work
came last month , when the members assisted
the police in enforcing sanitary regulations
to prevent the spread of infantile paralysis.
When it is considered that in the event of
a serious war a regiment or two may very
possibly be recruited entirely from the ranks
of the Police Department, the importance of
having a trained reserve to step into the
vacant places will easily be seen . A city must
not be without sufficient police protection
even under ordinary conditions. But one
called on to face a sudden outbreak
of domestic disorder at a time, for instance,
like the present when a large part of its
A RED CROSS SQUAD, WITH BICYCLE STRETCHER
 POLICE PREPAREDNESS IN NEW YORK 205
State militia is serving on the Mexican bor- tary, the men pay their own expenses, and
der, more than a thousand miles away. do all the work of maintaining the camp in
The job of the policeman in a big city its food and sanitary arrangements. Instruc
is far from being simply a matter of pound - tion is under the auspices of regular army
ing the pavement. His work is many officers and police officers, and is adapted to
sided. He must be something of a lawyer, the special needs of a policeman 's work .
partly street-cleaner and health officer, natu - There is a twelve-hour day of field work,
rally a peace officer, and also a good deal of with lectures and demonstrations at night.
a military man . While other branches of the Beside military training, the instruction in
policeman 's training have always received cludes calisthenics , boxing, wrestling , jiu
considerable attention , the military side has jitsu, the operation of motor launches, auto
only recently been developed. It forms mobiles, and motorcycles, the care and feed
a distinct and important part of the pre- ing of horses , "wigwag ” and other methods
paredness program of the New York police. of signalling, the laying out and maintenance
Anyone who saw themembers of New York's of the sanitary military camp, and the pro
" Finest" on the occasion of their recent viding, issuing, preparation , and serving of
annual parade will appreciate the military food .
proficiency that has been gained by the men . This whole program of preparedness on
While it is not designed to make a military which the New York Police Department has
man out of the policeman , it is essential for been engaged now for over a year will un
him to know how to give proper commands doubtedly prove valuable from a number
in a clear, intelligent manner , and how to of standpoints. Besides its importance as
move large bodies of men from one point to contributing to the assurance of security for
another with order and precision . These re- the community, the work provides an incen
sults are produced by military drill, which tive for the building up of a right spirit of
also helps greatly to develop discipline and a interest among the men in their work and
spirit of coöperation which are essential to makes for the general strengthening of one of
the morale of the city 's organized police the city 's most important departments. Its
force . The handling of weapons is, of effect on the citizens in general must be one
course, a necessary feature of the policeman 's of increased confidence in their police protec
training . The men are instructed in revolver tors. It is highly fortunate that all this work
practise and are also taught to shoot with the of preparation for the various possible con
regular army rifle, and to operate machine tingencies has been planned with the coöpera
and rapid -fire guns. tion of the regular army officials and the
To supply as much practical experience as State National Guard. In this way the Po
possible, a “ Police Plattsburg ” has been estab- lice Department has not only benefited by
lished at Fort Wadsworth, on Staten Island. the knowledge and experience of the military
Here throughout the summer the policemen organizations in the handling of emergency
will come in companies of 350 at a time for situations, but has also guarded against
a stay of two weeks. The course is volun - clashes of authority and duplication of work .

Urderwood & Underwood

DEFENDING THE FORT IN A SHAM BATTLE DURING THE POLICE GAMES AT SHEEPSHEAD BAY, SHOWING THE
NEW YORK POLICE IN BATTLE PRACTISE
DAYLIGHT-SAVING IN AMERICA
[In the June number of this Review there was printed, an article relating to the adoption , by
most of the countries of Europe, of a scheme for making more use of daylight by setting all
clocks forward one hour during the summer. Readers in Cleveland and Detroit have since called
attention to the fact that they have enjoyed similar benefits for several years. ' In these American
communities, the method has been to adopt the later hour of Standard Time zone to the East.
Formerly, when it was seven o 'clock in the morning at New York it was six at Detroit and Cleve
land ; now it is the same clock time in all three places. Thus the people of Detroit and Cleveland ,
without extra effort, rise an hour earlier than formerly and enjoy an hour more of daylight. Move
ments are on foot in Chicago and St. Louis to make similar changes. In New York City, the Hon.
Marcus M . Marks, President of the Borough of Manhattan , is leading a campaign which has attracted
attention throughout the entire East. — THE EDITOR. ]

1. — CLEVELAND UNDER EASTERN TIME

BY W . S. LLOYD
THAT a prophet is not without honor, landers impose no greater inconvenience upon
I save in his own country , is being ex - their visitors than they impose upon them
emplified to the residents of Cleveland , Ohio, selves, for they must also bear the change
this summer as they read, in many forms of time in mind when they make their ar
accounts of the efforts being made by the rangements to travel. But the new scheme
peoples of European countries to utilize an is working out splendidly . The workman
extra hour of daylight on account of the goes home to his family by daylight and
exigencies of the European war. reads his evening paper by the light of the
Cleveland, “ no mean city, " as the govern - sun . The economic saving in electric light
ment census records, has been rejoicing in or gas bills is marked.
the benefits arising from arbitrarily turning Here are a few facts in regard to the
the hands of her clocks one hour ahead since hours of daylight in this latitude: Light be
the morning of May 1, 1914 , and no one of fore Sunrise and after sunset varies from
her three - fourths of a million people would fifteen minutes to one and a half hours, de
think , for a moment, of turning them back pending upon weather conditions, and the fig
again . This simple device, which Mr. ures to be found on daylight and darkness as
Charles Fitzhugh Talman designates in the presented by the committee on Eastern time
June issue of the REVIEW OF REVIEWS as of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce
" bristling with difficulties," was made ef- were based upon ideal weather conditions.
fective at midnight between two days and The day of June 22d of each year in Cleve
no one ever knew the difference. It was a land shows the greatest amount of daylight,
bright May morning and everything was ap - or fifteen hours and fourteen minutes. The
parently going on as usual. 22d day of December, on the other hand,
Since the adoption of Eastern time two experiences only nine hours and eleven min
thousand or more Clevelanders have been utes of daylight, which is the smallest
daily playing baseball in the parks during the amount of the year. The earliest rising of
summer season, and one thousand others have the sun is at 3 :51 o 'clock and the latest
been playing tennis for that hour of daylight rising at 6 :54 o'clock ; also the earliest set
which they have secured by earlier rising. ting occurs at 3 :55 o 'clock and the latest
It may be said that Cleveland, being in setting at 7 :06 o 'clock. These figures show
the " central” zone of railway time, of course that on the day of the most sunlight the
has its railway trains entering and leaving sun rises at too early an hour to benefit the
on their own arbitrarily determined time. majority of our citizens, and on the day of
The traveler may find some annoyance in least sunlight many are deprived of the
adjusting his watch to Eastern standard time sunlight after working hours by its early
on his arrival in Cleveland . It is easy to re- setting . Assuming that the average hours of
member the difference, however, and Cleve- rising and retiring are 6 and 10 o'clock, re
206
 DAYLIGHT-SAVING IN AMERICA 207
spectively, 201 hours, or the

T
equivalent of thirty-three WASH MONT. 2

UN
minutes more daylight each NDAK MINNI
day, during the year are se ORÉ.

AHMO
IC
cured for added activities by IDA но S. DAK. WIS
MICH .VENES

IF
the adoption of " Eastern " NEV IOWA

UT
PAC
time. NEBR .
- OHIO
In a city like Cleveland KANS.
SM

the recreation of the ma COL

jority of its citizens is taken N. MEX OK LAA
4 TENN
during the afternoons and
early evenings. This part of TEXA
their lives is one of the most
important and is essential to
the success of their more
serious efforts . By adopting 103

Eastern standard time these THE STANDARD TIME ZONES

(In 1883, through the initiative of the railroads and primarily for their
citizens obtained 234 hours benefit, a system of Standard Time was formulated. The country was
(nt during divided into four zones , the centers being apart 15 longitudinal degrees,
or exactly one hour sun time. Cleveland and Detroit have " saved " day .
light by discarding Central Time and adopting Eastern Time. To put the
been devoted to outdoor rec. plan into effect throughout the entire country would be even more simple
- leave the zones as they are, and set all clocks ahead one hour in all zones)
reation ; 276 days, or three
quarters of the year, were afforded day- Nor has the city of Cleveland hid its light
light after 5 :30 o'clock in the evening. under a bushel. The committee on Eastern
These beneficent results had their origin standard time of the Chamber of Commerce
in the report of the Committee on Eastern is still in existence and is ready to give the
Time appointed by the Cleveland Chamber benefits of its experience to civic bodies of
of Commerce which resulted in the enact- other cities. The city of Detroit has already
ment of an ordinance simply to announce followed the example of Cleveland for its
that “ the standard of time throughout the growing population of wage-earners; Chicago
City of Cleveland shall be that of the seven - has the matter under consideration, and
ty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Cleveland's message to all her sister cities
Greenwich , known as “Eastern standard is that no effort should be made to curtail
time.' Municipal offices and legal or official the benefits of early rising to a portion of
proceedings of the City of Cleveland shall the year. If the clocks are turned forward
be regulated thereby ; and when by ordinance, they should never be turned backward for
resolution , or action of any municipal officer the fact that a little inconvenience may be
or body an act must be performed at or caused by the early rising on a dark winter
within a prescribed time, it shall be so per- morning, for the benefits exist in December
formed according to such standard of time.” as well as May.

II. - EARLY RISING IN DETROIT

BY GEORGE L. RENAUD , M .D .
DETROIT adopted Eastern Standard besides the writer. We worked against the
Time on May 15, 1915, after nine
years of agitation . This attempt to improve
conditions by the adoption of a fast system
of time was the first organized effort made
in this country, and was without knowledge
of a movement then under way in England.
Owing to general ignorance and apathy, and
lack of newspaper support, public interest
was very slow to be awakened . The More-
Daylight Club was organized in 1907, at a
meeting attended by but one other person
opposition of the press, the Board of Com
merce, organized labor, and every organiza
tion approached . However, we forced a
vote in the fall of 1908, and out of nearly
150 voting precincts we did not carry a sin
gle one. Continuing our educational cam
paign , we felt strong enough in 1911 to
submit the question again , and carried eight
wards out of eighteen .
From the first we tried to create interest
throughout the State and in outside cities,
208 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
hoping ultimately to change the whole rail- work and riches. The general contentment
road dividing line. In Cleveland, the seed and happiness of communities, especially the
fell on good soil, and with the support of an working classes in the cities, must not be
aggressive Board of Commerce and a liberal overlooked. The average citizen will not
press, Eastern Standard Time was adopted only be healthier, but better satisfied with
there on May 1, 1914 . his lot in life if he can go home early during
We continued our efforts, pointing to the the pleasant months of the year and be able
success of the scheme in Cleveland , and con - to take some advantage of daylight.
vinced our Common Council that the ma
jority of people were by that time in favor consumptionighoft” artificial
The least of the advantages claimed for
tthehe consumption plan is the
the " more daylight” plan is the saving in
light. Little
of it. An ordinance was accordingly passed
which went into effect on May 15, 1915 . stress is laid upon this, because the other ad
May 15, 1915.
The agitation for Eastern Standard Time vantages are so vastly more important, and
was an effort to recover several hundred yet the citizens of Detroit save each year
hours yearly of daylight that were lost in about $ 300, 000. If we had to pay that sum ,
the early morning hours, before arising, and or even ten times as much, for the benefits
utilizing them at the end of the day for secured by Eastern Standard Time it would
purposes of recreation , outdoor living, health , be worth the price. Think of it, $ 300,000
etc. The scheme is based upon the fact that saved, not only this year, but next year and
our habits are regulated largely by the each succeeding year !
clock. Under Central Standard Time, dur- The most frequent objection relates to the
ing nine or ten months of the year the railroads, but there is no doubt that the rail
sun was shining from one to several hours roads will change the present dividing lines
each morning while we were asleep, while between the Standard Time zones when the
darkness rapidly approached soon after the sentiment of the people becomes strong
end of the day's work. Of the advantages enough. Until such a time, what is the con
of recovering much of this waste of day - dition ? To listen to the objectors you would
light, there can be no argument. As to the imagine the confusion was dreadful. As a
method of doing so , the adoption of a fast matter of fact, there is absolutely none.
time offers the only logical, feasible, and The traveling public is but a small part of
practical method for a community the population .
Under Eastern Standard Time we have Eastern Time is used by all the people of
nearly 300 hours more of daylight yearly Detroit generally, except the railroads.
after 5 P . M . than we had under Central Banks, courts , and all institutions observing
Standard Time. Think of what this means State laws operate under Eastern Time as
in opportunities for indulging in out-of-door regards opening and closing hours and the
life and recreation , the improvement of the ordinary conduct of business, using Central
general health , increased resistance to dis - Time only in legal publications where re
ease through increased vitality , the preserva - quired by law .
tion of our visual organs, as well as the The time question in Detroit is once more
great economic saving to the community to be submitted to a vote of the people, in
Naturally most of our recreation is taken August. Last winter, during the short days,
after the day's labor is completed . The brief some opposition developed in certain quar
period of daylight now at our disposal, be- ters. But the great majority of people seem
tween the hours of work and sleep, is fre- to be more than satisfied, and we confidently
quently insufficient for outdoor recreation . expect to win .
Thousands of our citizens suffer from Our ultimate aim is, and always has been ,
weak eyes, and practically every one has to to have the dividing lines between the time
have attention sooner or later for his eyes. zones so placed that all sections of the coun
The great advantage of living for about 300 try would be operating under a fast time.
hours less each year under artificial light, For instance, if the present line dividing
with the added advantage in many instances Eastern from Central time could be changed
of better general health , would benefit the from Buffalo , Pittsburgh, and Atlanta to
thousands of sufferers and would in many Chicago and Mobile (or perhaps to the Mis
cases be the deciding factor in warding off sissippi), all of the States of Michigan , Ohio ,
serious affliction of the eyes. Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee , Georgia,
The wonderful material progress of this Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi would
great country has almost caused us to forget have the advantages that have accrued to
that there is something worth while besides Cleveland and Detroit.
LEADING ARTICLES OF THE
MONTH
UNIVERSAL MILITARY SERVICE
SEARCHING criticism of the army meagre - only fifteen dollars a month . It would
not be right to have a heavily paid , large, mer
n reorganization plan adopted by Con cenary force enlisting and fighting for us purely
gress is contributed to the current number because of the large pay that we provide; but
of the Yale Review by Professor Hiram how can we expect honest, ambitious young
Bingham . This writer condemns the Hay Americans, willing to do their duty by the de
Chamberlain Reorganization bill as essen fense of their country, eager to get the necessary
amount of training, and appreciative of the phy
tially a " pork -barrel" measure in that it sical and mental value of army discipline, to
plans the distribution of national funds on sign away their freedom for seven years ? For
a large scale to military organizations not tunately some men are born fighters and love
directly under Federal control. “Millions the service. They naturally will become of
ficers. Were it not that love of fighting is not
of dollars are to be handed over by the Fed entirely dead among us, it would be difficult to
eral Government to officers whom Federal get even as many " regulars” as we do now ;
officials cannot discharge for incompetence but it is ridiculous to suppose that merely in
and to organizations which those who are creasing the size of the army on paper is going
to attract to it enough of the right kind of men .
responsible for national defense cannot dis If the period of enlistment were reduced to
band for inefficiency or insubordination .” one year ; if the regiments were composed of
The worst of it all, says Professor Bing- men from the same locality, so that a man might
ham , is that Congress is playing politics in be sure of getting into a regiment composed of
men from his own State, where the esprit de
the face of a world -wide conflagration . " Are corps would be kept up by local friendships and
we willing to allow our ‘hired men ' in Con acquaintances both before and after enlistment;
gress to have an amusing little game of pin if care were taken to see to it that the year of
ochle while the woods are on fire ? ” active service was unquestionably made good
for both body and mind , so that when men same
It seems to be the belief of Congress that home from it they were better men in every
advocates of national preparedness will be way than they were before, — then I believe there
satisfied if some addition is made to the would be no difficulty in securing recruits and
in making the army of whatever size was needed .
standing army and if citizens joining the Furthermore, if the citizens found that their sons
militia are paid for their services. But these came home from a year in the army, sounder men
offerings, according to Professor Bingham , physically and more alert mentally, there would
aremere sops to those communities that have be no question about providing enough reg:
armories . In other words, Congress is giv ments and enough equipment to meet the needs
of those who cared to enlist. Such a scheme,
ing the people “ soothing syrup " when there moreover, would lessen the disgraceful number
is need of strongmedicines . of desertions that annually occur in the ranks
of the United States army. If regiments were
Will any member of Congress explain how the recruited from localities so that the deserter on
United States army is going to be made nearly his return home found himself faced by an out
three times its present size, when it has been raged public opinion in the very place that took
practically impossible to keep the present little pride in his regiment, desertion would become
force recruited up to full strength ? Perhaps uncommon .
some members know it cannot be done. Con
gress is going to tell us that it has done its duty In Professor Bingham 's opinion , nothing
to the nation by increasing the standing army; less than an efficient citizen soldiery based
and when we find that the standing army is not on universal military training will meet our
very much bigger than it was before - as we are needs in the matter of national defense. His
likely to find so long as wages are high and there
ress will
is no great body of unemployed _ Congress will . contention is that every able-bodied citizen
tell us that American citizens are not patriotic, should have at least one year's military train
because they are not becoming recruits. ing or its equivalent. This equivalentmight
In answer to this, why not look at the root of take the form of joining the militia or enter
the evil? When a man joins the standing army
he enlists for seven years ; the first three of& ing the military companies organized in the
which must be with the colors. The pay is State universities, or it might take the form
Aug. – 6 209
210 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
of three months in camp each year, beginning danger that a universal citizen soldiery will
at the age of eighteen. As a country we tolerate militarism here any more than it
believe in compulsory education and com - does in Switzerland, which has been for years
pulsory military training of the kind pro- a splendid model of a nation in arms. The
posed by Professor Bingham would be no mobilization of the Swiss army can be ef
more of a hardship than to spend, as every fected within a few days. The possession
American must, a certain number of years in of a relatively large army has not only not
going to school. led Switzerland to engage in the great Euro
To the objection that universal military pean conflict, but it has definitely prevented
training leads to militarism Professor Bing, her from being overrun by the larger armies
ham replies that this objection is based on a of her neighbors. In Switzerland every able
failure to appreciate the difference between bodied man has been given military training
a democracy and a monarchy. “ There is no as a matter of citizenship ."

FUNDAMENTALS OF MILITARY
TRAINING
THE military preparedness wave is wide- of men — men strong in character and body.
1 spread, and every corner of the coun - And at the bottom of this developmentmust
try has felt its impulse in some shape or be the instillation of the "military virtues,"
other. There are summer training camps, chief of which is discipline. It was the lack
both governmental and private ; universities of this element which caused Washington 's
have added lecture courses in military science chief trouble with his armies .
to their curricula ; volunteer bodies of citi- To-day, in the opinion of the writer, this
zens have devoted themselves to weekly drill lack of subordination to proper authority is
work, and National Guard enlistments have more pronounced among our young citizens
been stimulated . than during the Revolution . There is a dis
Captain Richard Stockton, Jr., writing in like of reasonable restraint. He instances a
the Journal of the Military Service Institu- number of cases where men failed to make
tion (New York ), sees in all the variegated good officers or soldiers because of the lack
schemes and theories of military training of the fundamental qualities required.
now rampant a lack of conception of the Regardless of technical and theoretical train
fundamental requirements of the good sol ing , and regardless of the amount of mere drill
dier. “ The nation is in actual danger from which a man may have, he cannot be a good
the well-meant enthusiasm of the men who soldier unless he has certain essential charac
plan to save the day.' ” He refers to the teristics as a foundation . This foundation must
time-honored obsession in the reasoning of be courage rather than cowardice, physical fit
ness in place of lack of development, patriotism ,
American citizens that “ the soldier is the not self-interest, constraint rather than license,
last man to whom we should look for mili discipline rather than lawlessness, quick initia
tary advice." tive, not dulness, courtesy in place of boor.
ishness.
If the fourteen lawyers, three merchants , two It must include the ability to obey orders
promptly in face of great danger, to suffer hard
editors, the banker, the drummer, and the ball ships,
player comprising the military committee of the accept to great
assume skilfully leadership of men, to
without hesitation .
Lower House of Congress can utterly disregard Without servilityresponsibility
, it must include a strong sense
the advice of all the military experts of the na of obligation , due consideration for elders, for
tion and frame a military bill that will give us
" preparedness," why cannot the farmers on the those in authority , for law and proper customs.
Boonville Board of Education , or the clergymen
who are trustees of Blank Institute do likewise This is the kind of development that can
with equal success ? not be attained by any brief and superficial
training. As General Washington found,
Arguing that military training which is “ To bring men under proper discipline and
stripped of its most valuable attributes is subordination not only requires time, but is
worse than none at all, Mr. Stockton de- a work of great difficulty.” “ It is only to
clares that the fundamentals of military be obtained by a constant course of discipline
training consist neither of theory nor drill and service."
work , but are summed up in the development How is this necessary training to be ob
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 211
tained ? Preferably , Mr. Stockton thinks, drilled in " close order" work ; they should
by a compulsory course of several years in be made to conform to all the regulations of
the Regular Army. military life, observing its rules, customs, and
courtesies. Institutions conducted on such
If we cannot have compulsory service in our standards should be studied and imitated.
regular force, the solution is to make those in standa
charge of our schools and colleges understand
that mere military drill is not training - that Let them , as far as practicable, introduce the
mere military theory is not training , and that life of these institutions in our educational sys
mere drill and theory are not the most important tem . If necessary omit the more advanced mili
things to instil in the youth of America . tary work - merely provide the constant discipline
It should be made clear that the training which - the military atmosphere. Let the students learn
our schools should give to be of greater military to obey, let them as cadet officers have actual
value is identical with that needed to correct authority and learn to command, give attention
one of the greatest defects in our educational to physical requirements, promptness, the ex
system . We should make our educators under tremes of military courtesy. Let them gain
stand that the most important contribution that knowledge of our military history, and of the
they can make to the cause of citizenship , as well requirements of a sound military policy . Let
as to that of "preparedness," is to give our youth them drill only in so far as is desirable from
the much -needed " constant course of discipline." a disciplinary viewpoint, but give them military
discipline - complete military supervision and
To this end the students in our schools life at all times. Such would be the best mili
should be put constantly in uniform and well tary training for our youth .

COMBINING TO CAPTURE FOREIGN

MARKETS
THE Federal Trade Commission has would boldly sent in the ultimatum that our companies
I just placed before Congress a volumin be put out of business if they went into
it, cut prices to an impossible level as an earnest
nous report which tells clearly the story of of what they said , and fooded the market here
American weakness and foreign strength in with cheap products. Our trust law , minus per
international trade, as due, on the one hand, missive features that could be a part of it with
out any inconsistency of its purpose, simply tied
to competition , and, on the other, to coöpera the hands of our own business men and made
tion , between exporters of the same nation it easy for the foreigner. At that time it would
ality. At this writing Congress is consider have been useless to think of the practical method
ing legislation designed to modify, or clarify, of combating. To -day, with the more construc
our anti-trust laws so as to remove what is, tive attitude of the country toward legitimate
organizations of business on the large scale, there
in the opinion of the Commission , a fatal is prospect of forming a national industry in the
obstacle to the development of American ex fine chemicals and men capable of carrying it
port trade. A preliminary report of the through are ready to go in , despite the fact that
the two great German interests that formerly
Commission declares that " if American busi competed in certain limited ways are now com
ness men are to make the most of the great bined and that two great English companies, after
opportunities now before them , are to build absorbing small rivals, have also merged by
securely in foreign trade, and are to avoid exchange of securities.
disaster in the shock of the stern and deter The story of American copper is another
mined competition that will doubtless follow case in point. We lead the world in the
the war, they must at once perfect the organ production of this metal, but Germany has
ization demanded by the conditions of inter heretofore controlled the market .
national trade.”
A convincing presentation of the same Three great metal houses join in a triangle of
need is published in the current number of community of interest. They are interlinked
The Americas (New York ) under the title with Germany's great banks, with great mining
" Paying Unnecessary Tribute to Foreign concerns over the whole world , and, through
direct financial connection , with the copper -con
Business Combinations.” Many striking suming industries of the Continent. They throw
illustrations are given of the conditions that the vast impetus of this combination solidly upon
have heretofore prevailed . the market when they will. And they are ex
clusive purchasers of the metals for the bulk of
For example, we would be manufacturing Germany's large manufacture.
certain "intermediate" chemicals here to -day with
an almost certain collateral dyestuffs industry if So powerful was this " combine” that it
it had not been for the fact that German interests forced our producers to sell copper to Euro
212 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
pean manufacturers for less than its price in German
of the number, elaborateness, and effectiveness of
the country of its origin - to the disadvan Austria , cartels. However, Switzerland, France ,
Belgium , Holland, and England have
tage, of course, of our own manufacturers. concerns using practically the same methods.
Japan is organizing on the basis of cartel policy .
Thus collective bargaining by European inter Australia has
ests combined against scattered sellers in this cludes our
cludes fruit a from
our fruit
driedthe
from -fruit monopoly that ex
the market. Argentina has
country put the European manufacturer in a a quebracho organization that influences the cost
position to underbid American industry, so that of leather over the world. Chile has a nitrate
the manufacture of an American raw product into combination . Ecuador has a combination of
finished product was done in Europe instead of
here, at the expense of the American pay-roll. cocoa -growers.
The legislation which is proposed for our own
Allowing for transportation , Europe got its cop manufacturers' benefit seems somewhat meager
per for about $ 53,000,000 less than it should have in its permissive scope, legalizing formal asso
paid America for it. ciation in export activities only, but the effective
This country produces half the phosphate rock ness of the organization to which it will open
of the world's output. This crude substance the door
is said to match Germany's wealth of potash as dicate, it isis great.
said,
The great German iron syn
reduced the aggregate selling
one of a nation 's natural resources. Germany expenses of its members 50 per cent. in the first
forced its potash producers to make a combina year of its existence. It will make possible the
tion with one selling agency . It doubled the price entry into profitable foreign business of many
for the producers, also made th : rest of the world moderate-sized concerns that now find the ex
pay 100 per cent. more into Germany's national pense of foreign selling organization prohibitive,
income than they would have done at the rate of and bring into our national export trade the
the previous individual sales. Our phosphate benefit of so much more initiative and energy .
rock is selling at a price equal to one- third the It will permit organization of our cement indus
prevailing world -market rate before we devel try, and of a development by which our raw
oped the industry. In other words, with no con phosphate may be marked up in price, or shipped
trol over production or price, we are handing out in advanced form . It would make entirely
our resources over to the rest of the world at a legal an association of the coal industry by which
bare profit on the operation of mining, when , it could be bound together by contract to main
according to the view of men qualified to judge tain a reasonable minimum for bunker coal.
the relations between the old established price It does not require more than ordinary imag
and the increase of supply, the world would pay ination to see a development of formal coöpera
100 per cent. more for all we now sell, if we tion in organizing foreign campaigns and in pro
should combine, as Germany did , and fix the duction for the foreign markets of a distinctively
higher price. American kind, absolutely in loyal keeping with
the policy of the Sherman Law as far as the
It is said that Germany had about 600 American consumer's interests and the mainte
combinations of the “ cartel" form before the nance of the open door for competitive oppor
war. tunity here is concerned. Much of such organi
zation is probably lawful now , but no aggressive
Germany gets the middle of the stage in all building up of it can come, as an extensive
discussions of this kind of organization, because national movement, till the doubt is removed .

“ DUMPING
THE verb " to dump," in the senses with terest here in America from the fact that the
1 which we are most familiar, is an revenue bill which is now before Congress,
Americanism . It would be interesting to and which will perhaps become law before
know how it came to be applied in England this abstract appears in print, contains a dras
to a commercial practise perfected in Ger- tic provision against dumping (figuring in
many. The verbal noun " dumping ” is now the bill under the more euphonious name of
a cosmopolite. Hence we find in the current " unfair competition ” ), and prescribes severe
number of the French journal La Nature a penalties for the infraction of the following
timely article entitled “ Le Dumping," from section :
the pen of M . Paul Barré. " Dumping,” That it shall be unlawful for any person im
says the author,
porting or assisting in importing any articles from
any foreign country into the United States to
is a word of English origin designating a com commonly and systematically sell or cause to be
mercial practise which consists of establishing for sold such articles within the United States at a
one and the same product two scales of prices ; price substantially less than the actual market
viz., a relatively high price for the home market, value or wholesale price of such articles, at the
and lower prices, variable according to circum time of exportation to the United States, in the
stances and in many cases lower than the cost principal markets of the country of their pro
of production, for foreign markets. duction or of other foreign countries to which
they are commonly exported, after adding to such
This subject has just acquired special in market value or wholesale price freight, duty,
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 213
and other charges and expenses necessarily inci- these conditions it became possible for Dutch
dental to the importation and sale thereof in the and Belgian manufacturers of wire nails to
United States : Provided, that such actor acts invade the German market and sell their
be done with the intent of destroying or injur
ing an industry in the United States or preventing goods at Düsseldorf for 30 per cent. less
the establishment of any industry in the United than the price of the same product manu
States, or of restraining or monopolizing any part factured in Rhenish Prussia . The German
of trade and commerce in such articles in the
United States. nail syndicate was, however, equal to the
occasion . It promptly reduced its export
We quote this paragraph in full, as repre price to such a point that the budding in
senting the crystallization of the idea of dustries of the adjacent countries were
dumping in the legal mind of America . speedily put out of business.
Reverting to M . Barre's article : To prevent the recurrence of such situa
In 1902 the German coke syndicate sold its
tions the German cartels entered into an
product at 15 marks a ton in Germany and at 11 agreement, about 1903, to prevent conflicts
marks abroad. In 1900 the German wire syndi of interests between exporters in different
cate sold its products abroad at 14 marks per lines, and also to provide for the compensa
100 kilos, while the domestic price was 25 marks.tion , from common funds, of exporters sell
It thus lost 859,000 marks abroad, while gaining ing at a loss in foreign markets. Dumping
1,177,000 marks in the homemarket, but it opened
up new outlets, and the loss sustained was con thus ceased to be the expedient of inde
sidered as pertaining to the category of adver pendent industries, and became a national
tising expenses, indispensable in launching any policy , encouraged by the state.
new enterprise. One result of Germany's scientific dump
In some cases the difference between the for
ing was that German machines and machine
eign and domestic prices establishd by the Ger
man cartels has been so great that it was tools replaced those of American make in
profitable to re-export to Germany certain Ger the markets of France, Italy , and Switzer
man products sold abroad. Thus in 1902 German land. Not content, moreover, with such tri
wrought iron sold at 200 marks at Essen and at umphs, the German cartels waged relentless
180 marks in Holland . Even with the addition
of duties and transportation charges, German war against the industries of these countries
manufacturers found it economical to buy in Hol themselves, in their homemarkets. The car
land. Thus dumping overshot its aim , and cer
tain economists rejoiced - too hastily - over the bolic -acid industry, for example, was driven
fact that the Germans were ruining themselves out of France by this species of competition .
by their system . In reality the Germans con Dumping has for some time been recog
sented knowingly to temporary sacrifices— even nized as a grave and growing menace to the
committed errors which were quickly corrected prosperity of the countries upon which it
look assured themselves
but, on the whole, a better
commercial outlook. has been practised, and we have now reached
the stage of legislative activity against it.
A curious conflict was provoked when a Canada and South Africa protect themselves
German cartel reduced the price of wire to by imposing special duties upon " dumped”
98 marks a ton in Holland , while it was imports. Our Government proposes to adopt
selling at 125 marks in Germany. Under even more vigorousmeasures.

THE BENEFIT TO RUSSIA OF AN ECON

OMIC ENTENTE WITH THE ALLIES
IN connection with the economic confer- slave as before; others arguing that the in
I ence of the Allies, recently held in Paris, terests of Russia demand untrammeled and
there has been extensive discussion in the unobstructed economic relations with Ger
Russian press on the benefits or losses for many.
Russia of an economic alliance with England, A notable contribution to the discussion
France, etc . Russian public men have urged is a book on “ Russian Grain Exports and
the government to be cautious before em - Germany's Tariff,” by Professor P . I. Liast
barking upon a new economic policy, some chenko, published by the Commission on
declaring that Russia 's present political allies Commercial Treaties at the Ministry of Fi
may replace Germany as the economic mas- nances, and reviewed in a recent issue of the
ters of Russia after the present war, thus Sovremenny Mir ( Petrograd ) , a prominent
leaving Russia in the position of an economic Russian monthly. The author analyzes all
214 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the causes that are responsible for the un - Denmark , Russia was lagging considerably
favorable position occupied by Russia in her behind her competitors.
economic relations with Germany. He
comes to the novel and amazing conclusion theInworldthe open market the price is determined by
price ; i. e., alike for all producers and,
that the popular theory holding Germany re ceteris paribus, it cannot be lower for any pro
sponsible for arresting Russia 's agricultural ducer than the universal price. The delinquent
development lacks solid foundation . Russian producers are pressed out from these open mar
grain exports to Germany, he shows, have kets and driven to the markets where there is
been steadily growing in spite of the notori a tariff. There they carry part of the custom
duties ; i. e., they sell at a price lower than the
ous German -Russian treaties of 1894 and general world price plus the duties.
1904, in which Germany's agrarian tariff
protectionism reached its apogee: Germany is a cheaper market for Russia's
grain exports than England. But why should
In the five years of 1891-95 the average yearly Russia seek cheaper markets and pay custom
grain export to Germany was 62.8 million puds duties? Why is she afraid of competition ?
( a pud is 36 pounds ), in 1896 - 1900 the grain ex To these questions the author replies with
port from Russia to Germany was 89 million
puds, in 1901- 1905 it was 125.8 millions, and some well-known bitter truths. Russia can
in 1906 -1910 , 174.9 millions. In the twenty years not compete successfully because, first and
of 1891-1910 the exports of grain from Russia foremost, her grain is not purified enough ;
to Germany grew 177 per cent. because of her unsatisfactory manner of fill
One may, therefore, consider it a fully estab
lished fact by now that..Germany's protective ing orders, of transacting business ; because
tariff did not bring about the expected results of the slowness of her transportation service
for Germany or Russia . For Russia the duties and the defects in organization .
on its exported grain may have retarded some
what a still more powerful growth of its bread Under former conditions this unsatisfac
exports to Germany, but it can hardly be said tory state would have continued . But the
that they arrested Russia 's bread exports and economic alliance with England holds out
consequently her agricultural development. For the promise of a solution . Bound to trade
Germany these duties have failed to keep Rus with her allies, Russia will be forced to im
sian bread away from Germany and to substitute
it by German. prove in order successfully to hold her own.
In order to fill the demands of her new dis
But Professor Liastchenke goes still fur- criminating clientele, Russia 's agricultural
ther. Not only is a protective tariff not pre- and agronomical methods will becomemore
venting Russian grain exports to pour up -to -date . Russia 's transportation facilities
into a certain country, but, on the contrary , will have to be better organized and much
it proves an attraction for Russian grain . more extended . Russia 's business manners
Thus have Russian grain exports grown in and ethics will necessarily change from anti
countries like Italy and France, where the quated to modern . All of which will result
custom -duties are high on bread imports, in general efficiency, which implies higher
while in the open markets, where competi- prices, which means an era of prosperity for
tion is strong, like England , Belgium and the Russian peasant.

GREEK AND BULGARIAN IN

MACEDONIA
| VIGOROUS protest of the people of marching to-day a Bulgarian army, occupying
Greek fortresses. And the Greek army is oro
a Greece against the action of their dered by their own government to surrender
government in turning over to Bulgaria por them . The Greek Aag is lowered, and the Bul
tions of Grecian Macedonia is voiced by garian flag is unfurled. And the Greek soldiers
Hestia , a paper of the Venizelos party pub- close their eyes in order not to see ; they re
lished at Athens. After reminding its read strain their brave souls to bear this unlooked-for
scene - a real martyrdom !
ers of former Bulgarian outrages committed
on the Greeks of that region and the retreat Was it for this end that our whole army was
of the Bulgarian army before the soldiers of kept under arms? Was it for this purpose that
Greece who rushed to the pursuit, this paper the state is being exhausted, the country op
pressed , and the Greek people crushed ? The
says : reasons given for justification are unworthy of
the Greek Government ; and they cannot con
In that very region on Greek soil there is vince any Greek. The fact is Grecian Mace
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 215
donia is handed over to the Bulgarians. This
alone would suffice, even if there were no danger
that the occupation will be definite and per
manent; this alone, the fact of the desecration
of the Greek soil by incendiaries, murderers, and
marauders of yesterday, would suffice to arouse
every Greek soul. They are treading on the
graves of their victims of yesterday, by the order
of the Greek Government.
But is this event really free of all danger ?
Yesterday they occupied two or three fortresses.
To-morrow they will occupy some others. They
will occupy all the places that constitute the keys
of the defenses of Greek Macedonia. And Greece
will wait for their return , relying on the assur
ances given by the German officer who led the
Bulgarians. But who can guarantee that even
Germany herself will wish or will be able to
keep the promises of her officials ? Especially
promises that are given by special agreement
to a section of the Greek army? Who will guar
antee that the Bulgarians will wish to fulfil the
promises of the Germans, even should their gov
ernment desire to do so ? Who can guarantee
that when there exist no more the " special rea
sons" that necessitate the occupation of these
Greek regions by the Bulgarians and the Ger Photograph by the American Press Association , New York
mans, they will then be found in the same bonds EX -PREMIER VENIZELOS OF GREECE
of alliance as to -day ?
Who can assure what a state of affairs will THE GREEK FORTIFICATIONS
result from the war, until the day when the
" special reasons” for the occupation of the Greek There is signed a protocol regarding the pay
fortresses will cease ? What will Greece then ment of an
be able to do, being henceforth an underling of fortifications indemnity
occupied
for the use of the Greek
by the Bulgarians. Now
Bulgaria ? this protocol is put forth as a consolation to the
And yet the government of Greece not only Greeks — as if the Greek people did not under
orders the Greek fortresses and regions claimed stand how the value of a fortification does not
by the Bulgarians to be handed over without any lie in its stones or its trenches, or its cannon, but
in the secrecy of the arrangements therein . The
fighting, but they even apologize -- for the ex - work done for fortifying the passage through
planations given amount to an apology — that the which the enemy could attempt an invasion to
Greek army at Rupel did not hasten to give up the very heart of Macedonia was most expen
the fortress at once, but dared to defend itself, sive, laborious and strategically important. There
firing taken every possible precaution to keep secret
We do not want to ask whether such a sur was the details of the arrangements . Even our own
render would not be characterized as meaning military not allowed to approach the
a violation of the benevolent neutrality promised fortresses.men. were
. . .
to the Entente. As it was said to the Anglo To-day the Bulgarians are there. They will
French forces at the beginning that they could return they need them no more;
proceed to the help of the Serbians only through they willthemevenwhenever
pay indemnity . But the fortresses
the Valley of Vardar, why was there not given will be absolutely useless, if not even dangerous
the same reply to the German -Bulgarians also, in the hands of the Greeks in future. The Bul
that they could pass against their enemies only garians will know them and all about them , pos
through the same Greek soil ? How is the whole sibly better than we.
of Macedonia given up for their free operation
in war? What conscience allows it? What in Venizelos, Spokesman of the Greek
telligence, what Greek judgment can fail to see Liberals
the meaning and the effects of such a policy ?
Let us add also, what a shaking will the Greek An account of a speech delivered by for
idea, the Greek state, the Greek sovereignty suf- mer Premier Venizelos, on the occasion of
popular demonstration
fer in the minds of the inhabitants of all Mace - aa popular
donia ! . . . And yet Greece is keeping an Athens, demonstration inin the the city of
army of 300,000 ! Why? reports that statesman as saying : “ If
there is anyone who desires peace, it is I.
Now there remains nothing but the declara But I cannot approve, by any means, a
tion of martial law to complete the policy of the policy of peace which would bring dishonor
government. Now is the fittest moment. Since to the state and would endanger the national
every form of defense against the Bulgarians is of Hellenism .”
forbidden , andMacedonia given
is them with hopes
He reminded the people how the govern
out opposition , let there be forbidden any form
of protest on the part of the Greeks against such ment that recently resigned handed over
a policy . . . . Greek fortresses to the Bulgarians, the age
216 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
long enemies of Greece, and how the liber. ends,
the methods that they applied to achieve their
and to strangle the genuine opinion of the
ties of the people were gradually being an people. You are in a position, gentlemen , to
nulled by the tools of spies, who were work understand what dangers the country would in
ing in all the cities in Greece. cur, and what a critical position would have
been created for the Fatherland, if the few
In the present European conflict [he continued ] devotees of absolutism (or monarchial policy )
the Entente Powers, which secured the independ were still left free to continue their efforts. If
ence of Greece, reckon among their enemies the the leader of the majority in the Parliament, at
eternal enemies of Hellenism also . This fact any time, becomes a mere tool of the court you
alone would make clear the path that Greece are in a position to imagine tu what a precipice
ought to follow . the state vessel would be led, and what a definite
The opponents, however, of our political pro - burial would await the popular liberties that
gram attempted to draw Greece to the side of flow from the constitution . Happily the inter
the Central Empire, i.e., of the powers which ference of the Allies saved Greece from the
are in alliance with our eternal enemies. horrors of a civil struggle that was threatening
You all know the means that they used and to burst out.

JAMES J. HILL, EMPIRE BUILDER

THE American people , and particularly Lake Superior to Puget Sound, with north
I those in the world of transportation and ern and southern branches and direct steam
finance, were prompt to realize that the ship connection with China and Japan . From
death of James J. Hill removed one of the that time on , his career as railway owner
really " great” men of modern times. It has and operator, as well as financier, went
been said of him that he was the country's rapidly and successfully forward to its cul
foremost railway constructor, operator, and mination of far-reaching influence, world
manager ; that he was a marvelous financier wide fame, and a vast fortune.
and a supreme captain of industry ; and that Since Mr. Hill was primarily a railroad
he was an empire builder who caused the man , it is interesting to learn what success
Northwestern wilderness to blossom and be- ful men engaged in the same line of work
come first populous and then prosperous. . thought of him . The Railway Age Gazette
A leading editorial in the Bellman , of declares that " certainly there was no question
Minneapolis, represents the view of those in the minds of the leading railway men
who knew Mr. Hill most intimately tely :: of the United States regarding Mr. Hill's
In this day and generation there has lived a greatness in every branch of railway man
giant, both in mind and soul, and we who lived agement ."
with him scarcely realized it ; but those who
come later, to inherit all that has been made He was one of the very greatest railway man
possible by his life and labors, will acknowledge agers that ever lived - in some important ways
him for what he was, and thus will come, in the greatest. He was the leading advocate, and
time, the saga of the Northwest, of which James may be said to have originated , the " tonnage "
Jerome Hill will be the hero, for never again system of handling freight, which , expressed in
will come
in this worlldd will opportunity
an oppor
come an tunity such as other terms, is the system of handling it in the
such as
his for the doing of great deeds, and, even if largest practicable train loads. . . .
it should come, no man will be found to excel He largely increased the economy of opera
his mighty strokes in their accomplishment. tion and the earning capacity of every railway
which he controlled . Furthermore, the applica
I'rom the Bellman we derive the follow operationtion of his principles in the development and
of railways throughout the Cnited
ing facts ofMr. Hill's life and career. Born States has contributed enormously toward en
of obscure parentage in 1838, he received abling our transportation system as a whole to
only a few years of education in a Cana stand the increasing strain of advancing wages
dian academy, and when but eighteen years andMr.taxes and stationary or declining rates. . . .
Hill bore the reputation of being a hard
wild he made his way to St. Paul, and began man to work for. He wanted results ; he in
his career. He was thirty -two years old sisted on having them ; he was exacting in his
when he established the first transportation demands; and if his lieutenants could not get
the results he wanted without working extremely
line between St, Paul and Winnipeg, and at hard , then work that way they must. In con
the age of forty he organized a syndicate sequence, changes in his organization , and espe
what he scured control of the St. Paul & cially in the operating department, sometimes
Puits Railroad, subsequently the St. Paul, came with considerable frequency. But it is a
significant fact that no man who ever worked
Alinneapolis & Manitoba Railway. This in under
list lucu ame part of the Great Northern him or hisleftimmedia te direction either stayed with
him without crediting him with hav
solent , which was extended to reach from ing those almost superhuman powers of thought
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 217
and action which his achieve
ments indicated that he pos
sessed .

The Commercial and

Financial Chronicle throws
some light on the methods
by which the railroad man
became the empire builder :
A constructor always, he was
one of the earliest men in rail
roading to recognize that the
prime business of a railroad
(especially one pushing into
new territory ) is as much to
create stuff to carry as to carry
it. Without the aid of a land
grant, he made farms by teach
ing practical agriculture, show
ing men how to improve, and
spurring them to improvement
by an individual force which
seemed self- renewing. Easy
grades, heavy power, large
trainload, and low rates were
his transportation creed ; when
somebody spoke of his importa
tion of choice foreign cattle as
philanthropic he disavowed it :
"Not philanthropy," he said ; Lee Bros.
"more tonnage in a few years THE LATE JAMES J. HILL
for the Great Northern." As
one man has now explained his success, " By en - rare and unexampled instance, the master mind
couraging settlers, furnishing them the best seeds, of a supreme executive ; exact figures accom
showing them the best methods of culture, and panied insight and inspiration , and an over
importing the best breeds of cattle, he changed ruling and controlling element of wisdom , that
the wilderness into prosperous country, which, in instantly brought vision and prophecy into the
turn, made the road prosperous and enabled it to realm of the practical and attainable, dominated
obtain all the money necessary to extend and his course, so that what he dreamed he ultimately
expand its usefulness." The educational train made real.
has been a familiar railroad instrument for In an infinite variety of ways James Jerome
many years, and in all this Mr. Hill was a Hill betrayed to those who best knew him the
pioneer, noble soul of a great poet: in the beautiful story
of his courtship and married life, in his tender
" The secret of his character,” declares ness and deep sympathy, in his love of friends
the editor of the Bellman , " lies in the fact and home, in his great generosity and helpful
ness, in his manifold and unostentatious chari
that James Jerome Hill was at heart a poet, ties, in his love and appreciation of art and his
one whose lines were wrought out, not in regard for literature, in his clean -mindedness,
words but in deeds. and, finally, in that simple belief in the goodness
and mercy of his God, which sustained him
To the soul of a great poet was joined, in this through his long life.

PAUL HERVIEU , DRAMATIST AND

MAN OF LETTERS
THE sudden death last October of the foremost rank. Like Brieux, M . Hervieu
T distinguished French dramatist, Paul was a propagandist, but, unlike the former,
Hervieu, at the early age of fifty -eight, rehe never forgot the canons of the artist in
moved from the ranks of literature one of the zeal of the reformer.
the most notable figures of our time. The In his own words, he was of those who
dignity and seriousness of M . Hervieu 's try to portray the inexorable pressure of the
work and its preoccupation with themes of struggle for existence upon the imprudent,
social importance combined with the per the weak , and those whose passions are
fection of its technique to place it in the stronger than the will to resist them . This
218 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the character of a whimsical essay. This
was followed in 1884 by a work of the same
character, La Bêtise Parisienne. Some col
lections of tales which followed indicated a
taste for studies of morbid psychology, and
this preoccupation with the conflicts of the
soul was further shown in his first novel,
L 'Inconnu (“ The Unknown" ), in 1886 .
Later novels, Flirt, L ’Armature, Peints par
Eux -mêmes (“ Painted by Themselves " ) ,
take the world of fashion as their milieu ,
with persons of wealth , rank and title as
their protagonists, and base intrigue, hypo
critical dissimulation and somber drama as
their subject-matter. In a critical survey of
his work published in Larousse Mensuel
Félix Giraud says:
A primary characteristic trait is the absence
of the picturesque ; the locality, the scenery and
PAUL HERVIEU, THE FRENCH DRAMATIST surroundings are never treated for their own
sake ; they are evoked only in such measure as
struggle of the individual against cruel con may aid in the comprehension of the personages
ditions is manifest in most of his dramas, who move among them , or in imparting a greater
precision to the portrayal of internal sentiments.
but particularly in the three which are ac Not for an instant does Hervieu wander into
cepted as the greatest, Le Dédale, La Course those facile digressions which tempt some of our
du Flambeau and Les Tenailles. These have novelists; he seems actually to fear the reader
all been translated into English under the may
may be
be distracted
distracted
the principal
and
an theturn
object of
his attention from
narrative. . . .
titles of “ The Labyrinth ," " The Trail of
the Torch ” and “ The Chains” (also ren - As a moralist the dramatist is stern and
dered " Enchained" ) . austere, Aaying his characters with remorse
Born at Neuilly on September 2, 1857, less irony, showing that an “ exquisite" ex
Hervieu studied at the Lycée Condorcet, and terior may conceal in a man or woman of
was licensed to practise law in 1877. Though fashion vulgar ambitions, shameful compro
he soon abandoned a legal career, the influ - mises, unholy greed for pleasure. His first
erce of his early studies can be traced not play, Les Paroles Restent (" Words Re
only in the logical development of plot and main " ) , in 1892 dealt with the same sort
of characters, and in the art of his argu- of characters and environment. Its theme
ment and dialectic, but in his studies of the was the unquenchable fire kindled by an un
conflict between the desire and will of the ruly tongue, and he lashes the vices of lying,
individual and the desire and will of the calumny and delight in unsavory topics . Les
social organism which is embodied in law . Tenailles ( 1895 ) and La Loi de L 'Homme
For a brief period he turned toward diplo ( 1897 ) (“ The Law of Man " ) are propa
macy for a career, and was appointed Secre- gandist plays dealing with divorce. In these
tary of Embassy at the French Legation in the author attacks the imperfections and in
Mexico, resigning, however, in 1881, to de- justice of the French code, breaking with the
vote himself entirely to letters. Hencefor prejudices then existent. M .Giraud says of
ward the events in his life consist in his Hervieu 's method :
continued literary successes and the honors
which these brought him . In truth he restored and modernized ancient
classic tragedy, with its simple action , disengaged
These last were many and eminent. In from all secondary episode, unfolding itself in a
1900 he was elected by the French Academy series of logically connected scenes, and treated
to fill the chair left vacant by Pailleron , and in a sober style. . . . There is no law , even
was also elected President of the Société des to that of the three unities of time, place and
action , he did not revive in its entire rigor in
Gens de Lettre. In 1913 he was created his later pieces. . . . With the exception of
grand officer of the Legion of Honor. Théroique de Mericourt ( 1902 ), in which Her
Like so many dramatists, Hervieu began vieu essayed to express a great symbolic fresco
his career as a novelist. In 1882 he pub of the soul of the Revolution , the drama con
tinues to be for him the illustration of an idea ,
lished Diogène le Chien (“ Diogenes the and back of each of his plays one easily finds its
Dog ” ) , which , however, partakes rather of thesis, scarcely dissimulated . But this thesis has
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 219
for its object henceforward not the battering of frequent struggle between duty and love.
a breach in established conventions, but solely Though an individualist, like Ibsen, Hervieu
the throwing of light upon general truths of ob
servation and the giving of profound moral does not go to the extremes of the great
lessons. Scandinavian, but constantly exalts the vir
That parents always love their children more tues of self- control and self-sacrifice, his pure
than the children love them — such is the theme and noble idealism offering a refreshing con
of La Course du Flambeau (1901) ; that of
Le Dédale that the woman belongs always to the trast to much that is currently popular in
first man to whom she has given herself ; that the French theater. His last work of im
the ties of family and obligations to the world portance , Bagatelle , appeared in 1912 . This,
form a barrier which passion cannot scale is the which was produced successfully at the
thesis of Réveil (" Awakening" ) . Comédie Française, is a comedy of manners,
Of like genre is Connais-toi (“ Know Thy- in which the simplicity and chastity of a
self” ) , 1909. While all humanity interests pure and lovely woman are contrasted with
this sociological dramatist, he is peculiarly the depravity in certain circles of the highest
occupied with the soul of woman and its rank.

SHOLEM ALEICHEM , THE JEWISH

MARK TWAIN
THERE recently died in New York the painful transition to new forms of life ; the lack
I great Yiddish humorist. Sholem Alei-
chem , sometimes called the " Jewish Mark
Twain .” Hundreds of thousands of the
New York ghetto turned out to pay their
last respects to the writer who had embodieda
in mirthful words the joys and sorrows of people . From the most obscure corners of the
their old homes across the
ocean . But it was in the
hearts of the war-torn
Jewries of Russia and Po
land that the news of Sho
lem Aleichem 's death re
verberated most profoundly
and painfully. For Sho
lem Aleichem , which means
“ Peace with you” (his real
name was Sholem Rabino
wich ), was a Russian Jew ,
who had spent nearly all
his lifetime in the Jewish
" pale," and has immortal
ized the inhabitants of it.
The war found him in
western Europe, and to this
SHOLEM ALEICHEM , THE HUMORIST
the duration of the strug
gle. The Evreyskaya Zhisn (Moscow ) said
editorially :
In the person of the demised there went down
into his grave the greatest painter of the life
of the contemporary Jew , a keen artist, who has
embodied in bold relief a whole streak of Jewish
silhouettes and figures, with their traditional,
centuries-old modes of life, with the deep sor
rows and calm , idyllic joys of that life. The
new currents that have appeared in this patri
archal, firmly cemented order of things ; the
of solid foundation , the wanderings, full of
vearnings : all that has been imprinted in the
kind -hearted, fine humor of Sholem Aleichem .
He was the poet of the people's soul, and it
is seldom that one has as much luck as he had
in being understood , in becoming near and be
loved to all the different classes of the Jewish
Russian and Galician ghettos
to the noisy New York and
Buenos Aires, Sholem Alei
chem 's stories made hearts
tremble, eyes sparkle with joy
and laughter, evoking tears
of mirth and sadness.
In the same newspaper,
Bal Machsheves, probably
the foremost Yiddish liter
ary critic, contributes a
eulogy to the great Jewish
humorist . He began to
write in Yiddish at a time
when that language had no
claim to any such name, at
a time when there was no
Yiddish press and no Yid
dish literature. Sholem
Aleichem was a pioneer.
He was a champion of the tongue of the
masses. He was one of the very few who
have succeeded in raising that dialect, once
styled " jargon,” to the standard of a literary
language. Sholem Aleichem witnessed the
wonderful strides of the Yiddish press, he
saw a periodical and permanent literature
spring into existence, develop , and prosper.
And he had his reward for his efforts and
devotion in that cause,
220 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
No one among contemporary Jewish writers news of Sholem Aleichem 's death is best ex
has gained as much popularity as Sholem Alei. pressed by S. Zinberg. Evrevskava Nedielva
chem . The Jewish street, the intelligentsia , and
even those Jews who read him only in transla ( Petrograd ) :
tion , all loved him . Man and woman , young
and old, take to Sholem Aleichem with eager Sholem Aleichem has concluded his path of
life. His contagious laughter is no more. His
ness and joy, anticipating the delectation that is Kasrilovka
to come. (the typical town in Sholem Alei
There are different attitudes toward life chem 's works) has been swept away by a hurri
among men of big souls : pathetic, visionary cane of blood , and its unfortunate inhabitants,
observatory, tragic, satirical, philosophical, and driven by the maddening furies of war and
humorous. The created literature of the world human savagery, wander along the roads, in
shows that rarer than all the other views of the towns and the villages of limitless Russia .
life is the humorous view . The number of hu And everywhere, from mouth to mouth, with
morists in the universal literature is very small. profound grief there will spread the sad news,
From Cervantes to Sholem Aleichem there will “ Sholem Aleichem died !” No more is he who
scarcely be found more than two dozen . And dispersed the dark shadows of the doleful "pale"
it is 300 years since the death of Cervantes. with the rays of his laughter. Gone is the dear,
Sholem Aleichem was the first and only one kindred , beloved writer.
among us. And it is no wonder why he has
been unique, why he will remain our favorite Sholem Aleichem was born in Poreyeslav ,
for generations to come. Not only because the Province of Poltava, on February 18, 1859 .
humorous style of writing is so rare, but also Most of his life he passed in Kiev . In recent
because his humorous style was the healthiest years he lived in Italy , Switzerland, and
and most accessible style for every mind, for the
very superficial as well as the most profound. Scandinavian countries. He left a wife and
four children, for whom a fund of $ 10,000
The feeling of the Russian Jews at the has been raised among the New York Jews.

INFANTILE PARALYSIS
T HE serious epidemic of so -called in - to consider and to treat the disease with re
fantile paralysis (acute anterior poli- spect to quarantine and isolation in the same
omyelitis) in New York City and the spread way as the other acute infections of child
of the disease in other parts of the country hood . Thus the assemblage of children in
served to call attention last month to our epidemic localities may well be discouraged
actual ignorance concerning the nature of or forbidden and the closing of moving
this plague. Although the causative agency picture shows to children seems justified by
of the disease is not known the Medical considerations of public safety .
Record (New York ) for July 8 remarks As to the amount of paralysis that will
that it is almost universally accepted that it remain permanently after an attack of this
is of germ origin . Its behavior resembles disease , there is difficulty in making an esti
that of an acute infectious disease. Drs. mate. The repair is often spread over an
Flexner and Lewis of the Rockefeller In- extended period, even as long as two years.
stitute and others have conducted inocula - One way in which the evil of infantile par
tion experiments and have succeeded in pass- alysis may be mitigated is by the transplanta
ing the disease to animals, but not in finding tion of tendons so that the healthy muscles
the organism . can do the work of the paralyzed ones.
It was once thought that the disease was Dr. Alexander Spingarn , of Brooklyn
spread by the large biting stable- fly. The Borough , in a communication to the Medical
Record thinks it more probable that the ordi- Record , reminds us of the fact that with
nary house- fly is the guilty agent, yet the possibly one exception poliomyelitis has
prevalence of poliomyelitis is not wholly con - tended to prevail in New York City in epi
fined to Aly -time. The Record is inclined to demic type every two years since the great
adopt a theory that does not exclude the epidemic of 1907, with its 2,500 reported
agency at times of the house -fly, namely , that cases. There were outbreaks of the disease
the disease is spread in the same way as in - in New York City in 1909, 1911, and 1913,
fluenza or common colds. In fact, it is and according to this apparent law of peri
known that the pathogenic agent is contained odicity a return of the disease was to be ex
in the nasal secretions of the sick . pected in 1915. The number of cases
While instances of apparently direct con - reported in that year, however, did not con
tagion are admittedly rare , it seems proper stitute an epidemic.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 221

Dr. Spingarn found that

on comparing the different
wards of the borough in
which the epidemic of 1911
made its ravages the number
of cases in each ward was
directly proportionate, not to
the number of people in the
ward , but to the density of
the population . Also it was
noticed that the epidemic of
1911 practically spared the
Twenty -sixth Ward, a thick
ly populated district in which
the disease had prevailed ex
tensively in 1909. In other
epidemics observed in differ
ent parts of the world it has
been noted that communities
visited by poliomyelitis in one
epidemic are spared when the Photograph by Press Illustrating Service, Inc.
disease returns to the city in BAGS OF CAMPHOR ARE HUNG ABOUT THE NECKS OF MANY CHILDREN
epidemic form . According to OF NEW YORK'S “ EAST SIDE"
this law , during an epidemic there are many the disease is prevalent in a section of the
individuals who suffer from mild or latentborough in which only a few scattered cases
types of the disease to which they are thereby occurred during the previous visitations of
rendered immune. In Brooklyn this year the malady.

A PHILIPPINE VIEW OF THE JONES

BILL
T THAT
T fothercei"would
eral form
eral
Jones Bill” in its more lib -
ved by phave
rofisbeen
h articloyally
le and
gratefully received by progressive Filipinos is
to be gathered from a Spanish article of Hon.
Rafael Palma in the Philippine Review
(Manila ). - Señor Palma writes :
At the outset the writer frankly denies the
justice of asserting any similarity between the
position of the United States in Cuba and
in the Philippines. The intervention in Cuba
was undertaken to put an end , once for all,
to the ever-recurring disturbances on the
island, and to protect our commercial inter doctrine which constitutes the profession of faith
ests from unbearable interruptions and dis of the great powers, but also the adoption of a
organization . In the Philippines , on the
other hand, our rule is based upon both con -
quest and purchase — as strong titles as can
well be adduced . And yet when, after more
than fifteen years of occupation , our rule is
firmly established and our commerce is aug
menting, the United States Government,
without any external pressure and solely
moved by considerations of justice and by the
aspirations of the Filipinos, has formally
registered a promise to withdraw from the
islands and to give them over to the native
inhabitants.
Of the wide- reaching effects of the meas
ure as the Filipinos hoped it would be passed ,
The independence of the Filipinos under the
conditions proposed in the Jones Bill represents
a notable progress, the scope and results of
which in the sphere of international politics may
not even be understood or appreciated to -day in
the United States. It signifies not only an act of
reparation , an abandonment of the imperialist
new dogma that implies the renunciation of ac
quired rights, where these rights are not founded
upon morality and justice. It signifies, moreover,
the noble and loyal fulfillment of all the engage
ments implied in the voluntary acceptance of a
trusteeship for the well-being of the Filipinos,
and the inauguration of a new method for the
peaceful and legal solution of the question of
one people's dependence upon another. It fur
thermore signifies the reaffirmation of the
principle enounced in the Declaration of
Independence, that peoples should always be
222 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
principally the ability to in
spire confidence, to gain the
friendship and favor of the
subject race. Hence the
only way to propagate Amer
ican ideals successfully is to
prove worthy of those ideals
— to show that the American
nation is willing to respect
the rights and privileges of
those of another race, just
as the Americans themselves
demanded in the past that
their own rights and privi
leges should be respected .
Otherwise Americanism
would come to mean for the
Filipinos " the crucifixion of
Photograph by Press Illustrating Service , Inc. their longings for liberty, the
TYPICAL CONDITION OF PHILIPPINE ROADS IN 1905 mutilation of their hopes and
ambitions to hold the key of
their own destinies .”
governed by their own consent, never without In conclusion , Señor Palma emphasizes the
their consent. fact that a prompt recognition of independ
While this enthusiastic reception of the ence would be the surest means of strengthen
measure was dictated by the expectation that ing the influence of the United States , since
it would contain more precise and definite it would put an end to the doubt and distrust
provisions than it actually embodies, the sen now prevailing, and would make the name
timents expressed are none the less valuable America synonymous with that of Liberator.
and timely . Of one thing Señor Palma is Everything that has already been done would
fully convinced : the Americanization of the gain a new significance . The American
Filipinos is impossible. He finds that those capital that has been invested would no
who hold the contrary opinion fail to appre longer be looked upon as a means of op
ciate that every race has its own individu pressing the Filipinos, but as a powerful aux
ality , its traditions and habits, its political iliary for the development of the country.
and social customs. These may, indeed, be The American functionaries who would
modified and adapted to new conditions, but remain would not be considered parasites
will persist in their essential qualities. The living upon the fat of the land, but would
psychology of a people is hard to change, be regarded as helpers in its progress.
however much the laws, the
institutions, the principles
and the ideas of a ruling race
may change the external
aspects of the usages and cus
toms of a subject race.
It would be impossible to
Americanize the Filipinos,
even if they themselves were
assenting parties, but to pre
tend to Americanize them by
force, as appears to be the
idea of those who advocate
the indefinite retention of the
islands, would be entirely
utopian , for the essential and
fundamental element of any
assimilation is not merely
good-will, the aim to accom ROAD WITH STANDARD CROWN AND DITCH , NOW COMMON IN THE
plish a beneficent task , but PHILIPPINES
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 223
MENTAL AND PHYSICAL TESTS FOR
AVIATORS
THE fitness of a would -be aviator to as soon as he hears the sound the candidate
I take up a career in the flying corps of closes the circuit by means of a press-button
an army depends peculiarly on the psycho- and thus stops the revolution of the needle .
physiological aptitudes of the subjects. Very To determine tactile sensations the ob
ingenious methods of determining these apti- server touches the head or hands of the sub
tudes have recently been worked out by two ject lightly with the same hammer, while
French physicians, Dr. Jean Camus and Dr. for visual sensations they merely press gently
Nepper, at the instance of Dr. Marchoux , the hammer placed on the table ; the needle
Médicin -Chef at Paris. The methods em - then begins to revolve and the subject stops
ployed by these learned bi
ologists and the results ob
tained are described by
Jacques Boyer in La Na.
ture ( Paris ) .
MM . Camus and Nepper
begin by measuring the time
of psycho -motor reactions by
means of the d'Arsonval
chronometer ; in other words,
by determining what fraction
of a second is required for
the subject to react after hav
ing received a visual, tactile,
or auditory impression . It is
easy to understand the prac
tical importance of these fac
tors in the domain of military
aviation . Let us suppose a
soldier on board an aero
plane. He has just discov
ered , for example, a machine
gun which had been masked
by some feature of the ter
rain . How long will it take
him to execute a maneuver to
avoid shell or shrapnel? If
a violent wind suddenly men
aces the security of his ma
chine, how many movements
will it take him to prepare
for ascending out of the dan
gerous atmospheric zone ?
Without going into the
technical details given by
M . Boyer, it may be stated
briefly that the d’Arsonval APPARATUS FOR MEASURING TIME REQUIRED FOR REACTIONS AFTER
chronometer consists of a VISUAL, TACTILE OR AUDITORY IMPRESSIONS
clockwork which causes a
needle to revolve around a dial divided into it as soon as he perceives its movement. The
100 divisions at the speed of one revolution average of ten tests of good subjects gave
per second. The motion of this needle or the following figures :
hand may be stopped by closing an electric
circuit with which it is connected . When For auditive or sensitive psycho-motor reac
it is desired to test auditory time-reactions tions 14 / 100 second, and 19 / 100 for those of
visual origin . The observers, on the other hand ,
with this instrument the observer seats him considered as unfit for aeronautic service those
self facing the subject and, holding in his young men whose reaction times were consider
hand a small hammer , by means of which he ably slower than this. Thus some subjects had
reaction times varying from 17 / 100 to 33 / 100
makes a sound by striking it on an empty second
box and which at the same time opens the second for forauditory
tactile impressions,
sensations, 20and
/ 100 22to/ 100
39 / 100to
circuit, thus causing the needle to revolve ; 48/100 second for visual perceptions.
224 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
The experimenters also sought to deter cardiac rhythm , the vaso-motor modifications and
mine the influence of emotions on respiratory the degree of tremor. The tests consist in firing
a revolver near the candidate, exploding magne
and cardiac rhythm , on the vaso -motor sys sium in his proximity, placing a piece of linen
tem and on the nervous response indicated dipped in cold water on a bare portion of the
by tremor, employing apparatus familiar in skin, and inscribing the curves on the Marey
the laboratories of experimental physiology. cylinder. The graphics measure the intensity of
the reactions as well as the duration of the
The subject, after having his chest sur Dervous disturbance provoked .
rounded by a pneumograph, places in one Finally, Professor Camus has devised a
of his hands the “ Hallion and Conte indi dynamo- ergograph to study the degree of
cator" and in the other the Verdin apparatus
for detecting trembling. He seats himself fatigue ability caused by small and large
near a table on which is a Marey registering motions of the arms, especially the prehensile
cylinder provided with its clockwork mechan . Strength of the hand .
ism and three “ inscription drums." In a good subject the discharge of the
gun scarcely modifies the respiratory rhythm ,
A rubber tube connects each of these with the there is no trembling either before or after,
pneumograph , the indicator and the Verdin and no vaso -motor modification . In a bad
tremor instrument and transmits their variations
ons
to them . The corresponding points then inscribe subject the branch
subiect the breathing is disturbed, nervous
on the smoked paper which covers the cylin - tremor is1S intensified
temor intensined , and a typical
typica vaso
der . . . the movements of the chest, the constriction is produced in the organism .

HAS RUSSIA A NEW TOLSTOY ?

THE May issue of the Russkaya Mysl cisco" in glowing and enthusiastic terms. It
1 (Moscow ), a leading Russian monthly, became clear to the Russian public that
contains a remarkable review of a story that Bunin was just entering his Golden Era ,
had been published in Russia some months that the creative genius of the poet had just
ago. The author of the story is Ivan Alexei- found itself, and that the numerous literary
vitch Bunin , a well-known Russian poet, and productions of Bunin constituted but the
its title is “ The Gentleman from San Fran - ladder of gradual self-perfection that led him
cisco." It is perhaps no exaggeration to say to the apogée of his career. And it is in this
that no other story that has appeared in Rus- spirit that A . Derman , a noted critic, writing
sia in recent years has been accorded such a in the Russkaya Mysl, hails Bunin as a new
warm welcome as “ The Gentleman from Tolstoy.
San Francisco.” And this is the more re More than ten years separate us from the last
markable when one considers that Bunin is of Tchekhoff's creations, and in this period, if
by no means a young or unknown figure on we should exempt all the works of Tolstoy that
the Russian literary field . His reputation have appeared after his death , there has not
as a poet of high quality was made long ago . appeared in the Russian language a work of art
equal in force and import to the story, " The
He is now in his late forties. In 1912 the Gentleman from San Francisco."
honorary degree of Academician was con After reading " The Gentleman from San
ferred upon him , and during the last twenty Francisco" one is prompted against his will to
five years Russian critics have had oppor exclaim to Bunin , " Thou hast conquered, Gali
lean !” I am writing this with great joy, for
tunity to study Bunin 's literary powers and how can one not be glad when one sees an artist,
to learn their potentialities and limits. This, through persistent systematic work on the perfec
however, did not prevent him from taking totionhisof ownhis talent, and without turning traitor
ideals, suddenly make a stride of
the literary world by storm with his latest gigantic proportions forward .
production . " The Gentleman from San Francisco " compels
The Bulletin of Literature and Life , a one to seek analogy between Bunin and L. N.
monthly of high literary standard, was the Tolstoy, and I say this with the full knowledge
of my responsibility for these words. . . . The
first to break to the Russian world in a re similarity of the story by Bunin to some of the
cent issue the news that Bunin 's new story works of Tolstoy cannot be doubted and is very
is nothing like any of his former works. As characteristic of it. (Of course there can be no
soon as attention was attracted to it, the talk of imitation here.) That similarity can be
detected both in the plot of “ The Gentleman
periodical press began to write about it, com from San Francisco" and in its execution, its style,
mending “ The Gentleman from San Fran and its moral meaning.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 225
READING MATTER FOR SOLDIERS
THE definition of man as " a reading 250,000 books and more than 80,000 pe
I animal” has never received a more strik - riodicals had been gratuitously distributed
ing confirmation than is furnished by the to soldiers at the front, in hospital, and in
eagerness of the men engaged in the present prison camps, while last Christmas 40,000
war for all sorts of printed matter. In books were sent as gifts to poor and friend
spite of all the tendencies towards reversion less men on the fighting lines.
to the primitive barbarian , or even savage A careful analysis of the sort of reading
state caused by the clash of interests and done by men at the front in intervals of
passions on the battlefield , the modern man active duty has been made by a learned
remains modern in his insistent demand for German , Dr. V . Franz, and appeared lately
intellectual food and mental stimulation . In in Die Umschau (Frankfort). He con
the European countries this demand is being sidered the subject matter under four heads
met by really Herculean exertions and the newspapers, periodicals, tracts, and books.
expenditure of vast amounts of money as Many men take their own local paper, but
well as of personal effort. Since a call has papers are passed from hand to hand and
already gone out for books and papers for Dr. Franz counts as one of the indirect bene
our own troops on the border it is of inter- fits of the war 'the intellectual broadening
est to learn something of what has been obtained by rustics and villagers through the
done abroad . opportunity of reading the big metropolitan
In England the Fighting Forces Book dailies of Berlin , Leipzig , Hamburg, Mu
Council, the Camps Library , and the Y . M . nich , etc . He says:
C . A. have collected and distributed really
stupendous amounts ofmaterial. The latter , Every soldier follows with special zeal the
which began with a modest and almost accounts in the newspaper of the events of the
despairing hope of collecting $ 15,000 for war - maps, too, are studied for comparison ,
wherever they can be obtained and the more
the work , has obtained between two and three general observations on the current war situa
million dollars, according to the Lyceum tion ; furthermore, the debates in Parliament.
(London ) for May, and spends daily about War correspondents' reports rouse much less in
interest. . . . The villager and small towns
$ 3000 to keep its huts and other activities man is naturally interested in local and family
going. Vast masses of old books and old news. The instructive and entertaining part of
magazines have been contributed , the lighter the paper is read with divided interest.
variety being in great preponderance, accord
ing to a speaker at a dinner recently given Dr. Franz found that the periodical lit
in London in honor of the Fighting Forces erature of first-class weeklies and monthlies
Book Council. But while such light stuff was not much read at the front - however it
is eagerly read for relaxation there is a re- may be in hospital, and at the rear - with
markably large and steady demand for seri- the exception of the more sensational illus
ous books of every sort, and this not only trated journals, and the comic papers. Cer
among officers and university men but among tain military journals are also much read .
working men . Thus a number of men be- Among tracts he reckons brief publications of
longing to the Workers' Educational Asso- irregular appearance and uplifting nature,
ciation in England had been taking definite teaching of religion , patriotism , etc. Song
courses in such subjects as political economy books also come under this category. These
and even psychology, and these wished to were provided in profusion early in the
pursue their studies as far as possible while war but are now less in evidence. Many
at the front. One man wished to do a religious sheets are received also , by church
little research in astronomy; history naturally members. Under this head Dr. Franz takes
is in great demand, and poetry is likewise occasion to deplore the objectional medical
called for in surprising amount.
In Germany there has been a similar literature sent to the troops. Finally he dis
courses on the books read :
highly organized effort to provide brain -food
for the men at the front. The Hamburger The soldier reads all the novels, narratives,
Fremdenblatt stated recently that 100 ,000 and short stories he can get hold of. . . The
books had been furnished the prisoners of few books of scientific content in the field
war in Russia alone, adding that since the libraries natural science, philosophy, history,
and histories of art and literature - are, indeed ,
war- libraries were established more than in constant use , but presumably most by those
- Aug.-- 7
226 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
who were interested in these subjects at Thus the beneficent effect of good German litera .
home. : : : ture is a large element in the powerful cultural
Whatever the soldier wins for himself in the influence which the war in general represents.
intellectual domain remains a life possession . (Censored at Frankfort.)

ITALY'S MERCHANT MARINE PROBLEM

ITALY has been sharply reminded of her of timeand according to a concrete technical
I lack of freighters by the ever-increasing and financial plan . To persist in the present
difficulty she experiences in bringing to her inertia would be a grave fault for the Italian
shores the coal, grain , and cotton of which Government and for the Italian Parliament.
she is so greatly in need. In time of peace, The mercantile marine must be so increased
when an abundance of foreign ships can as to raise its carrying capacity from 1,000,
usually be chartered at reasonable rates, it 000 tons to 2 ,500 ,000 tons; that is to say,
may seem to be a matter of comparative in - to the minimum requisite for transporting
difference whether the merchandise is con - annually to Italy the 14,000,000 tons or
veyed in native or foreign bottoms; when , more of merchandise absolutely essential to
however, the principal maritime nations are the country's welfare. This covers 3,000 ,
engaged in a deadly conflict, taxing their re - 000 tons of coal for public services , about
sources in this respect to the uttermost, each 7,000,000 tons of coal for the great indus
has need of all the ships at its command, and tries, more than 2,500 ,000 tons of wheat,
a foreign nation is forced to pay inordinate corn, and other cereals, and about 2,000,000
freight charges , even for merchandise con - tons of cotton , metals, and other indispensa
veyed by the ships of an ally. ble raw materials. Signor Mosca believes
An article on this subject in Nuova Anto that this aim can be realized by an enactment
logia ( Rome) , by Signor Tomaso Mosca, conceived in the following terms:
of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, gives 1. - There shall be formed in Rome an anony
some valuable details and considerations re mous society for the maritime transport of mer
garding the matter. He notes that the enor chandise, with a capital of $ 100,000,000, divided
mous rise in the price of wheat and coal in into 500,000 shares of 1000 lire ($ 200 ) each .
Italy , at a time when all the sea routes are Its object is to provide for the construction ,
open to Italian commerce, and when these acquisition, and renovation , and operation of
ships for the transport of merchandise to a total
commodities can be bought in the American carrying capacity of at least 1,500,000 tons.
or English markets at but slightly higher II. - In the constitution of the requisite capital
than average prices, makes Italians appre the state shall contribute $40,000,000, subscribing
ciate to what a shameful and perilous state for 200,000 shares, the right to subscribe for the
remaining 300,000 shares being reserved to the
of servitude their country has been reduced . public.
Nor is it possible for the Italians, in such III.— On subscription there shall be paid in , as
abnormal times, to find any effectual remedy well by the state as by individual subscribers,
for the refusal or the exorbitant pretensions two-tenths of the nominal value of each share.
The remaining eight- tenths of the subscription
of foreign ship -owners, unless they are will shall be paid in during four successive years, at
ing to regard it as a proper and honorable the rate of two-tenths each year. All the shares
remedy, to have recourse to the benevolence shall be nominative.
of friendly states, and to invoke from them The transfer of freighters to the company by
private interests shall be permitted at their actual
provisions in Italy's favor and against the value. Such transfers shall result in a corre
interests of their own citizens; for neither sponding increase in the company's capital and
can ships be built in a day, nor has the Ital of the shares belonging to private parties.
ian Government the power to requisition IV .- At the end of each year no distribution
of profits shall be made until it shall have been
foreign vessels or subject them to a mini rigorously ascertained that the capital has been
mal tariff. paid in as required . However, upon the 200,000
The writer finds that an end must be put shares subscribed for by the state no dividends
to this dangerous state of things, immedi shall be declared until the shares subscribed for
ately the war shall have closed, since the by private parties shall have received five per
cent. of the amount paid in . Whenever five per
problem is one of vital importance for Italy. cent. shall have been declared upon all the
The time for discussions and recriminations shares, the surplus of the net profits remaining
has passed ; it is necessary to act, and money is to be distributed in such manner that each one
of the shares subscribed for by private parties
must be found for the building or acquisi shall receive double the amount assigned to those
tion of the necessary ships in a brief space subscribed for by the state.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH
SHAKESPEARE AS NATURE-LOVER
AND AS HEALER
T VERYONE who has been to Stratford -
L on-Avon , or who has read of the excep
ngiplains,
e fribeauty
nlowlying
jational ons uEnglish
ng Avofatithe p e e ping Midlands,
h i l i d lan the
the sweeping hills that roll
in gentle undulations up from the vales, the
ving Avon bordered with the luxuri-
ant fringe of marsh lilies and rushes, the
wealth of natural wild flowers, will not
search farther for the source of the side of
the character of William Shakespeare, that
was the ardent nature lover. The Scientific
Monthly for June contains an article by
0 . D . von Engeln , entitled " Shakespeare
The Observer of Nature," that lifts this
particular aspect of the “many-sided Shake
speare" into high relief.
Editors in general express their amazement at
Shakespeare's wonderful and accurate knowledge
in natural science . Yet it is doubtful whether they
collectively appreciate how wonderful this really
was. They compare Shakespeare's observations
with those of modern scientists and note that these
agree. They judge Shakespeare's natural history
in the same manner that they would that of a
modern novelist and find it more than simply
trustworthy. What this means can only be made
apparent by an inquiry into the degree of
progress in natural science that had been made
up to his time.
The appreciation of Alexander Pope de Of distinctly sea birds the guillemot and
the cormorant are cited.
clared of Shakespeare that:
Whatever object of nature . . . he speaks
of or describes, it is always with competent if
not with extensive knowledge ; his descriptions
are still exact, all his metaphors appropriated
and remarkably drawn from the true nature and
inherent quality of each object.
Mr. von Engeln writes that this apprecia
tion applies in its fullest force to Shake
speare's knowledge of birds, and that his acThe traces, of the smallest spider's web .
curate information concerning the varieties Her whip , of cricket's bone ; the lash of film ;
of land birds of the Warwickshire country Her waggoner, a small grey-coated gnat.
and the seabirds often driven inland by heavy
southwest gales as far as the Avon , was sup
plemented by the knowledge that arose from
the great vogue of the sport of falconry in
those days .
Mr. J. E. Harting, a British ornithologist,
writes:
In Shakespeare's time every one who could
afford it kept a hawk, and the rank of the
owner was indicated by the species of bird he
carried . To a king belonged the gerfalcon ; to a
prince the falcon gentle, to an earl the peregrine,
227
to a lady, the merlin ; to a young squire, the
hobby; while a yeoman carried a goshawk ; a
priest, a sparrowhawk ; and knave or servant a
kestrel.
In the plays tothemselves
direct allusions falconry : there are many
As confident as is the falcon's Aight
Against a bird !
—“Rich. II.," A. I., s. 3, 1. 61.
he exclaims, and in " King Henry VI.” we have
the old sportsman 's chronic failing, his fondness
for patronizing comments- expressed by Cardi
nal Beaufort :
Believe me, cousin Gloucester,
Had not your man put up the fowl so suddenly ,
We had had more sport.
— “ H . VI.,” Pt. 2, A . II., s. 1, 1. 45 et seq.
Also he finds occasion to mention many
birds: the eagle, buzzard, osprey, the dif
ferent kinds of owls, the pelican , crow , raven
and woodpecker, the magpie , jay, thrush ,
blackbird and bunting, the cuckoo , robin ,
sparrow , wren, the dove and the partridge.
Besides these there are the birds distinctively
mentioned as flown at, the lapwing, the
woodcock and snipe, wild geese and duck .
Some of the most fascinating passages in
Shakespeare are the conceits about insects.
For instance, the description of the Chariot
of Queen Mab :
Her chariot is an empty hazelnut
Made by the joiner squirrel or old grub ,
Time out o ' mind the fairies' coach -makers.
( Its ).legs
. . . wagon -spokes made of long spinner's
The cover, of the wings of grasshoppers
- " R , and J .," A . I., s . 4, 1, 60 , etc.
Concerning trees, it is easy to remember:
There is a willow grows aslant a brook
That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream .
— “ Hamlet.” Act IV ., s . 7 , 1. 167 -8.
Only the under side of the willow 's leaves are
hoar ; again Shakespeare's statement is perfectly
exact. In the " Rape of Lucrece" we have
The cedar stoops not to the base shrub's foot
But low shrubs wither at the cedar's root.
- "Lucrece," 1. 664 - 5.
228 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
When one comes to the consideration of His opinion of the average doctor of the day is
Shakespeare's delight in flowers, there are presented in probably a not much exaggerated
way in his Doctor Caius, in " The Merry Wives
passages that will spontaneously come to of Windsor," about the year 1600. This and the
mind, " I know a bank where wild thyme plays of the next four years are full of fun and
grows," and the speech of Perdita in the sarcasmhintat that the expense of the profession, with
Winter's Tale, and the lovely lines from the little there might be in it any but
charlatans and ignoramuses.
fifth act of " Love's Labor Lost" : Will you cast away your child on a fool and a
physician ?
O Proserpina ! He hath abandoned his physicians, madam ;
For the flowers now that frighted thou let'st fall under whose practises he hath persecuted time
From Dis's waggon ! daffodils, with hope.
That come before the swallow dares, and take Throw physic to the dogs. I'll none of it.
Sir Toby.
The winds of March with beauty ; violets dim ,
But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes Sot, did'st see Dick Surgeon, sot?
Or Cytherea's breath ; pale primroses, Clown .
That die unmarried, ere they can behold 0, he's drunk, Sir Toby, an hour agone; his
Bright Phoebus in his strength, a malady eyn were set at eight i' the morning .
Most incident to maids; bold oxlips and
The crown imperial; lilies of all kinds These were not ' expressions wholly respectful
The flower-de-luce being one. to the learned practitioners of medicine and sur
- Act IV ., s. 3, 1. 116 et seq. gery .
In " Troilus and Cressida " he again shows
When daisies pied and violets blue much familiarity with the bodily ailments of the
And lady-smocks all silver white age. By the time he wrote “ Lear” and “Mac
And cuckoo buds of yellow hue beth " ( 1605) he had evidently come upon more
Do paint the meadows with delight. worthy material in the medical profession . The
. L. L . L. Act V. doctors of these plays are large-minded , sympa
thetic, and unhampered by tradition, above all
Mr. von Engeln concludes that the nature exhibiting keen appreciation of the phenomena of
mental aberration and a readiness to admit the
notes sprinkled throughout the work of the fact that
great bard , show how intimately the nature . . . this disease is beyond my practise.
lover was associated with the poet in the art
It was
of Shakespeare. And that while these pas doctors of not the habit of the majority of the
sages please us with their art, they strike physic to admit that they could not
cure insanity, or anything else, by some material
down to the deeply hidden roots of the inner means. Shakespeare recommends for such pa
reason of things, and reveal Shakespeare in tients rest, sleep, and a removal of " the means
the role of the man of science, the keen ob - of all annoyance” ; his decision concerning Lady
Macbeth ,
server of facts.
More needs she the divine than the physician,
“ Shakespeare as a Health Teacher" foreshadows, by three centuries, the general
In the same issue of the Scientific popular and professional agitation concerning
Monthly, James Frederick Rogers, M . D ., the value of mental treatment of nervous dis
writes of Shakespeare the physician. While orders,”
his age would not have bestowed recognition
upon him as a " doctor of physic,” Mr. The author wonders if Shakespeare was
Rogers maintains that he was and is a great familiar with the work of his contemporary,
healer, a teacher of "mental and bodily Cervantes, who made his hero , Don Quixote,
sanity." say to Sancho Panza : “ The health of the
whole body is tempered in the laboratory of
In “ Henry the Fourth" (1597 -1598 ) Shake the stomach ," inasmuch as Shakespeare calls
speare exhibits considerable knowledge of medi attention more than once to the evils of glut
cal matters, Falstaff furnishing the material of tony and intemperance” :
his public clinic. He pictures accurately the
bodily changes of senility ; he mentions apoplexy, Fat stomachs have lean pates, and dainty bits
the gout, the pox (syphilis), and epilepsy ; and Make rich the ribs, but bankrupt quite the wits.
in speaking of grief as leading to apoplexy he Falstaff is, in himself, an eloquent sermon on
makes Falstaff say, " I have read the cause of its temperance.
effects in Galen." The remark of Prince Henry
Drunkenness received no gentle rebuke from
Shakespeare's pen .
. . . . . . If he be sick
With joy, he will recover without physic,
shows his observation of the effects of mental What's a drunken man like, fool?
states on bodily, and vice versa . asks Olivia of Feste in “ Twelfth Night" ( 1601).
Shakespeare's interest in " physic" and his inti- Like a drowned man, a fool and a madman .
macy with physicians may have been simulta - One draught above heat makes him a fool ; the
neous; perhaps the latter preceded the former, second mads him ; and a third drowns him ,
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 229
and in "Othello,” Cassio bewails at length the A more content in course of true delight
folly of his intemperance. Than to be thirsty after tottering honour,
Oh God, that men should put an enemy in Or tie my treasure up in silken bags
their mouths to steal away their brains ! that we To please the fool and death .
should, with joy, pleasance, revel, and applause,
transform ourselves into beasts ! . . . To be now Though he died at fifty -two, Shakespeare had,
a sensible man, by and by a fool, and presently according to the reckoning of Montaigne, a quar
a beast! O strange ! Every inordinate cup is ter -century earlier reached, for that time, a good
unblest, and the ingredient is a devil. old age. Probably had it not been for some un
avoidable cause, his superior physique, his ap
In “ Pericles," there is a portrait of Shakes- preciation of health , and his temperance would
peare's ideal physician. Mr. Rogers suggests have preserved him many years more. He had ,
completed his work, for he had ceased
thathemay have had in mind his son -in -law , however,
to write, so far as we know , two years before
John Hall, but “ Shakespeare himself was his end.
mostworthy of the lines" : He would not have considered himself a phy
sician, but in the most important sense of being
. ' Tis known, I ever a teacher of health he stands among the first of
Have studied physic. Through which secret art, that goodly company of non -professionals: Plato,
By turning o'er authorities, I have Cervantes, Molière, Montaigne, Bacon, Locke,
(Together with my practise) made familiar Addison , Wesley, Franklin , Carlyle, Beecher,
To me and to my aid, the blessed infusions Spencer, and others who, by both precept and
That dwell in vegetatives, in metals, stones ; practise, have been our greatest preachers of the
And I can speak of the disturbances gospel of health . As a minister to the mind, and ,
That Nature works, and of her cures ; which doth through it, to the fragile machinery through
give me which it works, he has no peer.

POETRY, FORMAL AND “ FREE ”

W HAT Do We Mean by Poetry ?" thoughtful critic, but Shakespeare's poetry " gives
W is the title of a singularly interesting isto airy nothing a local habitation and a name,"
the saying of one who lived closer to the
and able article in the current issue of phenomenon . The universe has been called " the
The Unpopular Review (New York ) . Or, poetry of God," who is thought of as having
rather, the author inquires, what do we have shaped it out of chaos, a living entity out of a
to mean by it, since usage, rather than our formless void , space out of infinity, time out of
eternity, and something localized and named out
impertinent wills, determines, and we have of the inconceivable God -alone knows what. We
to in a way mean what it means ? As a do not know of what our imaginations are com
second part of this question — which would pact - of what myriad blended associations that
we like always to mean by poetry : verse that lie below consciousness, dark beneath dark .
is a definite pattern, something which is not. Rhythm has its roots far down that subconscious
ocean, and can " call spirits from the vasty deep .”
a form at all and appears in many other The confusion in our critical vocabulary is in
forms than in that of verse, or only such curable, but the consolation is that this insepar
verse as we feel is also poetry ? The best able overlapping and blending of terminology
corresponds to an inseparable overlapping and
definitions of poetry have approximated the blending
idea that poetry is " creation in literature.” of the original phenomena.
The writer calls attention to the fact that The author gleans from his discussion
poet is a Greek word meaning "maker," that three propositions that are applicable to the
the French " trouvere" and " troubadour" present discussion of vers libre. These are :
meant finder or discoverer, and that Whit
man suggested the word “ answerer.” First Theorem : Poetry as creative literature is
" There is no joy but in creation," cried not a form , but an inner power, which is always
Remy de Gourmont, who alas will create for however a shaping power and always develops
us no more. “ There are no living things but a form . Whatever manifests this power is
thereby justified , and calling it poetry or verse,
those who create ; all the joys of life are joys or refusing those terms, or whether properly
of creation . To create in the region of the doing so or not, does not affect the thing . The
Dody, or in the region of the mind. is to granting or refusal is a question of the meaning
issue forth from the prison of the body ; it is of terms, not of the character of a thing , which is
felt and known directly and not through the
to ride upon the storm of life ; it is to be medium of terms.
He who Is. To create is to triumph over Second Theorem : Verse with recognizably re
death ." curring beats and familiar rhythms has at least
two deep -seated values, which probably caused
Joubert's "Poetry is but the waking dreams of its early predominance in literature and are as
a wise man," is the saying of a delicate and genuine as ever. First, it is a pattern, and a
230 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
pattern is not a hindrance, but a help , to good by its unlikeness to what he expected . To be
writing ; second, it echoes and answers to funda - absolutely sincere about one's reactions is as
mental factors in our emotional make-up . difficult in art as in life. For a country long in
Third Theorem : The best classifications are leading strings to break them and possess itself
according to the most significant values. of its own extended orbit requires high courage
and a great impulse and necessity. That we
The prophecy made for the poetry of the have so many entirely American poets today is a
twentieth century has not so much to do with proof of that courage and that impulse.
They find that beauty is not chained upon the
form as with content. The poets may or other side of the Atlantic, that it is here at their
may not write vers libre, but they will have own doors. That the Singer Building is an
come closer to truth and found a firm grip achievement to be proud of and one need not
on the essentials of human life ; they will sigh because we are not evolving Parthenons;
that the Yankee farmer is as interesting as the
have vision and “ carry the banners of the Wessex yokel; and that sun , and rain , and cloud
century's social history.” are as lyric here as over the orchards of Nor
The author's principal feeling about vers mandy.
libre is that it is often ineffective, because, It is a great deal to have discovered that. And
the New Poetry, the New Painting, the New
while it is not formless in theory, it is often Music are making such discoveries every day .
fumbling in practise. The artists of the older countries have always
written about the things among which they lived ,
To put it personally again , the dominant im - in the way that best suited them . Our artists
pression I gain from reading most vers libre is are only just beginning to dare to be themselves.
of its futility, its uncertainty and fumbling. It And the New Poetry is blazing a trail toward
is not as good writing as the average of current nationality far more subtle and intense than any
verse in conventional patterns. Vers libre is not settlement houses and waving of the American
rhythmically formless in theory, but it is apt to fag in schools can ever achieve. I might say
be in practice, for however clear to the writer with perfect truth that the most national things
may seem his rhythmic design , it is apt to seem we have are skyscrapers, ice-water, and the New
to the reader all variation and no type, and " all Poetry, and each of these means more than ap
variation and no type" is a definition of chaos. pears on the surface.
It is not denying values in Miss Lowell's work
of vivid imagination , or choice phrasing, or
skill in portraiture or contrast, to say that her Miss Lowell thinks that when the critics
rhythmic values would be better if they were have learned to understand the really perma
more effectively communicated. nent qualities of the American character,
they will come nearer to an appreciation of
A Defense of Free Verse the new poetry .
Miss Amy Lowell defends the theory and The American is a highly nervous race, quick,
practise of the new poetry in a trenchant ar
ticle in the July number of the Craftsman impatient, energetic. Do we not find all these
(New York ). “Has America a National qualities in a marked degree in the New Poetry ?
The American race is a profoundly unsenti
Poetry ? Is there a national spirit in the new mental one. Hard -headed, money -making, our
poetry ?" she asks, and then proceeds to ex enemies call us. But there is a difference be
plain that we have at last had the courage tween sentiment and sentimentality . Of sentiment,
strong, almost stern , the New Poetry has an
to break away from the leading-strings of abundance, but the sentimentality of Longfellow 's
the Victorian poets and infuse nationality " Children 's Hour" is gone. The modern Amer
into our poetry. This courage she attributes ican does not express himself in that way because
erent causes principal among these he does not feel in that way.
toare different causes. Principal among these
the effects of the tides of immigration , Again , we are not a race prone to religious
onm igration, hysteria ; we shall search in vain through the
which have inoculated us with Latin and pages of the New Poets for devotional poetry as
Celtic genius, and the constant travel of such. We are materialists in a strange, joyful
Americans in France and Italy , where their way - loving the things we can see, and hear, and
original thought was modified by the free taste, and touch, and smell. So these verses are
full of scenes and objects, of beauties- Nature 's,
dom and the fire of the genius of the south Art's of preoccupation with the things all
of Europe. about us.
If the new poetry startles us, it is because The American is a decidedly clear and logical
it gives truthful reactions : thinker, hence so many instances of uncompro
mising realism in his verse. Also, the poet is
human, and is ahead of his time, for which rea
It is small wonder that people brought up in son this " dour” realism is the natural reaction of
the old conventions, blind and deaf to the great an active, probing mind from the "Glad Book "
changes going on all about them , should find tendencies evinced by a large portion of the
themselves nonplussed by the originality and American public.
strangeness of the New Poetry. It is an old The American is as quivering with life as a
platitude that nothing is so strange as truth . If taut bow , and this lack of repose is one of the
a man looks into his own soul and writes down reasons why his " forte" is clearly not the sen
what he finds there, he himself will be startled suous, undulating line of pure melody.
 THE NEW BOOKS
SOME RECENT VERSE - AMERICAN ,
BRITISH , AND FRENCH
THE Princeton University Press has published John Peale Bishop have color and fine imagery,
I " A Book of Princeton Verse," which com - and smooth music of line. " One Side of the
pares favorably with collections of poetry gath - Medal,” by William Brewer Connett, is terse and
ered from wider sources and also with the Eng . comprehensive of both sides of the labor ques
lish anthologies of college verse, such as the tion. Charles Francis MacDonald contributes a
Oxford volume of undergraduate rhymes edited strong and original group of poems. “ There's
by Gilbert Murray. The Princeton anthology Rosemary" has music and magic and a preco
contains seventy poems written on the campus cious maturity of thought.
during the last six years, chiefly the work of In many poems there is the expression of the
undergraduates who are still in residence. One influence of the external aspects of Princeton , the
or two of the contributors are students in the ordered beauty and symmetry of the buildings
Graduate College and one is now " somewhere in and their natural surroundings ; the nobility of
France." Mr. Alfred Noyes has written the the ensemble has sunk deep into the minds of
preface and edited the volume. He quotes the these young men. " Princeton : February, 1916,"
poem of a young Princeton poet, Maxwell Struth - by Edmund Wilson , Jr., is particularly pleasing:
ers Burt, '12, as an example of the fine spirit “ She sleeps like some old town with guarded
inculcated at the University . The poet hears
the drums calling the army of young men to gate.
high endeavor . A few lines culled from the Was ever football quick or shouting shrill ?
poem will show the quality of the poetry and Her lazy laughter drowses ; it is late ;
also of the mind that created it. The windows darken and the streets are still.
“Attend, O Lord of Visions, to our prayer ! Outside the frozen air which no bells break
May we know pain, O God, may we know pain Of nasal clangor or of fragile chime,
And pave with blood and tears our way, Only to speed the Winter, faint clocks wake,
Along the old forgotten path again Lest we may fear his finger upon Time.
To find the sweet strength of a younger day.
Our town is dark with struggle ; fierce and sweet
Only for moments does it seem We catch the echoing of eager cries,
That we have lost the splendor of our dream As generations press along the street,
We know , had we but time to heed or hush the Young and half -seeing with bewildered eyes."
whisperings of greed ,
That stirring, pulsing, throbbing, slow , " Poems of War and Peace," by Robert Under
Implacable would rise the tread wood Johnson , has a pleasing objectivity. “Goe
Of the stern , ever-marching army of the dead. thals of Panama" and " The Corridors of Con
We- we are still the visioned great-souled gress," ring with the vitality of true Americanism .
breed ; Mr. Johnson appreciates with Whitman that the
Not like the older nations from decay process of building a nation is a theme most
Not wearily we sin , worthy of a poet's pen . Among the war poems
But heedless, reckless children at play of this fine collection are " Edith Cavell,"
Straying , we have a little lost our way, " Rheims," " The Haunting Face,” “ Embattled
Nor see as yet the darkness folding in France," and “ The Cost." The last section of
Aye- for in the end sore, torn and bruised, we the book is devoted to poems of friendship and
Like long- lost children , will return to Thee ; admiration . “Reading Horace," the tribute to
Like coast-born children weary for the sea." Karl Bitter, and " A Song of Parting" are par
ticularly happy of phrase and rhythm . This
The high level of excellence maintained in the volume will meet with instant appreciation from
anthology should encourage those who are doubt- all lovers of dignified poetry, serene in its ideal.
ful of the fostering of the creative faculty in ism , gracious in its acceptance of life, and firm
American universities. These poems have imag in the purpose to make the best of things as
ination, originality, lucidity, and proportion ; they they are.
reveal minds fertilized by inspiration and a gen
erous quickening of the literary sense. Twenty "April Airs," by Bliss Carman, brings us New
five young men are represented in the volume. England clasped in tuneful lyrics. The beauty
With one or two exceptions they have not at of the rugged shores, the quaint towns, the up
tempted the newer forms of verse, but have clung land pastures, the forests, rocks, and streams,
to the older accepted standards of form . A Book of Princeton
Harrington Green 's gay verses bubble with Noyes. Princeton UniversityVerse.
Press. Edited
187 pp.by $ 1.25.
* Poems of War and Peace. By Robert Underwood
Alfred
youth and irresponsibility. This talented young Johnson. Bobbs-Merrill. 57 pp. $ 1.
poet died three years ago. His poems are short 3 April Airs. By Bliss Carman . Small, Maynard.
ly to be gathered into a volume. The poems of 77 pp. $ 1.
231
 232 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
birds, bees and flowers and seasons, is shaped Hissing that rushes to silence and breaks to the
in singing cadences that linger long in the mind . thud of alighting -
Everyone who loves the Northeastern seaboard Death that outruns
will appreciate the feeling the poet expresses for Horseman and foot ? Are we justified ? An
the tedious New England winters. swer, O guns !
" The scarlet robe of autumn Yea, by your works are we justified - toil un
Renounced and put away, relieved ;
The mystic earth is fairer still Manifold labors, co -ordinate each to the sending
A Puritan in grey. achieved ;
The spirit of the winter Discipline, not of the feet but the soul, unre
How tender, how austere ; . mitting, unfeigned
Yet all the ardor of the spring Tortures unholy by Aame and by maiming,
And summer's dream are here." known, faced and disdained ;
Courage that shuns
Some of the best poetry that has been inspired Only foolhardiness ; -- even by these are ye
by events of the war is contained in a volume worthy your guns."
entitled " A Song of the Guns," by Gilbert
Frankau . The divisions of the " song" are en Gilbert Frankau is a son of the late " Frank
titled " The Voice of the Slaves," "Headquar- Danby," the well-known novelist.
ters," "Gun - Teams," " Eyes in the Air," " Sig
nals," " The Observers," "Ammunition Column," Theodore Botrel is the great-hearted Breton
and " The Voice of the Guns."
The poems were jotted down by the author poet who goes up and down the fighting-line in
during a lull in the bombardment of artillery the France singing his patriotic songs to the men in
in the battle of Loos in Flanders, where he was Elizabeth trenches and ministering to the wounded .
attached to an artillery brigade. After the bat that have S.made Dickerman has translated the poems
tle of Loos the brigade was ordered to Ypres, diers of the rankshimof the a favorite among the sol
and there during the ensuing trench warfare exquisite, simple, childlikeAllies. His verses are
and appealing, the
the work was completed. The last three stanzas echoes of a race spirit that claims the admiration
were written at brigade headquarters with the of the whole world . A . Le Braz, who
German shells screaming over the ruins .of The the ten the fine preface for this volume, recallshas writ
town. It is a remarkable piece of realism hear
ing Botrel sing on a certain occasion at Port
" guns" are pictured as the masters, the gunners Blanc.
serfs, who are proud of serfdom . The whole The fishermen and their families came
horror of artillery warfare has been packed into to" in thewhole tribes" - men , women and children
principal room of the inn lighted by tal
metrical stanzas without destroying a dominant low candles.
sense of the lyrical quality of as horrible a thing great organ notesThrough the windows came the
of the sea. The bard took his
as an artillery bombardment. The picture of place. He had hardly begun singing " The Paim
the "Gun - Teams," the patient horses thatforsuffer
its pol Maid ," when suddenly spontaneously, the
and die with the guns. is remarkable
pictorial quality : " Eyes in the Air," is the cry whole company joined in, with a great crescendo
of the aeroplane "hawks that guide the gun " ; of rough nasal voices like the noise of the tide
" Signals " gives the feeling of the men who press rushing in upon the rocks. Botrel is young, he
is barely thirty, the son of a peasant blacksmith
the keys " where the red wires cluster thick " : of Dinan.
" Wires from the earth, from the air ;
Wires that whisper and chatter " Italy in Arms, and Other Poems,"* brings us
At night when the trench -rats patter
And nibble among the rations and scuttle back the graceful talent of Clinton Scollard in a col.
lection of tributes to the many beauties of Italy.
to their lair These poems have the appeal of delicate etchings.
Wires that are never at rest Their technique and feeling , their capture of
evanescent beauty and their reverent apprecia .
And always his ear must hark tions of ancient fanes and treasured associations
To the voices out of the dark, - will commend this book to persons who really
From the bombed and battered trenches where make books their friends
the wounded moan in the mire,
For a sign to waken the thunder
Which shatters the night in sunder A small book bound in a pleasant shade of
With the flash of the leaping muzzles and the green gives a collection of the principal poems
beat of battery fire." of the recent leaders of the Irish insurrection :
Thomas MacDonagh, P. H . Pearse, Joseph Mary
The closing poem carries us to the pinnacle Plunkett, and Sir Roger Casement. The volume
is entitled " Poems of the Irish Revolutionary
of the beliet that war is justified by the heroisen Brotherhood.*
it awakens in the souls of men : *
" Ye are the guns' Are we worthr ? Shall not AS the Count Br bert Frank Hougb
these speak for us
Out of the W * s where the torn trees are B v By There Batrel Richard
slashed with the rain bolts that seek for d he Pens By Clinton Scol.
y er at Matteries Bring in unist swish of fi . : : Rer Brotherhood .
Eard ). O 'Brien
 THE NEW BOOKS
THE NEW POETRY
CERTAIN critics have suggested that the new
U books of verse should be labeled in order
that the purchaser shall not be deceived as to
whether they contain the older approved forms
or the multitudinous ebullitions of the Spectric,
Symbolist or Imagist schools. We shall endeavor
to state in our notices of new books of verse
just what kind of poesy they contain , whether
the rhymed forms to which popular usage has
accustomed the reader, or the new free verse
which has by its rebellion against form , had
something to do with the recent widespread in
terest in poetry .
Like a Pied Piper, Alfred Kreymborg's new
book of free verse forms, “Mushrooms," l enters
the Hamelin Town of poetry and presently all
our traditions yield to the spell of his pipe and
go scurrying like the rodents of that famous city .
In "Mushrooms," the reader will find the very
essence of the new school of ultra poetic ex
pression . Mr. Kreymborg has fostered the re
bellion on the part of certain younger poets in
his magazine, Others. The work of the poets
who contribute to this magazine is taken seri
ously by a group of critics as an indication of
progress, of the inner significance of the modern
revolutionary movements that are violently tear
ing the arts away from tradition , and setting
men 's feet on new highways of civilization . The
poetry of “ Mushrooms" will be strong meat to
admirers of Keats and Shelley . It is daring,
heavy with its own conceit, eccentric, definitely
blasphemous against older ideas of the substance
of poetry, but withal a delight to truth lovers.
" Some Imagist Poets, 1916" (Houghton, Mif.
flin ), is the annual anthology of the work of
certain poets, namely, Richard Aldington, H .D .,
John Gould Fletcher, F . S. Flint, D . H . Law
rence and Amy Lowell. These poets write in
many meters, but mainly in vers libre, a verse
form based on cadence, and generally unrhymed .
The rhythms of these Imagist poems will be felt
more keenly if they are read aloud rather slowly. brain .
MIDSUMMER NOVELS
A LICE BROWN'S novel " The Prisoner" is the lovely stepdaughters of Colonel Blake, are
fascinating and readable. The theme is
modern and appealing, that of the rehabilitation
and adjustment to life of a young man who has
been unjustly imprisoned as the scapegoat of a
promoting company, and because of his wife's
theft of a diamond necklace. The story has
rich texture, workmanship of the highest quality
and undeniable freshness and charm . But a
certain incongruity lies in the unreality of the
characters, which are set against a most convinc
ing and realistic background. Esther Blake, the
selfish wife of Jeffrey Blake, is the most bafflingbut she is very much alive.
personage in the book . She seems the automaton
of powerful impulses which the author has not
made sufficiently clear. Lydia and Anne French ,
Co. Mushrooms.
$ 1.25. By Alfred Kreymborg. John Marshall explicable personages and the most amazing
* The Prisoner. By Alice Brown. Macmillan. 471 happenings
Dp. $ 1. 50.
233
Their particular measure is not new in reality ,
for Milton , Dryden, Matthew Arnold and Hen
ley occasionally used it with success. Judged
by the new standards much of the anthology is
highly successful poetry. Selections by Amy
Lowell will serve to start the beginner on free
verse and show just what the new poets are
trying to get at. They are : " Patterns," " Spring
Day," and " Stravinsky's 'Grotesques' for String
Quartet."
There is no finer single poem in Imagist poe
try than “ Voyage a L 'Infini” in “ Idols " (Hough
ton , Mifflin ), a book of verse by Walter Conrad
Arensberg . Besides the so -called new poetry,
this collection contains several fine sonnets and
two translations: Mallarme's L'Apres Midi
d'un Faun," and the fifth canto of “ The In
ferno."
"Goblins and Pagodas," free verse by John
Gould Fletcher (Houghton , Mifflin ), introduces
its particular art of poesy with a preface that
to a certain extent explains the curious contents
of the volume. The first part “ Ghosts of an Old
House," presents a group of poems, the evoca
tions in a child's mind of the fancied terrors
aroused by an old house, its furniture and sur
roundings. In " Symphonies," the life of a young
man is painted in poetry that attempts color
values that are interchangeable with musical
values. The symphonies in various colors, Blue,
Black , Green , Gold , etc ., portray the inner life
of an artist, and if there is any failure in them
it is because they have attempted too much . The
" Blue Symphony" is the vision of unattainable
beauty shimmering through the veil of mystery ;
the "White Symphony" renders the poet's strug
gle for perfection , his tribute to the "gaunt peak
in mid -air." There are inner melodies attempted
in this work which might fully freed to expres
sion, exceed the singing of rhyme, but they lead
to that most perfect poem of all poems- silence,
because language is after all only a clumsy
vehicle to express the harmonies that spin in the
shadowy for all their youth and charm , and the
incidental male characters are hardly flesh -and
blood. But these are more than balanced by the
clear-cut portrait of the shrewd old harpy ,
Esther's aunt, Madame Patricia Beattie, erstwhile
the " friend" of mysterious royal personages and
owner of the mysterious diamond necklace. Ma
dame Beattie wears rusty black Velvet and
smokes cigarettes within the sacred precincts of
the Blake veranda. She reeks of stale perfume,
and has a profound contempt for the Decalogue,
Those who know New England — where the
scenes of this novel are presumably laid - will
not feel the incongruity between characters and
setting, for these readers will know that in
quiet, sleepy New England villages the most in
are often found . Perhaps they may
even have known an " Aunt Patricia Beattie."
234 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Hugh Walpole is at the Eastern battle front ing spiritual essence of the family, a " fool," as
with the Red Cross. The emotional values of she acknowledges, a strange sort of a fool, for
his experiences during the progress of the war material considerations have no weight in her
he has employed in a book that is a re-creation mind, but nevertheless her vision touches high
of the Russian novel through the medium of the places that are above the reach of even the pious
English temperament. The result is “ The Dark Margaret. James marries Catherine, the beauti
Forest," a novel of extraordinary beauty and ful Englishwoman , but he continually returns to
power. The actual " forest" is one in Russia that Tibby to warm his soul at the fires of her faith .
shelters the ebbing tide of warfare, the wounded The end of James Lawrie is not in this volume,
and their attendants, and furnishes cover for the for we leave him in mid -career just as he is
actual operations of war. Symbolically it is war, starting for America to report on the cotton
death , or any irretrievable disaster that man trade. Mr. Cannan shows himself a master of
must rise up and encounter with undaunted cour psychology in his delicate handling of the scene
age. “ The Dark Forest" seems to have had its between James Lawrie and the dying Margaret ;
inspiration from Browning's " Childe Ronald to the subtle reversal of natural emotional values at
the Dark Tower Came," for it is a defiance to the approach of death embodies a feeling so
the terrors of the unknown that would make profound, so sacredly human, it is scarcely to be
puny our souls. Durwald , who tells the story, trusted in words. This novel exceeds Mr. Can
Trenchard, the Englishman, and the Russian sure nan's previous work in realism , characterization
geon love one woman, a Red Cross nurse , Sister and mastery of detail. He has called it a tragi
Marie Ivanovna. She is betrothed to Trenchard, comedy, for it is a blending of humor and pathos,
but jilts him to engage herself to Semyonov . of satirical wit and poignant incident.
A stray bullet kills Marie Ivanovna, and there
after the rivalry of the suitors, Trenchard and Seasoned novel-readers will remember a novel
Semyonov, is with Death, a rivalry wherein he by Maxwell Grey that appeared thirty years
who loses is the most fortunate. It is Trenchard ago, " The Silence of Dean Maitland ." This book
who wins victory from defeat, who dies with has enjoyed general popularity and held its own
strange exhaltation of faith in the persistence of against newer books since the time it was writ
individuality beyond the grave. He is wounded ten. The pen name "Maxwell Grey” covers the
terribly in the stomach . Semyonov kneels identity of Miss Mary Gleed Tuttiett. She has
to lift his head and says to the dying man, written many novels none of which have been as
“ You 've won . . . ." highly successful as the story of the stubborn and
Mr. Walpole gives us in the first half of the silent Dean. Her new novel, “ The World Men
novel an interesting analysis of the Russian char der," from every point of view save perhaps that
acter that seems " superficially with its lack of of emotional intensity bids fair to equal the suc
restraint, its idealism , its impracticality, its mys cess of the earlier book. The narrative tells of
ticism , its material simplicities to be so readily the career of George Darrell, a young English
grasped that the surprise that remains is the man who sacrifices everything to a political ca
more dumbfounding ." The Russian can never reer. He is the grandson of an old Nonconform
reveal the secret ideals of his soul; there is ist couple living in a tiny village on the outskirts
always a mystery in Russians and in Russia, and of a landed estate. He belongs to the younger
now in the days of war " in the very soul of generation in England who feel the stirring of
Russia the mystery is stirring ; here the restless new forces, and through his championship of the
ness, the eagerness, the disappointment, the vi masses becomes known as “ The People's Man."
sion of pursuit is working; and some who are At the height of his career he sacrifices the meed
outside her gates she has drawn into the same of his power and the love of a beautiful and
search ." This novel is a work of art, unquali gifted girl to an entanglement with an adven
fiedly a great book, for it shows us that the only turess known as the Lady Arabel Errison. The
refuge from our despair is the sheer persistence side of the story that deals with George Darrell's
in our own indentity . rise to political power is well done; the account
of his affair with the adventuress falls below
Gilbert Cannan 's new novel, “ Three Sons and the level of the rest of the novel. As a typical
a Mother," is the story of a Scotch family, of story of English life, of excellent workmanship
Margaret Keith Lawrie, who brought up her rising at times in descriptive passages to poetic
three boys and two lassies on a paltry ninety beauty, this novel should find a large number of
pounds a year ; and of the Lawrie boys' careers readers.
in the busy English town of Thrigsby, where
their uncle Andrew offers them a start in his " Chapel" is a first novel by a Welshman and
cotton mills. The first half of the book gives lover of his land, a moving story of the develop
a splendid study of the development of five ment of character and the persistence of family
traits in the Chapels, father and son . Stories
young natures of entirely different characteristics
along diverse lines of activity. The second half with realistic details of life in Wales are rare,
reveals with immense detail the intimate life and the setting of this novel is an addition to its
thoughts and feelings of the eldest son , James power and charm . The author, Miles Lewis,
Lawrie. The characteristics of Margaret Law . wrote steadily during the years he was employed
rie, of Catherine, James' wife, of the " wee as a schoolmaster in Wales, without attempting
Mary,” are very well executed . But in the to publish anything. He took a business position
to broaden his contacts with men and finally
strange, shy Tibby, the silent, ugly -featured lit
tle Scotch maid of all work to the Lawries, Mr. when fully ready wrote " Chapel." Out of the
Cannan has surpassed himself. She is the brood fight waged by father and son for the rehabili
tation of the Chapels as a family, there emerges
? The Dark Forest. By Hugh Walpole. Doran. 320
pp. $ 1. 35. The World Mender. By Maxwell Grey. Appletons.
* * Three Sons and a Mother. By Gilbert Cannan. 466 Chapel.
Doran. 547 PP $ 1. 50.
pp. $ 1.35.
By Miles Lewis Doran. 344 pp. $1.35.
 THE NEW BOOKS
the love story of Bess Hughes and Griffith
Chapel, the story of the fight a young girl makes
against the unreal values of life, and her sur
render to the real. The final reconciliation be-
tween Griffith and his father through the father's
service to the young man's wife, the saving of
her life at the last, brings to an end one of the
finest novels of the year— a brilliant success for
a first novel, and one whose characters and inci
dents are not easily forgotten .
" These Lynnekers," is a fine novel of excellent
artistry by J. D . Beresford, who will be remem
bered for two works in particular- " The House
in Demetrius Road ” and the trilogy " Jacob
Stahl.” The new novel is the story of a young
Englishman, Dickie Lynneker, the youngest son
of the rector of the little English village of
Halton . When the book opens Dickie is at Oak
stone School, struggling with the classics and
achieving success only in mathematics. The nar
rative follows the life of the sturdy boy through
adolescence to young manhood and pictures the
gradual winning of clarity of thought, balance,
and reasoned independence. Dickie's love story
is the least realistic part of the book. There is
a freedom from sentimental drivel, a wholesome-
ness, a consistency about this book that lift it far
above the average of excellence.
The work of Stephen French Whitman has
been brilliant from its beginning. His short
stories won instant attention and the unusual
novel “ Predestined" placed him in the front ranks
of American novelists. He has made a long
stride forward to solid ground in “ Children of
Hope," a much -discussed novel that transplants
Aurelius Goodchild and his three daughters of
Zenasville, Ohio, to Paris and to Florence. He
has taken an average, perfectly good and harm
less, idealistic, optimistic group of Americans
and shown them to us steering with the sublime
assurance of the lovely and the innocent along
the perilous ways of acquiring culture in Europe. meets the Pretender fleeing from his enemies in a
Aurelius comes into a fortune of one hundred heavy mist. Layton chooses between the King's
thousand dollars, and the father and three daugh- commission and a deed of human kindness.
235
ters forsake the modest yellow house in Zenas.
ville for New York and Europe. Aurelius has
named his daughters for the Three Graces.
Aglaia, the eldest, aspires to be an opera singer ; .
Euphrosyne wishes to write, and Thalia, the
beauty of the rich shade of auburn curls, the
ripe and scarlet lips and blue eyes, dreams of
becoming a great artist.
The desires and dreams come to naught.
Against the glittering achievements of real
genius, their aspirations fall like withered rose
leaves. Thalia marries a genius and becomes
a happy wife. Aglaia conquers her disappoint
ment and marries a young Devonshire squire
with a profile like Julius Cæsar, and Euphrosyne
returns to Zenasville to care for her father and
the remnants of the Goodchild legacy, which has
dwindled sadly under various squanderings. Mr.
Whitman leaves the family and their husbands
united at a Thanksgiving dinner at the Zenasville
home. The moral- if there be one- seems to
say : We Americans are not what we dream our.
selves to be, but without pretensions and copy
ings of European culture - we are a rather de .
lightful, amiable sort of people carrying within
our souls the secret of genuine happiness, the
childlike optimism that distinguishes us from
other nations, whom the weary light of knowl.
edge and culture has more perfectly illumined .
F . R . Kruger has furnished some exceedingly
good illustrations.
“ The Bright Eyes of Danger," by John Foster,
is a happy find among the serious novels of the
month . It is a most entertaining romantic novel,
a chronicle of the daring adventures of Edmund
Layton of Darehope-in -Liddisdaill, Scotland, in
the troubled years of 1745 and 1746 ; of his ride
to the border to the Lothian and what befell him
there and on the Moray seaboard . Also of his
personal dealings with the young Pretender and
what befell him in a moment of weakness for
sake of the fairest lady in Scotland, when he

Narcissus. By Viola Meynell. Putnams. unusual, the fun so genuine, the reader will easily
$1.35. want to give this book a second reading.
A novel of great delicacy and charm that is
a careful study in the contrasting values of the About Miss Mattie Morningglory. By Lil
events of everyday life. lian Bell. Rand, McNally . $ 1.35 .
A Christian Science story about a little old
Come Out of the Kitchen . By Alice Duer maid milliner who meets with her first love
Miller. Century. Ill. $1.35. experience and disillusion when she is forty
A gay, delightful story, withoutmuch plot, but toyearsrecover old. Miss Mattie is taken to a hospital
from the shock of her lover's base
freshly phrased and frankly entertaining. An
old Southern family decide to rent the decaying her ness in making love to her in order to possess
family mansion on account of illness in the fam small savings, and there she hears the voice
ily. The house is taken by a rich young North of some ministering woman speaking the truths
einer who moves in accompanied by his entire of Christian Science and observes that healing
equipment which includes his lawyer, the woman of serious cases follow upon the words. The
little milliner becomes an ardent Christian Sci
who hopes to be his mother-in -law and her entist and gives her life to the care of helpless
daughter. The development of the story is so and ailing children in order that she may heal
DP.* These
$ 1.50 . Lynnekers. By J. D. Beresford. Doran. 456 them through the exercise of the Christ power.
Children of Hope. By Stephen French Whitman . 3 The Bright Eyes of Danger. By John Foster. Lip
Century . Ills. 508 pp . $ 1.40 . pincott. 334 .
pp. ' $1. 35.
236 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ART BOOKS
« A HISTORY OF SCULPTURE," by Harold
A North Fowler, Ph . D ., is intended for use
in schools and for the general public. Beginning
with sculpture in Egypt and Babylonia, he fol
lows the development of the art down to the
present day and touches upon the phases of
sculpture presented in the art of China, India,
and Japan . All important developments in sculp
ture are discussed and the individual works and
artists are described as space permits . The illus-
trations are especially deserving of praise ; there
are nearly two hundred, which have been repro
duced from rare prints. A work most thoroughly
adapted to the needs of the average individual
who wants to know all about sculpture.
“ The Studio Year-Book of Decorative Art" is
a review of the latest developments in the ar
tistic construction , decoration, and furnishing of
the house. Articles on cottage interiors, British
architecture and decoration , architecture and dec
oration in Canada, New Zealand, South Africa,
and the United States, are presented with many
charming illustrations in color and in black and
white. The book is a delight to the prospective
house-builder and to the home-maker. The ar-
ticle by Sydney Jones on the adaptation of dec
oration to the modern cottage should bear fruit
in the future artistic development of the small
cottage-home in this country.
Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, a French sculptor who
was killed in a charge at Neuville -St. Vaast on
June 15, 1915, had already at the age of twenty
two achieved world -wide recognition . There is
no doubt that he was a very great genius, one
who poured fresh vitality into art and left his
mark upon the art of sculpture in the form of a
return to the simple, the primitive, and the
archaic. His work was the echo of bygone ages,
sharp, rigid accents of form arranged in planes
that expressed emotions by their relationship one
to another. Ezra Pound has prepared a memoir
of this young genius - a labor of affection - and
a most beautiful book with wide margins, clear
type and thirty -eight illustrations consisting of
photographs of his sculpture, and four portraits
by Walter Bennington and numerous reproduc
tions from the Gaudier-Brzeska drawings.: At
present very little of the sculptor's work is acces
sible to the public. Some examples are to be
placed in South Kensington , others in the Musee
du Luxembourg . In this country a group of his
statues are in the art collection of John Quinn.
Gaudier-Brzeska was a " vorticist," together with
other moderns, such as Brancusi and Dunikowski.
He declared that his particular vortex was "will
and consciousness," the power to express ab
stract thoughts of conscious superiority. His let
ters from the French trenches at the front are
included in the memoir. They show that his
ideas of art were not changed by the contact
with war. He regarded the conflict as a great
remedy, a purge to humanity, and in one of the
letters he writes that the terrible bombardments
“ do not alter in the least the outlines of the
A History of Sculpture. By Harold North Fowler.
Macmillan. Ill. 445 pp. $ 2.
Lane.The 182Studio
pp . Year-Book
$ 3. of Decorative Art. John
Gaudier-Brzeska. By Ezra Pound. John Lane.
III. 168 pp. $3.50.
hill.” A Mauser rifle captured from the Ger.
mans offended him by its ugliness. To pass the
time he broke the butt off and carved a design
upon it. Mr. Pound's tribute to Gaudier
Brzeska is not alone a memoir, it is an elucida.
tion of many of the theories of modern art.
The best work available on the principles that
underlie the art of dancing is “ The Antique .
Greek Dance,” translated by Harriet J. Beavley.
from the French ofMaurice Emmanuel, Doctor of
Letters and Laureat du Conservatoire. The first
edition of this scientific work was soon ex - !
hausted and the translator tramped the streets
of Paris searching the old bookshops of the city
to find a copy of this marvelous book . It is
almost necessary to the understanding of dancing,
to its higher development to have the knowledge
contained in this invaluable treatise. The author
reconstructs the modern ballet steps from the old
Greek dances, and gives minute directions for
the steps in over 600 illustrations. This book
should be purchased and treasured by dancers
and by all those interested in the rhythmic awak
ening of the mind and body through the dance.
A book that cannot be too highly praised .
" Four-Dimensional Vistas,"6 by Claude Brag .
don , author of " Projective Ornament" and " A
Primer of Higher Space," is the outcome of Mr.
Bragdon 's practical experience as an architect
and of his research in science, psychology , and
metaphysics. It endeavors to throw light on
the mathematical concept of the fourth dimen
sion, to show us a fourth dimension of space
that is the home of our future freedom . He
believes that we are even now feeling the in
creasing pressure upon
creasing pressure upon consciousness " from a
new direction ," and that he who glimpses this
develops set of mental
his soul toa new
the splendor fingers, apprehen
of a higher and frees.
sion of the Cosmos. “ Transcendental Physics,"
“ Curved Time," " Sleep and Dreams," " The
Night Side of Consciousness," " Eastern Teach
ing," " The Mystics," "Genius," and " The Gift of
Freedom ” are some of the chapter headings of
this marvelously interesting book.
What is the charm that lies in an old silver
tankard, in eighteenth -century candle-sticks,
George I. tea caddies, and Elizabethan flagons?
It is difficult to discover, unless one enters the
domain of psychology, just why nearly every
householder desires to possess some good old
silver. Few persons, comparatively speaking,
have the knowledge of shapes and hall-marks
than enable them to buy wisely and avoid imita
tions. " Chats on Old Silver!" is a most valuable
volume of convenient size to carry around on col
lecting tours. Its contents cover a wide range :
Marks stamped on silver, ecclesiastical plate,
Scottish silver, Irish silver, and chapter by chap
ter the different pieces of a silver service, and
odd cups, chalices, etc. There are ninety -nine
full-page illustrations, and illustrated table of
marks.
, : The Antique Greek Dance. By Maurice Emmanuel.
fredFour-Dimensional
Knopf. 134 pp. Vistas.
$ 1.25. By Claude Bragdon . Al
• Chats on Old Silver. By Arthur Hayden . Stokes,
424 pp. III.
 THE NEW BOOKS 237

THE GREAT WAR

The German Republic . By Walter Well- and various elements : civilians from the North
man. Dutton . 202 pp. $1. (of France ), mostly minors not liable for mili
In this little book Mr. Wellman appeals to tary service, or invalids; every variety of sol
"the intelligence, the conscience, the self-reliant diers, Territorials from conquered towns,
citizenship, the moral resoluteness of one of the wounded Zouaves, numerous hungry and ragged
greatest peoples of earth .” In a word , his book Russians, bare-legged scouts, native African sol
is the expression of a vision of peace triumphant diers wrapped in their burnouses, and , to add
to the crowd's cosmopolitan appearance , all the
over physical force. The book is addressed to uniforms
che German people , " whom the world has loved with Russian are interchanged . There are Zouaves
and in whom the world still has faith .” boots, Belgians with English cloaks,
sharp -shooters wearing gunners' jackets, and a
collection of regulation buttons of all the armies
Modern Germany in Relation to the Great may
War. Translated by William Wallace White be found on all the tunics."
lock. Mitchell Kennerley . 628 pp . $ 2 . The Luck of Thirteen. By Mr. and Mrs.
This is a collection of essays by a number of Jan Gordon. Dutton . 378 pp. Ill. $2.50.
leaders of thought in modern Germany. The A vivacious account of the wanderings and
writers are in nearly every instance professors flight of an Englishman and his wife through
in German and Austrian universities. A few Montenegro and Serbia in war time.
are government officials who are in charge of
the state activities about which they write. Taken With the Zionists in Gallipoli. By Lieut.
as a whole, the book is an attempt to interpret
modern Germany and Germany's aims to the Col. J. H . Patterson, D . S. 0 . Doran . 307 pp.
world in general. Although specifically con III. $ 2.
cerned with the war, the book has a broader gen The Zion Mule Corps, distinguished for its
eral purpose. service on the Gallipoli Peninsula, is said to
have been the first Jewish military unit formed
For England. By H . Fielding -Hall. Hough in two thousand years. It was composed of
ton, Mifflin . 144 pp. $1.50. Russian -born refugees from Palestine. Colonel
Patterson commanded this corps, and in the ac
A series of sketches illustrating the patriotic count
spirit of the British people. of its service that he here renders he re
views and criticizes the Gallipoli campaign from
The Human Boy and the War. By Eden the professional soldier's viewpoint.
Phillpotts. Macmillan . 291 pp . $1.25. The Soldier-Boy. By C. Lewis Hind. Put
An English boy is the hero of this latest bit nam . 116 pp. 75 cents.
of fiction from the pen of Mr. Phillpotts. The
boy's viewpoint in relation to the war is clearly A series of sketches of life at the front intended
brought out. to set forth spiritual gains and victories, rather
than the details of military progress.
With Botha's Army. By J. P . Kay Robin Under Three Flags - With the Red Cross.
son , Dutton. 158 pp. $ 1.25 .
An Englishman 's account of the expedition in By St. Clair Livingston and Ingeborg Steen -Han
German Southwest Africa under General Botha. sen. Macmillan . 238 pp. $ 1.
Accounts of Red Cross work in Belgium ,
A Soldier of the Legion . By Edward France, and Serbia .
Morlae. Houghton , Mifflin . 129 pp . III. $ 1. With My Regiment from the Aisne to La
These experiences of a young Californian of R
French descent who enlisted in the famous "For Bassée. By " Platoon Commander.” Philadel
eign Legion " soon after the outbreak of the war phia : Lippincott. 231 pp. $1.
were published in the Atlantic Monthly and their An English soldier's story of the early days
authenticity was called in question immediately,
but Mr. Sedgwick, the editor of the Atlantic, has of the war.
apparently received satisfactory assurance of the Dixmude- The Epic of the French Ma
author's good faith , for he signs a preface to
the book strongly commending Mr. Morlae for rines. By Charles Le Goffic. Philadelphia : Lip
his soldierly qualities. The story that this " sol pincott. 164 pp. III. $ 1.
dier of the Legion " has to tell is at least full The heroism of the French Brigade of Marines
of a sense of actuality , as Mr. Sedgwick says. ( Fusiliers Marins), long concealed in official re
ports, now receives recognition in this connected
Prisoner of War. By André Warnod . narrative drawn from a variety of sources,
Philadelphia : Lippincott. 172 pp. Ill. $ 1. chiefly private letters.
This is a soldier's story of many months spent
in a military prison in Germany. Following is In the field . By Marcel Dupont. Philadel
the writer's description of the scene of action : phia : Lippincott. 307 pp. $1.
" The camp is almost a town, a town of twenty The impressions of a French officer of light
thousand souls, with a male population of many cavalry formed during the first year of the war.
 DIY

FINANCIAL NEWS
_ TAXATION OF INVESTMENT SECURITIES
HE oAAmerica
nmerican iinvesto nvestorr of the last gen . To $500,000.. .. ... ... ... .. 9 per cent. super-tax
r a t i d
di onnnot o have to worry a great yred Above $500,000. .. .. .... .. . 10 per cent. super-tax
l ever axadid
eaa er counaxation,
t i , com
ries. compared with investors
o t
oth tntries. EEven to -day the net re PRESENT TAX
r i t i e s To $20,000. . . . . . 1 per cent.
aope on seocruwrities i s
is much greater than in To $ 50,000 . . . . 1 per cent. super -tax
I bef e me war . TL
i t
ore
i s h the s
war.
t i t u t i o The income tax has To $ 75,000 . . . . . 2 per cént. super-tax
a Br ish iinstitution n for a long while. To $ 100,000 . .. . 3 per cent. super-tax
he st c
Fren have h have aalways lway rebelled against an To $ 250,000 . . . . 4 per cent. super - tax
2e Pm o lyof th This ort. but
is ssort, b they have had to pay To To $ 500,000 . . . . 5 per cent. super - tax
e r a l s ' in other ot h e r w
ways. The Austrians, $ 500,000 and above. . . ., 6 per cent. super-tax
n
zlia ussians are
, RRussians are oovertaxed
u . Germans
d bmit ttoo a ttax
to suubmit ay on principal to raise For a country on a peace basis and pos
am equired to prepare the country
ounts rrequired sessing the lowest government debt per capita
che unts r e
waCar.. IfIf tthe m
h AAmerican bondholder of
and the highest wealth per capita of any
een yeacars rs aago ad paid all of the taxes to
go hhad under the sun , a tax which absorbs one-tenth
ichtivhe as liliable
elwas
wy al he would have suffered of income looks rather socialistic ; but, even
apara sa so, it is under some of the tax levies that
atively small deduction in the amount were in service in Europe before the war.
h e inco me. ca Government bonds are free of all taxes,
T y ast ddecade,
ppast e however, has witnessed
ver d e termin and, in bon
themajority of cases, State and mu
ddetermined effort on the part of Fed-
tara authorities to pay their ex-
an d SState nicipal bonds are exempt from taxes if held
within the State. It will be realized that in
al ses he help given them from holders
n tthe
oon
Cr n conal property . After an income tax
placing a tax on securities of other States or
e e
p of o reemeen of foreign municipalities, counties, or dis
u p n declared unconstitutional by the tricts lawmakers have inadvertently reduced
d
hS
a ned CCourt, the various States adopted the borrowing power of those unities, for in
an amegendment
ht, so that a Federal income-tax
law mi ight be placed on the statute-books, and most cases outside capital has to supply the
major portion of the requirements. If the
14 the first payments on this account New York State investor has to submit to a
14
in ere1ré9 made into the United States reasury ; tax of 1 to 17/2 per cent. on the income of a
w
e has just been completed the third 4 or 412 per cent. interior State bond, he is
year 'ss ttax
ax rrecord
er , which shows that approxi- likely to leave it alone, and in so far as he
l y
mate ly $$120,000,000
120 was levied by the Gov - does so the development of that State will
ament from the income of her citizens in
erni be checked . If he does buy the bond and
1915 , and now it is proposed to double this fails to declare his tax obligation , which un
sum as a means of liquidating debts due fortunately happens very often , he is vio
mainly to the desire for a larger army and lating and vitiating the law and dulling his
navy. The process of addition to tax obli own moral sense. There seem to be State
gations shows no sign of having reached its laws on taxation , however, expressly made to
climax.
If the bill introduced by Representative induce perjury.
Kitchin on July 5 becomes a law , incomes the more radical isState
quced by Representative Improvement taking
laws.placeMassachusetts
in some of
will be taxable next year on the following has recently gone a long way forward in this
basis : direction and given an outside market for
PROPOSED TAX her securities which they did not have under
To $ 20,000 . . . .. .. 2 per cent.
To $40,000.. .. 1 per cent. super-tax laws which almost made the impost on in
To $ 60,000 . .. 2 per cent. super -tax come confiscatory. On the other hand, Ohio
To $80,000. .. 3 per cent. super -tax had gone backward, introducing a mass of
To $ 100,000 . .. . 4 per cent, super -tax taxation laws in 1913 which greatly compli
To $ 150,000 . 5 per cent. super -tax
To $200,000.. cate investment in the State, as there are
6 per cent. super- tax municipals of the same issuing districts some
To $250,000 7 per cent. super-tax
To $ 300,000 . 8 per cent. super-tax of which are taxable and others non-taxable.
238
 FINANCIAL NEWS 239
Lack of uniformity in the tax laws of States MUNICIPAL AND
is a very great hindrance to spread of capi STATE BONDS COUNTY BONDS
tal from the reservoirs of accumulation in Utah .. .... ... Taxable Taxable
the East to the other 1 sections badly in need Vermont ...... Taxable Exempt after
issue of 1907
of irrigation by capital. Exempt since Taxable
In a majority of the States bonds of the Virginia ....... issue of 1882
State and the bonds of municipalities are West Virginia . Taxable Taxable
taxable, though there are quite a number of
instances where both classes of securities are in forty-one of the forty- eight States the
exempt after certain years. The best way to holder of the obligations of another State or
indicate the general tendency is to give a of the municipal bonds of a foreign State is
table showing the status of the bonds in these taxed at varying rates. For instance, the
States, as follows: State of Minnesota makes an impost of 3
MUNICIPAL AND mills on the dollar of value issued . Pennsyl
STATE BONDS COUNTY BONDS vania places a tax of 4 mills on the dollar
Arkansas .... . . Taxable Taxable and Rhode Island 40 cents per $ 100 of as
Colorado .. .. . . Taxable Taxable sessed value, which is in all cases the same
Exempt after Exempt after tax as on the securities of the State itself.
Connecticut .. . . paying 4 mills paying 4 mills Different States have peculiar conditions of
per $ 1 per $ 1 development to deal with and they have tried
Idaho . . . ... . Taxable Taxable
Illinois .. .. . . . Taxable Taxable to encourage this by modifying the terms of
Exempt after Exempt after taxation . In Idaho the statutes indicate that
Indiana . . .. . . . 1903 issue 1903 issue growing crops, fruit and nut-bearing trees,
Exempt after planted in orchard form , are exempt from
Iowa . .. . .. . . . Taxable 1909 issue taxes for four years and vineyards for three
Kansas ... .. . . Taxable Taxable years . In Mississippi all municipals are tax
Maine . .. . . . . Exempt after Exempt after able except drainage district bonds, which
1909 issue 1909 issue puts a premium on reclamation enterprises.
Taxable except There are two States, viz ., Kansas and
Maryland .... . Exempt Baltimore stock Vermont, in which the interest or income on
for local taxes United States bondsmay be taxed. The ex
Michigan ... . .. Taxable Exempt treme of taxation on securities occurs in some
Exempt after
Minnesota . .... 1911 issue Exempt after
1911 issue of the counties of Western States , where the
Mississippi . ... Exempt after Exempt after impost is as high as $ 3 to $ 3.50 per $ 100,
1906 issue 1906 issue and it is occasionally found to be as much
Taxable
Missouri ....... cated if lo- Taxable if lo as $ 5 per $ 100, which would absorb nearly
in State cated in State all of the income on any safe investment.
Montana . . ... . Taxable Taxable A savings-bank account drawing interest of
Nebraska .. . .. Taxable Taxable 3 per cent. would not only return nothing,
Nevada . . . . . . Taxable Taxable but the principal of the investment would be
Subject to spe-
Exempt if in cific statutes undermined and gradually shrink in amount.
These are, of course, unusual and extreme
New Hampshire terest does not
exceed 5 per with 3 % per instances, but they indicate the unscientific
cent. cent. maximum
untaxed rate character of taxation throughout the coun
North Carolina Exempt Taxable try and a lack of general application of tax
North Dakota . , Taxable Taxable principles to national needs.
Exempt if is In the last few years twenty of the forty
Ohio .... . . . . . . sued prior to Irregular eight States have adopted constitutional
Jan , 1, 1913 amendments which call for a reclassification
Oklahoma .. .. . Exempt Taxable of property and taxation which discriminates
Oregon . . . .. . . Taxable Taxable between real and personal property . These
Pennsylvania ... Exempt 4 mills on $1 States are Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut,
40 cents per Delaware, Georgia , Iowa, Kentucky, Mary
Rhode Island.. Exempt $ 100 of assessed
land , Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
value
Exempt after New Mexico , New York , North Dakota ,
South Carolina Exempt issue February Oklahoma, Pennsylvania , Rhode Island ,
20, 1912 Vermont, Virginia , and Wisconsin , with
South Dakota .. Taxable Taxable Illinois and South Dakota to vote on the
Tennessee ..... Taxable Taxable amendment next November.
 FINANCIAL NEWS
1. - TAXATION OF INVESTMENT SECURITIES
THE American investor of the last gen - To $500,000 . .. .. ... . . . . 9 per cent. super-tax
eration did not have to worry a great Above $ 500,000 . . .. . . ... . . . 10 per cent. super -tax
Ab
deal over taxation , compared with investors PRESENT TAX
in other countries. Even to-day the net re
turn on securities is much greater than in TTo $50,000
To
$ 20,000 .
.
1 per cent.
1 per cent. super -tax
Europe before the war. The income tax has To $75,000 . .. 2 per cént. super - tax
been a British institution for a long while. To $ 100,000 . . .
To $250 ,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 per cent. super-tax
4 per cent. super- tax
The French have always rebelled against an To $ 500,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 per cent, super -tax
impost of this sort, but they have had to pay To $ 500,000 and above . . ... 6 per cent. super -tax
liberally in other ways. The Austrians,
Italians, Russians are overtaxed . Germans For a country on a peace basis and pos
had to submit to a tax on principal to raise sessing the lowest government debt per capita
the amounts required to prepare the country and the highest wealth per capita of any
for the war. If the American bondholder of under the sun , a tax which absorbs one-tenth
fifteen years ago had paid all of the taxes to income looks rather socialistic ; but, even
which he was liable he would have suffered of so , it is under some of the tax levies that
comparatively small deduction in the amount were in service in Europe before the war.
of his income. Government bonds are free of all taxes,
The past decade, however, has witnessed and, in the majority of cases, State and mu
a very determined effort on the part of Fed - nicipal bonds are exempt from taxes if held
eral and State authorities to pay their ex within the State. It will be realized that in
penses on the help given them from holders placing a tax on securities of other States or
of personal property. After an income tax of foreign municipalities, counties, or dis
had been declared unconstitutional by the tricts lawmakers have inadvertently reduced
Supreme Court, the various States adopted the borrowing power of those unities, for in
an amendment so that a Federal income-tax most cases outside capital has to supply the
law might be placed on the statute -books, and major portion of the requirements. If the
in 1914 the first payments on this account New York State investor has to submit to a
were made into the United States Treasury tax of 1 to 11 per cent. on the income of a
There has just been completed the third 4 or 412 per cent. interior State bond, he is
year's tax record , which shows that approxi- likely to leave it alone, and in so far as he
mately $ 120,000,000 was levied by the Gov . does so the development of that State will
ernment from the income of her citizens in be checked. If he does buy the bond and
1915, and now it is proposed to double this fails to declare his tax obligation, which un
sum as a means of liquidating debts due fortunately happens very often . he is vio
mainly to the desire for a larger army and lating and vitiating the law and dulling his
navy. The process of addition to tax obli own moral sense. There seem to be State
gations shows no sign of having reached its laws on taxation , however, expressly made to
climax. induce perjury.
If the bill introduced by Representative
Kitchin on July 5 becomes a law , incomes theImprovement is taking place in some of
more radical State laws. Massachusetts
will be taxable next year on the following has recently gone a long way forward in this
basis : direction and given an outside market for
PROPOSED TAX her securities which they did not have under
To $20,000 . .. . . . 2 per cent.
To $40,000 . . . . 1 per cent. super -tax laws which almost made the impost on in
To $60,000 . . . . . 2 per cent. super-tax come confiscatory. On the other hand, Ohio
To $ 80,000 . 3 per cent, super- tax had gone backward , introducing a mass of
To $ 100,000 . . . 4 per cent. super-tax taxation laws in 1913 which greatly compli
To $ 150,000 . . 5 per cent. super- tax cate investment in the State, as there are
To $ 200,000 . . . . 6 per cent. super-tax
To $ 250,000 . . . . . 7 per cent. super -tax municipals of the same issuing districts some
To $ 300,000 . . .. . . . .. . . 8 per cent, super-tax of which are taxable and others non -taxable.
238
 FINANCIAL NEWS 239
Lack of uniformity in the tax laws of States MUNICIPAL AND
STATE BONDS COUNTY BONDS
is a very great hindrance to spread of capi Utah ........ .. Taxable Taxable
tal from the reservoirs of accumulation in Exempt after
the East to the other sections badly in need Vermont ...... Taxable issue of 1907
ofirrigation by capital. Exempt since Taxable
In a majority of the States bonds of the Virginia .......
. . . issue of 1882 Taxable
State and the bonds of municipalities are West Virginia . Taxable Taxable
taxable, though there are quite a number of
instances where both classes of securities are in forty -one of the forty -eight States the
exempt after certain years . The best way to holder of the obligations of another State or
indicate the general tendency is to give a of the municipal bonds of a foreign State is
table showing the status of the bonds in these taxed at varying rates. For instance, the
States, as follows: State of Minnesota makes an impost of 3
MUNICIPAL AND mills on the dollar of value issued . Pennsyl
STATE BONDSCOUNTY BONDS vania places a tax of 4 mills on the dollar
Arkansas . ... . . Taxable Taxable and Rhode Island 40 cents per $ 100 of as
Colorado .. . .. . Taxable Taxable sessed value, which is in all cases the same
Exempt after Exempt after tax as on the securities of the State itself.
Connecticut paying 4 mills paying 4 mills Different States have peculiar conditions of
per $ 1 per $ 1
Idaho ...... Taxable Taxable development to dealwith and they have tried
Illinois . Taxable Taxable to encourage this by modifying the terms of
Exempt after Exempt after taxation . In Idaho the statutes indicate that
Indiana . ... . . . growing crops, fruit and nut-bearing trees,
1903 issue 1903 issue
Iowa ......... Taxable Exempt after planted in orchard form , are exempt from
1909 issue taxes for four years and vineyards for three
Kansas . ... .. . Taxable Taxable years. In Mississippi all municipals are tax
Maine ... .. . Exempt after Exempt after able except drainage district bonds, which
1909 issue 1909 issue puts a premium on reclamation enterprises .
Taxable except There are two States, viz., Kansas and
Maryland .... . Exempt Baltimore stock
Vermont, in which the interest or income on
for local taxes
United States bondsmay be taxed. The ex
Michigan .... . Taxable Exempt treme of taxation on securities occurs in some
Minnesota .... . Exempt after Exempt after of the counties of Western States , where the
1911 issue 1911 issue
Mississippi .... Exempt after Exempt after impost is as high as $ 3 to $ 3.50 per $ 100 ,
1906 issue 1906 issue and it is occasionally found to be as much
Missouri ... ... . Taxable if lo - Taxable if lo as $ 5 per $ 100, which would absorb nearly
cated in State cated in State all of the income on any safe investment.
Montana .. ... Taxable Taxable A savings-bank account drawing interest of
Nebraska .. .. . Taxable Taxable 3 per cent. would not only return nothing,
Nevada Taxable Taxable but the principal of the investment would be
Exempt if in - Subject to spe undermined and gradually shrink in amount.
New Hampshiree exceed does
terest not cific statutes These are, of course, unusual and extreme
5 per with 372 per
cent. maximum instances, but they indicate the unscientific
cent. character of taxation throughout the coun
untaxed rate
North Carolina Exempt Taxable try and a lack of general application of tax
North Dakota . . Taxable Taxable principles to national needs.
Exempt if is In the last few years twenty of the forty
Ohio ...... .. .. sued prior to Irregular eight States have adopted constitutional
Jan . 1, 1913 amendments which call for a reclassification
Oklahoma .. .. . Exempt Taxable
Oregon .. .. .. . Taxable Taxable
of property and taxation which discriminates
Pennsylvania ... Exempt 4 mills on $1 between real and personal property. These
States are Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut,
40 cents per Delaware, Georgia , Iowa, Kentucky, Mary
Rhode Island .. Exempt $ 100 of assessed
value land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
Exempt after New Mexico , New York, North Dakota ,
South Carolina Exempt issue February Oklahoma, Pennsylvania , Rhode Island,
20, 1912 Vermont, Virginia , and Wisconsin , with
South Dakota.. Taxable Taxable Illinois and South Dakota to vote on the
Tennessee ..... Taxable Taxable amendment next November.
 I II

SIMON

Brown and Dawson

THE HARBOR OF CHARLOTTE AMALIE , ST. THOMAS, DANISH WEST INDIES
This view was taken through the tower window of “
and the adjacent mountains. The picture shows the well-protected harbor, the strategical value of which is the
chief reason for the acquisition of these islands by the l'nited States. (See article on page 292.)
 THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Vol. LIV NEW YORK , SEPTEMBER, 1916 · No. 3

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

The Great As the European war enters of a similar size and importance. The House
American Navy upon its third year, with neutral rejected the dreadnoughts in the bill that it
sured rights more than ever disre- passed , and voted for five battle-cruisers.
garded, the party in power at Washington The Senate changed the bill altogether ,
radically changes its opinions and provides greatly enlarging the program . It doubled
for a large American navy. The vote on the President's original plan by providing
that question in the House of Representa- for four battleships and four battle-cruisers .
tives, on August 15, is by far the most im - The President laid down a five-year sched
portant event in our national history-making ule, which the Senate changed to one of three
of recent weeks. When Congress began its years. It is this general program of the Sen
present session last December, President ate that has been adopted by the House ,
Wilson laid before it his program of national with the active and urgent approval of the
defense . We have heretofore explained President and the Navy Department. The
how essentially the program was altered as new ships to be built within three years will
regards the army. The Naval bill as now cost about $600 ,000 ,000 . The Naval bill
agreed upon calls for almost twice as large a for the coming year provides for expending
building program in the coming year as the about $ 315 ,000,000 for the maintenance and
Administration laid down in its recommen - enlargement of the American navy. This is
dations as the starting point for the present ' much the largest naval appropriation ever
measure. The President and Secretary made by any country in time of peace. The
Daniels asked for two battleships of the three-year program calls for ten new battle
dreadnought type and two battle -cruisers ships, six battle-cruisers, ten scout cruisers,
fifty destroyers, fifty -eight coast submarines,
nine fleet submarines , and a dozen other ves
sels, including fuel ships, a hospital ship, and
so on .
It is not merely the magnitude
National of this naval program that gives
Program it so much importance. Great
Britain makes its navy a national institution
not subject to partisan treatment. Hereto
fore the tendency in the United States has
E
N
T
E
A
been to regard the efficient navy as a Repub
S P

8 0 0
48 00 ,00
lican policy. Typical Democratic leaders,
PG R
FO THE likeMr. Bryan , have believed in a relatively
VY

small navy. Since the outbreak of the Euro

NA

92

pean war, the Republicans have been de

manding high efficiency in naval administra
tion, thorough naval preparedness, and a
program of enlargement bearing some rela
tion to the dangers that beset our nation in
view of the colossal war in which all impor
PEACE AT THE PROPER PRICE tant naval powers except our own are in
From the Tribune (New York ) volved. It is, indeed,
a remarkable thing
Copyright, 1916, by The REVIEW OF Reviews COMPANY 243
240 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
II. - INVESTORS' QUERIES AND ANSWERS
No. 755. BONDS FOR A $500 INVESTMENT 1918, at about 100 % ; Northern States Power 6 's,
I would appreciate your help in connection with
contemplated purchase of a $ 500 bond. I am a small
the due 1926, at about 981/2 ; International Harvester
saver, and am looking for an essentially secure invest. dueS's, due 1918, at about 101/ 2 ; United Fruit s's,
ment that will bring a better interest return than 3 per 1918, at about 10072 ; Chicago & North
cent., the savings-bank rate in this part of the country. western equipment 4 /2 's, due 1916 to 1923, to
I will state that I am a greenhorn , but have been told yield approximately 4.10 per cent; Louisville &
by a friend that any of the below .named bonds are safe Nashville equipment s's, due 1916 to 1923, to
and sound investments :
Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe general mortgage 4 's; yield approximately 4 .20 per cent.; New York
Baltimore & Ohio first mortgage 4's; Chicago, Milwaukee Central Lines equipment 4 /2's, due 1916 to 1923,
&St.St.Paul
Paulconvertible
general mortgage 4's; Chicago, Milwaukee &
472 's, Norfolk & Western consol to yield approximately 4 .25 per cent.
dated 4 's; Union Pacific first and land grant 4's; North It is apparent that if you were to invest your
ern Pacific prior lien 4's. surplus funds in this way your average yield
Would the prices of the above bonds be depressed
there should be a general strike of railroad employees,if of income would be well under 5 per cent., but
as in prospect at present? that is all you can reasonably expect on securi
ties that are essentially of the “ liquid " class
It would be extremely difficult for anyone to the kind you ought to have.
improve on your friend's advice, at least as far
as railroad bonds are concerned . The issues No. 757. INSTALMENT SAVINGS CERTIFICATES
he has suggested are all of the very highest I have recently seen the offering of " instalment sav .
grade and most conservative investments of their ings certificates'' so-called, to net the investor 8 per
class. In fact, all of them , without exception , cent. Would you mind giving me your opinion of the
conform to the very high standards that are set safety of this type of security ? .
up by the laws of New York State for the invest Securities bearing similar names have been is
ment of savings bank and trust funds. Nor sued in a good many different forms. With few
would you find in the general class of railroad exceptions they are found upon analysis to lack
bonds any issues that would be likely to prove tangible security of any kind. Most frequently
more satisfactory from the point of view of they are the credit obligations of concerns en
marketability . gaged in real estate promotion or development.
But even bonds of this grade cannot be ex Experience seems to have demonstrated pretty
pected to be immune from all the influences that conclusively that " savings" devices of this na
cause investments to fluctuate in market price. ture cannot be recommended for investment.
It is quite conceivable, for instance, that if it Even the best of them have been found to possess
should prove impossible for the railroad man undesirable features considered from the view of
agers to adjust their differences with their em the investor. We are frank to say, moreover,
ployees so as to avert a general strike, a good that we do not believe the rate of 8 per cent.
many of these bonds would be thrown into the can safely be offered on this or any other form
market with the result that their prices would of security, devised for the employment of small
be temporarily depressed . But it is not conceiv . savings.
able that this situation could become so acute as
to materially affect the underlying positions of No. 758. AMERICAN WATER WORKS AND
the bonds. Of the seven issues in question , it Can you give ELECTRIC COMPANY
me any information as to the condition
is likely that the St. Paul convertibles would
prove the most susceptible to such an influence of Athe report
American Water Works and Electric Company ?
on the results of this company 's op
as this.
Everything considered, such bonds as these are eration for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915,
probably best for the " greenhorn " to begin with, showed operating income of $ 946,122 and net in
although there are a good many other small come after deducting bond interest and other
denomination issues of other classes that offer fixed charges amounting to $ 478,638. The total
as high a degree of safety, practically speaking surplus as of June 30 , 1915, of $ 568,608 . The
- for example, bonds like American Agricultural net income of the company as reported here was
Chemical 5's, American Telephone & Telegraph the equivalent of about 972 per cent. earned on
collateral 4's, Anglo -French 5's, Commonwealth the first preferred stock and about 1/4 per cent.
Power Railway & Light convertible 6's, Denver on the participating preferred stock , after allow
Gas & Electric first 5's, Laclede Gas first 5's, ing for 7 per cent. dividends on the senior issue.
Montana Power first and refunding 5's. Later figures, in more or less abbreviated form ,
show that the company still continues to make
No. 756. FOR A SHORT TERM , " LIQUID " progress in the development of its earning power.
INVESTMENT
I have lately brought my work to a saving basis, and
now have some money on deposit in a local bank with .
No. 759. GUARANTEED BANK DEPOSIT LAW
out interest. I may need it at any time, but have been Will you please inform me what such
teed bank deposits and whether
Stateslaws guaranto.
haveapply
thinking there might be some way in which I could in . State banks only, or to all banks operating within the
vest it and have it earn something meantime. Can you State .
offer any suggestions?
We are informed that the States having bank
In such circumstances short-term securities have
deposit guarantee laws in force now are Okla
ing at least a reasonably active market are un - homa, Kansas, Nebraska, Mississippi, Texas, and
doubtedly the things for you to take under con . South Dakota.
sideration . In this category of investment the These laws are applicable only to such banks
following are representative current offerings : as are incorporated under the laws of the re
Kansas City Terminal Railway 41/2's, due 1921, spective States. They do not apply in any way
at about 9934 ; Southern Railway 5's, due 1917, to banks in the national or Federal Reserve sys
at about 100 % ; Brooklyn Rapid Transit 3's, due tem .
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW
CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1916
The Harbor ofCharlotte Amalie Frontispiece Danish West Indies: Keys to theCaribbean 292
The Progress of the World - BY T . LOTHROP
With map
STODDARD
The Great American Navy Assured 243
A National Program . . . .. . 243
Why We Need the Navy . .. . 244 America and the Russo -Japanese Alliance 299
By K . K . KAWAKAMI
"Out of Politics” . . .. . . . 244
Not for Aggression . . .. . . . 244 The Rurel Credits Law as Enacted . .. . .. . 303
Reckless Sailors Making Por:.. 245 BY PAUL V . COLLINS
We Are Keeping the Philippines
The Philippines also " Out of Politics"
246
246 The International Ice Patrol .. .. . . .. .. . .. .
Getting a Few Things Settled . .. .. .. . 246 By P . T . MCGRATH
Adopting the Caribbean Policy . .. .. . 247 With illustrations
The Great Army Bill. .. . . 247
Our Absurd Army Scheme. 248 Drama for Rural Communities. .. .. .. .. .. . 309
Costs of the Mexican Policy .. 248 BY ALFRED G . ARVOLD
A Sad Fiasco . . . .. 249 With illustrations
The Militiamen on the Border. . . .. . 249
Congress Still in Session . . . 250 Communal Play-With
Making ...
illustrations
Farm -Loan Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Children and the Constitution . . . .. . 251
Good Roads and Farm Progress.. . .. 251 The Man Who Comes Out............... 314
By O . F . LEWIS
Government and Ships of Commerce . . 251
Preparing to Limit Migration . .. . . 252 Minor Parties
ThePlatforms - Their Candidates and
The Political Campaign . . . .. . . 252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Senate Candidates .. 252
.

With portraits
New York “ Standard Bearers" 253 Leading Articles of the Month
.

The Hughes Campaign . . . .

.

254
Appealing to the West. . . 254 The Allies of the Future - England, Ger
.

.. ... .
The Maine Election .. . . . . 255 many, and Uncle Sam . . . . . 322
255 A Swiss View of German Economic Pol
.

A Bad Month for Crops. . .

Our New Loan to Great Britain . . 256 icies after the War. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. 323
Totals of European Borrowings Here. 256 Venizelos on the Allies' Intervention in
The Revenue Bill in the Senate. 256 Greece . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. 324
Railroad Men Vote to Strike. 256 The Eviction of Americans from Marso
The President Steps In . .. . 257 van by the Turks.. . . .. 325
New York 's Car Strike. . . 2589 What Is Real Americanism ? . .. 326
Garment-Makers Back at Work . . 25 James Whitcomb Riley . . . . . .. . . . . . 327
War- Time Prices . . . . . 259 A Hindu Poet Welcomed in Japan .. . .. . . 329
Military and Naval Training .. . .. .. 259 Some Financial Aspects of the Panama
We Turn Both Cheeks. . 260 Canal . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
The Raging Conflict . . . .. . . .. 260 Russia Mourns the Death of Metchnikoff . 331
With portraits, cartoons, and other illustrations Percy Grainger, " the Kipling of Music" . . 332
The Rhone-Marseilles Canal. . . .. .. . .. . . 333
Record of Current Events. .. .. .. . . . . . 261 Living Germs as Museum Specimens. . . . . 335
With portraits and other illustrations Women in the Krupp Works .. . .. . . 337
A Non -Explosive Substitute for Celluloid . 338
Recent Foreign and Domestic Cartoons. .... 266 A Substitute for Jute . . . . . . . . 339
Gen. David McMurtrie Gregg............. 274 Democratic Aspects of Universal Mili
With portrait tary Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
The Government and Good Roads . . .. . .. 275 Intensive Red Light and Tuberculosis. . .. 340
Music's Service to Religion .. . . .. . . . .. . . . 340
By Hon. DAVID F . HOUSTON Literature After the War. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . 341
With illustration With. portraits and other illustrations
Tho Battle of Europe - Allied Offensives on Fall Announcements of Books . 342
Four Fronts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
By FRANK H . SIMONDS The New Books............. 343
With maps and other illustrations Financial News.. 350
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Ottawa, Canada. Subscribers may remit to us by post office or express money orders, or by bank checks, drafts,
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tions to the English REVIEW OF REVIEWS, which is edited and published in London ,, may be sent to this office,
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or 25 cents for single copies.)
THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO ., 30 Irving Place , New York
ALBERT SHAW , Pres. Chas. D . LANIER, Sec. and Treas.
Sept - 1 241
 II. - INTHE
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THE HARBOR OF CHARLOTTE AMALIE. ST. THOMAS, DANISH WEST INDIES

taken through the tower window of " brand ' Castle " between the City of Charlotte Amalie
tains
shows the well-protected harbor, the strategical value of which is the
cert mo un
or the acquisition of these islands by the United States. (See article on page 292 . )
reason ffor
 THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Vol. LIV NEW YORK , SEPTEMBER, 1916 · No. 3

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

The Great As the European war enters of a similar size and importance. The House
American Navy upon its third year, with neutral rejected the dreadnoughts in the bill that it
Assured
sured rights more than ever disre- passed, and voted for five battle-cruisers .
garded, the party in power at Washington The Senate changed the bill altogether,
radically changes its opinions and provides greatly enlarging the program . It doubled
for a large American navy. The vote on the President's original plan by providing
that question in the House of Representa- for four battleships and four battle-cruisers .
tives, on August 15, is by far the most im - The President laid down a five-year sched
portant event in our national history -making ule, which the Senate changed to one of three
of recent weeks. When Congress began its years. It is this general program of the Sen
present session last December, President ate that has been adopted by the House,
Wilson laid before it his program of national with the active and urgent approval of the
defense . We have heretofore explained President and the Navy Department. The
how essentially the program was altered as new ships to be built within three years will
regards the army. The Naval bill as now cost about $600 ,000,000. The Naval bill
agreed upon calls for almost twice as large a for the coming year provides for expending
building program in the coming year as the about $ 315,000,000 for the maintenance and
Administration laid down in its recommen-' enlargement of the American navy. This is
dations as the starting point for the present much the largest naval appropriation ever
measure. The President and Secretary made by any country in time of peace. The
Daniels asked for two battleships of the three-year program calls for ten new battle
dreadnought type and two battle-cruisers ships, six battle -cruisers, ten scout cruisers,
fifty destroyers, fifty-eight coast submarines,
nine fleet submarines, and a dozen other ves
sels, including fuel ships, a hospital ship , and
so on .
It is not merely the magnitude
National of this naval program that gives
Program it so much importance. Great
Britain makes its navy a national institution
not subject to partisan treatment. Hereto
fore the tendency in the United States has
N
O
N
MA
0
NA
L
been to regard the efficient navy as a Repub
B2I0L
48 ,00
L0
0 lican policy. Typical Democratic leaders,
R
FO THEY like Mr. Bryan , have believed in a relatively
V
NA small navy. Since the outbreak of the Euro
pean war, the Republicans have been de
manding high efficiency in naval administra
tion , thorough naval preparedness, and a
program of enlargement bearing some rela
tion to the dangers that beset our nation in
view of the colossal war in which all impor
PEACE AT THE PROPER PRICE tant naval powers except our own are in
From the Tribune (New York) volved. It is, indeed, a remarkable thing
Copyright, 1916 , by THE REVIEW OF Reviews COMPANY 243
 N 10000
DO

© Brown and Dawson

THE HARBOR OF CHARLOTTE AMALIE , ST. THOMAS, DANISH WEST INDIES
This view was taken through the tower window of " Bluebeard's Castle" between the City of Charlotte Amalie
and the adjacent mountains. The picture shows the well-protected harbor, the strategical value of which is the
chief reason for the acquisition of these islands by the United States. (See article on page 292.)
 . THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Vol.LIV NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER, 1916 No. 3

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

The Great As the European war enters of a similar size and importance . The House
American
Assured
Navy upon its third year, with neutral rejected the dreadnoughts in the bill that it
ured rights more than ever disre- passed , and voted for five battle -cruisers .
garded, the party in power at Washington The Senate changed the bill altogether,
radically changes its opinions and provides greatly enlarging the program . It doubled
for a large American navy. The vote on the President' s original plan by providing
that question in the House of Representa for four battleships and four battle -cruisers .
tives, on August 15, is by far the most im - The President laid down a five-year sched
portant event in our national history-making ule, which the Senate changed to one of three
of recent weeks. When Congress began its years. It is this general program of the Sen
present session last December, President ate that has been adopted by the House ,
Wilson laid before it his program of national with the active and urgent approval of the
defense. - We have heretofore explained · President and the Navy Department. The
how essentially the program was altered as new ships to be built within three years will
regards the army. The Naval bill as now cost about $600 ,000,000. The Naval bill
agreed upon calls for almost twice as large a for the coming year provides for expending
building program in the coming year as the about $ 315,000,000 for the maintenance and
Administration laid down in its recommen - enlargement of the American navy. This is
dations as the starting point for the present much the largest naval appropriation ever
measure. The President and Secretary made by any country in time of peace. The
Daniels asked for two battleships of the three-year program calls for ten new battle
dreadnought type and two battle -cruisers ships, six battle-cruisers , ten scout cruisers,
fifty destroyers, fifty-eight coast submarines,
nine fleet submarines, and a dozen other ves
sels, including fuel ships, a hospital ship , and
so on .
It is not merely the magnitude
National of this naval program that gives
Program it so much importance. Great
Britain makes its navy a national institution
not subject to partisan treatment. Hereto
fore the tendency in the United States has
been to regard the efficient navy as a Repub
00 lican policy . Typical Democratic leaders ,
40 00
48 ,0
R
FO THEY like Mr. Bryan , have believed in a relatively
V
NA small navy. Since the outbreak of the Euro
pean war, the Republicans have been de
manding high efficiency in naval administra
tion , thorough naval preparedness, and a
program of enlargement bearing some rela
tion to the dangers that beset our nation in
view of the colossal war in which all impor
PEACE AT THE PROPER PRICE tant naval powers except our own are in
From the Tribune (New York ) volved. It is, indeed , a remarkable thing
Copyright, 1916, by The Review of Reviews COMPANY 243
241 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
that in the very course of the consideration It is not one side alone that acts upon the
of their own Naval bill the Administration cynical precept that " necessity knows no
and the Democratic Congress have educated law .” The Allies, even more than the Cen
themselves. They have frankly changed tral Powers if anything, have determined to
their principles and their practices, and made make the world somehow recoup them for
themselves responsible for the kind of naval their sacrifices. The only thing likely to stand
preparedness always advocated by Admiral between the people of the United States and
Dewey and the General Board of the Navy, profound national humiliation within the
and supported by the Republican leaders. It next five years is a greatly increased navy .
is not to the discredit of the Democrats that That the party in power begins to see the
they would greatly have preferred not to truth is fortunate beyond expression .
spend so much money for a navy.
Nor on the other hand is it to It is highly signifi
their discredit that they should " Outof ,
Politics ''
cant that the big-navy
have recognized stern facts, and program is adopted in
should have seen the need of pro a Democratic Congress. If the
viding for the national defense . Democrats win in the November
elections, they will have secured
Why Never at any time approval for their achievements,
We Need the since the foundation including the Naval bill. If the
Navy of our republic have Republicans win , they can justly
American rights been so flagrant say that the country was ready to
ly disregarded by the maritime go even farther than the Demo
powers of Europe as during the crats in providing for national
past two years. We have made defense. The Naval measure
protests in words, but Europe has will stand as above, parties, and
not thought we meant what we as an expression of the nation 's
said because we have taken none willingness to hold its own and
of the obvious and simple steps maintain its just position . It is
that would have secured respect a notable fact that the House
for the rights of neutrals. The abandoned its own Naval bill
leverage that wemight have used and adopted the enlarged Senate
to secure recognition of the rights HON . L . P . PADGETT program by a vote of almost six
(Mr. Padgett, of Ten .
that we have asserted will soon nessce, is chairman of the to one. Only 51 members voted
House Naval Committee.
be gone. It will not be a great Under his lead the House
while before the military and providin
accepted g thefor Senate bill ported the measure . All of the
a great Democrats except 35 and all
maritime powers of Europe will American navy ) "
be released from their present ab of the
of the Republicans except 15
sorption and terrific strain . Themost fatuous voted for the big navy . Mr. Padgett ,
people on earth are those Americans who say chairman of the House Naval Commit
that the end of the war will leave Europe tee , swung into line and led in a sup
exhausted and helpless, while leaving us vig - port of the Senate 's bill as against his own.
orous and invincible. Canada alone, if the Mr. Kitchin , Democratic Aoor leader, held
war should end within six months, could to his earlier views and bitterly criticized the
thoroughly defeat the United States long be- President and Secretary of the Navy for
fore our ill-prepared country could find rifles having changed their ideas within two
or ammunition for its recruits . Never at months. But the President has had to deal
any moment in their history have any of the with a series of very difficult foreign ques
European powers been as strong for war as tions, the amicable solution of which would
to-day ; and it is perhaps within bounds to be greatly aided, as he now perceives, by evi
say that they have never been as little re- dence given to the world at large that the
gardful of the rights of other nations as United States intends to outrank all other
now . In the early weeks of the war they nations, excepting one only , in the extent of
were all rather sensitive as to what is called its naval equipment.
" the public opinion of the world .” But the
longer they fight and the more they spend of It is not in the least that we are
blood and money, the more hardened they Not for as a nation planning any aggres
Aggression
become and the more contemptuous of such asions. We are under no temp
abstract considerations as right and wrong. tations to be assertive or offensive. But we
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
cannot have the smallest assurance that
meekness or forbearance or modest devotion
to strictly domestic and parochial affairs
would save us from the necessity of being
prepared to uphold our rights. If we owe
anything to the cause of peace in the world
and sanity in the affairs of nations, we
must be well enough equipped to exert a sal
utary influence. Take, for example , the case
of Japan . There is no element in the United STOP !
States that seeks a war with Japan or with LEAVE THAT
FLAG THERE!
any other country. But there would seem

PHILIPPINES
to be in Japan at least two important ele
ments, one of which would deplore trouble
with the United States and the other of
which would be ready enough to engage in
war with us if a wholly favorable oppor
tunity were presented . This turbulent pe
riod in Japan 's history will, let us hope, be
lived down in the course of the next decade
or two. The best elements in Japan wish
peace and friendship. A strong American
navy would , in this situation , not merely pro
tect the United States as against the misfor
tune of trouble with Japan , but it would also
protect the wisest and best elements in Japan
against being overruled by the turbulent im
perialists whose ambitions are a possible
menace to peace.
Reckless There has been something rather
Sailors refreshing in the elasticity, not
ting Port to say the recklessness, of the © John T. McCutcheon
party in power at Washington in its treat
ment of all sorts of public questions. Many A WARNING FROM UNCLE SAM
( This is one of the cartoons that appeared several
fine things stand in the record to its credit, months ago , when the Clarke amendment passed the
while as respects some other things it has Senate, and indicates the strong public protest that led
the Democrats to reverse their policy and retain the
Philippines.) - From the Tribune (Chicago ).

been foundering and blundering along, yet

" I SHOULD WORRY !" .
From the World (New York )
with a main drift and tendency towards com
mon sense and right solutions. Thus a few
weeks ago the Democratic party had decided,
all of a sudden , to cast the Philippines
adrift. The Democratic Senate voted for
what amounted to an immediate renuncia
tion of our sovereignty , with a full with
drawal before the end of another Presiden
tial term . President Wilson acquiesced in
this panicky performance, and it was planned
to put the Senate amendments to the Philip
pine bill through the House of Representa
tives without change, in order to prevent the
risk and delay of sending the measure to a
conference committee. Previously , the Dem
ocratic House had been even more opposed
to our Philippine occupation than had the
Democratic Senate. But public opinion , re
gardless of party , began to express itself so
246 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S
sharply as to the cowardice and the folly of to maintain a responsible government and go
the Clarke " scuttle " amendment, that even it alone as a separate nation . But this pre
the House was obliged to pause and give amble amounts to nothing except a guess
heed to the voice of the country. Thus the which will not be accepted in any quarter as
measure went to conference committee after having concrete significance. A prematurely
all, and the Clarke amendment was elimi- created Philippine nation would be far worse
nated . The St. Louis platform meanwhile than Mexico. It would become not only a
had side-stepped the scuttle. scene of internal chaos, but a bone of con
tention among rival powers and a cause of
We Are The Philippine bill was put civil and foreign wars. Few regions in the
Keeping the upon its final passage in the whole world have as much of freedom , jus
Philippines Senate on August 16 , and was tice, and opportunity as the Philippine
adopted by a vote of 37 to 22. Of those Islands now have under the friendly tutelage
who opposed it, all but one were Republic of Uncle Sam . We have assumed a respon
cans. These twenty-one Republicans were sibility for the welfare of the people within
also opposed to the Clarke amendment, but the islands and for the protection of interna
against the bill as a whole because of its gen - tional interests. This highly " tempera
eral character, or because of the preamble mental” Administration — now cheerfully
that is retained. As it now goes on the changing its mind and accepting the public
statute-books, the measure is a new funda-
view — will stand up to its duty and carry on
mental charter of government for the Philip-
our useful work (in so far as it may be pos
pine Islands. A few years ago we gave the sible under the new law which makes un
Filipinos an elective Assembly as the popu - due haste ). And doubtless a part of the Ad
lar branch of a local legislature, of which ministration 's reasons for adopting the big .
the Philippine Commission was the upper navy plan is to be found in its understanding
branch . The new law changes all that, and that our position in the Pacific Ocean, in
provides for a Senate to be elected by popu - cluding our sovereignty at Manila , must be
lar vote. Under the law as existing till fully upheld .
now , the number of voters in the Philippines
has been about 200,000 . The new a law so ... There are some people whose
extends the franchise as to increase
CreLIC this Betting
Thingsa few thinking is so shallow that they
number to about 800,000. The Philippine settled believe it to be a sign of political
Commission , whose members are appointed health and vigor if a Government and a
by the President of the United States, be- country are struggling always between differ
comes a thing of the past under the new law . ent opinions, so that there can be no such
There will remain , however, a Governor- thing as a settled national policy with re
General appointed by the President and a spect to any matter domestic or foreign . But
Vice-Governor, also to be appointed . The party strife is injurious, except as the areas
bill contains many provisions, the applica of strife are steadily diminishing by reason
tion of which to Philippine conditions will of discussion and study, so that partisanship
be duly set forth for our readers in a special may not disturb the essential unity of a coun
article in the near future. try that ought to go forward harmoniously .
It was sixteen years ago that the Democratic
The Philippines The moral effect of the elimina party , under Mr. Bryan 's lead , made its
also"out . tion of the Clarke amendment great " anti-imperialism " campaign . It is
of Politics" can hardly be overstated . It only now , when intrusted with full power,
means that the Democratic leaders at Wash - that the Democratic party has found out that
ington, including the President and those re- there is a real American policy pertaining to
sponsible for legislation , who had only a few the position we now occupy in the world , and
weeks ago definitely determined to abandon that there is nothing imperialistic about that
the Philippines, have been impelled by the policy. They themselves, in deliberately kill
force of public opinion to change their posi- ing the Clarke amendment, have identified
tion . And this they have done with celerity, themselves with the facts of our nation 's posi
and with striking freedom from any sort of tion and duty. They are getting in line
fixed convictions. The measure as adopted with American history - a great public gain .
contains the original Jones preamble, which Let it be noted that at this time, when in
declares it to be the purpose of the American full control of theGovernment, and with un
people to withdraw from the Philippines limited power to carry out their sixteen -year
when the people of the archipelago are able old promises, the Democrats have once for
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
all changed iinds and decided to keep
the Philippines. In taking this step they have
made a decision fraught with important con
sequences. Many a volume of future history
will be written upon events and situations
growing out of this decision .
Adopting the Furthermore, at this very mo--
Caribbean
Policy
ment, when deciding to hold our
insular possessions in the Pacific ,
the Democrats have decided to extend and
strengthen our hold in the West Indies.
They are, rather awkwardly, learning things
and accepting responsibility. They have
made a treaty with Denmark for the pur
chase of the Danish islands that lie not far
from the eastern coast of Porto Rico . We
have asked Mr. Stoddard to write of these
islands and the West Indian situation, and
his highly instructive article will be found
beginning on page 292 of our present num
ber. This Administration has now decided
to maintain our Caribbean policies, bring
ing Haiti as well as Santo Domingo under
our protection and to a certain extent under
our control, while entering into close rela
tions with Nicaragua — from which coun
try we have obtained two new coaling sta- A GLIMPSE OF THE HARBOR OF CHARLOTTE AMALIE
tions, one on the Atlantic and the other on
the Pacific . If the treaty with Denmark is shockingly discreditable to this Administra
duly ratified, we obtain the famous harbor tion, seems to have been tacitly abandoned .
of Charlotte Amalie , which has great advan . It is not likely that the President was per
tages as a naval station . The unfortunate sonally responsible in any way for the draft
and ill-conceived treaty with Colombia , so . ing or negotiation of this indefensible and
one-sided instrument. Now that the Demo
crats are becoming adjusted to the burdens
of responsibility, they are less likely to do ·
freaky and foolish things.
The Great
The Army appropriation bill of
Army Bill the present session , as it passed
the House in the early summer,
called for a total amount only about half as
large as the Senate made it by its amend
EUROPE ments toward the end of July. The Senate
US voted to spend on the army almost exactly
RIGO

TNEZA
57 JOHN
ISLAND the amount that it voted on behalf of the
ROONUA
D navy, which was $ 315,000,000. President
Wilson supported the Senate amendments in
ST THOMAS
ISLAND both cases. As we have shown , he secured ,
by a vote of almost six to one, the acquies
cence of the House in the Senate naval plans.
He did not secure the acceptance in the
ST CROIX
ISLAND
House of the Senate's army provisions, but
in conference committee a result was secured
that adds $ 85,000,000 to the sum provided
in the original House bill, while cutting
A NEW SENTRY IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA down about $ 45,000,000 from the Senate
From the News (Dayton ) measure. Thus the Army bill, as finally
246 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
perfected and adopted , calls for the expendi- and make the country invincible. Our stand
ture of $ 267,597,000. As we have remarked ing army of enlisted men is wholly obsolete
concerning the Naval bill, so wemay say of in type and plan . Its trained officers are rep
the Army bill, that it appropriates by far the resentative of the nation , but its enlisted men
largest sum we have ever spent for military are not. The so -called " federalized ” Na
purposes in time of peace. The Naval bill tional Guard is a foredoomed failure. The
marks the full acceptance by the nation of a party in power has finally waked up, and
large navy as a matter of public policy . The has voted an immense grant of money for
Army bill marks the acceptance by the Presi- an army. But it has not faced the real ques
dent and the Democratic party of the doc tion of the citizen 's duty , and we are left
with nothing that could be relied upon in
an emergency. It is to be wished that the
nation might learn the full lesson to be de
rived from the preposterous experiences of
the past three months in the movement of
the National Guard to camps in Texas and
the Southwest, on the theory that the coun
try was somehow being defended thereby
against border raids or invasions from Mex
ico. Those experiences will have sounded
the knell of the “ federalized” National
Guard system . Weare paying a heavy price
for the lesson ; but if we learn it thoroughly
the investment will be worth many times
the money . : :
Costs of the It had been intended to pay all
Mexican the swollen bills for army and
Policy navy — and for other outlays per
taining to the protection of the country in a
period of emergency — by means of addi
tional taxes rather than by loans. But quite
unexpectedly , on August 17, the ruling
Democratic majority of the Senate 's Finance
Committee reported in favor of a loan of
$ 130 ,000,000 to meet the financial burden
of the Mexican policy up to the end of the
year. This reversal of plan was announced
as having full Administration approval. It
has always been customary to meet extra ex
Underwood & Underwood penditures due to the making of war by
A CALL ON GENERAL PERSHING borrowing money. The Pershing expedition
(Mr. Robert Bacon, of New York (on the left ],
recently called upon General Pershing in northern into Mexico was invasion on a bold scale,
Mexico ) and would have been regarded as an act of
war if there had been any government in
trine that the country must make military Mexico able to act. As matters stand, the
preparation for defense at any cost. Carranza government has so asserted itself
as to compel the northward movement of the
Unfortunately, however, we Pershing army. In view of the mobilization
AbsurdOurArmy have not yet found a national of the National Guard, it is evident that the
Scheme policy as to what is meant by Administration regarded intervention in the
military preparedness. The Army Reorgan - full sense as inevitable. There is no fairly
ization Act, which has been explained and plausible explanation of the Pershing expedi
characterized in previous numbers, will in tion , followed by the movement of the Na
our judgment prove a highly expensive fail- tional Guard to the border, except that the
ure. It contains no important principle that Administration felt that the country was de
is not fundamentally wrong. The amount of manding immediate intervention , and there
money weare spending upon the army would was no other available way of accepting the
suffice to train every boy in the United States mandate.
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 249

Photo by Paul Thompson

THE FIRST MASSACHUSETTS ARTILLERY GOING OUT FOR PRACTICE MANEUVERS AT FORT BLISS, TEXAS
A Sad There has never been any serious za's proposal for a joint commission , but as
Fiasco menace of our border from Mex- these comments were sent to the press the
ico , but on the contrary there has American members, excepting Secretary
been a series of menaces against Mexico on Lane, had not even been appointed . One
the part of our Government. Let no one or two men who had been invited , including
suppose that the mobilization of the National Justice Brandeis, had declined to serve.
Guard had any reference to the patrolling
of the border. It was a massing of men for Approximately 92,000 militia
The Militiamen
en men are now near the Mexican
the invasion and conquest of Mexico. But on the Border
conditions in July and August gave no ex border, located in the districts of
cuse or pretext for any such action ; and so El Paso and San Antonio , Texas, and Doug
the National Guard is detained in unfit las, Arizona. Although more than half of
camps, in an unbearable summer climate, these men (about 55,000 ) come from the
rendering no service of any kind. Perhaps, Eastern Department— the bulk of their num
however, the unhappy plight of the guards- ber being furnished by the two States of
men is performing the larger public service New York and Pennsylvania — this depart
of exposing the iniquities of a law that has ment is still short of war strength by nearly
permitted so unfortunate an episode. A 50,000 men . The same condition holds good
small fraction of the money that our Mexi in the other departments. This shortage, and
can blunders are costing the country — if the difficulty of obtaining further recruits,
paid over to Texas, New Mexico, and Ari- may have influenced the President in issuing
zona — would easily have policed the border an order for 25,000 more men on August 12.
communities with localmen , fit for the work. The order was quickly rescinded, however,
The indefinite retention of the National owing to the pending railroad situation and
Guard in these Southwestern camps is no the possibility of a strike. The militiamen
longer susceptible of any satisfactory expla - have now been on the border for several
nation . Weeks ago we acceded to Carran - months, and have by this time become some
250 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

THE NEW FEDERAL FARM LOAN BOARD AT WASHINGTON LAST MONTH

(Left to right: Charles E . Lobdell, of Kansas; George W . Norris , of Philadelphia ; Secretary McAdoo ;
Herbert Quick , of West Virginia , and W . S . A . Smith , of Sioux City, Ia.)

what accustomed to the army routine and Farm -Loan

. Weare publishing an article ex
the climate, including an occasional hurri Banks " plaining the new Farm Loans
cane. Their general health is good, and such Act. The law provides for a
unsatisfactory conditions as may have been board, of which Mr. McAdoo, Secretary of
due to preparing camp and establishing live the Treasury, is ex-officio chairman . The
ing facilities in so bad a climate for a large executive officer of the board is Mr. George
number of men , have been partly remedied . W . Norris, of Pennsylvania . Other mem
The troops are sent out on maneuvers, and bers are Judge Charles Lobdell, of Kansas,
are acquiring military knowledge. experienced in the farm -mortgage business ;
Capt. W . S. A . Smith, of Iowa; and Mr.
Congress The attempts to bring the ses- Herbert Quick , a well-known writer for
Still in
Session sion of Congress to an end in farm periodicals, now resident in West Vir
August failed completely , and ginia . The intention of the law is to make
little hope was offered for the fixing of a it easy for farmers to obtain capital at from
September date. The simple truth is that five to six per cent., for use in their business,
the conditions of the country and the world on a plan which gives them a long time to
are such that Congress ought to remain in repay the loan in instalments. The law
continuous session . It is natural that mem - seems complicated when one reads its pro
bers should desire vacation, and quite plain visions, but it may prove very workable
that the pending Congressional elections when it once gets into operation . We are
should make them anxious to spend a few of the opinion that the law will prove a great
weeks in their home districts. But as long success in some of its features, and that its
as the National Guard is on the borders of indirect results will benefit agriculture. Mr.
Mexico, public safety requires that Congress McAdoo and the members of the board are
should be on duty at Washington . Mean - now touring the country with a view to
while some remarkable measures are under marking out the twelve districts within
going completion and finding their way to which to establish the proposed twelve cen
the statute -books. tral Farm Loan Banks of the system . Hear
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 251
ings were set for the Eastern part of the now a nation -wide movement for improving
country in the last days of August, for the the highways, together with the benefit that
West in early. September, and for the South will come from the Government's supervi
at a later time. We hope every locality will sion of methods used to obtain desired ends.
try to make this law help its farmers. As Dr. Houston 's article shows, the new
measure is in accord with the efforts and
Children We referred also last month to views of the Department of Agriculture. We
and the
Constitution
the definite prospect of the ac- shall in the near future publish an article
tionceptance by this Democratic setting forth the constructive policies and
Congress of the old Beveridge Child Labor programs of Secretary Houston , and the re
bill, which excludes from interstate com - markable extent to which he has been able
merce the products of mills and factories to carry a series of measures through Con
employing children under the age of four- gress. The Secretary has a profound grasp
teen . The age limit for mines and quarries of the principles of economics as applied to
is sixteen . Both Demo agriculture . Without
crats and Republicans had neglecting anything that
opposed this measure pertains to larger and bet
when Senator Beveridge, ter farm production , he
of Indiana, so gallantly has devoted himself espe
and eloquently advocated cially to the farmer's
it ten years ago. The problems of marketing
most intense opposition and finance. Systematic
came from those interest and highly intelligent
ed in Southern cotton study has resulted in
mills, and they took ref achievements that few
uge in " State's rights” ar people have appreciated in
guments and in ridiculing their entirety and in their
the extension of the inter aspects as parts of a con
state commerce principle. sistent and notable policy .
On President Wilson 's The Department, under
urgent demand, the Sen Secretary Houston 's lead,
ate passed the bill on is doing a vast work for
August 8. It had pre the betterment of rural
viously gone through the life throughout the nation .
House. Ten Southern
Senators voted against it.HON . DAVID F. HOUSTON , SECRETARY OF Government The contin
The vote was 52 for and AGRICULTURE and Ships ued sitting of
12. against. One year is of Commerce Congress gave
allowed before the measure takes practical opportunity to force the Administration 's mer
effect. The remarkable change of opinion , chant shipping bill to a vote. Our readers
by which the sharpest critics of this bill had will remember the desperate fight against this
become its advocates, is not wholly easy to bill early last year, resulting in its defeat by
explain . President Wilson himself had been reason of the refusal of a group of Demo
on record to the effect that the Beveridge cratic Senators to support the President and
bill was an " obviously absurd ” stretch of the Secretary McAdoo in their demand for the
power of Congress over commerce . But the measure . The shipping bill originated with
constitutional lawyers have become social re the idea that our Government could acquire
formers, and they waive the fundamental the interned German vessels by purchase ,
law in favor of the country 's children . and put them into the South American trade
at a moment when there was desperate need
Good Roado Our readers will find in this of shipping facilities. Long before the bill
and Farm number of the Review an excel came to a vote, however, the circumstances
gress lent article prepared at our re had been greatly altered. The idea of buy
quest by the Hon . David F . Houston , Secre- ing the German ships had been abandoned .
tary of Agriculture, explaining the new Fed . This year the shipping bill has been so much
eral good roads act and showing how it will modified in its details that the group of
bear upon the highway systems of the several Democratic Senators , for whom Senator
States. Perhaps its most important result Bankhead acted as spokesman , withdrew ob
will be the stimulus it will afford to what is jections and decided to vote in favor of the
 252 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
bill. They were not converted to a belief times when the public is making up its mind
in it, but were willing to support it as a in its own way. The little , however, is al
party measure in view of its changes to meet ways worth doing if performed intelligently .
their objections. The Republicans argued As yet, the Wilson supporters have shown
last month that Mr. McAdoo 's shipping more vim and more skill than the organiza
board could buy no ships where none were tions that are working for Hughes . Mr.
for sale, and could build no ships in yards Wilson has the great advantage of being on
already unable to take any more contracts . the inside track . He can divert attention
They also said that an appropriation of from past mistakes by achieving fresh tri
$ 50,000,000 could accomplish nothing umphs. He has been using Congress to put
toward creating a merchant marine that new and telling items into the list of his
ought to cost twenty times as much; while achievements. The country has simply to
the only effect of the bill would be to bring make up its mind - looking ahead at the un
foreign -built vessels into the coastwise trade certainties of the next four years — whether
of the United States. As the bill stands, it it would rather have Woodrow Wilson or
does not seem to us to be a dangerous meas- Charles E . Hughes as the man in command
ure, while on the other hand we are not able of our ship of state. If Roosevelt had been
to see how any great assistance can be given named, the contrast would have been a lit
under its provisions to the cause of an Amer- tle bolder and the campaign would have
ican merchant marine. The bill had passed taken on a more positive character. What
the House some time ago , and it was at Mr. Hughes is now doing is to build him
length carried in the Senate by a vote of 38 self up in the presence of the country as a
to 21, on August 18. man of leadership , firmness , and power. It
will be impossible to put much of bitterness
Preparing It was believed that the Admin - or of partisanship into this year's national
to Limit istration had preferred not to campaign.
Migration have the Immigration bill
brought forward in the face of the pending Senate It is likely that the Republicans
election . President Wilson had two years Candidates will make gains in the Senate
ago vetoed a bill applying the educational and House, whether or not they
test. But Congress and the country are acquire control of the next Congress. The
overwhelmingly in favor of passing at this election in Maine— to the circumstances of
time, when there is comparatively little mi
gratory movement, a measure that can be
ready for application to conditions that may
arise at the end of the war. Wages have be
come very high , and the “ labor interests," so
called, do not wish to see our labor market
demoralized by an unprecedented influx
from Europe. Congress received the unex
pected hint last month that President Wil
son might change his mind and sign an Im
migration bill. In any case, Congress could
pass it over his veto by tremendous majori
ties if the bill should be brought forward.
While it was not certain that the Immigra
tion bill would be pushed , the chances
seemed reasonably favorable. From many
standpoints it would be desirable, after the
termination of the war, that there should be
no great and sudden shifts of foreign popu
lation. It might be far better, however, if
we should apply some other method of re
striction rather than the reading test.
No matter how seriously cam
Political paign committees may take them
Campaign HON . HARRY S. NEW , OF INDIANAPOLIS
· selves, it is only a little that (Mr. New and Mr. Watson are Republican candidates
for the Senate against the Democratic incumbents,
they can do to influence or modify results in Senators Kern and Taggart. )
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
Harris & Ewing , Washington
HON . PHILANDER C . KNOX
(Republican candidate for the Senate in Pennsylvania)
which we are devoting a later paragraph ,
falling almost two months earlier than the
November date adopted by practically all
of the other States, is always anticipated by
politicians with the keenest interest. Re-
gardless of the contest between Wilson and
Hughes, the Maine election may give some
inkling as to party gains or losses in the next
Congress. The popular election of Senators
was regarded by Mr. Root and others as
likely to keep the best and ablest men from
becoming candidates. It is operating , how
ever , much in the same way as elections for
Governor. Thus the Republicans of Ohio
have chosen the Hon . Myron T . Herrick as
their candidate for the Senate, while Sena-
tor Pomerene, the Democratic incumbent,
will run for another term . No Republican
could better represent Ohio than Mr. Her-
rick . Wementioned last month the notable
success of Hon . Frank B. Kellogg in the
Minnesota Republican primaries . Hon . Phil.
ander C . Knox, former Secretary of State,
is Pennsylvania 's Republican selection for
the Senate . In California , Governor John -
son is the Progressive nominee for the Sen -
ate and is engaged in a bitter contest for Re- foremost citizens of New York, was Assist
publican endorsement. ant Secretary of State under Mr. Root, and
253
© Harris & Ewing, Washington
HON . MYRON T. HERRICK
(Republican candidate for the Senate in Ohio)
New York The nominating primaries in the
" Standard State of New York will be held
Bearers" on September 19. The Demo
crats, meeting informally at Saratoga last
month , accepted Judge Seabury as their can
didate for Governor and Mr. William F .
McCombs for the United States Senate.
These selections will not be opposed in the
primaries. Seabury is strong with the pro
gressive and reform elements in the State,
and McCombs is well known as the young
lawyer who organized the Wilson move
ment some five years ago and who became
chairman of the Democratic National Com
mittee. Governor Whitman has expected
the Republicans to renominate him , and Hon .
William M . Calder, of Brooklyn , a former
Member of Congress of excellent repute and
good record, had expected to be nominated
for the Senate with little or no opposition .
On August 18 , however, there was an
nounced the candidacy for the Senate of
Hon. Robert Bacon , and it was stated that
State Senator William M Bennett, of New
York City , would enter the primaries for
the Governorship . Mr. Bacon is one of the
254 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Wilson policies was largely directed against
the Administration 's course in Mexico dur
ing the past three years. In his advocacy of
preparedness and a federal enlistment of a
citizen reserve, Mr. Hughes gave due credit
to the Roosevelt leadership for arousing na
tional sentiment. He declared himself in
favor of a protective tariff developed .on
scientific lines and for " America first and
America efficient.”
Appealing to
Within a week after the notifi
the West to cation ceremonies Mr. Hughes
left New York for a month of
speechmaking in Western cities. During the
first three days of the trip he addressed large
gatherings at Detroit, Chicago, St. Paul,
and Minneapolis. Everywhere the crowds
showed their interest in the personality of

© Harris & Ewing. Washington

HON , ROBERT BACON , OF NEW YORK

was Secretary in his own name for several

months at the end of the Roosevelt admin
istration . He was appointed as Ambassador
to France by President Taft. His time in
the last three or four years has been given
to educational and philanthropic work , and
to public service in various forms. He is
one of the leaders in the national defense
movement, has set an example by taking the
summer training of the Plattsburg camp,
and is at the head of the National Security
League. He advocates universal military
training and service. HON . WILLIAM M . CALDER
(Formerly in Congress from a Brooklyn district, now
'seeking, the Senatorial nomination )
The Hughes
The Presidential campaign was
Campaignno virtually opened on July 31 with the candidate not less than in the issues that
the formal acceptance of the Re- he discussed before them . He charged the
publican nomination by ex- Justice Hughes at Wilson administration with wastefulness ,
Carnegie Hall, in New York City . On one extravagance , unfit appointments in the
of the hottest evenings of midsummer Mr. diplomatic and scientific services of the Gov
Hughes delivered his speech of acceptance ernment, vacillation and inefficiency in its
before an enthusiastic throng of RepublicansS foreign
foreign policies,
and Progressives . Colonel Roosevelt was ican interests andand failureIn totheprotect
rights. secondAmer
week
present and shared with the candidate the
te the of his
of his tour N Hughes reached the Pacific
tour Mr.
honors of the occasion . The address was coast, addressing meetings at all the impor
forceful and maintained the high level of tant cities of Washington, Oregon, and Cali
intelligence and sincerity of conviction which fornia . In the equal-suffrage States his
the public has always associated with Mr. declaration in favor of a federal woman
Hughes' utterances. His criticism of the suffrage amendment won for him many sup.
 THE FROGRESS OF THE WORLD 255

D THE

by International Film Service

CHARLES EVANS HUGHES SPEAKING FROM THE PLATFORM OF HIS CAR AT ST. PAUL. MINN .
porters, and a conference of the National didate to succeed himself, and is opposed by
Woman 's Party has pledged itself to work the Hon . Carl E . Milliken , Republican . For
for his election . In his first month of active the six -year Senatorial term the present Sen
campaigning Mr. Hughes has made himself ator, Charles F . Johnson , Democrat, is op
personally known to thousands of voters in posed by Col. Frederick Hale, a son of for
theWest to whom he had been only a name. mer Senator Eugene Hale. The contestants
for the unexpired term of the late Senator
: . Traditions die hard in American
The Maine
Burleigh are Prof. Kenneth M . Field , Dem
Electione politics. Many a gray -haired ocrat, and ex-Governor Bert M . Fernald ,
voter heard in youth the maxim , Republican .
“ As goes Maine, so goes the Union,” and
the September. election in the Pine Tree A Bad Month
The indicated
1916 was
wheat crop for
whittl down
ed in July
State is watched with just as keen an inter for Crops
est, every four years, as if it could really by unsuitable weather, rust, and
be depended upon to forecast the nation 's other plant diseases and insect depredations
decision two months later. Maine for a to 654,000 ,000 bushels, as against more than
few brief weeks becomes the nation 's fight- a billion last year. The government ex
ing ground . The leaders of the contending perts estimate that home consumption will
hosts meet there in pitched battle . This take up all but 34,000,000 bushels, which ,
year the principal orators of the Presi- with the carry -over from last year of 75 ,
dent's Cabinet - possibly Mr. Wilson him - 000,000, will give only slightly more than
self - stand forth in impressive array against 100 ,000 ,000 bushels for export. The gov
ex -President Roosevelt, ex -Justice Hughes, ernment crop report of August 8 was fol
Senators Borah , Harding, Lodge, Sherman , lowed by excited movements of wheat prices
and Weeks, Representatives Bennett, Chand- which showed increases of 12 cents a bushel
ler, Foss, and Gardner , and ex -Senator Bur- in a single day's trading, and reached $ 1.50
ton , to name only a few of the Republican for future deliveries. The corn crop has
speakers. The election will take place on suffered, too ; but the indicated yield of
the 11th . Two United States Senators and 2,777,000,000 bushels is still above the five
four Representatives are to be chosen , be- year average. The International Institute of
sides a great number of local officials. Gov . Agriculture at Rome estimates the whole
ernor Oakley C . Curtis, Democrat, is a can - world's crops for 1916 to be smaller than
256 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S
last year but large enough to bulk above the mated that we were using $ 5 ,000,000,000 of
five-year average. European capital, represented by stocks and
bonds of American corporations held abroad.
Our New Loan
On August 17 the terms of the Since the war began we have been shipping
Litain new American loan to the to Europe such a vast excess of goods over
British Government were an - the quantity imported that we have had to
nounced . The amount is to be $ 250,000 ,- lend our foreign customers in the aggregate
000 , making it the second largest loan ever nearly $ 1 ,500 ,000 ,000 to help them to pay
offered in the new world, the largest being us for their unprecedented purchases; we
the Anglo -French loan of half a billion ne- have taken $600 ,000 ,000 of their gold sup
gotiated last October. This money will cost ply, and they have resold to us the securities
Great Britain something more than 6 per of our own concerns to an amount, estimated
cent. To the individual American investor by the Wall Street Journal, of $ 2 ,000,000,
it will be offered at 51/2 per cent. It runs 000. The cause of this sudden cancellation
for only two years. A comparison of this of our debts to Europe is shown clearly in
interest yield with the yield at present prices the figures of our trade balance for the fiscal
from the “ Anglo -French " bonds of last Octo - year ending June 30 last - the total transac
ber, which , although bearing the joint guar- tions of $ 6 ,500,000,000 leaving for the sin
antee of Great Britain and France, return gle year a balance in our favor of no less
about 6 .25 per cent. to the investor, brings than $ 2,136 ,000,000 .
out the significant difference in the two op
erations. Last autumn Great Britain and The Revenue On August 16 the Administra
France scouted the idea of adding any se Bill in the tion's new revenue bill was re
Senate
curity to their joint and several guarantees of ported favorably to the Senate.
the great loan , and it was successfully nego- Its sponsors expect it to raise $ 205 ,000,000.
tiated without collateral. This autumn the A new provision is a tax on the capital and
collateral is evidently necessary to attract surplus of corporations of 50 cents for each
investors. It consists of choice bonds and thousand dollars, with an exemption of $ 99,
stocks of American corporations and of neu . 000. Ten per cent. is to be levied on the
tral foreign governments to a value, at pres - net profits from the sale of war munitions,
ent prices , of $ 300,000,000 , giving a mar- and five per cent. on net profits from the
gin of security of 20 per cent. over the face sale by any corporation of materials enter
of the loan . This new fashion of Allied ing into the manufacture of munitions. The
borrowing had already been set by France in last two taxes are to cease one year after the
the $ 100,000,000 loan arranged in America termination of the European War. Many
this summer with collateral security sup - special taxes are added - on brokers, amuse
porting it. The two issues present an ex - ment enterprises, tobacco, bonds, stock cer
traordinarily favorable opportunity for the tificates, agreements to sell, deeds, entries
American investor who wishes to hold short into and withdrawals from warehouses, in
term securities . surance policies, steamship and Pullman tick
ets. Not satisfied with the previous in
Totals of The transactions just described creases, in the House , of the income tax
European bring the total of American rates, the Senate fixed surtaxes on incomes
Borrowings He
Here loans to belligerent European of from half a million to one million at 10
governments during the first two years of per cent. ; more than a million up to a mil
the war up to $ 1 ,115,000 ,000 . In addition , lion and a half, 11 per cent. ; more than a
Canada and Newfoundland have borrowed million and a half up to two million , 12
from us, including provincial and municipal per cent., and on still larger incomes , 13
loans, $ 243,000,000, and neutral govern - per cent. Inheritance taxes also are imposed :
ments $ 111,000 ,000 . The total British bor- estates between $ 450 ,000 and $ 1,000 ,000
rowings have been $ 550,000,000 ; French , pay 5 per cent., with increases up to 10 per
$ 13,000,000 ; Russian , $ 260,000,000 ; Ital. cent. on fortunes of over $ 5,000,000.
ian , $ 25,000 ,000 , and German , $ 10,000,000.
These huge and abnormal transactions, to Railroad Men The vote of the four railroad
gether with the Aow of gold to America Vote to Strike Brotherhoods taken through the
and the re -selling to us of American securi the summer showed an over
ties held abroad have had a profound effect whelming majority , over 90 per cent., in
on our former position as a debtor nation . favor of placing the power to call a strike in
Just before the war it was generally esti- the hands of the men representing the union
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 257

workers in the nego

tiation with the rail
road managers.
Within a very few
days it became ap
parent - that these
negotiations were at
the point of failure.
The employees' rep
resentatives were
emphatic and loud
in their statements
that: the American
people would suffer
nothing less than a
total tie-up of the
great transportation
systems unless the
demands for an
eight-hour day and
time and a half pay
for overtime were
granted. They con
tinued to refuse the
offers made by the Photograph by Harris & Ewing, Washington
railroad managers to THE CHIEFS OF THE FOUR RAILWAY BROTHERHOODS. WHO LED THE FIGHT FOR
arbitrate these ques SHORTER HOURS
(From left to right: W . G . Lee . president of the Brotherhood of Railroad Train .
tions along with cer men ; A . B . Garretson , president of the Order of Railway Conductors; Warren S .
tai Stone, Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers ; and W . S . Carter,
from the employers. president of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen .)
The President It was at this ominous juncture, eral expressions of relief and approval when
Steps in nt in the face of a threatened strike the President's move became known, and a
lo of 400,000 railroad workers and popular conviction that his vigorous action
probably, important additional sympathetic in the matter, backed up by the enormous
"walkouts,” that President Wilson took the prestige and power his office gives in any
matter in hand and conferred , at the Whitesuch situation , would save the public from
House, with the railroad labor leaders and the unthinkable calamity of a countrywide
the managers ' committee. There were gen - stoppage of railroad traffic. The task of set
tling the controversy, even
temporarily proved , how
ever, most difficult. It was
commonly understood that
the general line of the Presi
dent's proposal was that the
eight-hour day should be put
into actual practise at once,
its workings to be studied
and the railroads to have an
opportunity to claim a return
to ten hours if the shorter
day were found unjust ;
while the overtime pay asked
for was to be the subject of
investigation . This would
clearly have been a victory,
if only a partial one, for the
International Film Service labor representatives. Nor
THE FEDERAL BOARD OF MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION is it likely that the commit
(From left to right: Martin A .W Knapp, William L . Chambers, and G . W .
. Hanger) tee of railroad managers
Sept. - 2
258 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
felt they had the power to make such an trators. When , on August 17, Mr. Wil.
agreement. Their counter proposal, which son found the opposing committees he had
impressed the country as extremely fair, been talking to could not get together, he
was that the whole matter should be arbi- sent for the presidents of the railroads in
trated, the President to appoint the arbi- volved, in order to have a body in confer
ence which was empowered
to make decisions of the larg.
est importance and on any
lines of suggestion , new or
old. While the very danger
ous controversy was, at the
time this magazine went to
press at an impasse , the pub
lic and press had a strong
feeling that the President's
timely and earnest interposi
tion would in some way save
the country from a strike.
In the first week
New York's of August New
Car Strike
York City was
threatened with a traction
strike that would have
brought discomfort and hard
Photograph by American Press Assn . © Underwood & Underwood ship to millions of men,
MR. THEODORE P. SHONTS MR. AUGUST BELMONT women , and children . All
CHIEF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COMPANIES CONTROLLING NEW YORK the surface car lines of the
CITY 'S TRANSIT SYSTEM city were involved and the
tie-up of so great a system
would in itself have been a
serious calamity ; but there
was every reason to expect
that the subway and elevated
roads would also be affected,
so that the most extensive lo
cal transit system in the
world would be crippled for
an indefinite period. The
trouble began with strikes on
suburban lines connected
with the street railways of
the metropolis. The men on
the suburban roads were bet
ter organized than those in
the city , but when these had
been persuaded by their lead
ers to make demands for
shorter hours, better pay, and
recognition of the unions
they developed unsuspected
strength . They were able to
show that street-railway em
ployees in New York receive
lower wages than those in
Underwood & Undersidod, New York other large cities. The com
THE CHIEF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF STREET CAR panies were determined to
MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS
(Mr. William B . Fitzgerald (on the left) is organizer, and Mr. William
D . Mahon is president of the Amalgamated Association of Street Car maintain an " open shop"
Conductors and Motormen of America ) and did not look with
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 259
favor on any scheme of collective bargain - reached earlier in the year. The famine
Home the public service situation into the prese
ing. Mayor Mitchel and Chairman Straus
of the Public Service Commission real-
prices of alcohol, quicksilver, and zinc,
brought about by the unprecedented demands
ized the gravity of the situation and made of the war, had broken badly , but were still
every effort to bring about mediation . In enormously high as compared with quota
due time they were successful and a settle -
ment was reached by which the right of the
nts beforethea
tions before the autumn of 1914. Gasolene
for the present seemed to have reached its
employees to organize and to treat with the peak, and the householder in the East was pur
companies through committees appointed by chasing it at 23 cents a gallon , two cents
themselves is conceded. Provision is made lower than its recent high cost. This looks
for arbitration of specific grievances relat- much better than when the predictions of
ing to hours and wages. The men went 40-cent gasolene were credited ; but it is still
back to work without delay, pending the ad - bad enough beside the prices of 11 to 13
justment of differences with their employers cents per gallon that prevailed for bulk pur
through the arbitration scheme provided in chasers two years ago. As told in a pre
the terms of settlement. In the outcome ceding paragraph , wheat is on its way to
both sides gained , but even more important ward the highest war prices , and cotton , in
was the gain of the general public , the third the middle of August , was tending toward
party in the controversy , through the recog- 15 cents a pound — two and a half times the
nition of the principle ofmediation by public price at which planters had to sell just after
authorities in a dispute involving the oper the European conflict broke out. It is a
ation of public utilities . striking item in the array of price changes
that, with material and labor costs higher
Garment On August 7, the day when a and rising more rapidly than in any other
MakersWork
Back at settlement of the street-car strike period of this generation , Mr. Ford has an
w as an
was nou
announced, more than half nounced lower prices for his cars, and his
of the Jewish and Italian garment-makers hope that one million will be turned out
ofNew York , who had been out of work for next year. The Ford car is now procurable
a period of fourteen weeks, returned to their for rather less than the cost of a first-class
shops. Since the lockout began , in April, motorcycle.
the union had paid out in strike benefits
$ 750,000 . The loss in wages was estimated Military and The Plattsburg work begun last
at $ 4 ,500 ,000 , and the loss in business at Naval year has been kept up enthusi
nearly ten times that amount. It is a mat Training astically this summer , and all
ter of regret that in the terms of the set- through the months of June, July , and Au
tlement between the workers and the manu gust large contingents of young men have
facturers no method of arbitration was rec - been put through the four weeks' intensive
ognized or adopted . The final appeal is still course of military training. The final camp
to the old weapons of lockout and strike. of the season will be held during September,
After the experience of the past three months, and several thousand more students will take
with 60 ,000 workers and millions of capital the course . This year has seen the inaugura
unemployed , it is inconceivable that either tion of the " Naval Plattsburg," the happy
of these weapons should be taken up again , inspiration of Assistant Secretary Roosevelt
save as a last desperate resort. - heartily supported by his chief, Secretary
Daniels — which has been planned to do for
War - Time
The last weeks of the second year civilians on the water what the training
Prices of the world 's greatest war camps are doing on land . Under the pro
brought confused movements in gram arranged , some twenty - four hundred
the general rapid trend upward of prices of men from all over the country, but mainly
commodities. With such unheard-of ad- from the Atlantic States, apportioned among
vances as have come in the prices of alcohol, eight battleships, set out on August 15 for a
chemicals, zinc, copper , sugar, leather, quick - four weeks' cruise . This will not be a yacht
silver, and many other raw materials and ing jaunt or pleasure party . Real work will
manufactures, it is inevitable that there fill nearly seventeen hours of the day, the
should be feverish reactions even when the routine including all kinds of service on
general trend is still upward. Thus in the board ship , as well as drills, lectures, and
latter summer weeks of 1916 copper prices maneuvers. The course, like that in the mil
were distinctly below the highest, sales being itary camp at Plattsburg, will be thorough,
made as low as 2 + cents, instead of 29 cents, and the men will return from the cruise not
 260 THE AMERI R O R
CAN EVIEW F EVIEWS
they say. Americans have wished good luck
to the unarmed commerce-carrying subma
rines that Germany is plucky enough to send
across the Atlantic . But there has been some
anxiety here aroused by the reported tend
ency to resume submarine warfare, in partial
neglect of those just rules of international
law that Germany and Austria have agreed
to observe. It is to be hoped that we shall
have no further ground of complaint upon
this vexed subject.
The Chronological events in the past
Raging
Conflict month 's history of the great war
will be found on pages 261 and
262. Our readers will find it worth while to
scan these condensed notes , which are pre
pared with much care. Our contributing
war editor, Mr. Simonds, in his notable in
Photograph by Bain stallment this month , presents strikingly clear
NAVAL " ROOKIES" PREPARING THEIR OUTFITS ON pictures and analyses of the concerted move
THE BATTLESHIP " MAINE" . ments against Germany and Austria on all
the European fronts. The situation in the
only better equipped to serve as a potential Balkans remains uncertain . Rumania and
naval reserve, but inspired with a wholesomene . Greece continue neutral under difficulties,
interest in Uncle Sam 's first line of defense. and Bulgaria begins to realize the dangers of
Increased importance is given to this scheme an awaited offensive on the part of the great
of training by the new naval bill passed by army under General Sarrail that has been
Congress, which provides not only for many collected at Salonika. The use of artillery
new ships but for a greatly increased naval during the past month has been wholly un
personnel. precedented . While the Allies, especially
England and Russia, have at length placed
We With the Mexican problem on themselves on a full war basis, it is a mis
Turn Both
Turn Both hand, our State Department has take to suppose that Germany is exhausted
Cheeks for several months avoided the or that the end of the war is in sight. It is
creation of sharp crises with any of the Euro much to be feared that the struggle will last
pean belligerents . Never in the history of for another year or two.
this country have we suffered such indigni
ties as those about which we have written
" notes" to Great Britain . These include the
outrageous tampering with American mails,
the interference with our proper trade with
neutral countries, and finally the “ blacklist,"
which forbids British subjects to do business
with a vast number of Americans firms for
reasons wholly outside of the realm of law
and right. Quite naturally , England thinks
we do not really mind these things, because Wis
we have never taken the slightest step to set UNITED STATES
any one of them right, although the means MAIL

to correct them all have been available and

obvious. It is not so easy to get at Turkey,
in which country great American educational
institutions like the college at Marsovan ( see
page 325 ) have been seized for military pur
poses , the teaching staff being expelled . Mr.
Elkus, the new Ambassador, has departed for
Constantinople ; but he will be able to do © 1916, by The Press Publishing Co.
nothing unless the authorities at Washing THE MEDDLESOME POSTMASTER
ton speak in terms of power, meaning what From the World (New York )
 RECORD OF EVENTS IN THE WAR
( From July 20 to August 19 , 1916)
The Last Part of July has caught and executed Capt. Charles Fryatt,
of the British merchant service, who is alleged
July 20. - It is announced at Ottawa that en - to have attempted to ram a German submarine
listments in Canada number 350,657. in March , 1915.
The French renew their offensive on both sides July 29. - In the Appam case, a United States
of the Somme River, capturing German trenches Judge at Norfolk holds that the German prize
on a six -mile front. crew lost claim to the British vessel and her
The French official observer states that in cargo by remaining indefinitely and permanently
fifteen days of fighting in the Somme region the in a neutral port.
French advanced on a front of more than ten The Russian official report recites further gains
miles to a maximum depth of six miles, captur- in the south , including the crossing of the Stokhod
ing 80,000 square kilometers of highly organized River at Gulevichi, in Volhynia , and the capture
and fortified field works and 12,000 men . of 32,000 Austro -Germans within two days.
July 21. — It is reported at Washington that July 30.— The German Government sums up
Holland has approached the United States with the situation at the end of the second year of
a suggestion for combined action against restric war: Germany and Austria occupy 161,625
tions placed by the British Government on square miles of enemy territory, against 67,625
neutral trade. a year ago ; the Allies occupy 8250 square miles
July 22.– Sergius Sazanov, for six years Min of Austro -German territory, against 4125 a year
ister of Foreign Affairs in Russia, resigns because ago ; Germany, Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey
of ill health ; Premier Sturmer assumes the office.
Russian troops under General Kuropatkin in
the Riga district, at the northern end of the line,
penetrate German positions at several points.
July 23. - Great Britain replies to the American
protest regarding instances of delay and inter
ference with neutral mails ; the reply upholds
the efficiency of British censorship rather than
argues for the legality of principles involved .
The British begin a new assault on the Ger
man line in the Somme district on a seven -mile
front,
Poz
and gain a foothold in the fortified village
of ieres.
July 24. - Premier Asquith informs the House
of Commons that a bill for the immediate institu
tion of Irish Home Rule will not be introduced
until the substantial assent of all parties is
gained; John Redmond and the Nationalists de
nounce certain modifications of the original
Lloyd -George agreement.
A war credit of $ 2,550,000,000 ( bringing the
total of twelve votes to $ 14,160,000,000 ) is asked
of the British House of Commons; the Chan
cellor of the Exchequer announces that war
expenditures now average $ 30,000,000 a day.
July 25. - Russia forces capture from the Turks
the fortified town of Erzingan .
July 26. — The United States protests to Great © International Film Service
Britain " in the most decided terms" against the THE GERMAN MINE-LAYING SUBMARINE "UC-5,"
blacklist forbidding commercial dealings with CAPTURED BY THE BRITISH
certain firms and individuals in the United States, ( The submarine was found in distress last April,
and declares that the harsh and disastrous effects off the English coast, by a British destroyer. The
upon neutral rights are obvious. crew attempted to blow up their vessel, but the ex
plosion wrecked only the interior. The submarine
July 28. - Russian armies in northern Galicia automatic
carried mines — one may be seen on the deck - for
capture Brody, an important railway town on the The Britishlaunching through gratings on the deck .
naval ensign flies from the mast, over
route to Lemberg. the German flag )
In the British assault on German positions in
the Somme region their occupation of Delville have captured 2,678,000 enemy soldiers and
Wood and the village of Longueval is completed . 11,000 cannon .
It becomes known that the German government Official German statistics relating to wounded
261
262 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
capture Monte Sabotino and Monte San Michele,
dominating the Gorizia bridgehead ; the advance
is hailed as Italy's greatest success since enter
ing the war.
The Second Week of August
August 8.- Turkish troops exert pressure upon
the Russian line in southern Armenia and force
the evacuation of Bitlis and Mush.
August 9. - Italian troops cross the Isonzo
River and occupy the Austrian city of Gorizia,
taking more than 10,000 prisoners in three days.
The German airships carry out a night attack
over the eastern coast of England , dropping
bombs.
August 10. - Continued Russian advances in
Galicia force the Austrians to evacuate Stanislau,
an important fortress protecting the road to
Lemberg.
A fourth offensive movement by the Allied
Powers is indicated by the capture of Doiran
(forty miles north of Salonica, Greece ) from the
Bulgarians, by an army of French , British and
Serbians under General Sarrail.
August 11. - Turkish pressure forces the Rus
American Press Association , New York sians to withdraw from Hamadan , Persia.
A RUSSIAN MACHINE GUN IN POLAND , French troops north of the Somme attack the
IN A FIRST LINE TRENCH
third German dine, capturing trenches and forti
fied works over a front of four miles.
soldiers show that 90.2 per cent return to the August 14. - The British House of Commons
front and 1.4 per cent die. passes a measure extending the life of the present
July 31.— Henry Edward Duke is appointed Parliament until the end of May, 1917.
Chief Secretary for Ireland , succeeding Augus. The Third Week of August
tine Birrell, who resigned following the rebellion.
The First Week of August August 15. — The extreme southern wing of the
Russian army occupies three villages at the en
August 1. - The German merchant submarine trance toMountains. the Jablonitza Pass through the Car
Deutschland makes a successful start from Balti pathianGreat Britain 's Minister of Munitions, E . S.
more on her return journey to Bremen with a Montagu, the House of Commons that
cargo of gold , nickel, and rubber ; it is under the output informs
of all kinds of guns and ammunition
stood that many Allied warships, including
motor -boats and aeroplanes pre patrolling the has vastly increased, and that there is no longer
outlet to the sea. fear of shortage.
It is learned that the Italian Dreadnought
August 3. - At Verdun, the French reoccupy the Leonardo da Vinci has been destroyed in the
village of Fleury in the course of a vigorous harbor of Taranto by an explosion resulting
counter -offensive. from a fire.
Sir Roger Casement is hanged at London for It is announced at Ottawa that the Canadian
high treason in conspiring to cause a revolt in troops at the front have been transferred from
Ireland . the Ypres salient to the region of the present
It is learned that the Italian passenger steamer offensive at the Somme.
Letimbro has been sunk by a submarine in the
Mediterranean, with heavy loss of life. August 16. - French and British attacks on both
August 4. - The French recapture the Thiau three of
sides the Somme River result in the capture of
miles of German trenches.
mont field -work for the fourth time, it having
been held by the Germans for more than a month. August 17. — The Russian War Office declares
A Turkish attack upon the British defenses that in the present offensive against Austria (be.
protecting the Suez Canal, at Romani, is de gun on June 4 ) 358,000 prisoners have been taken.
cisively repulsed, the Turks losing a fourth of of Announcement is made by New York bankers
their army. a $250,000,000 two-year 5 per cent loan to
It is learned that Field Marshal von Hinden Great Britain , secured by bonds and stocks, to be
berg's control of the German armies on the Rus offered to the public on September 1.
sian front has been extended to several Austrian August 18. - On the whole front in the Somme
army groups. region, British and French troops carry out a
August 6. - Russian forces cross the Sereth and combined and sustained attack .
Graberka Rivers, and capture six villages from The Russians begin an assault upon the enemy's
the Austrians. positions at the Hungarian end of the Jablonitza
August 7.- Italian forces on the Isonzo front Pass through the Carpathian Mountains.
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS
(From July 2010 August 19, 1916)
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS July 22. - Democratic primaries are held in
July 21.- The Senate passes the Naval appro Texas, the results being interpreted as a defeat
priation bill, the largest in the history of the for the Wilson Administration : Senator Culber
country ; only two Democrats and five Republi son runs second to ex -Governor Colquitt in the
cans vote against the measure. Senatorial contest, and several Congressmen are
defeated for renomination .
July 27.— The Senate passes the Army appro July 24 .- At a special primary in Maine, Bert
priation bill ( $314 ,000,000 ), nearly doubling the M . Fernald (Rep .) and Kenneth C . M . Sills
authorizations of the House . (Dem .) are nominated to fill out the term of the
July 29. — The Senate, by vote of 46 to 19, adopts late United States Senator Burleigh.
a resolution expressing the hope that the British July 27. – The President nominates as members
Government may exercise clemency in the treat of the Farm Loan Board created under the Rural
ment of Irish prisoners. Credit Act: George W . Norris , of Pennsylvania ;
August 8.— The Senate, after several days' de Charles E . Lobdell, of Kansas; W . S. A . Smith ,
bate, passes the Child Labor bill urged by Presi of Iowa, and Herbert Quick, of West Virginia.
dent Wilson and already adopted by the House : July 31. - Charles E . Hughes is formally noti.
the measure excludes from interstate commerce the fied at New York of his nomination for Presi
products of children under fourteen , and under dent of the United States, and in his acceptance
sixteen if the child works more than eight hours speech he criticizes the Wilson Administration
a day ; ten Southern Democrats and the two particularly for its handling of the Mexican and
Pennsylvania Republicans vote against the bill. . other foreign situations and its policy regarding
August 9.- The House adopts the conference appointments for high office.
report on the Army appropriation bill ; the re August 1. - Mr. Hughes endorses the proposed
vised measure carries expenditures totaling $ 267, toConstitutional amendment extending the suffrage
women . . . . In the Missouri primarv. Sen
595,000, against $ 313,970,000 appropriated by the ator
Senate and $ 182,000,000 by the House. Reed is renominated and Walter S. Dickev
the Republican choice ; for Governor, Frederick
August 10. - In the Senate , during a political de- isS. Gardner
bate, Mr. Penrose (Rep., Penn .) submits a list of nominated .
(Dem .) and Henry Lamm (Rep.) are
fifty -nine contributors to the Democratic campaign August 3.- Progressive leaders who oppose the
fund of 1912 who have since been appointed to endorsement of the Republican Presidential nom
federal offices. inee meet at Indianapolis and decide not to call
August 11. – The Senate Democrats, in caucus, a convention to nominate a candidate in place of
complete their revision of the Revenue measure. Colonel Roosevelt ; it is decided , however, to
August 15. — The House accepts the Senate pro place State tickets in the field wherever possible.
gram for great increases in naval construction , by August 5. - Mr. Hughes, the Republican Presi
vote of 283 to 51. dential nominee, starts from New York on his
August 16 .- The Senate approves the conference first campaign tour, which will carry him to the
Pacific Coast and back in five weeks.
report on the Philippines bill, extending greater August 8.- In the Ohio primary, Governor
measure of self-government to Filipinos but drop
ping the Clarke amendment promising independ nated Willis (Rep.) and Senator Pomerene are renomi
ence within four years ; the Republicans vote Democratic ; James M . Cox (Dem .) is the successful
against the measure. candidate for Governor, and Myron
August 17 .- In the Senate, the Democratic mem T . Herrick is the Republican choice for Senator.
bers of the Finance Committee, reporting the Rev . August 10. — The personnel of the Democratic
enue bill, recommend in addition a bond issue of Campaign Committee is announced , with an as
$130,000,000 to meet the extraordinary expendi sociate campaign committee of seven Progres
tures due to the Mexican situation . sives.
August 18. - The Senate, by a party vote of 38 August 13.- Conferences between railroad men
to 21, passes the Administration 's Shipping bill and managers having failed to adjust differences
" for the purpose of encouraging, developing, and regarding the eight-hour day demand, and ef
creating a naval auxiliary and naval reserve and forts of the Federal Board of Mediation being
a merchant marine.” exhausted , President Wilson summons the lead
ers of both sides to a conference at the White
AMERICAN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT House .
July 21.- In the Prohibition National Conven August 17.- President Wilson , having failed
persuade the railway managers to accept his
tion, J. Frank Hanly, former Governor of In toproposals
diana, is nominated for President on the first dents of theto avert a strike, summons the presi.
with Dr. Ira Landrith , of Nashville, for
ballot,President railroads to the White House.
Vice- . August 18. — The President vetoes the Army
263
264 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S
August 1. - The Chinese Parliament convenes
at Peking, and President Li Yuan -hung takes the
oath of office.
August 14 . - The Danish Folkething ( the lower
house of Parliament) votes in favor of selling
the Danish West Indies to the United States if
the people ratify the proposal.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
August 3. — The proposed loan of American
bankers to China is abandoned owing to differ.
ences regarding terms and guarantees.
August 4 . - A treaty between the United States
and Denmark is signed at New York, providing
for the purchase of the Danish West Indies for
$25,000,000.
OTHER OCCURRENCES OF THE MONTH
© Underwood & Underwood, New York
DAMAGE WROUGHT BY THE GREAT EXPLOSION AT July 22. — A bomb exploding during a prepare
JERSEY CITY , ON JULY 30 edness parade
MOONEY
in San Francisco kills six persons.
(What was undoubtedly the greatest explosion in July 25 . - The Board of Estimate in New York
the world's history resulted from a small fire on a barge City unanimously adopts a zone building -plan
loaded with munitions at a pier in Jersey City. The
shock was felt for a hundred miles. The photograph regulating construction so as to preserve resi
indicates what remained of thirteen brick storage ware . dential sections and prevent the erection of sky
houses, six piers, and eighty -five loaded freight cars) scrapers. . . . An explosioned of gas in a water
works tunnel being construct under La ke Erie,
appropriation bill, objecting to the provision at Cleveland, kills twenty -two workmen .
which exempted retired officers from military July 28. - Figures published by the Department
trial and discipline. of Commerce show that the foreign trade of the
United States for the year ending June 30 aggre
AMERICAN RELATIONS WITH MEXICO gated $ 4,334,000,000 exports and $ 2,198,000,000
July 20. - The Mexican Government makes imports — the largest totals and the most favor
public a note dated July 11, suggesting to the able trade balance in the country's history. . .
United States the appointment of three commis July 29.- A new transcontinental automobile
sioners from each Government to confer regard record is established by Samuel B . Stevens, of
ing the withdrawal of American troops and the Rome, N . Y ., who arrives in San Francisco 5 %
origin of bandit raids, with a desire to effect an days after leaving New York City .
arrangement satisfactory to both Governments . July 30. - A small fire on a munitions-laden
July 21. - It is established to the satisfaction of barge at a Jersey City pier causes an explosion
American military commanders in Mexico that which destroys thirteen brick storage ware
Villa did not die from his wounds, as had been houses, six piers, and eighty- five loaded freight
reported . cars ; the loss of life is small ( the explosion oc
July 28. - President Wilson accepts the Mexi curring at 2 a . m .), but the property damage is
can proposal for a joint commission to discuss estimated at $20,000,000.
matters of difference between the two Govern July 31. – Forest fires in northern Ontario re
ments, and proposes an enlargement of the pow . sult in the death of more than 300 persons.
ers of the commission . August 2. - A cloudburst near Tazewell, Tenn.,
August 3. - It is announced at Mexico City causes Blair's Creek to overflow , washing away
that the Mexican commissioners to negotiate with homes for six miles and drowning 35 persons.
the United States are : Luis Cabrera (Minister 3. — The epidemic of infantile paralysis
of Finance ), Ignacio Bonillas, and Alberto J. in August New York City reaches a new record, with
Pani. 217 cases in a single day ; in seven weeks the
August 12. - National Guard troops remaining total cases number 4500, the death rate being 20
in State mobilization camps, probably 25,000 in per cent.; in New York State (outside of the me
number, are ordered to the border ; it is estimated tropolis) there have been 900 cases, in New Jer
that 98,000 members of the National Guard are sey 1400, and in Pennsylvania 290.
at present along theMexican border. August 4. - A three -months' lockout of cloak,
August 15. - In view of a possible railroad suit and skirt workers in New York City is ended
strike in the United States, it is decided to hold by a compromise agreement affording many gains
in abeyance the order sending additional militia . for the workers.
men to the border .
August 7. - A partial strike of street-railway
FOREIGN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT employees is ended and a complete tie -up averted
by a compromise agreement involving wage in
July 26. - Federico Henriquez Carvajal is pro creases, affected by Mayor Mitchel and Mr.
claimed provisional president of Santo Doioingo Oscar Straus, chairman of the Public Service
by the Congress. Commission .
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS 265

Moffett Studio
DR. JOHN B . MURPHY JOHN M . THURSTON REV. DR. DANIEL BLISS SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY
sur.
(Dr. John B . Murphy, of Chicago , who died suddenly last month, was one of the country 's inost noted was
geons. Some of his famous operations were performed by the simplest means. John M . Thurston
95 to 1901, and long prominent in Republican national politics.
died last month in Omaha, where he was a leading member of the bar. The Rev. Dr. Daniel Bliss was
founder and president-emeritus of the Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, Syria, and one of the most dis
tinguished of American missionaries in the East. He died there on July 28, at the age of ninety -two, after
more than sixty years of service. Sir William Ramsay, the eminent British chemist who died on July 23, was
noted for many discoveries, chiefly of " inert" gases of the atmosphere. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize
for Chemistry.)

August 8. - The Government's crop report July 27. - Hugh Hastings, formerly State His
shows a serious falling off in the probable har- torian of New York , 61.
vest of wheat, corn, and other crops. . . . Rep July 28.— Rev. Daniel Bliss, D .D ., for sixty
resentatives of four railway brotherhoods meet years an American missionary in Syria, 92.
with railway managers at New York, and show
that 94 per cent. of the 400,000 engineers, fire July 30. — Gen. Robert Burns Brown, former
men, conductors, and trainmen of the country have Commander-in -Chief of the Grand Army of the
voted to strike, if necessary, for an eight-hour Republic and Republican nominee for Governor
day. of Ohio in 1912, 72.
August 9.- A cloudburst north of Charleston, August 1. - Eben D . Jordan, the Boston dry
W . Va., causes streams to overflow in Cabin goods merchant, 59.
Creek Valley, destroying many villages in the August 6.— Joseph member
Francis ofDaly, for many
mining district with property damage amounting years a distinguished the New York
to $2,000,000 and a loss of more than 50 lives. State bench , 75.
OBITUARY August 7.- Gen. David McMurtrie Gregg,
veteran of the Civil War, 83 (see page 274).
July 20. — Lieut. Gen . Ichonosuke Oka, recently August 8. - Vice -Admiral Hikonojo Kamimura
Minister of War in Japan, 56 . of the Japanese Navy, 67.
July 22.— James Whitcomb Riley, the poet, 62 August 9.- John M . Thurston, former United
( see page 327). States Senator from Nebraska, 69. . . . A . B .
Stickney, founder of the Chicago Great Western
July 22 . - Charles W . H . Kirchhoff, for many Railroad,
years editor of the Iron Age, 64. . . . John Pit 76.
August
cairn, a prominent Pittsburgh manufacturer, 75. international 11. - David Kahn , head of the French
banking firm of Lazard Freres, 70 .
July 23. — Sir William Ramsay, the noted Brit . . . Dr. John B . Murphy, the eminent Chicago
ish chemist, 62. . . . Thomas MacDonald Patter surgeon , 58.
son, former United States Senator from Colorado August 12.- Gen . Charles J. Paine, a veteran
and owner of Denver newspapers, 76 . . . . Cyrus the Civil War and formerly a prominent
Cincinatto Cuneo, a well-known American artist of yachtsman , 83.
and illustrator resident in England .
July 24 .- William D . T . Travis, a prominent August 16. — Richard F . Hamilton , the widely
Civil War artist, 77 . . . . Ernst G . J. Oertel, an known press agent, originator of the flamboyant
style of circus literature , 70 .
influential German newspaper editor, 60.
August William Pitt Clough , chairman of
July 26 .- Brig . Gen. James G . C . Lee, U . S. A ., the board 17.-
of directors of the Northern Pacific
retired, 80. . . . Frank H . Britton , president of Railroad, 72. . . . Charles French , publisher of
the St. Louis Southwestern Railway, 66 . the Musical Leader, 55.
RECENT FOREIGN AND DOMES
TIC CARTOONS

CERES
POSEIDON

THE GIFTS OF THE GODS TO GERMANY

: " I and Poseidon have done our duty - now do yours!"
MARS (to Ceres) (In other
words, the military and naval arms of Germany have given a good account of them
selves. Now Agriculture must do her share.) - From Lustige Blätter (Berlin ).
NEUTRALITY
WHO ISTRICT

I L IED E
ON

DA - FL
ATI
LIS

Wurhero
Genian

GRAND EXHIBITION THE BARK AND THE BISCUIT

By the celebrated conjuror and devil-exorcisor von
Batocki (Germany's new " Food Dictator" ).
“ Table , cover thyselfone, two, three ; usurers dis
appear.' - From Wcb . israltar (Zurich ) .
266
Greece, in return for a consideration, has accepted
all the terms laid down by the Allies and has stopped
barking."
From the Car Tirris (Cape Town)
 RECENT FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC CARTOONS 267

ar AFRIKAN
UTSCHE
ISCHE
VERSTÄNDIGUNG
DE

(
COMMUNICATION INTERRUPTED
WILLIAM (telephoning to Heaven ) : " He don't an
swer! I'm afraid He is gone over to the Allies."
From L'Asino (Rome)
DEW German publications come to Amer
T ica now , but we are able to include at
PEACE ALSO HATH HER BOMBS
(The bursting thebomb
least two examples from Lustige Blätter
Understanding,"
inent ofhasquestions idea isbeing
labeled
that "theAmerican-German
between Germany peaceful settle.
and the United
among our foreign cartoons this month .
States greatly disconcerted the Allies.)
From Lustige Blätter © (Berlin )
PEACE
O

LA BAIONNETTE
SI
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11
a
liitw
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WILLlit

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THE REAPER - WILL HE NEVER STRIKE ?
THE " PACIFIST" willPeace:
you never down youraretoolsstriking
" Otherlay workers ?" . everywhere ;
• From La Baionnette (Paris) From Punch (Melbourne, Australia )
268 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ABC

AL
2

XI

PAN -AMERICANISM
Mexico :SaxPut: Silence,
UNCLE gun, intruder!
down yourmiscreant! Don't Do you tothinkplayI amjokesafraid
attempt with ofyouryourboss.grimaces?
THE A. B. C . REPUBLICS: And this is a
should have to be the go-between in the cause of a picture of the much heralded Pan-Americanism ! To think, that I
From o Malho (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
page,Theoncartoons on this with
our relations and theMexico,
followingare interesting as comingthe “fromA. B.SouthC.” American
countries— chiefly republics.
D90
0

autanah
SamTHEfunYANKEE-
(What Uncle Sam intends to do to- Pancho MEXICAN
he cancan-- andSITUATION
Villaa - ifune Panchoo Villa
whate Panch
-what intends toto do toto Uncle
Vil a intends
 RECENT FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC CAR 1 TOONS 269,

SU

ANARCHID Win

MEXIRA
CANNIAA

THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO

SOUTH anarchy
Mexican AMERICA. while
(in therespecting
background)
her: sovereignty
So that is thea attitude of Uncle
theme which Sam ! more
has become Wilsonor only
less wishes to ! punish
of a joke
Watch out! Watch out! From O Malho (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

AL TO SAM my

Predo 60
TO UNCLE SAM NEW OPERA BOUFFE
" You
toricate would be the apostle of Peace, and wish to in - SECRETARY LANSING : Tell ordered
me, Mr.forPresident, whichI
partridge, usrepresenting
with this South
idea [literally
America : in intoxicate
the cartoonthe). send,
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notesof that
theseyouor have Mexico
one of the others ? shall
What a fine example you set us by assassinating a
country !" WILSON : Send the weightiest. The ones of paper
will be seen and heard only a little at a time.
From Sucesos (Santiago, Chili) From Caras y Caretas (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
270 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
! AT WITH
HEREATNELASTCOMES LAST !
MY EQUIPMENT!
MEXICO

INVASION
PHEW ! H -HERE'RE
YOUA Suit AN GUN ,AN AN
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OVERCO AN SHOE
STRINGSAT! I'M GOING
BACK NOW AND GET
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. From the Chronicle (San Francisco)
Yesterirar
RAISING AN ARMY OF A MILLION MEN OVER NIGHT Mexican
ions. border
The showof thesomemajority
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them
From the Ohio State Journal (Columbus) may, however, be seen behind the cartoon
TheMexican question is still with us, and from
lished the
by Firstsoldiers
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our brave militiamen are still on their job.
Reports of how the "boys” are faring on the

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© 1916 by C. Le Roy Baldridge

A SUMMER SCHOOL WORTH ALL IT COSTS
From the News (Dayton, O .) From the First"ANYWHERE IN EUROPE"
Illinois Caralryman (Brownsville, Tex.)
 RECENT FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC CARTOONS 271
ONE STEP FORWARD , TWO
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From the Post Express (Rochester)
THIS IS A FINE
BUNCH OF SOLDIERS
The political pot began to simmer with
MISTAKES
TO GO INTO THE
CAMPAIGN WITH ?
the holding of the Hughes notification meet
OF THE
DIPLOMATIC ADMINISTRATION ing in New York City on July 31, when the
WILSONS RELATIONS
Republican candidate for the Presidency
made his formal address accepting the nomi
nation . Following this " opening gun," Mr.
Hughes started on his “Western drive” — as
one of the cartoonists expresses it — and pro
S S
DE NE WILSON
PEEAARCE
TY

ADMINISTRATION
RECORD
PERI

PPR
NYWTIBLESAT,
PROS

HIONN
TO

G .O . P.
THE AWKWARD SQUAD
From the News-Press (St. Joseph )
HURRY, WOODROW
AND PACK YOUR

WWW "
VALISE

S RN
HUGPHEEENEWSESTREOUSSING JUSTICE
HUGHES FAIRBANKS
S ENDAOV
TRE TRUSIASM
R
EX

SITS

" GO WEST, YOUNG MAN, GO WEST !" VERY WARM

From the Leader (Cleveland) From the Daily News (Dayton )
272 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
H
EEC
SPEECH ASP

S
TION

RED Y
AR

LDS
S A

RET
E E G DSERAT

FIE
WATCH YOUR G H
SUFFR
HU CONVEN L
'ALTION UDD)
AGE EMO SPEEBoes
CRA CH

SEC
STEP, BOUVAR ! TIC

Suv
ina

L
COO
ANOTHER "WESTERN DRIVE" IS ON !
From the Newspaper Enterprise Association (Cleveland) SIMMERING
From the Telegram (New York)
ceeded to pour hot shot into the Democratic
administration at various points on his tour.
His attacks have for the most part been
AMERICANISM “directed
the
at Wilson's Mexican policy, his
vacillation,"
conduct
ourthediplomatic
of civil
relations,
service under
andthe
Democratic régime. Mr. Hughes' declara
NARTEISOPRNIEEGCLHTTS
ENT

AMERICALASANENDD
AMERI
AF,NIRETSTTILI

tion in favor of a federal suffrage amend

ASUMEFTRRAICGEA

SECUAND

S NA
DEMOEDRES,

AL T
WOR
PREPARED
LESDSS

ment is an invitation to the several million

CA
RE

women voters to take a seat on the Repub

lican elephant.
CLEAR AS A BELL SORRY TO
From the Leader (Cleveland) MERICANISM DISAPPOINT
YOU , BUT
YOU SEE
ION MY SADDLE
RAOT N ISA'T BUILT
T
D HIENWSET S
M POR LADIES
A
SOT
ES

S T SUFFRAGE

by the Philadelphia Inquirer Co. MAHOUT HUGHES : " THIS WAY, LADIES ; THERE
FACTS ARE STUBBORN THINGS ARE PLENTY OF SEATS ON THE ELEPHANT."
From the Inquirer (Philadelphia ) From the Oregonian (Portland)
 RECENT FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC CARTOONS 273
BY GOLLY BUT I'VE
WELCOME " I'M GLAD TO (COME TO
SEE YOU !' HELP YOU
PUT 'ER OUT !!!
THERE "
ARM
ERS

PURlAL CYRESDTIETMS GILIW

u . S

Na
AW ' SHUCKS!
GUESS I'D BETTERS
BEAT IT "
NOBUDDY LOVES
AN 1. W W UKE
NOHOW !

THE NEW FARM HANDI

From the Tribune (Sioux City)
The above cartoon deals with a subject of it is contained in an article beginning on
especial interest to the American farmer - page 303. The railroad strike situation was
the new “ Rural Credits” law passed by Con - still in an unsettled state last month as this
gress in July. Editorial comment on this act magazine was going to press, with President
willbe found in the front pages of this issue, Wilson using his utmost endeavors to bring
and further detailed information regarding both railroad heads and employees together
in agreement to avert a general strike.
Uncle Sam is considering the purchase of
the Danish West Indies, to “ close a gap" in
his Caribbean defenses (see article on page
KT+ 13 292), but the treaty remains to be ratified
SIIN
PILI
both by the United States Senate and the
Danish Parliament.
RAU JUST A MOMENT
GENTLEMEN
IM THE MAN' S
PLOYES :
OWN
3

WHOSE INTERESTS ,
AREMOST ATTEC
LD STOP IT !

DEFENSE OF
PANA1190MA CANAL
BISCUIHIN PDA

INDIES

IS
1916 by International News Service
THE INNOCENT BYSTANDER TO CLOSE A GAP
From the American (New York ) From the Evening News (Newark )
Sept. - 3
 Review of Reviews Company
GENERAL GREGG (SECOND FROM LEFT) IN A GROUP OF CIVIL WAR CAVALRY LEADERS
From left to right: Gen . Wesley Merritt, Gen. David McM . Gregg, Gen. Philip H . Sheridan , Gen. Henry E.
Davies, Gen . James H . Wilson , and Gen . Alfred T. A . Torbert. (From an original Brady photograph reproduced
in the " Photographic History of the Civil War," published by the Review of Reviews Company)

GEN . DAVID MCMURTRIE GREGG

CENERAL GREGG 'S cavalry has been only thirty years of age when he routed
U credited with saving the Union cause Stuart and saved the day at Gettysburg.
at Gettysburg, by defeating Stuart's attempt The rank of major-general of volunteers
to break up the Federal was conferred on him by
rear while Pickett was brevet in 1864.
charging in front. Yet After the war, General
Gregg was one of the Gregg retired to a life
most modest and unas of comparative seclusion ,
suming of our Civil War broken only by a brief
heroes. Not so well consulship at Prague and
known, perhaps, as other three years' service as
generals, he ranked with Auditor-General of Penn
the bravest of that bril sylvania. Further politi
liant galaxy of cavalry cal honors might also
leaders produced in our have been his, for later he
great struggle. declined the nomination
General Gregg, who for Governor of the State.
died on August 7 last, A volume on " The Sec
graduated from West . ond Cavalry Division of
Point in 1855, and served the Army of the Poto
his apprenticeship in that mac" came from his pen
hardy " School of the in 1907 .
Plains” that developed The last years of Gen
many of our best soldiers. GENERAL GREGG AS HE LOOKED IN
eral Gregg's life were
When the war broke RECENT YEARS spent in quiet retirement
out in 1861, Gregg was at his home in the city of
made a captain of cavalry. The following Reading, Penn . He attained the age of
year he became successively a colonel and a eighty- three, thus rounding out more than a
brigadier-general of volunteers. He was full half -century after Appomattox.
274
 THE GOVERNMENT AND GOOD
ROADS
BY HON . DAVID F . HOUSTON
(Secretary of Agriculture)

D URING the coming year there will be throughout the country increasing interest
in the application of the new federal law providing grants of money for country
roads in the forty-eight States. So many bills have been introduced and discussed at
Washington that the average reader is not quite clear as to the provisions of the measure
that has now been placed on the statute books by Congress and the President. Appre
ciating the great interest that the present Secretary of Agriculture has shown in the
progress of the movement for good country roads as bearing vitally upon all the prob
lems of rural life , we have requested him to make an authoritative statement as to the
way in which the law would work in its relation to the respective States. In the midst
of many public duties of exceptional importance, the Secretary has acceded to our re
quest and prepared the following admirable statement dealing with the highway situa
tion as affected by this new federal law .— THE EDITOR .

TOR many years there has been a definite creation of State highway commissions.
T and growing interest in good roads. In Three or four years ago only twenty -nine of
early times road improvement, such as was the States had any adequate highway ma
undertaken , was directed almost exclusively chinery while to -day thirty -nine have fairly
by local agencies . To thoughtful men , it satisfactory commissions. The result has
was apparent that, if satisfactory results were been better planning, great improvement in
to be secured, central control at least by the administrative methods, and a fuller return
States should be established. Washington , to the people for the money provided by
writing to Patrick Henry , referred to the them .
slightdirection
the progressofthat
the was
localbeing made under
jurisdictions and THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT'S INTEREST
suggested the necessity of developing a cen - The interest in road development was
tral State body which should have as its manifested a number of years ago by the
function the promotion of a movement for Federal Government in the provision for a
better roads and for more effective adminis. Federal Office of Roads in the Department
trative supervision of construction and of Agriculture. For a time this office had
maintenance . inadequate support. Its activities were lim
Comparatively little headway was made ited largely to testing and research work ,
for many years and not until about the be- to the issuance of publications of an educa
ginning of this century did State action tional character, and to the giving of expert
begin to assume definite proportions or to advice. More recently it has extended its
develop the requisite control. About twelve activities in a number of directions and espe
years ago the total annual expenditure of cially in making demonstrations of the best
the States for road building amounted to methods of road building in different sec
only $ 2 ,000,000, but by 1912 the amount tions of the country.
had increased to $ 13,000 ,000 , and it is esti- . The progress made by this office is revealed
mated that at present the nation is expending in the fact that the appropriations for the
the equivalent of at least $ 225,000,000 for support of its ordinary activities have in
road improvement. Along with the increased creased from $ 279,400 for the fiscal year
provision for road building there has come 1914 to $599,200 for the fiscal year 1917.
a great improvement in machinery for plan - In 1912, the Congress placed an additional
ning roads and for expending the funds. burden upon it. It made an appropriation
There has been a definite movement for the of half a million dollars to be expended by
275
276 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the Secretary of Agriculture in coöperation have greatly increased and have been fully
with the Postmaster-General in improving recognized. The impression became general
the condition of roads to be selected by them that the Federal Government should par
on which rural delivery was established or ticipate in the construction of roads, limiting
might be established and proyided that such its attention to those over which Federal
improvements should be made under the su - mails are or may be carried . The Constitu
pervision of the Secretary of Agriculture. tional warrant for such action rests on the
This appropriation was made contingent on authority of Congress to establish post offices
the contribution by the State or its civil sub - and post roads. Furthermore, it was con
divisions of double the amount provided by ceived to be reasonable that the people of
the Federal Government. There was thus the nation should have the benefit of the
placed under the immediate supervision of knowledge of both their State and Federal
the Office of Public Roads the expenditure of experts, and that the machinery of the two
a million and a half dollars in addition to jurisdictions should be placed in a coöpera
its regular appropriation . The handling of tive relation to render effective service to
the special fund furnished data ofmuch value the people. The discussion turned largely
and the results have been responsible in no on the specific proposals for legislation and
inconsiderable measure for the larger pro- on the matter of guaranteeing that money
vision recently made in the passage of the contributed for road-building should be
Federal Aid Road Act, approved July 11, wisely expended, and that a dollar's worth
1916 . of work should be secured from each dollar
appropriated .
ENORMOUS COST OF BAD ROADS In 1913, as Secretary of Agriculture I
There is no need of discussing the impor- reviewed the good -roads movement and in
tance of good roads. They are essential to dicated some of the provisions which , in my
comfortable travel, to the economic produc- judgment, should be incorporated if legisla
tion and distribution of farm products, to tion was to be enacted . In 1914, I re
the development especially of satisfactory turned to this subject in my annual report
rural schools, and to the improvement of the and said :
social life of the nation . Bad roads are very
expensive possessions. It is estimated that The problem , so far as the Federal Government
is concerned , is how to inject its assistance into
it costs 23 cents under existing conditions to the situation primarily so as to secure efficient ex
haul a ton a mile on the average countrypenditure. The people of the Nation are intensely
road and only 13 cents on a properly im interested in this problem , and pressure will con
tinue for action by the Federal Government. The
proved road, but this is not all the story . matter
The direct cost is very great and the indirect is of sufficient importance to justify again
an attempt to indicate the wise course of action in
costs are possibly even greater. With bad case the Federal Government is further to expand
roads the farmer is compelled to haul when its activities and lend direct support. If direct
he should be engaged in other activities, while Federal aid is to be expended , it should be done
with good roads he can plan his operations only under such conditions as will guarantee a
dollar's results for every dollar of expenditure .
without reference to the weather. The States . . . Legislation should provide for coöperation
and the local units, as has been intimated , between the Federal Government and the States,
have strikingly recognized these truths by and the State through an expert highway commis
greatly increasing their appropriations and sion should be the lowest unit with which the Fed
eral machinery should deal. If the Federal Gov
by devising better machinery. ernment recognizes any other unit than the State
FEDERAL COÖPERATION highway commission, it will complicate the situa
tion in those States where satisfactory develop
The question whether or not the Federal ments have taken place and it will retard move
ments in the right direction in other communities.
Government should participate in any large If, on the other hand , the law recognizes only a
war directly in the construction of roads has central highway commission it will strengthen the
long been before the American people. Hun hands of those that now exist and secure the crea
dreds of bills of almost every conceivable nottion of such bodies in the twenty - six States that do
now have them . The mere creation of such
character have been introduced in Congress bodies in everydepartment
State would
and debated . The central government has The Federal and bethea highway
marked gain
com.
a very special and peculiar interest in good mission of each State should be empowered jointly
roads. It has under its control the trans to select the roads upon which the work is to be
portation of mails and, with the growth of performed and to determine the manner and meth
ods of constructing roads under projects mutually
the rural delivery, the difficulties confront- agreed upon previously.
ing it in securing economic handling of mails It seems desirable that if Federal money is to
 THE GOVERNMENT AND GOOD ROADS 277
be expended, it should be limited to construction unanimous endorsement of the highway com
projects and should not be used for maintenance, missioners of the several States. It is based
and, furthermore, because of the time required for
the development of the requisite machinery and on sound principles. Its leading features
either
because of the difficultyv of assumption by either are as follows :
jurisdiction of a large initial burden, the Federal 1. It authorizes the Secretary of Agri
appropriation should at first be relatively small. culture to coöperate with the States through
Expenditure for maintenance would involve the their respective State highway departments in
Government in a very unsafe and uncertain the construction of rural post roads. This
course . It would be a continuing appropriation
on a vast scale. It would seem only proper that principle is important and significant. Here
if roads are secured, the States and the communi tofore the agencies of the State and the
ties should maintain them . I clearly recognize Federal governments have too often usually
that it is difficult to draw the line between con
struction and maintenance on the simpler forms proceeded entirely independently and not in
frequently worked at cross purposes and
of road ; but, after all, the line can be drawn and
would be much clearer if proper methods of con sometime in an antagonistic spirit. The
struction were pursued . principle of coöperation between the two gov
As an automatic check to a drain on the Federal
Treasury in case Federal aid is extended , provi ernments is extending and promises much
sion should be made that each State shall make for the people whom they serve.
available for construction at least as much as is 2. No money appropriated by the act can
set aside by the Federal Government, preferably be expended in any State until the legislature
twice as much , and that it shall give a satisfac of the State shall have assented to the pro
tory guaranty to maintain the roads constructed .
On all projects on which Federal money may be visions of the act. It is provided that until
expended in coöperation with the States it should the final adjournment of the first regular
be provided that the two authorities shall fully session of the legislature the assent of the
coöperate, and that before Federal money is made Governor may be sufficient, but since prac
available for any projects such projects shall have
been mutually agreed upon by the Federal de tically in every case appropriations will be
partment and the State authorities, with clear un needed and in some cases a State highway
derstandings as to methods of construction , speci department will have not
to be created , the assent
fications, materials, and the development of a of the Governor
of the Governor will
will not make possible actual
make possible
road system .
It will be objected by some that this suggestion operations.
involves an invasion of State rights. As a matter The assent of the State will imply its ac
of fact, it simply looks to the use of Federalmoney ceptance of all the terms of the Act and such
for the purpose for which it may be voted, and to action as may be necessary to enable it to
its efficient expenditure. Those who fear invasion
of State rights can easily obviate the danger by coöperate effectively with the Federal De
declining to ask for Federal money . If they de partment.
mand Federal money, they can not easily decline 3. Federal money may be expended only
to have its proper and efficient expenditure safe for the construction of post roads. The
guarded . It is no argument to assert that State term " construction ” is interpreted to include
agencies may be trusted . As a matter of fact, they
are not the officials who have to assume the re reconstruction and improvement, the latter
sponsibility for the expenditure of Federal money. excluding merely the making of needed re
We do trust State authorities fully to vote and ex pairs and the preservation of a reasonably
pend State funds. They assert the right to look smooth surface. To maintain the roads con
after the expenditure of State funds and do so
with great jealousy. They should show a willing structed under the provisions of the Act is
ness to have the Federal officers assist in the su made the duty of the States or of their civil
pervision of the expenditure of Federal moneys. subdivisions according to the laws of the sev
One thought should be clearly held in mind, eral States, and it is provided that, if the
namely, that it is highly unwise to discourage
State and local effort. Only in recent years have Secretary of Agriculture shall find any road
the States begun seriously to attack many of the in any State so constructed is not being prop
problems which it was originally contemplated erly maintained within a given period, he
they should solve. If the Federal Government shall give notice of this fact to the highway
were ba
to bl
make
e a very large appropriation, it is not
department and, if within four months from
the receipt of the notice the road has not
to it somewhat exclusively for funds with which
tocalamitous
build roads. Such a development would be been put in the proper condition of main
.
tenance, no further aid can be extended to
FEATURES OF THE NEW LAW such State or civil subdivision .
Perhaps the weakest point in good roads
After considering many proposals and legislation and practise has been the lack of
after long debate the Federal Aid Road Act adequate provision for maintenance. It will
was passed by the Congress and approved be essential under the terms of this Act
ty the President. It had practically the that, in considering proposed road projects,
278 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
careful regard shall be given to the pro - period. This would be prevented by the Con
visions to be made by the States or their stitution of many States ; but it does involve
civil subdivisions for the maintenance of a pledge of the State's faith to continue the
roads in the discharge of this duty . The con - appropriations according to the terms of the
struction work in each State must be done act ; and even where the counties contribute
in accordance with the laws of the State the necessary funds, the assent of the State
and under the direct supervision of the State must be had and the other terms of the act
highway department, but the Secretary of such as the existence of a highway commis
Agriculture is given power to inspect the sion and the acceptance of the duty of main
work as it proceeds, to approve it, and to taining roads must be complied with .
make the necessary rules and regulations for 5. The contribution of the Federal Gov
the enforcement of the act. It is stipulated ernment for the construction of any road is
that the projects shall be substantial in char- limited to 50 per cent. of the estimated cost
acter and that expenditures of Federal funds of it and cannot exceed 50 per cent. of the
shall be applied only to such projects. actual cost. The aggregate expenditure out
4 . There are appropriated out of the of Federal funds for the construction over
Federal Treasury for carrying out the gen - the country generally is $ 75,000,000. At
eral purposes of the act the following sums least as much more must be expended by the
of money : For 1917, $ 5,000,000 ; 1918, States for construction alone. The act,
$ 10,000 ,000 ; 1919, $ 15,000 ,000 ; 1920 , therefore , contemplates an aggregate ex
$ 20,000,000 ; 1921, $ 25,000,000. Unex- penditure for general road construction work
pended balances for any State for any fiscal over the country of $ 150,000,000.
year shall be available until the close of the APPORTIONMENT OF FUNDS
succeeding fiscal year and amounts appor
tioned for any fiscal year to any State which 6 . The Secretary of Agriculture , after
has not a State highway department shall making a deduction not exceeding 3 per cent.
be available for expenditure until the close of the appropriation for any fiscal year for
of the third fiscal year succeeding that for administrative purposes, is authorized to ap
which the apportionment was made. The portion the remainder for each year among
latter part of this provision was inserted to the several States on the basis of three fac
permit States not having highway machinery tors — population, area, and mileage of rural
to develop it. delivery and star routes — each factor hav
A few States in the Union have consti- ing a weight of one-third. The apportion
tutional provisions prohibiting the State from ment, as worked out for the fiscal year 1917,
engaging in any work of internal improve- is as follows:
ment. The State, of course,may remove this Alabama .. .. .. $ 104, 148.90
disability . If it does not do so, then , if any Arizona .. . . . .. 68,513.52
number of counties in such State shall ap Arkansas . . . . . 82,689.10
propriate the proportion needed in order to California . . . 151,063.92
Colorado . . . 83,690 .14
entitle such State to its part of the appropria Connecticut . .. 31,090 .44
tion apportioned to it under this act and all Delaware .. . 8, 184.37
the other provisions of the act are complied Florida
Georgia . . . . . . .
55,976 .27
with , the work may proceed . The wording 134 ,329 .48
her Idaho . . . . . . . 60,463.50
of the act make s it clear that whet ac Illinois . . . . . . 220,926 .23
tion is by the States or by counties, it must Indiana .. . . . 135,747.62
be adequate to meet the Federal apportion Iowa . . . . . . . 146 , 175.60
ment to the State. Kansas .. . . . . 143,207,40
In accepting the terms of the act the Kentucky . . . . . 97 ,471.91
Louisiana .. . . . 67 ,474 .66
State , as a matter of course, pledges its faith Maine .. . . . . . 48,451.50
to the five-year program . This is important Maryland .. . . 44,047.22
because it makes possible the arrangement of Massachusetts 73,850.95
a comprehensive scheme of road building. Michigan .. . 145,783.72
Minnesota . . . . . 142,394 .06
Obviously the expenditure of the entire Mississippi .. . . 88,905.84
amount of money contemplated under the Missouri 169,720 .41
act should be planned at the outset as far Montana
Nebraska . . . . . .
98,287 .19
as possible and road systems and projects Nevada .. . . . . . . .
106 ,770.81
conceived accordingly . This does not bind 64,398.30
New Hampshire .. 20,996 .62
the State legislature to make an appropria New Jersey .. . . . . 59,212.68
tion at the first session for the five-year New Mexico. 78,737 .81
 THE GOVERNMENT AND GOOD ROADS 279
New York . .. . .. $ 250,720 .27
. . . . 14 South Dakota . . . . $ 1,214, 190.30
North Carolina .. . 114,381.92 Tennessee 1,712, 302 .20
North Dakota .. 76 ,143.06 Texas .. . . 4, 378 ,917.15
Ohio .. . . . . . . . . . 186,905.42 Utah .. . . . . . . . . . . 854,252.25
Oklahoma . . . . . . . 115,139.00 Vermont .. . . . . . . 342,667.05
Oregon .. . . .. . . 78,687.37 Virginia .. . . .. . . 1,494 ,910.65
Pennsylvania .. 230 ,644 .17 Washington 1,078,264.20
Rhode Island . 11,665.71 West Virginia 799,056 .90
South Carolina 71,807.64 Wisconsin .. . . . . . 1,925,416.05
South Dakota .. . 80,946 .02 Wyoming .. .. 917 ,952.30
Tennessee . . . . . 114,153.48
.

Texas . . . . . . . .
Utah . . . . . . . .
291,927 .81
56,950.15
Total ....... .......... $72,750,000.00
Vermont 22,844.47 STATES MUST TAKE THE INITIATIVE
Virginia . . 99.660.71
Washington 71,884.28
West Virginia ... . . . .. . .. . .. 53,270.46
7. The State is the lowest unit with which
Wisconsin 128,361.07
the Federal Government may coöperate and
Wyoming .. . .. 61, 196 .82 only through a State highway department.
This is made especially clear by the require
Total ................ $4,850,000.00 ment that the Secretary of Agriculture and
the State highway department of each State
The basis of apportionment may slightly shall agree upon the roads to be constructed
change, but, roughly speaking, the amount therein and the character and method of con
which each State will receive from the Fed struction , and that any State desiring to avail
eral Government after the first year may be itself of the benefits of the act shall by its
ascertained by multiplying these sums by State highway department submit to the Sec
2, 3, 4, or 5 , and the aggregate amount for retary of Agriculture project statements
each State received from the Federal Treas setting forth proposed road construction . If
ury will be approximately as follows, to be the Secretary approve such project the high
met by equal contributions from the States : way department shall furnish to him such
surveys, plans, specifications,
aire
and estimates
Alabama .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. $ 1,562,233.50 therefor as he may require.
Arizona .. . . . . . .
Arkansas .. . . . .
1,027,702.80
1, 240,336 .50
It will be especially noted that there must
California 2,265,958.80 be an agreement between the Secretary of
Colorado ... . . 1,255,352.10 Agriculture and the State highway depart
Connecticut ... . 466 ,356 .60 ment of each State on the roads to be con
Delaware . . . . . 122,765.55 structed , that projects, plans, specifications,
Florida . . . . . . . . 839,644.05 and estimates shall be submitted by the State
Georgia .. . . . .. 2,014 ,942.20 highway departments and approved by the
Idaho .. . . . . . . 906,952.50
Illinois 3, 313,893.45 Secretary of Agriculture before any Federal
Indiana 2 ,036 ,214 .30 money can be expended .
Iowa . . . . . . . . . 2, 192,634 .00 The initiative under the act lies with the
Kansas . . . . . 2, 148,111 .00 States, and the Federal Government cannot
Kentucky .. . .. 1,462,078.65
Louisiana . . . . . . 1,012,119.90 begin operations until after the acceptance
Maine 726 ,772.50 of the act by the State, a State highway
aryland . . . . . . .
Maryland 660,708.30
1,107,764.25
department has been created , if none exists,
Massachusetts ..
Michigan .. . .. .. . 2 , 186,755.80 and road projects and the requisite engineer
Minnesota .. . . . 2,135,910.90 ing data have been submitted to the Secretary
Mississippi .. . . . . 1,333,587.60 of Agriculture and approved. It should be
Missouri . . . . . . . 2,545,806.15
1,474,307.85
clear, therefore, to communities interested in
Montana
1,601,562.15
road projects which might be considered un
Nebraska 965,974.50 der this act that they should place themselves
Nevada . . re . . . . . . . 314,949.30 in touch directly with their central State
New Hampshire
New Jersey .. . . . . . . 888, 190.20 highway agency.
New Mexico .. . . . . 1,181,067.15
New York .. 3 ,760,804.05 NATIONAL FORESTS AND GOOD ROADS
North Carolina .. . 1,715,728.80
North Dakota .. . . 1,142,145.90 8. Special provision is made to meet a
Ohio .. . . . . . . . . . . 2,803,581.30 situation arising especially in the western
Oklahoma .. . . . . . 1 ,727,085.00 States of the nation because of the presence
Oregon .. . . . . . . . . 1, 180,310.55 in those States of the Federal Government
Pennsylva .. 3,459,662.55
Rhode Islnia
and .. . 174,985.65 as a great land holder. In all the great
South Carolina . . . . . . . . 1,077 ,114 .60 Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast States the
280 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Federal Government controls millions of necessary for the use and development of re
acres of forest lands. There are many com - sources upon which the community is de
u nities having a sparse population in which pendent. It provides further that the aggre
the Federal Government is the largest land gate expenditures in any State, Territory,
holder. These communities are struggling to or county shall not exceed 10 per cent of
develop themselves and to secure outlets to the value of the timber and forage resources
adjoining communities and to markets. In within the area in which the roads or trails
m any cases they have had to rely mainly on are to be constructed . It is contemplated
taxes on private holdings for means to fi- that under this provision projects shall be
nance their enterprises . carefully considered both on their relative and
Heretofore, the Federal Government has absolute merits and that on behalf of the
definitely recognized that the forests should Federal Government, under the direction of
contribute to the local development, as well the Secretary of Agriculture, the work shall
as the national welfare, especially , by pro- be undertaken by the Forest Service and the
viding for the use of 35 per cent. of all Federal Office of Public Roads in co
gross receipts from the forests for local public operation .
purposes; but in some sections there are little T his Federal Aid Road Act was designed
or no revenues from the forests and it was not only to promote road -building but also
clear that the community should not wait adequately to safeguard through efficientma
until the period of hardest struggle was past chinery the expenditure of all funds arising
before any assistance was given them . The under it. There is good reason for be
first need of many of the sections in un - lieving that these purposes will be realized .
developed regions is for more and better It is highly probable that it will do much
roads. Without them their struggle to get more than this. As has been pointed out,
a foothold is much more difficult. They re the nation is now annually - spending the
main isolated from neighbors and from the equivalent of $ 225,000,000 for road -build
outside world with meager educational op- ing. The improvements of administrative
portunities and conditions unfavorable to agencies and methods which will o
community life and to progress. To meet follow the operation of this act should lead
the situation , the Federal Aid Road Act pro- to greatly increased efficiency in the expendi
vides that out of any Federal money not ture of these large additional sums. In such
otherwise appropriated the sum of $ 1 ,000 ,- case , the nation will realize great benefit not
000 a year for ten years may be expended only from the expenditure of the joint funds
under the supervision of the Secretary of but also of the separate surplus money of
Agriculture upon request from the proper the States and communities.
officers for the construction and maintenance How soon actual operations can begin in
of roads and trails within or only partly any State will depend upon the action of the
within the National Forests. State and the adequacy of its arrangements
It stipulates that officers of the proper to meet the terms of the act. The Federal
jurisdiction shall enter into a coöperative Government will be in position to proceed
agreement with the Secretary of Agriculture as soon as the rules and regulations are for
for the construction and maintenance of such mulated and projects are presented for its
roads or trails on an equitable basis when determination.
 THE BATTLE OF EUROPE
ALLIED OFFENSIVES ON
FOUR FRONTS
BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
I. ALLIED STRATEGY IS DISCLOSED strike before they are ready, and having pro
voked this unprepared offensive, we will pass
CORE interesting than any of the partial to the defensive and preserve our map of
| victories won by the Allies on all their Europe intact for another year.”
fronts was the disclosure of their complete Then you have Joffre's answer : “ Since
strategic conception in full operation in Au- there are political reasons to be considered
gust, for the first time in the war. Coincident we will hold on to Verdun as long as we
with this disclosure was the plain proof of can . Wewill straightway abolish the danger
the defeat of all German plans made since of a piercing . ( The danger was abolished
the end of the Balkan campaign last winter by early April.) Then we will let the Ger
Looking backward for the moment it will mans pound themselves to pieces at Verdun ,
be seen , at last, how just was the French while the British and ourselves continue to
view , set forth by me here, on my return prepare our own attack in conjunction with
from Verdun , as to the extent of the Ger the Russians, and at the appointed time we
man defeat before the Lorraine fortress. shall all strike together."
Similarly futile was the Austrian offensive in Now no one can question the strategic
the Trentino , which followed the lines and victory of Joffre. He won a tactical victory
had a purpose identical with that of the Ver- also . That is to say he not merely kept his
dun attack . larger purpose of an offensive by all his
The underlying purpose of the German armies and allies unshaken , but he did ac
attack upon Verdun was to inflict such losses, tually hold Verdun . He might have lost
create such disorder and disorganization in Verdun , as Napoleon lost Genoa in his early
the Allied headquarters, compel such prem - Italian campaign , and yet have retrieved all
ature counter-offensives on the part of the as Napoleon retrieved all atMarengo , but he
British and French , that there could be no was able to hold Verdun until he was ready
combined Anglo -French attack in the West to strike elsewhere and this makes his success
this summer. The Allied attack upon the the more complete.
Somme is final proof that German purpose Similarly the Austrian purpose to deal a
failed . We see clearly, now , that the French , terrific and crippling blow at Italy , a blow
once the danger of an actual piercing of that would prevent Italy from taking the
their line had been abolished, were prepared offensive on the Isonzo front, which is the
to sacrifice Verdun itself, if necessary, to true operative front of the Italian campaign ,
keep their reserves intact and to permit the miscarried, because before it had become ef
British to complete their preparations for at- fective the Russian blow compelled the Aus
tack . We see, now , that the fall of Verdun , trians to recall their troops from the
discouraging as it might have proven , would Trentino and, having repaired the local
have been of little importance if it had come damage the Austrians had wrought, the
in May or June. Italians were able in the month of August
You get here one of the best examples of to step out along the Isonzo, take Gorizia ,
the clash of two strategic conceptions that it and win their first great victory of the war
is possible to have. German high command and indeed of their recent and tragic history.
said : "We will attack Verdun ; we may Now it is wise to keep in mind the fact
break through the French lines and achieve a that the Allies, while winning a great victory
success like our triumph at the Dunajec last in the encounter of two strategic conceptions
year. But if we fail to do this we will grind in the past nine months, merely won the op
up French reserves, provoke the British to portunity to put their larger purpose into
281
282 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S
re able to preseselected
operation . They were able to preserve the from which it has not been able to save
power to take the initiative at the selected
moment. What we are now seeing is the fitroseTo
itselft as yet.
somyeetofthis
nlf,asmeet tino daTnrgeenr Austria
thhiesredanger Stha ddrew
rew hher
er
putting of this plan into force. The four masses out of the Trentino and Germany
great nations fighting the Central Powers drew some of her soldiers from the western
have been able to thwart the effort of the front and many of her reserves, marked for
Central Powers to forestall a combined and western service, to the East. Her western
synchronized attack. They are making that line was not thus immediately thinned, but
attack and they have had many striking suc- it was weakened for the future, when losses
cesses , but the decision has not been had and suffered would require " fresh reserves and
it is now wiser to examine what has been these reserves would be lacking, because they
done and indicate what the Allies are trying had been sent east. .
to accomplish than to indulge in any forecast. This was in June. By July the eastern
We must remember that Germany, in her situation had temporarily improved from the
turn , may have an answer, must have an German outlook , but on July 1 there had
answer, if the real issue of the war is not come the Anglo - French attack on the Somme.
to be decided in the next few months, how . Itwas less successful than the Russian attack .
ever long the Allies may be in enforcing a It did not pierce the German lines and it
decision once achieved . has not even yet pierced them . But it did
inflict heavy losses, it did raise a new menace
II. STILL LOOKING BACKWARD and it did abolish the German belief, if it
still existed , that the Verdun operation had
The issues and the operations have become prevented an Allied drive in the West for
so big and so complex that I desire again to 1916 . The first day of the Somme attack
ask my readers to look back a few months established the truth of all that the Allied
and see the development of the Allied cam - and neutral commentators had said about
paign , which is now approaching a climax. the real significance of Verdun .
You may safely reckon that Joffre and those The Allied offensive on the Somme in
who confer with him as the representatives July plainly distracted German attention and
of the other nations allied with France, effort somewhat from the East. We per
but accept his supreme direction , estimated ceived, and I noted it in my last article, an
that France, Britain , Russia , and Italy upward tendency in Russian effort as the
would not be ready to move before June 1. month advanced. But on the whole Rus
Russia and Britain , for different reasons, sia still seemed temporarily to have slowed
would necessarily be late and the Austrian down and it was impossible to say whether
attack upon Italy also retarded the Italian she would presently have to accept a state of
readiness. deadlock again , on new lines and after great
We may conjecture that the success of triumphs. This was the situation when I
the Austrian attack upon Italy and the re- closed my review last month .
newed progress of the Germans at Verdun August, however, has brought another
may have led Joffre to decide to strike a striking change. This time it is Italy which
little earlier than he had expected . Con - has stepped out and struck . Her blow fell
ceivably Russia was in better shape than had against Austria and was swiftly and con
been expected . But at all events it was siderably successful. It may yet turn out to
agreed by all the Allies that about the first have decided the fate of Trieste, but it cer
of June Russia should strike the lines that tainly opened a new line of danger for the
Germany and Austria had thinned to ac- Central Powers. It, too, made clear that
cumulate the men and guns necessary to at the Austrian defensive-offensive in the
tack in Lorraine and the Tyrol. Trentino , the effort to hit Italy a blow
Now the Russian blow was more success that, as the slang song has it, “Would hold
ful than anyone could have foreseen. It her for a while,” failed as the German
resulted in accomplishing what the Germans blow at Verdun had failed.
had attempted and failed to accomplish at Now , I am going to discuss these opera
Verdun . The lines of the Central Powers tions in detail in a moment, but the detail
were pierced. There was the beginning of a is not of equal importance. We are at the
new Austrian debâcle and the whole Austro- beginning of the greatest campaign of the
German line from the Pripet Marshes to the war and I want my readers to see, not the
Carpathians — or rather to the Rumanian detail, but the main fact. This main fact
boundary — was put in deadly peril, a peril is the Allied plan to strike the Central
 THE BATTLE OF EUROPE 283
www . TULIAN ALPS fore Petersburg similarly misled Americans
MOATE SABOTINO in 1864. But if you think of the Battle of
Europe, as historians now think of the whole
POOC AIZIA ole ole ole field of the Civil War operations of 1864,
if you think of the Russians as playing some
N0O IN VLA thing of the role of Sherman , of the Italians
SO 2 RRI
DEMONTE SAN MICHELE fulfilling a part of Thomas's mission , if you
CARSO PLATEAU recall how Sherman and Thomas broke the
MONFALCONE back of the South while Lee and Grant
stood firm — you will see the picture as it is
in its making and be able to judge accurately
the real state of the war.
III. ITALY STRIKES
ADRIATIC SEA TRIESTE
The Italian blow , the taking of the city
SCENE OF THE FIGHTING OF THE PAST MONTH ON of Gorizia , and the forcing of the whole
THE ITALIAN FRONT line of the Isonzo was the most dramatic
event of the month of August to date . It
Powers on all fronts at the same time, to was, on the whole, unexpected in its extent
exert equal pressure on all fronts until the and completeness and it disclosed an Aus
weakest breaks. Today the plan is in full trian weakness which deserves careful con
swing and when the Balkan blow falls, there sideration . We know that the great Rus
will be this grinding pressure on four fronts. sian success of June was due to the fact
It willmake least progress where the Central that German and Austrian high command
Powers are strongest, which is in the West, had weakened their eastern lines, because
it will make most where they are weakest, they were convinced that Russia was un
which is where Austrian armies stand, but able to become dangerous. We may con
it will succeed or fail, not as it wins ground clude that a similar line of reasoning had
on one front,but as its total pressure may or led to the weakening of the Isonzo front,
may not induce a collapse of the Central which brought equally disastrous con
Powers — and this will take months to de- sequences.
termine. One is, then, bound to conclude, first, that
All through this war we have heard most the Central Powers lack the necessary num
about the western front. And this has been bers to hold all their present lines with
true, whether decisive actions like the Marne sufficient strength , and, secondly, that Ger
and Verdun were going on , or minor affairs man high command is beginning to make
like the countless little local attacks and grave mistakes in estimating the actual con
counter-attacks from the Vosges to the sea. dition of its opponents. It overestimated its
This is bound to continue, but there is every victory against Russia last summer; it be
indication now that the decision in the war lieved too strongly that Russia had been
will come not in the West but in the East. put out for a long time. It overestimated
Bear in mind that in the Civil War our the effect of the Austrian blow against Italy
fathers, North and South , had their attention in the Trentino . It overestimated the ef
fixed upon Richmond and Washington and fect of the blow it had dealt France at
counted the Virginia campaigns the decisive Verdun.
operations. They were not. While Lee held The first thrust of the Russians brought
Grant for many months, with little change the Austrian attack upon Italy in the
of front, and prevented him from obtaining Trentino to a stop . This blow can be sim
any considerable advantage, the whole Con - ply explained. The Treaty of 1866 left
federacy crumbled to nothing under the Austria in possession of the back door into
blows of Thomas and Sherman. The west- Italy , which is the door at the mouth of
ern field in Europe may again become the the Adige Valley, a threefold door, because
most important, but it is not at the moment in the lower Adige Valley three routes open
and Russian , Italian , and, above all, Balkan into Italy , into the Venetian Plain , the route
operations deserve far closer attention . south by the shores of Lago di Garda, the
If you think first of the Battle of the main route down the Adige Valley to Verona,
Somme, you will necessarily get a distorted and the Brenta Valley, which opens out
view of the war. The long trench war be just north of Vicenza.
284 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
The front door, of course, is the Isonzo across northern France for nearly two years.
front, and it is the only door into Austria When the Russians struck in June, Italy
from Italy . It is this way Italy must ad - was in deadly peril. The Russian blow
and again the workecessary for Italih reserves
vance if she is to take Trieste and her saved her. But as the Austrian reserves
" Irredenta .” Her way is barred by the retired, it was necessary for Italy to take
Julian Alps at the north and by the Adriatic up again the work of closing the back door,
at the south , which are the hinges of the and all through June and July she was
Gorizia door ; the door swings on them , but pushing the Austrians back out of the
is supported by various strong positions on vantage ground gained, and seeking to create
either side of the Isonzo. It is thirty miles a stronger barrier to this Adige gateway.
from the mountains to the sea and the city She seems to have finished her task in the
of Gorizia stands half way between and closing days of June.
gives its name to the whole operation of
the Italians. IV . GORIZIA AND THE ISONZO
When the war broke out, Italy 's ultimate
purpose was to emerge through the front When Italy again took the offensive on
door, break the Gorizia gate , and pour into the Isonzo the situation was this : One
Austria . But she had first to block the fank of the Austrian army, resting on the
back door to her own country, because her Julian Alps, stood west of the Isonzo and
lines of communication to the Gorizia front on a considerable mountain spur, Monte
passed almost within sight of Austrian posi- Sabotino. The other Aank was behind the
tions at the mouths of the Adige and Brenta Isonzo, resting on the sea and occupying
Valleys. If the Austrians coming south and the first high ridge of the Carso Plateau,
in by these back entrances could get to which follows the coast from Trieste north .
Vicenza or Verona, they would be in the This first high ridge is known as the
rear and across the only lines of communica- Doberdo Plateau and its chief crest is Monte
tions of the Italians to the Isonzo. San Michele. The center of the Austrians
Thus we had the first rush of the Italians stood across the Isonzo on the famous hill
up the Adige toward Trent, up the Brenta of Podgora , which is exactly west of
to Borgo, and up the shores of Lago di Gorizia .
Garda to the environs of Riva, at the head Holding Podgora the Austrians held the
of the lake. Presently the Italians came up crossings of the Isonzo just as the French ,
against the permanent fortifications of Trent holding the Hills of the Meuse, east of
and were checked. They then set to work Verdun , hold the crossings of the Meuse."
to build lines of their own, to make good And in military parlance, this constitutes . a
the ground they had won , and bar the bridgehead . Gorizia , like Verdun , was a
back door to their own house . At the same bridgehead and the official reports speak
time they began to press their attack upon always of the "bridgehead of Gorizia ." . .
the Gorizia gate , which led to desperate . Some time in the first days of August the
fighting and bloody Italian repulses last Sep- Italians suddenly broke into fire and flame
tember. all the thirty miles from the Alps to the
Unhappily for the Italians they did not sea , but they presently centered their fire
quite complete their work at the back door on the two flanks, upon the positions of
They did not erect strong enough lines to Sabotino and San Michele . Having pounded
hold the Austrians and, last May, when them to pieces for days, they then put their
the Austrians came down the Adige and infantry in and took both positions by
the Brenta, furnished with a vast train of storm . This settled the fate of Podgora ,
heavy artillery, the Italian lines, one after that is, of the Austrian center, and the Aus
another, yielded until between the Adige trians evacuating this fell back through
and the Brenta the Austrians crossed the Gorizia and up the Valley of Wippach , be
old Italian frontier and began to approach hind the town , taking position on the hills to
the Venetian Plain , to come near to Vicenza. the east, from the Alps, east of the Isonzo ,
If they could get it, then the Isonzo army to the Carso Plateau back of San Michele .
would have to come back ; it might even be They had lost about 15,000 prisoners and
enveloped and captured. At the least all had suffered very great losses in killed and
of Italy north of the Po and east of the wounded as well. By August 7 this phase
Adige would be lost, and behind these rivers was over and the question was raised : What
Austria could stand on the defensive, just will be the fate of Trieste ?
as Germany had stood on the defensive When the Italians, moving east from
 BATTLE OF EUROPE 285

Photograph by Press Illustrating Service

HUNGARIAN GUNNERS ON AN ALPINE PEAK , IN THE FIGHTING AGAINST THE ITALIANS

ON THE ITALIAN FRONT

serving as infantry, are located in trenches built of rock fragments - an interesting
(These Italian cavalrymen,
contrast to the mud and chalk composition of the terrain on other war fronts )
286 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S
Monfalcone up the Doberdo Plateau , had Beside this, Trieste is a side issue. The
taken San Michele, they were some twenty Isonzo position was a greatly magnified
miles from Trieste,
miles from Theea,alayt thealmost
them . which foot of dueThermopylæ , it enabled a relatively small
south from them . The main railroad and number to hold up a host. If. the Italians
road lines followed the sea, at the foot of the have succeeded not merely in forcing the
Carso Plateau . When the Italian center took Isonzo line, but in driving the Austrians be
Gorizia , it was some thirty -odd miles from yond all the positions that they could hold
Trieste by rail and road, which go up the between the mountains and the sea, then it
Wippach Valley and then turn first south will require large new Austrian forces to de
and then east, cross the Carso Plateau, and fend the Italian front, and Austria will be
fall steeply down into Trieste. As the put to a new and terrible strain . But all
Italians were able to advance by this line this will not be clear for many days and
they would interpose between Trieste and perhaps weeks to come.
the rest of Austria . A . successful advance
south of perhaps thirty miles, parallel to the V . RUSSIA QUICKENS HER PACE ,
coast but twenty miles inland, would enable
them to cut the Trieste-Vienna railroad and Turning now to the Russian field , I de
Trieste would be cut off and compelled to sire to repeat what I have already said , that
undergo a siege. up to the present moment this is the interest.
The problem for the Italians was to pre ing field . It is here that we have so far
vent the defeated Austrians from standing seen all the signs that might give promise
in some new trench line behind Gorizia and of the approaching defeat of the Central
still with their flanks resting on the sea and Powers. This is not to say that the action
the Alps. The problem of the Austrians was of the French and British in the West, if it
to restore their front and stand again , a few succeeds in holding so many troops that Ger
miles behind their lost position of Gorizia . many cannot find the men to stop Russia,
Writing on August 15 , it is impossible for will not play an equally useful rôle. Perhaps
me to estimate the situation with respect to for a long time this is the only rôle the
Trieste. It is not clear, yet, that the Aus- British and French will be able to play. But
trians have been able to take up new posi- it is Russia that is just now making the strik
tions. But it looks that way. If they have, ing and impressive campaign, and under her
Gorizia will turn out a considerable but local blows Austria is patently weakening.
success, and the Italians will have to begin When I closed my last review the Russians
all over again to batter a breach in the Aus- were fighting furiously along the Styr and
trian lines covering the passage from Italy west of the Styr close to the Stokhod, in
into Austria. They will not be able to isolate what seemed to be a determined effort to
and besiege Trieste and they will not be ma- get Kovel and cut the important railroad
terially nearer to their real goal. lines centering there. This was the army of
But if the Austrians are compelled to con General Kaledine, who was himself subor
tinue their retreat for but a few miles, they dinate to General Brusiloff, the supreme
will be unable to prevent an invasion of commander in the southeast. It was not
Austria , because the sea rapidly falls away then clear whether the Russians were bend
from the mountains, a little east of Isonzo, ing their main energies for Kovel or not.
and the Italians, possessing vastly superior F urther to the south, from the face of
numbers, will be able to use them on an ever Lutsk to the Dniester, Brusiloff was attack
widening front, while the Austrians will no ing the Austrians and the Germans, along
longer be able to hold up the superior Italian the headwaters of the Styr, east of Brody,
numbers, thanks to the narrowness of the west of Tarnopol, and so on down to the
front, between the sea and the mountains. junction of the Strypa and the Dniester.
And this is the real question . We see that Still further to the south , General
the Austrians have been unable , so far, to Lechitsky, having taken Czernowitz, swept
find the troops to hold their eastern and Bukovina, and sent his Cossacks over the
Isonzo fronts. They will have more difficulty Carpathians, was turning northeast, but
if they are forced to defend a wider front seemed to be held up by the floods of the
and each Italian advance will widen the Dniester. He had just got the important
front. Italy has no such difficulty because railroad junction of Kolomea and cut the
she has no eastern front to defend and her easternmost of the lines that from Lemberg
armies have suffered no such colossal losses cross the Carpathians into Hungary.
in casualties and prisoners as the Austrians. North of the Pripet Marshes the Rus
 THE BATTLE OF EUROPE 287

2705 A.
International Film Service
THE RUSSIAN OBJECTIVE -LEMBERG
(A view of the main thoroughfare of the Galician capital, toward which Russian progress is now directed)

L .2309
holograph by Underwood & Underwood , N . Y .
AUSTRIAN DUG -OUTS AND TRENCHES TAKEN BY THE RUSSIANS DURING THEIR ADVANCE
(Showing the shapeless mass into which the earthworks have been battered by the artillery)
288 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
DUBNO villages about it, and the Russians pushed
onward, aiming at the Aank of Bothmer's
BUG army, mostly German, which was standing
along the Strypa line from the Dniester to
the front of Brody.
BRODY This new Russian menace was aimed at
KR
AS
NE the Lemberg - Krasne - Tarnopol railroad,
which was one of the main lines of com
LEMBERG ZLOT
munication of Bothmer and was now but a
few miles behind the Austrian front west of
Brody. Several times during the month it
TARNOPOU was announced that Russian cavalry had cut
GNILA
VILA

KOROPIE

ONI this line, but apparently these were only

LI

ZZOTA C

BREZENT
LIPA

EST
PA

ER raiding parties. Once more the Russians

seem to have been checked. Their advance
slowed down and there was long fighting
R on the banks of the Sereth . Bothmer here
HALICZ BUCZACZS justmanaged to save his flank . And despite
this menace he also held on to the line of
the Strypa, the one portion of the Austro
STANISLAV German front which so far endured, after
two months of the Russian offensive.
THE GALICIAN FRONT VI. STANISLAU
sians under Evert and Kuropatkin were at- But the fate of the Strypa line was decided
tacking the Germans under Hindenburg, but by the great successes of the Russians to the
apparently with the sole purpose of prevent- south , which placed Lemberg in graver dan
ing the despatch of troops from north to ger than at any time. In July , the Russians
south . This action continued through Au under Lechitsky, had taken Kolomea, coming
gust, but need not detain us now . up from Bukovina, from Czernowitz , which
The first severe fighting came between they had taken in late June, following the
the Stokhod and the Styr ; here the Russian Czernowitz-Lemberg railroad . Sending Cos
had been held up by the counter-attacks of sack forces up the Carpathian valleys to
the Germans coming east and south from ward Hungary, the main Russian forces
Kovel. Renewing their efforts the Russians turned northwest.
now succeeded in reaching the east bank of At first they made but little progress be
the Stokhod from the Pripet Marshes south - cause of Dniester foods. But in the second
ward and actually passed it in the great bend week of August they suddenly fell upon an
where it approaches the Styr. At this point Austrian army standing in front of the im
ther were less than twenty miles from Kovel, portant railroad junction of Stanislau. one
which again seemed in danger. But after Aank on the Dniester and the other toward
a few days the fighting in this sector died the Carpathians. The Austrians were routed
down and the attention of the world was and lost above 20,000 in prisoners. Fleeing
directed toward Lemberg again . west they abandoned Stanislau and the cross
In June the Russians having taken ings of the rivers, opening the road for a
Dubno, pushed down the Rowno-Dubno- Russian advance to Halicz, which stands in
Lemberg railroad until they approached the the angle between the Gnila Lipa and the
old frontier east of Brody. Here they were Dniester, seventy miles southeast of Lem
halted. But in late July fresh troops coming berg, and is regarder as the key to the
south up the Styr Valley from Lutsk de Galician capital.
feated and routed an Austrian force, which Coincident with this success south of the
had taken position behind the Lipa, a small Dniester, Russian forces on the north bank
stream , which enters the Styr from the west. pushed west, got across the Zlota Lipa, and
Pursuing this force the Russians came in on came up toward Halicz from the east, as
the northern Hank of the Austro -Germans Lechitsky 's main force was coming up from
standing before Brody and these in turn were the southeast. This put Halicz doubly in
driven west upon the upper Sereth, behind danger and as these lines are written its fall
which they rallied. Brody fell and several is forecast. But even more immediate was
 THE BATTLE OF EUROPE 289
the effect of this victory upon Bothmer's This question could not be answered for
army standing along the west bank of the weeks. There were moments when it seemed
Strypa. Threatened from the north by the as if the Russians would be able to stand
troops coming out of Brody and crossing the behind the San and again behind the Grodek
Sereth , threatened from the south by Rus Lake line west of Lemberg.
sian troops, coming out of Buczacz and al In the end, however, the Russians failed
ready across both the Strypa and the Zlota to establish a new line and after weeks of
Lipa, his position was too precarious to hold obscurity the situation was finally revealed,
longer . when all the Russian armies were compelled
Sunday, August 13, then saw the official to begin the retreat that carried them to
notice that Bothmer had quit the line of the Riga, Pinsk , and Tarnopol. Now we cannot
Strypa and was going back upon the next yet see whether the Austrians will be able
possible position, that behind the Zlota Lipa, to stand somewhere and limit the effect of
but this was already turned to the south by their June defeats to Galicia and Volhynia ,
the Russians who had crossed the river near but we can see that they have so far failed
its junction with the Dniester. Hence the to do this, that they are approaching the last
ultimate destination of Bothmer seemed to be line on which they can do it, and the loss
theGnila Lipa, which enters the Dniester at of the Gnila Lipa line may cost, not merely
Halicz and flowing south actually prolongs Lemberg, but the whole of German conquests
the defensive line of the Bug. This is the east of the Niemen and the Bug.
last line of defense for Lemberg ; if it is lost
Lemberg must fall. And Bothmer's retreat VII. ON THE SOMME
gave over the last portion of the front the
Austro -Germans had occupied when the Rus There remains to me now only very brief
sians began their drive in June. space to discuss the operations along the
As the situation stood in mid-August the Somme. They have been interesting, but
Russians were approaching Halicz from the have had no locally conclusive results as yet.
south and southeast. They were advancing They have held German troops to a number
down the Brody-Lemberg railroad from the estimated at from 600, 000 to 800,000
Sereth crossings, which they had forced, and stationary. They have so far contributed to
they were coming due west from Tarnopol, Russian progress in the East and to Italian
following the Austro -German forces of victory in the South . This was what Grant
Bothmer, who was falling back directly upon did in Virginia in 1864.
Lemberg. The problem was this : Could Actually the British have in four weeks
the Austro-Germans rally their forces moved about a mile north on a front of six
behind the Bug, the Gnila Lipa, and or seven. They have come up over the crest
some position from Halicz south to the of the one considerable natural obstacle in
Carpathians? If they could they would be their pathway, the Albert Ridge. They now
able to save Lemberg and bring the war in hold the entire crest ; they are beginning to
the East back to a stationary condition . flow down the northern side toward Ba
But if they were unable to do this, if the paume, six miles away. They have taken
Russians were able to get Halicz and thus several villages, Pozieres the most important,
cross the Gnila Lipa before Bothmer could near the highest point in the Albert Ridge,
get behind it, then it seemed inevitable that but they have not pierced the German
Austrian retreat would have to pass beyond lines , and it is necessary to remember that
Lemberg and the whole of Eastern Galicia the chance of piercing a fortified front in
would be reconquered by the Russians. this war diminishes in direct ratio to the
So far as one could see the Galician cam - length of time you are delayed in doing it,
paign was now working out precisely as had because this delay enables your enemy to
the great Austro-German offensive of the prepare lines behind the imperilled front.
previous summer. Then the Germans had This is the lesson of Verdun . So far the
won a terrific battle at the Dunajec . They British have not advanced further in Picardy
had pierced the Russian lines and destroyed than the Germans did in Lorraine in a simi
a Russian army. Afterward , the problem lar period after their first thrust at Verdun .
was whether or not the Russians could re- Holding back the Germans after the first
group their armies and stand in some new thrust enabled the French to prepare lines,
position , before the dislocation of the Gali- which endured the critical attack of April
cian army affected the armies on the whole 9 , and thus to save Verdun . It is not yet
front from the Carpathians to the Baltic time to say that the British have lost the
Sept.- 4
290 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

International Film Service

ONE OF THE RESULTS OF FIRING "A MILLION SHELLS A DAY"
In this official photograph from the French War Office is graphically shown the result of the bombardment of a
German gun position — the gun and all its protecting works having been shattered to fragments

International Film Service A CLOSE VIEW OF A BRITISH TRENCH AT ORVILLIERES

Someone always is on the lookout while the other men are resting. (From an official British Government
photograph )
 THE BATTLE OF EUROPE 291

chance to pierce the German lines, but it have many months before there is any break
is well to recognize that their chances are in the West, but the effect of the western
diminishing as they fail to do it from week operations will be unmistakable in the East
to week. and so far it has been unmistakable.
The same is true of the French who have Looking over the whole field you may con
been limiting their activity tº thrusting east clude that the Allies have agreed to make
on their narrow front north of the Somme, their main effort this summer and fall against
seeking to turn the Germans out of Peronne Austria . Russia and Italy are to attack
by outflanking them . As I write these lines Austria ; the French and British in due
the French have succeeded in penetrating the course of time will endeavor to reach the
third German line west and southwest of Austrian frontier coming up from Salonica .
Combles , but it is no longer certain that this But now the mission of the French and the
third line is the last German line. On the British is to occupy Germany so completely
contrary there is every reason to believe that that she will be unable to go to the aid of
the Germans have several lines behind this her ally . Had they been able to do this in
now , and there is no suggestion that the the spring of 1915, Austria would have col
French are yet nearing the point where they lapsed in the Carpathian fighting. Had they
will be through the German trenches and in been able to do this after the Marne and
the open . Lemberg, Austria would have collapsed in
Remember that we may any day read that the first six months of the war. Everything
the British and French have got through . now depends upon the amount of help Ger
It is unlikely , but it is not impossible, and many can give that ally she has twice saved.
if they do get through then the Western The amount of aid she can give is con
field will become themost interesting and im - ditioned on the amount of pressure she has
portant. But short of this it is well to recall to meet in the West.
that what the French and British are ac- The Allies are now engaged in putting
complishing is not the reconquest for vast into operation a thoroughly coördinated
areas, but the holding of big German forces plan for winning the war. It seems to be
on the Western front and the consequent 2. plan which has for its main element the
starvation of the Austrian and German lines elimination of Austria by defeat and exhaus
in the East and the South . They are in - tion . If this be the case the striking and
flicting heavy losses— not larger than they impressive work will be done by Russia with
are suffering, probably materially less, just Italian contributions. If Austria is put out,
as Grant's losses were far greater than Lee's, then the German problem can be tackled
but these losses, borne mainly by the British , next year. , Meantime France and Britain
the British can better afford than can the are bending all their energies to holding as
Germans afford what it is costing them to many Germans as possible on the West front.
hold on . Above all, it is the strain the In doing this they may get through and expel
Allies are putting upon German stocks of the Germans from France and even from
munitions, by their western attack , which is Belgium , but this presupposes a German
helping the Russians and the Italians at this weakness that is not disclosed or to be ex
juncture. pected. The measure of Allied success now
Read Lee's comments in the last days of must be had in the East, not the West, by
his defense of Petersburg, when the North the Austrian situation , not the German , and
was discouraged and the South frankly the most important thing that the Somme
exultant in the belief that Grant could never fighting can accomplish , the immobilizing of
break through and you will have the German masses when Austrian necessity is
picture as the Allies see it and you will have dire, is a thing that will not be disclosed in
exactly the idea of what the British and any official reports of trenches taken or lost,
French are doing in the West, or trying to villages stormed or destroyed from the
do. If the parallel is a good one, we may Somme to the Scarpe.
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ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN

THE DANISH WEST INDIES:

KEYS TO THE CARIBBEAN
BY T. LOTHROP STODDARD
THE pending treaty for the purchase of most magnificent natural naval base in the
I the Danish West Indies is a matter of whole West Indies with the exception of
much greater importance than might appear the, Dominican bay of Samana and the
from a hasty dip into statistical tables or a Haitian port of Môle-Saint-Nicolas. I shall
casual glance at the map. As a matter of not soon forget the impression of strategic
fact, the $25,000,000 which we are offering power which the place made upon me when
for them will be money well spent, for these I visited Charlotte Amalie in the spring of
small islands possess such strategic impor- 1912. Our 16 ,000-ton liner slipped in
tance as to be literally keys to the Caribbean through the narrow opening from the sea
Sea and vital links in the chain safeguarding and came to anchor in a broad sheet of mir
the Panama Canal. ror-like blue water guarded by a continuous
circuit of lofty hills. First impressions in
Strategic Value of the West Indies learned
this case that
provedmilitary
correct,engineers
for I subsequently
agree in
The Danish West Indies consist of the stating that the conformation of these hills
three islands, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and is so remarkably adapted to defensive pur
St. John. They are tiny bits of land, their poses that a very moderate sum expended
total area being only 138 square miles. St. upon fortifications would render the island
Croix and St. John are extremely fertile, absolutely impregnable. In fact, St.
the former producing the famous “bay -rum .” Thomas has often been called the Gibral
St. Thomas, though less fortunate in the tar of America.
matter of soil, nevertheless holds within its And St. Thomas' natural strength is still
tiny self a pearl of great price — the deep, further enhanced by its strategic situation.
landlocked
292
harbor of Charlotte Amalie, the There are only three gateways which deep
 THE DANISH WEST INDIES: KEYS TO THE CARIBBEAN 293
draft ships from Europe employ to enter results of this transformation are startling
the Caribbean : ( 1 ) the Windward Pas- in their far-reaching immensity . The mighty
sage, between Cuba and San Domingo ; ( 2 ) currents of world -trade which have so long
the Mona Passage, between San Domingo passed through the old Mediterranean will
and Porto Rico ; ( 3 ) the Virgin Passage, presently sweep through the new Mediter
between Porto Rico and the tangled archi- ranean . The Panama Canal will soon be
pelago of the Lesser Antilles. The first the great sluice-gate for the foaming tides
two are already half way under our control ; of East and West. But, because of this very
with the acquisition of the Danish West fact, the sluice-gate must be well buttressed
Indies the last great gateway to the Carib - and the hand of the gate -keeper must be
bean would fall entirely into our hands, strong. The Panama Canal is the greatest
for St. Thomas stands squarely athwart the single commercial and strategic prize in the
Virgin Passage and no hostile Aeet could world. It has enormously increased our na
safely pass the menace of its guns. tional responsibilities in the very quarter
It is indeed a lordly sea to which these where they were already so great before.
water- gates give access . The Caribbean ,
lying like a huge elongated quadrilateral be American Hegemony of thc West
tween the island -chains to north and east Indies
and the mainlands to south and west,
stretches nearly 2000 miles from the Yuca From the earliest days of our history we
tan Channel at the entrance of the Gulf of have considered American hegemony of the
Mexico to the eastern barrier-chain of the Caribbean one of the axioms of our foreign
Windward Islands, while its average breadth policy . Up to the present our claim has en
from north to south is over 500 miles. The countered no serious opposition . This was
Caribbean thus well deserves its happy title, due to a series of, to us, undoubtedly for
“ The American Mediterranean . ”.. tunate circumstances. During the early
decades of the Nineteenth Century the fall
Growth of Our Caribbean Interests in the price of the West Indian staple,
sugar, together with the abolition of slavery,
Until the close of the last century , our brought on an economic collapse all over the
interests in the Caribbean were more poten Caribbean . The very islands which in the
tial than tangible . However keen our solici Eighteenth Century were the choicest land
tude for its destinies may have been , not one plots on the globe thereby lost all value and
of its myriad islands - few our flag or became instead annoying burdens on the ex
acknowledged our protection . The Span - chequers of their European owners. Under
ish War gave us our first territorial foot these circumstances it was perfectly natural
hold in the American Mediterranean . Porto that no European power should care to
Rico then becameAmerican soil, while Cuba, challenge our assertion of paramountcy over
greatest of all the Caribbean Islands and a region which had become rather a burden
the portal to our exposed Gulf coasts, was than a benefit. In fact, it is more than
definitely safeguarded from all possibility probable that if, about the year 1900, we
of foreign aggression . had tactfully approached the various Euro
The Spanish War was, however, only the pean nations with West Indian possessions,
prologue to a still more momentous de- we could have purchased all their holdings
parture. In 1904 we acquired our rights at at figures which , in view of future possi
the Isthmus of Panama and began the con- bilities, would have proved very reasonable
struction of the great interoceanic canal. It sums.
is not too much to say that future historians However, nothing of the kind was at
will regard this as one of those few truly tempted except in the case of those very Dan
great events which change the whole cur- ish West Indies for which we are negotiating
rent of world-history. We should do our to -day, and the history of our previous fail
best to banish from our minds the picture ure to acquire them throws a significant side
of the Nineteenth Century Caribbean . That light on the dangers latent in the Caribbean .
depressing vision of ruined islands rising
from a lethargic sea has gone to return no History of the Negotiations with
more. We have dug the “ Big Ditch ” at Denmark
Panama - and have thereby transformed the
Caribbean from a dead -end basin into the It was in the year 1901 that the Danish
greatest ocean highway of the world . The Government offered to sell us the islands for
 294 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the very moderate sum of $ 5,000,000. The lotte Amalie. Wehave already shown what
islands were then (as they still are ) in a our attitude would be in such a contingency
deplorable economic condition . The popula - by the recent “ Lodge Resolution " over a pro
tion had sunk in fifty years from 45,000 to posed Mexican concession to a Japanese cor
32,000 , and was kept from complete eco- poration at Magdalena Bay.
nomic collapse only by the solicitude of the
home government, whose subventions were, Holland 's Desirable Possessions
however, a perceptible drain upon the treas
ury of the small Danish nation. In 1867 The same reasons which give us cause
Denmark had already offered us the islands for disquietude regarding the Danish West
for $ 7 ,500 ,000 and we had declined the Indies should make us watch with extreme
offer owing to the strong anti-imperialist solicitude the Caribbean possessions of an
sentiment then prevalent in Congress. In other small European Power - Holland.
1901, however, American public senti- The Dutch West India islands are divided
ment was overwhelmingly in favor of the into two widely scattered groups . The first
purchase : the hitch came this time from the of these groups, comprising the islands of
European side. The Danish people were, it Saba, St. Eustachius, and St. Martin , are in
is true, favorable to the sale, and the Danish the Leeward Island archipelago, not very far
Lower House endorsed the treaty by a sub - to the eastward of the Danish West Indies.
stantial majority. But in the aristocratic Little better than rocks, these tiny islets
Upper House opposition developed which possess no good harbors and are without im
finally prevented ratification . In part this portance. Far different is the case with the
opposition was due to patriotic pride, but second group, the islands of Curaçao, Bon
what really caused the rejection of the aire, and Aruba, situated far to the south,
treaty was undoubtedly pressure from Ger- just off the coast of Venezuela . Not only
many. German activities in the Danish are they fairly large islands, with a combined
West Indies have for years been distinctly area of nearly 400 square miles and a popu
disquieting to our susceptibilities . lation of 50,000 , but their strategic position
Shortly after the failure of the 1901 pur is one of great importance. Situated as they
chase -treaty , the great Hamburg-Amerika are off the Venezuelan coast, their posses
steamship corporation made St. Thomas its sion by a great power would dominate La
West Indian headquarters , constructed ex - Guayra, the port of Caracas, Venezuela 's
tensive docks and coal-depots, and made it capital. A little money would turn the har
self at home in a fashion not at all to the bor of Curaçao into a naval base dangerous
liking of the local Danish authorities. ly near the Panama Canal.
Whether Germany's attitude towards the is - Holland, even more than Denmark , is to
lands has changed as a result of the present day menaced with engulfment by the Euro
war we do not yet know ; we will undoubt. pean War, in which case no one knows what
edly be able to form a pretty clear idea by might be the fate of her colonies. We cer
watching the attitude toward the present tainly should permit no European Power to
purchase negotiations of those Danish ele - establish itself at Curaçao . Holland is un
ments which showed themselves amenable der a frightful financial strain to -day. It is
to German influence in 1901-03. It is to not at all unlikely that the Dutch Govern
be hoped that the present purchase treatyment would be willing to part with its West
will be ratified and that the islands will soon Indian possessions. The price would un
be safe under our flag. No one knows what doubtedly be large, for Curaçao has good
is going to happen in Europe. It is by no commercial possibilities especially since the
means impossible that Denmark may be opening of the Panama Canal. But we
dragged into the vortex of the present war, could certainly afford to be generous with
and in such a case the fate of her colonies our old friend Holland, and the money
would be highly problematical. We certain would be well spent if it obviated the grave
ly could not permit the transfer of the crisis which would certainly arise from any
Danish West Indies to any other power attempted European transference of the
whatsoever , nor could we tolerate any veiled Dutch West Indies.
protectorate such as would be implied were
some European power to compel Denmark to Britain 's Strong Foothold
grant an extensive concession to some great
corporation ; say, an amplification of the pres The bulk of Europe's holdings in the
ent status of the Hamburg -Amerika at Char Caribbean are , however , in the hands of two
 THE DANISH WEST INDIES: KEYS TO THE CARIBBEAN 295
great powers - England and France. Next nanas in Jamaica and cocoa in Trinidad has
toCaour
ri own, Great
bbean is far ndles and pophad in the
behiBritain 's position
Caribbean is indubitably the strongest - and owed by given these largest of the British islands
something of their former agricultural pros
t
us,e n d
at u l
s are qui pop IIndeed,
not so very farpebehind that. a t i ndeed. perity . The demand for black labor at the
in terms of square miles and population, the Panama Canal and the American banana
Stars and Stripes are quite outshadowed by plantations in Central America has relieved
the Union Jack. Our only formal Carib the labor congestion in many of the smaller
bean colony is Porto Rico, an island of 3600 British islands such as Barbados. The win
square miles with a population of 1,100 ,000 , ter tourist traffic from the United States is
whereas the British West Indies, including bringing in money. The opening of the Pan
the continental foothold of British Hon ama Canal is rousing everywhere a new stir
duras, total nearly 21,000 square miles with ring of life and hope. Lastly , the present
a population of close on 2 ,000,000. And war is knitting closer the bonds of empire .
their political significance is even greater If England should abandon free trade for
than these mere statistics would indicate. " Imperial preference” her West Indian col
Nearly every Caribbean waterway is flanked onies would obtain a market for their sugar
by British territory. The northern coasts of sufficient to put them on a paying basis once
Cuba and San Domingo , and for that mat- more. There is also the possibility of tariff
ter, the east coast of Florida to boot, are arrangements between the British West In
blanketed by the immense Bahama archi dies and Canada, a great market growing in
pelago, though these sandy keys are so low importance with every year. Altogether, it is
and devoid of deep-water harbors as to offer safe to say that the British West Indies are
no chance for the establishment of a first firmly reknit into the fabric of the Empire
class naval base. and that the possibility of political separation
Quite different is the case within the has become a thing of the past.
Caribbean itself. To begin with , just south
of the most important of all the entrances France's Share in the Caribbean
to the Caribbean — the Windward Passage
between Cuba and San Domingo , lies the The possessions of the other great Euro
great island of Jamaica , squarely blocking the pean Power in the Caribbean , France, are in
direct road to Panama. Jamaica also flanks a much less happy situation . The French
the highway from New Orleans to Panama, West Indies consist of the moderately large
while just to the westward, on the main islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, to
land, British Honduras takes it on the other gether with several other islets of slight im
Alank as well. Of the great island-chain portance. Their total area is about 1100
known as the Lesser Antilles which curves square miles with a population of 400,000 ,
southeastward from Porto Rico to Vene- nearly all negroes and mulattoes. These is
zuela on the South American mainland , the lands are extremely fertile, and since they
vast majority of the links are red. have access to the highly protected French
Fifteen years ago , as we have said , we home market one might expect them to be
might possibly have obtained the British prosperous. Unfortunately their political
West Indies , either by purchase or by ex- and social condition is so bad that they are
change for the Philippines. At that time vegetating in misery and backwardness with
the islands had sunk to the very nadir of no signs of a better future. The French
economic misery. Sugar, their universal sta - West Indies are the victims of the Jacobin
ple, was a drug in the market, and free-trade - slogan of the French Revolution , “ Liberty ,
England offered them no hope for the future. Equality, Fraternity ," applied without the
Their naturalmarket was the United States, least regard to special social and racial cir
and their poverty -stricken populations gazed cumstances.
longingly at the American tariff-wall. Eng- The French islands live under the régime
land gave them good government, but the known as “ assimilation " ; that is, they are
white upper- classes were steadily drifting considered ordinary French Departments,
away to other fields while the great negro just as though they lay off the French coast
mass was sinking into apathetic wretchedness. and were inhabited by Frenchmen . They
Since then, however, much has happened have complete local self-government, uni
to improve the situation . The British West versal manhood suffrage, and send Senators
Indies have fairly " turned the corner” and and Deputies to sit in the French Parlia
have every prospect of a brighter day ahead . ment. The results have been tragically dis
The production of new staples, such as ba- astrous. The black and colored populations
296 THE AMERICAN REI'IEW OF REVIEW'S
of the West Indies have nowhere shown the stretches no less than 730 miles from east
political efficiency necessary for the successful to west, while its average width is 50 miles.
working of modern democratic institutions. Commanding as it does both the main ocean
The other European nations have recognized highways to the Panama Canal and the en
this fact, and, while welcoming the col- trance to the Gulf of Mexico , and being the
laboration of the superior minority of the na seat of immense investments of foreign capi
tives, do not entrust the mass of the popula. tal which would not tolerate anarchical con
tion with the full guidance of its political ditions, we have safeguarded Cuba from both
destinies. The French , however, have fol- domestic convulsion and European interven
lowed democratic theory to its logical conse- tion by the “ Platt Amendment" whereby the
quences and the result is a disgraceful state Cuban Government undertakes to make no
of affairs , threatening the very fabric of civil - treaty with any foreign power endangering
ization and portending a relapse of the its independence, to contract no debts for
French islands into the anarchic barbarism which the current revenue would not suffice,
of Haiti. and to concede to the United States Govern
The French West Indies to-day groan un ment a right of intervention on the appear
der the tyranny of corrupt black demagogues ance of revolutionary conditions. Many of
backed by the most vicious and violent ele- the Cubans undoubtedly resent bitterly this
ments of the native population. The blotting American tutelage, but there is no other way
out the city of St. Pierre by the great vol out of the situation.
canic eruption of 1902 destroyed the center In its brief history the Republic of Cuba
of culture and intelligence. It is almost im - has already shown conclusively that it is not
possible for a self-respecting man to do busi- yet able to walk alone. The Cubans have
ness or even to exist under present condi- displayed the same violence and political in
tions. The few remaining whites are leav- stability which have reduced all the other
ing the islands as fast as they can , and many independent Spanish -American republics
of the better-class colored people are getting abutting on the Caribbean save Costa Rica
out as well. So far as we can judge, these to an appalling abyss of ruin and degrada
.unhappy islands have no future. The only tion . It has also an acute black problem
bright spot in this gloomy picture is the fact which , if left to itself, would almost cer
that these islands need give us no uneasiness tainly result in a frightful race-war that
as regards the general political problem of might turn the eastern end of the island into
the Caribbean . a second Haiti. The only way to remedy
France is a great power and regards these existing conditions is to keep order and gain
relics of her former American colonial em - time. Every year of peace means fresh de
pire with too much sentimental attachment velopment of natural resources by foreign
ever to part with them to any other nation . capital and the improvement of the native
Also France's foreign policy is so entirely di- stock by immigration , especially by the large
vorced from the American hemisphere and and exceedingly good Spanish immigration
France herself is so traditionally friendly to now pouring into the island . Increasing
ourselves that we need have no apprehension prosperity means more public money for
that the French West Indies will ever be roads, railways and schools. The inevitable
used in ways inimical to our position in the result must be a new generation brought up
Caribbean . in an atmosphere of peace and prosperity,
This survey of the positions occupied by educated, and with a stake in the country
European nations in the Caribbean leads us which it will hesitate to squander at the be
to a consideration of the West Indian landshest of ambitious revolutionary agitators.
not subject to European control. Besides our
own colony of Porto Rico , we find the two Hopeless Haiti
chief islands of the Caribbean , Cuba and San
Domingo, emancipated from all European The neighboring island of San Domingo
tutelage. should serve Cuba as the traditional "hor
rible example.” The island is politically
Conditions in Cuba divided into two " republics " - French
speaking Haiti and Spanish-speaking Santo
Cuba, largest of the West Indies, is an Domingo, thus perpetuating its former divi
enormous island with an area of + 4 ,000 sion between France and Spain . It is a
square miles (almost the size of New York large and beautiful island , naturally the
State ) , and a population of 2 .500,000. It most fertile of all the West Indies, with a
 THE DANISH WEST INDIES : KEYS TO THE CARIBBEAN 297
total area of 28,000 square miles, about the agreement by which the Dominican customs
size of the State of Maine. Its agricultural passed under American control. An Ameri
possibilities can be imagined when we re - can banking syndicate granted the Domini
member that the present Haitian area, can Government a $ 20,000,000 loan with
though the smaller and perhaps less favored which the outstanding foreign claims were
portion of the island , produced enough tropi- paid off or converted . The payment of this
cal products under French rule at the close new loan was secured by the customs re
of the eighteenth century to supply the wants ceipts collected by the American adminis
not only of France but of the half of Europe trators. The result was magical. In these
as well. revolution -ruined lands the custom houses
To-day Haiti is the plague-spot of the are practically the only tangible assets. As
Caribbean , torn by a wild riot of senseless soon as the opposition " generals ” understood
" revolutions.” Every vestige of its former that no more customs looting would be al
prosperity has vanished, the fabric of civili- lowed, the main incentive to " revolution "
zation is rent to tatters, and Christianity it- automatically vanished , and five whole years
self is disappearing; the real religion of the actually elapsed without a single serious poli
people being “ Vaudoux," or African serpent- tical disturbance. Of late, it is true, dis
worship , its priests ( a depraved clique of orders have again broken out, but the Ameri
“medicine-men ” ) holding the people in a can Government quickly showed that it
grip of terror by an elaborate system of in - would stand no nonsense, columns of marines
cantations, spells, and poisoning. The " gov - broke up the insurgents, and Santo Do
ernment" consists of alternate gangs of ignor- mingo's political convalescence was resumed.
ant black “ generals” backed by · hordes of So richly has nature endowed this fertile land
bloodthirsty ruffians called " armies." The that even the few years of peace since 1907
particular gang in power plunders the people have wrought amazing changes and laid the
to the limit of human endurance until ousted foundation of a genuine prosperity . Unfor
by a rival gang, greedy for the coveted spoils. tunately, the development of the Dominican
people will probably be much slower than
Santo Domingo Politically Con that of their natural resources . A hundred
valescent years of anarchy have profoundly demoral
ized the national character. It will prob
Across the border, in Spanish -speaking ably be several generations before the Do
Santo Domingo, while social conditions had minicans can be trusted to walk alone.
never gotten so terrible, politics were in al
most as hopeless a condition ten years ago. Haiti as a Cause of European
Santo Domingo is not a black republic like Complications
Haiti. Whites, it is true, are not numerous,
but neither are negroes. The bulk of the The wisdom of our Dominican policy has
population are mulattoes who never lost the been strikingly proven by recent events in
traditions of Spanish civilization , as the Haiti. Had it not been for the European
Haitian negroes did that of France. How - war, we should have had serious difficulties
ever, they showed the same political incapa- with at least one European power, and we
city as the other Caribbean peoples , and the might possibly have had a diplomatic con
land sunk steadily into an ever-deepening troversy with a combination of European
welter of revolutionary anarchy. By the be- nations. For several years Haiti has been
ginning of the present century, Santo Do absolutely bankrupt and in such chronic poli
mingo became quite incapable either of pay- tical convulsions as to jeopardize all foreign
ing interest on its foreign debts or of pro- interests. These interests are extensive.
tecting foreign capital invested in the They have also been passing into the hands
country . This soon became an alarming of that European people which has shown
matter for ourselves. Several European gov- itself most aggressive and least regardful of
ernments showed plainly that they had no our Caribbean susceptibilities — the Ger
intention of permitting their investors to be mans. Foreign interests in Haiti used to be
ruined by Dominican anarchy, and prepared predominantly French , but about the close
openly for intervention . Faced by this criti- of the last century Germany turned her at
cal emergency , the American Government tention to Haiti, and at the beginning of the
acted quickly and decisively . European war Haiti had become practically
In 1907, President Roosevelt and the a German commercial sphere.
Dominican President Morales signed an On the very eve of the war two disquiet
298 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ing events appeared to herald the long-im - which existed at the outbreak of the Euro
pending European intervention in Haiti. On pean war. We certainly should congratu
May 6th , 1914, a British cruiser appeared late ourselves that the matter was then
before the Haitian capital, Port-au -Prince, shelved by the pressure of other things.
and the British minister presented an ultima- That the lesson was not lost upon our gov
tum regarding certain unsatisfied English ernment seems plain from the subsequent
damage claims, to which the frightened course of events. Affairs in Haiti continuing
Haitian government instantly capitulated to go from bad to worse , we at last inter.
That same day the German minister nego- vened energetically in August, 1915. Strong
tiated the preliminaries of an arrangement forces of sailors and marines occupied Port.
with the Haitian government, whereby cer - au-Prince and other Haitian ports, and a
tain German financiers were to loan Haiti practical ultimatum was presented providing
$ 2 ,000,000, receiving in return control over for an American control over the Haitian
certain important customs houses and the customs for a period of ten years. Of course,
right to construct a commercial coaling sta - this is only a beginning. Haiti is in such
tion at Môle -Saint-Nicolas, the finest natural a welter of demoralized anarchy that nothing
naval base in the whole West Indies, and the short of a protectorate will serve to set the
key to the Windward Passage — the high country on its feet, and this may mean much
road to Panama. It is certain that we should trouble and expense. But the thing had got
never have permitted the Haitian govern to be done if we are to avoid very serious
ment to grant either of these concessions. entanglements after the close of the Euro
Probably our government said as much to pean war.
Berlin , for the affair was quickly hushed up
and nothing ever came of it. Still, it is Our Obligations Under the Monroe
significant as showing which way the wind Doctrine
was blowing.
The European war is for our whole Carib
An American Protectorate Needed bean policy a period of grace which, if used ,
will probably place us in a secure position ,
Still later, in July , 1914, both the French but which , if neglected , may entail the most
and German governments informed Wash - disastrous consequences. Whatever its out
ington that they desired to have some share come, the present struggle will engender an
in the future control of Haitian customs. economic keenness and race for markets never
The German note was particularly strong. known before. One of the world 's richest
It informed our government that some at undeveloped markets is the Caribbean area.
tention must be paid to German public opin - Europe will certainly Aing itself upon this
ion , and stated categorically that unless Ger- tempting market with unprecedented energy,
many were included in a Haitian customs and will as certainly not tolerate anarchical
control she would not understand any other conditions which would endanger its com
arrangement that might be made. This was mercial activities . If we will see to it that
nothing short of a direct challenge to what law and order are maintained, well and
all the world knew was a cardinal principle good ; our Caribbean hegemony will then
of our foreign policy. Accordingly our gov- probably not be challenged from any quar
ernment answered France and Germany with ter. Otherwise there will be trouble, and
the equally categorical statement that no non - big trouble. One thing is certain : the old
American interests could be admitted to any dog -in -the-manger interpretation of the
share in the control or administration of any Monroe Doctrine, whereby we refused to civ
independent American state. Such was the ilize these islands ourselves or let anyone else
distinctly unpleasant diplomatic deadlock do the civilizing has gone, never to return .
 AMERICA AND THE RUSSO
JAPANESE ALLIANCE
BY K. K . KAWAKAMI
IN the conclusion of an alliance with IS THE CONVENTION AN ALLIANCE ?
1 Russia , Japanese diplomacy, after a series To call the new convention an alliance is ,
of serious blunders since the opening of the perhaps, not quite correct. A treaty of allia
war, once again comes to its own as a factor ance must provide mutual obligations on the
in world politics. part of the high contracting parties to render
Considered from a purely selfish point of armed assistance to each other in case their
view , Japan should not have leaped into the respective interests are in danger.
melee at the first call of England, but should The new Russo - Japanese convention con
have watched the developments of the situ - tains no such provision . Let the convention
ation at least for half a year. Picture in tell its own tale :
your mind what might have happened in that First. Japan will not become party to any
time. Germany's Far Eastern squadron , arrangement or political combination directed
with Kiau -chow as its base of operation , against Russia. Russia will not become party to
would not only have harassed the Allies' any arrangement or political combination directed
trade, but would have become a grave menace against Japan.
to their Asiatic possessions as well as Canada. Second. In case the territorial rights or special
interests in the Far East of one of the High Con
Had Japan waited until such a critical mo tracting Parties recognized by the other are men
ment before joining hands with the Allies, aced , Japan and Russia will act in concert on the
her assistance would not have been miscon- measure to benecessary
taken inforview of the support or
the protection and de
co -operation
strued by any nation as an eagerness to push
sinister ambitions, but would have been fully fence of these rights and interests.
appreciated by the Powers lined up against This is the text of the laconic instrument.
Germany and Austria . Apparently Japanese We have yet to see what Russia and Japan
diplomats failed to foresee that the titanic really mean by “ support or coöperation .”
struggle was going to last for many months, Does it simply mean a moral support, or is
and were anxious to make a short job of the it another phrase for armed assistance ? If
reduction of Tsing -tao. Or could it have the purpose of diplomacy be, as it has too
been that Okuma and Kato were influenced often been in the past, to make a treaty capa
by the Samurai spirit, rather than that of ble of two constructions, the convention may
diplomacy , and were actuated by sentiments be an entente cordiale or a downright alli
of chivalry in hurrying to the relief of ance, according to the convenience or incon
Japan's allies? venience of the high contracting parties.
The second grave blunder was committed The most significant part of the conven
when Tokio pressed upon Peking those tion lies in the wide application which it
twenty -one demands last winter. Not that apparently permits. While it is obvious that
those demands were anything extraordinary the covenant aims chiefly to secure the re
or extravagant, but because the way the spective interests of the contracting parties
Japanese diplomats tried to put them through in Manchuria and Mongolia , its scope is not
was reprehensible. To the layman , at any restricted to these two countries, but covers
rate, it would seem that the same thing could the entire Far East. Where are we to seek
have been accomplished in a manner far the raison d' être of such a comprehensive
less objectionable to China and to outside
powers
convention ? Against what particular power
. or powers do Russia and Japan propose to
With those glaring mistakes fresh in our protect their interests after the present war ?
minds we turn with great relief to the con In spite of the fatuous efforts of certain
summation of Russo- Japanese rapprochement American publicists and newspapers to create
in the new pact whose object is to secure each the impression that the convention is directed
other's position in the Far East. against the United States, its real objective
agai

299
300 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S
is Germany. Japan fears that Germany, days of Viceroy Alexieff, nothing short of
smarting under the surrender of Kiau -chow , complete absogption of Manchuria and
will let no opportunity pass unutilized to North China was Russia 's aim . With his
challenge Japan 's political and commercial way in Manchuria blocked by the Japanese,
influence in China. At the peace conference the northern bear set another snowball roll
that is to follow the war, Germany will em - ing from the frozen shores of the Baikal in
ploy every means to regain Kiau -chow , which the direction of Mongolia . Who knows but
Japan promises to restore to China with the that the snowball may yet roll on until it
she would ld she fail to
consent of the Powers. Should she fail to reaches the gulf of Chili by way of Peking?
regain
y Kiau-chow
tored , she would by all means
es onthe
htrye , ttoo rrestore Shantung railways now
in the light of the history of Russian expan
sion such an apprehension is more than justi
held by the Japanese. To forestall such fiable. It is, undoubtedly , with a view to
eventualities it is of the foremost importance preventing such an eventuality that Japan
that Japan should enjoy the support not only has been striving to establish a foothold in
of England but of Russia . As for the United Eastern Inner Mongolia . In persuading
States, neither Japan nor Russia fears her, China, in the treaty of May 25, 1915, to
though the Japanese advocate of “ prepared - open Inner Mongolia to the trade and resi
ness” may endeavor to conjure up the bogie dence of foreigners, Japan hoped to erect a
of an " American peril.” • protecting wall between Peking and that sec
tion of Mongolia already dominated by
WHY JAPAN NEEDS RUSSIA 'S FRIENDSHIP Russia .
Viewed from the Japanese side, even Japan has been taking every precaution to
greater reason than the German “menace" protect vulnerable points against any emer
attaches to the new convention , and that is gency that may develop from the Russian
Japan 's fear of Russia . This may sound domination of Mongolia and North Man
paradoxical, but the situation can easily be churia . At the same time she has been fully
explained . aware that her resources are too limited to
Notwithstanding all insinuations indulged wage another war against the Northern
in by American newspapers that Japan has Colossus. We must frankly confess that, in
been increasing her armament with an eye the war of 1904- 5 , her resources both in men
upon the United States, no one familiar with and money had come to the verge of ex
Japan 's realmotives can doubt for a moment haustion before she had even approached the
that her absorbing concern has been Russia 's goal, thus compelling her to accept peace
possible revenge upon her, as well as China's terms far from satisfactory to her. And
precarious condition , which threatens to be when the peace treaty of Portsmouth was
ccme at any unexpected moment a storm signed, the world was reluctant to give credit
center of international rivalry. Japan 's vic - for what Japan had accomplished in the in
tories over Russia in the war of 1904-5 were terest of the open door and integrity of
far from dealing a fatal blow to the Russian China. On the contrary, she was made an
position in Manchuria. When the smoke of object of suspicion and fear, and was charged
battle cleared away the Japanese found the with pursuing a policy which ran counter to
gaunt figure of the Muscovite looming upon the open -door doctrine enunciated and de
the horizon of Manchuria even moremenac- fended by the late Secretary Hay.
ingly than before the war. After a sacrifice As a matter of fact it was not America
of a hundred thousand lives and a billion which initiated the doctrine; neither did she
dollars in the titanic struggle, the Japanese make any serious effort to defend it when
succeeded in dislodging Russia only from Russia was about to absorb Manchuria. Be
one- fourth of Manchuria , leaving the re- fore Secretary Hay issued the famous " open
maining three -fourths in the clutches of the door" notes in September, 1899, and July,
Muscovite. Not only was Russia permitted 1900, Great Britain enunciated the same
to strengthen her hold upon by far the principle. But both England and the United
greatest portion of Manchuria, but she em - States, when confronted by the imminent
barked, immediately after the war, upon the danger of China's disruption , failed to back
gigantic scheme of converting the vast terri- up the doctrine. Upon receipt of Secretary
tory of Mongolia into her protectorate, thus Hay's first note Russia not only expressed
hoping eventually to reach and dominate herself in favor of reserving for herself the
Peking. right to levy special duties within her sphere
In the vast empire scheme conceived by the of influence, but demurred to the American
Czar's military entourages in the historic proposal with regard to harbor duties and
 AMERICA AND THE RUSSO -JAPANESE ALLIANCE 301
railway charges. With characteristic audac- Japan was frankly disgusted at the unrea
ity she hoisted, on August 4 , 1900 , the Rus- sonable attitude of the powers, and was con
sian flag over the Chinese custom -house at vinced of the folly of assuming an antagonis
Newchwang. tic attitude towards Russia , which might
The Russian Administration at Dalny oblige her once more to fight a single -handed
(now Dairen ) refused the Americans the battle with the Northern Colossus. She saw
permission to build warehouses for the stor- no alternative to a policy whose purpose was
age of American kerosene, and announced to secure her positions in Korea and Man
the intention of excluding American oil alto - churia by establishing friendly relations with
gether from Manchuria . The Russian au - Russia .
thorities looked upon the Americans with . There is another factor which has influ
keen suspicion if they ventured farther than enced the Japanese mind in favor of an
a couple of miles from Newchwang, and re - entente cordiale with Russia . Japan must
fused to recognize British passports in Man - have Russia 's coöperation to turn her Man
churia, insisting that all British subjects churian railways into a financial success .
traveling in that country must possess Rus. For some time after the war the Russian
sian passports. In April, 1903, the Czar Government tried to cripple Japan's railway
demanded that the Peking government agree enterprise by refusing to establish any traffic
not to open any new port in Manchuria , or connection between its eastern Chinese and
permit new consuls from any third power Japan 's South Manchuria railway. With
without previous consent of the Russian Gov- out this connection the South Manchuria
ernment. Russia had also obtained the ex- system could not expect to have any share
clusive right to navigate the Amur, the in the inter- continental traffic between Eu
Sungari, and the Ussuri. Thus isolating rope and the Far East. How was Japan to
Manchuria from the outside world , Russia attain this end without befriending Russia ?
was busy pouring her troops into that coun - She had borrowed of England $ 20 ,000,000
try , and was preparing her way for the im - for her railway enterprise in Manchuria .
mediate absorption of a vast territory of How was she to pay this debt if she did not
363,700 square miles. take advantage of every opportunity that
Put to this test, what did America do ? could be utilized without infringing upon
Not only did she not take any positive action the rights of other nations?
toclined
enforce the open
to assist Tapan-door
, thepolicy
only ,nation
but she de
deter- AMERICA' S INTEREST IN THE CONVENTION
mined to stay the Russian advance. In the As far as American interests are con
early spring of 1901 Japan , alarmed by the cerned , the new Russo -Japanese convention
ominous activities of Russia , approached Enge will make but little change in the present
land, Germany, and the United States with situation in the Far East. This is obvious
a view to securing their coöperation in pre - not only from the text of the convention , but
venting the Russian absorption of Man in the light of the motives which prompted
churia. None gave encouraging reply. Even the two powers to conclude it.
the United States, the very sponsor of the Long before the conclusion of the new
open -door policy , would go no further than pact America was unmistakably given to
offering "moral” support. understand that any enterprise or investment,
Thus Japan was compelled , alone and un having political and commercial importance,
aided , to challenge Russia , staking her very could not be launched in Manchuria without
existence upon the issue of the combat. In due recognition of the preponderating inter
thewar that followed , Japanese blood soaked est held by Russia and Japan in that terri
every inch of South Manchurian soil. When tory . This is not to say that Japan and
the conflict came to an end, Japan was re- Russia are anxious to bar out American en
warded with no praise , but found herself terprise from Manchuria . It simply means
indicted by the very nations whose avowed that America must not ignore this peculiar
principles of the open door in China she had position , but must consult them before
So valiantly defended . The world appar- launching any scheme which will seriously
ently forgot that had it not been for the affect the political and economic status of
sword of the doughty Japanese the much - Manchuria .
heralded open -door notes would have been T hat principle was fairly well established
converted into scraps of paper, and that the when Japan and Russia opposed the neutrali
way would have been opened then and there zation of the Manchurian railways proposed
for the disruption of China's huge territory . by Secretary Knox, and when they combated
302 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the Chino -American project to construct a and her oppression of the Jews, Russia pre
railway of 1000 miles between Chinchow sents an unpleasant picture.
and Aigun .
Secretary Knox's proposals with regard to JAPAN 'S MATERIAL GAIN
the Manchurian railways did not emanate When the new Russo -Japanese convention
from any sinister motive, but were advancedwas made public both at Tokio and at Petro
with the best of intentions. His only faultgrad , it was rumored that the convention
was his failure to realize the singular politi-
had attached to it a set of secret agreements.
cal situation in Manchuria. To Japan , her As a matter of fact there is nothing secret
railway holdings in Manchuria meant a loss about these agreements, which will be made
of 100 ,000 lives and a cost of $ 1,000,000 ,000 .
public at the proper moment.
In the face of such an appalling sacrifice, it Their substance may be summarized as
might well have been conceded that she had follows:
the right, as long as she conformed to the ( 1 ) Russia cedes to Japan the Chang
principles of the open door, to operate the chun -Taolaishao section (about 75 miles ) of
railways, so that proceeds from the traffic the Changchun -Harbin branch of the Man
might assist, if ever so little , in lightening churian railway. For this Japan pays Russia
the financial burden entailed by the war. about $ 7 ,000, 000 in war supplies .
As for the Chinchow -Aigun railway ( 2 ) Russia, with the consent of China,
scheme, Japan , in virtue of the Chino - extends to Japan the privilege of navigating
Japanese protocol of 1905, had the right to the Second Sungari River .
veto it. She was, however , willing to waive O f the two terms, the first is the more
the right and was ready to indorse the Amer- important. It will be recalled that at the
ican enterprise on the condition that she be peace conference at Portsmouth, Japan in
allowed to build a line to effect a junction sisted upon securing the Russian railway
between the South Manchuria system and from Port Arthur to Harbin , measuring
the proposed Chino-American line. But some 576 miles. Russia , however, strenu
Russia was uncompromising and was deter- ously opposed the Japanese demand, and
mined to put her foot upon any such scheme. agreed to cede only 436 miles between Port
And so both the Chinchow -Aigun railway Arthur and Changchun . Japan has ever
scheme and the proposal to neutralize the since been covering the remaining 140 miles
Manchurian railways bore no fruit. This from Changchun to Harbin , for that sec
unhappy incident dealt a serious blow to tion of the line traverses the heart of a
America's further enterprises in Manchuria. rich agricultural country producing enor
Had America realized more fully the singu - mous quantities of beans, Manchuria 's pre
lar position which Japan had attained in mier product.
Manchuria through the ordeal of blood and No less important is the newly acquired
fire, and shown herself more considerate in privilege of navigating the Second Sungari
dealing with the Japanese in the initial stage River. In virtue of the Aigun treaty of
of her Manchurian diplomacy, American cap - 1858, Russia has hitherto enjoyed the exclu
ital and enterprise might have been wel- sive right to navigate the Amur, the Sungari,
comed at least in that section of Manchuria and the Ussuri rivers. Now , the Second
which had come under Japanese influence. Sungari River , which is the largest tributary
The new convention between Russia and of the main Sungari, traverses the Japanese
Japan is not intended to put a ban upon sphere of influence, and yet the Japanese have
American enterprise in the Far East. To be been denied the privilege of sharing with the
frank , the United States, thanks to her unfor- Russians and Chinese in the benefits offered
tunate diplomacy, made herself a negligible by that great artery of trade. The Second
factor in Manchuria in the eyes of both Sungari originates in the Chang- Pai-Shan ,
Japan and Russia . If, in the future, America the Eternal White Mountains, on the Ko
wishes to resume her activities in that coun - rean border, and becomes navigable for ves
try, she must be prepared to face facts as sels of shallow draught at the city of Kirin ,
they are, and take Japan and Russia in the capital of Kirin Province, about three
confidence in launching any scheme of mag- hundred miles from the point of its conflu
nitude in that country. ence with the main Sungari. Kirin is fitly
America's objection to the Russo - Japanese termed by the natives the “ Inland Dockyard"
entente is chiefly sentimental. Most Ameri- of Manchuria, as it is the center of the
cans entertain innate dislike of Russia. shipbuilding industry, producing numerous
Viewed in the lurid light of her exile system junks to be used on the Sungari River.
 THE RURAL CREDITS LAW AS
ENACTED
BY PAUL V . COLLINS
THE much discussed Rural Credits Law , but in course of time the stock of the Land
1 as finally passed, and signed by Presi- Banks will pass to the ownership of the
dent Wilson on July 17, was not the same National Farm Loan Associations, and the
in detail as when it left the guardianship of directors and officers of the banks will then
Senator Hollis in its triumphal march be chosen by the representatives of the
through the Senate, although its fundamental coöperative Farm Loan Associations. In the
principles remained intact. Its provisions meanwhile all appointees will be selected by
are so multifarious that scarcely a member the Farm Loan Board regardless of the civil
of Congress, nor a writer, has been able to service, and since every farm to be mort
state them accurately , and those who base gaged , throughout the nation , must be in
their criticisms on what the bill contained spected by one or more of these appraisers ,
several days prior to final conference are it is clear that a considerable army of ap
likely to founder in a maze of error. pointees is to be built up, outside of civil
Yet the spine and ribs are there as con service rules. After it is organized, it will
structed by its creators, namely, the dual be taken into the shelter of civil service , by
system - First the coöperative system with executive order.
units to be formed by farmers who desire How capitalized : Each Federal Land
to borrow , organizing local coöperative Bank will have a capital of $ 750,000 at the
“ National Farm Loan Associations” compris- start. After the capital stock subscription
ing any ten or more farmers whose mort- books have been open to the public for thirty
gages must aggregate $ 20,000 ormore. These days, to give investors the form of an op
units are to operate through a “ Federal portunity to buy the stock (although they
Land Bank ” and there are to be twelve are never to have any voice in the manage
such banks, the country to be divided into ment) then the Government will take all
twelve districts, as in the case of the Re- the stock , not privately subscribed, so the
serve Bank System , although these districts Government will invest $ 9,000,000 in the
will not necessarily be coterminate with the stock of the twelve banks, since no one ex
Reserve Bank Districts. pects any private investments. TheGovern
Second, the joint-stock bank system , not at ment is not to receive any dividend on this
all coöperative, but capitalistic and for profit stock , but it is provided that the stock will
to its stockholders. These joint-stock banks be purchased automatically by the local
will have no connection with the twelve National Farm Loan Associations, with
Federal Land Banks, nor with the local funds to be furnished by the borrowers .
" National Farm Loan Associations,” but will Dividends may be paid on stock held by
be in direct competition with that coöpera- others than the Government if there are any
tive system ; their interest will be to dis - net profits.
courage coöperation . How loans are to be made: A loan can
The two systems will be under one gen - be made only to farmers or prospective farm
eral control of the Farm Loan Board , con - ers, upon first mortgage on farms, to the
sisting of the Secretary of the Treasury, amount of 50 per cent. of the appraised
ex officio , and four members appointed by value of the land irrespective of improve
the President of the United States — two ments, and 20 per cent. of the value of im
from each political party . This board has provements. Appraisal is first made by a
power to appoint appraisers, examiners, and committee of fellow farmers, members of
registrars, who will be public officials. At the Farm Loan Association , who must agree
first it will also appoint the directors and unanimously ; then it must be approved by an
officers of the twelve Federal Land Banks, appraiser sent out by the district Federal
See also articles in the Review OF Reviews, Land Bank. Before a loan is made, the bor
for April and May, 1916 . . rower must invest 5 per cent. of the amount
303
304 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
of the loan in stock in the Farm Loan As- : The first loans will be made out of the
sociation , which holds the stock in trust as bank's capital, until $ 50 ,000 or more of first
security to cover its risk in endorsing the mortgages are accumulated ; these will be
loan . And the Association must invest an deposited with the Registrar of the Federal
equal amount in the stock of the Federal Land Board , and upon approval of the
Land Bank , which holds the stock as security, Board, bonds will be issued to the same
with the first mortgage. Originally it was amount, and offered to investors, by the Fed
planned that the mortgage should be made eral Land Bank so that funds will be re
to the Farm Loan Association and by it plenished for additional loans.
sold , with the Association endorsement, to The maximum interest on mortgages is 6
the Federal Land Bank, but this was changed per cent., but 572 is predicted.
in conference, and now the mortgage is made The interest rate on mortgages must be
payable directly to the Federal Land Bank , not to exceed 1 per cent. above the rate on
but it bears the endorsement of the Farm the last issue of bonds sold , hence the mar
Loan Association , through which it is ket for the bonds will control the rate to
negotiated. the farmers. The 1 per cent margin is to
The stock carries " double liability," i. e., cover overhead expenses of the system , aside
borrowers are all liable for an extra 5 per from what the Government advances as a
cent., besides the 5 per cent. they invest in subsidy. The Government pays the ex
the stock, to cover any losses. When they penses of the Farm Loan Board , including
pay their loans in full, the stock will be salaries of the four commissioners ( $ 10,000
redeemed at par. each ) and of the registrars and examiners
While each Federal Land Bank has a (of titles). The appraisers are to be paid
capitalization of $750 ,000 at the outset, this by the Land Banks out of the 1 per cent.
is only its minimum capital, and as soon margin on the mortgages. The Farm Loan
as it begins to make loans, as each loan car Board is authorized to employ such attorneys,
ries with it a stock investment of 5 per cent. experts, assistants, clerks, laborers, and other
the bank's stock begins at once to increase, employees as it may deem necessary and all
until the new stock belonging to the Farm expenses of the samewill be paid out of the
Loan Associations equals that held by the public treasury. All such will be appointed
Government, making a total of $ 1 ,500 ,000 , outside the civil service rules, but " nothing
after which 25 per cent: of all additional herein shall prevent the President from
proceeds from the sale of stock to the bor- placing said employees in the classified
rowers ( the Farm Loan Associations) will service."
be applied to retiring the Government stock . The joint-stock banks will be under the
By the time all Government stock is retired, general control of the Federal Land Board,
the total capitalization of a Federal Land but will have no connection with the twelve
Bank will be $ 1,500,000, less the redeemed Land Banks. They are restricted to 6 per
Government stock ( $ 750 ,000 ) or $ 3 ,750,- cent. interest on mortgages, and the interest
000 net. The bank is authorized to sell must not exceed 1 per cent. more than the
debenture bonds based on farm mortgages to interest they pay on their bonds; no commis
the amount of twenty times its stock , Sosion or other extra charges are to be allowed .
that at the time all Government stock is Their minimum capital stock is $ 250 ,000,
retired , it will have outstanding $ 75,000,000 and they may issue bonds based on farm
of such bonds, based on an equal amount of mortgages to the amount of fifteen times
farm mortgages, giving the twelve banks an their stock.
ultimate capacity for handling mortgages to In addition to Secretary McAdoo, who is
an amount $ 9 ,000,000 ,000 — more than an ex -officio member, the Farm Loan Board ,
double the total present farm mortgages in as constituted by President Wilson and con
existence. In fact even this might be some- firmed by the Senate, consists of Mr. George
what exceeded , since additional mortgages W . Norris, of Pennsylvania , designated as
would continue to add 5 per cent. to the Commissioner, or active executive head of
stock . Each of the twelve banks will operate the farm -loan system ; Judge Charles Lob
independent of the others in adding to its dell, of Kansas, a lawyer of long experience
volume of business, and some will therefore in the farm -mortgage business ; Capt. W . S.
retire their Government stock before others A . Smith , of Iowa, and Mr. Herbert Quick ,
do. But the twelve banks are mutual en - the writer on agricultural topics, formerly
dorsers on all bonds or obligations put out editor of Farm and Fireside and now a resi
by any of them . dent of West Virginia.
 ICEBERG SIGHTED BY THE " SENECA " ON JUNE 8. 1916. (Lat. 42. 35 N ., Long. 49. 36 W .)

THE INTERNATIONAL ICE

PATROL
BY P . T . MCGRATH
(President of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland)
AFTER the loss of the giant White Star principal marine powers of the world to
n greedFebruary
afrom une inin eeach
that any toto JJune
liner Titanic, in April, 1912, by strik - maintain an ice -patrol on the North Atlantic tic
rth AtItlanwas
ach oyear.
ing an iceberg, there was much discussion
in Europe and America as to the possibility agreed that this ice patrol should be carried
of adopting measures to lessen the likelihood out by the United States on behalf of the
of such disasters in future. The idea of various countries represented, the cost to be
operating patrol ships in the area south of borne by them pro rata , Britain to pay 25
the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , where per cent. of the total; Germany, France,
ice is a menace to navigation during the and United States 15 per cent. each , and
whole year, was advocated and the British Austria , Belgium , Canada, Denmark , Italy,
Government resolved upon a conference on Holland , Norway, Russia , and Sweden from
the subject at London in the autumn of that 4 to 2 per cent, each .
year, with the owners of the leading British
steamship lines. This resulted in a decision IGNORANCE CONCERNING ICEBERGS
to despatch a ship the next spring to cruise in There are few matters about which such
these waters and gain all the information widespread ignorance prevails as about the
possible in relation to the break -up of the ice, ice masses with which the North Atlantic,
the direction in which it travels, and the in the region of the Grand Banks, is be
feasibility of a patrol service to warn ships strewn every spring and summer. The gen
traversing this zone of the ice conditions eral impression is that this is ice which is
there from day to day. formed along the coast of Newfoundland
The results of this expedition were em - and Labrador and is released every spring ,
bodied in two official “ Blue Books” by the but, in truth , the origin of the icebergs and .
British Government, and formed the basis icefloes is entirely different. Icebergs are
of the deliberations of an “ International huge masses of glaciers formed in the vast
Conference for the Saving of Life at Sea ,” Arctic continent of Greenland.
which was held at London and resulted The glaciers slowly but irresistibly press
among other things in an undertaking by the seaward through the Greenland valleys into
Sept. - 5 1305
306 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the ocean, where, when the weight of the This mighty master creation , the greatest
outer portion , once it is unsupported by the the world has ever seen , was eliminated
land, becomes too great, it breaks off from in the brief space of a few hours, through
the parent mass, a process called “ calving." the mistaken idea of some of those in author
The calving portion becomes an iceberg, and ity on board, that she was so staunchly built
sometimes these are of enormous size — many that she could defy all agencies of nature and
miles in extent indeed , and often so vastrace with impunity through ice-laden seas.
that they ground on the shoals in the region , As the summer advances and the sun be.
until, by the play of the winds, the seas, the comes more powerful, the bergs melt into
currents, and the sun , they become top heavy smaller fragments or upset and break into
and tumble over again to break apart into pieces on the shoal ground of the Grand
smaller fragments which are ferried south - Banks, being then swept into the Gulf
ward on the bosom of the Polar current and Stream , where they lie in the way of the
which ultimately reach the avenues of ocean steamers plying east and west and cause the
travel. These Aloes can only make their shipping casualties so frequent during these
months. Still mightier bergs,
however, ground along the
coast of Newfoundland in
the spring and summer, and
move southward in the fall.
'Admittedly the worst dan
ger menacing transatlantic
travelers in modern days,
with steamers of such speed
as are plying on the Atlantic,
is that of collision with an
iceberg in a dense fog. It is
morally certain that the mys
terious disappearance of big
steamers like the Naronic
and the Huronian in more
THE " SENECA," ONE OF THE UNITED STATES ICE PATROL SHIPS
recent years, and of many
escape from the Arctic waters during the others previously, is attributable to this cause,
brief three summer months. for no other agency is usually powerful
It takes these ice-masses six or eight enough to work the ruin of a modern liner
months to voyage over the two thousand with her cellular bottom and water-tight
miles separating Melville Bay, in West bulkheads.
Greenland, from the Grand Banks, and the Most probably, some ships that vanish are
larger bergs, which often ground along Lab- sent to bottom by the overturning of bergs
iador, are even longer on the way. from the impact of collision. The corrosive
action of salt water on the submerged mass,
THE DEADLIEST MENACE TO SHIPS with the play of the sun on the exposed por
These Aloes , and the bergs which are often tion , often produces such a delicately bal
amongst them , but which are increased later anced berg that the touch of a man 's hand
in the season by a vastly larger number of will upset it. Often Newfoundland fisher
bergs that sail along in solitary grandeur men cutting fragments from bergs to pack
after having had their progress retarded by round their bait or catch of fish are de
grounding on shoals or points of land as they stroyed by the huge masses rolling right over,
came southward, disperse themselves over the sending men and boats to the bottom in a
Grand Banks and become the very worst miniature maelstrom .
sort of menace to ocean shipping. It would Imagine then the result when a powerful
be possible to occupy the whole of the space ocean steamer , travelling at the rate of twen
devoted to this article in merely summariz - ty to twenty - five knots an hour, hurls her
ing the cases of ocean steamers which dur- vast bulk against a rampart of ice which
ing the past fifty years have met disaster suddenly looms up through the fog right
through collision with icebergs in the waters across the route she must go. It is too late
off Newfoundland. All other records in this to stop her, no change of helm will bring
regard, however, were completely overshad- her clear ; those on board can only pray that
owed by the appalling disaster to the Titanic. the berg will stand firm against the shock.
 THE INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL 307
If so , the ship may escape with a battered the greatest danger exists. In this danger
bow , but if the berg upsets, it is easy to un - zone the patrol boat seeks for the large
derstand the appalling consequences of a bergs and foes and logs the positions of these
thousand tons of weight falling on a ship or “ white squadrons," and the direction of their
smashing in her underbody as it swings up drift, giving the exact location of the south
beneath her. ernmost ice, so that shipping can change from
PATROLLING THE ICE-FIELDS the normal route, if necessary, in order to
avoid it.
The American authorities inaugurated this In the report of the Scotia , which went
patrol service with the naval scout cruisers very exhaustively into the question of cur
Birmingham and Chester , but later assigned rents, great stress is laid upon the part these
the revenue cutters Seneca and Miami to ocean rivers play in the elimination of the
this duty, which ships have since continued bergs. The Labrador current carries these
it. The first season St. John 's was chosen south until it meets the Gulf Stream flowing
for the work , but ultimately it was found northward from the Mexican seaboard and
more convenient to utilize Halifax , Nova stronger than the cold water areas moving
Scotia , because the area patrolled was south from the north ; so that in commingling on
of St. John 's and extended farther south as the Grand Banks, thermal conditions are
the season advanced and the armadas of ice- created which cause the vast fogs for which
bergs became more numerous. Each cutter that region is noted. The heat of the sun
patrols the ice region for fifteen days. It is and the increasing warmth of the water melt
a three -day run from Halifax to the ice zone, the ice, eating away the masses below the
with a return voyage of about the same dura water, which are, roughly , six- sevenths of the
tion . The ships arrange their movements total bulk of the berg, until as these become
by wireless communication , so that the servo top heavy, they overturn , break into smaller
ice is absolutely continuous. fragments, and thus accelerate the process of
In the performance of this work account their own destruction .
has to be taken of the fact that the many On rare occasions, however, bergs are so
steamers plying over the St. Lawrence route large and have such equipoise that they drift
between Quebec and Montreal on this side south almost to the latitude of the Delaware
of the Atlantic and various
European ports have to make
a northern cut so as to round
Cape Race , and are, there
fore, exposed to greater dan
ger than those plying to
American ports, which can
deviate farther south , and
hence the patrol service is
pushed as far northward as
conditions will admit, so as
to ensure adequate warning
of these ships as well as those
on the southern lane. Daily
bulletins of the floes and
bergs seen and of the trend AN ICEBERG WITH UNDER -SIDE CORRODED BY THE SALT WATER
of the fog-infested areas are
furnished by wireless to the hydrographic capes, while at other times enormous masses
offices in the capitals of the countries con - from the bays of Labrador and Newfound
tributing to the upkeep of this service, and land, the fruit of exceptionally severe win
warnings are also sent by wireless telegraph ters, are carried far below the Banks, and
to all steamers plying in the berg -strewn ocean steamers bound for Boston and New
sections. York are compelled to change their direction
The ship lanes across the Atlantic pass and go from 60 to 100 miles south of their
just south of the tail of the Grand Bank , usual course in order to avoid them .
the westward seaway being somewhat north Each season the patrol ships are adding to
of the eastward, so as to lessen the risks from the stock of knowledge regarding the ice
collisions ; and it is for a distance of about area, and the results of their investigations
100 miles on either side of these tracks that are published in the official records; but, as
308 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS -
is too often the case, the world gets to know investigations into this problem in the West
very little of them . Among some of the ern Atlantic and made voyages to Hudson
conclusions reached is that under ordinary Bay and across the ocean on ships fitted
conditions it is possible to see an iceberg 12 with an apparatus devised by himself, with
to 15 miles from the ship 's bridge, about an this object in view . He demonstrated that
extra mile from the crow 's nest, and still in reality the surface water in the vicinity
another mile from the signal yard on the of an iceberg increases in warmth, a con
foremast. In especially clear weather bergs clusion formed by the observers on the Scotia
may be seen from 18 to 20 miles, but on a and also by those on the patrol ships.
cloudy day, with good visibility, a deduction Other theories, as that echoes indicate the
of about two miles must bemade. With the presence of bergs, that ice discloses itself
searchlight it is possible to see an iceberg through what is known as the " ice blink,"
about two miles on a dimly moonlit night and that submarine “ ears " on ships will re
and about three miles when the moon sets. veal the nearness of ice by its peculiar mo
Another weighty fact for mariners is that tion through the waves, have been proved
it is possible for lookouts on very large ships equally unfounded . In truth the testimony
to be higher than the top of a small berg, so of the commanders of these patrol ships is
that on a dark night these observers would that the only safe way to 'navigate regions
have an unbroken view of the horizon over of icebergs is to stop during thick weather
the top of a “ growler," or low -lying berg, and to run very slowly on dark nights.
half a mile or a mile away, and thus easily The outstanding fact, therefore, with re
miss seeing the obstruction until too late to gard to this ice patrol service is that it is
avoid it. markedly effective in lessening the danger
A PROBLEM STILL UNSOLVED to ships traversing the ice -zone by the warn
ings which it sends out from day to day,
A theory exploded by the ice patrol ships which enable passing vessels to give a wide
is that the proximity of ice is marked by a berth to these obstructions. But the problem
notable lowering of air temperature. Ex- of detecting ice in the immediate vicinity
periments covering three years have proved of a steamer has not yet been satisfactorily
that such is not the case and that, as a rule, solved, though Professor Barnes is actively
there is little or no change in the tempera - pursuing his investigations in that direction.
ture of the air near an iceberg. Equally His experiments, it is hoped , will ultimately
fallacious is the idea that the presence of a result in the devising of an instrument which
berg is denoted by a lowering in the tem - will reveal the close presence of ice through
perature of the water. As a matter of fact, the readings it will give of the water tem
the very contrary is the case. This was first peratures in the vicinity of bergs and foes,
proved by Professor Howard Barnes, of so that the combination of warmth in the
McGill University, Montreal, who, begin - surface temperature, cold farther down and
ning with experiments in the St. Lawrence still greater cold at a lower depth , will repre
River, designed to determine the ice condi- sent a warning that no prudent shipmaster
tions there in the early spring, extended his will disregard .

AN ICEBERG GROUNDED IN 41 FATHONS IN LATITUDE 4 LONGIN DER THE "MIAM “ ON LEFT

 " A FARM HOME SCENE IN ICELAND THIRTY YEARS AGO "
(Presented in The Little Country Theatre, in Fargo, North Dakota, by young men and women of Icelandic
descent who reside in that State )

DRAMA FOR RURAL

COMMUNITIES
BY ALFRED G . ARVOLD
THE United States Department of Agri- average country town hall. The decora
I culture recently sent out hundreds of tions are plain and simple, the color scheme
letters to farmers' wives asking them what being a green and gold .
would make life on the farm more attractive. Simplicity is the keynote of the theater, for
Hundreds of the replies, which were received it was not meant for the institution alone,
from practically every section , told the story but for every rural community in North
of social starvation . They wanted some Dakota and the rest of America as well. It
place to go. They wanted to be enter is an example of what can be done with hun
tained . Moral degeneracy in the country , dreds of village halls, unused portions of
like the city, is usually due to lack of proper school-houses, and garrets and basements of
social recreation . When people have some country homes and country churches.
thing healthful with which to occupy their The object of the Little Country Theater
minds they rarely think of wrongdoing. movement is to produce such plays and com
The impulse of building up a community munity programs as can be easily staged in
spirit in a rural neighborhood may come from just such places, or, in fact, in any place
without, but the real work of socialization where people assemble for social betterment.
must come from within . The country peo - Its principal function is to stimulate an inter
ple themselves must work out their own est for good, clean drama and original enter
civilization . tainment among the people living in the open
With a knowledge of these basic facts in country and villages, in order to help them
mind the idea of the Little Country Theater find themselves and become better satisfied
was conceived. The theater became a with the community in which they live. In
reality when a dingy old chapel on the sec- other words, its real purpose is to use the
ond floor of the administration building at drama, and all that goes with the drama, as
the North Dakota Agricultural College, lo - a sociological force in getting people to
cated at Fargo, was remodeled into what is gether and acquainted with each other, so
now known as the Little Country Theater that they may find out the hidden life forces
It is simply a large playhouse placed under a of nature itself. Instead of making the drama
reducing- glass, and is just the size of the a luxury for the classes, its aim is to make it
309
310 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
During the last three years
nearly twenty young ladies,
the majority from country
districts, have presented
short plays. Each of them
has also acted as the director
of a play. They have not
only selected the production,
but they have promoted the
play and trained the cast of
characters as well. When
Percy MacKaye, the well
known dramatist, visited the
Little Country Theater,
four young men presented
“ Sam Average. ” “ The
A SCENE FROM “ A RUSSIAN HONEYMOON " Travelling Man," a mir
acle play, was presented
an instrument for the enlightenment and en - in honor of Lady Gregory, of Ireland, on
joyment of the masses. her last tour of America . Many other
The work of The Little Country Theater standard plays have also been presented by
has more than justified its existence. It has these rural amateurs as well as a number of
produced scores of plays and community pro - original productions.
grams. The people who have participated in Several original plays have been presented
them seem to have caught the spirit. One to large crowds. Three of these, “ For the
group of young people from various sections Cause," " A New Liberator," and " Bridg
of the State represented five different na- ing the Chasm ,” made an unusually fine im
tionalities — Scotch, Irish , English , Norwe- pression upon the audiences. They were
gian , and Swedish — successfully staging written under the direction of Abbie Sim
" The Fatal Message," a one-act comedy by mons, writer of plays and a splendid student
John Kendrick Bangs. In order to depict of the drama.
Russian life, one of the dramatic clubs in the Perhaps the most interesting incidents
institution gave " A Russian Honeymoon .” which have occurred in connection with the
Another cast of characters from the country work of The Little Country Theater were
presented “ Cherry Tree Farm ," an Eng - the presentation of “ A Farm Home Scene in
lish comedy, in a most acceptable manner. Iceland Thirty Years Ago," " The Prairie
" Leonarda,” a play by Björnstern Björnson , Wolf," " Back to the Farm ," and " A Bee in
was presented by the Edwin Booth Dra- a Drone's Hive." All of these productions
matic Club and was undoubtedly one of the have come out of the country people them
best plays ever staged in The Little Country selves. Standing room was at a premium .
Theater. An orchestra played Norwegian The Little Country Theater could not hold
music between the acts. the crowds, eighty per cent. of the people
An illustration to demonstrate that á being farmers who were eager to see the
home-talent play is a dynamic force in help- drama of their creation .
ing people to find themselves is afforded in " A Farm Home Scene in Iceland Thirty
the presentation of " The Country Life Min - Years Ago" was staged by twenty youngmen
strels,” by the Agricultural Club, an organ - and women of Icelandic descent whose homes
ization of young men coming entirely from are in the country districts of North Dakota.
country districts. The story reads like a The tableau was very effective. The scene
romance. The club decided to give a min - represented an interior sitting-room of an
strel show . At the first rehearsal, nobody Icelandic home. The walls were white
exhibited any talent except one young man . washed ; in the rear of the room was a fire
He could clog. At the second rehearsal a place ; the old grandfather was seated in an
tenor and a mandolin player were discov- arm -chair near the fireplace reading a 'story
ered ; at the third, several good voices were in the Icelandic language. About the room
found ; whereupon a quartet and a twelve- were several young ladies dressed in native
piece band were organized . When the play costumes, busily engaged in spinning yarn
was presented , twenty -eight young men fur- and knitting, a favorite pastime of an Ice
nished an excelent entertainment. landic home. On a chair at the right was a
 DRAMA FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES 311

young man with a violin playing selections Last fall, Cecil Baker, a young farmer
from an Icelandic composer. Through the from Edmunds, N . D ., who has caught the
small window rays of light were thrown, social vision of the soil, came to my office
representing the Midnight Sun and the with a manuscript of a play which he
Northern Lights. Just before the curtain had written entitled " A Bee in a Drone's
fell, twenty young people, all Icelanders, Hive, or A Farmer in the City.” Mr. Ba
joined in singing their national song, which ker wanted his friends to present it, and
has the same tune as " America.” The effect they did. Two hundred and fifty people saw
of the tableau was far- reaching. The two the production . Some said it was the great
hundred people who saw it will never for- est argument in favor of country life that
get it. had ever been presented . Others were as
" The Prairie Wolf,” a play written by a tounded at the naturalness of the make-up
young man named John Lange, was staged and the costuming of the characters. Every
in The Little Country Theater before an body was more than satisfied .
audience representing more than thirty rural The influence of The Little Country The
communities in the State . The play was not ater in the State as well as the nation has
only written by a young farmer, but it was been far- reaching. Scarcely a day passes but
staged and rehearsed by country people . It somebody writes asking for data in re
was a tremendous success . Dozens of com - gard to it, or for copies of plays, and matter
munities in the State have already asked for for presentation on public programs. These
permission to present it. The action through - letters tell an intensely interesting story of
out the play was superb . the social condition of the community. Dur
“ Back to the Farm ," written by a student ing the past few years in North Dakota,
of the Minnesota Agricultural College, was hundreds of people young and old have par
presented on three successive nights during ticipated in home-talent productions and com
the Tri-State Grain -Growers Convention , munity programs. Thousands of pieces of
which is held every year in the city of Fargo. play-matter and pamphlets have been loaned
Seven hundred and fifty persons, 90 per to individuals, literary societies, farmers'
cent. of them country people, witnessed this clubs, civic clubs, and other organizations.
production . Hundreds were turned away While The Little Country Theater is lo
from the theater. The cast of characters in cated in North Dakota, it nevertheless stands
the play was made up entirely of young peo ready to assist other communities in every
ple from the country. way possible to develop community life .

A SCENE FROM " THE VILLAGE POST -OFFICE "

( This play was presented by a group of students representing various country districts in the State of North
Dakota )
 THE BANKSIDE THEATER ON THE CAMPUS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA , AT GRAND FORKS
(The heralds announcing the Shakespeare Tercentenary Masque, “ Shakespeare, the Playmaker" )

COMMUNAL PLAY-MAKING
ANOTHER in - planning for the further enrichment of this
n stitution of natural theater. Trees and shrubs for a
North Dakota — the stage screen , and a colonnade of Greek col
State university at umns on the crest of the bankside, will in due
Grand Forks — has time further add to its delightful charm .
made distinct con - Here in this attractive outdoor theater the
tributions to the Shakespeare centenary was celebrated last
communal drama. June by the production of “ Shakespeare, the
The achievements Playmaker," a communal masque wholly de
of the University signed and written by a group of twenty
along this line are students of the University of North Dakota .
notable not only for The idea of the work, original in its concep
the manner of their
production , and
their quality , but
for the unusually
attractive scene of
PROF. F. H . KOCH the performances.
(Under whose direction the The Bankside The
Masque, “ Shakespeare,
Playmaker," the ater , as it is appro
was written
and staged ) priately named, is
an open -air stage
and auditorium , located on the two sides of
a little stream that flows in graceful curves
through the University grounds. A beauti
ful natural bend of the water course rounds
out the front of the stage, and on the oppo
site bank is the amphitheater, whose gentle
slope accommodates an audience of three
thousand. The stage is fully a hundred feet
long by forty deep . The stream is eighteen
feet wide at this point, and is not only a
most picturesque feature, with its beautiful
reflections both in daylight and at night, but
contributes effective acoustic properties. Ex
pert advice from some of the highest expo " CALIBAN ," " PROSPERO " AND " MIRANDA "
rodin
nents of the dramatic art has been utilized in (Benjamin F . Sherman , B . Melvin Johnson , and
Harriet Mills )
312 -
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S 313

tion, aimed to portray the beginnings of

Shakespeare's art — suggested by the players '
scenes in " A Midsummer Night's Dream ” —
and his mature achievements , with his vision
of the new world of America as embodied in
" The Tempest."
Notable in its presentation and other as
pects, the most unique feature of the masque
was its communal authorship . It was on
this same plan that “ The Pageant of the
Northwest ” was created here two years ago .
That production superbly interpreted the his
tory of our own country in a manner that
impressed the thousands who participated as
actors and spectators with the spirit of
nationality and coöperation . The masque
of “Shakespeare the Playmaker,” produced
by many minds and hands,
under the inspiring leadership
of Professor Koch , and unit
ing in a bond of sympathy a
score of writers, hundreds of
actors, and thousands of audi
tors, was a notable example of
community effort. In keep
ing with the aim of this ear
nest group of workers, the
masque dealt with the gradual
evolution into permanent dra
matic expression of the spirit
and life of the people , and
linked up felicitously with our
own land the genius of the
master playwright.
Emanating from different " ARIEL ” ( AGNES O'CONNOR )
pens, the production was en
riched with varying viewpoints, yet possessed
artistic unity and vibrated with an expression
THE CHIPPEWA INDIANS RECOGNIZING THE PAINT
ING OF THE INDIAN MONSTER , " PIASA,” IN
" SHAKESPEARE , THE PLAYMAKER "
of native poetry strong in dra
matic color and tones. This
democracy of composition - in
the words of Professor Koch
- “marks another contribu
tion to the new pageantry of
the people and suggests a still
further development of coöpe
rative authorship in making
community drama.” The peo
ple have often participated
impressively as actors in a
community play ; but in these
North Dakota productions it
has been shown that they can
also , by collaborating under
proper leadership , " create a
drama democratic — a new art
— born of the people, embodying their own
interpretation of life.

QUEEN ELIZABETH AT GREENWICH CASTLE , 1588

(In “ Shakespeare, the Playmaker," as given at the University of North Dakota)
 THE MAN WHO COMES OUT
By O . F. LEWIS
(General Secretary, Prison Association of New York )
D ETWEEN the man in the trenches out of the city prisons. The men at Sing
" somewhere in France" and the man Sing and Auburn Prisons are establishing
in a Sing Sing cell there seems at first little branches of the Mutual Welfare League
connection . However, the European war outside the prisons. In another State a
has made business excellent in our country . new relief society has been organized by a
And the munitions factories are eagerly tak- man formerly in prison. In Kansas the pris
ing ex-prisoners on , in company with other oners are planning a coöperative bureau.
employees by the thousands. Right there is Many other instances might be cited .
the connection . Yet, for all this, the problem is anything
A year ago hardly anyone seemed to want but easy . Social movements resemble in
to give the released prisoner a job. A year some ways the swinging of the pendulum .
followed of Mr. Osborne and good times, and Not a few of the ardent employers will be
the great change has come. To-day, the spe- disillusioned . Some are already sad. Listen
cial employment secretary of the Prisone As- to one who went to much trouble to help :
bl 1to5
sociation of New York saystlyhe is aable
o d y t s e e n
w arfrequently
refute the Pstatement qu had a talk with X -
made that ourI foreman turned him over to
, who explained to him that we would
discharged prisoners are returning to crime be very glad to start him as a porter for two or
because nobody will hire them . In July, three weeks at $ 9 a week. At the end of the
1916 , he reported that every able -bodied time, if he showed himself interested and efficient,
man that applied during the month of June, we would make him a second machine-hand, or
a man in back of the machine, which pays $ 12
and was willing to work and take what was a week , at which place we would keep him for
found for him , was placed within a few days. two or three weeks. At the end of the time, we
Wages ran from $ 9 to $ 20 a week . would advance him to machine-hand, which pays
One ex-prisoner writes that he is getting from $ 15 up , depending upon the machine. Our
foreman understood that X — would report for
$ 18 a week as bookkeeper and general clerk , work the following morning, but that is the last
and is going to repay the expenses “ defrayed we have ever seen of him .
in his behalf.” Another of the gray brother
hood says that he has " suffered” an increase Another employer writes : " I offered this
in salary, and that he is not " kicking about man employment at $ 1.75 a day, agreeing
the Saturday afternoon holiday that has been to advance him as he showed ability in the
dispensed with ." line of work that was assigned to him . Very
Good will toward the released prisoner is much to my surprise, he did not put in an
spreading . Hundreds of New York mer appearance the next day."
chants were asked last winter to give em A man just down from State prison se
ployment to men just out of prison . A cured a job with a corporation employing
manufacturer, having taken five men , tele- thousands, giving false references. He was
phoned into the office, saying that the men employed pending the verification of his
were doing so well that he wondered if they references. Needing cash relief to tide him
had not given false statements as to having over , he went to the Prison Association ,
had a prison record for the purpose of secur- where he stated that he would surely be dis
ing positions. charged when his references were found to
The surge in the prisoner's behalf is not be " phoney ." The writer agreed to inter
confined to any one State. Henry Ford has cede for him with the vice -president of the
at least 600 released prisoners in his works company. The young man should return on
at Detroit. Miss Katharine B . Davis, chair- Monday. The vice -president was seen on
man of the parole commission of New York schedule, but the ex-prisoner did not return .
City , has been organizing the relief societies Two days later he brought word that he
of the city into a coöperative agency for find. had been " fired because his references were
ing employment for men and women coming found crooked .” Asked why he had not re
314
 THE MAN WHO COMES OUT 315
turned on Monday, he had no excuse to offer thropic machinery exists to refit the jail in
save indifference. mate within the institution , or to find him
employment afterwards. Here is a huge
THE HANDICAPS OF PRISONERS problem for the future.
Governor Whitman has recommended the first attention should be given , in plans
establishment by the State of New York of for betterment on a broad scale, to the
an employment bureau for men and women 25,000 men or more, who , just from State
coming out of prison . Such a bureau would prisons or reformatories, furnish the acute
be only a partial solution . The task is com - stage of the problem . They have been the
plicated not only by the past records of the worst criminals, generally ; many of the most
bureau's clients, but also by the complete serious crimes can be attributed to them ; a
unwillingness, still, of most employers to large proportion of the country's crime is
take a released prisoner. Furthermore, a due to their continued anti-social careers.
considerable number of ex-prisoners are in - Can this army of dangerous social elements
competent, handicapped , or otherwise in - be assimilated , be made honest and indus
capacitated. When entering prison , many trious? A man is not honest and a criminal
of them were economic or social wrecks. at the same time. Much of our crime will
Prison debilitates and destroys many a man. disappear if the man coming out of prison
Unlike a hospital, which keeps a 'person until can be made to stay honest.
at least convalescent, the prison discharges
its inmates when their time is up, whether LIGHT ON THE SOLUTION
or no. The answer is very encouraging. Plainly
Exactly one-half of the ex-prisoners com - put, if manufacturers and other employers,
ing to the Prison Association 's employment on the one side, and prisons and prisoners,
secretary from October to December, 1915 , on the other, will coöperate practically , the
inclusive, were suffering from handicaps or problem can eventually be largely solved .
diseases so serious as to prevent them from Statistics are illuminating on this point.
earning a living save under the most favor- Over 30 ,000 ,000 males ten years or over
able conditions. Drunkards, the mentally were employed in this country in 1910. Only
defective, the senile , the drug fiends, all add 25,000 male prisoners came out of the State
to the problem . If all released prisoners prisons and reformatories in that year. In
were able -bodied , the problem would be 1910 there were 268,491 manufacturing es
wonderfully lightened. tablishments in our country . If one such
THE REAL PROBLEM establishment in every ten had assimilated
one State prisoner in that year, the total
A half-million persons, 90 per cent of task of assimilation would have been accom
whom are men , are each year committed to plished , providing the prisoner made good .
correctional institutions in our country. Few In those 268,491 establishments there were
die in prison . “What goes into jail must 5, 163, 164 male wage-earners of sixteen years
come out.” If it comes out untrained , unfit, of age or over. What are 25,000 men
incompetent, how much can the employment among five and a half million ? Less than
bureaus or other relief efforts contribute one-half of one per cent. Furthermore, there
toward the permanent merging of this group were employed in agriculture, forestry, and
with the outside world ? animal husbandry in 1910 nearly eleven mil
One out of every two hundred or two lion other males. The number of prisoners
hundred and fifty persons in the United above mentioned would have been but one
States gets into jail each year. This takes fourth of one per cent. of this number of
no account of those other throngs, who, workers. Transportation claimed two and
arraigned at court, receive acquittal, dis a half million more workers. Trade em
charge, suspended sentence, or probation. Of ployed three million others. Clerical occu
those going to correctional institutions, the pations required a million more. And only
great bulk are committed for but a few 25,000 men from prison to be assimilated .
days or weeks. Of 468,000 persons dis- This huge country can perfectly well,
charged from prisons or jails in 1910 , only therefore, digest its own army of reformed
25,000 came out of State prisons or State “major" criminals, whenever that reform oc
reformatories. In other words, only about curs on an economic basis. This would re
6 per cent. of all those coming out came from quire organization . The start must come
the " higher institutions of crime." either through the powerful stimulus of
At present little governmental or philan - some great corporation , or through the en
 316 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RETIENS
thusiastic but sane agitation of some philan - to sell, as well as labor. Hemust not come
thropist, who has caught the vision , that all out of prison broken down in body or mind.
over the country a remarkable reduction in He must come out reasonably healthy
crime can be secured , and an appalling minded, not only in morals but in his atti
amount ofmisery alleviated or eliminated, by tude toward society . Occupations of the
organizing the relief and employment of ex most varied sorts will open up to him . Just
prisoners along such lines . as he, before going to prison , came from all
SOMETHING ALREADY DONE sorts of occupations, so he will be placed not
in any particular occupation or trade. In
Remarkable starts have already been the last three months of 1915, of 67 men
made. Think of the Ford Company, with placed by the employment secretary of the
already 600 or more released prisoners at Prison Association , 27 went into trades that
work ! The United States Penitentiary might be called skilled , and 35 into unskilled
paper, at Leavenworth, Kansas, publishes a occupations. The 67 men entered 31 dif
so -called honor-roll of corporations employ- ferent occupations, including those of dish
ing ex -prisoners. Yet only a few of the washer, beliboy, bookkeeper, butcher, cutter,
many similar corporations are thus listed : driver, freight handler, iron worker, kitchen
The Standard Oil Company of New York ; The man , laborer, machinist, packer, painter,
Pullman Company, Chicago ; The American Car plumber, presser, munitions maker, chauf
and Foundry Company, West Virginia ; The feur, janitor, salesman , stenographer, and
Kelly Axe Manufacturing Company, Charleston ; watchman .
The Consolidated Coal Company, West Virginia ;
The Pulaski Iron Company ; four of the big FAULTS OF THE OLD PRISON SYSTEM
Trunk Line Railroads; The New River and Con
solidated Coal Company, West Virginia ; The The prison must turn out its human prod
Red Jacket Consolidated Coal and Coke Com uct fit to fight for an honest living . The
pany; The Hazel Atlas Glass Company; The old prison system , with its deadly monotony,
Chalmers Motor Company, Michigan . its long daily cellular confinement, its gov
How long would it take the great manu- ernment of inmates by masses and by num
facturing plants of this country to assimi- bers, its barbarous cruelties , and its gener
late our entire output of ex-prisoners, if they ally depressing effect upon its inmates, turned
once determine to try to ? How simple the back into society an army of sullen , revenge
problem , when it resolves itself according to ful, anti-social creatures, justified in consid
States ! California 's output from Folsom and erable measure for their enmity toward
San Quentin prisons in 1910 was only 887. society . Such prisons have not ceased to be.
Colorado returned to society in 1910 from As I write these words, reports come to me
Canyon City and Buena Vista only 550 pris- of a county penitentiary in my own State
oners. Connecticut returned from Wethers- where men in stripes have been forced to
field only 163 ; Idaho only 75. Even New wear heavy chains riveted to their bodies
York, which sends out yearly the largest for months, as punishment and a preventive
number of any State , released from prisons against escape, in an institution where the
and reformatories in 1910 only 3019 men . officials in charge announced to an investi
It is not the numbers that come out of gating committee that the institution was not
Arisons that is society 's peril; it is their con- one for reformation but for the safe-keeping
tinned sedherence to crime. of inmates.
WHAT IS REQUIRED OF THE WAY OUT OF THE NEW KIND OF PRISON
PRISON ? The old prison system sought to con
Tevi what are the obligations of the revert to right-living through terrorism and
levened prisoner and the prison itself in such cruelty. The newer prison system , the kind
i comprehensive arrangement. The released of prison that Tynan of Colorado, Gilmour
prinner must etter himself to the prospective of Guelph ( Ontario ), and Homer and Os
emplever as a commercial proposition . The borne of New York have been developing,
emplever must need the man , and the man is an enormous and radical advance, with its
porn nerd the job. The man coming out herr sistems its seli -government, its fair
he willing to take any reliable sob plari toward the just and constructive treat
that he can find. Hemet eynt to begin ment of the individual inmate a long step
at the Authen . It he don 't have to he toma touan turning him out ready and
W henniall halı vible to earn his bread 5 the sweat of his
The rend prayer mun hale health han. That thev a a danger, in
 THE MAN WHO COMES OUT 317
that a certain proportion of this human from almost every State of the Union .
product may acquire a highly exaggerated Indiana may be taken as a typical State.
idea of their own importance to the world ,
is annoying, but not of great significance just a Between April 1, 1897, and September 20, 1915,
period of approximately 1872 years, 9074 per
now . This curious development of the " ex sons were paroled from the State prison and re
aggerated ego" may, after all, be but a by formatory of Indiana
product of a day when public opinion is 286Ofare5547stillmenreporting
paroled from the reformatory,
(latest report of State
fastened upon the "man inside” with an en Board of Charities ) , and 1463 are delinquent ;
thusiasm that sometimes becomes embarrass 73.63 per cent. have made good .
ing to constructive prison reform . From the State prison 3527 men were paroled,
Even the older prisons under new masters of whom 225 were reporting on September 20,
are able to develop more nearly normal men i. 1915. The delinquents numbered 970, and 73. 36
per cent. of those paroled have made good or
The personality of the man at the head of are doing so .
the prison is the chief secret of success or The parole law did not apply to the Women 's
failure in running a prison. And so , to - Prison until 1890. Since then , 264 women have
day, wise wardens fight vice by open -air been paroled , 18 of whom are still reporting.
Seventy- five are delinquent, and the percentage
treatment and recreations, instead of by club who have made good is 71.59.
and whip and paddle. The disease- ridden Before the parole law went into effect, more
cells are now offset, so far as possible, by than 40 per cent. of all persons discharged from
prison returned sooner or later, and consequently
decreased time within those cells on the part the percentage making good was less than 60.
of the inmates. Goals in life are being put The prisoners on parole during the 1872 years
before prisoners through classes, and by earned while on parole $ 2,260 ,628 .77, besides re
judiciously chosen and stimulating entertain ceiving in some instances board and lodging.
Their expenses were $ 2,143,423.41, leaving sav
ments. Interest in the welfare of prisoners ings amounting to $ 117,205.36, or an average of
is being encouraged " on the outside." $ 51.10 each .
INDETERMINATE SENTENCE AND PAROLE Furthermore , the parole system is a most
Two great incentives, rendering prisoners efficient first-aid to released prisoners, in that
more fit for freedom , have found a foothold in most instances a bona fide promise of a
in prison administration — the indeterminate job is required before the inmate may be re
sentence, and parole. Under the indeter- leased on parole. It excites wonder always
minate sentence, a parole board is likely to to find how large a proportion of the jobs
release on parole the well-behaved, indus- thus secured by friends on the outside turn
trious inmate months and even years before out to be satisfactory .
the release of the man that is neither indus- All in all, the chances of the men coming
trious nor good. cut are far from desperate , particularly in
The indeterminate sentence would be of these good times . The way to a far larger
little value without parole. The man on system of rehabilitating the released prisoner
parole is out of prison , and yet not free is pretty clear.
from it. Parole is an outgrowth of the Eng - Employers, prisoners, and prison must work
lish system of ticket-of-leave. The paroled together to fit the prisoner for his chance,
man is trusted outside the walls, with lim - and to give him that chance . Society must
ited freedom . A parole officer supervises his assimilate the 25,000 or more of the "major
conduct. For a period, varying with differ- criminals" annually. A small number of
ent parole boards, the released prisoner re- prisoners' aid societies are already active. A
mains on parole, perhaps for six months, large number of individuals are also helping.
perhaps for a year or more. For violation of The time is ripe for a nation -wide movement
the rules of parole, the prisoner on parole to deal with a nation -wide problem . The
may be returned to prison . mass of lesser offenders, totalling not far
It is generally felt by prison officials that from a half-million, must receive attention .
about every three out of every four inmates Society's task is by no means hopeless , but
released on parole " make good,” or in other it is, and will be, very hard . Nevertheless,
words, finish their parole period satisfac- for its own protection , if not for the sake
torily, and receive their absolute release from of human brotherhood, society must under
prison. Examples of success can be cited take the burden .
 THE MINOR PARTIES
THEIR CANDIDATES AND PLATFORMS
THE customary assertion of leaders in Mr. Benson is well known as a writer of
I each of the minor parties — that it will books andmagazine articles on economic and
poll vastly more votes in the coming Presi- political subjects. He was born in Michigan
dential election than ever before - seems forty - four years ago, and was educated in the
more than usually confident in tone and con - public schools. After serving as newspaper
vincing in logic and argument. Socialists, reporter, he was made editor of the Detroit
Prohibitionists, and Socialist Laborites are Times when only thirty years old , afterwards
making bids, in party platforms and from being editor of the Washington Times. Re
the stump, for those of the four million Pro- cent years have been devoted entirely to
gressives who may not care to vote for either magazine and book writing. He is author
Mr. Hughes or Mr. Wilson . Discontented of " Socialism Made Plain ,” “ The Truth
Republicans and Democrats will also be wel- About Socialism ,” “ The Usurped Power of
comed , and pacifists have no place else to go. the Courts," " A Way to Prevent War,"
In 1912, the three minor parties polled “ Inviting War to America," "Our Dis
1, 139,060 votes. The Socialist candidate re- honest Constitution ," and many Socialist
ceived 901,873, the Prohibitionist 207,928 , pamphlets, some of which have had a circu
and the Socialist Labor nominee 29,259. lation of a million copies.
Republican and Democratic arguments dur- Encouraged by the result in 1912 — when
ing Presidential its best previous
campaigns monop vote was more
olize so much THE VOTE CAST BY MINOR PARTIES DURING THE LAST than doubled - the
of neighborly con TWENTY - FOUR YEARS Socialists will this
Inde year conduct the
versation and Socialist People 's Prohi- pen
newspaper space Year Socialist Labor ( Populist) bition dence most extensive
that it is difficult 1892 . . .. . . . 21, 164 1,041,028 264,133 campaign in their
to believe that one 1896
1900
. .. . .. .
87,814
36 ,274
39,739
245,728
50,373
132,007
208,914
history. Mr. Ben
voter out of every 1904 402,283 31,249 117,183 258,536 son will tour the
thirteen ignores 1908 420,793 13,825 29,100 253,840 82,872 Northern States.
the major parties 1912 901,873 29,259 . . .. . . . . 207,928 . . . . . . His running-mate,
and registers his Mr. George R .
belief in principles Kirkpatrick , of
which those parties reject. In some States Newark , N . J., will campaign in the South.
the proportion is larger ; inCalifornia, one Mr. Benson , the Presidential nominee, be
voter in six is a Socialist or
a Prohibitionist. lieves in national defense by mines and sub
marines chiefly . He severely criticized the
THE SOCIALIST CANDIDATE " inflammatory " utterances of President Wil
The most popular of the three minor po- son on his Western tour early in the year
litical organizations is also the youngest. charging insincerity, “ words which have not
Formed in 1900 as an offshoot of the Social- squared with acts,” and a conversion to pre
ist Labor group, the Socialist Party is now paredness merely as a political expedient.
in its fifth national campaign ; and it is the Mr. Benson favored the Pershing expedition
only party that has grown in strength with to punish Villa , but declares that the troops
each quadrennial appeal to the people . Mr. should long ago have been withdrawn and
Eugene V . Debs, its nominee in the four used as police protection along the border .
previous campaigns, this year will seek elec
tion to Congress from Indiana. THE PLATFORM OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY
The Socialist nominee for the Presidency As submitted by the National Executive
is Mr. Allan L . Benson, of Yonkers, N . Y. Committee, the Socialist platform contains
He was chosen by direct vote of the dues- many new planks relating to war and pre
paying members of the party, receiving a paredness, but declares the major issue still
majority of the 32,400 votes cast. to be “ the need of such a reorganization of
318
 THE MINOR PARTIES

J . FRANK HANLY ALLAN L . BENSON ARTHUR E . REIMER

(Prohibition ) (Socialist ) (Socialist Labor) .
THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES OF THE MINOR PARTIES

our economic life as will remove the land, THE SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY
the mines, forests, railroads, mills, and fac- The original political group of Socialists
tories — all the things required for our physi- in this country was formed in 1877, adopting
cal existence — from the clutches of industrial the name of the Socialist Labor Party . Its
and financial freebooters, and place them se early years were stormy,marked by the with
curely and permanently in the hands of the drawal or repudiation of one group after an
people.” So long as the few own and control other. Those who remain are ultra-radical
the economic life of the nation , the many members of the self-styled “ working class,"
must be enslaved , poverty must coexist with as distinguished from the capitalist class
riotous luxury, and civil strife prevail. "which performs no other function than that
The great war in Europe, we are told , is of pocketing the wealth it steals from the
a natural result of the capitalist system of working class.” They believe that " it is high
production , and was brought about by the time the workers of this country should take
desire of competing groups to control oppor over the industries — the shops, mills, mines ,
tunities for foreign investments and trade. railroads — and run them for their own
Preparedness for national defense is de benefit.” “ If this means revolution , what
nounced as false , unnecessary, and danger- of it ?"
ous ; for a greater army is desired by the The Socialist Labor Party aims to create
capitalist class merely to keep the working a system of social ownership of the means
class in subjection , and a greater navy would of production , the workers to assume control
only be used to safeguard foreign investments and direction as well as operation of their
The Socialists demand that " the power be industrial affairs. The platform of this
taken from the President to lead the nation party therefore calls upon wage-workers to
into a position which leaves no escape from " prepare by organization politically and in
war.” The power to fix foreign policies and dustrially to seize the power of government
conduct diplomatic intercourse should be and take possession of industries.”
lodged in Congress and made subject to a The Presidential candidate of the Socialist
referendum vote of the people. Labor Party is Mr. Arthur E . Reimer, and
The Monroe Doctrine, intended to safe. the Vice-Presidential candidate is Mr. Caleb
guard our peace, has become a menace and Harrison . Mr. Reimer, with only a gram
our greatest danger of war, and should there- mar-school education , was for fifteen years
fore be abandoned. The independence of the a tailor until he undertook and completed
Philippines should be recognized in justice to an evening law course in Boston . He was
the Filipinos and to ourselves. admitted to the bar in 1912 , at the age of
320 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
thirty -five, as he was entering upon his first Doctrine is approved and the Philippines
campaign for the Presidency . should for the present be retained.
The platform also declares for the prohi
THE PROHIBITION CANDIDATE bition of child labor, demands an eight-hour
The Prohibition Party met in national working day and the extension of compensa
convention at St. Paul in July, and chose the tion and liability laws, favors the separation
Hon . J. Frank Hanly, of Indianapolis, as of church and state with guaranty of reli
candidate for President and Dr. Ira Land- gious and civil rights to all, and advocates
rith , of Nashville , for Vice- President. Mr.uniform marriage and divorce laws.
Eugene W . Chafin , the nominee in 1908 and The movement to prohibit the manufac
1912, led an unsuccessful fight for the nomi- ture, sale, and use of intoxicating liquors
nation of William Sulzer, of New York . has recently made great advances in this
: Mr. Hanly is a recent convert to the ranks country. During the past two years alone,
of the Prohibition Party, although he has eight States have adopted laws establishing
long been noted as a social and political re- complete prohibition , and in many smaller
former. Like Mr. Wilson and Mr. Hughes, districts the local-option plan has resulted in
he too has served as Governor of his State . the banishment of the saloon. In all of this
As a Republican he had been sent to Con- work the Prohibition Party has played a re
gress , almost chosen Senator, and elected sponsible part; yet its strength at the polls
Governor. His term in the executive office has not increased in twenty years. It is
( 1905-1909 ) was characterized throughout claimed , however, that a million voters have
by strong leadership and a high level of pledged their support to the Prohibition
statesmanship. He aroused the bitter oppo- ticket this year. . .
sition of politicians and party leaders, but TWO NEW PARTIES
single -handed was able to persuade an un
willing party to adopt a county option anti- In the Prohibition convention at St. Paul,
saloon law . the name of William Sulzer had been per
The Prohibition candidate is a remark - haps more frequently mentioned than any
able campaigner: an eloquent and persuasive other, but his admirers were unable to obtain
orator, and above all a fighter. He was the his nomination . Soon afterwards, delegates
choice of Indiana Progressives for Governor to a convention of the American Party as
this spring, but declined because the na- sembled in Minneapolis and nominated Mr.
tional platform ignored the liquor ques- Sulzer as candidate for President and Mr.
tion — " the supreme moral, economic, and I. G . Pollard , of Indiana, for Vice-President.
political issue of the country : the legalized This party had been formed in New York ,
partnership between government and the two years ago , to enable Mr. Sulzer to run
traffic in intoxicating liquors." Mr. Hanly for Governor and thus afford the people an
was born in Illinois fifty -three years ago, opportunity to reverse the result of the im
and was educated in the common schools. peachment proceedings.
At the age of eighteen he became a public The American Party platform declares for
school teacher, and eight years later gained religious liberty , separation of church and
admission to the bar. With the exception of state , free speech , free press, free public
his periods of public service, he has practised schools, equal suffrage, prohibition , govern
law in Indiana cities for twenty -seven years . ment ownership and control of public utili
Since his term as Governor, he has lectured ties, the initiative, referendum and recall,
extensively in the interest of prohibition. and the abolition of child labor. Mr. Sulzer
believes that his party would " redeem
THE PLATFORM OF THE PROHIBITION PARTY America from rum rule and Rome rule."
The Prohibitionists were the original While Republicans and Progressives were
party of progressivism , and they still afford holding their national conventions in June,
a haven for the idealist and the radical. representative women workers for suffrage
Thus the platform this year condemns uni met at Chicago and formed a Woman 's
versal military service and wasteful pre- Party . Last month they assembled again at
paredness programs, and proposes that our Colorado Springs and decided to use their
present army should be employed, at an in - best efforts — in the twelve Western States
dustrial wage, on reclamation and forestry where four million women vote - to defeat
work , and naval vessels should be used Mr. Wilson , the only Presidential candidate
wherever possible as merchantmen . War who refused to endorse their proposed suf
with Mexico is opposed, but the Monroe frage amendment to the Federal Constitution .
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE
MONTH
IN the following pages appear abstracts of articles from German , French , Russian ,
1 Swiss , Greek, Japanese, and Spanish -American sources, not to speak of English and
American periodicals from which we quote at some length .
So far as the American popular magazines are concerned, the August issues, as is cus

d i e r s m a g a z ine
tomary, are given over almost entirely to short stories. In the September numbers, how

l i f e.S h e appearsol
ever , there is noticeable a return to serious topics. The Century , for example , has an arti
in and a
cle by William C . Dreher on “ Bethmann -Hollweg and German Policies.” Another article
of more than common interest in this magazine is an illustrated description of the journals
that are written by and for the soldiers in the trenches of France, with reproductions of
striking features that have appeared from time to time in these printed or mimeographed
diaries of trench life. There are even photographs of the editorial " offices ” and staffs of
these enterprising periodicals, two of which are said to have a circulation of 18,000 each .
Other topics in the September Century are: “ Working in a Mexican Mine," by. Harry
A . Franck ; " Rodín and the Beaux Arts," by Judith Cladel ; and an instalment of the cor
respondence of the late Richard Watson Gilder, for thirty years the editor of the Century .
In the September Scribner 's the Battle of Verdun is described by Raymond Recouly
( Captain X ) , the French officer whose writings from the front have appeared in succes
sive issues of Scribner's and have attracted widespread notice. The instalment of E . H .
Sothern's “ Remembrances” in this number relates to Charles Frohman and Richard Mans
field . Randolph S . Bourne contributes an article on the much -discussed school system of
Gary, Indiana, with an introductory note by Director William Wirt. There is an illus
trated article on North American mountain -climbing and Ernest Peixotto describes in
text and pictures the picturesque city of Santa Fé in New Mexico.
Current public movements receive the usual allotments of attention in the North
American Review for August. The editor's comments on political pledges are piquant and
impartial in the distribution of blame among various parties and factions. A discussion of
" Ignominious Neutrality " by Philip Marshall Brown results in the series of negative con
clusions— for example, that neutrality like war itself is abnormal ;, that a neutral .nation
cannot remain the friend of both belligerents ; that a nation trying to remain neutral suf
fers many restrictions and infringements of the rights of peace . Mr. Brown's positive
dictum is that a neutral nation must necessarily become both a judge and a party in a
world war.
In recurring to the well-worn theme of “ Prohibition in Kansas,” Albert Jay Nock
emphasizes the distinction between the prohibition of the saloon and the prohibition of
drinking as a habit. Kansas' prohibition , he says, is not directed against drinking at all.
It is aimed at the traditional method of retail distribution of liquors.
An article in the Atlantic for August on “ Democratic Control of Foreign Policy,"
by G . Lowes Dickinson , refers not, as might possibly be inferred, to the handling of our
foreign relations by the Wilson Administration , but to the general aptitude of democracies
for diplomacy . To this British writer it appears as if the conditions of popular control of
foreign policy were present more fully in the United States than in any other country.
It is admitted that the President, although he cannot actually declare war, can conduct
negotiations in such a way that Congress has no choice save to declare it. He is, how
ever, an elected officer and naturally desires the support of public opinion . Therefore, it
is not probable that American foreign policy will be withdrawn into that night of secrecy
in which the wars of Europe are engendered .”
Meredith Nicholson 's survey of “ The Second-Rate Man in Politics" is photographic
in its descriptions of the typical American politician , and applies with startling aptness to
the situation in the present Congress.
Sept. - 6 321
 322 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
THE ALLIES OF THE FUTURE - ENG .
LAND , GERMANY, AND UNCLE SAM
THE second anniversaiy of the beginning such an alliance as the one suggested. In his
I of the great war proved to be the occa- opinion only one way remains open , and that
sion of many deliverances in the nature of in the exactly opposite direction . Germany
prophecy and forecast as well as of retrospect. must join not Russia , but England.
One of these which caused much comment Moreover, as Japan has allied herself with
in the United States was a “meditation " by Russia, thus menacing America's position in
Professor Hugo Muensterberg of Harvard, the Pacific, it would be to the interest of the
published in the New York Times. United States to join this British -German
In his discussion of the world situation alliance. The British navy, the German
that he thinks may reasonably be expected to army, and the American wealth , backed up
follow the conclusion of peace, Professor by English diplomacy, German firmness, and
Muensterberg starts with the assumption American optimism and dash , would form
that Germany cannot be dismembered . In an invincible alliance. As Professor Muen
any case , he asserts, Germany will remain a sterberg views it : " It is the one league in
powerful nation . Is it to be supposed that the world the mere existence of which would
the Teutonic powers will continue isolated guarantee the peace of the next generation .”
on one side while the Allies remain united It would naturally attract France, Austria,
on the other? Professor Muensterberg Italy, Sweden , Holland, Spain , Brazil, and
thinks not. “ A team is a team , harnessed Argentina. “ It would be America and Cen
for a task, but not a family bound together tral Western Europe on one side, Asia and
for the life of children and children 's chil- Eastern Europe on the other ; but such a
dren.” He does not believe that England partition of the world would not even sug
and France will get on together, and as for gest a contest of arms, as Russia would not
Italy , he looks upon her entrance into the dare to attack India and Germany at the
anti- Teutonic alliance as a blunder . same time. It would be truly a world divi
England and Russia, says Professor sion with a historic allotment of peaceful
Muensterberg, must part ways when the tasks. If America, Great Britain , and Ger
peace is signed, since the contrast of their many frankly and heartily decide to stand
world interests has not been changed in the together, the war of today may be the last
slightest degree by the war against the Cen - great war for centuries.”
tral Powers. As a world empire Germany, Professor Muensterberg exalts the part
even before the war, was almost insignificant that the United States should play in the
beside Russia and Great Britain , which have consummation of this alliance:
opposite interests, traditions, and ideals.
True, they can make a partnership tempo - The third partner must not wait until the
rarily against their German neighbor, but decisive steps of the European nations have been
there are great world problems which in the taken . The one alliance which can crown the
century demands not only that Germany and Eng
long run must tend to their separation . land find each other but that they finds each other
After the war Professor Muensterberg through the good -will of America. Sensa
foresees the Russian and British empires as tionalists have tired our ears with their cries
of remember this and remember that and re
the central energies of two diverging com member everything ; it is a greater art and a
binations, with Germany as the one Euro higher task to forget. If America will, both
pean power that can tip the scale for either Germany and England can forget, and in the
one of these combinations on the world bal- ocean of thought which binds the three peoples
ance. Many in Germany, he thinks, would the submarines of emotion will leave their
torpedoes at home and will ply unarmed to the
favor an alliance with Russia . Austria, Tur foreign Nothing
shores. seems
Individuals
key and Japan would join such an alliance , ples. needed are freer three
but that than great
peo
and after a few years Russia with their aid men listen to the voice of the age and fulfil
would feel strong enough for the final stroke today the sacred task for which it may be too
in India and Egypt. In the war that would late tomorrow . The gods of history have put
three great Democrats each into the place of
ensue the world would be at stake. Europe, honor and trust and power. If Woodrow Wilson,
Asia , and America would be involved . Ev Bethmann -Hollweg, and Lloyd George will
speak the word for which the century is ripe,
ery effort, therefore, according to Profes not only this war will be ended, but future wars
sor Muensterberg , should be made to avert will be impossible .
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 323
A SWISS VIEW OF GERMAN ECONOMIC
POLICIES AFTER THE WAR
THE interest of neutral nations in the armed for the negotiations of the treaty of peace,
I economic policies planned by belliger and that to all attempts at exclusion they should
oppose the triple demand : the treatment of the
ents for the period following on the declara most favored nation ; equality of treatment;
tion of peace is scarcely less keen than that . . . the principle of the open door. . . .
of the belligerents themselves. Hence pub Equality of treatment, freedom of the seas, the
all over
licists all the world
over the world are
are considering
considering open
open door — what do these mean ? Simply the
eleventh article of the treaty of Frankfort re
such questions and anxiously weighing the newed and imposed not merely on France, but
probable value of such policies in so far as upon all the competitors of Germany. We know
they affect their own actions. what she has extracted from that since 1871.
A Swiss writer , Maurice Millioud, dis She promises herself to do better yet. For the
empires would treat with each of the Allies,
cusses in the June number of the Biblio while the Allies would encounter the economic
thèque Universelle (Lausanne) German block of Central Europe, Aanked by Bulgaria,
plans as indicated in various influential Ger- by Turkey, and perhaps by Greece .
man journals. He declares that official cir
cles in the Central Empires are already fac- It is just here, thinks Mr. Millioud, that
ing the future economic struggle between the dogma of autarchy reappears, signifying
themselves and their vassals and their pres two things : ( 1) A union , both in customs
ent military adversaries. He says: and economics of Germany and Austria
Hungary ; (2 ) A common effort of these
One idea has made the tour of both empires, empires to supply their own needs by their
it is to constitute an autarchy of " Central agricultural and industrial production , to
Europe," that is to say, a solid block of nations
economically united and sufficient unto them which end both production and exchange are
selves. Autarchy is the word in fashion in to be organized scientifically for their mu
Germany to designate this politico -economic for- tual benefit. To this end he believes that the
mation . In sum , it would be the régime of the doctrine of concentration of the forces of the
closed commercial state, such as was recom nation in the hands of the government - a
mended by Fichte for Germany. Only, it would
comprise Bulgaria and Turkey, with a large
field of exploitation in Asia Minor or Mesopo
policy made necessary by the war — will be
indefinitely continued in times of peace.
tamia. To isolate itself from the rest of Europe
and to be self-sufficing would require the rein Since the beginning of the war the purchase
forcement of agriculture to meet the needs of of the raw materials necessary to industry has
the people, and the calculation of industrial pro
duction with a view to internal consumption as been entrusted to great companies which enjoy
the main issue, allowing exports to take the an exclusive monopoly : Others control the buy
second place. ing of food . . All imports and exports
There is something tragic in this dream of a are regulated with this double purpose of satis
Central Europe unifying itself only to barricade fying the needs of the population and raising
itself, and prolonging of its own motion the the rate of exchange. . . It is proposed to
blockade which it so bitterly accuses England of maintain these measures after the close of the
inflicting. war.
But one can easily surmise that the represen
tatives of high finance and of the great indus There are , of course, two grave difficulties
tries will not readily submit to their part in this in the path of this program . One is to make
total subversion of affairs, with the return to German merchandise acceptable to nations
a régime essentially agrarian, any more than to
the renunciation of the world -policy and the uni which are even now forming an economic
versal commerce which assures them handsome union against Germany. The other is the
profits. They do not envy the condition of Tibet, problem of the support of the German popu
despite their taste for the rôle of Grand Llamas. lation during the period which must inevita
Mr. Millioud remarks, however, that the bly elapse before the foreign markets are re
spokesmen of finance, industry , and com conquered. Mr. Millioud declares that the
merce in no wise reject the dogma of au isanswer by German leaders to these questions
that the world cannot do without Ger
tarchy, but wish to define it in their own many
fashion. That is, they would make it an supply.either as a customer or as a source of .
He thus resumes the argument :
autarchy of expansion and even of aggression. supply .
The Frankfort Gazette has published a whole The Central Empires will say to the Allies :
series of articles under the title, "Commercial “We will deal nation with nation ; you shall not
Policy and War." According to this the princi: make a league of exclusion against us nor we
pal thing is that the Central Empires should be against you . In the name of the freedom of
324 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
commerce, of the open door, and of equality of mediaries between German producers and the
treatment, we demand permission to traffic with markets of Allies. To
the Allies
of the Support the pop
To support
you ." It is true that our merchants form a gi markets
ulation during these years of slow and crafty
gantic syndicate of sale, which insures to them
the power of cutting prices and flooding your manipulation the present war measures of
markets, . . . , . but principles are principles, government control of supplies and consump
and their organization is an internal affair which tion will be continued in force.
concerns only them and us. . . .”
Thus there will be restored in full vigor the There will be a common Alimentary Bureau
practises of " dumping,” of commercial spying for the army and for civilians. Already the
and infiltration, of establishing long credits, of future director is called the Alimentary Dictator
methodically crushing all native competition - all (Lebensmittel diktator ). . . . This is the Prus
the practises of commercial ferocity which men sianization of supplies, and if you consider all
ace the world with enslavement. “ And they will the rest, the Prussianization of economic matters
be restored under cover of the very principles . . . one may well ask if there will remain
which the Allies are defending with money and any place for the individual in this super- com
tears and blood . plicated mechanism of the new functions of the
state : economic policies, social policies, alimen
To overcome prejudice on the part of their tary policies. . . .
late enemies, Mr. Millioud believes the Teu " Is it surprising that the Kaiser has received
tons will go subtly to work by founding com Socialist deputies and addressed them with in
panies, in neutral countries and stamping sinuating words — this régime passes their wildest
dreams! It is more than the socialization of the
German goods with the marks of these coun means of production ; it is the socialization of
tries. These houses will thus serve as inter everything.

VENIZELOS ON THE ALLIES' INTER

VENTION IN GREECE
COMMENTING on the recent resig- tion of the army, to determine the national
nation of the Skouloudis Government of will.
Greece, former Premier Venizelos, the leader Friends of the fallen government declare
of the Liberal "party, sets forth in a recent that this action of the Allies constitutes an
number of Kiryx (Athens) some of the rea- interference with the internal affairs of
sons which in his opinion justify the action Greece . Mr. Venizelos freely admits the
of the Entente Allies in demanding addi- truth of this assertion , but charges that the
tional guarantees of neutrality on the one interference was caused by the defiant atti
hand through total demobilization of the tude of the Skouloudis Government and its
Greek troops, and on the other hand through refusal to give up office even after repressive
the formation of a new government. measures began to be applied against Greece
Mr. Venizelos characterizes the attitude and all formal relations had been cut off on
of the Skouloudis Government towards the the part of the Entente. Since the policy of
Entente Allies as undisguisedly malevolent. Greece had changed from a friendly to an
He severely condemns the handing over of openly unfriendly one, in spite of repeated
the fortress of Rupel to the Bulgarians, and votes of the representatives of the nation and
charges that the government organized at- in spite of the popular vote on May 31, Mr.
tacks upon the offices of certain Liberal news- Venizelos regards it as only natural that the
papers and irritated the powers through in - powers, as protectors of the independence and
sults directed against the embassies. The constitutional liberties of the Greek people,
powers , on their part, considered themselves should demand that the people be called upon
not only as the guardians of Greece through after the demobilization to express their will
the international acts by which she was con - concerning the government.
stituted an independent kingdom , but that He welcomes this action of the powers as
this guardianship was further confirmed by based not only on treaties and contracts , but
the contract through which they offered the aj aimed at the overthrow of the system of
crown of the constitutional Kingdom of espionage and the terrorism to which the
Greece to the second son of the King of Den people have been subjected. So long as the
mark after the revolution of 1862 . They attempt is made to obtain the free expression
therefore demanded the restoration of the of their sovereign will, the Greek people will
constitution in its full effect through the find in this action new reasons for gratitude
holding of elections, after the demobiliza- to the protecting powers.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 325

0 m
TOT UTILEon Tis
UNUTTU
so
UR Hii 11 D
IKAT
DELU

ANATOLIA COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL AT MARSOVAN, IN ASIA MINOR, SEIZED BY TURKISH AUTHORITIES
( The large, fully equipped hospital at the right)

THE EVICTION OF AMERICANS FROM

MARSOVAN BY THE TURKS
IN May last, President George E . White, military necessity. The governor refused
I of Anatolia College; Dr. J. K . Marden, Dr. White 's request for a written statement
in charge of Anatolia Hospital, and a group of his official proceedings concerning Ameri
of men and women connected with the vari- can interests. Every American was required
ous institutions of the American Board at to leave Marsovan and no other person was
Marsovan , Asia Minor, were evicted by the permitted to accompany them , even as a
Turkish officials and sent to Constantinople servant. This is Dr. White's summing up
under orders of the general commanding the of the official action taken in the case :
third Turkish army, the strained relations The action of the officials can probably be rep
between Germany and the United States bc recented as taken under the color of martial law ;
ing given as a reason for the deportation. but it seems to us to have been promoted by an
The buildings of the American Board at unfriendly spirit towards citizens of a friendly
Marsovan, including college, hospital, girls' power, and the method of execution to have been
illegal and harsh . The officials put our premises
school, theological seminary, residences, and under control of a strong guard of armed men
shops were seized by the Turkish Govern before they made us any statement of their in
ment with the ostensible object of utilizing tent, treating us as criminals and holding us vir
them for the purpose of a military hospital. tually as prisoners. They prevented us from com
Dr. White, who is now in this country, municating with our embassy. They refused us
time to list our properties and requisitioned our
contributes to the August number of the private houses and our personal effects. They so
Missionary Herald (Boston ) an account of guarded our premises as to prevent friends from
the experiences of the mission group during visiting us and to prevent sale or donation of our
the week preceding the actual eviction . He goods.
They cut up our premises by barricading off
and his associates requested of the Turkish certain parts, a proceeding which had no legal re
governor of Marsovan an opportunity to lation with sending away foreigners or equipping
communicate with the American embassy , a hospital. They seized, sealed, and held our
but the governor rejected this request, say safe, which contains our official documents and
other valuables, though they allowed us to take
ing that the embassy was closed , that rela the money . They assumed the conduct and man
tions were strained to-day, to be broken off agement of our schools, as if these were hostile
to-morrow , and that the next day there institutions. They required every American to
would be war between the two countries. leave Marsovan, but not Miss Zbinden, who is a
He asserted that these things had been offi- . Swiss citizen , thus discriminating against Ameri
cially communicated to him . The military can citizenship .
commandant told Dr. White that his orders The hospital, college, and school build
were of a military nature, came through the ings, with full equipment, including a library
military channel, and concerned the hospital of 10 ,000 volumes and a museum — the whole
and dispensary only. These were to be valued at $ 225,000 — were left in the custody
requisitioned and occupied as a measure of of a group of Turkish officials.
326 THE AMERICA REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S
N
WHAT IS REAL AMERICANISM ?
but his district . This is illustrated by the reten
tion of useless army posts and state militia doing
police duty. . . . We are still propagandists oc
cupying the field of debate on matters of prepar
edness. We are relyng on the Presidential cam
paign - the heat of battle as usual - to tell us
where "we are at" after nearly two years of
world conflict.
In the chapter on Americanism , she quotes
the pledge circulated recently among young
men , especially in colleges and universities:
I being over eighteen years of age, hereby
pledge myself against enlistment as a volunteer
for any military or naval service in international
warfare, offensive or defensive, and against giv
ing my approval to such enlistment on the part of
others.

Compare with this pledge that solemn oath

taken many years ago by the wise elders of
a new republic :
. . . In support of these truths we mutually
pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and
our sacred honor.
Which strikes the keynote to the future of
America ?
© Underwood & Underwood, New York Miss Kellor finds certain things essential
MISS FRANCES A. KELLOR, THE AUTHOR OF to Americanism — a common language, a
" STRAIGHT AMERICA" common citizenship, a new social impulse
“ OTRAIGHT America,” a call to national back of our patriotism and the art of caring ,
service, a handbook by Miss Frances the holding of the ideals of Americanization
A . Kellor, urges American citizens to under- in our hearts and souls, not as dry -a -dust
take every possible measure that will lead to theory, but as living impulse and fervent
a more united nationalism . Among the sub- faith. We must deal with the immigrant
jects discussed are : " Americanism : What It fairly ; we must be patient and teach him
Is," " America-Made Citizens," " National what he should know ; we must protect him
Unity : the Factors Which Make for It," equally with our own native born citizens.
" The Native American ," and " The Popular And in this great process of Americanization
Vote ." Miss Kellor asks: What is the everyone must cheerfully bear his part,
matter with America ? And the answer is, women and men must work shoulder to
that most of the people are not Americans. shoulder.
After a survey of the immigration ques
The practical questions before America are how tion and of the weakness in industrial pre
to become Americanized , and how to stay Ameri paredness, which is the labor supply, Miss
canized . The answer to the first question compre
hends all the measures of preparedness adapted Kellor attacks the question of national de
to our present needs. The answer to the second fense .
comprehends America's policy after the war.
What does Americanization mean in national
In Miss Kellor 's opinion , we have as adefense ?
It means putting the American flag above all
nation conformed largely to the wishes of others, abolishing dual citizenship, and pledging
local governments and their representatives ; open allegiance to America.
vre hile not had unitving legislation because it means American citizenship for every alien
we have not had a vision of the United within our borders or deportation . . . We can
States as a whole, nor the urge of personal no longer endure as a polyglot boarding -house. . . .
It means one language for America and the
responsibility. We are still local, provincial, abolition of illiteracy.
and self-interested . It means the abolition of class prejudices and
of racial hatreds and of the intolerance of the old
The Congressnan still represents, nor America, stock for new stock .
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 327
It means one American standard of living. . . . fense of the American Railway Association 's
It means the Americanization of women.
Only two things — a rediscovery of a stern sense committee, Mr. Fairfax Harrison , president
of duty among American youth ; and a recovery of of the Southern Railway Company ; Mr. W .
that stern idealism that persistently exacts of men G . Besler, president of the Central Railroad
a social responsibility, a consideration of a first of New Jersey ; Mr. R . H . Aishton , vice
claim beyond the claim of the family , personal president of the Chicago & Northwestern ,
success, career - can establish American citizen
ship on a sound basis. With the native American and Mr. W . A . Thompson, general manager
these things are, as I have said, a rediscovery of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad .
In the midst of a national situation that
She arraigns the defense legislation of the defies the keenest political analysts, where
year as evidence of heartbreaking national the demands of leadership run counter with
failure. We can not prepare efficiently for the necessities of an unshaped nationalism ,
we have not a united America back of the Miss Kellor's plain -speaking volume helps to
army and navy. clarify thought and to focus attention on the
A thorough - going policy of national prepared actual problems that confront us at the pres
ness to insure national unity and action cannot ent time. The book is terse and readable ; its
comprise less than five main divisions, all pro - logic can not be gainsaid nor the forcefulness
ceeding together toward a common goal. They of its argument ignored .1 Miss Kellor has
are military preparedness, industrial mobilization ,
n;
universal service, Americanization, and interna studied at first hand the problems discussed
tional duty. in her book , especially those related to immi
gration . She has served as special investi
Some space is devoted to a suggestion of gator for the State of New York .
the proposed work in connection with the
usefulness of the railroads for national de- millan.Straight America.
193 pp. By Frances A . Kellor. Mac
50 cents.

JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY

NUDE
URING his lifetime the public did not
take the trouble to estimate the poetical
genius of James Whitcomb Riley . It will
hardly do so now , for it matters little to the
people who like his dialect poems, whether
" Little Orphant' Annie ," " The Raggedy
Man,” “Old -Fashioned Roses," and " Knee
deep in June," were great poetry or not.
The common people will go on reading his
verses, and if they would express a general
opinion , it would probably be in essentials
that Riley 's poems were full of the inimit
able raciness of true Hoosier genius, that
they were warm , tender, human , quaint, and
lovely, and that they revealed an exquisite
modulation of the imaginative power of
poetry which brought out and threw into
high relief the innate characteristics of a
certain Middle West sectional life, and the
outlines of certain ineradicable instincts and
sympathies, which we are accustomed to call
purely American .
Mrs. May Riley Smith , a well-known
Eastern poetess , said in a recent interview in
the New York Sunday Times, that Riley's JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY, THE HOOSIER POET
poetry will live long after the so -called .“ New (Who died on July 22, 1916 )
Poetry ” is forgotten . but his work will live when their new molds are
The Imagistes and Futurists may smile at the crumbled to dust and forgotten .
simplicity of his art ( so difficult to achieve) and
at his adherer.ce to the worn -out forms of verse, Bliss Carman also expressed an interesting
328 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
opinion of the Hoosier poet in the Times. mate ; perhaps it is an earnest of immortality, if
He said : “ Riley was the greatest American immortality can be. Certainly love endures longer
than anything else, and this man with the child
poet of our time.” His dialect poems he like sweetness in his soul goes from us loved as
considers of equal rank with Burns'. few men have been .
I think as a dialect poet Riley ranks with Robert In view of Riley's fame as a poet, it is in
Burns. Riley's dialect was native to him as teresting to note some criticisms of his work
Burns's was to him ; he was at homewith it. . i . and aspirations made by the newspapers
There has been much discussion of the poetry ofhe about 1878, when Riley was editor of
democracy. It seems to me that Riley was the
poet of democracy. Whitman was not the poet of the Anderson ( Indiana ) Democrat, in con
democracy ; he was the prophet of democracy. nection with his famous hoax in which he
Whitman had no popularity among the people . foisted a poem “ Leonainie." an imitation of
What Whitman cared for was the ideal of democ Edgar Allan Poe written by himself, upon
racy. But Riley gave voice to the ideals of the
the public as a posthumous poem of Poe's.
people themselves. Hewas one of the people. . . .
Riley perpetrated the hoax because of the
In regard to his own personal remem -. editors' neglect of his work. He concluded
brances of the poet, Bliss Carman said : that his verses would gain instant attention
Any man's character is best remembered, I sup- if they bore a distinguished name, and
pose, by some of his habitual gestures and expres- “ Leonainie” was sent to the editor of the
sions. I remember Riley as very deliberate in his " Kokomo Dispatch signed with the initials
motions, especially in his last years. Smooth " E . A . P ." and accompanied by an ingenious
shavenold, ruddy,
nign Englishwell groomed,
Bishop more hethan
looked like a else.
anything be story of the finding of the poem on the fly
He looked like a Bishop whom I remember see leaf of an old book . It was immediately
ing in my boyhood, the Bishop of Fredericktown, published and freely commented upon by
and he looked like Savonarola, with his long critics, many of whom had no doubt of the
upper
strong lip,
Romanbrilliant
nose. blue eyes,beautiful
He had and prominent
hands - · genuineness of the “ hnd." Riley himself
long, smooth, soft, delicate hands. He was a born was one of the editors who commented edi
poet, a born humorist, and a born actor. torially upon the poem . When Riley con
Don Marquis began his tribute to Riley in fessed the hoax, the critics fell upon him with
the New York Sunday Sun , with a whim renewed vigor. The following quotations
sical analysis of the true Hoosier. They are, were published in a recent number of the
Indianapolis News:
he writes, half elemental, the kinfolk of the
little brothers of Elfland and of the dwellers Logansport Journal _ " If Riley could realize that
in Arcady ; and they are aware not only of an impassable gulf lies between him and fame as
their kinship with humanity but with ani a poet, he would be justly punished .”
mals, plants, flowers and streams. Hemakes Wabash Plaindealer - "Written by one who is
merely the victim of a vaulting ambition, which
us see Riley as the revealer of a life that was
hidden from ordinary mortals, the inter overleaps itself.”
New York Post- (William Cullen Bryant) . . .
preter to grownups of the childhood that “ The poem effectually sets at rest whatever sus
they have forgotten . In regard to the re- picion there may have been that the author has
out of which a poet is made in his com
peated accusation that Riley was sentimental materials
position .”
he writes :
Indeed , he is as sentimental as Dickens or Vic The qualities of Riley's poetry and of
tor Hugo or Burns. Perhaps no poet was ever so Riley's character that forced success out of
loved as Riley by so many and such diverse peo failure and confounded the critics will do so
ple unless he possessed that eager, tender, human anywhere and any time. They are in the
warmth which is sentiment. . . . main, love of humanity, sympathetic insight,
Probably
tainly no poet who
no American poet -ever
got wrote English - drip
more luscious, cer- personality and the power of genuine joyful
ping, juicy sweetness out of the language than ness . His poems will live, even as the Percy
Riley. A sweetness that is not so sugary that it Ballads have lived , for they have in common
cloys, having always a winey tang .
His verses for children and about children with these relics “ pleasing simplicity and
could only have been written by a man whose many artless graces” and they “ interest the
love and understanding of children was real, for heart.” And one may say of James Whit
children are quick to detect and repudiate any comb Riley, what Matthew Arnold said of
thing of the sort that is "pumped up " for effect, Robert Burns : “ His view of life and the
and they contributed enormously to the general world is large, free and benignant - truly
feeling of affection for him . The regard of the
children was in a way a testimonial to his persista poetic therefore -- and his manner of render
ing youthfulness of spirit ; he was still their play - ing what he sees is to match ,”
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 329
A HINDU POET WELCOMED IN JAPAN
CIR RABINDRANATH
STAGORE will visit the
United States again this fall.
He will begin a lecture tour
in Seattle in September and
reach the East in November
or December. During the
summer Tagore visited
Japan, where he received a
most enthusiastic welcome
from East Indians and Japa
nese. One of the things that
particularly impressed the
poet-philosopher was the
great ease with which he ac
complished the journey from
India to Japan , a journey
which in the old days before
the advent of steamships and
railroads might have occu
pied many months. But Ta
gore sees in the conveniences
of modern civilization , bar
riers to man 's attainment of
spiritual growth. Life has Photo by Bain
become intricate and com SIR RABINDRANATH TAGORE IN THE GARDEN OF COUNT OKUMA,
plex, and man 's nature has WASEDA, JAPAN
lost its old transparency and
simplicity and demands artificial stimulants must seek and find what is true in this land — true
and sensationalism . to the soul of the people — what is Japan, what is
The Japan Chronicle reports an address unique, and not merely a mask of the time which
is monotonously the same in all latitudes and
which Tagore gave at Osaka on “Modern longitudes.
Civilization ," in which he deplores the ten
dencies of the bustling commercial life of the The poet was delighted to receive so warm
present day : a welcome from the Japanese . From his
youth he had cherished a desire to visit the
It is the stupendous unreality of this modern country , and to find that modern Japan
civilization , always. changing its shapes and shift could give a poet who scorns " commercial
ing its course, furiously - riding upon the dust
storm of unmeaning restlessness, scattering about scramblings and political piracies” a hearty
it in the wind shreds of things torn and tangled , welcome gave him intense pleasure.
decaying and dead - all this is making the real
man invisible to himself and to others. In the It was a great relief to me to be treated in a
days of heroic simplicity it was easy to come near manner that convinced me that your hearts still
to the real man, but in modern times it is the have room for the green of the earth and the blue
phantasm of the giant Time itself which is every of the sky - and your cherry blossoms will still
where, and the man is lost beyond recognition ; have their chance in their competition with shrill
and while the means of communication are multi machines and brand new inventions of this age of
plying fast, communication itself is diminishing in the corrugated iron sheds, gramophones and cine
its reality . matograph shows.
From my young days, my thoughts have con
He sees Japan caught as firmly in the stantly turned to Japan. And since, in later years,
whirlwind of modern civilization , as Eng I have witnessed the wonderful rise to eminence
land , France , and the United States. in Asia of your great nation , it has been one of
my special desires to visit Japan , where the East
A stranger like myself cannot help feeling og and the
ried on West found their
their courtship farmeeting
enough-place andassur
to give car
landing in your country that what I see before me ance of a wedding. It was my desire to know
is the temple of the modern age, where before the where and how Japan 's Past found its affinity in
brazen images an immense amount of sacrifice of its Present, and where lies the secret of her power
life is offered and an interminable round of ritu which has the flexibility of a tempered steel blade,
alism is performed . But I must not lose heart. I which bends, but does not break.
330 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
SOME FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE
· PANAMA CANAL
THE average citizen ceased to be inter - As we have not yet reached the altruistic
| ested in Panama Canal tolls when the stage of being as solicitous about the pros
burning question as to whether American perity of foreign countries as about that of
coastwise shipping was or was not to enjoy our own, wemust apply a different economic
free passage through the waterway was de principle in the case of the Panama Can :
cided in the negative two years ago. But from that which is constantly applied in the
the commerce that uses the canal and the case of public improvements carried out
financial experts connected with its admin within our own borders by the Federal, State ,
istration are still actively debating the toll and local governments.
question . Are the tolls too high ? Should
they be uniform (the question of nationality This does not mean that we are to exact the
apart ) ? Could they be abolished altogether ? "whole _ pound of Aesh ” — that we are to make
The last question is pertinent when one com the traffic pay for the canal. By no means. We
should not even ask the traffic to return to us
pares the Panama Canal with another canal any part of the canal cost, but we may, in all
which represents an enormous burden upon fairness, ask for a small interest return in order
public funds ; viz ., the New York State Barge that foreign shipping, engaged in trade between
Canal. Prior to 1882 the Erie Canal much of a faircountries,
foreign may not be relieved entirely
contribution toward interest on the
more than paid for itself in tolls. After that money invested in the canal.
year a constitutional provision prohibited the In so far as the business having any United
levying of tolls, and the $ 140,000 ,000 in States port at one end is concerned, it would
vested in the new canal system will earn no be not only proper, but desirable, to have the
direct revenue. tolls arranged with a view to making no interest
return upon the invested capital. Let the whole
Writing in the Scientific Monthly , Mr. country, every section of which profits directly
C . E . Grunsky, the well -known engineer and or indirectly , stand this part of the operating
former member of the Isthmian Canal Com coct. But in the case of traffic through the canal
with foreign ports at each end of the business
mission, asks whether the United States can transaction the matter is different, and whether
afford to make such investments for the ben the ships be under a foreign or under the Ameri
efit of commerce without recovering interest. can Alag, the tolls should be somewhat higher,
estimated , perhaps, as they would be estimated
When a highway is constructed , when a har if the entire traffic through the canal were to
bor is dredged, when such works as the break yield a low interest rate on the investment.
Against any policy looking to the recovery of
water at San Pedro Bay, the breakwater at the
mouth of the Columbia River, the South Pass the cost of the canal out of its earnings there
at the mouth of the Mississippi River, the Am should be strong protest. It cannot be carried
brose Channel at New York harbor, and the out without materially restricting the usefulness
many lighthouses on our ocean coasts, on the of the canal. It would be unwise and unfair to
lakes and rivers, are constructed at Government those who use the canal. It would put this
expense, the commerce which is benefited thereby Government into the undesirable position of hav
is not taxed. The cost of these works is willingly ing entered upon a commercial venture for profit
borne by the country at large. There is no with unnecessary restrictions upon the world 's
sinking-fund to be provided . No interest on the commerce.
investment is expected. Even the operating ex In giving expression to these views no consid
penses come from the national or State treasuries. eration has been given to the fact that for mili
All this finds general acceptance as a matter tary purposes alone the canal is worth to the
of course. It is economically sound. The in United States all that it has cost. There is
direct return to the country is many times greater special reason, therefore, for making the traffic
charges lower than would be done if the con
than the cost which has been incurred in the struction
construction of such improvements, and no one of the canal had been determined by
objects to the wise expenditure of public funds commercial considerations alone,
The proposition sometimes advanced that con
for these purposes. sideration should be given to the transcontinental
In what respect, then , does the Panama Canal, railroads when canal tolls are fixed is without
as an aid to commerce, differ from these works special merit. Their business is a matter apart.
which are nearer home? In this only, broadly They are
speaking, that in the case of all these other tection , butentitled to and will get adequate pro
improvements, there is United States territory as an aid inshould not look to a high canal tariff
at one end, at least, of each business transaction no obligation increasing their business. There is
on the part of the American people
which they facilitate, while the Panama Canal to reduce canal traffic for the benefit of the rail
not only facilitates business between our own
ports and between our country and foreign coun roads and their users, and it would be a mistake
tries, but, also, in no small measure, the business on the part of the railroads to make any such
carried on between foreign countries. claim .
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH . 331
RUSSIA MOURNS THE DEATH OF
METCHNIKOFF
IT is an interesting reminder to the civil
I ized world that while the Russian masses
were engaged on the fields of battle in the
most stupendous struggle in history, there
came to its conclusion in France the life of a
"son of the Steppes ” who had for forty-five
years waged in the seclusion of his labora
tories a successful battle in behalf of a hap
pier humanity . That " son of the Steppes,"
as he had styled himself, was Ilya Metch
nikoff, famous bacteriologist, head of the
Pasteur Institute in Paris, and recognized
benefactor of the human race. In the person
ofMetchnikoff, young and " barbarous” Rus
sia, the Russia of the countless millions, had
another opportunity to challenge the old and
civilized nations of western Europe. As
against England's Shakespeare, France 's
Hugo, Germany's Goethe, Russia had pro
duced Tolstoy ; and as against England's
Darwin , France's Pasteur, Germany's Vir
chow , backward Russia sent forth Metch
nikoff. Thus, in both literature and science,
the two greatest fields of endeavor for the
human intellect, the Russian people have A RECENT PORTRAIT OF METCHNIKOFF
proved themselves equal in ability, if not
superior, to the most advanced nations on and he would ask them most systematically. He
earth . wanted to find out the minutest details about all
It is in that sense that the Russian press that interested him , and he was ready, it seemed ,
to inquire for hours and hours. He was so op
interpreted the death of the great scientist . timistic, alert, as usual, wise and thoughtful.
And it is only through that tragic event that When would the war end ? What will happen
one could have come to realize the immensity inclasses
Russia after the war ? How do the different
of the pride Russia took in Metchnikoff. the war ?and political factions in Russia regard
The Russian people, it will be no exaggera The extraordinary freshness of thought, the
tion to say, felt his death more poignantly profound realism of understanding, and alert
than they ever felt the loss of an army or the ness, condemned
the mental alertness and elasticity , in this
fall of a city. In the Retch ( Petrograd ) for man to death , produced such an in
delible effect. I went away deeply affected by
July 17, P . N . Miliukov, leader of the Con the immediate gravity of this last meeting of
stitutional Democrats, tells of his visit to ours. One's thought could not stand the idea that
Metchnikoff some weeks ago, in company it was to be the last. But the wife of the sick
with A . I. Shingareff, both of whom were man evidently entertained no illusions. One got
an impression of something unusual and striking
members of the Russian Parliamentary Dele from this grave facing of the inevitable. And
gation . it was like Metchnikoff to die thus, free and
proud, without being overcome by human weak
Metchnikoff is dead . A . I. Shingareff and I ness, controlling with his will the laws of nature.
were perhaps the last Russians from Russia to
see our famous scientist and converse with him Metchnikoff died on July 15 of a heart
while he was ill abed . At that time the physi- disease which he had contracted some years
cians had already given up hope of saving him , ago through self- inoculation in the course of
but, in spite of that, one wanted so much to
think that he might live yet. He was lying in an experiment. Born in the Province of
the clean little room on rue Pasteur, where his Kharkov , Little Russia , on May 15 , 1845 ,
Wite affectionately cared for him , acting like a Metchnikoff early demonstrated his remark
trained nurse. We were admitted to him at the able abilities. These he ascribed to his
appointed hour, in the morning, before the doc mother, who was a Jewess. His father was
tor's visit, when he usually felt better. He was
80 anxious to see and listen to people from his an officer of the Guard. At the age of nine
native land. His questions were always ready, teen he was graduated from the Kharkov
332 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
University , an extraordinary achievement in In 1895 he became head of the Pasteur In
Russia , passing through the university in two stitute in Paris. A good many of the follow
years instead of the required four. He be- ing years Metchnikoff devoted to his theory
came Professor of Zoology in the Odessa of longevity , which won him universal fame
University . and popularity . He claimed that the average
In 1882 he went to Italy to study biology, human life should be twice as long as now .
and it was in Messina, in 1884, at the age of He believed that such a length was obtain
twenty -nine, that he made his first famous able through a diet based on nourishment
discovery, which won for him universal rec- containing the Bulgarian bacillus, i. e., the
ognition as a benefactor of the human race. bacillus of sour milk . In 1909 he first pro
This was that the congestion of blood at a claimed this theory, and in 1912 he discov
wound was caused by the white blood cells' ered a microbe in the intestines of a dog
struggle against the invading microbes . The which he believed to be a step forward in the
first, known in medicine as leucocytes, were discovery of a treatment to prevent old age.
discovered by Virchow . The microbes were In 1908 he divided the Nobel Prize for
discovered by Pasteur. Metchnikoff thus dis- Medical Research with the Dr. Paul Ehr
covered the missing link in formulating his lich of Berlin . His share ( $ 20,000 ) he de
discovery as the theory of inflammation . voted entirely to his medical research work.

PERCY GRAINGER , “ THE KIPLING OF

MUSIC ”
A MONG newcomers in the field of in his early 'teens was composing pieces for
music, none has aroused more wide- the pianoforte in the style of Handel.
spread interest in musical circles in the This writer not only finds that Kipling -
United States in the last two years than Mr. has exerted a great influence upon Percy
Percy Grainger, the young Australian -born Grainger's musical personality, but would
pianist-composer, who came to these shores name him a Kipling among composers.
shortly after the outbreak of the Great War Young Grainger did not write like Handel
in Europe and who , apparently , has found very long, and even in his student days at
in the neighborhood of New York a con - Frankfort-on -the-Main , when the Hoch
genial home. Several of his composicions Conservatoire was one of the finest musical
have been among the most striking novelties cducational institutions in Europe, he elected
performed at orchestral concerts throughout to go his own way, and to be guided by his
the country in the last two musical “ seasons," irituitions rather than the suggestions of a
and his finely artistic pianoforte playing has teacher. Mr. Scott says:
been heard in many American cities . He has Grainger, then , did not trouble to learn the
done more probably than any other living rules (as most of us do ), in order to know how
composer to revive interest in folkmusic and to break them - he merely broke them from the
likewise to arouse interest in exotic musical beginning. Swerving away very soon from his
systems. The Review of Reviews for Sep Handelian tendencies he began to show a har
monic modernism which was astounding in so
tember, 1915, under the heading “ Person young a boy, and at times excruciating to our
ality in Folkmusic," printed a digest of an pre -Debussyan ears. And strange to say, he be
article on “ The Impress of Personality in gan writing in a whole- tone scale without know
l 'nwritten Music " which this composer had ing of Debussy's existence. At sixteen years of
age he had, in fact, developed a style, and that
contributed to the Jusical Quarterly . style was the outcome of a discovery, and a liter
Now Mr. Grainger is the subject of an ary discovery, not a musical one; for he had
interesting essay in appreciation in the cur discovered Rudyard Kipling, and from that
rent issue of the Jusical Quarterly ( New writer he imbibed an essence and translated it
into music.
York ), by Cyril Scott, of London , himself
a composer of very modern and individual. Likening this to the influence exercised by
istic music. He entitles his paper, " Percy that genius of vision , Jean Paul Friedrich
Grainger, the Music and the Man ," and Richter, upon Robert Schumann , he con
among his qualifications for writing it is a tinues :
friendship with Mr. Grainger covering a We may take it, then, that there is an artistic
period verging on twenty years and dating link between two souls, and as much the outcome
from the time when that young gentleman of a self-made destiny, i. e., the law of sequence
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 333

and consequence, as there are links of hatred

and love: and that great law destined Kipling
and Grainger to exist on the material plane at
the same time. Now , one notes that it is only
a great artist who can draw his influence from
another art instead of his own. A small com
poser is usually influenced by a greater composer
whom he copies with an admixture of an un
pleasantly tasting honey ; a sweetness which is
the invariable concomitant of weakness. But it
was not in the nature of Grainger's talents to do
this except at the very babyhood of his musical
awakening, and in finding Kipling he found
also himself ; or I should add, at any rate a
great part of himself. Certainly the best music
he produced at that early period was to be
found among his settings of that famous writer,
and one song, “ The Men of the Sea," stands out
as a gem which the dust of a good many event
ful years has not succeeded in tarnishing . It is,
of course, obvious that where the writer and
the composer were so unified, a perfect work
of art was the result, and from that beginning
up to the present time whenever Grainger elects most Cor
to produce one of his Kipling's settings, be it
song or chorus, he becomes Kipling in a manner
which nobody else in the musical arena can
approach .
Mr. Scott has no hesitation in saying that Tercy
Grainger's creative genius " will leave an im © Aimé Dupont
perishable name in the history of English
music.” That the folksong should appeal to article to dispel that entirely false notion, for
Percy Grainger in the way it does, he thinks, certainly the " Hill Song" for wind instruments ;
" The English Dance" for full orchestra ; the
is not a matter for surprise, considering the " Father and Daughter" for male quartet, chorus
Kipling influence, but it has undoubtedly led and orchestra , including a number of guitars, are
the public to make a false estimate of works of paramount seriousness displaying an
Grainger's powers as an original composer . inspiration and a technique which awakened , in
many of us, one of the greatest musical sensations
Among his published works a preponderance we have had for many a long year. But it must
of folksong settings have grown popular. A not be supposed that in talking of seriousness one
man nearly always becomes celebrated by his implies anything which could for a moment sug
lightest and most frivolous and most easily gest dullness or the academic. Grainger is any
thing but classical; he is not, like Max Reger,
understandable works, and Grainger "has a sort of elongation of Brahms — indeed this goes
certainly become a victim to this trait in the without saying, but one may add with truthful
public's mentality ; for having given the pub ness that he is not an elongation of anything :
but the essence of folksong augmented to a great
lic a few 'light' works, it at once supposes work of art. Even when he keeps the folksongs
that he can write nothing but 'light' works.” almost within their original dimensions he has
a way of dealing with them which is entirely
It is, therefore , one of the objects of this new , yet at the same time, never lacking in taste.

THE RHONE-MARSEILLES CANAL

THE recent completion of the Rhone
I Canal at Marseilles, France, is the oc-
casion of an article in the Correspondant, of
Paris, containing an account of this notable
engineering work and dwelling upon its
great economic importance to France. The
writer, Francis Marre, calls attention to the
fact that at the very timewhen the Battle of
Verdun was at its height, the French Minister
of Public Works presided over the ceremony
that marked the opening of the long tunnel
through the rocky range of the Nerthe.
The writer regards this canal as one of the
most considerable — perhaps the most consid
erable — of the public works undertaken by
France in the course of the last twenty years.
This he considers a careful estimate from the
point of view of the effort involved and from
that of the result anticipated. He says :
The material importance of the work to be
accomplished , the nature and number of the diffi
culties to be surmounted , the total capital en
gaged , the knowledge and daring of the engi
neers, offer a splendid evidence of our energy,
334 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S
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ER
MAP (FROM A FRENCH SOURCE) OF THE RHONE-MARSEILLES CANAL RECENTLY OPENED
anfinanimpos ing testi. monia
cial strength
l of our industrial and or of the Loire. The article proceeds to
On the other hand, the direct point out the chief ohoooolas
connection
igable systemof Marseilles
paves the with
way our
for interior
revolution pregnantwith
inestimable results, not
alone for the regions
concerned but for all
France.
The point in ques
tion is, in fact, to make
Marseilles hereafter the
direct and normal
terminus of the great
river way formed by the
Rhone, in such sort
that it will play the
part on the Mediter
ranean that Havre and
Rouen do at the mouth
of the Seine, Nantes and
Saint-Nazaire at that of
the Loire, and Bordeaux
at the estuary of the
Gironde.
At present, says the
writer, the Rhone is
not greatly utilized
for navigation owing
to the swiftness of its
current, and, though
special improvements
have considerably in
creased the volumeof
traffic on the river, it
still remains insignifi
cant in comparison
with that of the Seine
E L T E F R A NCap courorra
E F NO MARSEILLE
navct ment
point out the chief obstacles to the develop
an economic of navigation on the Rhone :
The main hindrance
is that the unavoidable
interruption of the voy
age at Beaucaire or at
Arles makes the Rhone
a veritable cul-de-sac.
In fact, in the lower
part of its course, when
the river, upon mature
reflection , decides to
stretch out its choked-up
arms into the marshy
plains of La Camargue,
the gravel and al
luvium , unceasingly
drifted by the current,
and, owing to the ab
sence of tide, deposited
at its mouth , forma
series of shoals and
dams, all the more
troublesome on account
of their being subject to
constant change. Thus
there has arisen be
tween the river and the
sea an almost impass
able barrier to possible
naviga
tion, which all
embankments and
dredgings have not suc
ceeded in overcoming..
In order to remedy
these drawbacks, and at
Photograph by Press Illustrating Co. the same time invest the
ENTRANCE TO THE LARGEST TUNNEL IN THE WORLD river with all the com
ON THE RHONE-MARSEILLES CANAL mercial and industrial
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 335
importance which is its due, a vast scheme of gineering in the first quarter of the twen
construction has been projected , of which the tieth century
canal, in process of completion to -day, is thee In conclusion , the writer comments thus
most pressing and important.
on the economic importance of the expected
The entire length of the canal from Arles enlargement of the commerce ofMarseilles :
to Marseilles is eighty -one kilometers ( fifty
miles ). Its most remarkable feature is the of Looking at the matter from the essential point
traffic, one may readily realize the economic
tunnel, or subterranean water-way, which importance to Marseilles of the Rhone canal by
was rendered necessary by the rocky range of remembering that the river traffic of Paris makes
the Nerthe, which interposes its mass at the it the chief port of France as regards tonnage.
approach to the Mediterranean and Mar When Marseilles shall have added to her mari
time traffic, which amounts to 20,000,000 metric
seilles. This tunnel is four and a half miles tons ( about 40,000 ,000 of our tons) annually, all
long, but what renders it remarkable is its that the extension of the navigable part of the
Rhone will bring her one is justified in believing
breadth and height, which make it at the that
present time unique in the world . The her traffic will be doubled.
It is not alone Lyons and the entire Rhone
breadth , at the spring of the vault, is 22 valley, but all France that is bound to benefit
meters (7712 feet ) , and the height, from the by the enormous increase of prosperity which the
bottom of the canal to the vault , is 14.4 opening of the new waterway will, as a matter
meters ( 471/2 feet) . In view not only of of course, produce. It is well, in fact, to bear
in mind the great economic phenomenon that
those dimensions, but also of the peculiar dif contemporary geographers have demonstrated .
ficulties encountered, the writer declares The location of a port, well equipped, at the
that the construction of this great subter- terminus of a great interior traffic route, makes
it very rapidly a center of all the commerce of
ranean water-way will remain perhaps the the neighboring regions, as well as a most flour
most remarkable achievement of French en - ishing port of anchorage.

LIVING GERMS AS MUSEUM SPECIMENS

AT the American Museum of Natural
A History , in New York City , you may
see skeletons of contemporary whales and
prehistoric dinosaurs. You may see marvel
ously lifelike groups of birds and mammals ;
besides rank on rank of cases filled with
beasts, fishes, fowls, and reptiles from every
corner of the globe. Admirable, however,
as these collections are, they are not essen
tially dissimilar from what may be found at
the National Museum , in Washington, the
Field Museum , in Chicago, and many other
establishments at home and abroad .
But as an institution that sweeps the whole
gamut of life -forms, from whales and
"dragons of the prime” down to the typhoid
bacillus, " so tiny that 400 ,000 ,000 could be
packed into a grain of granulated sugar,”
the American Museum is unique. In the
last number of the American Museum Jour
nal, Professor C .-E . A . Winslow describes
the institution 's collection of those smallest
and most abundant of living things, the bac
teria, which , he says, have never heretofore
been honored with the recognition ofmuseum
authorities
. the culture media for these small but exacting
The value of this collection is explained by
the fact that the discoverer of a new microbe has
hitherto been forced to depend for identification
upon comparison with written descriptions un
less he could obtain what he wanted from the
Kral collection at Vienna, which has never been
brought back into a complete condition since Dr.
Kral died several years ago. The need for a
permanent standard collection of bacterial types
has been urgently felt by all workers in this
country ; and for the last five years this need
has been met by the museum of living bacteria,
maintained by the Department of Public Health
of the American Museum .
Bacteria cannot be dried and put away in
trays like bird skins. They are identified, less
by their simple structure than by their psysiol
ogical behavior, by the ferments they produce
and the changes set up in the media in which
they grow . This collection must be a museum
of living specimens and the task involved in bac
terial horticulture is no small one. Most bacteria
grow on a jelly made up with meat, peptone
and the extract from a Japanese seaweed, agar.
Some, however, require very special foods, as
variously and exactly compounded as those that
are prepared in the diet kitchen of a hospital.
Some must have egg ; some, blood ; some, milk ;
some, salts of special kinds. Some need air,
while others must be cultivated in tubes from
which oxygen has been removed by special chem
ical means. Some will live for weeks without
attention, while others must be transferred to a
fresh tube of food jelly every three days. A
laboratory helper is busy all the time preparing
plants, while the bacteriologist in charge is quite
fully occupied in transferring them at the proper
time and to the proper medium by touching the
old growth with the tip of a platinum needle
336 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
tion, representing practically all known types of
this diverse group. Bubonic plague has alone
been excluded, on account of accidents which
have occurred in other laboratories with this
peculiarly deadly germ . Typhoid and diphtheria
germs, however, are to be found with those of
whooping cough and cholera, meningitis and
leprosy, influenza and pneumonia and a dozen
more of such pathogenic forms. The original
strain of tubercle bacillus isolated by Robert
Koch is there, with one of the most recently dis
covered of disease germs, isolated by Plotz and
believed by him to be the cause of typhus fever.
In the collection also are the bacteria which
cause plant diseases and those which decom
pose foods. There are strains of the Bulgarian
bacillus which makes buttermilk and the lactic
acid bacteria utilized by the tanner. One germ
that infects sugar cane came from Louisiana
and another was found fixing nitrogen in the
soil of a bean field in the Middle West.
The keeping of records incident to the mainte
nance of this collection is in itself no light task .
For each of the nearly seven hundred types there
is a history card with a serial number on
which every single transfer to a fresh tube is en
tered .
O

To the casual observer this remarkable

collection consists merely of several rows of
test-tubes,slanting
each containing a sort of jelly.
On the surface of the jelly is seen
what looks like a smear of whitish or yellow
ish paste, or a wrinkled mass of moist brown
paper. The smear or the wrinkled mass is,
in fact, a colony of millions of microbes.
The main object of the bacterial collection is
to furnish standard types for the use of teachers
and investigators in other bacteriological labora
tories throughout the country. It has been the
policy of the museum to distribute subcultures
from our strains as widely as possible to all
responsible persons and in all cases without
charge. Disease germs are, of course, carefully
guarded, being sent only to laboratories of known
standing so that they may not get into the hands
of unauthorized persons, while special " teaching
sets" of typical non -pathogenic forms are sent to
the smaller colleges and normal schools for use
in class work . . . . Every university and
health department of importance in the field of
bacteriological teaching or research in the United
States or Canada depends upon our service at
the present time; and cultures have been sent
FOUR COLONIES OF LIVING BACTERIA ON EXHIBITION to Cuba, to Austria, to England and to South
AT THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Africa .
IN NEW YORK CITY Many of the cultures which go out are used
(Each contains millions of individuals and has grown for teaching purposes as is shown by the great
from an invisible increase of demands in September and January.
inoculation of the nutrient jelly. In
order, from the top, they are : the pink water bacillus,
a typical-looking colony, so -called because of the pink It is difficult to overestimate the value of such
pigment it produces when grown on agar jelly ; the a service as this to colleges and medical schools
assimilates atmospheric nitrogen to serve as food for which have no facilities for keeping bacterial
nitrogen - fixing bacterium , which grows in the soil and
higher plants ; the ray fungus, which produces a cattle cultures in condition throughout the year.
disease to which man is also subject; the yellow coccus, Even more important, however, are the facili
a microbe common in the air, which produces a yellow
color when grown in a culture medium .)
ties which the museum collection offers to the
investigator. Systematic bacteriology a decade
ago was in a pre- Linnæan stage ; but it has de
and transferring an invisible, but potent, inocu - veloped rapidly in recent years , and scarcely
lum to a new culture tube. a paper upon bacterial classification can be found
There are now about seven hundred different in which the types sent out from the American
strains of living bacteria in the museum collec- Museum do not play a primary part.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 337
WOMEN IN THE KRUPP WORKS
THE changes in social and industrial the front and having dependent children ,
I conditions brought about by the great and their employment was the sole source
European War are nowhere more strikingly of support of a number of persons, and in
exhibited than in a recent article in the addition to the Krupp works women were
Engineer (London ) from its Swiss corres - being generally employed in Germany. In
pondent dated at Berne, June 8th, and de- some machine shops and manufacturing
scribing the war work of women in the fa - plants as many as 80 per cent. of the opera
mous Krupp shops at Essen , Germany. These tives are women .
works have already been described in the The women workers in the Krupp works
REVIEW OF REVIEWS,' whose readers also are and other ammunition factories and machine
familiar with the activities of women in in - shops are supplied with special costumes de
dustry in the various belligerent nations of signed to permit the greatest freedom of
Europe, so that a further discussion of the movement and not endanger their lives by
changed conditions due to the war is not catching in the machinery. Such dress in
without interest . cludes knickerbockers and leggings in a sin
On August 1 , 1914 , the Krupp works gle garment, worn with a loose sack coat
gave employment to 36 ,880 men and 1241 coming down over the hips and worn either
women , the latter exclusively in such capaci open or closed , or . sleeveless overalls cover
ties as charwomen or saleswomen or assist ing body and legs, or special upper garments
ants in the various shops and other establish - for women where special ease of movement
ments supplying the Krupp workmen . By seems to be required for the upper part of
April 1st, 1916 , the number of women had the body .
increased to 13,023, mostly in the ammuni- The success of women in industry in Ger
tion departments, and the number of men many has led to a movement in favor of com
had increased to 55 ,949. By the summer of pulsory government service for women anal
1916 it was believed that over 14,000 women ogous to military service for men , required of
were employed. In 1914, 8114 of the Krupp all except those physically incapacitated or
male employees were called to military sery - prevented by motherhood . Yet this partici
ice, and in 1915 7500, the total number of pation of women in industry has been at
men and women employed on April 1 being tended by disadvantages, for it is claimed
68,972. that so apt have the women proved at their
This force worked in two shifts of twelve work that with small wages their labor has
hours each , with an hour and a half for been exploited, and many married women
meals. These long hours of labor, enforced claim that with the long hours of employ
conditions of military necessity , and with - ment, six a. m . to six p . m ., and their release
out doubt poor and insufficient food have from labor only towards the late evening,
had most serious effect on the work people, after there is virtually nothing left in the
especially the women , and there has been markets to purchase, they cannot make ade
an extraordinary amount of sickness . Sick - quate provision for their families. Another
ness among the female employees in 1915 complaint is that soldiers' widows are taxed
amounted to 76 .60 per cent. and among the on their pensions and thus are in a worse
males to 62 .31 per cent., with an average situation than the soldiers' wives, to whom
duration of 15 .18 days for the men and 12.02 an allowance is also made.
days for the women , though it must be said Furthermore, considerable disquietude is
that these average times were less in 1915 being produced by the employment of women
than for three previous years. This, how - in ammunition works and mines at small
ever, was explained by the fact of the stressed wages , where the corporations are reputed
conditions of living no less than manufac- to be making vast profits. The twenty-six
turing demands from the war office, so that leading German mining companies showed
usually none went on the sick list until ab - an aggregate surplus for the last quarter of
solutely compelled. This is further borne 1915 of 13,868 ,377 marks (about $ 3,500,
out by the mortality figures, which were 5.84 000 ) as compared with 7 ,158,823 marks in
per thousand in 1915 for the sick fund mem - the first quarter. Naturally there has been
bers, as compared with 4 .12 in 1914. a scarcity of labor, which has been met by
Many of the women employees were either the employment of women , and also by the
the widows or wives of soldiers serving at employment of prisoners of war, of whom
June, 1915; p. 719 . there are said to be almost a million in Ger
338 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
many ; but it has been a notable fact that changes wrought by the war. With women
labor costs have only increased about 12 per even excelling men in the use of automatic
cent. in comparison with a vastly greater out machinery, it is intensely probable that they
put and greater protits. will play a still more important part in man
Excellent performances of women are re - ufacturing, and a considerable readjustment
ported also from the manufacturing indus- of social conditions must ensue. However
tries of Great Britain and other European that may be, it is undeniable that in Europe
countries and the facts brought out by the shop and home have experienced a revolu
Engineer's correspondent emphasize further tion of ideas and methods no less than on
the changes in industry and also the future the battlefield and the high seas.

A NON -EXPLOSIVE SUBSTITUTE FOR

CELLULOID
A NEW plastic substance, very similar aids various processes of manufacture and re
H to celluloid , and adapted to many of the pair. The following table shows its degree
purposes of that useful material, has recently of resistance to penetration or " piercing" :
been patented by a German inventor, Dr. A .
* Thickness of plate - Piercing tension .
Eichrengrün , and is beingmade by a Cologne 0 .2 millimeters .. . . . . . 13,200 volts
company which manufactures explosives. 0.35 ... 22,000 «
The new substance exists in two forms, a 0.45 25 ,000 «
1 .00 26 ,000
solid and a varnish , known as cellon and cel 1 .30 31,000
lon lacquer. While resembling celluloid in 2 . 00 . . . 35,000 €
physical properties and behavior, cellon dif possibility of uniting layers of cellon is
fers from the former in chemical composi valThe
uable when utilizing cellonized fabrics or
tion , since it contains neither nitrocellulose papers in place of ordinary insulating linen , silk,
nor camphor, but is composed of acetyl hy , le er
etc., for whi the latt will not stick together
dro cellulose combined with a softening ma the former can easily be made to do so simply
terial. smearing the edges to be united with a solvent as
described above. They may be thus united with
It is made in colorless sheets or panes of each other or with their underlay so as to have
glass-like appearance , and also in white, an absolutely air-tight and water -tight joining.
The various cellon lacquers used for imprego
black , or colored plates, rods, or tubes. nating
These are very like celluloid , but do not solving orcellon
for pasting together are made by dis
in divers solvents ; they vary in
possess the highly inflammable or explosive viscosity, and in the degree of hardness or soft
character of that substance, since (according ness on being dried , according to the nature of
to kind and color) they are either not com the solvent and of the kind of cellon . All cellon
bustible or possess only the degree of com lacquers have the common property ( in contrast
to the usual insulating lacquers and the spirit
bustibility of hard rubber. lacquers), of drying in the cold without any
We take from the Elektroteknische Zeit heating, and of thus forming tough continuous
schrift (Berlin ) the following description : cellon films on the lacquered machine-parts or
other objects, which films are resistant not only
In insulating power and workability cellon to water, but to oils, fats, petroleum and benzine
( especially the particular variety meant for elec as well as to gases, as, for example, ammonia.
tro technical purposes and known as "hard Cellon lacquer has also been employed recently
cellon " ), closely resembles hard rubber, but as a rust preventive, especially when united with
without its brittleness. In contrast to the latter, the tough " cellon -cement" for filling out the hol
the manipulation of cellon is facilitated by the low spaces of rivet-joiners, bell-clamps, etc., for
fact that it can be softened by heating with dry protection against penetration by damp.
The cellon lacquer is made in three grades of
heat in the oven or with open Aamę, or by being
briefly dipped into water at a temperature of 70 hardness: 1. Soft lacquer, which, on the evapora
to 80 degrees Centigrade, and can then be bent tion of the solvent, forms flexible sheets or lay
ers. It can be used to impregnate paper, fabrics,
or shaped . woven coverings, etc. 2. Medium hard lacquer
Another great advantage of cellon is that canwhich corresponds to cellon in plate form and
be manipulated by putting on with a brush
two pieces of it can be indissolubly united by spraying, dipping or pouring. 3. Hard lacquers,
the simple expedient of smearing the edges which yield coatings of high insulating value and
firmness, similar to hard rubber. They are em
to be applied with a suitable solvent or with
cellon lacquer, a feat which is far more diffi - ployed to impregnate covered wires and for
making hard and solid outer coatings on objects
cult with hard rubber, and which obviously already impregnated with soft lacquer.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 339

A SUBSTITUTE FOR JUTE

THE heavy bags which are used for pack - According to Die Umschau (Frankfort)
I ing such commodities as sugar, coffee, this fiber has long been known in Brazil
grain , cotton , and wool are chiefly made under the name of Aramina Guaxima, being
from jute, most of which comes from India , used for the making of ropes and latterly of
whose annual exports of this material are sacking.
said to comprise a billion yards of cloth and
over a third of a billion bags, besides large usedIn there
India the plant grows wild and it is also
for various purposes. In Madagascar
quantities of jute yarn and raw jute. it is found in great quantity , and steps are now
The marked advance in price because of being taken to promote its growth on a larger
the great war has given an impetus in va scale and by scientific methods. Thus far it has
been mainly employed for the manufacture of
rious places to the search for a satisfactory sacking, and the government of the colony has
substitute. One such comes from the plant now laid a tax upon the import of jute-sacks,
called the urena lobata, which is very regions
spread . being found in warm
wide- Madagascar.
2,000,000 of which per year are impo
It is also believed that there
is a
Its fiber is possibility of obtaining fibers from the urena
throughout the entire world. lobata, which can be utilized for fabrics other
very similar to that of jute, though shorter. than sacking.

DEMOCRATIC ASPECTS OF UNIVERSAL

MILITARY SERVICE
W E are accustomed to arguments for timid, and the selfish . If modern war makes
universal military service that ap- in any case for the survival of the physically
proach the subject from the standpoint of the unfit, modern war waged by volunteer ar
comparative military value to a nation , and in mies makes for the survival of the socially
somewhat lesser measure do we hear and read unfit."
of the physical benefit of such a system to an Professor Smith holds that universal mili
individual. That there are other considera - tary service is essentially the democratic sys
tions and advantages is the conclusion of tem ; for democracy means equality of duties
Prof. Munroe Smith (Columbia ), in one of as well as equality of rights. Not only is it
the papers on military training read at the the system for a democracy, but it also tends
annual meeting of the Academy of Political to create democracies and to place greater po
Science of New York and now printed in the litical power in the hands of the people.
Proceedings of the Academy.
A hired army is a relic of the period of The establishment of universal military serv
monarchic absolutism , and even the volun ice in European monarchies has not been followed
by an increase of royal power ; the tendency has
teer system makes for aristocracy. Profes been toward more democratic government. In
sor Smith cites the “ one-year volunteers” of all these states, not excepting Russia, the people
the German army, who because of financial have to-day some voice in determining the laws
and policies of the country ; and it looks as if,
and educational advantages quickly become broadly speaking, the imposition of the duty of
officers in the reserve. He also mentions the military service upon every able-bodied male
veterans of our own wars, who not only re citizen had forced the monarchic and aristocratic
ceive special honor and preference but also elements to concede to the people some measure
of political rights. They had to admit that the
transmit credit and social distinction to their men who are to fight for a country ought to
descendants, through membership in various have something to say about its government.
societies .
The most serious objection to relying upon All of Professor Smith 's researches and
volunteer armies, declares Professor Smith , thought on this subject convince him that
is neither political nor military, but social; " the defense of the country must, on demo
and the greatest evil of the volunteer system cratic principles, be secured through univer
is that " it slays or maims those who are most sal military service ; and if universal military
energetic and enterprising, who have the service is to be enforced , we must have uni
highest courage and the warmest devotion to versal — that is to say, compulsory — military
their country, while it spares the inert, the training."
340 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
INTENSIVE RED LIGHT AND TUBER
CULOSIS
COR several years the public has grown was observed, and no new hollow spaces were
formed . No serious hemorrhages occurred.
T ' increasingly familiar with various forms There was a gain in weight. Coughing and
of photo therapy, or " light-cure." The sub night sweats decreased . The rattling sound
ject is however by no means exhausted . For diminished , and the daily quantity of sputum was
the past two years a member of themedicinal decreased. But the sputum was not free of
clinic of the University of Bonn, Dr. Ger bacillæ . In every case the temperature fell, in
hartz, has been studying the effect of red six cases down to the normal. Rapidity of pulse
and of respiration was also lowered except in
rays on patients afflicted with severe cases of three cases. . . .
tuberculosis of the lungs and larnyx. The Without doubt phenomena occurred in all cases
very remarkable results obtained in the cases during this treatment of the chest by red rays
oí nineteen invalids of this sort are reported which indicate the beginning of an improvement
in the affection of the lungs and a favorable
in the Munich Medizinische Wochenschrift. reaction upon the general condition dependent
Direct light from an arc-light, rich in red thereon . . . Animal experiments on sixty
rays, was used in some cases ; at times pure five guinea pigs also indicated an objective im
provement.
red neon light was employed.
Of the sixteen severe tuberculosis cases in In spite of these excellent results, Dr. Ger
which the thorax was thus treated, fourteen died . hartz is very cautious in his claims for this
In all the cases the progress of the lungg degen
degen:
treatment, and expresses the desire that it be
eration was diminished during the period of widely tested before being accepted as a
treatment. In ten cases a recession was noted . Widery teste
No enlargement of hollow spaces in the lungs curative.

MUSIC'S SERVICE TO RELIGION

DLACE of honor in the current number cal churches. To the query “What should
I of the Musical Quarterly (New York ) the Church sing ?" Mr. Andrews answers :
is given to an interesting and valuable arti
cle on “Music as an Expression of Religious Music born of intelligence and imagination
Feeling,” by George Whitfield Andrews of and fired by religious emotion is music that
should be sung in Christian worship . Its style
Oberlin . Music born of intelligence and will, nay must vary, for to the widely differing
imagination and fired by emotion has rare groups of believers their songs must appear as
power to create emotional states ; to cause a true and natural utterance of their own re
an unwonted stirring of the feelings react ligious feeling. But it is true that the more
perfectly these songs embody universal, unchang
ing upon the whole range of intellectual and ing emotional truth the less we make account
spiritual capacity. It probably affects the of their outward dress. Truth lies at the very
emotional nature more deeply than other thatfoundation of Christian worship, and the songs
truly voice the emotional experience of sin
arts, while in universality of appeal it far
cere souls in their religious life are fit for the
surpasses them . Accepting these characteris use of the Church . There is something sacred,
tics of the musical art as true, Mr. Andrews even religious about all the beauty of sound and
says, its age-long service in religious worship of sight with which God had surrounded us, and
is at once understood. the presence or absence of the label " Church
Music" is of little moment. If the composer was
What union more natural, he asks, than guided in his choice of tonal material by an
that between the spiritual things which are esthetic and spiritual vision and refused to be
" spiritually discerned " and the art whose satisfied until his work showed power to move
the hearts of hearers and also for their good,
real being must be felt, must be apprehended , then
rather than heard merely by the ear, or de- is truesuchandmusic is fit for the Church because it
its influence is wholesome.
scribed in halting words. Marvelous as is
the expressive quality of rightly chosen lan It would seem that musical works in
guage, men are few who do not sometimes spired by religious emotion should be the
sing. And so , the Christian church has greatest of all, and in proof of this the
been , is, and will be, a singing church . The writer names such religious masterpieces as
question “ What has the Church sung " is Bach 's " B minor Mass," Mendelssohn's
richly answered by the history of the liturgi- “ Elijah," Handel's "Messiah," Haydn's
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 341
“ Creation,” Mozart's “Requiem ," Elgar's ural and esthetic law , yet the sound and
" Dream of Gerontius,” César Franck 's “ The movement have no message unless the com
Beatitudes," with which he classes Beetho- poser had a vision of truth and beauty lead
ven 's “ Ninth Symphony,” with its choral ing him to choose certain sounds and certain
conclusion ," which can hardly be called any- movements and unite them in certain ways
thing less than religious." While our non - resulting in an utterance of blessing to him
liturgical churches have made but slight ad - who has the ability to receive it." He is very
ditions to the general stock , speaking com - sure that it is not necessary to have a critical
paratively , Mr. Andrews points out that knowledge of music in order to feel the ma
there have been and are musicians of ability jesty, the nobleness, the devotion , the tender
and accomplishment in the non -liturgical ness, the sorrow and the whole range of the
churches, but there has not been the attain - soul's experience which music so wonderfully
ment of a distinct style nor the accumulation voices. But knowledge does mean more per
of a great wealth of material as in the case fect insight, and should mean fuller sym
of the other religious bodies. pathy.
One cannot read the Psalms without the con - The conclusion then is that church music ought
viction which grows with every repetition that to be written by men of large intellectual and
here is the poetic voicing of the deepest, highest spiritual life, with hearts sympathetic and re
and most intense experiences possible to the soul sponsive, having the temper of the prophet who
of man . They were intended for singing, and is first a beholder of visions and revelations and
from the day of their use in the Jewish temple then an able, capable and faithful agent in con
until now they have been the foundation of very veying them to men for their edification . Thou
many of our sublimest musical productions. sands of pages of church music have been
It must not be overlooked that only the highest written by just such men .
intelligence, the most vivid imagination and the
deepest inspiration can bring forth works of the But the whole duty is not themusician 's.
first order. If there is the commonplace to be The Church also has an obligation . Is the
found in church music its cause is to be discov
ered in the human agent and not in the lack of Church requiring of her musical servants the
inspiring force in religious feeling. very best they can give ? this writer asks.
He holds that church music to -day Is there no danger that they will be asked
should accomplish just what it has done in to cater to the passing fancy regardless of the
real quality of that which thus pleases. Pleas
past generations: moving upon human feel ure is certainly not the important end of public
ing , quickening the powers of the intellect, worship, even if it may be in the better sense
and inclining the will to make choice. “ This a permissible accompaniment. Preaching is for
inmost potentiality of music is not easily lo - the warning, the enlightenment, the upbuilding
of hearers, and music has absolutely no place
cated , for music is nothing other than sound in the Christian church unless it can in some
and movement combined according to nat way enforce the message of the minister. . . .

LITERATURE AFTER THE WAR

DROM far-away Uruguay comes a stim - introduce into the laws of international society ,
T ulating view of the effect which the pres- into political institutions, into the social forms
which it will radically modify, will inevitably
ent European war will have upon literature. react on the spiritual life, and give birth to new
Writing in La Nota (Montevideo ) , Mr. forms of expression for new states of conscious
Rodo declares that while there may be a pro- ness.
duction of the literature of heroism , patriot The war will bring about this spiritual
ism , and the vainglory of war as an imme renewal, thinks Mr. Rodo, because events
diate but transitory effect of the reaction of
" so extraordinary, so gigantic, so terrible”
war on the human imagination , yet literary cannot
evolution will not continue to be governed human pass without leaving traces on the
imagination of men ; but the really
by these characteristics.
fecund inspiration which will spring there
It is probable, on the contrary, that the dom from will proceed from its heart-searching
inating influence will be what may be called aspects. Genius will be roused " not by ra
the social and spiritual achievement of the war. diant victories, nor by standards billowing in
The war will bring about the renovation of the
literary ideal, but not for the purpose of ex the wind, nor by the glory of heroes, but far
pressing itself in its aspects of glory and pride. rather by the frightful heritage of crimes, of
. . . The profound disturbance which it will devastation, and of misery."
 FALL ANNOUNCEMENTS OF
BOOKS
THE fall announcements of books indicate a Kuprin ; and “ The Wonderful Year," by William
1 very wide range of choices of booksthat are in - J. Locke.
trinsically fine and have permanent values. Among Among the excellent translations we have “ The
the volumes of biography soon to appear are " The Russian School of Painting," by Alexander Be
Life of John Marshall,” by Ex-Senator Albert J. nois; Selma Lagerlof's new romance " The Em
Beveridge ; a life of Booker T . Washington , by peror of Portugalia.”
Lyman Beecher Stowe and Emmet Scott; " The The publications of poetry include " The Un
Life of John Fiske," by John Spencer Clark ; " An published Poems of John Hay" ; " The Great
0 . Henry Biography," by C . Alphonso Smith ; Valley,” by Edgar Lee Masters, and William
" The Life of Ulysses S. Grant," by Louis Coo - Butler Yeats' book of new poems, " Responsibili
lidge ; a critical study of "Henry Thoreau," by ties” ; Amy Lowell's "Men, Women and Ghosts,"
Mark Van Doren ; Judge Ransom 's " Charles E . and John G . Neuhardt's " The Fugitive Lure."
Hughes, the Statesman ." Other books that may In catalogues of important works of fiction
not be strictly classed as biography but possess there are listed : “ The World For Sale," a story
similar characteristics are : " How We Elected of the Canadian Northwest, by Sir Gilbert Parker;
Lincoln," by Judge Abram Dittenhoefer, a cam “ The Winged Victory," by Sarah Grand ; "Witte
paigner for Abraham Lincoln in 1860 ; " The Arrives," a Jewish immigrant story by Elias
Story of the Battle Hymn of the Republic," by Tobenkin ; " The Heart of Rachael,” by Kathleen
Florence Howe Hall; " Leading Events in Ameri- Norris; the first novel by Ernest Thompson Seton ,
can Diplomacy," selected by Ripley Hitchcock “ The Preacher of Cedar Mountain " ; a novel
from the " American Nation ” ; a William Dean begun and planned by the late F . Hopkinson
Howells book, " Years of My Youth" ; " The Art Smith, “Enoch Crane" ; "Multitude and Solitude,"
of Rodin , With Leaves from His Notebook," an American edition of an early novel by John
compiled by Judith Cladel, and "Letters of Masefield ; " The Invisible Balance Sheet," a new
Richard Watson Gilder," edited by Rosamund novel by Katrina Trask ; a new novel by H . G .
Gilder . Wells, "Mr. Britling Sees It Through ," and " The
Books that deal with interesting facts and con - Leatherwood God," by William Dean Howells.
ditions of American life include " America and Among the offerings of stories are “ The Great
the New Epoch," by Charles P . Steinmetz ; “ The Push ," a war tale by Patrick Macgill; “ The Tur
Gary Plan : The Conflict Between the Old and tles of Tasman," by Jack London ; Sir Rabindranath
the New in Education ,” by Alice Fernandez ; and Tagore's book of short stories, " The Fruit Gath
“ The Tide of Immigration," by Frank Julian ering " ; " Head Winds," a collection of stories by
Warner . James B . Connolly ; a collection of tales by Edith
Among the books offered on the problems of Wharton, “ Xingu and Other Tales" ; " Penrod
our foreign relations are : " The Japanese Crisis," and Sam ," a new series by Booth Tarkington ;
by James A . B . Sherer ; “ Our Eastern Question ," a story of the supernatural, " Julius Levall
by Thomas F . Millard, and " Caribbean Interests Algernon Blackwood ; “ Bodbank,” by Richard
of the United States," by Chester Lloyd Jones. Washburn Child , tales of a Mississippi River
" Benighted Mexico," by Randolph W . Smith , of town in the corn belt of Illinois ; “ The Mysteri
ous Stranger," a posthumous story by Mark
fers a first-hand study of conditions in that coun
try. Maurice Maeterlinck's new book, " The Twain ; and “ The Little Hunchback Zia," by
Wrack of the Storm ,” deals with Belgium and Frances Hodgson Burnett.
the war; " The Self-Discovery of Russia ," by Miscellaneous works include: “ The Golden
Professor J. Y . Simpson, is a volume of im - Book of Dutch Navigators," by Hendrik Willem
portance, and also Dr. William L . Mallabar's van Loon ; " Buddha and the Gospel of Budd
"Medical History of the Great War," and " The hism ," by Dr. Ananda Coomaraswamy; " The
War and Humanity," by James M . Beck. Wonder of Work," a book of pictures with cap
Out-of-door books include " The Moose Book," tions by Joseph Pennell ; “ The Intelligence of
by Samuel Merrill ; " Tales of the Pampas," by Woman ,” feminist essays by W . L . George ; " So
W . H . Hudson , and the journal of John Muir of ciety's Misfits," by Madeline Z . Doty, a book on
his tramp from Indiana to Florida in 1867, " A what goes on inside prisons and reformatories ;
Thousand Mile Walk ." George Moore's life of Christ entitled " The
Books that present interesting pictures of for: Brook Kerith ;" “ The Layman's Book of Medi
eign countries are "With the Turks in Pales cine,” by Richard C . Cabot ; and “Gleanings
tine," by Alexander Aaronsohn ; “ Tramping From old Shaker Journals," compiled by Clara
Through Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras," by Endicott Sears ; Ellen Key's new book "War,
Harry A . Franck ; " Hawaii,” by Katherine Fuller Peace and The Future,” and “ The Advance of
Gerould, and “ El Supreme," a historical romance the English Novel,” by Professor William Lyon
of South America by Edward Lucas White, and Phelps ; " Ivory and the Elephant," by George
" The Taming of Calinga," a story of the Philip - Frederick Kunz; “ Aspects of English Poetry,"
pines under Spanish rule, by C . L. Carlsen ; " A by Alfred Noyes, and "Our Hispanic Southwest,"
Slay Soul and Other Tales," by Alexander by Ernest Peixotto.
342
 THE NEW BOOKS
SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICS
" DOVERTY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS,” ? by
I Maurice Parmelee, is a most useful and
educative book. It would be well if every seri-
ous-minded person interested in social welfare
would read this calm , impartial survey of the
problems of poverty , and learn from it that pov
erty is not a spontaneous phenomenon , and that
it could be practically wiped out by the reorgani-
zation of society. The book is offered for use as
a text for college courses on charities, poverty,
pauperism , dependency, and the like, but its most
useful place is in the hands of the worker, the
producer, the business man and woman, the seri-
ous shapers and makers of the present economic
state of society. The chapters discuss and pre
sent data on the organization of society, pathol
ogical social conditions, biological factors, pa
thology of mind and body, distribution of wealth
and incomes, national wealth and income, unem
ployment, standards of living, the extent of pov
erty , the sweating system , conditions of labor as
causes of poverty, political maladjustment. On
the side of remedial and preventive projects
there are the various humanitarian and philan
thropic measures, social insurance and pensions,
redistribution of wealth , political reorganization
and industrial democracy, together with many
other ideas that develop the conception of a
society inspired by humanitarian and democratic
ideals, that involves on the political side self-
government of a high moral order, and on the
economic side the efficient organization of the
productive forces so that each member of society
will be contributing his fair share of the kind
of labor which he is best fitted to perform .
If war could be ended by reasonableness, Pro -
fessor Edward Krehbiel's handbook , “National
ism , War, and Society," * would end it. The book
presents a study of nationalism and its concomit
ant, war, in their relation to civilization ; and
of the fundamentals and the progress of the op
position to war. The aim of the book is frankly
the dissemination of ideas and ideals which shall
make for the reduction of war. The author
acknowledges the assistance of Dr. David Starr
Jordan , Dr. John Mez, and Dr. Denys P . Myers.
Norman Angell has written an introduction of
twenty pages that punctures some of the biologi
cal arguments against the probable continuance
of wars. Whether these arguments are or are
not fallacious depends entirely upon the read-
er's point of view . They are very interesting
reading, however, and the essence of the preface
and of Professor Krehbiel's illuminating hand
book is the fact that, shirk the question of war
to -day if we will, we shall certainly have to face
it to -morrow , and we must now decide whether
force is to be the instrument of defense or of sui
cide. If it is Utopian, he says, to concern ourselves
Poverty and Social Progress. By Maurice Parmelee.
Macmillan. 477 pp. $ 1.75.
biel.Nationalism , War,
Macmillan. and Society. By Edward Kreh
276 pp.
with preparation for coöperation , brotherhood ,
and peace by a reconstruction of internal and
international American policy, then indeed the
choice before us is “ Utopia or Hell.”
" Society and Prisons," 3 by Thomas Mott Os
borne, contains the Yale lectures on the respon
sibilities of citizenship. They are stirring con
demnations, based on personal investigation, of
the modern prison system and the usual attitude
of the public toward the man in prison and the
man who has “ done time.” Mr. Osborne does not
uphold a sentimental attitude toward criminals.
His sympathy is human and genuine, but there
are no paragraphs of mawkish sentiment in his
book . His arraignment of the present prison
system is that it does not cleanse the community
of crime or cure the criminal. Under the old
system , when two hundred offenses were punish
able by hanging, " the criminal did not return to
society to commit new offenses— to begin an end
less chain of recurring crime and reimprison
ment. . . . While it is difficult, if not impos
sible, to get accurate statistics in this as in other
prison matters, it is estimated that two-thirds of
the men in our State prisons are recidivists. I
believe this estimate is low for New York State ;
and while the figures will vary in different lo
calities, I should be surprised if the prison popu
lation of the country at large did not include
more than 65 per cent. of recidivists."
Mr. Osborne's basic tenets are:
There is no such thing as a criminal type, but
there is a prison type.
Crime in its various forms is largely spiritual.
The state ofof society
indifference our prison
to thesystem
wardsisofdue
the toState.
the
The duties and understanding of Christian
citizenship will apply democracy even to the
prisons.
The Welfare System is simply training in
democracy, applied Christianity, the Golden Rule.
The lectures contain an account of Mr. Os
borne's experimental incarceration at Auburn
prison and a sketch of the life of Canada Blackie,
who lent Mr. Osborne valuable assistance in or
ganizing the Welfare League.
Bipin Chandra Pal, a champion of Nationalism
in India , offers in " Nationality and Empire," a
book published at Calcutta , a most excellent run
ning survey of current Indian problems. This
book cannot be too highly commended to those
who are interested in governmental study. The
articles that compose the volume have previously
appeared in various Indian reviews. In 1911,
the late Mr. W . T . Stead published in the Eng.
lish Review of Reviews an interview with Bipin
Chandra Pal in which he discussed the possible
reconstitution of governmental relations betweei.
Society and Prisons. By Thomas Mott Osborne,
Yale University Press. 246 pp. $ 1.35.
Nationality and Empire." By Bipin Chandra Pal.
Thacker Spink Co., Calcutta, India. 416 pp. $ 1 net.
343
344 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Great Britain and India on the basis of the
recognition of India as a free and equal partner,
and advised the reconstitution of the British Em
pire on the basis of free coöperative partnership
between her dependencies, India, Canada, Ause
tralia, and New Zealand. While this book is
occupied in the main with the various aspects
of the Indian idea of this co -partnership as re
gards the Indian Empire, in accordance with the
demands of Indian Nationalism , the author goes
far enough to say that the true empire idea is
in fact not a political but a social idea , social
evolution is its ultimate end. The moral idea
of an Empire is the large ground it offers for
human fellowship. Therefore Imperialism , with
freedom , offers for India a higher ideal than
Nationalism , and in consideration of her internal
problems and threatened perils from other
nations, much the wisest solution for the ever
outcropping political unrest. Federalism is the
only salvation for India, and the only possible
way in which , after the war, the integrity of the
British Empire can be maintained.
PHILOSOPHY
IN " Bergson and Religion ," Professor Lucius
| Hopkins Miller, of Princeton , attempts to as
sess the religious value of Bergson's teaching.
Opinions will necessarily vary as to the religious
value of Bergsonianism according to the various
conceptions of religion, but Professor Miller's
enthusiastic and conscientious estimate of the re
sult for religion of Bergson's philosophy is of
importance and interest. And he affirms with
out fear of contradiction that Bergson is the
literary exponent of the forces that are just now
virile and constructive in France.
To the reasoning mind Bergson gives a basis
for faith ; to the doubtful he gives encourage
ment to believe. The materialist can identify,
if he so choose, the " Vital Impulse" of Bergson
with God. His " intuition " is clearly allied to
faith and to all he reveals- even as did the Naz
arene— the possibility of our having " life more
abundantly." This work is a distinct creation in
itself, one that will attract all classes of readers
for its sound reasoning , clarity, and stimulating
literary style.
The May number of the Philosophical Review
is given up to papers by writers who are admir
ers of the philosophical work of the distinguished
American philosopher Josiah Royce, but who
were not for one reason or another able to par
ticipate in the original celebration of Professor
Royce's sixtieth birthday which took place last
year at the University of Pennsylvania and in
New York. Several of these writers have been
_ From Doomsday to Kingdom Come. By Seymour
Deming. Small, Maynard . 110 pp. 50 cents.
- * The Child in Human Progress. By George Henry
Payne. Putnams. III. 400 pp. $2.50.
3 Bergson and Religion. By Lucius Hopkins Miller.
286 pp . $ 1.50 .
GreenThe
. Philosophical
60 cents. Review (May, 1916). Longmans,
Seymour Deming's spirited arraignment of
society. “ From Doomsday to Kingdom Come," !
reminds us that the origins of war are not for
eign but domestic ; they are rooted in class rule,
and it is every man 's business to expose class rule
and help the working man to conquer the world
by means of honest, well-paid labor, which shall
bring about a self- impelled social democratiza
tion . And in the end " Kingdom Come" is not
an ideal society. It is the truth of the Hegelian
theory, that life is in the effort, in the struggle,
inasmuch as the price of any good is struggle
everlasting. A readable book, a piquant bit of
the urge toward true democracy .
Every person interested in the welfare of chil
dren should own " The Child in Human Progress " :
by George Henry Payne, a book that shows the
status of the child from prehistoric times to the
present day. Dr. Jacobi, who has written the
preface, declares that no teacher, medical prac
titioner, historian , or pediatrist should be without
it. It is the only book of its kind published .
his pupils, and while in hardly any case has
there been an actual adoption by them of his
theories in their entirety, the spirit of loyalty
characterizes them as a whole. Notable among
these papers are : “ The Significance of His Work
in Philosophy," " The Foundation in Royce's Phi
losophy for Christian Theism ," " Royce's Inter
pretation of Christianity," " Love and Loyalty,"
and “Royce's Idealism as a Philosophy of Edu
cation .” Richard Cabot contributes an article on
" Royce as a Teacher," a tribute to his kindness,
his interest, and his unfailing interest in the " lame
ducks." Other articles discuss the technical points
of the Roycean philosophical system .
" Indian Thought, Past, and Present," s by R . W .
Frazer, is a notable and erudite account of In
dian thought in its infiltrations through the social
and religious life of India and of its effect upon
orthodox Hindus. Mr. Frazer holds that if we
are to approach the idea of a world federation,
we must first be familiar with the underlying
stratum of thought of each race and nation , how
they have attempted to solve the problem of the
universe. This volume begins with a study of
the Vedas and continues the tracing of hereditary
currents through the Brahamanas, the Uphani
shads, Vedanta, Sankya or the world as matter;
Vais'eshika and Nyaya, or the world as atoms,
Yoga, asceticism , Buddhism , Hinduism , on to
present Indian thought and a chapter on the
past and present position of Woman in India.
The book is beautifully illustrated . Many of
the cuts are photographed from the art collection
of Dr. Ananda Coomaraswamy, who has been
recently heard on the lecture platform in this
country. A more clear or succinct account of
Indian thought cannot be obtained .
* Indian Thought, Past and Present, By R . W . Frazer.
Stokes. 339 pp.
 THE NEW BOOKS 345

ESSAYS AND CRITICISM

IT is a piece of fine irony that Robert Southey and progressivism . He does not hold Maeter
I should be universally remembered only by linck to be the disciple of any philosopher. He
the " Story of the Three Bears." His expectation is rather a powerful, original, spiritual force
that he would be blest and remembered by all seizing upon the best in both philosophy and
who love to tell stories to children has been religion and mingling the whole into a mystical
realized, but the bulk of his literary fame and doctrine of the preēminence of beauty and the
high pretensions has mostly gone the way of all glory of the inner life of the soul. For richness
that's mortal. It is most agreeable, however, of style, vocabulary, and true interpretative power
to find among the new publications a book of the this book rises far above even the exceptional
" Select Prose of Robert Southey.” ] The selections works of its kind .
have been well chosen and will find their audi
ence. They are those charming, light, readable Stephen Leacock's latest book, " Essays and Lit
parts of Southey's more popular works wherein erary Studies," presents the movements ofmodern
he has permitted his inventive fancy to play thought in a terse manner enlivened by a merry
gracefully in numerous delightful episodes. Se wit and the skilful clothing of old argument in
lections from the " Lake Country,” “ The Doctor," new forms. Especially delightful are the essays,
" The Life of Bayard," " The Peninsular War," " The Apology of a Professor," a spirited defense
and "Opinions and Reflections from the Common of the men who infuse leaven into our present
place Books” are included among other selections. day life of commercialism ; " American Humor,"
Most people who have seen Maeterlinck's an analysis of the humor of American writers as
" Bluebird" played in this country or glimpsed people it bears relation to the history of the American
the shadowy beauty of " Peleas and Melisande" the theories ; and “ The Woman Question," a blow at
want to know all about the poet-dramatist. Mr. of Feminism .
MacDonald Clark has written a searching study
of the man and a sympathetic estimate of his “ Browning Studies,” by Vernon C. Harrington,
work, genius, and influence in the literary world are intended as an introduction to Browning's
for the past generation . Maeterlinck himself has best work, for those who are not familiar with
written of the essay : " It is by far the most his poetry. The author emphasizes the great
complete. thorough , and conscientious study yet help the earnest student can find in Browning
devoted to me. I have admired the independence, in the difficult art of living.
the sureness, the sense of balance of thought that
sometimes towers above its subject. And I feel “ The Elements of Style," an introduction to
proud to have been the subject of a work of this literary criticism , by David Watson Rannie,
intellectual vigor.” Mr. Clark treats of Maeter covers its chosen field in a most scholarly fashion .
linck's works in detail, then follows the discus The various literary forms are skilfully analyzed
sion of Maeterlinck the man , the effect of the and illustrative quotations given from famous
mixture of races in his blood, of early surrounde authors. It is a most excellent volume for stu
ings, love of solitude and simplicity, outdoor life, dents of literature and ambitious writers.

SCIENTIFIC WORKS
" AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
A OF VARIABLE STARS," by Caroline E . '
Furness, Ph. D ., is one of a collection of notable
volumes by Vassar alumnæ published in com -
memoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Amer-
ica's oldest college for women . It is offered
with the purpose of presenting in a clear and
simple form the physical principles upon which
many of the instruments and methods of investi
gation are based - principles such as polarized
light, spectrum analysis, the formation of the
photographic image and photo-electricity. It is
the first general book, suitable alike to students
and to the amateur who owns a telescope, that
has been published in English. The observation
of variable stars was introduced into the pro
gram of Vassar College by Mary Whitney in
1901, and the author of this admirable volume
Select Prose of Robert Southey. Introduction by
Jacob Zeitlin. Macmillan . 436 op. $ 1.50 .
:Maurice Maeterlinck . By MacDonald Clark. Fred . Dutton,
erick A . Stokes. 304 pp. $ 2.50 .
Essays
John Lane.and310Literary Studies. By Stephen Leacock. Caroline
pp. $ 1.25.
' Browning Studies. By Vernon C . Harrington , Bos.
ton. Richard G . Badger, 390 pp. $ 1.50.
coöperated with her the first few years in giving
instruction .
Among recent books presenting that serene,
high -minded scholarship that labors for no re
ward save delight in its own arduous toil, is
the Columbian University monograph, “ The
Origins of the Islamic State.” ? This work is a
translation by Philip Khuri Hitti, the Gustave
Gottheil lecturer at Columbia, of the “ Kitab
Futuh Al-Buldan," an Arabic authority for the
period when the Arab state was in the process
of formation . The present interest in the Nearer
East, and the renewed desire for knowledge of
governmental conditions past and present, will
commend this volume to the student. The task
of making the Arabic text accessible to those
who cannot hope to master the Arabic language
is one that merits wide appreciation.
5 The Elements
312 pp. of$ 1.50Style.
. By David Watson Rannie.
An Introduction to theHoughton,
Study of Variable
Mifflin . Stars. By
E . Furness.
Ill. $ 1.75.
327 pp.
? The Origins of the Islamic State. By Philip Khuri
Hitti. Longmans, Green 518 pp.
346 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
A series of eight lectures given at the Lowell One questions if we have not at least Fabres
Institute, Boston, in 1914 , under the name of in the making when one comes upon such a rare
" Sound Analysis," have been rewritten by their and delightful book of nature knowledge as
author, Professor Dayton Clarence Miller, and “ Texas Nature Observations and Reminiscences,"
published under the title " The Science of Musi- a work by Dr. R . Menger, an amateur Texas
cal Sounds." These lectures, while containing naturalist. This book is a vivid transcript of the
enough elementary materials to interest begin author's impressions covering a space of many
ners, give the latest advances of the science. years of his personal observations of the living
The lectures are accompanied by quantities of wild things of the Lone Star State and of her
illustrations— diagrams and pictures that make fields, plants, and streams. The book has six
experimental work for the student easy to a teen full-page, half- tone illustrations and numer
degree. To anyone interested in this subject ous decorations made from about 3,600 rattle
Professor Miller's book is invaluable. The snake rattles. In view of the recent interest in
chapters cover sound waves, simple harmonic the State of Texas because of the encampment
motion , noise and tone, characteristics of tones, of the militia along the Mexican border, this book
methods of recording and photographing sound should find eager readers. A more fascinating
waves, analysis and synthesis of harmonic curves, book for both old and young, or a better com
influence of horn and diaphragm on sound waves mentary on the excellent results both of knowl
and interpreting sound analysis, tone qualities edge and of mental and physical refreshment
of musical instruments, and word relations of the following the use of our leisure in the study of
art and the science of music. the out-of-door world can hardly be imagined.

A FEW RECENT NOVELS

CHARLES MARRIOTT'S “Davenport” : will art of shaping noble character. There exists the
U please those who like a carefully written mys- understanding between master and pupil that
tery story. The question of the duality of the human every offense is condonable save those that in
mind, of the curious intelligence and unexplained volve cleanness of mind and honorable actions.
fact knowledge sometimes displayed by the sub
jective mind , will interest students of occult phe ma“ Testore,"at 5 the
Ca
romance of a anna Italian Addle
nomena and believers in spiritualism . Harry Bel dreams that came to the buyer of an old violin.
sire, the son of a Gloucestershire vicar, baffles his They are woven into the life -story of its maker,
close friends by sudden gleams of learning and one
personality that seem quite apart from his normal MilanCarlo Giuseppe Testore, a fiddle -maker of
. If this book is, as it seems, a first novel,
intelligence. The explanation of the mystery is it deserves high praise. The romantic atmos
withheld until the novelist's art has aroused the phere is well sustained and faults of construc
reader to a high point of curiosity. The au tion , notably a lack of coördination, and certain
thorship of a series of brilliant articles appear gaps in the flow of the narrative, are well nigh
ing in local papers signed " J. D .”themis traced to lost in the picturing forth of a vivid personality
young Belsire, who has written with the and in the melodic quality of the style.
assistance of a friend and "Planchette" while his
mind was functioning as "Davenport." Here the " The Purple Land," an early work of W . H .
novelist introduces a curious fact familiar to Hudson , whose idyllic story, "Green Mansions,"
psychologists, the loss of union between the two has had large sales, is reissued in a new edition.
personalities or the two phases of the one. Bel It was first published in 1885, in two volumes,
sire loses Davenport, and the question is — how under the title of “ The Purple Land That Eng.
to unite them once more so that the young man land Lost." This land was the " Banda Oriental,"
may proceed through life mentally a complete the Uruguay of South America, discovered by
individual. This is accomplished in an exqui Magellan in 1500 , when he named the hill or
sitely written chapter of great delicacy and mountain which gives its name to the capital
charm . One may take the book as a parable if "Monte Vidi.” This book has a favor of Rob
the reader wishes. It is a remarkable work , one inson Crusoe and the Swiss Family Robinson.
that for charm and suggestiveness can hardly It narrates the romantic adventures of Richard
be surpassed . Lamb, a young Englishman , in the interior of
this wild and then unknown country. It has
" David Blaize," * by E. F. Benson , gives us a great fascination and true romantic quality. The
realistic , jolly picture of English school-boy life unexpected adventures and marvelous escapes of
which is comparable to Kipling's " Stalky & Co." the hero place the reader in the world of long
and Hughes " Tom Brown's School Days." A ago when tales of darkest Africa piqued our
happier, more wholesome book could hardly be curiosity, when we believed in Amazons, giants,
imagined . We are shown the inner intricacies pygmies, and :
of the high art of the best English schools, the " The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads
* The Science of Musical Sounds. By Dayton Clarence Do grow beneath their shoulders,"
Miller. Macmillan. 280 pp. $ 2.50.
Texas Nature Observations. By Dr. R . Menger. • David Blaize. By E . F. Benson . Doran . 364 pp.
Guessaz & Ferlet Co., San Antonio , Texas. 323 pp . $2. * Testore. By Pat Candler. Dutton . 264 pp. $1.35.
* Davenport. By Charles Marriott. John Lane. 374 * The Purple Land. By W . H . Hudson . E . P . Dutton.
pp. $ 1.35. 355 Pp. $ 1. 50 net.
 THE NEW BOOKS
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE
VOLUME IV . of the Disraeli biography by beau and the French in America ," " L 'Enfant and
V George Earle Buckle (in succession to W . F.
Monypenny), covers the period 1855- 1868. The
letters of Disraeli to Queen Victoria come to
their end in this volume, but there is a wealth of
other correspondence and extended comment upon
various personages, all of which extends the
work beyond the limits of a biography into a his
tory of the times. Palmerston, Derby, Russell,
and Gladstone are equally prominent in this vol
ome with the redoubtable " Dizzy.” The exposi
tion of the tact and wisdom with which Dis
raeli led the Queen 's Opposition in the House of
Commons throughout his waiting years, his final
Parliamentary triumph and accession to the Prime
Ministry in 1868, fill the record of his public life
for this volume. On the personal side there are
glimpses of his devoted wife's pride in his con
quests, and bits of intimate correspondence that
throw a high light of his character. Once when
they were both confined to their rooms by ill
ness in the house at Grosvenor Gate they wrote
letters to each other every day. Mrs. Disraeli
was at this time seventy- five years of age. In
Disraeli's notes to her we find the following :
" You have sentme the most amusing and charm
ing letter I ever had. It beats Horace Walpole
and Madame de Sevigne.”
“We have been separated four days and under
the same roof. How very strange.”
"Grosvenor Gate has become a hospital, but
a hospital with you is worth a palace with any
body else. Your own D .”
" A Warwickshire Lad,” ? a story of the boyhood of
William Shakespeare by George Madden Martin,
gives a quaint, delightful picture of the home life
of the Shakespeare family and portrays with
fidelity of the lovable, devoted mother, who was
Mistress Mary Arden of the Asbies, and the gal
lant, unsuccessful bailiff, John Shakespeare, the
father. The story shows the master-dramatist as
a truant lad , who often ran away to the woods
with an older playmate, Ann Hathaway, a lass as
fond of gypsying as the youthful Master Shakes
peare. The historic detail is consistent and the
events are enveloped in a haze of charming imag
inative touches .
Ambassador Jusserand , dean of the diplomatic
corps at Washington, and for thirteen years a
resident of the United States, brings together in
one volume several of his studies of men and
events in American history which he deems of
special interest from the point of view of Franco
American relations. Thus he treats of " Rocham
* The Life of Benjamin Disraeli. 3 . George Earle
Buckle . IV vol. 1855-68 . 610 pp . $ By
A Warwickshire Lad. By George Madden Martin .
D . Appleton Co. 112ofpp.
With Americans Past 111.
and $1.
Present Days. By J. J. 303& Mrs.
Jusserand. Scribner's. 350 pp. $1.50 .
347
the Federal City," "Washington and the French ,"
and “ Abraham Lincoln.” In a preface M . Jus
serand reminds us that his " diplomatic ancestor,"
Gerard de Rayneval, presented to Congress the
first credentials brought here from abroad (be
ing at that time the entire diplomatic body).
" Nights," * by Elizabeth Robins Pennell, gives us
reminiscences of nights in Rome and Venice in
the “ Esthetic Eighties," and in London and Paris
in the “Fighting Nineties.” During this period
Mrs. Pennell was a member of a brilliant group
of artists and thinkers who waged a successful
war upon Victorianism and smug Philistinism .
It was the time of the new renaissance as a gen
eral movement, eventful years that saw the be
ginnings of many of the art and literary projects
that have now come to mature flowering. One
can re -live those years with Aubrey Beardsley
and Henry Harland, with their Yellow Book;
with Joseph Pennell, who made Beardsley fa
mous over -night in the first issue of The Studio,
William Ernest Henley, " Bob " Stevenson, George
Moore, Rosamund Marriot-Watson, George Stee
vens, Whistler, and many others of the rebellious
souls, since become wise and the famous, who
animate the pages of Mrs. Pennell's pleasant,
friendly book . The portrait of Beardsley is
vivid, and there is a remarkable sketch of Ver
laine. The book is illustrated with sixteen illus
trations from photographs and etchings by well
known artists.
Just in time for the biennial convention of the
General Federation of Women 's Clubs, there ap
peared an eloquent appreciation written by Helen
Knox of the life and character of the retiring
president of the Federation, Mrs. Percy V . Penny
backer. Throughout her long career as student,
historian, wife, mother and organizing genius, her
fame and influence have become continually more
far-reaching until to -day she is looked upon as
an ideal type of American womanhood. Her ad
ministration of the Federation of Women 's Clubs
has been notable for harmony and achievement.
Among the many praises of her genius and per
sonality , there is none more expressive of just
what Mrs. Pennybacker means to the women of
America than the tribute from William J. Battle,
president of the University of Texas:
“ To me the noteworthy thing about Mrs. Penny
backer is the clearness of her understanding of
women's position in the world of to-day and the
force and beauty of her exposition of it. Even
an old fogy could not withhold his admiration ."
* Nights. By Elizabeth Robins Pennell. Lippincott.
pp. $"Percy
3. V. Pennybacker. By Helen Knox.
Revell. 192 pp. $i.
348 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
BRIEF NOTES ON RECENT PUBLICA
TIONS
History covers by far the more important portion of that
history, beginning with the close of the War of
A Short History of Germany. By Ernest F . 1812 and ending with adoption of the present
Henderson . Macmillan . 2 vol. 1121 pp ., aet. form of government of the District of Columbia
Maps. $3.50. in 1878. This work deals with a great variety
This new edition of Mr. Henderson 's ad of topics that are of national rather than merely
local interest - for example, the living conditions
mirable work contains additional chapters on the of
political, economic, and social progress of Ger the Government employees living in the district,
social life of the capital, the successive Presi
many from 1871 to 1914 . Very wisely, the au dential inaugurations and terms, and, in general,
thor makes no attempt at this time to carry the
history beyond the outbreak of the great war, the development of the City of Washington as
the nation 's capital.
since, in his opinion , " subsequent events are too
numerous and too complicated, even were they A History of the University of Chicago.
not too much in dispute, to be treated of with
any profit in a work of this kind. Besides, they By Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed . Chicago:
belong to a new era, the end of which our The University of Chicago Press. 522 pp. III.
children's children may not see.” $ 3.
It is hard for some of us to realize that the
A History of the Third French Republic . University of Chicago has already had a quarter
By C. H . C . Wright. Houghton, Mifflin . 206 pp. century of history. It is important that the be
III. $1.50. ginnings of so great an institution should be
The forty -four years intervening between the accurately described before those who had a
downfall of the French Empire and the begin part in them have all passed from the scene.
ning of the present war formed a remarkable The author of this volume, Dr. T . W . Goodspeed,
era in French history. For American readers has been active in the affairs of the university
the story of that era has never before been so from the very outset. He writes from intimate
clearly told as in this book by the Professor knowledge of the epoch -marking work of Dr. Wil
of the French Language and Literature at Har liam R . Harper, the first president, as well as of
vard. The author traces the Egyptian and Mo the broadly successful administration of President
rocco troubles, the Panama scandal, the Dreyfus Harry Pratt Judson.
case, the quarrel with the Church, the constantly
growing radicalism of French parties, and all Scandinavian Immigrants in New York
the great movements of this interesting period , (City and State ), 1630 - 1674. By Prof. John
culminating in the remarkable restoration of 0 . Evjen , Ph.D . Minneapolis : K . C . Holter Pub.
France to power and greatness as revealed under Co. 438 pp. III. $2.50.
the test of war. By marvelous industry in research, Dr. Evjen
Poland . By W . Alison Phillips. Holt. 256 has succeeded in obtaining biographical data con
pp . 50 cents. cerning 188 of the earliest Scandinavian settlers
In the " Home University Library" a volume on of New York, many of whom had been numbered
among the Dutch founders of that community .
Poland is contributed by W . Alison Phillips, Pro The importance of Scandinavian immigration in
fessor of Modern History in the University of the early period of our colonial history was never
Dublin . This writer endeavors to be scrupu
lously just to the German point of view in the before so fully demonstrated .
case of the Polish question , but, while giving The Jews Among the Greeks and Romans.
credit to Prussia for the good work she has done
in the economic development of her Polish prov. By . Max Radin . Philadelphia : Jewish Publica
inces, Professor Phillips draws from responsible tion Society of America. 421 pp. III. $1.50.
German writers a condemnation of the Prussian A coherent account, written from the standpoint
spirit of domination and of the " policy of ruth - of modern Jewish scholarship .
less Germanization " which has been its outcome.
Ghenko - The Mongol Invasion of Japan . War, Preparedness, and National
By Nakaba Yamada, B . A . Dutton . 277 pp. Sentiment
III. $2.50. Why Preparedness ? By Capt. Henry J.
This is the first concise account in English of Reilly, Chicago : Daughaday & Co. 401 pp.
the defeat of the Mongol invasion of Japan in W . $2.
the thirteenth century. An introduction is fur An American army officer gives in this vol
nished by Lord Armstrong. ume his observations during the first year of the
A History of the National Capital. By greatlater war, first with the armies of the Allies
with those of the Central Powers. Cap
Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan. Vol. II. Macmillan. and tain Reilly deduces from his observations those
707 pp. $ 5. facts and arguments that have a special bearing
The second and concluding volume of this on the question of American preparedness to-day.
elaborate history of the City of Washington General Leonard Wood vouches for the accu•
 THE NEW BOOKS 349
racy of what Captain Reilly says, from the mili- supply, and meat production . The various phases
tary standpoint, and urges the importance of the of the political and economic aspects of the war
lessons that America should learn from the ex- are also treated with thoroughness, and in this
periences of Great Britain and other powers in record of the calendar year 1915, notwithstand
the present war. ing the absence of certain routine statistical ma
terial from the nations engaged in the conflict, one
Americanism — What It Is. By David Jayne finds a complete presentation of the activities of
Hill. Appleton. 280 pp. $ 1.25. even these nations in this time of world crisis.
An up-to -date analysis and review of Ameri
can political conceptions. The two concluding
chapters, “ The Duty of National Defense” and
Coping with Hay-Fever
" New Perils for Americanism ," have special ref Hay-Fever: Its Prevention and Cure.
erence to current national problems. By William C. Hollopeter, M .D . Funk & Wag
nalls Co. 347 pp. $ 1.25.
Old Glory. By Mary Shipman Andrews. An especially timely book of wide interest, for
Charles Scribner's Sons. 126 pp. 50 cents net the victims of hay -fever are numbered by hun
This trio of short stories - comprising " The Col dreds of thousands, and their season of anguish is
ors," " The Stranger Within the Gates," and " The at hand. Dr. Hollopeter, who states in his preface
Star Spangled Banner," are excellent and timely that he has had remarkable and uniform success
reading, pulsating with a patriotism and rever with a simple treatment of hay-feverin threefor the last
ence for the Flag that give a real tug at the heart twenty years, deals with the subject parts :
strings of a true American . "What Hay-fever is" ; " Accepted causes" ; " Forms
of treatment." There is already an extensive lit
Their True Faith and Allegiance. By erature of the subject, as the complete biblio
Gustavus Ohlinger. Macmillan . 124 pp. 50 theless graphy appended to the book will show . Never
a new work on this interesting and com
cents. mon disease, by a physician of high standing with
A stirring appeal to Americans of German a record of successful treatment, will doubtless in
birth or antecedents to be true to their American terest the thousands of sufferers from this annual
citizenship . A foreword is supplied by Owen summer scourge.
Wister .
War and Civilization . By J. M . Robertson, Educational Books
M . P. Dutton. 160 pp. $1. The Playground Book . By Harry Sperling.
An Englishman 's reply to a Swedish professor's A . S. Barnes Co. 105 pp . 111. $ 1.80.
defense of Germany. The book traverses much Playground teachers will be glad to have " The
of the familiar ground related to the beginnings Playground Book,” by Harry Sperling. It pre
of the war. sents a fairly limited choice of the best games
and dances adapted to playground conditions and
Culture and War. By Simon Nelson Patten . purposes in order that novices may refer with
confidence to them for help and inspiration .
Huebsch. 62 pp. 60 cents. There are singing games and folk dances with
A searching, dispassionate study of the princi music, playground athletic games, also class
ples at the basis of German culture. room games, suggestions, talks, etc., and a bibli
What Could Germany Do for Ireland? By ography for playground workers. It is a large
James K . McGuire. Wolfe Tone Co. 309 pp. sized book like a folio of music, well printed from
large type, with excellent illustrations.
$ 1.
A sequel to " The King, the Kaiser, and Irish Bookbinding as a Handwork Subject. By
Freedom ," by the same author. Mr. McGuire,
the former mayor of Syracuse, N . Y ., holds that J. Halliday Dutton . 73 pp. $ 1.
work explains how books can be bound
Ireland can be nothing more than a vassal state, withThissimple apparatus in a school classroom . The
economically considered, so long as England's author suggests that simplified, inexpensive book
domination in the empire continues. binding can be used in many ways in schools, as
in the making of notebooks and scrap -books, the
A Chronicle of 1915 binding of music, making of drawing books and
The New International Year Book . A binding of magazines. It is equally suitable for
girls and boys as a stimulus to artistic taste and
Compendium of the World 's Progress for the creative effort. A book for the home as well as
year 1915. Edited by Frank Moore Colby, M . for the schoolroom .
A., Allen Leon Churchill, and Horatio S. Krans,
Ph. D . Dodd,Mead. 752 pp. III. $ 5. The Business of Being a Friend. By Bertha
The International Year Book is the firstwork of Condé. Houghton , Mifflin . 121 pp. $ 1.25.
reference to make extensive use of the data re- A good book to give to a girl, particularly
sulting from the wide range of scientific research the girl who is going away from home to school
occasioned by the war. Officials of the Depart- or college, is Bertha Condé's “ The Business of
ment of Agriculture at Washington contribute Being a Friend ." Miss Condé is Senior Student
articles dealing with the world 's production of Secretary of the Young Women's Christian As
crops under war conditions, agriculture in Europe sociation , and has studied for sixteen years the
during the war, and the American horse and the problems of girls in this country, Europe, and
war, together with surveys of soils, the potash the Orient.
 FINANCIAL NEWS
1. — THE SECURED FOREIGN GOVERNMENT LOAN
N EW ideas and new styles are constantly they are known in the vernacular of the
I being displayed in the market for in - market-place, were returning 6 .25 per cent.
vestment securities. There, as elsewhere, when the French secured loan appeared , with
necessity is the mother of invention . The its yield of approximately 5 .75 per cent.
war is a leveler among borrowers as it is As there is only about a year's difference in
among aristocrats. It has been found em - the maturity , and two-name paper of the
barrassing to say what would not be done strongest credit nations in times of peace
and what concessions would not be made ought to sell better than one-name paper, the
with the subsequent evidence that the thing plain inference is that the American public
denied was accepted and the concession re- wanted something behind their investment
buffed was embraced. besides a promise to pay. For this reason
One of the new styles is the " secured for- it is assumed that the British secured loan
eign government loan .” There have been forthcoming will yield less than the
occasions in the past when governments with “ Anglos." It is not necessary to suggest the
low credit, such as those of the Balkan states, change in financial conditions within a year
have pawned their chattels at high rates of that compel the foremost banking nation of
interest for the money they imperatively the world to pledge securities for a loan from
needed and which Paris and London , and what was in 1914 a second - or third -rate
less frequently Berlin , loaned at high rates banking power and badly in debt to this
of interest. But no power of the first rank same borrower.
had ever been compelled to do so before For one thing, the cost of the war had
France called on the American market in about doubled. Every nation involved has
July for $ 100,000 ,000 and was given the added enormously to its debt and subtracted
accommodation only after she had agreed to from its income. The idea of repudiation
cover the amount with prime securities with is no longer scouted . In fact, very high
a market value 20 per cent. in excess of the financial authorities in Europe see no other
principal of the loan , and this margin to be escape from the problem of intolerable taxa
maintained during its three-year tenure. tion . As we have repeatedly stated in these
pages , external loans are in a class by them
A New British Loan selves. They will be paid at face value on
Before the September REVIEW OF RE maturity , whatever the internal conditions of
VIEWS is published the investing public may the borrowers. But even they must now be
be offered a second secured government loan, fortified by collateral which the American
that of Great Britain . This will be one of investor knows and respects and is willing
the strangest financial episodes of the war, to hold in the highly improbable event of a
which has had a way of reversing precedent default. It certainly is not too much to ask
and beating down pride. Just a year ago that the collateral be given . Unsecured loans
negotiations were under way in New York of all kinds are constantly becoming unpopu
for the $ 500 ,000 ,000 Anglo -French loan lar with bankers, who are asking the right
which the West would not buy, as much be- of protection against unsecured paper which
cause it was unsecured as from its pro- passes so freely in this country.
German sentiment. It went willingly enough
into the French secured loan and is reported Wide Range of Collateral
to have been allotted less than it wanted. Great Britain and France have been bank
The committee of London bankers who came ers for so many peoples throughout the world
over to borrow of our wealth Aatly refused that they can bring out almost any kind of
to consider a collateral loan , but they made security that is required . For instance, in
concessions in other ways, mainly in the rate borrowing this summer France pledged
of interest and the price to the public , paying $ 113,449,000 of the bonds of ten different
about 174 per cent. more than their last do governments. The largest of these were
mestic loan had netted . The “ Anglos," as $ 20 ,600,000 Spanish interior and state
350
 FINANCIAL NEWS 351
guaranteed railroad bonds and $ 20 ,500 ,000 on August 1, 1914 , there was $ 150,000,000
Republic of Argentina bonds. Then there of foreign government or state paper owned
were $ 20 ,200 ,000 of Egyptian bonds, $ 12,- by American investors. Most of this was
080,000 of Swiss Republic bonds, and $ 11,- held by institutions. By the war's end it
600,000 Suez Canal shares. The other is reasonable to expect an investment of
countries represented by their obligations $ 2,000,000 ,000, irrespective of the capital
were Sweden , Denmark , Norway, and Hol- that will go into business undertakings.
land, whose national wealth has immensely This ought to mean an income of well over
increased since the war, because of their $ 110,000,000 , or about the amount we were
commercial opportunities as neutrals, and formerly credited with paying Europe each
Uruguay and Brazil. There were also year for interest and dividends. A great many
$ 3,700,000 of American corporation issues. of the American securities owned abroad
In the event of a second loan by France, it paid nothing. There was no investment
is probable that about the same character of there in American government issues. By
securities would be presented. The great far our largest debtor will be the nation
masses of Russian , Mexican, Turkish , Gre - with whom we shall compete most sharply
cian and Servian bonds, held to the extent of both for financial and commercial advantage.
many milliard francs , would be of no use as Another phase of the borrowing will come
collateral here or elsewhere at the present with peace. So far we have loaned almost
time. entirely to the Entente and to neutrals. The
The main investments of Great Britain amount which Germany has been able to
have been in the United States, Canada, and obtain here has been very small, probably not
South America . It is quite likely that she over $ 25,000,000. She will want large sup
would offer collateral of a description en - plies of capital when the fighting ends, and
tirely familiar to the New York market. Al from the best sources available she has suffi
though it is believed that the liquidation of cient American collateral to offer. Sentiment
American corporation stocks and bonds by will be different then than it is now . There
English investors has been well above will be bidding for banking relations in Ger
$ 1,000,000 ,000 par value, there is another many, even though she is beaten . An at
billion or more that can be drawn on to pay tractive rate of interest on the obligation of
bills or to secure loans. One advantage of a nation that has so far promptly paid her
establishing credits is that it withdraws from debts and exhibited wonderful vitality and
sale a large amount of securities which other resourcefulness will overcome racial preju
wise would compete in sale with new issues dices. It is not improbable, therefore, that
and tend to depress prices of all stocks and $ 1,000,000,000 of American capital may go
bonds. into the combined loans of Central Europe,
The United States as a Creditor Nation Asia Minor,
following and and
peace China
thatin inthethefirstmaior
few years
Since the war began the United States has instances there will be securities , or tax
loaned $ 1,200 ,000,000 to foreign nations. receipts, or government concessions, pledged
This is 20 per cent. more than the entire net to insure prompt payment of principal and
debt of the United States. It is doubtful if, interest to the American lender .

II. - INVESTORS' QUERIES AND ANSWERS

No. 767. MUNICIPALS FOR PARTIAL PAYMENT
INVESTMENT although we are frank to say there are a good
I am thinking of buying a few bonds on the partial many
som
attractive municipals that fall short
You
by
payment plan and have had municipals recommended to
me. . Would you advise this form of savings, and what ment's requirements in this respect.
particular class of municipal bonds do you prefer ? Also , You ask about the marketability of this kind
what about the marketability of this kind of denomina and denomination of bonds. It must be recog
tion of bonds ?
nized frankly that in respect to the virtue
We consider municipal bonds one of the very marketability, municipal bonds, and especiallyof
best types of securities for one to purchase on the those of the smaller denominations, are to some
partial payment plan, provided of course, one extent deficient. But on the other hand, the better
deals with an unquestionably reliable firm of spe- class of banking specialists in this type of invest
cialists in such securities. ment are, as a rule, prepared to take care of all
Everything considered , we think it might be their clients ' legitimate needs for cash by re
well for a beginner, in buying bonds in this purchasing bonds at a nominal discount to cover
category, to confine his selections to issues that handling charges, or by loaning money on the
are legal as security for Postal Savings deposits, bonds as collateral security .
352 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
No. 768. POUR REPRESENTATIVE
TRIAL BONDS
LISTED INDUS. conditions were such that your instructions could
Do you think the present an opportune time for one
not be carried out.
holding a predominance of railroad bonds to buy in No. 771. CONSTRUCTION BONDS
dustrial issues ? If so, what would you suggest? Do you considerinvestments
construction
Almost any time is a good time for the con safe and reliable ? bonds- first mortgage
servative investor to begin to practise the prin
ciple of diversification . Although we believe . It isto difficult, and dangerous as well, to under
pretty careful discrimination is called for now . take generalize about the merits of construc
in making selections from the list of industrial tion bonds. About the only thing one is able to
bonds, there are in our judgment a good many say about such bonds, as a class, is that they
considered conservative investments.
high -class issues available at satisfactory yields But as be
cannot
such securities go, there are rather at
of income. The following might be suggested tractive propositions offered from time to time
as illustrative of the kind of industrial bonds for the employment of funds in circumstances
moreanddiscriminating
the first
that appeal toSteel buyers: where some risk can properly be assumed for
Bethlehem refunding 5's. the sake of higher yield and the possibility of
Liggett & Myers Tobacco debenture s's. growth in underlying values. However, each in
Armour & Co. real estate 47/2's. dividual case of the kind has to be considered
Swift & Co. first mortgage 5's.
These are all listed issues of good market, carefully on its own merits.
available now to yield 5 per cent. or a fraction No. 772. THE MEANING OF " CUMULATIVE"
under. Kindly explain briefly the significance of the word
No. 769. THE IMPORTANCE OF " SPONSORSHIP " " cumulative" in connection with preferred stocks.
IN INVESTMENT Preferred stock dividends are said to be
A short timeloans,
ago Ibut
wasI considering the investment of " cumulative," when it is provided that in the
funds in farm found on inquiring of others, event of the issuing company's failure to pay
including my bank, that such investments depend for the dividend in whole or in part in any year, or
their integrity upon the firm issuing them . What have series of years, the total of the unpaid amount
you to say about this ? at the fixed rate must be paid before dividends
This is true in a sense of every type of invest can be paid on any issue of stock that is junior
ment. But it is not quite correct to say, or to to the preferred .
give the impression , that the integrity depends
entirely upon the issuing or sponsoring bankers. No. 773. GOLD IN THE UNITED STATES
It is, of course, their underlying security upon Is it known approximately how much gold , used as
which the investor must depend in the final analy money, is now in the United States, and what per cent.
sis, whether they be mortgages or bonds. this is of the world 's stock of gold ?
On the other hand , there is no question that The amount of gold in circulation in the United
investors in mortgages ought to pay particular States is approximately $600,000,000. In addi
attention to this question , making sure in the tion to this there are approximately $ 1,076,000,000
first instance that the mortgage banking firm gold certificates in circulation , these being, in
from which he buys is not only reliable, but effect, warehouse receipts for the equivalent
experienced in the selection of such securities ; amount of gold coin . The world's stock of gold
and that, moreover, it has the reputation for give is estimated at between eight and eight and a
ing the proper kind of service to its clients half billions of dollars.
throughout the life of the mortgages it sells.
No. 774. NORTHERNNASHVILLE
PACIFIC - LOUISVILLE AND
No. 770. HOW TO ENDORSE STOCK CERTIFI.
CATES WHEN OFFERING THEM FOR SALE Will you please give me your opinion of Northern
Kindly give me instructions as to how to endorse a
stock certificate to a broker when sending it to him
Pacific ? Do you think the stock a safe investment
now ? Can you recommend the stock of a north and
with instructions to sell at a specified price. south railroad that is as good as Northern Pacific In
trinsically and that returns as good a yield on the in
You ought not to endorse the stock certificate vestment ?

endorse it individual
any particular
toshould or firm . Instead , you
" in blank,” merely signing your
name in the space provided for that purpose on
the back of the certificate, leaving blank the space
following after the words, " For value received
I hereby sell, assign and transfer unto," etc., and
also leaving blank the space following im
mediately after the words, " and do hereby ir
revocably constitute and appoint," etc.
Such an endorsement is the only kind that
would enable your broker to market the stock
according to your instructions without a good
deal of formality and delay, and the only kind
that would make it possible for him to return
the certificate to you promptly, in case market yield of Northern Pacific.
It seems to us that Northern Pacific's outlook is
one that promises steady development of earning
capacity and the building up of stronger equities
back of the stock. For a security of its type and
class we regard Northern Pacific as a good in
vestment at present prices.
There is really nothing in the list of standard
dividend -paying stocks representing a north-and
south road that quite compares with Northern
Pacfic. From the investment point of view , we
think, possibly the nearest approach to it is found
in Louisville & Nashville. This is a stock of in.
vestment rating, but its yield at current market
prices is nearly one per cent. below the current
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW
CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1916
The American -Mexican Commission The Railroad Eight-Hour Law . .. .. .. . .. .. . 389
Frontispiece By William Z . RIPLEY
The Progress of the World - Norway Adopts Compulsory Arbitration ... 394
The Presidential Office . . . 355 The New Taxes . . .. ...... .. 395
Personal Aspects 355 . BY CHARLES F. SPEARE
Wilson as Master .. . .. .. . 355 Germany in Retreat- Rumania.. . .. . . 399
Government and the Citizen . .. . 356 BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
Hughes Also a Strong Character . 356
H ’ith maps and other illustrations
How Hughes Faces the Voters . 357
A Hopeful Candidate . . .. . . . . .. 358 Rumania's Transylvanian Neighbors. . 410
Success in Maine. . . . . . .. 358 BY LOVINA STEWARD SMITH
Wilson Accepts and Sums Up. . 360 Il'ith map and other illustrations
“ We Also Are Progressives !" . .. 360 The Army and the Motor Truck . .. . 413
Doing Things for " Labor" .. .. 361 By Rollin W . HUTCHINSON, JR.
The Nation 's New Wards. 361 ll'ith illustrations
Refusal to Arbitrate . . . . . . 361
Extent of the Demand .. . . 362 Another Emancipation Proclamation . .. .. .. 423
A Surrender of Principle . . . . . 363 By A . J. McKELWAY
Law -Making Under Duress .. . . .. 363 With illustration
The Larger Railroad Program . .. 364 The Minimum Wage by Law . 427
The Only Way of Escape. .. 364
Doubtful Gain for Brotherhoods... . . 365 TheGreatest Mining Boom in History .. ... 429
BY WALTER V . WoeHLKE
Rights of Railroad Property . . .. 365
The Harmful Appeal to Force. .. .. . 365 W ’ith illustration
Loss of a Good Example .. .. . .. .. 366 Coke-Oven Ammonia for Munitions. . .. . .. 433
Seth Low , Advocate of Justice and Peace . 366 By J. W . TURRENTINE, PH.D .
Hours, and Child Labor. . . . . . . . 367 l ' ith illustration
A Wise Tendency . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 367
“ Suffrage" in High Favor. . . 367 Leading Articles of the Month
The Mexican Question . . . .. . . 367 Is the War Making Russia Prosperous ?. . 436
435
The Guardsmen on the Border . 368 German War Finance. ..
Democrats Note the New Drift. . ... . 369 The Fate of Poland in the Balance. .. .. . 438
New York and Illinois Primaries. 369 Providing for the Maimed and Crippled . 439
Blease Beaten in South Carolina. 370 William Hayes Ward, Editor and Scholar 440
Factions in Texas . . . 370 The Penitentiary -Sanatorium at Witzwil.. 441
Dorsey's Victory in Georgia 371 The English Channel Tunnel in a New
Agitated Florida . . ... 371 Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Congress and the New Taxes. . 372 Echoes of the Trenches.. . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Boards and Commissions. . . . . . 372 Why Does Art Flourish in Time of War ? 476
Reprisals Authorized 372 Reminiscences of Mounet- Sully 's Youth . . . 446
Our Enormous Foreign Trade. 372 Mr. Sothern on Moving- Picture Acting.. . 447
Security Prices Rise Rapidly . .. 373 Iron Money in Germany . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . 448
The New Motor Stocks. . . 373 The Jew and the War. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. 449
The Amazing Motor Industry. . . . 373 Italian. Objections to Alcohol. . .. . . .. . . . . 450
Motor Trucks in War. .. . 374
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 74 The Population of the Argentine.. . .. . .. 451
A Bird Treaty with Canada. .. . 374 A Psychology
South American View of “ Anglo-Latin " 452
Infantile Paralysis. . . . . . . . . . . . 375 . ....
Rumania in the War. .. ..
The
. . . 375
Sad Estate of Greece . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Brazi lian Hostility to theMonroe Doctrine 452
with portraits, cartoons, and other illustrations Norway Becomes Impatient.. .. .. .. .. .. . 453
Magnesium Chloride for Wounds.. . . . .. 454
Record of Current Events, . . . . . . .. . . . 377 I ’ith portraits and other illustrations
with portraits and other illustrations The New Books. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. 455
A World ofStrife - Asseen by Cartoonists . 383 Financial News . .... ... ........... 462
TERMS : - Issued monthly, 25 cents a number, $ 3.00 a year in advance in the United States. Porto Rico , Hawaii,
Cuba Canada , Mexico, and the Philippines. Elsewhere, $ 4.00 . Entered at New York Post Office as second class
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Ottawa, Canada. Subscribers may remit to us by post-office or express money orders, or by bank checks, draits,
or registered letters, Money in letters is sent at sender's risk . Renew as early as possible in order to avoid a
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or 25 cents for single copies.)
THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO ., 30 Irving Place, New York
ALBERT SHAW , Pres. Chas. D . LANIER, Sec. and Treas. 353
Oct.- 1
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 THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Vol . LIV NEW YORK , OCTOBER, 1916 No. 4

The pointentie Itla twas

The Presidential
Office iges wnotoulexpected
d reasButthatit wtheas ponot-
litical campaign in the United
States would reach its maximum
vention through a deadlocking of factions
and the powerful efforts of Mr. Bryan , who
did not want a conservative like Harmon or
of intensity until October. But it was not Underwood , and who used Wilson as a club
deemed possible in May and June that the against Clark , the idea of many Bryan sup
political pot would simmer so gently through porters being that with Clark sidetracked the
August and September. The times are ab- nomination would fall to Bryan himself. It
normal; and the subjects of current impor- requires no argument to support the sugges
tance are so varied and urgent that political tion that the record of the Democratic party,
activity is not expressed in old -fashioned and of the office of the Presidency itself, since
partisan ways. Thus the plans of candidates the 4th of March, 1913, would have been
and managers have to be adapted to condi- different in many significant aspects if Har
tions as they find them . There has been a mon , or Clark , or Underwood , or Bryan had
steady drift in our system of government been nominated and elected instead of
towards personal direction and control by the distinguished Governor of New Jersey.
the President. This has not been by reason
of conscious effort on the part of the suc During all of this period, Clark
cessive incumbents of that office to grasp Wilson
Master
as has held the influential post of
power for themselves or to weaken the au Speaker of the House, and
thority of Congress. Our Presidents have Underwood has been a great legislative figure
meant to exercise their power openly and first in the House and later in the Senate.
responsibly , in promotion of the general wel- Bryan, meanwhile, has been for more than
fare. So vast have become the interests and half the time the leading member of the
operations of the government that unless Cabinet. Yet with these men high in Gov
somebody is in a position to lead , direct, and ernment places at Washington , the hand of
decide, the public business would come to a authority has been wholly that of Woodrow
standstill. In such aspects the office of the Wilson . He has swayed Congress; and his
President becomes increasingly like that of Cabinet - always ready to aid him — has
the head of a great industrial or transpor- never been supposed to dispute his judgment
tation company. where his own mind was dealing actively
with a problem . As President he has dared
Personal
The methods and the tempera- to face responsibility. For what has been
Aspects ment of the particular incumbent done, he is entitled to be regarded as having
must therefore of necessity have made the decisions that have shaped all im
a marked effect upon the results. It is not portant policies, whether domestic or foreign .
merely a question of Republicans versus It is no part of our purpose to speculate upon
Democrats in power. The personal equa - what Judson Harmon or Champ Clark
tion is even more important nowadays than would have done as President. It is enough
the party affiliation . Thus as the prelimi- merely to suggest that they would have
nary campaign of 1912 was entered upon , found each his own methods and would
Mr. Judson Harmon , of Ohio , was by far doubtless have been led to different decisions
the leading Democratic aspirant. As the in many instances. The Democrats had not
situation developed, Mr. Champ Clark intended, in 1912 , to accord a renomination
passed Mr. Harmon in the race and stood in 1916 . But the very nature of the Presi
first of all in the primaries, in States where dency makes it impossible for either great
preference was thus indicated. Mr. Wilson party to resist the pressure in favor of a
came forward and gained success in the con - second term . The situation at the end of
Copyright, 1916 , by The Review of Reviews COMPANY 355
356 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
old-fashioned party game. He does not want
to have established over him in America a
government that will be a menace and a
- terror, and one whose uncertainties keep him
too anxious to sleep well at night. It is only
lately that Americans have come to be posi
tively afraid of governmental activity, in
view of the vast range of its mischief-making
capacity. They think of European govern
ments as dangerously misrepresentative es
tablishments, that have a tendency to pre
cipitate quiet and peace-loving nations into
quarrels with other nations; and they are
worried lest their own government may get
them into scrapes. While, then , we have a
far greater number of citizens to -day than
R
AFTE - THEMS-WAR
LE
ever before who care next to nothing for
PROB
the names “ Republican ” or “ Democrat," it
is not less true that we have many more
citizens than ever before who are afraid of
N
the harm that unwisdom in government may
WILPSEORIEHNACSE THDE perpetrate, and who long to have the affairs
EX AN
. IT IS
AN TRUST T ERNIENCED
D
DPE D
of the United States directed with honor,
NO I

eo
ORING
M AN
TRI
E

EDISON
justice, and safety during the next four years.
UNCLE SAM TO MR. EDISON : " FEAR NOT, TOM ; These citizens are more anxious
I'LL KEEP HIM AT THE WHEEL.” Hughes Also
From the News (Dayton ) "a Strong than they are enthusiastic.
Character Many of them do not yet know
the first term is that which the incumbent whether they will vote next month for Wil
has personally shaped ; and he and his col- son or for Hughes. The prevalence of such
leagues feel impelled to seek a vote of confi- feelings accounts for the fact that there is
dence and an extension of their term of au- so little of the intensely partisan shouting
thority, to the end that they may further and hullabaloo. It is plain to every thought
complete their programs. Great executive ful voter that we are in any case to be
energy has characterized Mr. Wilson's ad ruled, during the coming four years, by a
ministration , and this would have been per decisive and self-directed personality. Mr.
haps even more apparent if he had come to Hughes is a man of somewhat reserved hab
the office in ordinary times. In any case , its, like Mr. Wilson , and he has been known
the record would have been positive rather as a public man for a longer time. Nobody
than negative. It would be a mistake to questions his firmness of disposition , his
of seto
suppose that because some things are not set strength of character, and his decisiveness
tled that were pending a year ago, there has inin the
the presence of responsibility. Real par
been lethargy or a spirit of timid inaction. tisanship is for the time being very much at
Whether in all cases the right action has be a discount. Either Wilson or Hughes is to
been taken is a question the answer to which serious our next President. We shall come into
every man must find for himself. and complicated situations, both do
mestic and foreign , that will require the best
In times like these, the wise wisdom for their treatment; and there will
andGovernment
the Citizen management of public affairs is be in any case less temptation to express
much more important to the pri- public issues in terms of partisanship than
vate citizen than in times that are relatively heretofore. Mr. Hughes if elected means
normal. · There have been periods when to be the President of the country and to
many men in this country were so absorbed have equal concern for the well-being of all
in their own individual affairs that they his fellow -citizens, whether Republicans,
cared very little how the city or the State Progressives, or Democrats. The same thing
or the nation might be governed. But now - may be said of Mr. Wilson . We shall see,
adays it makes so much difference that men also, more independence in both houses of
are taking a new kind of interest in politics. Congress. Yet whether the one party or the
The ordinary citizen no longer cares for the other is in nominal majority in House and
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

International Film Service

HON . CHARLES EVANS HUGHES, AS HE APPEARED LAST MONTH WHEN MAKING CAMPAIGN SPEECHES

Senate, there will be a disposition to sup- come by way of creating everywhere the
port the President in important things. In conviction that he has such qualities of sa
a minor sense , it is true, the country is judg- gacity and of temper as would enable him
ing between parties. In a somewhat quiet to do the right thing rather than the wrong
way this is all being worked out in the Con - thing in an emergency. It is not, of course,
gressional and Senatorial campaigns. But in the gift of campaign eloquence or the exer
the large sense the country is simply engaged cise of what is called magnetism in public
in making up its mind as between two men : speaking that proves a man 's fitness to do
Shall Wilson or Hughes head the nation the work of the Presidency. During Mr.
Hughes' long speaking tour across the con
How Hughes The President, by virtue of his tinent in August, there was an attempt on
Faces the office, is always in the limelight, the part of certain newspapers — the New
Voters
8 and he can so shape events as to York Times, for example — to make him
bring new issues to the front while obscuring out a sad failure as a candidate , because
old ones or changing their bearings. But his speeches were not those that some other
the opposition candidate must find his own man might have made. But Mr. Hughes,
way to secure the confidence and the inter- ' who is a man of intelligence, force, and
ested attention of the country . It seemed for convictions, was obliged in the nature of
a time that Colonel Roosevelt might be the things to find his own way of exchanging
only man in bold opposition to the President views with his audiences. Voters were
and his policies who could command suffi- compelled to decide whether they wished to
cient personal influence to counterbalance the go on for another four years with Mr. Wil
advantages that belong to the man who son and his methods, regardless of the possi
wields official power. But Judge Hughes bility of finding a better leadership . The bal
evidently realizes that he must impress him - ance was to be turned by those still in doubt,
self upon the country, and that success inust who had to be convinced .
358 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
narrow an attitude on the part of Repub
licans towards former Progressives. But it
would now appear that, in many States a:
5
HIS . least,the Progressive element has been quite
HEALNYGETTIN
ANYWHERE
SPEECHES POOR
ARE , STUFF
ROTTEN ! HE'S HE HOW DOES generously recognized. Many Progressives,
NAW !
OFF
ON THEWRONG
FOOT
MANES
ME
HEGET
TO
EXPECT
BY indeed , have announced their support of Mr.
TIRED WITH IT ? Wilson. A large majority, however, of
RATS
RATS
those who voted for Colonel Roosevelt four
RATS years ago are now relied upon to support
justice Hughes.
In politics everywhere success is
Success a powerful argument.
in Maine If the
HE' S
WORSE WHY DONYL HES
Republicans had failed in the
THAN
koos FVE27 HE INDORSE
WOODROW ? NO
PROGRESSIVE Maine election last month , they might in
HE OVEN deed have pulled off a victory in November.
TO GEY
SHAVED But defeat in Maine would have been a seri
ous blow to Republican prestige, and would
have made the rest of the campaign period
much more anxious and difficult. It is true
IT SEEMS THAT MR. HUGHES' SPEECHES ARE NOT that the Republicans were entitled to carry
APPRECIATED IN SOME QUARTERS Maine, and that the Democrats can find
From the Oregonian (Portland) plausible grounds for keeping up their cour
It was for Mr. Hughes, then , to age. But there existed in some quarters the
A Hopeful opinion that the country was overwhelming
Candidate makeall Republicans, most Pro ly for Wilson , and that Maine would do
gressives, and many Independents the unusual thing on that account. The
feel that the country would be not merely September election in Maine is always com
as well off, but decidedly in stronger and plicated by local issues. Yet this year both
safer hands with Hughes and his advisers Democrats and Republicans fought the cam
than with Wilson and his colleagues of the paign on large issues, and the State was
existing Government. Many of our read Alooded with oratory by men of national
ers in different States and sections of the repute, including Candidate Hughes, Colonel
country can judge better how their fellow Roosevelt,members of the Cabinet, andmany
citizens feel on this question of Hughes as others. The Democrats attribute the elec
a candidate than we can know as we write tion of Mr. Milliken as Governor to the
these comments in New York. But advices prohibition issue, but they are not justified
which come to us in a variety of ways indi
cate that Hughes is quietly but steadily gain
ing in strength , especially since the first
week in September. Political events on both LISTEN MORE
coasts had been favorable, and so he started TO
ME
TRYS
PEP !
CAREFUL
in the middle of September, in good spirits, THI THAT ER
NOVR
upon another and less extensive tour than
KLEIN

that of August. One of the events that

had been of benefit to Mr. Hughes was the
nomination of Governor Hiram Johnson for
United States Senator in California, by Re
publicans as well as Progressives. Gover
nor Johnson is strongly supporting Mr.
Hughes. In the State of Washington, Sena
tor Poindexter, eminent as a Progressive,
has won the endorsement of Republican pri
maries. There could be no better indica
MR

tion of a large measure of reunion between

Republicans and Progressives than that the
Republicans should join in sending such ac
tive Progressives as Johnson and Poindexter
to the Senate. It has been feared that Mr. ADVICE APLENTY
Hughes' candidacy might suffer from too From the Evening News (Newark )
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 359
DO

FREDERICK HALE CARL E . MILLIKEN BERT M . FERNALD

(Senator, long term ) (Governor) (Senator, short term )
REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES CHOSEN IN THE MAINE ELECTION ON SEPTEMBER 11
in claiming that the defeat of Senator John- as supporting their prospects. A reasonable
son was due to that local question . Col. analysis seems to us to show that the division
Frederick Hale, a son of the late Senator of 1912 has been fairly well overcome and
Eugene Hale, was elected to the Senate, as that most of those who voted for Roosevelt
was Mr. Bert M . Fernald, to fill the va- and for Taft are this year supporting the
cancy caused by the death of Senator Bur- Republican candidates.
leigh. Maine indicates an anti-Democratic
swing of the political pendulum . Senator
Johnson was a conspicuous supporter of the THE ELECTION IN MAINE
MEANS A REUNITED REPUD .
Administration, and the national Democratic LICAN PARTY AND ASSURES
leaders believed to the last that he would THE ELECTION OF CHARLES
E . HUGHES NEXT NOVEMBER !
run ahead of his ticket and secure another
term . He did indeed make a stronger run
than his colleagues on the ticket, but Mr.
Hale won by more than 11,000, while the
general Republican majority was more than
13,000. The vote has been analyzed in
various ways, and used by the opposite sides
WE HAVE MATERIALLY
REDUCED THE LARGE
REPUBLICAN MAVORITY
ALWAYS OBTAINED IN
THAT STATE ,WHICH IN
SURES THE REELECTION
DY AN IMPRESSIVE MAY
STIER DEMOCRAT MEW JOBEY OLMOCRAT ORITY OF PRESIPEN
WILSON NEXT NOVEMBER
NEW YORK DEMOCRAT ORIO DEMOCRAT

IDARA DESCENT MICHIGAN DEMOCRAT

ENGLAND DEMOCRAT
ILLINOIS DEMOCRAT Westerman
EVERYBODY HAPPY OVER THE MAINE ELECTION TAKE YOUR CHOICE
From the Leader (Cleveland ) From the Ohio State Journal (Columbus)
360 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

International Film Service, New York

" SHADOW LAWN" IS THE NAME OF THE HOUSE AT LONG BRANCH , N . J., OCCUPIED FOR THE SUMMER AND
AUTUMN BY PRESIDENT WILSON
( The scene shows thousands of people assembled on occasion of his formal speech of acceptance, September 2.)

Wilson President Wilson 's formal ad " We Also There follows a recital of many
Accepts and dress in acceptance of his renom " Are things recently embodied in the
umsUp ination was delivered on Septem ressives!" statutes of the country , includ
ber 2 at Long Branch , N . J ., from the ing measures for benefiting farmers , a num
porch of the house which he occupies as a ber for the welfare of one class or another
summer residence. Prominent officials and of wage-earners, and, not least, the new
party leaders were present, and the occasion Child Labor Act, an account of which our
was made notable by a speech which in man - readers will find in this number of the RE
ner and form was one of Mr. Wilson 's best. View from the pen of Mr. A . J. McKelway,
As we have frequently remarked , Mr. Wil himself one of the foremost of our workers
son was proposing to go before the country in the cause of social and industrial reform .
upon a record of achievement, and was im - In this field, the record is very notable.
pelling Congress to strengthen the record by “ We have in four years," says the President,
the completion of certain measures, a number " come very near to carrying out the platform
of which we have recounted and explained of the Progressive party as well as our own;
in our recent issues. The speech begins with for we also are progressives." Having re
a general indictment of the Republican party counted the progressive things achieved under
for its failure, in the years preceding Mr. his leadership , Mr. Wilson declares that
Wilson 's term , to reform the tariff and cur- “ this program . . . was resisted at every
rency and to serve the needs alike ofbusiness step by the interests which the Republican
men , farmers, and wage -earners. The Presi- party had catered to and fostered at the ex
dent then proceeds to praise the Democratic pense of the country, and these same interests
tariff, the legislation which gives us the are now earnestly praying for a reaction
Trade Commission , and the Federal Reserve which will save their privileges — for the
Act. He is on less firm ground when he de- restoration of their sworn friends to power
clares that " effective measures have been ta - before it is too late to recover what they have
ken for the re -creation of an American mer - lost.” Mr. Wilson ends his indictment of
chant marine and the revival of the Ameri- the Republican party and his review of his
can carrying trade.” He anticipates things, program of domestic reform with the fol
also, when he says that " the Interstate Com - lowing paragraph :
merce Commission is about to be reorganized The Republican party is just the party that
to enable it to perform its great and impor cannot the new conditions of a new age.
tant functions more promptly and more effi It does meet
not know the way and it does not wish
ciently ." Yet doubtless this desirable pend away from the
new conditions. It tried to break
ing measure will become a law next winter , old leaders and could not. They still select its
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 361
candidates and dictate its policy, still resist not until
journment Saturday night. It was President
change, still hanker after the old conditions, still the following day, Sunday. that
know no methods of encouraging business but
the old methods. When it changes its leaders Wilson had opportunity to affix his signature.
and its purposes and brings its ideas up to date
it will have the right to ask the American people The His views on the subject were
to give it power again ; but not until then . A Nation 's New current, inasmuch as the meas
new age, an age of revolutionary change, needs Wards ure was of his own creation . It
new purposes and new ideas. would not have been feasible to try to ex
Doing Things .. In all the list of things that had pound or defend it in his acceptance speech .
for
" Labor "
been attempted or achieved on It was necessary that he should meet attacks
or behalf of wage-earners by Presi- upon his action in this crisis at some later
dent Wilson and the Democratic Congress, stage in the campaign ; and the matter was
the most extraordi accordingly deferred ,
naryone was not to be taken up in an
mentioned in this address prepared for
speech of acceptance, business men who
although at that very were visiting the sum
moment it was filling mer White House on
all the newspapers as Saturday , September
the very climax of 23. When our issue
governmental asser for last month went
tion in the field of in to press, as our read
dustrial life. The ers will remember,
Railroad Eight-Hour the country was fac
Law must be regard ing the danger of a
ed as by far over strike on the part of
shadowing all the rest men running railroad
of the program which trains. The strike is
Mr. Wilson himself averted, and the 400,
summarized in the 000 men are a pre
following paragraph : ferred class, whose
The workingmen , of wages are now a mat
America have been ter of Federal stat
given a veritable eman ute . These men are
cipation, by the legal well organized in the
recognition of a man 's four brotherhoods of
labor as part of his life,
and not a mere market locomotive engineers,
able commodity ; by ex locomotive firemen ,
empting labor organi Photo by American Press Association conductors, and train
zations from processes PRESIDENT WILSON AND SECRETARY TUMULTY ON men . In former
of the courts which STEPS OF SHADOW LAWN
treated their members times each brother
like fractional parts of hood made its de
mobs and not like accessible and responsible mands by itself, and usually it dealt with
individuals ; by releasing our seamen from in - a single railroad company at a time, or else
voluntary servitude ; by making adequate pro - with the roads of a single division of the
vision for compensation for industrial accidents ; country . But in making their latest de
by providing suitable machinery for mediation mands the four brotherhoods acted together
and conciliation in industrial disputes, and by put
ting the Federal Department of Labor at the as a unit, and faced all of the railroads of
disposal of the workingman when in search of of the country at the same time, which were
work. also obliged in turn to act concertedly . It
is to be said further in explanation that all
The reason for omitting the Eight-Hour of these brotherhoods had within a compara
Law from this list of September 2 is ob- tively recent period been accorded the op
vious enough . Mr. Wilson did not leave portunity to have all of their demands re
Washington to go to Long Branch for the garding wages , hours, and conditions of labor
notification formalities until this remarkable submitted to impartial arbitration. In
bill, which had been rushed through the these highly respected railroad services, the
House of Representatives on Friday, Septem - principle of unionism has not been at
ber 1, was reaching a vote — with the cer stake. Organization of labor has been fully
tainty of passage - in the Senate before ad- recognized.
362 THE ANERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

© Moffett Studio
MR. E. P. RIPLEY , PRESIDENT OF THE " SANTA FE” MR. HALE HOLDEN , PRESIDENT OF THE “ BURLING
RAILROAD SYSTEM TON " SYSTEM
(Among the railroad executives concerned in the negotiations at Washington , none were more prominent than
Mr. Holden and Mr. Ripley. Mr. Holden acted as spokesman for the roads at the White House conferences.
Mr. Ripley has announced that his road will contest the law in the courts as unconstitutional)

Arbitration
The men for years past have Finally, the conferences were adjourned to
Refused on secured steady advances in the Washington , where President Wilson en
direction of their successive deavored to find a way to bring the opposing
claims and demands. In earlier days, rail parties to some sort of agreement in order to
road companies had a tendency to be arro - avert the impending strike.
gant, and the men had sometimes to fight in
order to secure the principle of arbitration. Extent of The thing in dispute was not.
They won that fight, and their victory was the as most people supposed, the
fortunate, because the general public rightly Demand length of the day 's work , but
demands the uninterrupted operation of rail- the mode of reckoning pay. Although the
roads, and should be safeguarded against strike would also have stopped passenger
strikes and lockouts. In this latest contro trains, the controversy related to men oper
versy, however, the arrogance was on the ating freight trains. Generally speaking, the
side of the railroad brotherhoods. They day 's work for trainmen consists in making
made certain sweeping demands, refused to a certain run , from one point to another.
arbitrate them , and declared that they would These runs may be regarded as averaging
paralyze commerce by stopping every wheel something like a hundred miles. If this
between the Atlantic and Pacific Coast on mileage can be accomplished within ten
all railroads. It is needless to paint pictures hours, the day's wage is paid without claim
of the suffering and loss that would result for overtime. If the run is accomplished in
from a general railroad tie-up. There seems. less than ten hours, the trainmen have their
to have been a complete acquiescence in the full day 's pay. But if, for one cause or an
view of the brotherhood leaders that they other, there is delay, and the run takes
could make a strike successful. The De- eleven or twelve hours, the men receive one
partment of Labor at Washington , through or two hours of pro rata overtime pay. The
its Conciliation Board, tried in vain to bring demand of the men in the recent controversy
about a peaceable solution of the trouble. was not for a shortening of the runs, but for
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 363
a change in the way of computing wages. Professor Ripley , an eminent authority , to
They demanded that overtime should begin this number of the REVIEW .
with the completion of eight hours, and that
the rate of pay for overtime should be 50 Iwobine In the case of the Anthracite
per cent. greater than the pro rata hourly Under
Duress
Coal Strike, President Roose
pay. To take the case of a man who is $8 velt stood firmly for arbitration
now earning $5 a day : If he should happen as against arrogance on the part of the com
to be out twelve hours, he now receives $6 , panies , and he carried his point. - In this
this including two hours of overtime at 50 case President Wilson had the opportunity
cents an hour. If the demands of the men to show equal firmness in standing for arbi
were fully granted , this worker would re- tration when the arrogance was on the other
ceive $5 for having been out eight hours. side. In our judgment, such a stand would
His overtime pay would be based upon one have strengthened him , not only with the
eighth of the day 's wage, and would there- general public but with organized labor it
fore be 627/2 cents plus 3174 , or 9334 cents self. The thing that President Wilson de
per hour. If, then, he should be delayed , as cided to do was to go to Congress and de.
in the case we have already mentioned , and
thus work for twelve hours, he would re
ceive $ 3.75 for overtime and $ 5 for the reg
ular day, making a total of $ 8.75 instead of
the $6 which he receives at present.
A Surrender The railroad companies were
of
". willing to arbitrate all the men 's
Principle demands without presenting any
of their own offsetting claims. They were
further willing to have President Wilson
name all of the arbitrators. But the broth
erhoods were obdurate and would arbitrate
on no terms whatsoever. President Wilson
seems to have been greatly impressed by the
calamity that the country would suffer if
the brotherhoods actually went out on strike.
He tried to persuade the railroad presidents
to concede the eight-hour basis, in order to
avert this calamity . They stood firmly, how
ever, for arbitration as against the yielding Harris & Ewing Photo Amer. Press Ass'n
to a “ hold up." It was the President's gold CONGRESSMAN ADAMSON SENATOR NEWLANDS
en opportunity to speak firmly and strongly (Mr. Adamson, as chairman of the House Commit
for arbitration . If he had done this, there tee on Interstate Commerce, is the author of the Rail
road Eight-Hour Law framed in accordance with the
would not, in our opinion , have been a strike. wishes of the President and the railroad brotherhoods.
Mr. Newlands, as chairman of the corresponding com
But even if a strike had been attempted, it mittee in the Senate , guided the measure through the
would have been a flat failure, because upper house)
wholly without shadow of excuse, and con
demned by an outraged public. The men mand the enactment of a law for the benefit
were not acting in the interest of labor; of one particular set of men engaged in a
much less in the interest of unionism . private
It calling, under the threat on their
was a sad spectacle to see the great organiza- part that they would strike on Monday, the
tions that had once been led by wiser men , 4th , if the law were not passed and signed
thus dominated by headstrong and arbitrary before that date. The bill, accordingly, was
counsels. It was not a question of the rea - rushed through the House on the 1st of Sep
sonableness of the things the men desired, tember, through the Senate on the 2d, and
but of the methods to be used in obtaining signed by the President on the 3rd . Werefer
them . Nor was it the railroad companies our readers to Professor Ripley's article, on
that were being held up, but the American page 390, for a more thorough statement of
public as a whole . There was nothing re- what the law is. In effect, it declares that rail
quiring especial haste. The issues involved way trainmen are to be paid on the basis of an
could await thorough investigation . The eight-hour day. The law does not go into
nature of the grievances alleged by the men effect until January 1. Section 2 of the act
is well set forth in an article contributed by authorizes the President to appoint a com
364 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

URNO
S vised. His third proposal (also enacted)
was the one requiring the appointment of a
commission to observe and report. His
fourth proposal was that Congress should
explicitly favor an increase of freight rates to
meet additional labor cost to the railroads,
if the Interstate Commerce Commission
should find that the facts justify such in
crease. The fifth proposal was that railroad
strikes and lockouts should be prohibited by
law until a public investigation into the
merits of the dispute should have been inade.
in case of failure to secure mediation or arbi
tration . The sixth proposal was that in
case of military necessity the President
should have authority to seize and operate
the railroads and to draft trainmen into mili
tary service , together with other railroad em
ployees, in so far as the public exigency
might require their labor.
TOO COWED TO FIGHT It was this remarkable program
From the Eagle ( Brooklyn ) The
Only Way of that President Wilson , on a cer
Escape tain Tuesday afternoon, advised
a
mission of three, to observe the workings of Congress he desired to have enacted into
the act for six months or nine months after law beforethat the
it goes into effect. Section 3 provides that essary to secureendtheofrelenting
the week . It was nec
of four labor
the pay of such railway employees shall not be leaders, who were otherwise going
reduced below the present wages until after tate upon the country, on the nexttoMonday precipi
the commission reports. This provision will
practically fix wages until near the end of morning,
dent
such dire calamities as only Presi
Wilson
the year 1917. The law does not require adequately set, with his rhetorical gifts, could
forth in language of frightful
more than pro rata payment for overtime. ness. Congress accordingly gave the labor
Its sole practical effect is to invade the field
chiefs their eight-hour day. But it omitted
of strictly private employment, and to declare the other half of the program , which was in
by statute that a certain class of employers tended to do justice to the railroads. Presi
shall not have the same freedom in the labor
market as other employers ; and it attempts
to fix wages in a more arbitrary way, prob
ably, than any statute passed by any other
modern government. WOODROW
WILSON
PEACE MAKER
AND SPECIALIST
The LargerIt should be explained that Presi - TROUBLE
Railroad dent Wilson had appeared be
Program fore Congress on the afternoon
of August 29, and delivered a message re
viewing the whole subject, putting the rail
road managers in the wrong, assuming that
they ought to have yielded the eight-hour
point without a hearing, and proposing a
program of legislation that might have justi
fied at least two years of discussion , because
of its radical and sweeping character. His
first project, that of a reorganized Interstate
Commerce Commission , required care in de
tails, but was not novel nor improvised for
the occasion . His second was the measure
actually passed , that of an eight-hour day as L'NCLE SAM : "He has kept me out of lots of trouble;
the legal basis of work and wages for men he might do the same for you."
operating trains — this being wholly impro From the News (Dallas )
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 365
dent Wilson now says, however, that these waiters and porters in hotels. Inn -keeping
other matters are to be taken up as the first was a business supervised under the law , on
business of the session when Congress meets the sameprinciple as that of the common car
again early in December. rier, long before railroads were invented .
Commerce nowadays is being carried on by
Doubtful Cain The first week of September
for
Brotherhoode
found this surrender of the Gov PR
OS
PE
de ernment to a strike threat em
bodied in a Federal statute. The first week
ofOctober finds the subject under very thor
ough discussion , with Candidate Hughes
making it — as indeed he should — a foremost
issue in the campaign . With the end of the ACSE T EACEIONS
U I.TAHS APLL NAT
first week of November - election day is YUSTRAL
BY ADAMSON
PEACEW TEWAEICELSPOONLISCIES
November 7 — we shall know better than we HOUR SILL
do now what the country thinks of it. In
the first week of December we shall have
Congress in session again , and a real debate
on hand. On the first day of January the
law goes into effect, and many people besides
the President's commission of three will be TION HU ST
keenly interested in observing its operation . OPPOSI WA SS - I10D0
OPP VILSON LL A
DE POLICIES
Wehave always wished to see railroad labor
win its full rights, and have as favorable
treatment as possible. It has blundered in
making its alliance with a political party in
the thick of a Presidential campaign . Rail
road trainmen are not entitled to peculiar
favors at the hands of the law . They have
been badly advised. In the moral sense at
least, they have sacrificed something of what
they had previously gained by the plan of Sensore
collective bargaining . They have put them Hugues: “ Peace : How I hate that word ”
selves, with the aid of a Democratic Con From the News (Dayton )
gress, in a separate class, suspended some
where between heaven and earth . They are many agencies besides railroads. This new
not public employees, like mail-carriers, yet Eight-Hour Law discriminates unduly, is
they have not the right of the ordinary trade offensive in principle, and is wholly unsound
union to make its own employment contracts. in application. There is more involved in
The railroad managers, like the heads of the the objections to this Eight-Hour Law than
brotherhoods, may be stubborn in bargaining, the extent to which it may increase the cost
tut they are men of their word and they of train operation .
understand railroading. The brotherhoods
are likely to be rather lonesome and sorry The Harmful Railroad strikes are barbarous
when they find that they have got to deal Appeal to affairs, and public opinion should
with politicians and Congressional commit orce stand firmly for the uninter
tees instead of railroad officials. rupted movement of traffic. The govern
ment ownership and operation of railroads
Rights As for the railroads, although is not now a thing to be desired in the
ofRailroad they are subject to a certain United States. Means, therefore, must be
roperty measure of supervision in the found for the peaceable settlement of dis
public interest, they are private business en - putes and the adjustment, from time to time,
terprises employing private capital ; and there of wages and conditions. Until some other
is no more reason why Congress should fix way is found, voluntary arbitration is to be
the wages of trainmen belonging to the broth - upheld, and those who recklessly refuse it
erhood than of waiters who serve meals in are to be condemned. The war madness in
the dining-cars. Nor, indeed, is there any Europe has aroused the spirit of restlessness
more reason why Congress should interfere and turbulence throughout the world. Our
with the wages of Pullman porters and din - labor troubles in this country are but an
ing-car waiters, than with those paid to echo of that disposition to appeal to force
366 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
rather than to reason. The refusal of the New York transit situations than have the
railway brotherhoods to arbitrate grievances companies . But in these latest phases both
— with no excuse for their position except sides have been arbitrary and perhaps blame
that they believed they could win a strike - worthy. Arbitration is fair to either side.
has diminished confidence in the reasonable
ness of organized labor ; and has therefore Seth Low , Ad On the day that these lines were
made it the more difficult for other labor vocateofJustice
and Peace
written , there were held at St.
unions to obtain the benefits of arbitration George's Church — in Stuyvesant
when employers hold the strong position Square, on the East Side of New York,
Thus in New York City last month, Mr. where the rich and poor meet together
Shonts and the other heads of the local pas- funeral services that marked the end of the
senger transit companies firmly refused to life and career of a great citizen . Officially
arbitrate, declared that they would operate as president of the National Civic Federa
their lines regardless of the Amalgamated tion, and personally as a public -spirited man
Union of Street Rail of affairs, Mr. Low
way Employees, and had been identified
announced that they more prominently
would never again than anyone else in
deal with the unions. America with the
cause of industrial
Loss of a Apparent peace. He had acted
Good
Good
Example
ly both as arbitrator in many
sides were disputes between la
somewhat culpable in bor and capital, and
the New York City had been deeply con
strike. But if Presi cerned over the rail
dent Wilson had stood road situation for
firmly for arbitration months past. He was
in the so -called na born in New York
tional crisis, public City, educated at Co
right would have won lumbia University,
a victory, and there was Mayor of Brook
would have been no lyn while still a very
strike at all, or at the young man , was then
worst, a fizzle. A president of Colum
study of Professor bia for a full decade,
Ripley's article shows afterward served the
that arbitration at the Greater New York as
hands of an able and Mayor, and went to
independent group of The Hague as a dele
men might have gate to the first Inter
worked out a satisfac- THE LATE SETH LOW , WHO DIED ON SEPTEMBER 17 national Conference.
tory solution . And Although only sixty.
if this example had been set, the traction six at his death , he had been a man of
magnates of New York City would in turn marked prominence in public affairs for
have been obliged by public opinion to yield more than forty years. Men of such
the questions at issue to a similar method of training, unselfishness, and devotion to the
settlement. One of the chief obstacles to best social and political interests cannot well
winning against the men in New York City be spared in times like these. Through
is now , as in the past, the tactless and irri- all the ups and downs of the labor move
tating utterances of traction presidents and ment, Mr. Low , although a man of large
general managers. So far as we can under- wealth , had stood unswervingly for the right
stand a complicated situation , the street-rail- of workmen to organize in unions, to ad
way strike in New York involves the break - vance their interests by collective bargaining,
ing of their agreements by the men on one of to have their grievances fully investigated ,
the systems who had only a few weeks ago and to have disputes peaceably settled by
signed an agreement to arbitrate everything , mediation or else by men acting as just and
but who afterwards went out upon a fresh intelligent arbitrators. His fair-mindedness
issue. Generally speaking, the men have should be praised, and should be held up as
been more deserving of sympathy in these an example to impatient and arbitrary men.
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 367
There was submitted to the It will not be until September of
Hours, and voters in Maine, at the Septem
Child Labor A Wise
Tendency
next year that this Federal law
ber election , a proposal to protect will take effect ; and consequent
women and children in certain industrial ly for eleven months more there will be
and commercial employments by restricting thousands of children under sixteen work
their hours of labor to fifty- four a week — ing in factories for from ten to twelve hours
that is to say, fixing a nine-hour day. Such a day. These factories will remain full of
a law had passed the legislature and is now women and young girls working long hours.
accepted by a popular vote of 4 to 1. Much While such conditions prevail throughout
discussion has followed President Wilson 's the country , it is premature to say that the
dictum to the effect that the eight-hour day eight-hour principle has obtained the sanc
in principle has obtained the sanction of tion of society or of the State legislatures.
society and is in accord with economic tend - The railroad law , however, is not in any
ency and the action of State legislatures. sense an act limiting the hours of labor ;
It is only in a few specified employments, because it neither prohibits nor penalizes
however, that legislatures have in the inter- overtime. It merely declares that the pres
est of health or safety restricted the hours ent wage for ten hours ' work will be paid
of labor in private callings. In some States for the first eight hours, and that -overtime
there are no restrictions at all. Taking the shall be reckoned pro rata on that basis. That
country as a whole, such legal limitations there has been a general tendency in recent
affect only a slight percentage of workers. times toward shorter hours of labor is for
The general discussion seems to have over- tunately true as regards most trades and in
looked the fact that there is a real eight-hour dustries. It is a proper tendency and one
provision in the new federal Child Labor to be encouraged, particularly as respects
Law . This act, which prohibits the labor of women workers in factories and stores .
children under fourteen in certain employ
ments, restricts them to an eight-hour day Unquestionably the new activity
between the ages of fourteen and sixteen . It In" High
Suffrage”
Favor. of women in politics has already
was shown that in Southern cotton -mills a had much to do with the safe
there are at the present time children of guards that are being thrown about children
twelve who are working eleven hours a day. in industrial pursuits, and also with the con
ditions under which women are employed in
factories and other places. While it is not
necessary for women to wait for the ballot
VOTES in order to advocate and promote these re
FOR forms, it is just to admit that the present
WOMEN VOTES strength of the suffrage movement accords
FOR with progress in social betterment. The
IVOPERSy wenyel WOMEN political committees and the leading candi
dates are vying with one another in paying
compliments to women voters, and the main
fight for the ballot seems to have been won
in this country, as also apparently it has been
won in England . Candidate Hughes is for
suffrage by national act, and Candidate Wil
son is for suffrage by State action .
The Mr. Wilson's speech of accept
Mexican ance gave much of its space to
Question the Mexican question , but it was
almost wholly in the realm of high motives
and fine sentiments. The Mexican situa
tion , on our part, is not merely a matter of
sympathy with a neighboring country in dis
tress, but also a question of taking wise prac
tical steps. Just how the practice of the
ester Administration has been in pursuance of its
THE AWKWARD SQUAD theory is what puzzles many minds. Our
From the Ohio State Journal (Columbus) frontispiece shows a group of men who were
368 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
regiments in any kind of ac
tion becamemore remote as
the weeks dragged along:
but there had been no state
ment of the Administra
tion 's intentions regarding
their ultimate recall. Mean
while, during the past
month , there was some
shifting of regiments ; and
approximately 15,000 men
have been ordered back to
their State mobilization
camps, mustered out of the
Federal service, and per:
mitted to return to theit
families and business pur
suits . To take the place
of these men , the War De
partment ordered to the
TANK TRUCK USED BY THE UNITED STATES ARMY ON THE BORDER border other regiments of
( The photograph of this Riker tank truck was made in front of the his. the National Guard which
toric Alamo in San Antonio, which city is the base of the Quartermaster
Supply Department of the southwest ) had never left their local
training camps. More than
sitting in conference last month at New 1500 men also have obtained discharge upon
London , Conn ., as members of a joint com - the ground that they have persons dependent
mission . The three Americans— Secretary upon them for support. It was the purpose
Lane, Judge Gray, and Dr. John R .Mott - of the War Department to furnish oppor
are as individuals amply supported by the tunity for the entire organized militia to gain
respect and confidence of their fellow -citi- valuable training and experience under condi
zens. The three Mexicans also are men oftions approximating real service . Reports
political and business standing in their own from the border regarding the personal com
country. Just whatwas the scope of the sub- fort of the Guardsmen are still conflicting.
jects with which this conference could deal Perhaps the real solution is that the men are
effectively was one of the problems with “making the best of it cheerfully and as com
which it had first to concern itself. If Car- fortably as possible,” in “ an abominable ci
ranza were strong and the Mexican Gov- mate,” and under conditions of mental and
ernment firmly established , the work of the physical restraint which have caused " a great
conference would not be so difficult. But, it deal of restlessness and discontent." The
may be added , if there were a well-estab - quotations are from the Bulletin of the Seven
lished Mexican Government there would be enth New York Regiment.
no need of any of the extraordinary meas
ures that have now to be employed . Villa
came to life again last month with a some
what sensational raid on the city of Chi
huahua. The extent to which the movement
against Carranza led by Felix Diaz has
gained ground in portions of Mexico is the
subject of conflicting reports . Meanwhile ,
Carranza has called a convention to revise
the constitution and has announced that an
election for President and members of Con
gress will be held in the near future.
The Guardsmen It is now three months since
at the the NationalGuard of the vari Bar
der ous States began to arrive at the
Mexican border in response to the President'sS EUROPE : "WHAT? AN ARMY AND NO WAR
urgent call. The likelihood of using these From the First Illinois Cavalryman (Brownsville, Ten
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 369

by Sarony, New York Photograph by the American Press Association , New York
HON . WILLIAM F . M 'COMBS JUDGE SAMUEL SEABURY
(Democratic nominee in New York for the Senate ) (Democratic nominee for Governor of New York )

Democrats The Maine election and the New York The September nominating pri
Note ... growing confidence of the united
the New Dri and Illinois maries showed that this popular
Primaries
Drift Republicans and Progressives res method of choosing candidates
had a marked effect upon the campaign plans is by no means a farce or a failure. The
and methods of the Wilson supporters. It New York primaries were held as late as
had been believed through August at Wash - the 19th . Governor Whitman was renomi
ington that the President would be reëlected nated by the Republicans, and he was also
upon his record .by an overwhelming ma successful in the Progressive primaries,
jority . But the Hughes campaign began to which the Democrats were extremely anx ;
grow more definite , and from many parts of ious to carry for Seabury , in order to make
the country came the evidence that the Pro- it appear that Wilson would be stronger
gressives and Republicans were finding it with Progressives in New York State than
possible to coöperate . In Montana, for ex- Hughes. Judge Seabury, it should be borne
ample, the Republicans had accepted as can - in mind, was the unopposed Democratic can
didates, following an active contest in the didate, and his personal record as a social
primaries, a number of the most prominent and political reformer had made for him a
Progressives, including Frank J. Edwards, as natural claim upon the support of radical
candidate for Governor, who was the Pro- elements. While the vote in the Progres
gressive candidate for that office in 1912. sive primaries was not large, the victory of
Henry McBride, who was nominated for Governor Whitman was distinctly in the line
Governor in the State of Washington , was of a reunion between Republicans and Pro
also a Progressive. As the campaign ad - gressives, and was therefore favorable to
vances, therefore, the Progressive party of Hughes' prospects for carrying New York in
the past four years finds itself reëstablished November. The most interesting contest in
as the progressive wing of the Republican the primaries was that of Mr. Robert Bacon
party , and in many States and localities finds for the Republican Senatorial nomination .
itself the dominating factor. This, of course, As we explained last month , Mr. Calder had
is conspicuously true of California . The been long in the field and had not expected
Fresident will not take the stump; but he opposition. Mr. Bacon 's canvass was brief
will give close attention to the campaign , but effective. He would have been easily
and will defend his positions. successful but for Mr. Calder's control of
Oct. 2
 370 . THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

© Pirie MacDonald.
GOVERNOR WHITMAN , OF NEW YORK HON . FRANK 0 . LOWDEN , OF ILLINOIS
(Renominated by the Republicans) (Republican nominee for Governor)

the enormous vote of his own city of Brook - August 29, there were five candidates for
lyn . Mr. McCombs was nominated by the Governor, and Cole Blease had a long lead
Democrats for the United States Senate. over any one of the others. But he did not
The Illinois primaries were held on Sep - have a clear majority of the votes cast. Next
•tember 13, and the Democrats renominated to him in the race was the present Governor,
Governor Dunne as against the candidate of Richard I. Manning. Under the South Car
the Roger Sullivan faction . The success- olina law , it becamenecessary to take another
ful contestant for the Republican nomination ballot between the two highest candidates.
for Governor was Frank O . Lowden , well The opponents of Blease rallied around Man
known as a former Congressman. Mr. ning, and in the primary of September 12
Medill McCormick, one of the chief leaders Blease was beaten , though by a small ma
of the Progressive movement four years ago, jority . This was considered a victory for
is nominated as a Congressman -at-large. The good government.
appearance of Justice Hughes in Chicago ,
Springfield , and Peoria , on September 19, The most remarkable of the
brought out a measure of enthusiasm and Factions
Texas
in recent Southern contests has
confidence among the reunited wings of the and been that in Texas, for the
party that gave promise of more stirring seat in the United States Senate now held
scenes during the remaining weeks of the by Charles A . Culberson. Governor Col
campaign. quitt, though a leading Democrat, is a pro
nounced and bitter critic of President Wil
Blease Beaten While the Republican party nas son 's Mexican policy . The Administration
* ** no prospects in the States of the leaders — including such eminent Texans as
ith Carolina farther South , there are contests Colonel House, Postmaster-General Burle
within the Democratic ranks that make the son , and Attorney -General Gregory - were
Southern primaries a matter of national in naturally supporting Mr. Culberson for an
terest. In South Carolina, for example, the other term and opposing Governor Colquitt.
former Governor, Cole Blease, famous as a Congressman Henry, also an Administration
pardoner of criminals, has been demanding supporter, sought promotion to the Senate.
another term of office. In the primaries of Governor Colquitt, after a stirring campaign,
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
won by a considerable plurality on July 23;
but it was necessary to have a second pri
mary between Colquitt and Culberson as the
two highest. The three other candidates
had all been Administration men , and nat
urally supported Culberson against Colquitt.
Accordingly , on August 26 , the incumbent,
Senator Culberson, was victorious by a de
cisive majority over the rebellious and out
spoken Governor. But in the July primaries
several anti-administration men were nomi
nated for the House .
Dorsey.' s In some respects the most sensa
Victory in tional of the recent Southern po
Georgia litical contests was for the honor
of being thenext Governor of Georgia . Gov
ernor Harris expected a renomination in ac
cordance with Georgia 's time-honored cus
tom . His friends declared that it was the
last time a Confederate veteran would seek
the Governorship. He was supported by
prominent newspapers. There were two
other well-known and seemingly competent
candidates, in addition to theman who over
whelmingly beat them all put together. The
victor was Hugh M . Dorsey, who some five
years ago was a young lawyer in Atlanta
unknown to politics, but who had been ap -
pointed to fill a vacancy in the office of crim
inal prosecutor just in time to give him
prominence as the man who secured the con
viction of Leo M . Frank. The Frank case
(that of a young Jew tried for the murder
of a girl) filled the sensational newspapers
of the entire country . Mr. Dorsey was sup
ported with characteristic energy by Thomas
SENATOR CHARLES A . CULBERSON , OF TEXAS
(Renominated in the Democratic primary )
371
HON . HUGH M . DORSEY
- (Who will be the next Governor of Georgia)
E . Watson , once the Populist candidate for
the Presidency , whose position upon issues of
politics and religion in Georgia has long been
aggressive and who has a large following.
The political agitations of Flor
Agitated
Floridaida are quite as genuine as those
ofMaine or California ; and this
year they have been far more intense, al
though kept inside the Democratic allegiance.
The man of the hour is a Baptist minister,
Rev . Sidney J. Catts, who headed the poll
in the Florida primary election for Gover
nor on June 6 . He had recently come to
Florida from Alabama, and was almost
wholly unknown when he entered the race
for Governor against men of prominence and
long public service in the State. Mr. Catts
was called the " anti-Catholic candidate," and
was supported by a society known as “ the
Guardians of Liberty," and a large following
of Prohibitionists. Hon . W . B . Knott, who
was second in the race, has brought court
proceedings for a recount, and factional feel
ing has been wrought up to an unwonted
pitch . The division of sentiment has become
sectional; and they have gone so far as seri
ously to propose the division of the State .
Northern Florida seems to be supportingMr.
Catts and favoring prohibition , while in
southern Florida a different view predomi
nates. Mr. Catts will run in any case , and
will probably be elected.
 372 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Speaker Champ Clark, who has promote the foreign trade of the United States
1 andCongress
the New been in Congress a long time, and to restore the American merchant ma
axes called the session that ended on rine. The $ 50,000,000 appropriated will not
September 8 the most arduous in his ex - pay for many ships ; but the Board in the
perience. We have mentioned from time exercise of its varied functions may help to
to time its current activities since it organ - promote our commerce and aid in solving
ized for business in the first week of last the shipping problem .
December. The most important of the reg
ular duties of Congress are comprised in the As the Revenue bill was in its
appropriation of money for public needs and Reprisals later stages , amendments were
Authorized
in the finding of the money to meet the added to it which authorized the
appropriations. Principally on account of President to use retaliatory measures against
the new navy and the enlarged army, ex- the trade and commerce of countries inter
penditures for the next fiscal year will rise fering with American commercial rights.
to something like the amount disbursed by While certain of these amendments were
the Government in the year from June '64 withdrawn at the last, the bill as it became
to June '65 , when war outlays reached their a law gave the President a large discretion
maximum . It is possible that extra expendi- by means of which to protect American
ture for protecting the Mexican border rights. The so -called " blacklist" adopted by
amounting perhaps to $ 150 ,000 ,000, may be England and her allies has been the subject
covered by a loan . Otherwise, expenditures of great complaint. English trade with this
will be met by taxation . Mr. Speare, our country , however, is upon so enormous a
regular financial contributor, sets forth (see scale that the British authorities are unable
page 395) the growth of Government ex- to see why the United States should object
penditure and the new methods of taxation seriously to having its business with all other
adopted by Congress in the Revenue bill that countries strictly regulated by British offi
was completed only on the day before ad- cials. We have made the profound mistake
journment. Income-tax rates on larger in - of having spent a year or two in arguing
comes are much increased , taxes are to be about certain things that do not admit of
levied upon inheritances, and the war-muni discussion . The time to have stopped once
tion business is to yield some revenue to and for all the interference with our mails,
Uncle Sam . A protective tariff has been for example, was immediately upon the first
adopted for the benefit of the dye industry , occurrence. Not to have stopped such inter
but most tariff changes are to await the in - ference promptly was to have acquiesced .
quiries of the new Tariff Commission that the same thing is true of most of the other
President Wilson is authorized to appoint. interferences about which our State Depart
ment has written countless “ notes " of argu
President Wilson found in oper mentative complaint.
Boards and ation the Interstate Commerce
Commissions
Commission . A bill to enlarge Even the amazing figures of
Enormous
and reorganize it has passed the House and Our ouS 1915 of our export and import
Foreign Trade
will pass the Senate early next session . Since trade are being exceeded by the
Mr. Wilson came into office he has added foreign business of the present year. In the
the Federal Reserve Board , the Federal first seven months of 1916 the exports and
Trade· Commission , and the Farm Loan imports of the United States reached a total
Board . He is now authorized to appoint a of $ 4, 394,000,000 . This sum exceeded the
Tariff Commission of five members ; and the transactions of the entire year 1914. More
new Shipping bill that became a law through striking yet in its increase is the record of
the President's signature on September 7 exports. From January to July of this year
provides for still another appointive body of we have shipped to Europe goods to the
five members, to be called the Shipping value of $ 2,926 ,000,000, or nearly a bil
Board. A Workmen 's Compensation bill, to lion dollars more than in the corresponding
apply to Government employees, which is period of 1915 . The increase in imports
expected to benefit several hundred thousand was just about half as much . Our best cus
persons, calls for the appointment of a stand tomer in this unprecedented business is the
ing Board of three members. The Shipping British Empire, which , with its dependencies,
bill, though different in scope from that orig has taken $ 1,400 ,000 ,000 worth of ship
inally proposed and urged by Secretary Mc- ments during the seven months, the imports
Adoo, has the same general object, which is to from the same source amounting to only
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD ". 373
$486 ,000,000 . With total exports nearly Henry Ford's Arabian Nights corporation is
twice as great as the imported merchandise, owned , of course, by himself and a very few
the balance of trade is vastly in favor of the associates, and is totally unknown in stock
United States. Prior to the great war the exchange dealings. Only less marvelous than
largest foreign trade balance favorable to Mr. Ford 's business is that of the General
America was obtained in 1908, in which year Motors Company, the Willys-Overland
this country exported $666 ,000,000 more Company, the Maxwell Company, the
than it imported. Compare with this the Studebaker Corporation , the Chevrolet, the
excess in our favor of nearly one billion and Dodge concern, and others. In the present
å half in only seven months of the present rise of securities the common stock of the
year. A notable feature of the record dur- GeneralMotors Company sold on September
ing this period is that our trade with Japan 16 at $ 750 per share, a higher price than
has nearly doubled over the previous year. was ever quoted for a stock on the Exchange,
That country sent us more goods than we except in the abnormal Aurry of the North
sent back by some $ 37,000,000 during the ern Pacific during the panic days of 1901,
seven months. when the stock of that railroad was cornered
momentarily .
Security Prices
Stimulated by these enormous
Rise Rapidlyes sales to Europe, by highly fa The Amazing
The new section of the Stock
vorable reports of earnings from menu
Motor Industry Exchange— “ the motor stocks”
industrial companies, especially steel manu - has so advanced in importance
facturers, by highly prosperous returns from and size as to call attention again to the un
the railroads, and, perhaps, by the suggestion precedented growth of the business of mak
from Maine in favor of Mr. Hughes, the ing automobiles. Although last year the
stock market began in September an excited new industry seemed to have shot up to a
and unusually protracted rise in prices. Be- maximum , or , as most people thought, be
ginning with the copper companies (which , vond a safe maximum , 1916 brought a far
with the price of the metal ranging around larger increase of production than any pre
27c. a pound, have been making greater prof. vious year has seen . In 1909 , with the new
its than ever before), passing rapidly to the instrument of transportation fairly estab
motor concerns whose securities are listed lished , 126 ,000 cars were made. In 1915.
on the exchange, and then with a mighty 700 ,000 were turned out, and in 1916 ,
rush to the steel-making corporations, prices 1, 300,000 ! The leading makers are an
have been moved up during the month to nouncing still further increases for next
points which showed high records for scores vear. Of the 1916 output of 1, 300,000 pas
of different securities. The most notable fea - sengers cars, more than one million will come
ture of this war boom in prices was the cross- from seven concerns - the Ford , General
ing of par by the common stock of the Motors, Willys-Overland, Chevrolet, Dodge,
United States Steel Corporation . The high - Studebaker, and Maxwell. In less than
est point ever reached in previous years by seven years the annual value of automobiles
this most representative of our industrial produced in the United States has increased
securities was 9478. In early September from $ 250 ,000 ,000 to over a billion dollars.
the stock rose above 100 and on Septem - The gross earnings of a single company, the
ber 18 sold above 108. The net earnings General Motors, are larger than the receipts
for the corporation reported for July were of a great, prosperous railroad such as the
no less than $ 31,500,000, and the August Chicago and Northwestern . With this fran
earnings were estimated to exceed this bytic advance in automobile production and the
á million and a half. Not only is the de corresponding daring speculation in motor
mand for steel exceeding the supply , in spite
securities, there have been serious misgivings
of the huge monthly output, but the com on the part of cool observers. One factor of
panies are obtaining the best prices for their safety in the financial situation is the ab
product that have been seen for a generation . sence of bonded indebtedness in most in
stances. In the early days of the expansion
The New
It is difficult for the average of the industry, bankers were so distrustful
We man to realize the magnitude of of the permanence of its prosperity that capi
Motor Stocks
the financial and manufacturing talization was kept within decent bounds and
operations of the great motor companies , the generally restricted to issues of preferred and
securities of which have come on the stock common stock . Thus, with the almost un
exchange only within the last five years. Mr. believable prosperity that has come, the prin
 374 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
The The early reports
" Caterpillar " of English corre
Tractors spondents cast a
veil of mystery over the me
chanical features of these
" land battleships," intimating
that they were of entirely
new design and made from
pieces shipped from a number
of different factories to pro
tect the secret of their con
struction . It seems probable,
however, that the vehicles
were ordinary caterpillar
traction engines , many, if not
all, of them shipped from
AT THE JUNCTION OF BROADWAY, FIFTH AVENUE , AND TWENTY-THIRD
Peoria , Illinois, with a new
type of armored covering and
STREET,NEW YORK CITY
(During the transit strike in New York passengers were carried in all body. Such tractors have
kinds of motor vehicles. In the illustration will be seen a Fifth avenue been used in America for
double -deck motor 'bus, and in the foreground a great motor truck used
temporarily for carrying employees. Many thousands of automobiles and years to plough or to ditch in
trucks are thus available when street cars 'stop running ) swampy or otherwise difficult
ground. Their peculiar
cipal companies have large actual tangible method of locomotion, by means of bands
assets behind their stock issues with few having corrugated surfaces next to the
debts, and, in several instances , enormous ground , and rails on the inner and upper
holdings of actual cash . The Ford balance side for the wheels of the vehicle, gives them
sheet shows $ 50,000,000 in cash , the General the name caterpillar. They virtually lay
Motors $ 26 ,000 ,000 , and Willys-Overland their own track in sections on the endless
more than $ 20 ,000 ,000 . chain principle. The type made in Illinois
The figures of car production and shipped to the British Government is
equipped with an engine of 120 horsepower,
Motor Trucks given in the preceding para
in War
graph are for passenger cars. or and can move at two speeds, about 272 miles
Only less remarkable is the growth of the 4 miles an hour.
truck and delivery wagon business. Con In the last days of August the
stantly new uses are found for the automo Awith Treaty Senate ratified a treaty with
BirdCanada
bile commercial vehicle. The jitney and the de Canada providing joint protec
truck seem destined to be the public 's best tion for most
resource in breakdowns of transportation the border of of the migratory birds crossing
the two countries — a most sig.
systemsthrough strikes or other causes. The
most considerable and picturesque new field nificant gain in the work of bird protection .
President John B . Burnham , of the Ameri
is, of course, the employment of motors in
war, and the article in this issue of the RE
VIEW OF Reviews by Mr. Hutchinson gives
a vivid impression of the indispensable serv
ices rendered our soldiers by automobiles
and motor trucks on the border and in Mex
ico. In the middle of September, with the
renewal of the British drive on the Somme,
there came highly colored accounts of a new
type of heavily armored motor truck
equipped with machine guns and used in the
advance on the German trenches. This new
engine of war was described as of weird and
monstrous appearance, and as continuing on
its relentless way across shell holes, trenches,
Underwood & Underwood, N . Y.
ed -wire defenses
and barbed-wire defenses , even
even mowing
mowing down
down ©© THE HOLT " CATERPILLAR" TRACTOR
trees and crushing the walls of houses in its (As described on this page and as seen in ordinary
juggernaut progress . American use . It weighs about fourteen tons)
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 375
can Game Protective Association , Dr. Horn
aday, and various organizations of sports
men and farmers, had been working for such
an international arrangement for three
years. They had the strong assistance of
Mr. Henry Ford , of Detroit, and , in Con
gress, of Senator George P . McLean , of
Connecticut. The main objects of the treaty
are that no bird important to agriculture
shall be shot at any time; that the open sea
son for shooting game birds shall in no case
be more than three and a half months in the
year, and that each country shall so arrange 5
its seasons for shooting as to prevent killing
during the breeding seasons. The treaty is
really a great victory for the men who have
been fighting for the conservation of wild
life. It has an indirect importance in its ap
peal to the sportsman on this side of the bor
der, where one hears not infrequently objec
tion to observing our own game laws on the
score of injustice in sparing such birds as
woodcock in New England when they are
not correspondingly protected in other parts
of their Alight.

The epidemic of infantile paraly ©

A . Brousselow
Bain News Service
Paralusi sis, beginning its ravages early GENERAL BRUSSILOV , RUSSIA 'S GREAT COMMANDER
in the summer, never attained IN THE OFFENSIVE MOVEMENT
alarming proportions outside of the States
of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania , Rumania in
Our readers will note in Mr.
and Connecticut. There were more than " the war" Simonds' article (page 399 ) the
the average number of cases in Illinois and importance that he attaches to
a few other States, but in the country at the declarations of war made by Italy and
t y
- t h r e e'S t a rP u b l i c Healereported to
large the disease was not more prevalent Rumania . Italy had been in the war since
than in former years. Cases were reported to May 23, 1915, it is true, but only as an
the United States Public Health Service enemy of Austria . It was known that a
from thirty- three States. It was thought ne break with Germany as Austria 's powerful
cessary to postpone the fall opening of ally could not be postponed much longer ;
schools and colleges for several weeks. In and the announcement of her hostile attitude
New York City the death rate for the en and intent on August 27 surprised no one.
tire duration of the epidemic up to Septem - Rumania's declaration, however, against
ber 15 was almost precisely 25 per cent. Austria , made within twenty - four hours
(2162 deaths in 8650 cases) . The Health after Italy 's action , was the most sensa
Department of the city has continued to act tional newsof the summer. It meant a pow
on the assumption that the disease is trans- erful accession to the forces of the Entente
mitted by human beings through personal in the Balkans. Coöperation with the Rus
contact. The strict enforcement of quaran - sians to the north and east and with the
tine regulations led to much personal in - French and British, in Greece, to say noth
convenience and doubtless to some hardshiping of the possibility of Greece herself com
in various places, especially in New York ing into the war on the side of the Allies,
State. Meanwhile, it is just as well to might defeat the Bulgar-Teuton plans and
bear in mind that other countries have had drive back the armies that had overrun Ser
far more severe visitations of this malady bia last year. At any rate it seemed to say
than the United States has ever suffered. In to the world that Rumania, having delib
Sweden , for example, it has long been a erated for months, had concluded once for
dreaded plague, and the disappointment there all that her prospects of national aggrandize
at the failure to learn its cause is quite as ment were to be enhanced by an Entente
great as it is in this country. alliance rather than by a Teutonic one.
. 376 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

DRESS

American Press Association

PREMIER BRATIANO KING FERDINAND GENERAL AVERESCU
THE RUMANIAN PREMIER , KING, AND CHIEF MILITARY LEADER
What do they hope to get out As pointed out by Mr. Simonds
Quid pro of it ? is the brutally direct ques.
The Quo Estate in this month 's article on the
TheofSadGreece
tion that the world is asking to war, the tragic aspects of the
day, as it asked on the day when the news dilemma in which Greece finds herself are
came that Italy and Rumania had assumed intensified from day to day. The long
new responsibilities in relation to the war. awaited fall of the Zaimis ministry, on Sep
A greater Rumania undoubtedly enters the tember 13, was followed by many indications
vision of Rumanian statesmen , as Mr. Si- that the country was ready to enter the war
monds suggests, and something of what that on the side of the Entente Allies. After a
includes is briefly indicated in the article on refusal on the part of M . Dimitracopulos,
Transylvania (page 410 ) . Great Ruma former Minister of Justice, to form a cabi
nian populations are living beyond the na- net, the task was committed to M . Kalogero
tional bounds, ruled by alien dynasties. It poulos. Within a few days after his ac
cannot be doubted that national ambitions ceptance of the portfolio it was semi-officially
and aspirations had much to do with the de announced that demands had been made on
cision at Bucharest in August. It is generally Germany for the release of the Greek army
believed that Russia is to have Constanti- corps made prisoners by the Bulgarians and
nople and the Bosporus, and as a part of Germans at Kavala. It had been stated that
the understanding among the Allies it is not these troops were to be transported to Ger;
unreasonable to suppose that concessions in many. In England this procedure was called
Bessarabia may be made to Rumania. As kidnapping ; and the indignant outcry that
for Italy, there is hardly any question that by arose from the British press when it was
taking an active part in aiding her allies in learned that 25 ,000 Greek soldiers were to
the Balkans she hopes for territorial com - be kept out of harm 's way by the kind fore
pensation in the Near East when peace is thought of their Bulgarian and Teutonic
concluded. Asia Minor has already been protectors was another reminder that John
conceded to her — by the newspaper corre Bull's sense of humor is not quite the same
spondents. as other people 's.
 GENERAL SARRAIL INSPECTS THE RUSSIAN TROOPS WHO JOINED THE ALLIED ARMY AT SALONICA
(For many months the Allies have been preparing an army at Salonica, with the avowed purpose of some day
starting an advance which might eliminate "Turkey from the war by cutting the railroad through Bulgaria over
which vast supplies from Germany are transported . Besides the original French and British contingents, there
are now at this Greek port the reorganized Serbian army
weeks Greek volunteers in large numbers have joined this polyglot army under General Sarrail)

RECORD OF THE EVENTS IN THE WAR

(From August 19 to September 20, 1916 )
The Last Part of August 000,000 being over-subscribed within itthree days.
considers
August 19. — Two British light cruisers, Not August 27.- Italy declares that
tingham and Falmouth, are sunk by German itself from August 28 at war with Germany ;
although at war with Austria , Germany's ally,
submarines in the North Sea ; the German battle since May 23, 1915, Italy had maintained correct
ship Westfalen is damaged by a torpedo from a relations with Germany.
British submarine. Rumania enters the war on the side of the
August 20 . - It is learned that Italian and Rus- Allies and begins hostilities against Austria
sian armies have landed at Salonica, Greece, to Hungary ; the Rumanian statement declares that
operate jointly with the British , French , and Rumanians in Austrian territory are exposed to
Serbians . the hazards of war, that by intervening Rumania
August 22.— The Bulgarian resistance to the believes
Allied drive - either imminent or actually begun mania
she can shorten the war, and that Ru
places herself with those powers that can
-witakes the form of a counter-offensive on both assist her in realizing her national ideals.
ngs. Bulgarian troops occupy all but one of the
August 23.— The German merchant submarine Greek forts about Kavala.
Deutschland arrives at the mouth of the Weser August 29. - Field -Marshal von Hindenburg be
on her way to Bremen, having made the voyage comes Chief of the Staff of the German armies,
from Baltimore in three weeks. succeeding General von Falkenhayn.
August 24. – The French complete their occupa August 30. - Austro -Hungarian troops are with
Sommofe. the village of Maurepas, north of the all
tion drawn before the Rumanian armies, which seize
of the five Carpathian passes into Hungaryo
The Russian War Department announces the and occupy Kronstadt and Hermannstadt, the tw two
recapture of Mush , in Armenia , which had been most important cities of Transylvania.
taken by the Turks on August 8 ; the Russians The Russians renew their offensive against the
appear to have frustrated a Turkish attempt to Austro -German lines in Galicia, after compara
encircle the left wing of their Caucasian army tive quiet lasting two weeks; the official state
to have
andAsia Minorregained the initiative at all points ment declares that nearly 16 ,000 prisoners were
in . taken .
Subscriptions to the new British 5 per cent. Greek revolutionists at Salonica seize the bar
loan in the United States are closed, the $250,- racks of the Greek infantry, proclaim a pro
377
378 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
visional government, and call upon the people to Somme has carried them beyond the original sys
combine with the Allies and drive the Bulgarians tem of German trenches.
out of Greece. September 14.- An official German statement
The First Week of September declares that the commander of the fourth Greek
September 2. — The British and French Gov Kavala Army Corps (stationed at Seres, Drama, and
ernments demand of Greece the control of the mander ), for having appealed to the German com
postal and telegraph systems, alleging that their pressure, willfood be
and protection from Allied
interned in Germany until
enemies receive information ; King Constantine Greece is freed of invaders.
and his ministers decide to comply.
September 3. — The British and French renew September 14- 15. - The British renew their at
their offensive north of the Somme River, France, tack against the Germans at the Somme, with the
advancing along a front of six miles and occupy greatest
they
success since the battle began on July 1;
capture German trenches on a front of six
ing four villages. miles, including three villages and important
September 4 . — The French continue their attack high ground north of Combles.
upon the German lines at the Somme, and are The British use for the first time a new style
successful on a front of twelve miles south of of armored and armed motor truck , capable of
the river.
Bulgarian and German troops invade Rumania crossing trenches and shell holes.
in the Dobrudja district - the territory on the claresSeptember 15. - A German official statement de
Black Sea which Rumania seized from Bulgaria of Rumania that a great battle in the Dobrudja district
during the second Balkan war. ended in the complete destruction of
fortress of Tut a Rumanian and Russian army, by Bulgarians
September 7.- The Rumanian and Germans under Field -Marshal von Macken
rakan is captured by Bulgarian and German sen .
troops, 20,000 prisoners being taken when the French dispatches indicate that the Allied of
Rumanians are unable to retreat across the fensive in the Balkans (General Sarrail's army
Danube. of British, French, Serbians, Russians, and Ital
The Rumanian forces take the important Bul ians ) has been renewed with advances at all
garian city of Orsoya , at the Iron Gate of the points.
Danube, where Rumania, Hungary, and Serbia The Italians begin a new offensive against the
meet. Austrians on the Carso Plateau, in the campaign
The Second Week of September against Trieste.
Great Britain adopts measures for restricting
September 8.- Russian troops arrive in the the trade of the United States with Holland and
Dobrudja district, joining with Rumanian forces the Scandinavian countries, in certain prohibited
in an effort to check the German -Bulgarian in articles, on the ground that imports of European
vasion . neutrals - above a specified normal allowance
September 9.- British troops continue their as areMr.likely to reach Britain ' s enemies .
sault on the German lines in the Somme region Lloyd George, British Secretary of War,
and occupy the whole of the village of Ginchy. issues a statement regarding the use of informa
Announcement is made at Ottawa of a new tion obtained through the censorship of neutral
$ 100,000,000 Canadian war loan , bearing 5 per mails ; he declares that honest business interests
cent. interest, and running fifteen years. and trade secrets of American merchants and
September 10.— The Bulgarian-German army manufacturers are safe.
invading Rumania captures Silistria , the second September 16 .-- A new cabinet is formed in
Rumanian fortress on the Danube in the Dobrudja Greece, headed by Nikolas Kalogeropoulos.
district. A German news agency declares that during
September 11.- It is learned that the command August 126 hostile merchant ships and 35 neutral
of the German lines in France has bcen re- vessels carrying contraband were or destroyed by
arranged , with Duke Albrecht of Wurttemberg submarines of the Central Powers 11, by mines;
26 hostile
in command of the northern sector, Crown Prince from September 3 to September
Ruprecht of Bavaria in command of the central and 7 neutral ships were similarly sunk.
sector (including the Somme), and the German September 17 .— The Russians resume their at
Crown Prince continuing in command of the tempts to take Halicz, key to Lemberg, Galicia.
southern (Verdun ) sector.
Belgian forces in German East Africa after ingSeptember 18.- Franco-Russian troops compris
the left wing of the Allied army in north
ten days' fighting take Tabora, the principal city western Macedonia occupy the town of Florina,
of the colony. after a battle with Bulgarians lasting two days;
September 12. - In the Somme region, on a Serbian troops also make progress.
front of three and three- quarter miles south of September 20. - Rumanian troops invading
Combles, the French make the greatest gain of Transylvania suffer a reverse by Austrians, but
any single day since the offensive began . the German - Bulgarian invasion of Dobrudja is
In the French Chamber of Deputies, Finance declared to have been checked.
Minister Ribot introduces a bill for a second 5 Greece is reported to have demanded of Gero
per cent. war loan. many the release of Greek troops removed from
September 13.- The Zaimis ministry in Greece Kavala ; Allied officials make public documents
resigns; M . Dimitrasopulos (former Minister of indicating that the Greek troops desired to sur
Justice ) agrees to form a cabinet if his program render to them rather than to the Germans.
is accepted by the Allied governments. A compilation of American contributions to
It is declared at London and Paris that the war relief shows a total of $ 28,896,277, one-third
offensive of the British and French armies at the of which was for Belgian relief.
 International Film Service
THE CENTER SPAN OF THE QUEBEC BRIDGE FALLING WHILE BEING RAISED TO POSITION
(For the second time the attempt to bridge the St. Lawrence River at Quebec has failed . In 1907 a section
nearer shore collapsed , causing the loss of sixty lives. On the 11th of last month the bridge was again nearing
completion when the center span fell to the bottom of the river. This span — 640 feet long and weighing 5100
tons — had been constructed separately and towed on pontoons to position , and was being raised to its proper level
when an accident occurred , the nature of which is as yet unknown . The picture shows the span falling into the
water , the photographer having set his camera to record the hoisting. The bridge is designed principally for rail.
road traffic , in an effort to bring to Quebec a share of the commerce going in recent years mostly to Montreal)

RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS

(From August 19 to September 20, 1916)
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS September 1.— The House, by vote of 239 to 56 ,
August 19. — The Senate passes the Workmen 's passes the emergency bill establishing a basic
Compensation bill, providing disability and death eight-hour day for railway operators, and crea
allowances for half a million Government em ting a commission of three members to report
ployees. upon the working of the measure ; 70 Republicans
August 22. - In the Senate, general debate upon vote with the Democratic majority, while 2 Demo
the Emergency Revenue bill is begun , Mr. Sim crats vote against the measure.
mons (Dem ., N . C .) defending the financial September 2. — The Senate passes without
record of the present Congress, and Messrs. amendment the Railroad Eight-Hour bill by vote
Smoot (Rep., Utah) and Penrose (Rep., Pa.) se of 43 to 28 ; only 2 Democrats vote against the
verely criticizing it. measure, and i Republican votes for it. . . .
August 25. — The House repasses the Army The House passes the Webb bill, exempting from
appropriation bill, without the provision objected anti-trust laws combinations of American ex
to by the President. porters for the promotion of foreign trade.
August 26 .— In the Senate debate on the Reve September 4 . Both branches agree to the con
nue bill, Mr. Underwood (Dem ., Ala.) refuses ference
to be bound by his party caucus and criticizes the bill. report on the Workmen 's Compensation
proposed duty on dyes.
August 29. — Both branches assemble in the passes September 5. — The Senate, by vote of 42 to 16 ,
House chamber and are addressed by the Presi bill, the Administration 's Emergency Revenue
dent regarding the threatened railroad strike; he specialdesigned to raise $205,000,000 annually from
urges immediate legislation establishing an eight crats fortaxes; 5 Republicans vote with the Demo
the measure.
hour day for railroad operators, creating a com
mission to watch the result, and providing for a September 7.- Both branches adopt the confer
public investigation of future controversies. ence report on the special Revenue bill, dropping
August 31.— The Senate unanimously adopts, the most the drastic of the amendments which em
as an amendment to the Revenue bill, a provision powered President to retaliate against bel
permitting the President to invoke retaliatory can ligerent governments that interfere with Ameri
trade measures against belligerents discrimina with rights. . . . The Senate ratifies the treaty
ting against products of the United States. . . . DanishDenmark providing for the purchase of the
West Indies.
In the House, Chairman Adamson (Dem ., Ga.),
of the Committee on Interstate Commerce, intro September 8.— The first session of the Sixty
duces an eight-hour bill acceptable to the Presi- fourth Congress comes to an end , after nine
dent and to the representatives of the four rail months' legislative work and with appropriations
way brotherhoods. totaling $ 1,626 ,439,209.
379
 380 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
September 7.— The President signs the Ship
ping bill, creating a government - controlled
$ 50,000,000 corporation to build, buy, or lease
merchant ships.
September 11. — The election in Maine results
in a sweeping victory for the Republicans, who
elect a governor (Carl E . Milliken ), two United
States Senators (Frederick Hale and Bert M .
Fernald ), and four Congressmen , and control
both houses of the legislature.
September 12.- In the South Carolina Demo
cratic primary, Governor Richard I. Manning is
renominated , defeating former Governor Cole L.
Blease. . . . In the Georgia Democratic pri
mary, Governor Nat E . Harris is defeated for
renomination by Hugh M . Dorsey .
September 13. - In the Illinois primary, Gov
ernor Dunne (Dem .) is renominated, and ex
Congressman Frank 0 . Lowden is chosen by the
Republicans.
September 19. - In the New York primary,
Governor Whitman wins the Republican and
Progressive nominations, Judge Seabury being
chosen by the Democrats; the contests for the
United States Senate nominations are won by
William F . McCombs (Dem .) and ex -Congress
man William M . Calder (Rep .) , who defeats
© International Film Service Robert Bacon .
THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL AT HODGENVILLE, KY. FOREIGN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
( The memorial, built over the log-cabin birthplace
of Lincoln , was formally turned over to the nation on August 24. – The Danish Landsthing (upper
Labor Day. President Wilson delivered a speech of ac . . house of Parliament) votes. 39 to 7. that if the
ceptance. )
proposed sale of the Danish West Indies to the
United States cannot be postponed until after the
AMERICAN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT war the question must be settled by a general
the second Democratic electi on .
August
prima ry (the In being
26. -first withoutTexas
decisive result), September 15. — The voters of British Colum
Senator Culberson is renominated , defeating ex bia, Canada, adopt prohibition by a large ma
Governor Colquitt. jority .
August 28. — While Presiden Wilson still con
fers with railroad presidents tand the leaders of INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
August 19. — It is learned that China has pro
the employees, he learns that a strike order has tested to Japan against the sending of two thou
been issued to take effect on September 4 . sand troops to Eastern Mongolia because of a
August 29. – The President signs the Army and recent clash there between Chinese and Japanese
Navy appropriation bills and the Philippine bill.
. . . In the California Republican primary, Gov troops.
ernor Johnson defeats Willis H . Booth for the August 24. - A protocol is signed at Washing.
United States Senate nomination . ton by representatives of the United States and
August 31. - Ex-President Roosevelt delivers Haiti,
agreed
embodying details of the treaty recently
to.
his first speech in the campaign, at Lewiston, Me.,
giving his reasons for believing that President
Wilson 's reëlection would be a grave misfortune.
September 2. – Upon the passage by Congress
of the eight-hour law for railway operators, and
the announcement of the President that he would
sign the bill, the leaders of the trainmen call off
the strike set for September 4. . . . President
Wilson is formally notified of his renomination
at Shadow Lawn, his summer residence at Long
Branch, N . J.; in his speech of acceptance he
points to the achievements of the Democratic Ad
ministration .
September 3.- President Wilson signs the
Eight-Hour Law for railroad operators.
September 4 . — The Lincoln Memorial at
Hodgenville , Ky., built over the log -cabin birth International Film Service
place of the martyr President, is formally pre
sented to the nation by the Lincoln Farm Associ THE U . S. CRUISER "MEMPHIS," WRECKED BY A
ation ; President Wilson delivers the speech of SUDDEN AND VIOLENT STORM IN THE HARBOR
acceptance . SANTO DOMINGO ON AUGUST 29
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS 381
September 3. - Japan presents to China four
demands for a settlement of the clash between
Chinese and Japanese troops at Cheng-Chiatun,
in Eastern Mongolia, on August 13 ; besides in
demnities and punishment of Chinese officers,
Japan demands the withdrawal of Chinese troops
from the district and the granting to Japan of
police rights in Inner Mongolia .
September 7 . — The United States Senate ratifies
the treaty with Denmark, providing for the pur
chase of the Danish West Indies for $25,000 ,000 .
September 14. - The State Department at
Washington announces that both Japan and
Russia have given assurances that the new Russo
Japanese convention is in no sense designed to
modify the " open door" in China.
AMERICAN RELATIONS WITH MEXICO
August 22 .- Franklin K . Lane (Secretary of
the Interior ), Judge George Gray, and Dr. John
R.Mott are named as the American members of
the Joint Commission .
August 26 . - It is announced at a border head
quarters that 1508 National Guardsmen , with
persons dependent upon them for support, have
been discharged upon application .
August 28. — The War Department orders
12,000 National Guardsmen of Kentucky, Ohio,
and Vermont from mobilization camps to the
Mexican border.
August 30. — The War Department orders the
return to State mobilization camps of fourteen WILLIAM J. PATTERSON, OF PITTSBURGH, NEW
regiments of the National Guard (15,000 men ) COMMANDER-IN -CHIEF OF THE G . A . R .
on the border ; it is assumed that the movement
has a bearing on the threatened railroad strike. London, Conn ., in the first of a series of confer
September 6.— The six members of the Ameri ences to adjust Mexican problems.
can-Mexican Joint Commission meet at New September 7. — The War Department directs
that those regiments of the National Guard re
cently ordered from the Mexican border to State
mobilization camps shall be mustered out of the
federal service.
September 14 . — General Carranza calls an
election for delegates to a national assembly
which will adopt a revised constitution and take
steps preliminary to the election of a President
and a Congress. . . . The Tennessee National
Guard (2000 men ) is ordered to the border for
patrol duty.
September 16. - An attack is made upon Chi
huahua by armed forces believed to be led by
General Villa himself; after having seized the
public buildings, the bandits are defeated and
driven out of the city by Federal troops under
General Trevino.
OTHER OCCURRENCES OF THE MONTH
August 25. – Victor Carlstrom Aies in an aero
plane off the Virginia coast, with a passenger,
661 miles in 8 hours and 40 minutes actual Aying
time, with two stops.
August 29. — The United States cruiser Mem
phis ( formerly the Tennessee) is driven ashore
Photographs by American Press Association by a heavy sea at Santo Domingo City, and be
R. OFNORRIS WILLIAMS, CHARLES EVANS, JR., comes wreck ; 36 men lose their lives.
PHILADELPHIA OF CHICAGO September 1. - William J. Patterson , of Pitts
THE NEW TENNIS AND GOLF CHAMPIONS burgh , is elected Commander -in -Chief of the
(Mr. Williams won the national lawn -tennig cham Grand Army of the Republic at the National
pionship in the tournament at New York City , on Sep Encampment, Kansas City.
tember 5. Mr. Evans won the national amateur golf
championship on the links of the Merion Cricket Club , September 3. — Sir Ernest Shackleton arrives at
near Philadelphia , on September 9 . Both players de Punta Arenas, Argentina, with the members of
leated last year's champions in their final matches.) his Antarctic expedition who had been marooned
382 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Bain News Service

CHARLES G . HERBERMANN HORACE WHITE SAMUEL W . PENNYPACKER MAJ.-GEN . A . L. MILLS
(Dr. Herbermann, who died on August 24 , was for forty -six years professor of Latin at the College of the
City of New York , and gained distinction also as editor-in -chief of the Catholic Encyclopædia . Mr. White was
editor of the Chicago Tribune for some years following the Civil War. In 1874 he joined the staff of the New
York Evening Post, afterwards becoming editor-in -chief. He died on September 16 . Governor Pennypacker bad
for many years been a leading figure in the Republican politics of Pennsylvania , serving as Governor from 1903
to 1907 . At the time of his death , last month , he was a member of the Public Service Commission . General
Mills was chief of the Bureau of Militia Affairs, and as superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point
had much to do with the enlargement of that institution )

on Elephant Island, his fourth attempt at rescue Brewer, of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of
having been successful. Montana, 77. . . . Henri Joseph Harpignies,
September 5. - The national lawn-tennis cham - the French landscape painter, 97. . .
pionship is won by R . N . Williams, of Philadel- August 30.— Benjamin Day, inventor of a
process for producing mechanical tints in photo
phia, in the matches at Forest Hills, N . Y ., de- engraving,
feating William M . Johnston, of San Francisco . 78.
September 7.– Surface-car transit in New York August 31.— John Peirce St. John, ex-Governor
City is tied up by a strike of motormen and con - of Kansas and Prohibition candidate for Presi
ductors, organized by the national union ; the dent in 1884, 83.
subway and elevated systems are little affected . September 1. - Dr. Albert Leffingwell, champion
September 10. - Charles Evans, of Chicago, of the restriction of human and animal vivisec.
wins the national amateur golf championship at tion .
Haverford , Pa ., defeating Robert Gardner, the September 2. - Samuel W . Pennypacker, Gover.
1915 champion . nor of Pennsylvania from 1903 to 1907, 73.
September 11. — The steel cantilever bridge September 4. - Richard C . Kerens, former am
under construction over the St. Lawrence River bassador to Austria-Hungary, 74. . . . Rev.
near Quebec collapses for the second time as the Adam McClelland, D . D ., of New York, a noted
central span (weighing 5100 tons) was being blind preacher and author, 83.
raised into position ; 11 persons are killed . . September 11. – Thomas Lemuel James, Post
September 19. — A bursting dam in the moun - master-General in the Garfield cabinet, 85.
tains of Bohemia (Austria ), near the German September 14. - Josiah Royce Alford , professor
frontier, inundates several villages and causes of natural religion and moral philosophy at
the death of more than 250 persons. Harvard, 60. . . . Don José Echegaray, the
OBITUARY noted Spanish dramatist, 83.
September 15. — Dr. William Bayard Craig, for
August 20. - James Seligman, the veteran New mer 'chancellor of Drake University (Iowa), 7D,
York banker, 92. September 16 . - Horace White, the eminent
August 21. - James Talcott, a prominent New journalist, formerly editor of the New York
York banker and philanthropist, 81. Evening Post, 82. . . Gen . Basil Wilson
August 24 . - Charles George Herbermann, pro - Duke, of Louisville , a noted cavalry leader in
fessor of Latin at the College of the City of the Confederate Army, 78.
New York and editor of the Catholic Encyclo September 17. - Seth Low , a distinguished
pædia , 76 . public-spirited citizen of New York, former
August 25. - Archbishop John Lancaster Spald - Mayor, and former president of Columbia Cole
ing, of the Roman Catholic Church in Illinois, a versity, 66 .
member of the anthracite coal arbitration board September 18. — Major-Gen . Albert L. Mills
of 1902 , 76. U . S. A ., Chief of the Bureau of Militia At
August 28. - Rev . William Hayes Ward, D . D ., fairs, 62.
for many years editor of the Independent, 81 (seet September 19. - William James Calhoun, former
page 440 ) . . . . Bishop Leigh Richmond ·Minister to China, 68.
 A WORLD OF STRIFE
AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS

HUGHES

FROG
CAMP

V
MAINE

. .
MAINS CLECTION
ALTURNS

" VICTORY IN NOVEMBER !" .

BACK TO THE OLD MOUNT From the Ledger (Philadelphia )
From the Chronicle (San Francisco)
vember — theRepublican
THE victors declare that the election on "normally" DemocratsState
in the
did fact
not thatupa
roll
1 Sept ember 11 shows that the voters in a phenomenal majority .
general are glad to return to the Republican
elephant after a season spent in trying to
ride the Democratic donkey ; but so far as the
returns themselves are concerned , each side
can find grounds for hope of victory in No
RIT
Y SS
SPE GRE
PRO PRO

U
SAL

SRCE
Cec

THE ELOQUENT SISTERS TAKE THE STUMP

FOR WILSON
PREPARING TO HIT THE TRAIL (News Item : President Wilson will not make
speaking tour)
From the Leader (Cleveland ) From the News (Dallas) 383
384 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

I CANT COME MYSELF

BUT CAN LOAN YOU
MY LITTLE BROTHER !

WAR
RAILROAD
STRIKE

I PS
HAR DO
ON
S
LIC
PgUB
h
Fo

ST
IR
MERICP 2
A BLOOD RELATION
From the Evening Dispatch (Columbus)
UNCLE SAM : I SUPPOSE I COULD RUN THE BLAME
THINGS MYSELF IF I HAD TO
From the Register (Des Moines) SLATION

Four of the cartoons on this page relate

to the unprecedented situation at Washington
on September 1, when the country was threat WILSON
ened with a great railroad strike if Congress
should fail to enact the Eight-Hour Law .
They remind us that all the world's strife is
not on the battlefield. In the lower right
hand corner we reproduce a Swiss cartoon
that depicts the perplexity of Mars when he
learns of two additional declarations of war CALAMITY
in the European tangle.
AN HONEST EFFORT
From the Ohio State Journal (Columbus)
Now There is no apparent reason why the de
POLITICS LISTLEONWS termination of the Allies to monopolize the
FEL world's trade should be compared to the
judgment of Paris, but Punch seems to like
VA MARS

Deu
Sto tsc
res hla
- nd

Mars: “ I can hardly think it possible that mankind

in the course of two years has learned so little about
TRYING TO " BUTT IN ” ON THE ROW ine that it is ready to make new declarations of war
From the News-Tribune (Duluth ) From Nebelspalter (Zurich, Switzerland)
 A WORLD OF STRIFE 385
SLUN
ECONOMISTEREN
KULTES

DS
RAL ROA
CONSUME
LANCA

TU
KUL

1976 : By John T. McCutcheon

SHIFTING THE BURDENS, OR , HOW THE THREATENED
STRIKE WILL BE SETTLED
From the Tribune (Chicago) THE JUDGMENT OF PARIS
Paris: “ We've decided to keep the apple for ourselves."
GT DY TO MOVE
HOPE I GETA
VOTE THIS FALL
GERMANIA : " Then
Paris : “ The pip !" what do I get ?"
CAIADT WBA
TENATIRCKO D UPH!ALT TEAT'S ALL !
From Punch (London )
R !! N
ACET,IMEESTN !
AL T!
mons loyal Canada to subscribe to the second
war-loan . The “ philanthropy and five per
CAMP
WILLIS cent." motive is not wholly absent from his
call. Other cartoons from Britain's over-seas
dominions are reproduced on the following
pages. Australia, India, and South Africa are
represented and serve to express in some de
gree the interest in the war that is taken by
AWAITING ORDERS
loyal British colonists in those countries.
From the Leader (Cleveland)
the conceit and it is quite probable that Ger
many can stand it.
The cartoonist of the Montreal Star sum SELOND

LOAN
NOW
OPEN FORN
ITUASCRIPTIO

UNCLE SAM , HAVING SOLD TO THE BELLIGERENTS

EVERY POSSIBLE THING , IS GOING TO
" NEGOTIATE" PEACE DUTY WITH PROFIT : NOW THEN , ALL TOGETHER !
Oct - 3
From A Careta (Rio Janeiro) From the Star (Montreal)
386 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

RUSSIA

$933
IN HIS GRIP
BRUIN : " There's no escaping me this time.”

DERSITY
(Russia has recovered so completely from her col.
lapse of a year ago that her campaigns against the
Turks in Asia Minor and the Austrians in Galicia
seem almost irresistible)
From Hindi Punch (Bombay, India )

IZER
VERYIL NS
italienn sex

isi
ves NDACIO
ME
offe

Uss
e

17
THE INDEMNITY TREE
THE UNDER GARDENER (Crown Prince Wilhelm ) : "I
don 't think it will bear any fruit, after all."
e n s ive nno tan grave From the Bulletin (Sydney, Australia )
off Fia

THE RISING TIDE

(Will the combined British , French, Russian, and
Italian offensives overthrow the German and his SOUF ALT MODE
Austro-Hungarian(From
ally?)Le Rire Paris)
BERLIN
BITISH
PENSIVE

IN THE SOUP
BETTER THAN A " LOOS" GRIP THIS TIME — GENERAL HAIG:in it."
now y() are " Yes, William , we prepared the soup
(“ The British have made the soup, now they must
(Meaning that the British are holding the Germans sup it," said the Kaiser to his Prussian Guard. The
better than they did at the Battle of Loos ) Guards were subsequently cut to pieces in an attack )
From Punch (Melbourne, Australia )
From the Cape Times (Cape Town, South Africa)
 A WORLD OF STRIFE
THE GERMAN : “ Excuse me, madam , did I hear you
call?"
(The well-known German publicist, Herr Maximilian
Harden , writing in Die Zukunft, suggests : " After the
recent exhibition of our enemy's strength , they might,
without humiliation , make up accounts and consider
peace" )
From the Cape Times (Cape Town, South Africa )
At first the Turk was driven from Europe to Asia .
Now he is being driven from Asia.
Apenong
hedmigh
Between Europe and Asiaquiete !
t finally be perfectly now apparently fixed in the Russian mind,
A SAFE PLACE FOR THE TURK
From the Listok (Odessa, Russia )
387
Bü
lo
w
Bu
ch
APPARENTLY THE LONG CHANCELLOR HAS BEEN
CHANCELLOR TOO LONG
(Referring to the criticism against the policies of von
Bethmann -Hollweg, and alluding to the height of the
German Chancellor. This German cartoon recalls one
that was current during Lincoln ' s second campaign ,
declaring "We want Long Abe Lincoln a little longer” )
From Der Nebelspalter (Zurich, Switzerland)
Russian viewsof Turkey's fate are interest
ing at this moment to the whole world. The
cartoon from Odessa (on the left) pictures
the Turk 's utter desperation and the idea ,
that no foothold is left to him anywhere,
east or west.
 A N S
388 THE AMERIC REVIEW OF REVIEW

THE PLIGHT OF THE BULGARIAN CZAR

From the Weekly News ( Auckland, New Zealand)
YS
NEUTRALIT
THE IMPRUDENT KING OF GREECE
VenizELOS: " Your majesty, do not bow so much.
Your crown is likely to fall off your head."
From Listok (Odessa, Russia )

THE SLUMP IN CENTRAL EUROPES

Ferdie (of Bulgaria
Emperor)
): “ par.'
The All-Highest (German
SULTAN : seems
"Whya bit
didbelow
we ever leave our comfortable A DIFFICULT POSITION FOR GREECE TO MAINTAIN
fence?" © From Le Rire (Paris)
From Punch (London)

UA
sóng

perton
THE NEUTRALITY OF GREECE
(Preferring neutrality to yielding to the entreaties of Ferdinand of Bulgaria, Greece now finds herself over
run by the warlike forces of the Central Powers)
From the Listok (Odessa, Russia)
 THE RAILROAD EIGHT-HOUR
LAW
BY WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY

DR. RIPLEY , who is professor of political economy in Harvard University, has

problems of
become one of the highest authorities in the United States upon all the
transportation and has recently published two very important volumes on American
railroads, one dealing with rates and regulation, the other with finance and organization.
We do not know of any writer better qualified than Dr. Ripley to state for our readers
the significance of the new law fixing the eight-hour day for men operating railway
trains in interstate commerce . The sudden action taken by Congress in its closing hours
last month , under President Wilson 's leadership , must rank as the foremost American
topic of the season , and is likely to take first place as an issue in the pending political
campaign . Professor Ripley occupies an independent stand point, and his views deserve
to be read with thoughtful attention and great respect. — THE EDITOR .

N O novelty whatever attaches to the de- of their paramount interest in an uninter

V mands of the railway trainmen in 1916 rupted railroad service was concerned . A
for a basic eight-hour day and punitive over condition of affairs supervened which ought
time. Nine years earlier the three senior never to be allowed to occur again .
Brotherhoods of Engineers, Firemen , and Tomeet the novel situation thus presented,
Conductors first joined hands in a concerted and to avert a country -wide strike with all
movement therefor, on the railroads west of its concomitants of industrial stoppage, waste ,
Chicago. The change has come, not in the and warfare, the Congress of the United
nature of the demands but only in the means States, between a Friday and a Sunday early
adjusted to their attainment. Steadily , year in September, enacted the so -called Eight
by year, improved organization and resources Hour Law - a most revolutionary bit of leg
have broadened the territorial scope of each islation . In text it is almost as brief as the
proposal, from local or divisional committees Sherman Anti- Trust Act; and it promises to
on a single road as at first, to entire roads, open as novel a chapter in law -making no
to systems comprising several affiliated com - less momentous in its consequences. Just
panies, to the grand territorial groups of what are its provisions ? What does it, and
Trunk Line, Southern , or Western roads, what does it not provide?
until at last the range of operations becomes IN EFFECT, A MINIMUM WAGE LAW
co -extensive with the whole United States. .
A slow , steady pressure has been kept up, In the first place, although " eight hours
with the inevitable outcome of a threatened shall, in contracts for labor and service, be
nation -wide strike. A crisis has arisen , long deemed a day's work and the measure or
anticipated by those in close touch with rail- standard of a day's work for the purpose of
road affairs; one which , it was believed, reckoning the compensation for services of all
would necessitate such drastic Federal legis- employees . . . actually engaged in any
lation for dealing with labor disputes in a capacity in the operation of trains,” this
quasi-public service as is contained in Presi- statute assuredly sets no limits to the length
dent Wilson 's Congressional program for the of the working day. It bears not the slight
coming winter. The trainmen — 400,000 of est resemblance to the Federal Hours of
them - had the power to tie up every railroad Service law , which positively fixes a maxi
from Fort Kent to San Diego ; and the peo - mum of sixteen hours as a trainman 's daily
ple of the United States were as clay in the stint. Every member of the Brotherhoods
hands of a potter, in so far as the protection understands this perfectly . President Gar
389
390 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
retson, of the Order of Railway Conductors, clause would change it into a statute regu
outlined the reason at the Senate Committee lating hours of labor. Such regulation has
hearings : already been held constitutional even for men .
The charge . . . that it was impossible to THE QUESTION OF SPEED
put in a true eight-hour day on a railway is
correct. It cannot be done. The trainman can There are two possible ways in which the
not stop , because eight hours may find him in a railroads may cope with the new conditions
semi-desert country, or find him fifty miles from and avoid almost a flat increase of wages of
his home; therefore he is compelled to go on
and work ; but he demands a higher rate of twenty-five per cent. One is to speed up the
speed . trains. The other is to shorten the runs. By
recourse to either expedient, inasmuch as the
The so -called Eight-Hour Law , then, is a men are paid according to a dual standard of
statute fixing wages, with only an incidental distance run or of time consumed , it is theor
bearing upon hours, as will soon appear. etically possible to condense a day 's perform
The new statute is in effect a minimum ance within the new limits. Some roads,
wage law for men engaged in a quasi-public like the Southern Pacific and many in the
employment. We have recently become fa - South, with long through hauls and little
miliar with such laws for women . Many local business, already achieve an average
States have copied the British , French and speed sufficient to comprehend 100 -mile trips
Australian legislation, which , however, is ap - within eight, instead of ten hours. But for
plicable to both sexes alike. Such statutes for many others the problem is a most difficult
women only are now before the Supreme one. Thus a single-track line, if it cuts its
Court of the United States to determine trains in two, is confronted with the need of
their constitutionality . more sidings, and enlarged terminals. Con
gestion of the main line is a costly business.
TEN Hours' PAY FOR EIGHT hours' WORK Nor can the divisions be arbitrarily shortened
But thenew Federal Eight-Hour Law pro- up . Large towns cannot be bodily shifted to
vides a minimum not for women but for men . new locations, convenient for operating
It is not " the first of its kind in the history
standard runs of eight hours instead of ten.
of the world ," as has been asserted by its op-
And, furthermore, to rearrange schedules in
ponents. The British Parliament was com - volves not only more outlay for facilities ; it
pelled to enact such a law in 1912 for coal cuts away the ground from under the prime
miners, in order to bring to a close a strike economy in operation upon which the car.
which had shut down factories, stopped rail riers have come to rely.
ways and shipping, and thrown several mil
lion people out of employment. No miner in SLOW , HEAVY TRAINS FAR MORE PROFITABLE
the British Isles may now be paid less than a Heavy train loads, necessarily slow , have
sum fixed locally by a prescribed administra - been a prime resource in a pressing time of
tive machinery. But this new statute of need . How efficacious, may be illustrated by
ours not only fixes wages, it positively in - two companies in the fiscal year of 1915.
creases them by a substantial amount. For Largely by concentration of traffic, the New
the law prescribes that, pending the report York Central carried 2 ,500,000,000 more
of a special commission instituted to observe tons of freight one mile than the year before,
the effect of the eight-hour schedule, that is at an actual outlay for conducting transpor
to say, for a possible ten months tation - mainly fuel and wages - of $ 3,000,
the compensation of railwar employees subject 000 less. The Canadian Pacific record is
to this act for a standard eight-hour work day, likewise extraordinary. Its ton mileage in
shall not be reduced below the present standard creased 79 per cent. ; while its transportation
day's wage, and for all necessary time in excess expense grew by only one-quarter. This was
of eight hours such employees shall be paid at
a rate not less than thep raia rate. effected by slower movement of freight trains
and much heavier car loading. Thus was a
In effect the new law orders ten hours ' surplus for dividends of only $ 90,000 trans
pui - that being roughly the former stand formed into one of $ 15,444,000 within a
and di - for eight heurs ' werk , with the twelvemonth . And such a phenomenal
morning to her at the same rate. shoving is typical of what has been accom
The new lar tails to fix an overtime plished all over the United States. It is
punais ; it is merel a lair to determine due in part to the heart investments in im
wage and hence is of doubtral constitutions proved piant snc 190 now only just com
a it. The madnent of an overtine penalty pleted ; to extra daary prosperity ; but es
 THE RAILROAD EIGHT-HOUR LAW 391
sentially, also , to greatly improved operating which can be modified , some not. This they
technique. It is at this point, however, that achieved. But what they abandoned is of
one comes to such justification for the new equal importance in their own eyes ; and it is
legislation on behalf of the men as may be as sure as the rising of the sun that they
had — and it is indisputable that there is a will come back in due time and demand it
grievance to which the railroads have not of Congress. It is in this sense that the
paid due attention . assertion holds good that this problem is
COMPLAINTS OF THE MEN
only half worked out; and that the Presi
dent in his program for next winter relative
The economy of heavy train loads means to administrative procedure in such cases
necessarily slower movement. It means more must be upheld by the American public as
delays on sidings, more breakdowns, more ir- well as by the railroads themselves to the
regular runs contingent upon obtaining a bitter end.
full rating for locomotives, more hanging PUNITIVE OVERTIME
about by the men waiting for a telephone call
to report for duty, more nights away from What the men abandoned was the puni
home, or sleeping in the caboose instead of tive half of their demand - time and a Half
"hitting one's own hay." But the carriers, for all overtime above a limit set at eight ;
hard pressed for revenue, intent upon making hours if they could get it, if not at the pre
both ends meet, have, perhaps, not paid suf vailing ten . Superficially this abatement of
ficient attention to the attendant hardships their proposal halved the cost of the change
and inconvenience to the men. To be sure, from an original estimate by the carriers of
under the rigid seniority rules, a good time $ 100 ,000,000 to something like one-half that
later on was bound to come to each , as his sum . Actually the compromise was more
term of service lengthened ; until he attained than an even split. For, in the eyes of the
the comfort of short and speedy trips on reg - . law , the addition of a penal , later on , by
ular hours for a generous day's compensa- transforming the statute from a law fixing
tion . But the rank and file of trainmen , as wages for men - doubtful constitutional
of humankind in general, lie nearer the bot- ity — to one clearly'regulating hours, might be
tom than the top of the pay-roll and the time necessary to save the day for it in the courts.
sheet. And it is their discontent, coupled Apparently.. it was immaterial to the men
with the growing sense of power which one which half came first - a basic hours' plan
success after another has brought to the or an overtime penalty — so closely do the
Brotherhoods since 1910, which has led up two hang together. Either would have been
to the present extraordinary performance. acceptable. Note what Lee of the Railway
Trainmen testified before the Senate Com
HALF THE DEMANDS ABANDONED mittee :
Unique as the present Eight-Hour Law is, Had the President of the United States said ,
li represents only one-half of the men 's de . " I think your claim for time- and -a -half over
mands. The railroads in their discomfiture time is fair, but your eight-hour day is unfair,"
to the contrary notwithstanding, the outcome wemight have considered it, because the 600 men
was a compromise. In this sense the Presi here knew very well that so long as it does not
cost the companies one penny more for working
dent's intervention may after all in the long the ten , eleven , twelve, or fifteen hours than it
run have been an act of statesmanship . costs them to work these men the first hour, there
Superficially he prejudged the case , and made is really no incentive to stop them or so arrange
up his mind offhand that the eight-hour de their business that the eight-hour day will be
mand was warranted . But that is not the come effective.
whole story . Nor is the role of the Presi- The President happened to seize the di- .
dent in this affair by any means concluded . lemma by one horn . Apparently the rail
He may yet be needed to save the carriers roads would have preferred the other
from a still worse defeat, not directly but namely , time-and -a -half overtime for all ex
mediately at the hands of the Congress. The cess above the prevailing ten -hour limit. Per
demands of the men were two-fold , involv - sonally I should have done the same, leaving
ing two separate items; one of principle, one open for future consideration whether the
of penalty . They demanded a basic eight penalty should begin to run at ten , nine,
hour day - not merely an empty declaration or eight hours . But it would have made lit
of principle, however, but ten hours' paytle difference in the long run , perhaps, in
for eight hours ' service, as we have seen , as asmuch as the two propositions are but op
carried on under existing conditions, some of posite faces of one and the same shield . They
392 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
stand or fall together, and until satisfaction mediation and concilation act to prevent a
or settlement is had concerning the remain - repetition of the recent hold-up ; and au
ing half of the program , the American pub- thority vested in the President to assume con
lic may not rest quiet in its industrial bed. trol of train operation and to draft men into
The point cannot be too strongly stated ; service for military purposes. Of these six
for upon it hangs the insistency of the Presi- propositions, two, and two only, were imme
dent's program for still further law -making, diately enacted into law as already described.
not as to the substance but as to the method Only those which were demanded by the
of procedure, when the inevitable contro trainmen were embodied in the statute. But
versy arises once again . the others must come in due time. Without
It will be worth while to reveal the en them , grave injustice to the carriers and im .
tire program of the Brotherhoods, while we minent danger to the public interest will
are about it. President Lee of the Train assuredly obtain .
men was again explicit : MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION
Without that time-and-a -half for overtime)
we will probably be against exactly the same The fifth proposition , to amend the pres
condition with the eight-hour or 1272-mile speed ent Newlands Act providing for Federal
basis, that we are to -day against under the mediation and arbitration of railway dis
10-mile hour speed basis. putes, is the only one which will be bitterly
And President Garretson of the Conduc- opposed by the Unions. This law of 1913
tors — " arid , loquacious, lean, and tearful” as itself the outcome, by amendment of the
his opponents call him , but picturesque and so -called Erdman Act, of a threatened train
highly effective as he undoubtedly is all the men 's strike - permits, mediation by a perma
same- frankly avowed at the same Senatorial nent commission failing, the constitution of
Hearings that, following their unfailing an arbitration board of three or six persons,
practice so far as concerned punitive over- duly balanced as to representation of each
time provisions, the Brotherhoods were " per- side. But it has failed utterly to meet the
fectly willing to put them in the scrap-heap needs of the case. Its impartial members
for a year.” The question for the American were uninitiated into the technique of rail
people to decide is as to the manner in which roading, entirely inexperienced , and disquali
this reclamation from the scrap -heap shall fied for renewed service so soon as their
receive its due consideration when the time record was once established. Piecemeal ad
comes round. Shall punitive overtime, or justment — an unsatisfactory compromise
anything else for that matter, be hastily en - rather than a fundamental determination of
acted into law under duress and threat of in - the merits of the dispute resulted . By ask
dustrial paralysis, or shall our legislative ing for about twice what they expected to
house be put in order to receive this ap - get, the men usually on the split -even got
proaching guest with such dignity and con - what they wanted .
sideration as may befit the circumstances of
the case ? Let justice, indeed . be done : but BROTHERHOODS OPPOSED TO COMPULSORY
ARBITRATION
let it be done decently and in order .
OTHER PROPOSITIONS TO BE DEALT WITH of There are twoprocedure.
the Federal possibilities One
for amendment
is compul
The President, at the height of the crisis, sory arbitration by a permanent, or at least
in person urged upon the Congress in joint an experienced board, as is done in Aus
session assembled, “ not in haste or merely as tralasia . Whatever its advantages, the men
a means of meeting the present emergency , will have none of it. Itmay be set down as
but as permanent and necessary additions to a political impossibility . What the Presi
the law of the land," six separate items of dent proposes is compulsory investigation
legislation . These were , specifically : an en - a modification of the De Meaux Canadian
largement of the Interstate Commerce Com - Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of
mission appropriate to its greatly enhanced 1907. This, in turn , put into effect the rec
responsibilities ; a basic eight-hour day for ommendation of the United States Anthra
railway trainmen ; a commission to observe cite Coal Strike Commission of 1902, based
and report upon the effect of the eight-hour upon a Massachusetts experience of 1877
plan ; an explicit recommendation that the with an engineers' strike on the Boston &
Interstate Commerce Commission permit an Maine. It provides for " compulsory inquiry
increase of rates sufficient to meet the extra only and an appeal thereon to the reason and
cost of the change ; amendment of the present sense of right of all concerned." Its objec
 THE RAILROAD EIGHT-HOUR LAW 393

tionable feature, from the trainmen's point of winter had long since promised to be heavy
view , is that it forbids a strike pending the laden with matters concerning railroads. A
period of investigation . special joint committee on remedial legisla
The Brotherhoods and organized labor in tion had already been constituted at the Presi
general will leave no stone unturned to de- dent's suggestion ; and the carriers are al
feat the adoption of this principle; but it ready engaged in elaborate preparations to
must come, nevertheless. I, personally , find make known their needs. These are cer
much to justify the demand of the trainmen tainly urgent and immediate ; and some of
for an abatement of their present time sacri- them will assuredly be dealt with by law ,
fice under recent operating conditions. But There will be a battle-royal over the assump
it is impossible to conceive in an orderly com - tion by the FederalGovernment, to the prac
munity of wise legislation enacted as this tical exclusion of the States, of all control
Eight-Hour Law was passed , under threat of over matters of rate-making . But the Su
an instant and total paralysis of the commun - preme Court has pointed the way. Congress
ity. This Congressional performance, in fact, must follow . And along with the assump
flatly reversed the Canadian procedure. It tion of rate regulation , the Federal Govern
enacted first and investigated thereafter . The ment will, within a brief time, also deal au
proper course to pursue would be to investi- thoritatively with the issue of securities.
gate thoroughly and impartially first ; to as Past abuses have rendered this inevitable
certain the merits of the dispute and to re - and fitting. Whether the carriers will se
port thereupon , in the meantime carefully cure that relief from the repressive features
safeguarding the status quo ; and then leave of the Anti- Trust Law which labor has al
it to the force of public opinion to bring ready attained, is more problematical. They
about a settlement, or, if need be, to legis should have it in some degree, especially to
late .
the end that they may act coöperatively along
THE PUBLIC SHOULD NOT BE BURDENED pooling lines. And now , on top of this pre
WITH COSTS OF INEFFICIENCY arranged program , the recent wage contro
versy renders it imperative that Congress
One further detail remains to be de should also comprehensively deal with mat
scribed, and it is embodied in two of the ters of labor.
President's proposals. Wages, as perhaps
the largest single element in cost of opera CONGRESS MUST ACT
tion, must be duly co-ordinated with the With rates, operation, finance, and wages
rates charged for service . Therein lies the taken from private control and regulated ad
significance of the enlargement of the Inter- ministratively by the Federal Government,
state Commerce Commission ; and the ex- what will remain ? It appears as if a prob
plicit recommendation by Congress that the lem of vast and fundamental significance
added burden due to wage increases should were soon to be completely exposed to view .
be compensated by an allowance of increased Private interest seems unable to yield up
freight and passenger charges . No other more. Whether the outcome will neces
body than the Interstate Commerce Commis- sarily be public ownership , if not operation ,
sion is competent to open up the cost and of our railroads, will depend upon the order
rate schedules and to bring them properly to of statesmanship soon to be displayed . Most
an accommodation. But, in the meantime, a of our legislation thus far has been neces
careful examination must be made to estab- sarily negative and repressive. It cannot
lish that every known expedient has been always remain so . Constructive relief and
utilized to the full to readjust the operating encouragement is as vital to industrial prog- .
conditions to the new eight-hour plan . No ress as the prevention or excision of abuses.
burden for inefficiency should be shifted to In all the changes which seem bound to come,
the community's shoulders, however justifi- it must never be forgotten that an effective
able it may be to improve the lot of the em - transportation system is the very life-blood of
ployees by means of an increased wage. our communal well-being. And effective
Stockholders, through their chosen manage- ness can be had only after great and long
ments, should suffer in decreased dividends continued capital investment. Unless this
until a maximum of economy, of efficiency, is duly protected and encouraged, all other
and of honesty in direction prevails. But, expedients under private ownership will fail
"those once assured, it becomes the duty of the to bring relief ; and the transition to public
community to share in all the rest. proprietorship will become inevitable. We
The program of the Congress this coming are fast approaching a parting of the ways.
NORWAY ADOPTS COMPULSORY
ARBITRATION
A T present the United States is the lead - arbitration law . It entered into successful
n ing country in the world in regard to negotiations with the Conservatives, who
industrial strife . But this place was conceded agreed to support such a law . Only the So
to America by Norway only last summer, for cialists opposed the measure. A general
Norway was as late as June, 1916 , suffering strike was declared , which was answered the
chronically from strikes and lockouts. Capi- first day by 70,000 workmen ; 120 ,000 more
tal and labor were always at each other's were to join the strike in the following two
throat in the Scandinavian country, and the weeks upon the expiration of their notices
situation had reached such an acute stage which they were bound by contracts to give
early last summer that the government was to their employers. The whole country was
compelled to take extraordinary action . It slowly being paralyzed. The Norwegian
introduced a bill providing for compulsory press declared the strike to be nothing less
arbitration of industrial disputes . than an industrial revolution .
Australia and New Zealand long ago On June 9 Parliament passed the bill
adopted such a measure. The Norwegian providing for the settlement of industrial
Government made in recent years several disputes by an impartial commission appoint
unsuccessful attempts to pass such a law . In ed by the government. Each side is to be
1914 the cabinet of Knudsen made an effort represented at the commission by an equal
to pass a similar bill, but failed and resigned. number of delegates. The bill was signed
A labor convention held in 1914 threatened by the King on the same day, and became a
a general strike throughout the country in law . Violations of the law are punishable by
case such a measure should be adopted . The fines of from 5000 to 25,000 kronen , corpora.
Conservatives were also hostile to the bill. tions as well as individuals being responsible.
Only the Liberals advocated compulsory ar- Immediately upon the adoption of the meas
bitration, but they were not strong enough ure the lockouts were called off. But labor
to legislate upon it. The year 1915 was would not acquiesce so readily in the newly
one of the most critical years in Norwegian passed law . It refused to rescind the issued
industry. The number of strikes and their strike orders and to send the old strikers
proportions assumed unprecedented size. The back to work. The reason given was that
Swedish , German , French, and other for the Norwegian Labor Congress, scheduled to
eign capital sunk in Norway were, for obvi- meet on June 13, would take up the matter
ous reasons, reluctant to satisfy the demands and decide the future course of action of the
of the workmen for better conditions and labor class in regard to the compulsory arbi
higher prices. tration measure.
A crisis was reached at the beginning of The Norwegian Government was forced
the present year. The existing agreement to wait four days for the Congress to meet
between the miners and their employers had and decide on its attitude toward the new
expired . The miners refused to renew it. law . The country was in a state bordering
A lockout was declared by the operators of on panic. The representatives of the labor
the mines against their employees. The Nor- organizations, finally assembled on June 13,
wegian labor organizations threatened a sym - were bitter against the government. At the
pathetic strike in all the branches of labor. beginning it looked as if labor really intend
To meet this threat the operators of the ed to oppose the law , and an industrial
metallurgical industries declared a lockout, revolution seemed not at all improbable.
which affected 20,000 workmen . Labor was However, the more moderate elements pre
getting ready to answer the lockouts by a vailed at the end. They simply made it an
general strike. Many organizations struck issue of Labor vs. the Government. The
independently out of sympathy with their international situation was a great factor
locked-out comrades. Meanwhile the gov- in convincing the workmen of the necessity
ernment started a campaign for a compulsory of giving in . By a vote of 197 against 45
394
 THE NEW TAXES 395
the Congress decided to sustain the law . life . Industrial strife is no more, and it is
The strike was called off. Compulsory ar- predicted that the industrial development of
bitration of industrial disputes thus became a Norway will from this time on gain power
permanent institution in Norwegian national ful impetus.

THE NEW TAXES

How UNCLE SAM WILL MEET THE BILLS FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE
BY CHARLES F . SPEARE
IN the revision of the revenue plan which sum of $ 28,217 ,735. If these are added to
1 Congress enacted as one of its last acts, the estimate for the federal “ estate tax " of
taxes repealed approximate $ 20,000,000 ; but $ 54,000,000 (House ) to $65 ,000,000 (Sen
taxes initiated and increased will reach a fig - ate ) the total would still be 35 per cent.
ure not far from $ 200 ,000 ,000 . below the “ death duties" in Great Britain
The bothersome penny tax on telegrams before the war.
and long-distance telephone calls, which one
always forgot, and, having lost one's train in FROM INDIRECT TO EXCISE REVENUE
the paying, cursed the government for its The taxation scheme of the American
policy, has been lifted under the new reve. Government has gone through an evolution
nue act, while $ 10 per $ 1000 of income above in the past century that could scarcely have
$ 4000 has been added to the normal income been foreseen by the early incumbents of
tax, and the penalty for dying with a large the Department of the Treasury . The re
estate has been made almost prohibitive. Fol. port accompanying the revenue bill plots
lowing the example of Great Britain and out the changes, and establishes the neces
our neighbor, Canada, we are to levy on sity of collecting the revenues from those
the makers of war munitions an impost of most able to pay them . The first stage was
1272 per cent. of net profits and out of this that of government administration through
prepare ourselves against the invasion of po- the indirect taxation plan , or on customs. In
tential enemies. Corporations are to pay a 1800 this produced $ 9,080,000 and in 1825
license tax for doing business, individuals a little over $ 20,000,000 , while internal reve
for providing pleasures for the masses, while nue receipts in these two periods were
manufacturers of tobacco, cigars, and cig - nominal.
arettes contribute to the Government reve. This was a satisfactory system until the
nue on the quantitative basis of production , era of the Civil War when , in 1865 alone,
and brewers and distillers in ratio to the the War Department disbursed over $ 1,000,
strength of their liquors. 000,000. Then its failure was apparent.
Government, with the enforcement and Salmon P . Chase, Secretary of the Treas
protecting of it, is becoming expensive in the ury, remarked in 1863 that " the chief re
United States as everywhere else. Every liance for any substantial increase , and even
Congress has this problem on its hands dur. for the prevention of any possible decrease,
ing most of its life, and has to make the must be on internal duties.” Consequently,
final compromises and concessions which the the second phase in fiscal policy came into
hurry to adjourn an extended session usu - being in the form of an internal revenue tax .
ally compels. Taxation bills, therefore, are From almost nothing a year this jumped to
not likely to be very polished, and are quite $ 209,000 ,000 in 1865 and to over $ 309,000 ,
brutal in form . Most of them eventually 000 in 1866 , an average for the two years
have to be interpreted by the Supreme 80 per cent. in excess of the tax from customs.
Court. There are a lot of people, who ex- That we were steering a still different
pect to die within a year, who have not yet course became apparent in 1909 when a spe
been able to discover a way out of avoid- cial excise tax on corporations was legalized .
ing for their heirs the payment of the so - This was incorporated in the tariff act of
called " estate tax " to the Government. There that year, followed by an income tax in
was a precedent for the inheritance tax which 1913 ; an emergency act in 1914, mainly of
forty -two States had enacted, and which in a stamp-tax character ; and now comes the
1915 realized for those commonwealths the bill which still further differentiates between
396 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
taxes that impose their weight on the gen - armies and navies that they may not be will
eral public and are known as " consumption ing to sustain or need to . With the best
taxes" and those which take their toll from credit in the world and a national debt that
excessive profits , from the " unearned incre would not pay the way of the armies abroad
ment," and from those luxuries or diversions for a month , our preference is to meet ex
which we do not require to sustain life but penses out of hand and not to increase our
which - if wemust have them to be happy - fixed charges. Interest on the Government
wemust pay for beyond their worth . debt in 1875 was over $ 2 per capita while
There is in taxation one of the greatest now it is only 23 cents. And , although there
of politicalarguments. A tax is like the sting has been spent on the army, the navy, and
of a bee ; one never is unconscious of it. pensions in the past sixteen years the co
However equitable, it always offends. The lossal sum of $6 ,350 ,000 ,000 , the service of
individual from whom it may be lifted the nation's debt has dropped from $ 10,
through the operation of free trade or a 000,000 per annum to less than $ 23,000,000
tariff revision downward , recognizes no im - per annum . If this cost of wars of the past
mediate change in his living costs. But on and of wars feared had been capitalized at
him to whom the levy has been transferred, 3 per cent. the present per capita interest
though he be a millionaire, the burden is charge would be just about as high as at its
intolerable. When the operation of the re- crest forty years ago . There is some tradi
cent tariff law began to be effective and tion , therefore , to support the present ad
customs revenues dropped from $ 333,683,000 ministration in its modus operandi of
in 1910 to less than $ 210,000,000 in the last taxation .
calendar year, the war playing its part in SIZE OF THE THREATENED DEFICIT
restricting imports, this gap had to be closed
in and the direct tax was substituted for the Why, it may be asked, is it necessary for
indirect, or consumption , tax which was im - the Government to increase its revenues at
practicable. this time? The answer is that there ap
peared to be “ a gap between the vest and the
TAXING INCONES AND INHERITANCES pants” - a deficit once being euphemistically
Whether out of this emergency there will treated in this form in Congress of $ 469,
develop a permanent change in American 000,000. In the House report the disburse
ideas of taxation , the next few years will ments in sight were figured at $ 1,126,243,
have to determine — though there is every000 , and in the report by the Senate at
reason to expect that the theory and practise $ 1,068,000,000 . The estimated revenue from
of other nations will give much momentum customs, internal revenues and taxes on in
to the direct tax policy . It is most signifi comes , and miscellaneous taxes was about
cant to find the leaders of both the House $ 750 ,000 ,000 . The extra costs to consider,
and Senate continually referring to themeth - and provide .means for, were those of the
ods by which Great Britain has been paying Mexican expedition , placed at from $125,
her running costs for years, and emphasizing 000,000 to $ 130,000,000, an additional
the fact that she collected 58 per cent. of amount of $ 167,000,000 appropriated for
her revenue, prior to 1914, from incomes and the Navy , $ 166 .000.000 additional for the
inheritances. Read this suggestive statement : Army, $ 20,000,000 for fortifications, $ 11 :
000 ,000 for deficiency appropriations (o:
It is probable that no country in the world de which about $ 35,000,000 is due to the Mexi
rivesfrom
pie as much revenue taxes
consumption per capita
as doesfromthe itsUnited
peo can situation and the increased requirements
Srates. It is therefore deemed proper that in of the Army and Navy ), and $ 20,000 000
meeting the extraordinary evrenses for the Army for a nitrate plant which is part of the pre
and all our revenue sistem shovid be more
cier ' and equital 's balanced, and a larger por parednes program .
t: at pur noir sans revenues collected from the POSSIBILITY OF A BOND ISSUE
danes and inheritances of these deriving the
kreat and prefectiva trom the Government. Regular appropriations for the year were
numra Shend the necavity exist for main
A SVALT NATIONAL DEST tanns tres on the border after December
On the sher hand , the Congo hussi, o , a further appropriation of $80.
un remontoinkin ideas or to meet this errense is considered
2D i te No crime of iter. The entire cost of the Mexican er
A B by bo'ling and ensuring i pedicion was thought by many to be a legit
: no mercado al a del far more encara hond issue ; and it is quite
 THE NEW TAXES 397
possible that eventually this cost may be income of from $ 2,250 to $ 2,500. This in
funded in a Government debt emission . come falls below the normal income tax
figure. A $60 ,000 estate would have to pay
YIELD OF THE INCOME TAX an inheritance tax of $ 1 ,200, whereas an
In the first year of the operation of the individual married and living from the in
income tax on individual incomes it yielded come of such estate would not be taxable
$ 28,253,000. In 1915 it realized $41,046 ,- unless he put out his funds at reckless rates
000. In these two periods the corporation of interest .
tax produced respectively $43,127,000 and
$39,155,000. The 1915 payment covered TAXING THE MUNITIONS MAKERS
half of the first year of the war when busi There has been less objection to the tax
ness was prostrated in this country and heavy on munition profits than to any other feature
personal and corporation losses the rule. The of the new revenue bill. This is considered
tax which was due last June, on the other just, a proper expedient, and it is temporary .
hand, applied to receipts and profits of one The tax expires a year after the European
of the greatest industrial and agricultural war ends. Whether this means after peace
years in the history of the United States ; terms are signed is not clear. The termina
so that the income tax gathered in June alone tion , according to the text of the law , “ shall
was nearly $ 96 ,000 ,000 , or nearly two and be evidenced by the proclamation of the
a half times all other taxes paid that month . President of the United States declaring
The advance in the normal tax from $1 such war to have ended .” The income esti
to $ 2 per $ 1000 income over $ 3000 for un - mated from the tax is $71,000,000 for the
married and $ 4000 for married persons, and year to June 30 , 1917. The specific appli
up to $ 20 ,000, and the heavy surtax im - cations of the measure are against manufac
posed on incomes above $ 100,000 and 13 turers of gunpowder or other explosives
per cent. on incomes over $ 2,000,000 , is ex- except blasting powder and dynamite, of
pected to produce next year between $ 225,- cartridges, projectiles, shells, or torpedoes, in
000,000 and $ 230 ,000 ,000. This looks now cluding shrapnel, and of firearms, including
like a conservative estimate, as the total profit small arms, cannon , machine guns, rifles, and
of the country will bemuch in excess of 1915 . bayonets.
There are modifications of the new law , In the first classification the tax is 5 per
however, that may change the net result. In cent. of gross receipts up to $ 1,000 ,000 and
its first form it contained the curious man - 8 per cent. of gross receipts in excess of that
date that one must include one's profits out figure. With firearms and associated manu
side of ordinary profession or business in the factures, it is 2 per cent. on $ 250,000 of
return , and pay a tax on them but one could gross receipts, 3 per cent. to $ 250,000, 4 per
not deduct one's losses. This inconsistency cent. to $ 500,000 , and 5 per cent. in excess
has been eliminated and a proper balance be of $ 1,000,000. There is also a tax on copper
tween business risks struck . ore, metallic copper, or copper alloys, of 1
WHAT THE ESTATE TAX MAY PRODUCE
per cent. to $ 1,000,000 of receipts from sale,
2 per cent. to $ 10,000 ,000, and 3 per cent.
The revenue from the estate tax is con - in excess of that amount. The bill provides
jectural. For the fiscal year ending June 30 , that should the net profit from the sale or
1917, the estimate is only $ 20,000,000. But disposition of the articles included in this
when it is in full operation it is believed it section of the act be less than 10 per cent.,
will realize above $ 50 ,000 ,000 and possibly no tax will be levied .
$65,000,000. This will depend, naturally , For the year ended June 30, 1916 , the
upon the mortality among the very rich . It exports of explosives from this country were
is a good deal like calculating an under valued at $ 467,081,000. Deliveries of fire
taker 's receipts a year in advance. This tax arms, which had been very unsatisfactory
is also graduated . On an estate not exceed until a month or so ago, were small and of
ing $50,000 the “ death duty ” would be 1 a value of only $ 18,065 ,000 . Over 700,
per cent. From above $ 50,000 and up to 000 ,000 pounds of copper had been shipped,
$150,000, 2 per cent. From above $ 150 ,000 representing a money value of $ 159,491,000 .
to $250,000 , 3 per cent., and so to 10 per To have realized its best results, the muni
cent. for an estate appraised above $ 5,000,- tions profit tax should have been imposed a
000. It will be seen that the tax is much year earlier. A similar tax is now in oper
more severe than that on incomes. For in - ation in Canada, Denmark , Sweden, France,
stance, a $50,000 estate ought to realize an Germany, Great Britain , and Italy.
398 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
The development of Government revenues Expenditures Receipts
and disbursements since 1800 is shown in the 1900 $487,713,792 $ 567,240,852
tables below , giving the changes by 25-year 1910 659,705,391 675,511,715
periods, except where there were intervening 1915 731,527,572 . 695,663,190
1917 + 1,126 ,243,000 †967,000,000
years of national crisis, as in 1865 : * Estimated and exclusive of post-office.
· GOVERNMENT RECEIPTS †$ 130,000,000 to be financed by bonds and
CustomsReceipts InternalRevenues $ 29,243,000 taken from the general fund.
1800 $ 9,080,000 $ 909,000 There are a certain number of items in
1825 20,098,000 25,711 the miscellaneous revenue account which, in
1850 39,668,000 the aggregate, supply a considerable sum .
1865 84,928,000 209,464 ,000 Sales of public lands in 1915 realized $2,
1866 179,046 ,000 309,226 ,000 167,000 . Coinage profits produced $4,427,
1875 157,046 ,000 110,000,000 000, consular fees $ 1,456 ,000, tax on na
1900 232,164,000 295,327,000 tional bank circulation about $4,000,000,
1915 209,786 ,000 415,669,000
land and patent fees another $ 4,000,000, the
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES immigrant fund $ 1,225,000, and Indian
Civil War Navy labor over $ 3,000,000, the latter a return of
1800 $ 1,337,000 $ 2,560,000 $ 3,448,000 7 per cent. on the money paid out for the
1825 2,748,000 3,659,000 3,049,000 Indians. There was the new item of Pan
1850 16,043,000 9,678,000 7,904 ,000 ama canal tolls of $ 3,822,000, which would
1865 42,739,000 1,030 ,690,000122,617,000 be the interest at 21/2 per cent., the average
1875 63,859,000 41,120,000 21,497,000 at which Panama Canal bonds have been
1900 98,542,000 134,774,000 55,930,000 sold, on an investment of over one hundred
1915 200,533,000 172,973,000 141,835,000 and fifty millions.
Pensions Debt Charge What is known as the Civil Establish
$ 64,130 $ 3,402,000 ment - covering the legislative, executive, the
1, 308,000 4,366 ,000 administration of the various departments,
1,866,000 2,782,000 such as War, Navy, State, Treasury , Justice,
16,347,000 77,395,000 Interior, Agriculture, Labor, and Commerce
29,456,000 103,093,000
140 ,877,000 40,160,000 - cost last year over $ 207,000,000 . Of the
164,387,000 22,913,000 $ 172,973,000 appropriated for the Army and
Navy, nearly $47,000,000 was for rivers and
Some idea of the way Government ex - harbors, commonly known as “ pork," and of
penses and Government receipts have been the Navy cost of $ 141,835 ,000, about $10,
expanding may be obtained by a study of the 000,000 went for new ships and collateral
following figures: requirements.

REP.
$ 7,000,000,000
CONGRESS 3
DEM .
EL

¥3,000,000,000
AN
AG
V
osTRA

CONGRESS
Ge EX

IT'S ALL IN THE POINT OF VIEW

From the Tribune (South Bend)
 GERMANY IN RETREAT
RUMANIA
BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
I . RUMANIA decision would be based upon realities; it
would be, in a sense, a decision to make Ru
TOR the first time in a year the political mania an accessory after the fact. There
Tevents of a month have outweighed the fore the Rumanian decision came as a terri
military. The declaration of war upon Ger- ble and still oppressing blow to Germany. It
many by Italy, followed the next day by the was a blow that could neither be explained
sudden emergence from neutrality of Ru- away by brave words nor grim threats. It
mania and new declarations of war that made was the verdict of a neutral nation , a neutral
the little Latin state a full-fledged ally of nation facing grave dangers and positive per
the enemies of Germany, changed the whole ils when she surrendered her neutrality .
face of the European situation, raised new In Bucharest the case of Germany and of
problems, answered old questions, opened the enemies ofGermany was submitted to the
other horizons. final test and Rumania decided that Germany
And above all else the course of Rumania was beaten .
demonstrated the moral ascendancy which Go back a year and recall that the same
has at last been acquired by the group of na- decision was made in Sofia by the Bulgarians
tions which are united against the Central on the evidence then available — the decision
Powers. There comes a time in all great to quit the neutral position . But a year
wars when the issue becomes unmistakable. ago Sofia , acting on the evidence then avail
It may be that a tremendous and decisive able, voted for the Central Powers. So far
battle like Leipzig accomplishes the result, it have the events of the recentmonths differed
may be that a relatively indecisive battle like from those of last summer. Verdun , Galicia ,
Gettysburg, supplemented by Vicksburg, ad - Gorizia, the ever-rising tide of Allied prog
vertises to the world , neutral and belligerent ress along the Somme, these have supplied
alike, that the outcome is no longer in doubt, the basis for Rumanian decision . Four
however long the distance to the final decision months have passed since Germany lost the
may be. offensive, four months in which every day
This is precisely what the action of Italy has brought new evidences of German loss,
and of Rumania did . Everyone knew that Austrian weakness, Allied appreciation in
Rumania would not join the Central Powers. strength and determination .
Everyone knew that her political interests In viewing this great world war it is
and her sentimental bonds were with the well, from time to time, to turn away from
Latin partners of Russia and Britain . But the study of the battlefield incident, the ad
what no one could know was whether Ru- vance or recoil of the trench lines, and recog
mania would ever enlist in the war and they nize in the larger perspective what is taking
were satisfied that Rumanian enlistment place . Many years later the history-books
would only come when the coolest, keenest, will dwell more on incidents like the Ru
and most observing of statesmen , those ac - manian decision than on the events of many
tually in charge of Rumanian affairs, were months of the war. This Rumanian decision
convinced that the outcome of the war was marks one of the great moments of the strug
no longer hidden and that the hour had ar- gle. It marks the lowest point in German
rived when those who hoped to profit by the prestige since the conflict began . Morally ,
defeat of the Central Powers must associate Germany lost at Bucharest one of the deci
themselves with the victors. sive battles of the war and all that has been
More than all else Rumania was a weath - happening in recentmonths and has been dis
er-vane. German publicists, quite as frankly closed in fragmentary comment was sum
as the Allied , coiceded that the Rumanian marized at Bucharest.
399
400 THE AJERICAN REI'IEW OF REI' IEWS
II. GREATER RUMANIA serve a sterile neutrality to the hour when
the lands Rumanians desired to possess were
What Rumania had to gain by the defeat apportioned among the participants in the
of the Central Powers has always been pat- war or made the price of a separate peace
ent. Across her frontiers in Transylvania , with Hungary .
Bukowina, and the Banat are 3,500,000 peo- A good many foolish words have been spo
Die of Rumanian race and tongue, living un - ken in criticism of the Rumanian course.
der and cons recalling the plight of Italians Yet the fundamental fact is that millions of
Webjet u Austrian rule in the Valley of the men and women , who are Rumanian by race
P ersze te liberation of Italy. The dream , and tongue and desire to be Rumanian by
"E re e purpose of all Rumanian pa - nationality, have been over long years held
5 : 03 har ever been to contribute to the re- captives in Austrian and Hungarian prov
- garanoi the Rumanian race. To the inces and subjected to the most stupid and
* * * y acral and racial deliverance Ru- intolerable attacks upon their language and
ca: an are boked forward for all the their racial individuality . The desire of men
** * * * ania gained her freedom of a race to be united is one of the most deep
Pre* * * * a nification could be achieved seated of human emotions. The desire of
a dirunfall of Austria -Hungary. the Italians of the Po Valley to be joined
on 30 year there has been no promise to Sardinia , to exchange Hapsburg for Sa
- 0 .8% . 1. rantail and Rumania has marched voy sovereignty , supplies one of the fine pic
. Antral Powers, as did her Latin tures of Nineteenth Century history. The
Bai With a Hohenzollern sover- real driving power in Rumania was the same.
16. 2;xkracy permeated by Teutonic If Rumania realizes her dream she will
pour * Te V ania has been an ally of the be a nation of nearly 90,000 square miles,
* ** 1971 . The Russian course in holding 13,000 ,000 people, not less than 10,
38 *42can an Bersarabia after Plevna 000 ,000 of whom will be Rumanian by
26 . 45 diplomatists a handle in Bu- tongue. Among the remainder there will
1 '5 m broth invasion of Tunis gave be not one but several races and tongues
pop ** * 1 .6 with Italy. and in substantially all the territory Ru
ta o nas always inevitable in the case mania will acquire Rumanians will hold a
4 2025 4 23 of Italy, that the desire for clear majority . In the East as in the Valley
, . ') d vme day override all of the Po the Hapsburg Empire drew arbi
Ongkranar desaineral political alignments. trary lines separating men of the same race
!** ", - . a 145 the Rumanians, Trieste and sought to maintain the lines by crush
* " * 'I rm * mo for the Italians, were rea- ing the spirit of her captives. Her failure
mis 11. nation could not forever re- in Italy was not more striking than her fail
, , , ' it of the Central Powers and ure in the East, and as she failed with the
14 . * ** * *y*! * their enemies whenever the mo- Rumanians she failed with the Serbs.
14 * * * ' * realization of national hopes
III. THE POLITICAL CONSE
A i ud diplomacy been a little less QUENCES - HUNGARY
met i Vollan a tri ght have enlisted when
ime inn train were at the Carpathians It was in Budapest that the Rumanian
a 18 , ! 10 of 1915 , at the precise mo- decision awakened its first echoes. On the
supod Hi! All Italy made her decision . But moment of the declaration of war Rumanian
Le 114 war lent and the subsequent troops flowed over the mountains into Hun
Pod, in abolished all chance for garian Transylvania. As it happens the
corner of Transylvania nearest Rumania
lutkan p ria did return to the offen - holds the majority of the Magyar and Saxon
, et suund Austrian collapse fol- inhabitants of the whole province. With the
Murde miran Bulgarian conquests in the Bal advances of these Rumanian armies the peo
men and a new pnl to Rumania, noth - ple of the border cities and towns took flight.
ayu , I hire arrtain than that Rumania Hermannstadt, Kronstadt, all the Valley of
2012 me then decision . Not to be another the Alt was abandoned and there flowed
r . Asta nuand Serbia, this was the to the north and west precisely the same dis
of rite of Pumanian statesmen , but mal processions that preceded the arrival of
H i mmlined were Rumanians that the Germans in Northern France.
in, "dort will be another Greece and see Before the war was many days old - this
I V .,1411 Anant pas forever and pre- new phase of the war - Budapest was receive
 GERMANY IN RETREAT - RUMANIA 401

Photograph by Press Illustrating Co.

THE IRON GATE AT ORSOVA, WHERE THE FRONTIERS OF HUNGARY, RUMANIA , AND SERBIA JOIN
(The taking of Orsova, last month , by the Rumanians, followed shortly after Rumania's declaration of war)
ing its thousands of refugees as Paris had been kept away from Hungary . If the
received them exactly two years earlier. In Russians had approached the crests of the
stantly there was an outburst in the Hun - Carpathians in the winter of 1914 - 15 , if the
garian Parliament. Hitherto the war had Cossacks had raided the western slopes on

RUMANIAN TROOPS
(Sturdy
Oct. - 4
marchers, keen marksmen, and hardy soldiers: Infantry in field kit passing a saluting point)
402 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
several occasions, the appeal of Hungary to Lemberg and Trieste in peril, would hardly
Berlin had been promptly heeded . In the continue to lend her armies to hold the long
year that followed the Battle of the Dunajec front in Poland and Volhynia , in Macedonia
the war had moved far away from Hungary , and Bulgaria .
it had gone beyond the Russian boundary Patently a new phase and a new crisis
and the menace of Serbia had been abolished . were at hand and the Hungarian disturb
But now a new and far more deadly peril ance, still continuing as I write , sheds inter
was in plain sight. Not merely was Hun - esting light upon future possibilities. It is
gary threatened by invasion , she was threat- an evidence of the difficulties Germany must
ened with the loss of her fairest province, increasingly face as the pressure upon her
for the conquest of Transylvania would mean allies and upon her own lines continues
its permanent separation from the Magyar everywhere steady and everywhere growing.
monarchy. The conquest of Galicia had left
Hungary cold , for Galicia was a Slav land IV . THE CONFERENCE OF BERLIN
belonging to Austria and not to Hungary ;
and the defeat at Gorizia was too remote Bulgarian and Turkish demands were
to stir Budapest. But Transylvania was an quite as promptly heard and it becameneces
immediate and insistent peril. sary for Germany to summon the representa
In the debates in the Hungarian Parlia - tives of her allies to Berlin to discuss the
ment Count Tisza held his own with great future in one of the most momentous confer
difficulty . He was forced to confess that ences of the war. Thither came Ferdinand
while the Central Powers had expected the of Bulgaria and Enver Pasha of Turkey,
eventual hostility of Rumania, they had while Austria had her own representatives,
been caught off their guard at the moment. official or unofficial, and Hungary made her
He was compelled to admit that still further will heard with unmistakable clarity .
retirements would be necessary, because of For Bulgaria the Rumanian decision was
the indefensibility of eastern Transylvania , of utmost importance. It instantly opened
now that Rumania had gained control of the a wide front for attack and it placed Bul
passes. To the insistent demand of the garia between two millstones, the Rumanian
Hungarian legislators that the Hungarian in the north, weighted by Russian army
troops be recalled from other fronts to de- corps, and the Salonica army in the south ,
fend their fatherland he could offer no re- daily becoming more active and threatening.
sponse, for the control of the Hungarian Of her German ally Bulgaria was now in a
troops was vested in Berlin , not Budapest or position to make an immediate demand. She
Vienna. was able to do it because there was still left
In this agitation, too, there was revealed open to her the chance to change sides.
the plain possibility that Hungary might When Bulgaria enlisted she had expected
resume her freedom of action , her political a swift conquest of Macedonia and of Serbia ,
freedom . Yet there was little to warrant the expulsion of the Allies from the Balkans,
any belief, heard in London , that the Mag - and a prompt return to peace after she had
yars would make a separate peace. On the occupied the lands she claimed and coveted.
contrary, they were more likely now to en - She had acquired the lands, but the decision
gage with a whole heart in the struggle , be- of the Allies to stay in Salonica - a decision
cause no separate peace would restore them due solely to the vision and firmness of
the lost portions of Transylvania or even Briand in the face of more British blunder
leave them in possession of what they stilling and vacillation — had compelled Bulgaria
had. Rumania had made her bargain in to keep her army in the field, and promised
advance , like Italy , and her new allies had to compel her to fight new campaigns on both
guaranteed to her eventual possession of all fronts — to fight the Russians and the Ru
of the lands that she coveted. manians as well as the British , French , Ital
But Hungarian pressure upon Germany ian , and Serb forces at Salonica.
did raise a new question . It was incon - The sole condition of Bulgarian fidelity
ceivable that Hungary, or for that matter to her present alignment was the guarantee
Turkey and Bulgaria , would permanently of effective aid from Berlin . Her enemies
consent to see their territories invaded , their could offer her both the protection and a
provinces held by the enemy, because Ger- substantial territorial gain at the expense of
many was unable both to hold her Russian , Turkey about Adrianople , and conceivably
French , and Belgian conquests and defend at the expense of Greece about Kavala , and
her Hungarian ally. Austria , too, with Serbia in Macedonia . It was not as a mere
 GERMANY IN RETREAT - RUMANIA 403
suppliant that Ferdinand went to Berlin . proval of his people because he had “ kept
Should Bulgaria change sides , then the them out of war.” But now war had broken
famous bridge connecting Turkey with the in upon them . The hated Bulgar had killed
Central Powers — Berlin with Byzantium Greek troops, as, under German direction,
would be abolished . Turkey would be iso - he later kidnapped a whole army corps.
lated and condemned to an immediate or Kavala and Drama were lost to the Bulgar;
lingering death , and the whole German Italian troops in Salonica and about Valona
dream of an expansion into the Near East forecast the loss of Epirus, the extinction of
would come to a sudden and dismal termina- the dream of expansion into Asia Minor.
tion . But to defend Bulgaria from Ruma- Behind the veil of the censor many ex
nian and Russian attack made instant de- citing things took place. A German sub
mand upon Germany for new armies. It marine was sunk in Greek waters and this
made a demand for a new Balkan army at supplied the Allies with a reason or a pretext
the moment that Hungary was demanding for taking drastic action . German agents in
another German army for Transylvania . It Athens were hunted down, the German min
coincided with the new demands that were ister fed north ; actually Greece passed
being voiced by the generals who were fight- under the complete domination of the Allies,
ing desperately along the Somme to hold up and the Greek army was torn by a revolt,
the most serious attack that had been seen provoked by the acquiescence of the King in
in the West since the deadlock came in No- Bulgar invasion and occupation of Hellenic
vember, 1914. It coincided with demands territory.
for reinforcements to check Italian progress Presently the Greek cabinet fell and fran
at the Isonzo and Russian along the tic efforts to find a premier other than Veni
Dniester. zelos temporarily failed. Constantine had
Bulgarian and Turkish demands, too, gambled on German victory ; he had staked
could not be ignored , however Magyar re- the future of his nation , the safety of his
quests were postponed . If the Orient Rail- kingdom , his own crown , upon this turn , and
road were ever cut, if Sarrail's army came this turn had not come. He had permitted
north to Nish, if the Russians and Ruma- the Bulgars to invade Macedonia and de
nians got south to Sofia or Philippopolis, then stroy Serbia without intervention , because he
there was an end of the life-line binding the feared the Kaiser and trusted that sovereign 's
two weak to the two strong Central Powers. pledge that Greece should not be disturbed.
Sooner or later this would be followed by He had destroyed constitutional government,
the surrender of the Turk, by Russian occu - dissolved the Chamber, forced Venizelos out
pation of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus, of power without hesitation , because he felt
by the opening of the Straits, which would assured that German victory was inevitable.
permit armsand munitions to flow freely into But the Rumanian decision had proven that
Russia , and thus accelerate the equipment of in Bucharest German defeat was believed to
the millions of Russians behind the front only be assured, while the Bulgar invasion had
awaiting guns to join the millions already in demonstrated the emptiness of the Kaiser's
the field . pledge.
We shall see that Germany heeded this I t would be difficult to imagine anything
demand instantly . We shall see that with more pitiful than the Greek situation at the
skill and promptness she sent Mackensen to moment these lines are written . A year ago
the vital point and won new successes in the the Allies offered her Smyrna and the coast
Dobrudja, the extent of which is still undis- of Asia Minor, together with the islands of
closed . But it is important now to note the the Egean, Cyprus, and northern Epirus, to
rapid increase in her liabilities, due to Ru- enter the war on their side. To-day they
mania 's decision and Bulgaria 's demands. . offer nothing. But unless Greece enters, she
will lose not alone her hopes for the future,
V . GREECE but not impossibly her northern provinces,
for the Allies coolly decline to protect her
The effect of the Rumanian decision in Kavala district and the Germans and Bul
Athens was startling . It was accompanied gars have disarmed her troops in that region
by the arrival of an Allied fleet at the and have decided to transport them to Ger
Piraeus, it was preceded by the inroad of many.
a Bulgar host in the Kavala -Drama district. About the only hope that remains for
In a moment the whole structure of Con - Greece is that Venizelos will come back to
stantine collapsed. He had sought the ap- power. He is a greater,man than the states
404 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
manship of any of the nations in the war has East a year ago, planned by him and exe
yet produced . Beside him Sir Edward Grey cuted by Mackensen ; his rescue of the Ger
is a pigmy. He is the real maker ofGreece, man military establishment after the early
and under his direction the nation has al- defeats, were shining triumphs ; and that,
ready doubled its area and population . He apart from Joffre, Falkenhayn 's equal had
has the confidence and respect of the Allied not appeared on any general staff in the
statesmen . They cannot refuse to him those war.
concessions that Greece will never gain from But the German people trusted Hinden
them while Constantine rules. burg ; he had become a legend and an idol.
But Greek intervention has no longer any He had saved them in the moment of direct
real value for the Allies. The Greek army peril ; he had kept watch and ward over the
is torn by dissension and it would take a long open eastern frontier. Never did a people
time to get it back into shape again . Many more insistently demand to be permitted to
of its officers have followed the King against choose a military commander, and never
the nation , and they would have to be re- was their will more completely obeyed . Nor
moved . The troops are in bad shape, as a can one mistake the fact that whatever the
result of the strain that their long stay with ultimate military effect of the change of
the colors has placed upon Greek finance. commanders, the moral effect in Germany
A year ago the army was in good shape and was instant and unmistakable.
the needs of the Allies were great. Then But what in the grave crisis that now
Greece could have named her own price. faced him would Hindenburg do ? The
Now there is no offer for her enlistment. question remains for the most part unan
But there is stern and prompt punishment of swered. Yet one thing Germany did with
her further leaning toward Berlin . Greece great promptness and success. Recognizing
has become a side-issue - a pathetic side-issue. the peril in the Balkans, she placed Mack
Her King has kept her out of war, and her ensen in command, and he, gathering up
ruin is only one degree less than that of an army with incredible rapidity , attacked
Serbia . And unlike Serbia she has no assur the Rumanian's between the Black Sea and
ance of friends in the future. the Danube on the Dobrudja front, took
Tutracan and Silistria, pushed on toward
VI. HINDENBURG the Bucharest-Constanza railroad and abol
ished the immediate danger of a Russo
The first evidence of the appreciation in Rumanian attack from this quarter.
Berlin of the change in the face of affairs So great was the immediate success — and
was the fall of the Kaiser's favorite Falken - as I write the press reports a message of the
hayn, Chief of the Great General Staff. His Kaiser claiming a decisive victory — that the
going had but a single meaning. He had rumor began to obtain credence that Ru
paid for his failure at Verdun as his prede- mania had struck too soon and before Rus
cessor Moltke had paid for the yet greater sian armies had arrived . Nor was it less
failure of the Marne campaign. Not less plain that the Allied critics believed that
than 500 ,000 of the best of German man - Rumania had made a grave mistake in send
hood had been killed, wounded, or captured ing her main masses over the boundary into
before the Lorraine fortress ; and the defeat Transylvania before Bulgaria had been dis
there had now become absolute . posed of.
To replace Falkenhayn the Kaiser sum - Mackensen 's thrust had notmerely stilled
moned Hindenburg from the East. The Bulgar doubts and aroused the joy of Sofia
choice was enormously popular ; it aroused by reclaiming the Silistrian districts taken
new confidence and new hope in Germany. from Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War.
But there were not a few military observers It had equally acted to draw away from
who pointed out that Hindenburg was a Transylvania the Rumanian army of in
legend rather than a fact; that his early suc- vasion. By placing Bucharest in peril it
cesses at Tannenberg and the Masurian had issued an imperative recall to the Ru
Lakes had not been followed by equally great manian armies beyond the Transylvanian
triumphs, and that his campaigns for War- Alps. And in doing this it had also quieted
saw had been relative failures , exceedingly the protests of the Hungarian patriots, who
expensive in lives. The judgment of the perceived at once that Germany was act
world was that, despite his Verdun failure , ing at top speed and with more than usual
Falkenhayn was the greater general, the efficiency.
greater soldier, that his campaign in the It is not possible to say now how far
 GERMANY IN RETREAT - RUMANIA 405
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RUMANIA 'S POSITION IN THE WAR
the recent Mackensen triumph has been a
decisive victory, permanently abolishing all
peril from the north. It seems hardly likely
that Mackensen could get the numbers for
such a blow , even if, as seems likely, he
drew upon the Turkish troops before Con -
stantinople. But even if the relief proves
to be but temporary, it remains a shining
example of the fashion in which German
high command rose to one of the gravest
perils in its history. As I read this article in
proof the Russians and Rumanians are re-
ported to occupy new positions to the south
of the Bucharest-Constanza railroad, and
covering this bridge, which is of great mili-
tary importance, because if it is destroyed
Rumania will be cut off from her only Black
Sea port.
Meantime, far down in the south about
Salonica there were unmistakable signs of
new activity. Russian and Italian troops
arrived to join the French, British , and Serb
forces. There was a slow but steady push -
ing out toward Monastir in the west, up
the Vardar Valley in the centre, across the
Struma in the east. Under this pressure
the Bulgars recoiled , suggesting that the
armies here had been weakened to aid the
Mackensen effort in the north. As I write,
the despatches assert that the Bulgars are
evacuating and the Russians, French, and
Serbs approaching Monastir, having heavily
defeated the Bulgars about Florina.
It remains true that the task of Sarrail's
army is colossal. The districts through
which they have to advance aremountainous,
the roads few , the obstacles indescribably dif-
ficult, and winter is soon to come to the
Balkans. If Sarrail has 750 ,000 men , as is
Xilikada
Rasgrad Kizildjilax Bazardjik
Akarig
core
R I A shum Derven HAAS
O 10 20 30 40 so
TIRNOVO
asserted , he could still be held by less than
half that number of troops well provided
with heavy ammunition . The single prob
lem is whether the Germans and their allies
can find men to cover all the new fronts or
whether they must weaken one front to save
another. If this latter prove the case in the
Balkans, then we shall soon see a consid
erable advance by the Sarrail army and a cor
responding advance of the Russo-Rumanian
forces when the Germans have to turn their
attention to Sarrail.
The Balkan situation is obscure. I cau
tion my readers against too great expecta
tions of Allied victory here in a brief time.
Such a victory is possible, but it is equally
possible that Germany, holding the Balkan
field to be of prime importance, will make
sacrifices either in France or Russia, and in
no long time appear in this Balkan field with
an army which will suffice to hold up all
Allied progress, defend the railroad from
Berlin to Constantinople, retain Serbia, and
conceivably invade Rumania. It is fair to
say, however, that the Balkans have become
the most interesting phase of the war again ;
and Germany is facing here the patent
peril of the rupture of her communication
with two allies, with Bulgaria and Turkey.
VII. ALSO A CRISIS IN THE WEST
Turning now to the western field, it is
necessary to note that in this portion of the
battle-front the Anglo -French armies, fight
ing along the Somme, have acquired a moral
and military ascendancy not before possessed
by them since the Battle of the Marne. The
recent days have seen a remarkable resump
406 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
nearly forty villages
Miraumont BAPAUME and towns have been
captured. Practical.
Besucher
ly all of the perma
Berulencour: nent defenses erect
Courcelett
ed by the Germans
Thiepval in the two years of
Martinpused ferst le Translay trench war have
been taken ; the new
Sailly lines, erected since
GINCHY Mervas the Somme drive be
gan , seem to resist
the terrible bom
ALBERT COMBIES Rencourt bardments less well,
and the increasing
extent of French
and British gains
suggest that these
new works will not
prove comparably
difficult obstacles to
Allied advance.
It is the judgment
PERONNE of most competent
military observers, a
judgment which I
accept unqualifiedly,
that the Germans
must at no distant
date shorten their
THE WEDGE BETWEEN PÉRONNE AND BAPAUME lines in the West.
(The shaded portion of the map Somme
shows the Allies' gain since the beginning of the Personally I be
offensive ) lieve that this will
be done the mo
tion of operations. Twice the French, under . ment some success in the East or the Bal
Foch, have made swift advances, capturing kans serves to cover recession in the West,
towns, trenches, thousands of prisoners. On in the eyes of theGerman public. It may be
September 15 the British executed the most that this retirement will be due chiefly to the
successful operation in their portion of the demand for troops in other fields, that Ger
war, stepped forward for almost two miles many will decide that her Balkan and Polish
in places, cleared the last ridges of highland conquests are of more permanent value than
before them , and flowed over the crests and her French and Belgian conquests. This may
on toward Bapaume. explain the obvious weakening of her defense
At no time in the trench war have such in the West.
gains been made after the initial period of an When this time for shortening the west
offensive. To-day the French have cut the ern lines comes there is a great question as to
Arras-Péronne road, have almost encircled whether the retirement will be general or
Péronne, and, with the British , have pock - local. It is plain that the Allied advance of
eted the little town of Combles, which is the recent days has imperilled the whole of the
last considerable point of support in the Ger - Noyon salient, and that if the French and
man third line. For the first time, too, re- British can get east a few miles further the
ports begin to describe something that sug- Germans will have to draw outof all the big
gests a piercing of the German lines. Foch, " elbow " south of Péronne. But such a re
at the moment of his last thrust, saw some of tirement, on the present evidence, can be re
his troops actual maneuvering in the open . stricted to a line drawn from Arras, west of
Unmistakably German defense is weaken - Cambrai and St. Quentin , to the Oise south
ing in the West. Not less than 60 ,000 pris- west of La Fére, and thence east to the pres .
oners , hundreds of cannon - many of them ent front before Laon .
heavy — vast numbers of machine-guns, and This is the retreat that is widely expect
 GERMANY IN RETREAT - RUMANIA 407
ed , and we have been told that on this line in the extreme for those who sympathize with
Germany long ago erected permanent works. the Allies. It is not too much to say that
Such a retreat might surrender upwards of the last big British attack is the best single
a thousand square miles of French territory, performance of the British army, and goes a
but it would not yield any considerable town long way to bear out assertions made by cor
or any portion of the mineral and industrial respondents who have recently visited the
regions of Northern France. It would English front that Sir Douglas Haig's army
amount to a simple shortening of the line is becoming a great modern army.
over a wide front.
But such a retirement would not release VIII. A FOUR- YEARS' WAR
many thousand men for use elsewhere . If T here have been few developments in Ga
Germany is actually short of men , as many licia and none in Volhynia . Russian attacks
observers believe, then she will have to make upon Haliscz seem temporarily halted, al
a far more considerable sacrifice in the West though there have been frequent rumors that
and go back to the Franco- Belgian frontier, the town has been taken and Petrograd has
or even stand behind the Meuse from Ver- permitted such reports to be sent out. In the
dun north to Givet and thence to Antwerp , Carpathians, Russian local successes have
covering Brussels. More than half of this helped to make the junction between Rus
line would be behind the Meuse, which is a sian and Rumanian troops in the corner
considerable military obstacle . From a quar- where Transylvania , Rumania , and Buko
ter to a half a million men might thus be wina meet more imminent. But nothing of
released. But the retreat would involve a real value has happened here in the last
grave confession of weakness. month .
Nor should it be forgotten that a retreat As I close this article, the Italians report
of this sort would involve great perils and new attacks and new progress toward Trieste
might end in disaster, for the chances of a and east of Gorizia . The reports point to a
successful attack by the French and British resumption of Italian effort here. This
would be great and one well-informed critic should serve to prevent the diversion of
has written to me to say that he believes that Austrian troops to the Balkans or to Transyl
a disaster and the loss of 100 ,000 prisoners vania. It is a good evidence of the fashion
would be well-nigh inevitable. Both the con - in which the foes of Germany are synchro
siderable retreat and the disaster may be set nizing their operations in widely separated
down as remote possibilities. But it is plain fields and exerting an even and steady pres
that some retreat is now almost inevitable, sure on all fronts.
and cannot long be delayed unless Germany We have, then , seen the end of the sum
has prepared a new blow in the West which mer campaign . It was on June 4 that Rus
will distract Allied attention , just as the Al- sia struck her first blow in Volhynia . Since
lied attack at the Somme called German that time there has been a steady rise in
energies away from Verdun . Allied prospects ; there have been great vic
Actually , the German front in the West tories in Galicia ; material advantages scored
stands in the most dangerous posture it has in Picardy and north of Trieste ; there has
been in since the trench war began. The been a decline in German stock which cannot
facility with which the Allies have gained be mistaken , and an ever-widening convic
in recent weeks has surprised all observers tion that the end of the war will be reached
and holds out the promise of some striking on German soil. But I desire to say here,
developments before long. An advance of as I have said elsewhere, that I do not be
two miles a week is something new in trench lieve that such a victory can be won before
war and totally unexpected , so long after the summer of 1918 ; and I think the degree
the defender has been aware of the purpose to which Germany is exhausted has been
of his foe and the direction in which the grossly exaggerated in recent weeks. Almost
attack is coming. two years lay between Gettysburg and Ap
It is worth noting, too, that the recent at- pomattox, and it seems unlikely that a short
tack of the British disclosed a progress in er distance will separate Verdun from the
training and efficiency which is promising final German surrender.
408 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

TRANSPORTING RAILS FOR THE NEW ROAD

VA

LOCS QUICKLY BECOME CROSS TIES, AND THE RAILS ARE LAID

A PORTABLE COOK STOVE PROVIDING MEALS FOR THE SOLDIERS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTING THE LINE
CONSTRUCTING TEMPORARY RAILROADS TO SERVE NEWLY WON DISTRICTS WITH AMMUNI
TION AND OTHER SUPPLIES - OFFICIAL FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
 GERMANY IN RETREAT - RUMANIA 409

Photograph from CentralNews Service

BUILDING DUG-OUTS AFTER TAKING UP A NEW POSITION

Photograph from Central News Service

A SCENE JUST BEHIND THE FIGHTING LINE
OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE BRITISH ADVANCE ON THE WESTERN FRONT
 WALLACH -RUMANIAN MINE -WORKERS IN TRANSYLVANIA
( The state iron -mines in South Transylvania employ many of these Wallach -Rumanians, supplying them with
schools and baths. Most of the words spoken by these people are derived from the Latin and have a similarity
to modern Italian in pronunciation . It is said that the Wallachians cannot be fully understood by the Rurnanians
of Bucharest)

RUMANIA ' S TRANSYLVANIAN

NEIGHBORS
BY LOVINA STEWARD SMITH
THE country known as Transylvania has bility. Twenty or more bathing places where
I an area of over 20 ,000 square miles, ap- curative springs have been known for hun
proximating a circle in form and fitting into dreds of years fill into secluded spots among
the elbow of Rumania on the east and south . pine- forests ; then rolling foot-hills for pas
The population (about 3 ,500 ,000 ) is made turage and narrow valleys well cultivated ,
up of Rumanians, Hungarians, Szeklers, and dotted with pretty villages, make up a scenic
Saxons. section noted for its beauty as a summer
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries resort of Hungary. The highest mountain
Transylvania maintained its independence of ridges act as frontier barricade, for not far
Austria , largely by the aid of the Turks, but from Brassó (Kronstadt) we meet perpen
Austrian suzerainty was acknowledged in dicular cliffs on Mt. Bucsees, where tourists
1699 and in 1765 Transylvania was made a climb for a night's retreat. At Cloister Skit
grand duchy. During the nineteenth cen - . these heights reach to nearly 5000 feet. The
tury it sought and .won separation from northeast fronts present heavily timbered
Hungary , but that condition was only tem - mountainsides, the lumber-camps of Transyl
porary. In 1867-68 full incorporation with vania ; stretching still further north are
Hungary was accomplished and Transylva- " The Tatra ," snow - clad peaks. So this ridge
nia, in spite of its large non -Magyar popu - ofmountains circles to make a natural fron
lation , has ever since remained a Hungarian tier for Hungary . A few passes enter Tran
province. sylvania ; the most important on the east is
Transylvania , sunk in the crest of the Car- Gyimes, which leads out with its branch rail
pathians, contains great hunting forests, road to the main line, which circles Transyl
which make it a pleasure resort for the no- vania . Many of these connecting lines have
410
 · RUMANIA 'S TRANSYLVANIAN NEIGHBORS

THE SHEPHERD WALLACHS

been made in the past five years. Three (Kronstadt), Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt),
passes in the south complete these openings ; Kolozsvar (Klausenburg ) and Segesvar
the one connecting Budapest, via Brassó , When the Saxons entered this land on
with Bucharest is most important. invitation of the Magyar King Geza,
The fastnesses of these mountains are most their fortresses were built on seven hills.
ly peopled by Wallach -Rumanians, who al. The church -tower held gun holes, the church
ways pick out ravines , borders, gorges, and itself was store-house and refuge place, a high
mountain streams as their haunts. So we wall enclosed it, and this land received the
find six thousand of a shepherd class and name of Siebenbürgen (Seven Hills ), and it
half as many as mine-workers, for the iron is now called by this German name, just as
mines of the south have always employed often as Transylvania (Latin ), or Erdely
alone the Wallach peasants. In Transylva- (Hungarian ). Nagy Szeben , an interesting
nia those having Ru F
GERMAN
manian blood num RUS S
ber half the popula
A

tion, while the other

TRI

half consists of the

Maygars, the ruling
AUS

element, the edu

cated . Saxon , the
Bulgar, Sickely ,
Csango , Armenian , VIENNA BUKOWINA
ANIA

and Jew . BUDAPEST

Riveram

The Saxons are

Danube

mentioned first, be HUNGARY KOLOZSVAR MAROS

cause they , as a peo TRANSYLVANIA
VASARHELY
ple of the 12th cen
tury, immigrating N.SZEBEN BRASSO
DR

from the Rhine dis

IA

trict, have given ad - |

T

OR SOVA
SEA

vanced culture to
the larger southern SERBIA
cities — Brassó MAP SHOWING TRANSYLVANIA'S RELATION TO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
 412
412 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
in field and factory , and their numbers run
into thousands when adding their kinsmen
across the line in Bukowina.
The Szeklers are found in five counties. A
clever, industrious people, their intellectual
center is Maros-Vásárhely, Middle Transyl
vania. This city numbers 25,000 Szeklers,
2000 Wallachs, 2000 Saxons, and 800 mixed
population . The Hungarian state has lately
erected a beautiful “ Art and Culture Pal
ace,” which contains a library, lecture halls,
and a picture gallery .
Transylvania is cut by many large rivers.
One, the Maros, circles and winds through
many counties — an ugly stream , ever over
flowing its banks and carving out a new bed.
The state 's railroad sends out its lines netting
the entire district, and the mineral industry
is the main output. This metal trade in
Hungary has doubled in the past twenty
years, and the greater portion centers in
Transylvania. Coal is the most important
THE MOTZ PEOPLE - MOUNTAIN DWELLERS
mineral product. At the little town of Pet
( The pointed, thatched roofs of their houses sometimes rozseny, so near the Rumanian border, we
serve as snow - slides ) find electric lights and telephone in hotels of
this mining town, where the coal beds are
city , claims 36 ,000 population : 16 ,000 are extensive. The railroad ends near here, but
Saxons, 7000 Magyars, 7000 Rumanians, coming in from the north on this short
and the balance a mixed people. A better branch -line one passes through seven tunnels,
class of Rumanians are found here than in a wonderful scenic trip . Iron comes as sec
any other part of Transylvania ; they have a ond mineral industry, with salt as third. In
large church with bishop-house, also schools Transylvania are found three salt-mine dis
with industrial departments. tricts of great importance, Lying on the
The Saxons wherever found are firm ad - eastern border, they extend over into Ruma
herents of the Lutheran faith, and it is well nia. Some are electric lighted and ofttimes
to mention the Bruckenthal Palace, turned undermined with water.
over to the Saxons for educational purposes .
This palace , besides its valuable library and
museum , has twenty rooms filled with paint
ings - a Memling, Van Eyck , Titian , Van
Dick, Franz Hals, and others. During the
first part of the war all the museums and
art galleries in Hungary removed their valu
ables to safe quarters
Keep in mind that the Magvars who came
into Hungary as Seven Tribes in 896 claim
this hat-crown-shape land surrounded by the
rond brim Austrian provinces. They are
in agricultural people and settled with their
ne hones and cattle on levelpuns ; only one
be the Siellers and supposedly near rela
tiles the Cangrs pitched their tents in the
mang wlers of Transylvania, where they
h eeler ned as permanent settlers . SALONS I N FAUX CHUPLE IN BRASSÓ
Fast of Brux are seven viagra and west I KRYSTADI )
three , when gien over to the Cangos y resa to Budapest as to hesity
Thepropierea peisant class the workers Dj . S orodnywiars in : 1)
 THE ARMY AND THE MOTOR
TRUCK

By
ROLLIN WHUTCHINSON R

A MILITARY Motor trucks have and will play a part

m expert with a in the successes and failures of the com
genius for allitera - batants in the “ crime of the century," such
tion has said that as very few outside of the theater of war
modern military op- can fully appreciate. The German army,
erations are based from the writer's most trustworthy sources
upon brains, boots, of information , has put into the field ap
and bellies. Brains proximately 80 ,000 , the French army ap
first and foremost, proximately 100,000 , the Belgian army6000
as in all other en and the English army 50,000 to 60 ,000 motor
deavors, lie in the vehicles of all kinds. These motor vehicles
sound planning, pre- ( 24,000 American trucks were in the serv
paredness, and strat- ice of the Allies up to June 1, 1916 ) are be
egy as demonstrated in the well-known story ing used for every possible purpose conceiva
of the upper right-hand drawer" of the elder ble wherever a wheeled vehicle of some kind
Von Moltke of Franco-Prussian war fame. is needed in military operations. Without
Brains in the present European War have these vast fleets of motorized equipment, the
been and will be needed to a greater extent history of the European War up to this time
under the different conditions of forty- four would be markedly different.
years since. Boots, which constitute the dy
namic force of military strength , are meas THE MOTOR TRUCK IN THE GREAT WAR
ured in the number of men which the com Motor trucks savęd Verdun as they did
batants put in the field at critical junctures, Paris. Verdun had no rail transportation .
since no amount of brains in fighting battles The one single -track, narrow -gauge railroad
can be won without the human equation . failed to meet the emergency and was aban
The third important element which Napo- doned. General Joffre considered it hope
leon tells us is, when the last word has been less to attempt to hold Verdun. General
said , undoubtedly foremost — the commis- Herr believed by reconstructing the main
sariat must not fail, otherwise both brains highway leading to Verdun and using enor
and boots fail. The three are interdepend - mous Aeets of motor trucks, motor transports
ent. One cannot exist without the duemeas- would provide adequate munitions, leaving
ure of importance of the other. the railroad to bring up provisions for the
413
 414 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
troops. This was done, and every shell used
by the French in defending Verdun was
hauled by motors. This was the most cru -
cial test motor transport had ever undergone.
It established beyond question the motor
truck as the indispensable transport arm of
modern warfare, for never in any single bat.
tle had the task imposed been severer. More
munition was expended at Verdun than in
any other battle of the Great War.
Motor transport has entirely revolution -
ized military operations. A military expert,
Capt. A . H . Trapmann, writing in the Lon -
don Daily Telegraph , tersely says : “ It is
the motor lorry (truck ) which has made it
possible to supply 800 ,000 men and more on
a single line of battle with perhaps but one
line of railway working freely in the rear
and carry to within two or three marches
of the battlefield .”
Asmore than two-thirds of the extensive
utilization of motor vehicles in the present
CLIMBING IN AND OUT OF A GULLEY LIKE THIS LOOKS VERY HARD , THE
FRONT WHEELS PULL WHILE THE REAR WHEELS PUSH
TRAIN OF ARMY TRUCKS CROSSING ONE OF THE
European War lies in transport service, me
chanical transport is by far the most im
portant of the already demonstrated advan
tages, which are : ( 1 ) Superior speed ; ( 2 )
ability to travel any length of time with
out rest; ( 3 ) large load -carrying capacity
in relation to length of roadway occupied ;
( 4 ) lesser vulnerableness to bullets and even
artillery fire. These advantages may be sep
arately and collectively of immense value, de
pending upon the circumstances. In bring
ing up ammunition wagons or in provision
ing the troops and in enabling a retreating
army to get away rapidly with their muni
tions, superior speed has been the greatest
asset. Speed has been of little or no value
in cross -country service, where even the four
wheeled driven tractor trucks, which can lit
erally go anywhere a four-mule team can
travel, are at a disadvantage. Speed may be
of little or no value unless great distances
can be covered without replenishment of
fuel, which may be ex
ceedingly difficult in a
hostile country. Although
nearly any kind of mo
tor vehicle can carry fuel
for a hundred miles, the
supplying of fuel may de
velop into a serious prob
lem .
The resistance of
motor trucks to bullets or
light artillery projectiles
enables a machine to with
stand rifle fire for a con
siderable time without be
ing put out of action ,
even though it may not be
provided with protective
armoring. One well
placed shot will kill a
horse or cripple him for
 THE ARMY AND THE MOTOR TRUCK 415

NUMEROUS DESERTS IN NORTHERN CHIHUAHUA

further service. A motor vehicle may be hit civilian -using public and increasing its popu
a number of times without striking any of larity,most of our War Lords were content
the vitalmechanism and still remain service- to excoriate the motor as an " experiment
able. Indeed , the French and English troops unsuited to American roads and unproven
are now using motor trucks, to tow supply to supplant the old reliable army mule.”
wagons right to the firing-line and frequently The experiments of the National Guards of
these trailer wagons stand exposed to fire Massachusetts and New York with motors
until they can be unloaded and are often left in their maneuvers of 1912 and '13, true,
to be shot to pieces after their cargo has stimulated some interest in their possibilities
been removed. Under these conditions it as competitors of animal transports “maybe
would be impossible to use animals, as the twenty years from now ," as an old quarter
terrific noise as well as the concussion of master-general expressed himself to the au
modern artillery and machine guns would thor, even after it had been clearly shown
stampede the most seasoned animal veterans. in these maneuvers that motors worsted
Prior to this war it formerly required fifty- mules.
four for
each service wagonsdivision
a military of 3000. pounds
To-day capacity
twenty- ADOPTION BY UNCLE SAM UNDER PRESSURE
OF EMERGENCY
four motor trucks or less are doing the equiv
alent work. Armies to-day cannot live off Eleventh -hour emergency, not as a prophy
the land. The enemy may have destroyed lactic, caused the War Lords of Washington
or taken all ; hence an invader must pro- to turn to the motor as the only solution of
vision himself adequately ,
and to carry half of his ton
nage in horse food when ten
million men may be at the
front is humanly impossible.
A NEW THING FOR THE U . S.
ARMY TO USE MOTORS
On June 30 , 1914, our na
tional War Department
owned but sixty-two motor
trucks. Ignoring the leading
powers of Europe's prepara
tions from as early as 1907
to provide adequate motor
transports, with military
maneuvers lasting weeks to
acquaint themselves with the
potentialities of motors, the
establishment of subvention
systems glorifying the motor
TRAIN OF MOTOR TRUCKS TRANSPORTING ILLINOIS NATIONAL GUARD
in the confidence of the TROOPS LEAVING FORT SAM HOUSTON
416 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

TRAIN OF TRUCKS FORMED IN A HOLLOW CIRCLE FOR PROTECTION DURING AN OVER -NIGHT STOP
" SOMEWHERE IN MEXICO "

an insuperable transportation problem with tire reliance was placed in mechanical trans
mules. When slippery Pancho Villa , pecul ports. For the first time in actual Ameri
iarly Aattered with the adulatory title of can war service, the motor truck and the
l” by the American press, raided Co- army mule were pitted against each other
lumbus, N . M ., it was necessary to send under the worst conditions ever known in
a punitive expedition after the bandits, our military service - a tropical, arid , roadless,
army heads had no alternative but to imme- uncivilized , provenderless ( for man and
diately call upon the motor — and with much beast ) country . Commencing with two
misgivings and trepidation. Commandeer- hurry orders of twenty -eight trucks each
ing of Mexican railways would have forced (constituting a company or convoy) to
diplomacy to the bursting point. European two large manufacturers, one in Detroit,
combatants had absorbed the choicest mules, Mich ., and the other in Kenosha, Wis.,
and their price was too high, to say noth- which were filled within thirty hours after
ing of the expense of feeding and carrying receipt, the Quartermaster's Division quick
every ounce of provender in a tropical, ly placed contracts for more than a mil
waterless waste . lion dollars' worth of motors , and by April
For the first time in military history en - 1, over 200 trucks were actually on the
border and in the interior.
In six weeks after Villa raid
ed Columbus, more than 300
motors were in the service of
the Funston-Pershing expedi
tion .
MOTOR TRUCKS THE SALVA
TION OF OUR MEXICAN
EXPEDITION

Not so dramatic as in Eu
ropean warfare, but far
more dogmatic in results has
been the motor truck 's test
as an engine of war in the
Mexican campaign . In the
July, 1913, issue of the Re
VIEW OF REVIEWS (“ The
Motor vs. the Mule in the
U . S. War Department")
O Underwood & Underwood the author gives detailed
GASOLINE TANK STUCK IN A DITCH figures of the amount of
 THE ARMY AND THE MOTOR TRUCK

© International Film Service

GIANT TRACTOR USED BY UNITED STATES ARMY CUTS NUMBER OF MEN IN BATTERY FROM 195 TO 120 AND
ELIMINATES 160 HEAD OF HORSES

provender required to provision man and industry, the Government found motor-truck
beast, and the haulage capacity of the reg- builders prepared — indeed, no other industry
ulation four-mule army team . These data save munitions makers with foreign contracts
apply to " civilized” conditions of war was better prepared to serve the Govern
fare — not to Mexican conditions, which ment in the emergency. In eight hours after
are so abnormally strenuous that even if it a contract for fifty -six trucks valued at $ 186 ,
had been climatically practical to ; use mules , 000 was placed , a famous Detroit builder
the capacities of the loads would have been delivered the machines complete with drivers .
more than halved due to Mexican tractive And an order for thirty three- ton trucks to
conditions — roadless deserts with either sand a Bridgeport builder , placed on Monday, was
or mud to the hubs of vehicles. It was delivered aboard cars bound for the border
physically impossible to use anything but mę. on Tuesday afternoon . A big Detroit builder
chanical transports, and that mechanical - with unfilled orders for several hundred
transport was the motor truck, because the trucks for the French War Department was
traction engine was debarred
by weight and slow speed
from practical application.
Without motor trucks, the
national war department
would have been restricted
to its operations entirely on
the border.
HOW THE WAR DEPARTMENT
GOT THE TRUCKS ON
HURRY-UP ORDERS
With outputs of fifteen
of the largest motor truck
builders of the United States
more than double in normal
times the capacity of the com - © International Film Service
bined European motor-truck AUTO TRANSPORTS IN USE IN MEXICO, EQUIPPED WITH TRAILERS
Oct. - 5
418 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

THE TRUCKS OFTEN HAD TO TURN AMPHIBIANS IN THE MEXICAN CAMPAIGN

told that the U . S. A . came first, and to truck manufacturers who accepted Uncle
consider his plant a " controlled " institution Sam 's orders with the belief that they would
until all existing truck orders for the Mexi- have the trucks ready long before they were
can campaign - over 700 machines — were de- called for, and having continuing contracts
livered . In a month all of the 700 trucks calling for fifty to seventy- five trucks per
of this one make had been put on board cars week from the Allied Governments, were
bound for the border. On receipt of an penalized many thousands of dollars by for
emergency order over long-distance 'phone eign governments for being overdue in ship
a Kenosha, Wis., manufacturer was able to ments, and consequently to some of them the
deliver fifty -six trucks complete within three profit on the American war-order business
days' time. was a minus quantity .
During the critical period of early July
when war with Mexico seemed imminent, APPROXIMATE USE ,
NUMBER OF TRUCKS NOW IN
KINDS AND PURPOSE FOR
the War Department, finding itself short of WHICH USED
the all-wheel driven type of truck for the
most strenuous tractive problems, placed an By August 1, some 1050 commercial
order on the evening of July 3 with a Clin - type motors were being used in the Mexican
tonville, Wis., manufacturer for thirty-eight campaign . Of this number, approximately
three-ton units. This manufacturer in - seven -eighths are transport trucks, i. e., those
formed the Government that he had just for carrying troops, munitions, camping
thirty - eight of the forty -one trucks requested equipment, rations, etc. In addition to trans
under final test for shipment to one of the port trucks, nearly 100 of both water and
nations at war. Uncle Sam immediately told gas tank carrying trucks of 600 to 1000
this manufacturer that he had no choice gallons capacity are used to supply fuel to
in the matter, and that these thirty- eight transport and munitions trucks, as well as
trucks were to be turned over to the U . S. drinking water to the men in the field , and
War Department within twenty -four hours. to cool the engines of the trucks themselves,
As a result of this monarchical message, the since the water is alkaline and cannot be
factory force, scheduled for a Fourth of July used in the cooling systems of motor vehi
picnic, were compelled to show their patriot- cles. At first, no repair or portable machine
ism by working overtime on Independence shop trucks were used, the repairs being
Day, but the trucks were delivered to made either at the base at Columbus or in
Uncle Sam . private machine shops near by. Traveling
Indeed , not less than half a dozen big machine-shop trucks, when later provided
 THE ARMY AND THE MOTOR TRUCK 419

were equipped with everything necessary to

make roadside repairs, even of a difficult
nature, one attached to each company. Ar
mored trucks of the conventional type used
in European warfare have been debarred
because of excessive weight and hence diffi
cult tractive ability, and because the Mexi
can campaign has really developed no need
for them , of either defensive or offensive
nature.
But most of the four-wheel driven type
trucks are equipped with steel bodies, rifle
bullet resistant and with high enough seats
for men to crouch behind for protection in
manning machine guns placed on either side
just back of the driver's seat. Wireless plants
on one-and-one-half -ton chassis establish con
nections with divisions in the interior and at
bases, these operated by dynamos driven by
the truck engines. ' Sectional aerials are car
ried on these trucks. These wireless plant
motors have proved of great value in com
municating with detached columns, as ban
dits early cut all telegraph lines to the in
terior. Some thirty three -ton combination
rail and road motors, consisting of conven
tional commercial type chassis carrying
regulation army bodies and provided with THE ARMY MULE IN MEXICO GETS HIS HAY WITH
detachable Aanges fitting over the tread of A TASTE OF GASOLINE ABOUT IT
the rubber tires for operating on standard
gauge railroads are also used. No ambulance placed orders for 1958 additional motor
or portable hospital and anti-aircraft, gun - trucks to be supplied as called for during
carrying trucks have as yet been added , as the next Government fiscal year. Of this
the Mexican expedition has not developed number, representing an additional invest
any practical need for these types. Nor have ment of approximately $ 5 ,500 ,000 , there
the portable kitchen trucks of the Great are to be furnished by the ten successful
War yet been found necessary . bidders some 1500 one-and-one-half- ton
Trucks for transport are of one-and-one- trucks of the rear-wheel driven type, the re
half-ton capacity and fitted with regulation mainder of two- and three- ton trucks of the
army bodies. They are divided
into companies or convoys of
twenty -eight machines, each con
sisting of twenty -seven trucks for
hauling and one machine or re
pair truck , each truck company in
charge of a truck master having
three assistants, twenty -eight
drivers, one mechanic, one me
chanic 's helper, one machin
ist. The aero squadron
trucks lately added are also
one-and-one-half- ton units,
carrying light trailers
equipped with portable han
gars and spares and supplies
for the new type biplanes From the Popular Science Monthly
now in service. THE TRUCKS EQUIPPED WITH THE FLANGED WHEELS CAN BE RUN OVER
THE ORDINARY RAILROAD TRACKS OF STANDARD WIDTH
On June 30 last, the ( The one above was loaded with munitions and carried twenty soldiers
national War Department ninety -three miles at nineteen miles a hour)
420 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
storms driving with force enough to fill
every crevice of unprotected mechanism with
destructive material, guerrillas lurking be
hind cactus waiting to pot drivers in the back
- truly 100. per cent. more difficult handicap
to make good than motors in European mili
tary service have had to endure. At times
the line of communication into Mexico was
360 . miles, and the mechanical transports,
traveling ten miles per hour, required sev
enty -two hours for the round trip .
Mule teams were entirely debarred for
such service. The standard travel for a
four-mule team by United States army regu
© Underwood & Underwood lations is seventeen miles per day, or on a
PLENTY OF EXTRA TIRES FOR THE TRUCK TRAIN 700 -mile journey, forty -two days would have
been required for a mule transport as against
all-wheel driven kind, and six three -quarter three days for a motor convoy. Not only
ton and two five-ton trucks. The two five could a mule convoy unit not have carried
ton machines are the first of this capacity any freight, but it could not have carried
ordered , and are for experimental purposes even forage enough to sustain itself on a
to determine the practicality of heavy-duty forty-two-day trip . The army mule 's ration
trucks for service where roads and bridges consists of three quarts of oats alone, or two
will, sustain these heavy machines. ; bushels per day per four-mule team . Trav
The three-quarter-ton units are likewise to eling in axle deep sand under a tropical sun,
be experimented with in ambulance service. a four-mule team could have carried only
The contractors are required, as on the sixty -nine bushels of oats, or two bushels less
previous orders, to give precedence to the than the seventy -one bushels needed for a
Government, even to the extent of the Gov- forty-two-day trip . This comparison does
ernment prerogative of commandeering the not include several hundred pounds of food
Allied Governments' machines if the emer- and water for the driver, nor the impossi
gency develops. All told, the national War bility of carrying water for the mules as well.
Department has now invested and appropri- Each one-and -one-half-ton transport truck
ated approximately $ 7 ,500 ,000 for motorized hauled as much as six mules could have
equipment. Horses and mules were the pulled under Mexican conditions, and did as
transport army. Complete reconstruction much mileage per day as twenty four-mule
has occurred in six months, draft animals teams working in relays could have accom
being completely discarded , and no more use plished (assuming the use of mules to have
is to be made of animal-drawn transports . been practical) , costing the Government ap
PECULIAR PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORTATION
ON THE BORDER AND IN MEXICO
Får more proof has been piled up by the
United States armies in Mexico of the ef
ficiency and dependability of the motor truck
than the usage of two years in European war
fare. In European war service not only have
roads been far better than many American
city streets, but supplies, repair facilities, etc .,
have been constantly hard by. The operation
ofmotors in a tropical climate is prodigiously
difficult. Everything needed for the Mexi
can campaign must be carried — rations, fuel,
water, and that up to distances of 300 miles
without the use of railways. Over the
boundary are sand dunes into which trucks
sink up to the hubs, arroyos, boulders, cloud A LOAD OF " VILLA HEADS"
bursts of tropical climate, making the gumbo ( This truck is hauling targets on which forms are
soil in a few minutes a gluey morass, sand painted to represent men , to the rifle range at Leon
Springs, Texas, for target practise )
 THE ARMY AND THE MOTOR TRUCK 421
proximately $ 15 per day per
truck to operate as against
an estimated cost of $ 125 per
day of the mule -team equiva
lent. ( This comparison is
on the basis of the mule-team
relays making seventeen miles
each and working as did the
motors twenty- four hours per
day.)
WHO DRIVES THE TRUCKS,
WHAT KIND OF MEN ARE
THEY AND WHAT THEY
CONTEND WITH
When the emergency call
to truck builders came, the
contracts called for each
truck to be supplied with a
driver. Truck builders were
forced to take their own
testers and mechanics in a
year when labor is so scarce
that the press of many large
industrial centers now refuse
to accept " foreignrevolutionary
” want ads
for labor. So
was the change from mules
to motors, and so unqualified
were the enlisted men to
drive and adjust trucks, that
Uncle Sam had to put civil- © International
Inter UNITEDFilmSTATES
Service
AUTO TRANSPORTS IN LAS CRUCES CANYON
ian drivers on the first 316 (Last month an army train of thirty-one 3-ton motor trucks made a change
machines. of base from Columbus, N . M ., to San Antonio , Tex ., a distance of more
Often drivers had no reg than 800 miles, as an independent unit, carrying all its own supplies. The
ular hours of duty, some longest day's run was 126 miles, and the average was 66 miles.)
times being at the wheel the first thirty ing more tonnage and making the trip into Mex
days of the Mexican campaign eighteen to ico and back in less time than any train along the
twenty hours per day. Indoor men un border, and we sure are a happy bunch — and that
means a lot for our train . At Columbus we got
der the relentless sun by day, with teeth - our trucks tuned up, loaded, and started on our
chattering cold by night, frequent bad first trip into Mexico , loaded with 6000 pounds
water, in trepidation of being fired on by per truck. Our first run was a distance of over
300 miles, which was our record trip . The roads
snipers from the rear, did surprisingly well. are not to be described , for no one knows the
Mr. Walter Gresenz, a driver of an all country. . . . When a car goes over roads with
wheel power actuated motor, says: five- foot-deep chuckholes, five or six miles in
succession, the driver certainly knows that he
A blazing trail, and not blazing a trail, truly
describes my experience in Mexico, for it was went " over something." . . .
bot enough to fry eggs right on the sand .
We crossed mountain trails 7000 feet above During the penetration period each truck
sea-level, plowed through alkali dust that was company parked its machines at night in a
so thick we had to blow the horn constantly to hollow square, like prairie-schooner caravans
prevent running into the man ahead or being hit in Indian frontier days, with the soldier
by the man behind. Traveling in company, our
trucks were spaced from fifty to one hundred feet guard doing picket duty in two-hour shifts
apart. Men's faces became so coated with dust at night. On one truck of each company
that it was hard to tell who they were. . . . a machine gun was mounted to fire around a
Mr. John McNeil, a driver of truck. com - complete circle
circle and
and a squad of twelve to
pany No. 16 , graphically recounts his ex fifteen soldiers carried on this armored truck
periences as follows: to repel attacks.
I am with truck company No. 16, and our train Immense repair shops for keeping the fleet
has got a record hung up at Columbus for haul- of a thousand trucks in the highest state of
 422 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
efficiency are located at Columbus, N . M ., " El Paso , a distance of 93 miles, in a trifle
and Fort Bliss, Tex., and fifty -two big . under five hours, carrying eighteen soldiers.
lathes are now part of the equipment. Truck Converted into a highway truck upon ar
Inechanics are paid approximately $ 100 per rival in ten minutes, it was driven back over
month and required to enlist in the army for the roads to Columbus the same day .
a year. Enlisted truck drivers receive the reg WEAR AND TEAR OF ARMY USE AND HOW IT
ular pay of their rank as soldiers. COMPARES WITH COMMERCIAL USE
TYPES OF MOTORS AND CHASSIS BEST SUITED Under Mexican conditions motor trucks
FOR ARMY USE have had the premier test of their commer
All of the first 316 Mexican expedition cial history. Nothing could be more gruel
trucks were of the conventional commercial ing on motor mechanism than operation in
product of their builders, and were about a tropical climate in roadless deserts, moun
equally divided between the regular two- tain grades and variations from 40 degrees
wheel and the all-wheel or four-wheel drive to 130 degrees temperature. A month 's
type. The highly creditable performance, service under such conditions of a motor is
therefore, of motors indicated that very lit- equivalent in severity to three or four years
tle if any changes for military service were of the hardest commercial service. Yet many
necessary. These changes relate principally of the motor trucks sent to Mexico are still
to the use of larger engines, lower gear ratios in active service, and the repairs and ad
to give greater tractive power, large ground justments have been surprisingly small. If
clearance, more space between the mechanism the Government decides to sell its fleet to
to give accessibility, larger radiating capacity civilian buyers when the Mexican trouble is
to compensate for rapid evaporation of wa- settled their salvage value is easily now 60
ter in a hot climate and to cool the engines per cent. of their initial cost, so trouble- and
sufficiently, larger number of speeds in gear- fool-proof constructed is the modern Amer
boxes, standardization of carburetors, mag ican motor truck .
netos and Society of Automobile Engineers
system of standards for all nuts , bolts, and WHAT KINDS OF TIRES WERE FOUND BEST
parts so as to give the most versatile inter IN THE MEXICAN CAMPAIGN ?
changeability of parts between any twomakes The tires used were almost entirely of
of trucks of the same capacity . the demountable solid rubber type because
The truck which drives and steers on all of the advantage of quick changes in neces
four wheels has proven the most suitable sity , and, while the pressed -on type of solid
for cross-country tractive difficulties. But tire, the type in which the rubber is vul
the performance of the conventional rear- canized directly to the steel rim , gives great
wheel driven trucks has astonished army ' er mileage, replacement of this type is a ma
officials. For example, on a trip of 1000 chine-shop instead of a roadside job , hence
miles in transferring supplies between new the pressed-on type was debarred. Low -pres
and old bases in the Mexican interior a con - sure pneumatics were used with good results
voy of twenty -eight chainless trucks made the on the lighter transport trucks. It is not
last 104 miles of the journey from Casas improbable that in two or three years hence
Grandes across the border to the base camp we shall see developed for army service a
at Columbus in teng hours. And another heavy -duty type of puncture-proof pneumatic
rear-wheel driven motor convoy made possi- which will double the speed of army me
ble a troop movement which shattered every chanical transports and greatly increase an
record made by the Army. An infantry army's mobility.
regiment of 850 men boarded trucks at Fort
Sam Houston and were driven seven miles LESSONS FOR INDUSTRIAL USE OF MOTOR
to a selected site . The men detrained , TRUCKS FROM OUR ARMY EXPERIENCE
formed in battle line, again boarded the The Mexican campaign has shown to Big
trucks and were driven back to the post. The Business and Little Business alike that the
entire movement required a few minutes motor truck is an indispensable ally of com
more than two hoúrs. The fifteen miles merce. Its most carping critic in military and
covered in the movement is a good day's civilian life has been confounded , and former
march for infantry under ordinary condi- army'objections have been met by an enforced
tions. A combination rail and road truck test which in the ordinary course of events
was driven on the railway from Columbus to might have been delayed for years.
 Harris & Ewing, Washington
PRESIDENT WILSON SIGNING THE FEDERAL CHILD LABOR ACT ON SEPTEMBER 1
( From left to right: Dr. A . L. McKelwav : Mrs. Constance Leupp Todd . of the National Consumers' League :
Miss Helen L . Sumner ; Miss Julia C . Lathrop , chief of the Children 's Bureau ; Mrs. Edward Keating , of Colorado ;
Mrs. A . J. McKelway; Secretary. Owen R . Lovejoy, of the National Child ' Labor Committee ; Representative
Edward Keating , of Colorado, and Secretary of Labor Wilson )

ANOTHER EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION
THE FEDERAL CHILD LABOR LAW
BY A . J. McKELWAY
(Southern Secretary , National Child Labor Committee )
IF the Federal Child Labor Act, approved of child labor was not so unduly prolonged
1 September first by President Wilson , by reason of constitutional difficulties inher
shall be held to be constitutional by the ent in a dual system of government. The
court of last conjecture, a way will have been decisions of the Supreme Court of the
opened, through the exercise of the power United States from the Lottery case to those
granted Congress in the interstate commerce
under the White Slave Act have convinced
clause of the Constitution, for the standardi- '
many eminent lawyers that Congress can do
zation of industrial conditions throughoutindirectly what the British Parliament can
the United States. do directly in equalizing the standards of
The first recorded protest in England labor and hence of living throughout the
against the child labor evil, made by the nation . The ethics of this position is fiercely
physicians of Manchester who had been ap - assailed by the exploiters of child labor.
palled by an epidemic of fever in the Rad
cliffe Cotton Works, proposed " Parlia SENATOR BEVERIDGE AS A PIONEER
mentary aid for the wise , just, and equal Nor should the conservative citizen feel
government of all such works.” The hun - unduly alarmed at the centralizing of au
dred years' war in England for the abolition thority at Washington and the consequent
423
424 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
destruction of local self-government. The that the facts stated in her book were true.
process is one rather of coöperation between The second part of the speech was taken
the functions of State and nation than of up with the constitutional argument, which
conflict between federal power and the rights he based upon two premises : that the power
of the States. And the process is slow of Congress to regulate to the extent of pro
enough , as the writer is able to testify from hibiting the shipment of foreign goods was
an experience that has tested patience. It unlimited , and that the power of Congress
was ten years ago that Senator Beveridge, over interstate commerce, being expressed in
who deserves to be remembered as the pioneer the same clause of the Constitution , was also
in the field of federal regulation , began to unlimited. Therefore, so far as the power
exploit his views on the subject. In the Con - was concerned , as distinguished from the
gressional campaign of 1906 he mentioned question of policy, it was constitutional to
the abuse of child labor and declared that it exclude from interstate commerce child -made
should be ended by the power of the federal products, or any other kind of products. This
government. His audience broke out into position led to the adoption of the Socratic
enthusiastic applause. He tried the same method by the constitutional lawyers of the
thing on his next audience, with the same re- Senate — Spooner, Knox, Bacon , and others,
sult, naturally gratifying to an orator, and while Aldrich and Tillman argued the mat
thenceforth he made child labor reform ter from the layman 's common -sense point of
through the action of the federal government view . Senator Tillman , however, expressed
the chief feature of the oratorical feasts he his gratification at the recital of the facts
spread, announcing his purpose of introduc- about “ this hellish business.” Mr. Bever
ing a child labor bill at the approaching ses - idge made Senator Spooner admit, on the one
sion of Congress. hand , that the Supreme Court was in error
The Beveridge Child Labor bill proposed in its decision in the Lottery Case, while the
to regulate the products of any mine or face witty Carmack drew from Beveridge the
tory, by prohibiting the common carriers statement that Congress could prohibit the
from transporting such products unless the shipment of milk across a State line if the
offer for shipment was accompanied by a cer cow were milked by a red -headed girl.
tificate from the mine or factory manage The lawyers of the country as well as of
ment stating that no children under four. Congress, took the position that the Bever
teen years of age were employed therein . idge bill, as argued in the Senate , was un
Penalties were exacted of the innocent car- constitutional, that it not only put an unrea
rier for failing to secure a certificate and of sonable burden upon commerce in requiring
the child-employing industry ( the essential industrial establishments that did not employ
offender ) merely for making a false affidavit. children , by far the greater number, to file a
The bill was referred to the Senate Commit- certificate with every shipment, but that the
tee on Education and Labor, of which Sena- American citizen had rights under the Con
tor Dolliver was chairman , and thence to stitution which the foreigner did not possess.
the Judiciary Committee, which was then a The Judiciary Committee of the House,
somewhat overcrowded graveyard of progres- without having the bill before it, unanimous
sive legislation . It was never considered by ly decided that Congress had no power to
either committee, however, and Senator regulate the labor of children or of women.
Beveridge's three-days' speech in the Senate The attorney of the National Association of
was predicated upon the bill offered as an Manufacturers quoted this opinion in his
amendment to the District of Columbia opposition to the Keating -Owen bill which
Child Labor bill. has just been enacted into law , but in the
That speech made a profound impression nieantime, of the eighteen members of the
upon the country. The first part was de- ' Judiciary Committee of a decade ago, only
voted to the folly, shame, cruelty , disgrace, three remain members of Congress, and two
horror, greed , stupidity, barbarism , and other of these voted for the bill this year.
incidental peccadilloes of the child labor sys Providence and the people have been kind
tem . Such an array of facts on the subject to the children .
had never before been presented, and the AGITATION IN THE STATES
Senator insisted upon the production of
sworn testimony in the shape of affidavits The National Child Labor Committee,
from those who had contributed to the liter- which had been organized two years be
ature of child labor, in one instance a fore Senator Beveridge began his agita
noted author cabling the affidavit from Paris tion , endorsed by a bare majority the prin
 ANOTHER EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 425
ciple of federal legislation and sent one of its years should not be employed in shops and
secretaries to Washington to advocate the factories and canneries , nor children between
Beveridge bill. Upon its failure to receive fourteen and sixteen employed more than
consideration , the attention of the Commit - eight hours a day or during the night season
tee was directed with intensified effort to the — the Lovejoy bill prohibited the shipment
State campaigns. It was recognized that in interstate commerce or the offer for ship
every State brought into line, with proper ment of the products of any quarry, mine,
standards of legislation and of law enforce - factory, or cannery where children below
ment, freed the child-workers of that State these recognized standards of child protec
from mill-slavery and that only by this pro- tion were employed. That is the heart of
cess, State by State , could a majority of the bill ; the rest is detail,sch as the protec
Representatives and Senators be induced to tion to the shipper of the goods by a certifi
support federal legislation — a prescription cate from the manufacturer that no children
which is offered without charge to the advo - were so employed, and the protection to the
cates of woman suffrage. manufacturer against deception by the par
The agitation for federal legislation was ent, through allowing the presentation of a
increased by the publication in 1907 of an certificate in proper form setting forth the
analysis of the child labor statistics of. 1900 , age of the child . A noteworthy feature of
and in 1908 and following years the results the bill is the provision for a board compris
of an investigation by the Federal Bureau of ing the Attorney-General, the Secretary of
Labor of the conditions of woman and child Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor, to
wage-earners in the United States. It was prepare regulations consonant with the pur
proved from these official sources that child pose of the bill, the duty of inspection being
labor was a national evil in extent, though laid upon the Department of Labor, which
mainly confined to agricultural labor and to should properly and naturally delegate it to
a comparatively few child -employing trades the Children 's Bureau , while the enforce
and industries, and that it was an increasing ment of the law is left to the Department of
evil, despite the efforts of State laws enacted Justice, District Attorneys being authorized
for its suppression ; that the number ofwork - to proceed upon the information of federal
ing children was greater in the North, while or State inspectors or anybody else interested
the proportion of children to adult workers in the enforcement of the law .
was greater in the South . This bill, introduced last session in the
Later the Children's Bureau, also created House by Representative A . Mitchell Pal
through the advocacy of the Child Labor mer, was carefully worked over by the Com
Committee, published the results of its in - mittee of Labor, friendly to the bill, and
vestigation as to the administration of child was changed so that only the goods pro
labor laws, under the varying standards of duced in whole or in part by the labor of
legislation and law enforcement. The Amer- children were banned from interstate com
ican Bar Association through its Commis- merce. The bill thus amended passed the
sion on Uniform State Laws worked out and House by overwhelming vote and was favor
recommended to the States for adoption the ably reported by the Senate Committee on
Uniform Child Labor Law . Meanwhile, Interstate Commerce, in the closing days of
State after State adopted the standards out the session , when a single objection could
lined, in whole or in part, and the National defeat the taking up of the bill. Senator
Child Labor Committee having come unani- Overman of North Carolina was willing to
mously to the conclusion that federal legisla - offer the objection . The bill was again in
tion was necessary, Secretary Owen R . Love- troduced in its original form at this session ,
joy , layman , worked out a bill, which has again changed by the House Committee and
been very generally accepted by the lawyers it passed the House by the vote of 334 to 43,
both of Congress and of the country as rea - a gain of a hundred votes since the preceding
sonable and constitutional, constitutional be- session. The Senate Committee, after ex
cause it is reasonable . hausting if not exhaustive hearings and long
consideration , changed the bill back to its
STANDARDS RECOGNIZED BY THE NEW FED original form , denying the child -employing
ERAL LAW establishment the benefits of interstate com
Taking four standards of the Uniform merce instead of putting the embargo on the
Child Labor Law — that children under six - child-made goods. Senator Robinson of
teen years should not be employed in mines Arkansas made the report on the bill, and
and quarries, that children under fourteen demonstrated that the Senate substitute was
426 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
not only more easily enforceable but was night and a succeeding caucus agreed to take
more clearly constitutional. up the bill immediately . In behalf of the in
The only opponents of the bill before the dependence of the Senate, it should be said
committees of Congress were certain cotton that not a vote was changed by the Presi
manufacturers of the cotton -manufacturing dent's influence ; on his behalf, that the meas
States of the South , who had formed an or- ure would not now be a law except for his
ganization for this purpose and secured ex- timely intervention . The vote, after a few
Governor W . W . Kitchin of North Caro- days' debate , was 52 to 12 in favor of the
lina as their attorney. Members of the bill. Ten of the votes were from the South
House seemed rather to resent the employ - ern States, though , as was the case in the
ment of the brother of the majority leader, House, only one-third of the Southerners
and Leader Claude Kitchin found an excel- were against the bill. Senators Penrose and
lent excuse for non- interference with the Oliver voted against it, while Brandegee of
passage of the bill, which he regarded as un - Connecticut, Dillingham of Vermont, and
constitutional, in the fact of his brother's Thomas of Colorado were paired against it.
employment. Attorney Kitchin was rein - Senator Works adopted the characteristic
forced by Attorney Emery of the National course of voting for the bill in order that the
Association of Manufacturers, in the consti Supreme Court might declare it unconsti
tutional argument. The cotton manufac- tutional as speedily as possible .
turers , who had to confess that they were The bill favorably affects not less than a
employing twelve-year-old children eleven quarter of a million children under sixteen
hours a day, that they wished to continue years of age at work in mines , quarries, fac
such employment, and that they had resisted tories, sweat-shops, and canneries, some of
the very State legislation including law en - whom the census omitted because they were
forcement, which they then held to be not at work or happened to be in school on
the wise alternative to federal legislation , the day in April when the census-taker came
unconsciously prejudiced their own case. around. Many of them are more or less
PRESIDENT Wilson 's PART protected by State laws. But as a decade
rolls around the children set free from pre
The rest is rather recent history. The mature or too long continued daily toil may
three national conventions of 1916 , Progres- be counted by the million . The example of
sive, Republican , and Democratic , all de- the federal government will be a potent one
manded the speedy passage of the bill. The to the more backward States and the friends
Democratic Steering Committee of the Sen - of the children will be left unhampered by
ate included it in the program of measures the only organized opposition that has hith
that were to be passed before Congress ad - erto been successful, when they attempt to
journed . Then as the dog -days waxed sultry bring up all the States to the best standards.
in Washington, and Senators began to long The neglected problem of child labor on
for the opportunity to enter the Presidential, the farm can now be solved with due regard
not to say Senatorial campaign , what proved to the welfare of the child and his opportuni
to be a lean though insistent minority of the ties for education . The conscienceless of
Democratic caucus persuaded that body with fenders against public morals are always
the threat of unlimited debate to agree to more careful when Uncle Sam decides that
postpone the bill until the short session . what was immoral shall be also criminal.
Thereupon President Wilson took a hand The beginning of the end of the system in
in the proceedings. He went to the Presi- America may be seen .
dent's Room at the Capitol, sent for some of President Wilson signed a second Emanci
the leaders of the party and urged that the pation Proclamation on September 1, 1916 .
bill be passed. The situation changed over. It goes into effect a year from that date.

Vos
 THE MINIMUM WAGE BY LAW
A REPORT UPON THE STATUS OF THE MOVEMENT
THREE years ago the National Civic years, experience with actual minimum -wage
1 Federation undertook a thorough study determinations is limited. She praises the
of the problems underlying the proposal to deliberation with which commissions have
fix a minimum wage by law in this country, acted - making preliminary surveys of wom
and also of the actual experience of those en -employing industries and securing data as
States which have adopted such laws. A to the cost of living, in order to make deter
Minimum Wage Commission was appointed , minations with the fullest possible knowl
whose members were Alexander J. Porter edge. But she emphasizes the fact thatmini
(chairman ) , president of the Shredded mum -wage legislation is still on trial in this
Wheat Company, and Percy S. Straus, of country .
R . H . Macy & Co ., New York , representing The Massachusetts commission , for exam
employers ; James W . Sullivan , of the ple, made its first award effective in August,
Brooklyn Typographical Union, and H . J . 1912, two years after it was created ; and
Conway, secretary of the Retail Clerks' In - then the determination applied merely to the
ternational Protective Association, repre- brush industry, which employs only 2000
senting labor ; Mrs. Lyndsay Van Rensselaer workers, including men, women and chil
and Miss Thalia Newton Brown, of the dren. The California commission consumed
Woman 's Department, National Civic Fed - three years before putting into effect its first
eration ; and Dr. Lee K . Frankel, Ralph M . determination , relating to minimum piece
Easley, and Miss Gertrude Beeks (secre- rates for women in certain phases of the can
tary ) , representing the public. ning industry. The longest period of ex
In July , this commission 's report was perimentation in minimum -wage determina
made public in the form of a pamphlet en - tions which affected any considerable number
titled “ The Minimum Wage by Law ,” is- of workers in a single industry is to be found
sued by the National Civic Federation from in the retail stores of Oregon.
its headquarters in New York City . The Oregon law , creating an Industrial
The commission secured the services of Welfare Commission , has been carried to the
Miss Marie L . Obenauer, an expert investi- United States Supreme Court as a test case
gator in economic fields, who made a thor- to determine the constitutionality of mini
ough and impartial survey of the situation mum -wage legislation ; and both advocates
from a world -wide standpoint. Miss Obe- and adversaries eagerly await a decision .
nauer's analysis forms a part of the report. Miss Obenauer declares that " no one
familiar with the accumulated mass of evi- .
THE MOVEMENT IN THIS COUNTRY dence concerning the wages of women at
Minimum -wage laws in this country apply work will deny that in spite of the increased
to women and children only, in certain in - wage rates in recent years , a menacingly
dustries. The principle of such legislation is large number of adult women are failing to
that the State, in the exercise of the police earn enough while at work to sustain them
power, and working through commissions or selves in health and comfort, to say nothing
wage boards, shall determine a wage below of providing for the days of involuntary un
which it shall be illegal to pay workers in employment."
certain industries . The chief factor consid - Women constitute a fifth of the total num
ered by these boards is the cost of living. ber of wage-earners in manufacturing indus
Minimum -wage laws have been adopted tries in the United States. In a Govern
in eleven States : Arkansas, California , Colo - ment investigation, it was found that of
rado, Kansas, Massachusetts (which led the 86 ,000 women wage-earners sixteen years of
way, in 1912 ), Minnesota , Nebraska, Utah , age and older (in certain manufacturing and
Washington, Wisconsin , and Oregon. Miss mill industries), over 40 per cent were re
Obenauer calls attention to the fact that al- ceiving less than six dollars a week and ap
though nearly a fourth of our States have proximately three- fourths were receiving less
such laws,many of them in effect for several than eight dollars.
427
428 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
NEITHER CAPITAL NOR LABOR UNITED favor on the prospect of more investigations
The National Civic Federation 's commis- of their books and more dislocation of their
sion , in the course of its investigation , found factory or store organization .
that the most conspicuous feature of the min ATTITUDE OF THE PUBLIC
imum -wage controversy is the fact that capi
tal and labor do not mark the lines of cleav - In the public meeting referred to above,
age. In California , organized labor openly, Dr. N . I. Stone — the statistician of the
actively, and officially opposed minimum - Wage Scale Board of the Dress and Waist
wage legislation, as also did the organized Industry in New York - put the case for the
wage-earning women . On the other hand, minimum wage as follows:
the Central Labor Union of Brooklyn, N . Y ., A minimum wage fixed by legislation or by a
favors such legislation as a means of bringing minimum -wage board has in mind to fix a wage
to an end as speedily as possible “most in for those whom the union has not been able to
human conditions so prevalent in all under- reach and fix it at a minimum which is drawn
paid industries." John Mitchell
Mitchell, former
former by the starvation line. . . . It is to reach in
this country only those women and children work
president of the United Mine Workers of ers who, through lack of skill, inability to get
America , and present Chairman of the New organized, inability of the trades unions to help
York State Industrial Commission, favors a them , are earning to -day less than a living wage;
minimum wage for the two obviously de and it proceeds from the economic theory that
an industry that cannot for any reason pay suffi
fenseless classes, women and children, in the ciently to its workers , or to any part of its work.
lowest paid occupations. Yet President Sam ers, enough to enable them to make a living, is
uel Gompers states that the American Fed a parasitic industry, and has no right to exist
if it cannot give a living wage. . . . You
eration of Labor “ is not in favor of fixing, cannot by any means of litigation raise the effi
by legal enactment, certain minimum wages" ; ciency of a worker that is periodically starving.
for it " has apprehensions as to the wisdom of The starving worker is anything but efficient.
placing in the hands of the Government ad Efficiency is a very important question , and in
powers which
ditional powers which may
may bebe used
used toto the
the the studies of the Tariff Board, which embraced
several industries, we have found that the econ
detriment of the working people.” But the omy of low wages is a very poor economy; that
Federation of Labor is in favor of fixing the it is the high wage that is usually synonymous
maximum number of hours of work for with efficiency. High wage does not necessarily
minors and women ; and it regards children, lead to efficiency ; but it is the condition without
which you cannot have efficient workers.
women minors anyway, and perhaps women ,
as wards of the nation who have no political The commission found that among the
rights and have not thus far protected them - public — as distinguished from employers and
selves industrially as the men have. wage- earners — the chief arguments in favor
Employers show little, if any,more crystals of the legislation were:
lization on the subject. A recent report of ( 1) Wage boards recognize the impossibility
the National Manufacturers' Association is of the individual worker dealing with the em
adverse to minimum -wage legislation , and be- ployer on equal terms.
lieves the proposal economically unsound ; yet ( 2 ) The great mass of women workers, be
the Retail Dry Goods Associations of San cause of their youth and their brief tenure of
industrial status, are unorganized and are likely
Francisco and of California endorsed the to remain so .
proposal before it became a law in that State. (3 ) As it is a distinct menace to the common
Some of the objections of employers were weal that these women - prospective mothers of
stated by Walter Drew , counsel of the Na men - should work for subnormal wages, the
tional Erectors ' Association , at a public meet State is forced to take action .
ing held by the Civic Federation 's Minimum The judgment of this Minimum Wage
Wage Commission . He emphasized the Commission is that experience is not yet suf
practical difficulties in connection with the ficient to justify any conclusion . “ It seems
necessity of putting into force a minimum for the present the part of wisdom for all
wage based upon the cost of living. “Who the States not having minimum -wage laws,
shall say that a certain thing is a necessity , to watch those which have enacted such
a comfort, or a luxury ?” statutes, for a reasonable period before
In Wisconsin it was expected that $ 7 adopting similar legislation.”
would be the minimum established ; but an The commission will continue its own
investigation determined that it should be studies, but endorses Miss Obenauer's sug.
$ 9.20 ; and it was found impossible to en - gestion that a joint investigation be conduct
force that standard . ed by the Department of Labor and the
Naturally , too, employers look with little Department of Commerce.
 THE GREATEST MINING BOOM
IN HISTORY
BY WALTER V. WOEHLKE
THESE are super-extraordinary times, in large quantities. In January, 1914 , only
I so crowded with epochal events that 230 tons were shipped abroad, and the aver
the greatest mining boom the world has ever age for the succeeding five months fell be
seen , a boom alongside of which the “ days low this figure. In September of the first
of forty -nine," the mad whirl around the war year the exports reached the unprece
Comstock lode, the Alaska and the Gold - dented height of 19, 000 tons. In October
hent were aneWestern horizon of the American the catastrophene hollow of
field excitement were mere pigmies, has
grown up, filled the Far Western horizon
10 ,000 tons went to Europe, yet the price
continued to decline. The analytic faculties
to the zenith , and begun to recede again of the American zinc producers seemed to
without making an impression upon public be paralyzed by the catastrophe. They had
consciousness. Yet this boom , this superla - the world 's spelter business in the hollow of
tive activity of the American metal mines, their hand and did not know it.
was the foundation of the ammunition busi- There is no lack of zinc ore in Europe ;
ness, the source that supplied the zinc, lead, Germany, Austria, Belgium , Italy , Spain ,
quicksilver, tungsten without which the Al Russia , northern France, all have it ; Aus
lies could never have waged a successful war tralia has great zinc mines ; deposits have
against the Central Powers. And the by - been newly opened in Burma and Siberia , but
products . of this superlative boom , the tor- the concentrates of all these mines are re
rent of dividends, the tales of sudden fortune, duced in German- controlled smelters located
the sky-rocketing of mining shares, in their in Germany and Belgium . When the war
quantity and volume surpass all similar epi- broke out, Great Britain found herself with
sodes in the history of American metal- an abundant supply of zinc ore and wholly
mining. insufficient plants to smelt more than a frac
AMERICAN ZINC CONTROLS THE WORLD ' s
tion of it. Thus the United States in a
MARKET
twinkling became the sole source of metallic
zinc for all the warring world except the
It began with zinc, the metal whose pro Central Powers . And zinc constitutes one
ducers have consistently asked for a stiff duty third of the brass indispensable in the manu
to protect them against ruinous foreign com - facture of ammunition . Early in 1915 the
petition . Spelter - the trade name for zinc - American zinc producers, focusing their eyes
was on the down-grade, with stocks going upon world conditions, suddenly realized that
up and prices declining , for two years be- the power to fix the price of spelter had
fore the war. In July , 1914, the price passed from Frankfort to Missouri. So they
dropped to 4 .75 cents a pound, the lowest took a deep, joyful breath and proceeded to
since 1908. When the war disorganized fix the price .
commerce and industry the world over, zinc They sent zinc up a cent, two cents, even
slumped still farther. In common with all three cents at a time. It leaped from five
American metal mines, the zinc producers cents in January to twenty -seven cents in
curtailed operations when the industries of June, closing the year 1915 at seventeen cents
peace reduced their output. During the dark a pound.
winter of 1914-15 shares of zinc, copper, lead , In September of the present year it was still
and silver mines were on the bargain table, bringing nine cents a pound, twice the aver
with few buyers. The war demand for age price of the last fifteen years nothwith
metals had not yet begun . Few men real- standing a production almost double that of
ized the unprecedented quantities of metal 1913. Never before had the zinc districts of
required by modern war. Yet the zinc pro- Missouri, Oklahoma, of New Jersey and
ducers should have known. They were the Far West experienced greater prosperity
warned . — and probably they will never again see
American zinc has never been exported a period like it. Scores of new mines were
429
430 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
opened , especially in the Joplin district ; old States fears no competitor in the copper
mines unable to operate when zinc brought market. Its best customer, Germany, the
only five cents a pound started up again . market that formerly absorbed more than
Zinc ore that was dumped , zinc tailings, one-third of the entire American copper ex
and the leanest of zinc deposits were worked ports, is in the throes of a copper famine. It
up. And the established zinc producers fair . has used up its stock of the red metal and
ly spouted dividends. Prior to 1914 the has even confiscated immense quantities of
Butte & Superior had paid no dividends on manufactured copper to meet the pressing
its share capital of $ 2,700,000 ; since then military demands. Germany's national cup
this one mine has disbursed over $40,000,000 board is bare of copper, but Germany's re
to its stockholders. During the first six markable electrical industry will resume busi
months of 1916 it was producing zinc at the ness when peace comes. Stocks of raw and
rate of 180,000,000 pounds a year, with a manufactured copper must be replaced in
profit of a million a month . The Interstate- Germany the moment the ocean lanes are re
Callahan , an Idaho zinc producer, saw its opened, and the impending German demand,
shares slump to 50 cents a few years ago. In plus domestic consumption, will almost suf
the year preceding the outbreak of the war fice to keep the American mines busy.
operations showed a deficit. Since April, The Allied countries , though , are not very
1915, $ 4,000,000 have been paid out in divi- much better supplied with copper than their
dends and the shares climbed to $ 27. The opponents. Owing to the unprecedented price
New Jersey Zinc Company in eighteen of the red metal and the excessive ocean
months declared dividends in excess of $ 15,- freights, the British , French , and Italian in
000,000 and the Caledonia produced similar dustries have almost used up their accumu
results. lated copper stocks and are now living from
hand to mouth , their purchases keeping bare
A PROBLEMATIC FUTURE FOR THE INDUSTRY ly a month ahead of current requirements.
Yet there is a Ay in the zinc ointment. They likewise must stock up to meet the re
Great Britain by special legislation has an - construction needs. And since almost the
nulled the contracts which would have com - same situation exists in the American copper
pelled the Australian producers to resume de consuming industries, the producers are justi
livery of their zinc concentrates to the Ger fied in expecting a long period of normal
man smelters after the war, thus breaking a prosperity, though this prosperity will fall
well-settled principle of international law in far short of the present delirious war
order to build up a British zinc-smelting in - profits.
dustry. As a result of this step the Allies are In warfare copper and its alloys are al
rapidly becoming independent of American most indispensable. Even the pigmy mili
zinc as their new smelters are blown in . But tary establishment of the United States in
in the meantime the capacity of the Ameri- peace times requires 20,000,000 pounds of
can zinc smelters has been almost doubled . copper per annum . Hostilities, of course, im
And the German and Belgian smelters are mediately send copper consumption skyward .
still ready for business. A child can figure And when warfare is conducted on the pres
out that a hard road with many bumps lies ent European scale, the belligerent cop
ahead of the American zinc industry. World per appetite turns into a ravenous craving.
competition in the zinc trade will be fiercer Yet the copper industry in the fall of 1914
than ever when peace comes, so fierce that did not foresee the full extent of the impend
only those American properties which have ing military demand. The copper producers
used a part of their war profits to cut pro - refused to believe that an entire continent
duction costs to the bone can face the future would organize itself for the sole pursuit
with equanimity . of scientific slaughter . They expected a
short, sharp war attended by complete de
ASSURED PROSPERITY FOR COPPER rangement of the normal industrial activ
PRODUCERS ities, and upon this premise they based their
Copper is in an entirely different position. actions. When copper slumped from 13 to
Except for a temporary disturbance due to 11 cents a pound, mines and smelters cur.
the necessity of readjusting the world's en - tailed their production 40 per cent. and
tire industrial structure when peace comes, prayed for a speedy peace. Instead they re
the copper interests do not expect a sharp ceived a long war and a copper boom that
or prolonged depression . Supplying 60 per dwarfs all the famous gold stampedes in min
cent, of the world's production , the United ing history.
 THE GREATEST MINING BOOM IN HISTORY 431
PRICES MORE THAN DOUBLED IN TWO YEARS has grown by 100,000 tons. The lead dis
According to the Geological Survey, the tricts are watching the European hol
average cost of producing a pound of cop with equanimity, especially since silver, by
product of the Far Western lead ores , rose
per in 1914 was 8.62 cents. In December,
1914, the average New York selling price from 49 cents an ounce, its low point, to 68
was 12.75 cents a pound ; a year later the cents early in September .
price had risen to 20.67 cents. From De EVEN QUICKSILVER SHARES IN THE UPWARD
cember 15 , 1915, the price went up a cent MOVEMENT
a week for six consecutive weeks. In May
of this year it reached 29 cents and in Au The quicksilver mines of California were
gust it still hovered around 25 cents a pound, in a state of coma before the war. The mar
even though copper was flying out of the gin between the selling price of $ 37.50 per
ground at a rate considered impossible of at fask of 75 pounds and the cost of production
tainment only a few years ago . The true was so small that the larger properties were
proportions of the great copper boom are operated merely to conserve the investment.
graphically shown in the following table giv As England immediately placed an embargo
ing the quantity and value of the American on quicksilver, the American price doubled
copper production in round figures for a boom in August, 1914, though the real quicksilver
series of years : did not begin until nearly a year and
Production a half later when , under the stimulus of
Year in pounds Value the enormous American demand, the price
1895. . . . 380,000,000 $40,000,000 soared to $ 300 a Aask , even though scores
1900 . . . 606 ,000 ,000 98,000,000
1905 .. . . . 888,000,000 137,000,000 of old and new mines were adding to the
1910 . . . . . . . . . 1,080,000,000 137,000,000 output. Unfortunately the British Govern
1913. ... . . .. . . . . . . . .. 1,224,000,000 189,000,000 ment, to help American ammunition firms,
1914. ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1,150,000,000
1915 . ... . . . . .
152,000,000 lifted a corner of its embargo and allowed
. . . . 1 ,388,000,000 242,000 ,000
several thousand Alasks of Spanish quicksil
1916 (estimated ) . . . . . 1,600,000,000 400,000,000
ver to cross the Atlantic, bringing the Cali
In 1916 the State of Arizona promises to fornia price down to $ 100 a Aask in a few
produce 600 ,000,000 pounds of copper, a weeks. Still, quicksilver has been very prof
quantity equal to the total production of the itable, and the output, both in quantity and
United States in 1900. A single Utah mine, value, is establishing new high records.
the Utah Copper Company's property, is TUNGSTEN 'S SOARING PRICE
this year producing 185,000,000 pounds, an
increase of 70,000 ,000 over its 1914 output Tungsten gives the high -speed tool steel
and a larger yield than the aggregate pro- its hardness and enables the steel to retain
duction of all the mines in Michigan dur- its temper in great heat. While the world 's
ing 1914. From Alaska to Chile the food machine shops were working under normal
of red metal pouring forth in answer to the peace conditions, ore containing 60 per cent.
call of extraordinary prices has become broad of tungstic acid sold at $ 6 .50 per unit of
and deep enough to drown the anxious fear twenty pounds. Boulder County, Colorado,
of a potential copper shortage. The copper and San Bernardino County , California , sup
mines of the United States, of North and plied thebulk of the American output. When
South America, have demonstrated that their machine shops in all the world began turn
yield will be equal to the rising demand for ing out rifles, shells, and cannon , the demand
many years to come. So far as copper is for high -speed tool steel rose so rapidly that
concerned , the electrization of the world tungsten early in 1916 soared to $ 130 per
may proceed apace. unit.
LEAD HAS A PART IN THE GENERAL ADVANCE This spectacular
duration but whileperformance was of short
it lasted the West be
Lead has not been as spectacular in its be- came tungsten -mad . In a dozen States be
havior as zinc and copper, but in its quiet, yond the Rockies tungsten deposits were
steady way it has shared in the metal pros- found, even Alaska contributing to the rising
perity that grew out of Europe's blood. The output. Hundreds of prospectors working
lead mines of Missouri, Idaho, Colorado, and placer claims with crude equipment accu
Utah were paying excellent dividends when mulated profits of $50 and $ 100 a day, sell
the metal brought 412 cents. The war de- ing their ore to the buyers of the tool-steel
mand has lifted the price to 6 cents a pound, makers who scoured the mountains and
an increase of $ 30 a ton , and the output deserts for the precious alloy material. Of
432 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
course a slump was inevitable, but never- fore had the Western mines employed more
theless tungsten is still far above the pre-war men at higher wages. Never before had
quotations. mining companies paid greater dividends for
VANADIUM as long a period. Yet — and this is perhaps
the most remarkable feature of the mining
The high cost of tungsten limits its use boom — speculation in mining shares was al
to the production of comparatively small most totally absent. Stocks that were pay
quantities of high -speed tool-steel. Vana ing dividends of 60 to 100 per cent. per
dium , though, enters directly into the steel annum on par rose in value, but not to
used in the manufacture of cannon , automo dizzy heights. The mining industry was not
bile and aeroplane parts and other appli intoxicated with war profits. It realized
ances requiring steel of great hardness and plainly that the extra dividends could no:
high tensile strength . Twenty years ago last and it refused to throw its money into
vanadium was so rare that its value was a runaway bull market. . Also , it refused to
twenty times that of gold . With the dis countenance the fake promoter. The general
covery of large vanadium ore deposits in public , the public that had been sandbagged
Peru , at an elevation of three miles, the cost and had its pockets picked by hundreds of
came down and the use of the metal in the get- rich -quick artists during the Goldfield
steel industry broadened rapidly. Since the excitement, to-day hardly knows that the big
outbreak of the war the stock of the Ameri- gest boom in history has come and is going
can Vanadium Company, controlling the Thanks to blue- sky legislation , it has saved
Peruvian mines, has risen from $ 152 to $600 its money . C
a share. Late in the summer J . L . Replogle, The volume of ammunition and war sup
the young operator who cleaned up a million plies manufactured in the United States is
and a half in Cambria Steel, repeated the beginning to shrink . The Allies will soon
performance when he organized aa syndicate
he organized syndicate have reorganized their industries sufficiently
of Eastern financiers to take over the Vana to dispense with the bulk of the American
dium Company at $ 1,000 a share. ammunition capacity. But, whether the
manufacturing process is carried on in Eu
A BOOM WITHOUT SPECULATION rope, America, or Japan , the stream of raw
Antimony, chrome, magnesite, manganese, material must flow unceasingly . Irrespective
molybdenum , talc, cadmium , and other min of the workshops' location , they must have
erals shared in the prosperity that followed metals to keep themselves busy and the war
in the train of the great slaughter. Never going. And so far no substitutes have been
before had metals of every kind been in discovered for themetals the principal source
greater demand at higher prices. Never be- of which is the United States.

THE BUTTE & SUPERIOR COPPER MINE , MONTANA

 COKE-OVEN AMMONIA
FOR MUNITIONS
By J. W . TURRENTINE, Ph . D .
(Scientist, Bureau of Soils, U . S . Department of Agriculture)
IT is a very healthful reconnoissance that has been content with its abundant and
1 the nation now is making of its resources · convenient supply of raw materials obtain
and industries in relation to national pre- able from Chile and , therefore, has not de
paredness for defense. For the first time in manded the development of an additional
this country it has become recognized that supply . The question has never before arisen
successful wars are to be fought as much in a popular way ; hence the popular mis
with mine and factory and skilled labor as conception .
with gun and battleship and armies. The In time of blockade, with Chilean nitrate
nation finds itself peculiarly independent of no longer available, ammonia would be the
foreign sources of materials essential to a main nitrogenous compound available in this
a state of preparedness of food materials, country for munitions and fertilizer purposes.
the metals, fuels, fabrics, and likewise ex- To what extent would this be adequate to
plosives. meet the demands of the country in such an
Since for the manufacture of the various emergency ?
explosives for munitions purposes we have
been using nitric acid obtained exclusively THE VISIBLE SUPPLY
from sodium nitrate imported from Chile , The present production of ammonia in
the impression has come to prevail that we this country is from two main sources: ( 1 )
have no domestic source of nitric acid , and, By-product coke ovens, and (2 ) coal gas and
therefore, that in case of war with a nation bone-carbonizing works. The production of
of sufficient maritime strength to enforce a ammonia from the former source has devel
blockade, we should be seriously embar- oped from an output of 13,800 tons in 1900
rassed . to 234,000 tons in 1916 , a development duc
to the transition from the wasteful bee-hive
A CHEAP SOURCE OF NITRIC ACID to the by-products coke oven , making pos
Upon investigation it develops that we sible the conservation of by-products. This
have a domestic source of raw materials from is a development which is taking place nor
which nitric acid may be prepared ; that this mally, in response to ordinary economic and
source is now large and rapidly growing, business laws, without apparent stimulation
and that it is susceptible of a practically or artificiality. This is what we have avail
unlimited development should necessity or able for normal conditions, a supply which
public exigency demand. The source meant appears entirely adequate for any develop
is the ammonia recovered as a by -product ment now contemplated.
in the distillation of coal for the production In time of emergency the bulk of the am
of coke and gas. This readily may be con - monia produced would be immediately avail
verted into nitric acid by an inexpensive able for conversion into nitric acid for
method . munitions purposes . All of that normally
That it has not become more generally entering the fertilizer trade could be so ap
recognized as a source of nitric acid is be- plied, since, it is remembered, the staple food
cause it has found a ready market in that and forage crops on which a nation depends
other great industry dependent on cheap ni- in times of emergency are produced in this
trogen compounds, the fertilizer industry, country without the aid of fertilizers. Agri
to which it contributes about 40 per cent. of cultural production would even be restricted ,
the nitrogen now consumed therein, and be- in case of blockade, since we normally pro
cause commercial methods of converting am duce a great deal more than we consume.
monia into nitric acid are new and imper In contrast with the foregoing is the situa
fectly understood. The explosives industry tion in Germany, where the normal produc
Oct. 6 433
434 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Yo Prant
Benzol Recovery
Crens
and

A has from
& Overts Acid Inlet. cd Line
---Draining Runway
Tar Extractor
B Cyclone Exhauster lon

Heavy Tar Pump Dryer

7 Circulating
Coking Chamber Carcher Air Compressori Schrotor Acd Lye Tank Pump
Collecting
Tank

A MODERN COKE OVEN (THE SIMON-CARVES SYSTEM ) FOR THE RECOVERY OF AMMONIA AS A BY-PRODUCT IN
DISTILLATION OF COAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COKE AND CAS
tion of by -product ammonia is 550,000 tons to comparatively inexpensive gas engines.
ammonium sulfate ( 1913 ). This was applied As a concrete proposition , in case the nor
to agriculture. Conditions made necessary a mal production of by-product ammonia were
stimulated agricultural production instead not sufficient for the emergency at hand, it
of a restricted one, so that it was not possible would be possible for the Government to
to withdraw the ammonia from agriculture install by -product ovens and use the gas for
for muritions purposes without impairing the generation of electrical energy for the
an already inadequate food supply. There- fixation of nitrogen . This could be put into
fore extreme measures had to be adopted to cperation quickly and at a comparatively
increase the supply of ammonia. small cost. Ammonia would be produced
as a by-product at the same time, and use
HOW PRODUCTION COULD BE INCREASED could be made of the coke and other prod
If the above quantities of ammonia were ucts. This source of power could be ex
not adequate, the first step would be to re- panded enormously by the utilization of the
place all bee-hive ovens with the by-product very great quantities of waste and low -grade
form , whereby the ammonia now lost from coals, the lignites and even the peats avail
these would be saved. This would be ef- able, all of which on distillation yield am
fecting at once (by the Government ) that monia and combustible gas suitable for use in
which is now being accomplished more slowly gas engines.
by the industry itself. Since the ammonia Or should it be desired to effect a per
so produced could be regarded as a by-prod - manent and large production of ammonia,
uct, its cost would be negligible, since it is the use of coke could be encouraged by re
a by-product. stricting the use of bituminous coal where
Another of the by-products obtained from coke can be used as advantageously. TheGov
theproposed by-product ovens would be com ernment itself could produce coke and sell it
bustible gas, about 5000 cu . ft. per ton of at the same price as coal, reserving to itself
coal coked. If so desired, and if additional the ammonia and other by-products. Not
ammonia were required, this gas could be only would by-products worth $ 1.50 per ton
used with gas engines to generate electrical of coal be conserved , but an increase of about
energy for the electrical fixation of atmos- 20 per cent. in the efficiency of the coal as a
pheric nitrogen by any approved method . producer of power would be effected. Like
For example, the gas lost ( in 1914 ) in cok - wise, the smoke nuisance would be abated.
ing 35 ,000 ,000 tons coal in bee-hive ovens It is a suggestion which is deserving of
would have yielded over 800,000 continuous very careful consideration ; for, with the coal
horse -power, which was sufficient for the now wastefully used is lost enormous quan
fixation of an amount of nitrogen equivalent tities of ammonia and benzol (and power ).
to an additional 1,400,000 tons ammonium This rigid conservation would afford agri
sulfate. The gas, being a by -product, is pro - culture the best of fertilizers, and the public
duced at slight cost and the installation for as a whole an excellent motor fuel, at a
the development of the power is limited fraction of their present cost.
 ng

LEADING ARTICLES OF THE

· MONTH
IS THE WAR MAKING RUSSIA PROS
PEROUS ?
THIS question is being discussed in the habit of the Russian peasant always to complain ,
1 Russian press with unabated interest. I was told that there was no acute need now ,
The first to introduce it and answer it in that the wives of the soldiers need nothing, and
the more children they have the better off they
the affirmative was Prince Eugene Troubetz are, as they get larger allowances, which cannot
koy. In an article in the Russkoye Slovo, of be spent on alcohol. In some cases I heard of
Moscow Prince Troubetukoy who is one paupers and down -and -outs who became pros
perous. Not long ago an ex- drunkard was pointed
of Russia 's foremost publicists and philoso out to me with this remark : " You see his boots ?
phers, several months ago pointed out the Well, it is the first time in his life that he has
exiraordinary condition being observed in been shod .” The man , smiling blissfully, con
Russian economic life, namely , that a pros firmed the compliment. Generally, the village is
perity has set in in the country such as it now more and better shod than ever before, and
this in spite of the fact that shoes cost more than
has hardly ever known. A number of lead double the price paid before the war. . . .
ing economists thereupon took up the ques From a social worker engaged in fighting high
tion, and at present there is scarcely a Rus- prices I hear that the rise on everything is to
a great extent due to the increased demands of
sian paper or magazine which has not had the village. It is, indeed, very logical that those
one or more articles on the subject. Prince who save will not suffer any want. A large
Troubetzkoy wrote : part of the products before manufactured for our
urban population is being drawn off by our
The prosperity of our rural population in times villagers.
of a world war is a remarkable , astounding para The prosperity of the Russian peasantry,
dox. About two years ago such a thing would
have been impossible . but now it is a fact on according to the report of the government
which all observers of our rural life agree. The census-takers in the Province of Kaluga , is
farmers, landowners, and all others who reside rapidly proving a harmful factor in the life
in the country or come in close contact with its of the Russian primeval
life concur in the opinion that our village is pros. village. Luxury is
pering now as never before for three reasons : becoming an ordinary element in themoujik 's
First, because of the prohibition of alcohol ; sec- home life, while he neglects to spend on his
ond, because the wives of the reservists receive
sufficient support from the government; third , household and farm improvements. Their
report says :
because the peasantry is earning high wages.
The most eloquent proof of the prosperity of It is not infrequently now that one finds in
our villages is the added billion rublcs ( since our village toilet soap, metal ornaments, and
Prince Troubetzkoy wrote the article another even perfumery . At the same time domestic
billion has been added !) in our savings banks economy is not progressing but deteriorating. The
since the beginning of the war. The ban on of cattle is decreasing, new machinery is
alcohol amply accounts for this billion . But the amount being acquired , even buildings are not being
monetary billion should be multiplied several not
times in order to get the nation 's prosperity, for repaired .
prohibition has raised the productivity of the
country many times. .
This statement is Aatly denied by an ex
We are observing a phenomenon unique in pert on rural Russia in the Zemski Vestnik
the history of the world . In war times, it hasos of Tambov, which is in the interior of the
been an axiom , the productivity of a nation is country . He is a farmer himself and he
diminished . All enterprises by a government at writes :
war are intended for destructive, and not con
structive, purposes. In Russia you find the re The peasants are buying not only luxuries, but
verse, you witness a colossal increase in the na also cows, horses, agricultural machinery. In
tion's power of productivity the two winters of the war the elementary
I had numerous occasions to inquire of peas- schools have been regularly attended by the pu
ants if they needed any help, and every time I pils. Why ? Because the children had warm
received an astonishing reply. In spite of the clothes on and were well shod . . . . All are
435
436 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
at present working in our villages with greater Russia's commercial-industrial class is pros
intensity and productivity than in the ante -bellum pering, and one hears no complaints from it.
years . Russian industries in nearly all branches are
being run at high profits. There are, of course,
In the Retch , a Petrograd newspaper, for exceptions. The brewing industry has suffered,
August 12, one writer shows that the reason but the sad voices of the brewers are drowned
for the peasant's failure to improve his es in the chorus of the whole class. As to the mer
chants, their profits have risen with the steady
tate, in spite of his savings, is the almost rise in the prices of all articles. A higher price
absolute lack in the market of the commodi is of advantage to big, middle, and petty busi
ties required. There is no agricultural ma ness alike.
chinery Home and foreign factories are Have Russia's landowners suffered through the
war ? There have seemed to exist certain circum
too busy in turning out munitions. There stances justifying such an assumption . Neverthe
are no horses to be had unless at absolutely less, one hears no complaints from that quarter.
prohibitive prices. The same is true of cat The agrarian banks report that the payments are
tle , which the army consumes in enormous coming in very regularly this year, which proves
the sound condition of the land-owning class. It
quantities. The moujik , therefore, postpones would appear that the very profitable realization
all fundamental improvements till the end of the crops has covered the deficit due to the
of the war. Meanwhile he is saving his decrease in the amount of arable land.
As to the labor class matters are not so bril
earnings. The conclusion to be drawn is .
liant. Some canvasses show that labor conditions
obvious. The termination of the war will ha wo r . But I
find the Russian peasantry in the market labor class is, indeed , not very large, and a rise
with handfuls of gold , seeking to buy all in wages has come through the war in every
that money can get. But besides the peas branch of labor. Some of the more qualified lines
antry are the other classes of Russia 's popu fore. . . receive
of labor
.
wages higher than ever be
lation prosperous ? In a series of articles in With the industrial, commercial, land -proprie
the Russkia Vedomosti, of Moscow , Z . Kat tary,
zenelenbaum , a financial writer, answers the it is peasant, and even labor classes prospering,
evident that the general condition of the
question in the affirmative : country is prosperous.

GERMAN WAR FINANCE

A LEADING German economist, Profes- There are also short-term treasury bills
A sor Moritz Julius Bonn , of Munich , outstanding and Dr. Bonn says that it is dit
has lectured since the outbreak of the war ficult to estimate the average amount of
at the Universities of California and Wis- these . He states that occasionally , for a
consin and at Cornell University. Last short time, the $ 2,000,000,000 mark has
month he contributed to the New York Trib been reached . He estimates that this float
une a remarkable series of articles on the war ing war debt varies between 10 per cent.
finance of Germany. and 20 per cent. of the funded debt.
In the first of these articles, published on The German taxpayer was not at first
September 5, the writer emphasizes the fact called upon to shoulder any new burdens on
that Germany's war loans have been con - account of the war. The interest on the
tracted at home. Her foreign obligations new war debt for the first year was pro
do not amount, all told , to more than $ 50 ,- vided by the surplus of the regular budget,
000,000, and interest requirements for gov- realized through the transfer of the expendi
ernment loans abroad will not exceed $ 2,- ture for the army and navy to the war bud
000 ,000 a year. The main cost of the war get. Later on , however, the taxpayer was
has been defrayed from domestic loạns. The asked for about $ 125,000 ,000 in new taxes,
first of these, issued in September, 1914, besides a tax on war profits. The interest
was subscribed by the public at 971/2 ; the of the permanent debt thus far contracted
second loan , in February , 1915, at 9842 ; the must be between $ 400 ,000 ,000 and $ 500,
third loan , in August, 1915, at 99 ; the fourth 000,000 a year.
loan , in March , 1916 , at 9812. The results There has been much discussion of the
of these several loans were : question whether the greater proportion of
First loan .. . . .. .. . .. .. .$ 1,061,905,000
war expenses should be paid by the pres
Second loan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,157 ,380,000 ent generation or handed on to posterity.
Third loan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,881, 190 ,000 Dr. Bonn maintains that since the burden
Fourth loan ..... . .......... ...... 2,550,475,000 of fighting and suffering falls heavily on the
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 437
present generation, while posterity will en- of the government secured by the special as
joy the fruits of the war, it is only fair that sets against which they are issued and by the
future generations should bear their share in personal liability of the borrowing owner of
cash payment. This he holds to be an espe- the pledged security . Perishable goods are
cially sound policy in the case of a country excluded as security . The lowest margin
which , like Germany, is fighting for exist- admitted is 25 per cent.
ence. Great Britain , he asserts, has her- In his third article Dr. Bonn discusses
self been obliged to adopt new methods of in a very interesting way the effect of the
finance, and neither she nor her Allies, blockade on German financialoperations. Ac
France and Russia, are financing the war cording to his reasoning it has been a for
by taxation . They are depending on loans. tunate thing for Germany that the blockade
Up to the month of August, 1916 , it is has relieved her from the necessity of com
estimated that 86 per cent. of England's war peting with England in foreign war finance.
expenditure has been defrayed from loans, Much of the capital formerly employed in
so that only 14 per cent. has been raised by her foreign trade is now free and can be
taxation . Both England and Germany, invested in national loans and all capital
therefore, are relying on essentially the same that is not needed ultimately goes into " the
methods of war finance. nation 's great enterprise — the war.”
In his second article Dr. Bonn analyzes So far as the blockade itself is concerned ,
the comparative cost of war loans to Ger- Dr. Bonn admits that if Germany had been
many, France , and England . He finds that a small over-crowded country like England ,
a bond paying $ 5 a year interest would have or a country without industrial resources
brought in Germany, in peace times, $ 123.17, like the Southern Confederacy, her situation
while in war time it brings only $ 99. In would now be dangerous, but the blockaded
France a bond that would have brought territory of the Central Powers covers an
$ 145. 15 in peace times now brings only $ 88 , area of 1,200 ,000 square miles and the occu
and in England a bond that would have pied hostile territory adds another 200,000
realized $ 147 .32 in peace times is now repre - square miles , while the neutral states “ ac
sented by $ 111.11. Thus the loss due to cessible to the Central Powers for unhin
the war is $ 34 .17 in Germany, $ 57 .15 in dered intercourse” cover another 460 ,000
France, and $ 36 .21 in England, and it would square miles. Thus, the combined area from
seem that Germany has made a better bar which the Central Powers can draw supplies
gain than either England or France. is about two-thirds of the territory of the
A further difference between German and continental United States , and is inhabited
English war finance is found in the fact that by about 200,000 ,000 people. The problem
a large percentage of the Allied loans are thus becomes one of material resources ra
not placed at all but are merely, as Dr. ther than of finance. In Dr. Bonn's opin
Bonn puts it, “ hanging over the market.” ion the second year of the war has shown
On the other hand , the German loans have that the problem can be solved “ by organiza
been taken by the people. The first three tion , by economy, by hard work , by dis
were subscribed by 7 ,250 ,000 persons and the coveries and by a good deal of self-denial.”
fourth loan by about 5 ,000,000 people. Of In the fourth and fifth articles of the
these 3,350,000 individual subscriptions were series , Dr. Bonn discusses the currency sit
less than $ 125 each, and more than 50 per uation in Germany. The country's circu
cent. of the holders of the three loans are lating medium had to be increased because
people who have invested less than $ 250 . of the " war boom ” in Germany's industrial
A large part of the subscriptions ( estimated life. Since gold payment had to be stopped
at 20 per cent. of the first three loans) has in order to prevent gold exports, bank notes
come from savings-bank deposits. have circulated extensively . These notes are
Dr. Bonn describes the German war- loan covered by a gold reserve of one- third .
banks which were organized to protect the The fall of the mark exchange, according
Imperial Bank and others against the onrush to Dr. Bonn , is due not so much to an over
of people who wished to borrow money on issue of bank notes as to an unfavorable trade
good securities that could not be sold be- balance. Dr. Bonn concludes that as the
cause of the closing of the Stock Exchange. war has not destroyed Germany's material
These war-loan banks issued certificates resources the nation will be equal to all bur
which are legal tender like the British cur- dens that are likely to fall on her. Her
rency notes. The issue was limited to $ 750 ,- debts are home debts and are distributed in
000,000 . The certificates are an obligation a democratic way among her people .
438 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
THE FATE OF POLAND IN THE
BALANCE
A CLIMAX is rapidly being approached of Premier Sturmer does not provide for the
H in the solution of the Polish questionIn . re-establishment
I Constitutionalofguarantees
the
Poland along the
granted by
lines of
Emperor
The Austrian and the Russian governments Alexander I.
are manifesting more than the usual amount The third project was presented by the Min
of interest in the future of Poland. The ister for Foreign Affairs, S. D . Sazonoff. This
German Chancellor von Bethmann Holl project provides for Poland's autonomy in the
full meaning of the term , and proposes its
weg recently paid a visit to Vienna for the realization immediately after the Polish provinces
purpose of making some definite arrange have been liberated from the enemy. According
ments with the Austrian Government in re to Sazonoff's plan , Poland forms an inseparable
gard to the promised restoration of Poland. part of the Russian Empire and is wholly under
the rule of the Russian Czar. In foreign politics
In Russia the Polish question even caused a Poland is to have no independence. The in
cabinet crisis. Foreign Minister Sergius ternal government, however, is to be molded in
Sazonoff clashed with Premier Sturmer on the form of the broadest autonomy, in the spirit
the question as to the kind of autonomy to of the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievitch 's mani
festo .
be granted to Poland . The clash took place As we are informed , S. D . Sazonoff's project
at the cabinet council held at the Czar's was opposed by some members of the Cabinet,
Field Headquarters on July 11. As a re though the majority of Ministers approved of it.
Final decision will be rendered in a few weeks,
sult of the council the resignation of Sa when a second Cabinet council will be held at
zonoff was announced on July 23. the General Headquarters.
As M . Sazonoff was the staunchest Anglo
phile in the Russian Cabinet, his retirement The difference between Sazonoff's and
in favor of Premier Sturmer, who assumed Sturmer's solutions is indeed very great.
the portfolio of Foreign Minister, was in - While the former planned to solve the po
terpreted as signifying a change in Russia 's lish question on the basis of the promises
foreign policy. Public opinion in Russia and made by the Grand Duke, Premier Goremy
in the countries of her Allies grew alarmed kin , and himself, the latter merely suggested
to such a degree that the Premier was of- broad local self-government. In spite of the
ficially compelled to announce that no change fact that Sazonoff was upheld by the ma
in the foreign policy of the Czar's Govern jority , he was forced to retire . Relinquish
ment is contemplated . Meanwhile the Mos- ing the post of Minister of Interior, Pre
cow newspaper Russkoye Slovo came in pos- mier Sturmer had Alexei Khvostoff, a re
session of authoritative information on what actionary , appointed to that position . An
took place at the cabinet meeting in the other extreme reactionary, M . Makharoff,
Field Headquarters. The newspaper said : has been appointed to the post of Minister
of Justice. Sazonoff's resignation , it is gen
After the prepared program (dealing with erally believed , coming in the nature of a
the questions of army supplies and transporta demonstration , will prove of value to Po
tion facilities) had been exhausted , two other
subjects came up for discussion : the Polish and land, as Premier Sturmer will be unable in
Jewish questions. the face of aroused public opinion to cling
The Polish question provoked some very to his original solution .
lively discussion . As we are informed, three In addition to the Sazonoff incident, an
separate projects were presented as solutions for
other important event helped to stir deeply
the council's consideration . The first of these,
the so-called Moscow plan , extends the widest the Russian nation . This was the disclosure
possible autonomy to Poland . According to this of a secret circular on the Polish question
project, a sharp geographical line would be prepared and sent out by the Ministry of
drawn between Poland and Russia. This plan Interior to the governors of all the provinces
met with no response.
The second project was presented by the head of the Empire. The circular sets forth a
of the cabinet, B . V . Sturmer. This project was series of charges against the Poles, especially
based on the following outline : Poland 's auton - the Russian Poles, who are accused of con
omy is defined by the term " provincial auton
omy." No provisions for legislative institutions spiring with their Austrian brethren against
in Poland are made. The general laws of the Russian Government with a view to the
Poland's judicial and governmental life are to restoration of Poland under Teutonic hegem
be legislated upon by the Imperial Duma and ony. The Polish deputies in the Duma
Council. Instead of governmental autonomy, it
is promised to institute in Poland the most com and Council issued a circular refuting and
prehensive local self-government. The project denouncing all the accusations as false and
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 439
malicious. How Russia views the govern - even be verified, is it possible to pronounce judg
ment's circular is to be seen from the fol ment on a whole people bent under the stick of
the German officer and to present it in the form
lowing editorial in the Novoye Vremya, a of a guide for the administrators in their forming
conservative paper : of views on the Polish question ? Is this the
so -called foresight of statesmanship ?
Somewhere in the profound depths of the
Department of Police a circular was originated The radical press was much more violent
containing a summary of many charges against in its denunciations of the government's un
the Poles. Without considering the substance derground method of influencing its officers'
of those charges in Austrophilism , which were opinions on the Polish problem . Prince Eu
categorically denied by the Polish Committee,
we cannot help expressing our sorrow for the gene I roubetzkoy , one of Russia s foremost
preparation of such a document at the present philosophers, came out with a powerful plea
moment. Is it not one of the regular duties of for a change in the Government's attitude to
the Germans to plant seeds of hatred between ward the Poles. Other public men followed
Russians and Poles before they withdraw from
Poland ? Is it not necessary for our authorities suit. The periodical literature is devoting
to remember the work of the secret agents en columns to all the phases of the expected
gaged in sowing discord between Russia and solution of the Polish question . Both Poles
Poland ? Besides simple tact, delicacy is re and Russians await with impatience the gov
quired in handling a country which has for two
years served as a war theater, suffering in ernment's definite announcement of its new
finitely . Should some of the facts in the circular Polish policy .

PROVIDING FOR THE MAIMED AND

CRIPPLED
M ANY of the problems to be solved as a ished . Above all the men should not be
W result of the great war can and must taught any futile occupation , depending for
be left until its end, but that involved in its success only upon the pity and charity
making provision for the future of those who of those who may be induced to buy the
have suffered the loss of a limb requires more things manufactured . It can be made pos
immediate action . This question is treated sible for each of these victims to earn some
at some length in Rassegna Nazionale ( Flor- thing in a proper and legitimate way, and
ence) by Signori Angelo Ragghianti and Sal- he need not have recourse to one that would
vatore Dalmazzoni. make him , in somesense, an object of charity .
The wonderful improvements that have Another important thing is to avoid teach
been made in the construction of artificial ing an undue number the few more easily
Timbs, rendering it possible to communicate acquired arts, such as typewriting, photog
to them a number of special movements by raphy, telegraphy, telephony, etc. This
utilizing the motor power still existing in the would tend to disorganize the necessary dis
stump left after amputation , have opened up tribution of labor in the land, with the con
spheres of activity for the maimed heretofore sequent lowering of wages and the risk of
considered as permanently closed to them . By unemployment.
patient training on the part of competent in - By keeping to his old occupation or some
structors, and by the exercise of the necessary occupation nearly related to it, the man will
will power on the part of the pupils, an arti- have more confidence in himself, will feel
ficial arm can be made to do much of the his necessary inferiority less, and a disturb
work that the natural arm could do. More ance of the fields of employment will be
slowly, of course, and not quite as skilfully , avoided .
but still sufficiently well to render the At the outset those entrusted with the
maimed man a usefulmember of society , one difficult task of reëducation frequently find
who can still have a share in the productive that they have to contend with a not un
work of the nation . natural timidity in their pupils, a distrust of
The professional reëducation should be themselves. This has been particularly noted
conducted earnestly and wisely, always fol- among the peasants, who fear that the loss
lowing the general principle of keeping the of an arm or a leg will prove an insurmount
man in touch with his native region and with able obstacle to the varied muscular exertion
the vocation he formerly pursued . Hence, all required for agricultural labor. In all these
foolish sentimentality should be rigidly ban - cases, however, a capable instructor will be
440 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
able to impart the necessary courage and construction than that which would be need
confidence. ed by a tailor, a carpenter, a paper-hanger,
The expense of supplying the artificial or any other skilled workman .
limbs should naturally be assumed by the The writers hold that the definitive legis
state. In France, not long after the begin - lation regarding the pensions to be given the
ning of the war, the government took control maimed soldiers should clearly provide that
of all the establishments for their manufac- their special training shall in no degree re
ture ; but it was found that when produced duce these pensions, as some of the men fear.
in quantities of a given type they failed to So much do they dread this, indeed , that
give the aid required. To be really effec- they will often try to put off the beginning
tive each had to be made and adapted espe- of their apprenticeship to the day succeeding
cially for each case, according to the exact that set for paying the pension . Here as
form and size of the stumps to which it was elsewhere in Italy 's pension legislation , the
to be adjusted . The quality and character general rule should be that the amount ac
of the mechanism must be in accord with the corded shall not be affected by the greater
character of the occupation the wearer is to or lesser earnings of the recipients . Other
pursue ; a bell-ringer , for instance, can get wise the pension would become an incentive
along with an artificial arm of much simpler to idleness.

WILLIAM HAYES WARD , EDITOR AND

SCHOLAR
" THE Nestor of American Orientalists" Child, and presented at last commencement
I was the title conferred by other Orien - to Amherst College, from which Dr. Ward
talists on Dr. William Hayes Ward, who had been graduated in 1856 , and which he
died on August 28 at ethe age of eighty -one.
r had served as trustee for a quarter of a
sense, a thenc , an eduto a litera
Dr. Ward was also a classicist, a literary
critic , a man of science , an educator in the
century . The text pages contain tributes
from Mr. Hamilton Holt and Mr. Edwin E .
broadest sense , a theologian , and a minister Slosson, co-workers with Dr. Ward on the
he gospel.
ooff tthe The London “ Who 's Who ” Independent, and also from a number of his
specified archeology and botany as Dr. distinguished associates outside of the edi
Ward's " recreations" and the list might have torial rooms.
been extended to include a good many things These comments by Mr. Holt will be ap
that for most men mean hard work. preciated by all members of the editorial
To the world at large .Dr. Ward was brotherhood :
known as an editor, and his service of nearly
half a century on the Independent, of New The editorial chair gave Dr. Ward the best
York, gave him a wide acquaintance with morepossible scope for his genius. No man knew
things that were so. No man had deeper
men and women in every calling throughout 'convictions on fundamental issues. No one could
the land. He was one of the last of a small use words as tools better than he. And yet no
group of versatile, clear-headed, broad-mind one cared less for mere form or literary technic.
ed men who for many years guided the des He could always rise to a great occasion . When
the Spanish War broke out, when McKinley was
tinies of New York 's daily and weekly press. shot, when the doctors in Cuba let the mosquitoes
Mr. Horace White , formerly of the Evening inoculated with typhoid sting them , when the
Post, who died on September 16 , was an Japanese submarine went down and the heroic
other member of the group. Dr. Lyman Ab commander continued to write his diary until he
bott, of the Outlook , is still in harness . was suffocated, his eloquence was unmatched by
that of any other editor I read at the time. His
Before Dr. Ward joined the staff of the pen was his personality. It was argumentative,
Independent he had held a professorship of laudatory, condemnatory, gentle or impassioned,
Latin and Natural Science at Ripon College, as the occasion demanded .
One who only read his editorials might not
Wisconsin , where his reputation for scholar have thought that he was really the gentlest of
ship and learning long survived his transfer men . In the twenty years I worked with him
to The
an editorial desk. I never knew him to lose his temper. All sorts
issue of the Independent for Septem of people came to him with their ambitions and
ber 11 is a Ward number ; on the cover needs, their triumphs and trials. He never turned
them away. When I first joined the paper he
appears ( in color) a reproduction of the said to me, “Never refuse to do a public service
portrait of Dr. Ward, painted by Edwin B . you are asked to do." He gave his time and his
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 441
name freely to all good causes. He gave his ment he would be arguing excitedly with a rabbi
money to the poor. over the translation of a Hebrew text, and the
I think Dr. Ward is the only man I have ever next conferring with a Chinese over the exclu
known who seemed to have no faults. He had sion laws. He picked his protégés from all races
foibles, to be sure. He was as disorderly as and countries. . . .
Horace Greeley and wrote nearly as illegibly . Dr. Ward was alive at more points than any
He once lost a pair of eyeglasses and found them other man I ever saw . I have spoken of his de
two years later under some papers on his desk . light at a find in poetry, but I have seen him
He would stop in the equally enthusiastic over
midst of writing a lead the discovery of helium
ing editorial to read any and of the code of Ham
thing that happened to murabi. Botany and as
be laid upon his chair tronomy were his special
the three chairs in his hobbies. Church federa
cubby -hole of an office tion and simplified spell
always were piled to the ing were his pets of re
toppling point with books forms. Intolerance and
and pamphlets. Dr. Ward pretentiousness were his
believed that to waste chief detestations. His
time was a mortal sin . pen was sharpened to a
Until the last few years dagger's point whenever
of his life he would run he discussed a case of
down eight Aights of race prejudice or the
stairs rather than wait spread of academic rit
for the elevator. I should ualism . Most of the re
not like to have gone fish forms for which he
ing with him . I cannot labored and suffered ob
imagine him going on a loquy in his younger
vacation and lying on days, the abolition of
his back dreaming as the slavery, the rights of
clouds Aoated by. He women, the liberalizing
would more likely be of theology, and the de
working over cylinders cline of sectarianism ,
at the Metropolitan Mu were in large measure
seum or preparing a ser won before he died . But
mon for next Sunday, or his face was always set
writing the platform of toward the future and he
an Indian conference. DR. WILLIAM HAYES WARD, 1835 - 1916
was as much ahead of his
time to the last as he was
Something of the when he went out as a
man's remarkable versatility and unusual young man to make Kansas a free State. I
range of interests is indicated by Mr. Slosson often asked him to write up his memoirs, because
he had known so many interesting people and he
in the following paragraphs: had been on the inside of so many important
The door of Dr. Ward 's office was open to all movements. But he always refused , for he was
comers . And all comers came. College presi concerned with the people and problems of the
dents and beggars, bishops and heretics, authors present and the future, not those of the past. He
and bores - I see my pairs of categories are not had a great dislike of obituaries. That is why
mutually exclusive, but never mind. One mo- I have not written one of him .

THE FAMOUS PENITENTIARY-SANA

TORIUM AT WITZWIL
TORTY years ago the “Great Marsh” ting genius of the place, Director Kellerhals,
T near Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland was
the same desolate swamp it had been for cen -
turies. To-day a thousand hectares, owned
by the Canton of Berne, forms a fertile and
flourishing domain so well-ordered that it
suggests an agricultural experiment station .
And this modern miracle has been wrought
by convict labor — but by convict labor oper-
ated under conditions wherein the physical
and moral benefit of the prisoners them
selves is the primary consideration of the au -
thorities, and particularly of the domina-
a man as zealously humane and scientifically
compassionate as our own Thomas Mott
Osborne.
So successful, both morally and financially ,
has been his administration that this " peni
tentiary -sanatorium " is now being widely
copied in other Swiss communities, though
at its inception it was bitterly opposed by the
old régime. It is interesting to learn from a
lengthy article in the Bibliothèque Univer
selle , describing the Witzwil experiment,
that Mr. Kellerhals derived many of his
442 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ideas from American sources. He has had, protect the freed convicts from being out of
however, the advantage that the Witzwil work ; it should receive them whenever they
penitentiary was reserved for primary of knock at its gates. It should be their refuge and
often provide sustenance for their families - to
fenders and other less hardened offenders. whom they could send supplies either in money
In an interesting report on Witzwil, published or in kind - as has long been done at Witzwil
in 1904, M . Kellerhals explained the superiority with fruit, with that portion of their earnings not
of agricultural development to cell-labor, and absorbed by their own maintenance. The colony
traced a picture of the future of the colony in would thus have permanent guests , some of
the Great Marsh which events have justified . He whom would regain a taste for a regular life .
opposed to the objections of the "old directors of We should have indulgence for these degraded
prisons and professors of penal law , hostile to unfortunates ( first offenders, tramps, etc.),
innovations which they had not initiated," the though without pity for hardened criminals,
progress realized in the United States by the re against whom society must protect itself by all
available means.
formatories which had broken the yoke of routine
in order to conform penitentiary organization to The main arguments in favor of agricul
the necessities of practical life . He had no tural employment are thus stated :
trouble in making his compatriots, proud of the aim of punishment is the regeneration of
success of Witzwil, partake of his opinion. In theThe
1910 he condensed the substance of his observa madeconvict. In reality, it is much if he is not
worse. Sojourn in close confinement is de
tions and experiments in a report to the Swiss bilitating.
Penitentiary Congress at Sion . At the same time tune except But most of the men have no for
their manual strength ; it is impor
he took advantage of the eighth International tant,
Congress at Washington to personally observe Work therefore, that this should not be enfeebled .
in the open air banishes evil thoughts and
the results obtained in the United States by the turns the minds of the prisoners into the right
new methods. . . . path . The work is distributed according to in
Mr. Kellerhals also made a report upon dividual
scious of
capacity . . . . The prisoner is con
the result of his labors. He is a mem
the Washington Congress, wherein he ex ber of the collectivity ; he sees the sowing and
pressed admiration for some of the Ameri the harvesting, the growth of domestic animals.
He uses the tool he himself has fashioned . He
can methods, though disapproving of others.
He found a “ misplaced luxury " in some observes that eager labor from morning till
night is not a punishment, but that the director
prisons, and, strange to say, he did not ap and his staff give themselves to it with more
prove of the night courts nor of the chil ardor than the prisoners. The contact with na
dren 's courts , though recognizing the reason ture produces its beneficent influence. . . It
for them in this country. He was, however, often happens that the man leaves the peniten
tiary with body hardened and spirit softened and
converted to the principle of the indetermi with a better comprehension of life and of his
nate sentence. He speaks warmly of the duties. The prison has then achieved its aim
American idea, enunciated as far back as physical and moral amendment. . . . Another
1876 by Brockway , the founder of Elmira , advantage should be emphasized : the work of
that the prison should be a moral hospital. the prisoners is utilized rationally, without com
peting with that of free laborers. An accessory
based on the principle of the moral and
and phys
phys- condition . . . is that the execution of the sen
ical re-education of its prisoners, with pun- tence is without cost to the State.
ishment as a mere accessory. The material success which Witzwil owes to
Mr. Kellerhals is a strong advocate of these ideas is considerable. The moral results
making agriculture the principal occupation are not so easily estimated. . . The rela
tions which Witzwil sustains, however, with a
of the prisoners. Some of the representa - number of its former residents prove that its les
tives at the Swiss congress opposed this as sons have not been lost.
unsuited to those cantons which are chiefly Another social advantage urged is that in
industrial rather than agricultural, since it is dustrial labor in the cells not only competes
of prime importance that the discharged with that of free workingmen , but tends to
prisoner should find himself fitted to sup form a class of mediocre workers to swell
port himself by a profitable trade. It is the proletariat of the cities, and incidentally
pointed out, however, by the advocates of the army of vagabonds and “ repeaters,"
the prison -farm , that aside from the general whereas the Witzwil régime increases the
physical and moral advantages to the pris number of able farm -hands, gardeners,
oner of outdoor labor, there are multifarious dairymen, etc., of whom Switzerland is in
occupations connected with the operation of creasingly in need — an argument which ap
an extensive farm , which give opportunity plies with much force to conditions in Amer.
for training in various trades. An interest ica likewise.
ing paragraph reads as follows: The latter part of this valuable article
The colony should be less a place of detention concerns the “ refuges" erected to assist dis
than a station of prevention and the center of charged prisoners in obtaining positions in
the efforts of the official guardians. It should which to support themselves by honest labor.
 443
LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH
THE ENGLISH CHANNEL TUNNEL IN A
NEW LIGHT
DOTH military and popular sentiment in templated in recent years, provided with a
D Great Britain has, in the past, pre- double -track railway, would have easily en
dominantly antagonized the perennial project sured the transportation of troops at the rate
of a tunnel connecting that country with of an army corps a day, with complete equip
France. Britain took comfort in her in - ment and supplies. No fear of submarines
sularity, not only as a safeguard against for- and airships ; no occasion to immobilize a
eign aggression , but also , and perhaps espe- large contingent of the navy for protecting
cially , as a token of British reserve and ex - transports ; no monopolization of seaports , to
clusiveness. The great war, which has the detriment of commerce . The whole
wrought so many other changes, has demon - course of the war might have been different
strated that, tunnel or no tunnel, Great had such a tunnel existed .
Britain can no longer be insular. This is the M . de Lannoy's remarks on the tunnel
age of the Zeppelin and the aeroplane, which project acquire timely interest from the fact
are blithely indifferent to surface geography. that the British Government, as well as
It is likewise the age of the submarine, which British public opinion , appears to be at last
passes nonchalantly through a cordon of pro - fully converted to the scheme. The secre
tecting warships. tary of H . M . Office of Works announced
The irony of fate willed that, when the last May that the undertaking would not be
present war broke out, the lack of a tunnel postponed much longer, and the matter has
under the channel was most bitterly regret- since been taken up in Parliament.
ted by that very element of British official- . Now that the project is near to realization ,
dom which has been chiefly responsible for it is of interest to review its vicissitudes. M .
the non -realization of the project ; namely, de Lannoy declares that the earlier plans, in
the military authorities. A French writer, cluding that of Mathieu, which was warmly
P. de Lannoy, points out in a recent num - espoused by Napoleon , would have proved
ber of La Nature how extremely valuable impracticable, even if they had found the
this means of communication would have necessary public support. The engineering
been at the time of mobilization, and subse-
of the first half of the nineteenth century
quently . Such a tunnel as has been con - was not able to cope with the difficulties of
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THE CHANNEL TUNNEL SCHEME IN ITS LATEST FORM
 444 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
such a task. The first feasible project ap- gium -Holland. Yet in 1910 only a million
pears to have been that of Gamond , elab - persons crossed the channel, bound for
orated between 1834 and 1866 , and favor- France or Great Britain . The obstructive
ably regarded by Napoleon III and Queen effect of the channel is brought out in an
Victoria . This provided for an artificial other way by the statement that every in
island in the middle of the channel, at which habitant of England performs, on an average,
the tunnel was to rise above sea level, and thirty railway journeys per annum in his
which was to afford connection with steam own country, yet only one Englishman in
ers . After 1869 several companies were thirty crosses the channel each year.
formed to make preliminary surveys and ex - The writer sees an analogous effect in the
plorations, and all the technical problems slower growth of commerce between France
were solved . In the '80 's, however, the tide and England than between France and Ger
of British opposition , on military and senti- many ; notwithstanding the fact that in the
mental grounds, set in , and the project slum - former case the two countries are singularly
bered until 1913, when it experienced a vig - well fitted to supply each other's wants.
orous revival. Finally , the events of the past since their productions are complementary
two years have made the tunnel question a to a remarkable degree .
burning one. - The cost of the tunnel is estimated at
The French author adduces some striking $ 80,000 ,000 , a sum that would be readily
figures to show how serious a barrier the subscribed in England, France, and Belgium .
English Channel has been to intercourse be- One of its effects would be to diminish by
tween England and the Continent. In 1911, two hours the length of the journey from
2,808,000 persons passed between Germany London to Paris ; and another would be to
and France. In the same year there were banish the bugbear of seasickness now inci
4 , 364,500 travelers between France and Bel- . dental to that journey.

ECHOES OF THE TRENCHES

W H EN the lull came after the terrific and paper, and began to write. Throughout
battle of the Marne, the men in the the night he wrote, and in the morning he
trenches had opportunity to take stock of had the matter for four pages .
their surroundings and of themselves, and As his duty permitted during the day, he
they began to grumble. The grumblings designed and lettered his title and copied
reached their officers, who quickly cast about his writing on wax stencil paper. That
for means to take the minds of their men night the first number of L ' Echo des
from “ the shells, the mud and the Germans.” Tranchées was mimeographed in the head
They suggested naming the trenches, which quarters of the surgeon -major. A priest
amused the rank and file for the time. Then volunteered to distribute the magazine in
they tried entertainments, even theatrical the trenches and, with the edition strapped
burlesques , but their effect was only tem - to his back, pedaled his bicycle to the front.
porary . The men in the trenches received the sheet
One day — it was the 28th of November, with great glee -- and forgot their troubles.
1914, to be exact - Brigadier-General No Other regiments took up the idea, till now
daillac was discussing the situation with there are a score or more of “ trench maga
Colonel Paty du Clam , of Dreyfus trial zines." These are described in an entertain
fame, who was in command of the 17th ter- ing article contributed by Gelett Burgess to
ritorials in Champagne. Suddenly the gen- the September Century.
eral suggested publishing a magazine “ in Chief among these publications are Le
the trenches and for the trenches.” Colonel Poilu, published at Chalons-sur-Marne, and
du Clam was enthusiastic . “ I know just Le Diable au Cou , issued by the Chasseurs
the man to edit it !” he declared, and forth - Alpines — the Blue Beirbs they are called in
with set out in search of Paul Reboux, for the field - each of which has a circulation of
mer literary critic of the Journal and famed more than 18,000 .
as a wit. Leboux fell in with the idea. Others are L 'Echo de L 'Argonne, L 'Echo
" We'll call it L 'Echo de Tranchées," he des Boyaux, L 'Echo des Marmites, L 'Echo
said to his colonel, and standing a packing- des Guitonnes, Le Canard Poilu , with its il.
box on its end, sought out a candle, pen , ink, lustrated supplement, La Lapin à Plumes, La
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH
Mouchoir, L 'Echo des Gour
bis, and La Voix du 75. This
last, La Voix du 75 , is the
smallest of them all, its four
pages being only five by three
inches ; but it has the distinc
tion of being hectographed
within twenty -five metres
from the front, and its edi
tor apologizes for the imper
CARRE
LE
OUT
fection of the copies , “ be
cause the earth , shaken by
shells, keeps dropping into
the ink and the machine.”
As the news of the maga
zines spread , men famous in
the world of art and letters,
Henri de Régnier, Alfred
Capus, Gabriel Hanotaux ,
Brieux, Theodore Botrel,
Paul Hervieu , Marcel Tin
ayre and Edmond Rostand,
send contributions . Paul
Deschanel, president of The
Chamber of Deputies, wrote from the Ceniury Magazine
words of cheer, and even the
president of the Republic
himself, Raymond Poincaré, sent greetings have marraines are called permissionaires ,
to themen in the trenches .
Some of the editorial sanctums are in the
trenches, but most are in the headquarters
of the surgical camps, as these are more pró-
tected.
Oftentimes the editors " put down their
pens to take up their guns,” but many com -
manders, appreciating the importance of
keeping the poilus in good spirits, have re
lieved the editors of all other duties.
One of themagazines is printed in Paris,
but the others are hectographed, mimeo
graphed or cyclostyled near the trenches.
Being issued solely to amuse the poilus, the
jokes are broad , virile and lively — strong
jokes for strong men . Of course the Kaiser,
the Kronprinz and Kultur furnish lively ma-
terial. Le Mouchoir prints nothing but
puns, but the never-failing source of delight
is found in the marraines and permissions
aires.
When it was found that thousands of the Republic.
soldiers received neither letters nor presents, President Poincaré, valuing this spirit in
it was suggested in Paris that the French the trench magazines , wrote:
women , of all ages and circumstances,
adopt” one or more poilus and pledge them
selves to write and send presents to them
every so often . The idea sprang into instant
favor — and. the poilus christened these women
marraines
Those of the poilus granted furloughs who
445
DE GUERRE
AL
L'ECHO E TRANCHÉES
A
' Écho de l' rgonne
F L'ÉCHOOUR eR
DU de
lace Sailofa.bs
VePetit Echo
OP
BALLADE DES BOYAUX
SOME
SOME OF THE
1 LEADING " TRENCH MAGAZINES"
and , as can be imagined, the meetings be
tween marraines and permissionaires are al
ways interesting , and many are the romances
which have sprung from them .
L 'Echo des Gourbis has even parodied
the marriage certificate by a Certificat de
Marraine. Poetry is, of course, rampant,
but the hero most sung of is not the sol
dier brave, not the fearless aviator, but
the company cook, who, heedless of shot or
shell, serves regularly the coffee and the
"monkey.” These magazines printed in
black , blue and violet ink receive official rec
ognition in the Bulletin des Armées de la
Republique, the official paper issued every
Wednesday, with a supplement on Satur
day, under the supervision of the Min
ister of War. The best articles , jokes
and drawings of the trench magazines
are reproduced and thus receive tribute to
the service they are performing for the
This gaiety , which the
youmost
keepcharming
even in forms
the face
of
of danger, is one of
the French spirit. Every time I find myself
among you , your heroism seems the greater be
cause of your joyous spontaneity and freedom
from care. May the " echo of the trenches” be
heard not only to the extremes of France, but in
every part of the world !
446 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
WHY DOES ART FLOURISH IN TIME
OF WAR ?
TV Milan alone there were no less than and the bourgeois, having a certain degree of taste
I nine exhibitions of art last spring. A re- or of snobisme, were able to profit.
orBut this is not a complete explanation. It
cent number of the Milan review , Pagine should be noted that in the majority of the works
d' Arte , announces also similar exhibitions all exhibited and sold the horror and wretchedness
over Italy — in Bologna, Brescia, Florence, of the present time were not reflected .
The heavens are seen still decked in blue and
Leghorn , Cremona, Pesaro, Palermo, etc. rose,
Moreover, the pictures are not only ex flowery,thethewaves are still limpid, the meadows
houses unruined and cheerful. Here
hibited , but the sales surpass those in time of is the woman in all her delicate grace and engage
peace. The review mentioned says apropos ing charm , the man in all his tranquil strength .
of these facts : . . . In short, we have the peace and serenity
of the past reaffirmed and giving the lie to the
Nine exhibitions of art in two months is a terrible error conjured up in our minds by the
splendid sign of national vigor. Though the lengthy war-- the error of almost believing that
exhibits which have so abounded ever since the every smile of men or of things has disappeared
forever .
beginning of the war have benevolence as their These bits of azure and green are not solely
object, they are none the less a sign of the a consoling memory, but also an act of faith .
maintenance of public tranquillity , of hearty con Yes, the germ of joy still lives ; the soul of the
fidence, in the midst of trying and laborious springtime still throbs in the meadows mangled
crises. They indicate also casy circumstances by the machine-gun and gorged with blood . The
economically, since they are much frequented, youth of mankind will be resuscitated in yet
and since more pictures are sold than has ever other strong and noble bodies. . . . And if a few
been the case in time of peace. square inches of canvas can hold colors other
than the atrocious red and funereal black of this
Commenting on this statement the Biblio unhappy hour, if a bit of marble can represent
thèque Universelle (Lausanne) remarks : to us a beautiful, gay countenance, a serene and
lovely bosom , we hasten to admire and to pur
The fact is singular and lends itself to divers chase the picture or the statue.
interpretations. Some persons may surmise that Has it ever before been so often repeated by
the abundant sales are dependent merely upon word of mouth or of pen that art is the great
the low prices. The class of artists is incon consolatrice of our worst sufferings ? Even like
testably that which found itself during the early religious faith , and perhaps still better ; for the
period of the war in the most precarious situation , effect of faith in terrible hours is exerted rather
For a year there were no sales. Hence the in the direction of resignation , while art pro
necessity of presentation to the public under more cures for us a wholesome forgetfulness whence
favorable conditions than ever - conditions by our forces issue gifted with more resistance and
which, naturally, the amateur, the monopolist, more enthusiasm .

SOME REMINISCENCES OF MOUNET .

SULLY'S YOUTH
THE famous French tragedian , Mounet- whom great men are so often indebted for
1 Sully, whose recent death was a dis - their qualities, looked with disfavor upon
tinct loss to the Comédie Française, had late- the histrionic profession for her son . His
ly been engaged in writing his memoirs, and genius, therefore , had to find its own pecu
these are now running in the well-known il- liar path .
lustrated magazine, Je Sais Tout ( Paris) . When he was about fourteen years old it
Among much that is of interest, chiefly to chanced that a charitable entertainment was
French readers, we find certain episodes that organized for the benefit of the poor in the
are of universal appeal, as indicating the in - little town of Bergerac where he resided .
Auences affecting the development of the Naturally everybody in the village and its
artist. environs was present. Among the spectators
Mounet-Sully was not one of those " chil. was the distinguished actor Ballande, who
dren of the theater” whose birth and early resided in a small château in the neighbor
environment seem to predestine their later hood. The organizers of the fête urged him
careers. Moreover, his mother, one of those to take part, and he responded by reciting
admirable women and devoted parents to certain stanzas from Polyeucte. The effect
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 447
on the young Mounet - it was later that he if not her approval, on his departure for
called himself Mounet-Sully — was over- Paris to seek entrance in the Conservatoire.
whelming. He thus describes it in his
memoirs :
I was dazzled. For me this was the Revela .
tion . A revelation wherewith was mingled a
sort of bewilderment. I had not suspected the
existence of tragic verse. It was now discovered
to me. Its splendor took irresistible possession
of me, though I was not able to give a reason
for it ; it made conquest of the very depths of
my soul. For the first time I became conscious
of cadence and rhythm .
I may say that from that very hour my voca -,
tion was determined . But I cannot better define
the quality of that first impression than by re
peating that it was compounded of stupefaction ,
bewilderment, and bedazzlement. . . . I was then
but a child , and it was but slowly that there was
sketched within me the road which should lead to
Art. I remained at Bergerac until my twenty
sixth year, bearing within me the dream , obscure
at first, but little by little gaining in growth , be.
coming absorbing ar..) tyrannical, of devoting
myself to Tragedy .

Meanwhile, he tells us, he dallied with

various arts. He painted, modeled , essayed
musical composition , while his mother urged
upon him first the clerical, and on his re
fusal of that, the legal profession . But
finally " the sainted woman " of whom , he
tells us, the memory was the most precious
treasure of his life, gave him her benediction , MOUNET-SULLY AT TWENTY - FIVE

MR. SOTHERN 'S VIEWS OF MOVING

PICTURE ACTING
THAT Mr. E . H . Sothern is America's with even our gestures limited, with our space
I foremost living actor, is a statement for moving about cut to the narrowest allow
ance. If we attempt to express some sudden
often made and seldom , if ever, contradicted .
violent emotion with a wide gesture we are told
It was a notable day for the motion -picture quickly that we are out of the picture ; if we
industry , therefore, when he consented to stride across the stage to express irritation, an
appear before the camera in several plays, noyance, we are out of the picture ; if we glance
the first of which is now being shown on the away from the people with whom we are acting
our glance is out of the picture. In fact, the
screen . first thing to learn in acting in the " movies" is to
In the September Craftsman , Mr. Sothern keep in the picture. Everything is limited for the
tells some of the difficulties which he en be actor, except his facial expression , and that must
exaggerated beyond anything he has ever per
countered in changing from the spoken mitted himself on the legitimate stage. Fre
drama to the motion picture. quently, every variety of emotion — anger, rage,
All of his life had been spent on the pride, joy, sorrow - must be given out through
reel to the canvas and then to an audience
stage, and he had grown accustomed to de the solely by the varying expression of the eyes and
pend not only upon the gesture, the voice, the mouth . Every expression must be intensified
and the expression , but also upon the living in moving pictures, because through the expres
audience. In " acting for the movies," how sion alone, most rapidly presented , will the peo
ple who have nothing to do with your person
ever, the voice and the audience are missing,
si ality,
while the gesture is limited and the expres- pressionyourof the
voice, your you
picture gesture, receiveto an
are trying im
convey.
sion is exaggerated. We quote Mr. Sothern :
Still another difficulty was the way in
We do our acting before the moving camera which scenes were photographed without re
448 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ence as to the reality of his
presentation ; but a moving
picture actor never tries to
feel any emotion , only to
help the audience to feel it
You stand in the corner of
an immense room where three
or four other plays are going
on ; you inhabit only a narrow
strip of a corner where your
own play is going on . Proba
bly you have only the illusioni
of scenery on two sides of you.
At first you even hear the stage
directions given to the other
actors and lights are going up
and down all about you and
people are passing everywhere
Occasionally, to your astonist
ment, at least during rehearsal,
they walk through your " set,*"
and by chance the new hand
MR. SOTHERN IN A MOVING -PICTURE STUDIO . AN OFF MOMENT BE may
TWEEN SCENES delay in the " set" when
the reel starts so that you can
no more count upon any outside
gard to order, depriving the actor of the op- illusion to help you with the development of your
creation than you could if you were walking
portunity of "working up” to his scene. down Broadway. Your entire picture must come
In the play written for the legitimate stage mechanically from your brain ; you cannot ac
usually an actor works up through his first and quire any inspiration , any stimulus.
second act to the final culmination of emotional
expression in the third . I shall always remember A graceful tribute is paid by Mr. Sothern
my bewilderment when I discovered one day to the director of a photo -play , whom he
that I was being called upon to pose my third calls the " movie" schoolmaster. “ He knows
act first of all because that scenery was ready the expression that will carry on the canvas,
of lights
and the
part the room that that
placed beso best
were could particular. he
photographed knows the look that the audience will an
And it may be that in one moving play an actor swer. In other words, he knows the machine
will be photographed in various parts of a build and the audience, and he knows how to make
ing or various parts of a town or various parts
of a country, according as the director desires as the actor a satisfactory connecting link."
to make a particular play intensely and vividly Mr. Sothern expresses great regret that
realistic, so that there is no opportunity for put he is not able to present Shakespeare before
ting yourself in a psychological state and living
your part from hour to hour, or becoming the the camera ; but the impossibility of cops
actual man you portray. righting such plays renders the financial risk
so great that the film company is unwilling
On the stage the actor persuades his audi- as yet to undertake the production .

IRON MONEY IN GERMANY

THE very great scarcity in Germany of only on condition that the metal should be pro
tected from rust by a process at once efficacious
I nickel and copper, those metals so useful and economical. Among the many methods
for military purposes , has led to their with tested , the one selected was Sherardisation , so
drawal from monetary circulation . The called from the name of the inventor, Sherard
small change required for business is now D . Cowper Coles.
made of iron , whose tendency to rust is over sistsThis, which is both durable and cheap , con
come by applying a coating of zinc. The first case indisks
placing the articles to be treated, in this
of steel not yet stamped , inside a
issue of iron money was $ 2,000,000, and its receptacle filled with powdered zinc. The whole
success led to the order for a new issue of is then heated and kept for a certain length of
$ 4,000,000 . time at a temperature slightly lower than that
The Elektroteknisch Zeitschrift ( Berlin ) of the fusion of zinc. A protective alloy is thus
formed on the surface of the disk sufficiently
gives details of the manufacture. tenacious to undergo stamping without cracking
The use of iron, or rather, of steel,was possible and very resistant to rust.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 449

THE JEW AND THE WAR

AMERICAN Jewry has by force of cir- numbers and quality it is equal to that of a
I cumstances been led to become the small ally. . . .
As to national rights in transferred terri
protector and defender of the war-torn tories, where Jews live in large masses, I must
Jewry of Europe. The spokesmen of the say that a vague " paper" emancipation of
American Jews have been numerous and rights is really not sufficient in those parts where
powerful, but practically no voice from the they meet with much hostility from their sur
roundings. The " rights” have to be guaranteed .
Polish -Russian Jewry, a body of 8,000,000 A special formula will have to be drawn up
people, has reached the world 's attention . to safeguard not only their economic rights, but
The following remarkable utterance of Na what is more important still, their cultural in
dividuality . The Jews of Poland and Galicia
hum Sokolow , made in the course of an should not be compared with the Jews in any
interview with the London correspondent of western European country. The Jews in those
the Jewish Criterion , Pittsburgh , fills that parts are too numerous, too distinctive, too typi
gap. M . Sokolow is the foremost living cal, have too much of their own ancient tradi
Hebrew publicist. He has been the editor of tion , going back to times immemorial, are too
psychologically unique to be absorbed by a not
the Hazefirah , a daily published in Warsaw , overwhelming majority, which is also not very
for more than thirty years, and is an execu - superior to them in culture, ability and energy .
tive member of the international Zionist or It is obvious that the Jews in Poland, as well
ganization . No man of his race could repre as in any other country, will undoubtedly be
devoted to the interests and welfare of that
sent the Russian and Polish Jews with country, as they will also be loyal to the new
greater authority, more extensive knowledge, government. So they have to be. The condi
or broader vision . He said : tioning circumstances will make them so . But
their rights have not to be bought at the price
It is clear that this warwill notusher in the mil of the denial of their individuality . . . . They
lennium ; nor are we to expect a definite triumph should not be hampered in living their own
of justice at the end, for absolute justice for the life, in realizing their national ego . I think
various nationalities engaged in the conflict is that the modus vivendi of Jews and Poles would
impossible. To secure such an ideal state of be much easier this way than any other way.
justice would mean the overturning of our whole If the Poles are anxious that the Jews should
social fabric. Nationality does not correspond speak Polish, let them be sure that in twenty
with territory. Many nations are a mixture of years of Polish autonomy or independence the
nationalities. And to secure such an equal bal. Jews would speak such a wonderful Polish that .
ance among the nations, a transference of na- many Poles would be really jealous of it. I
tionalities would be necessary. But justice is should like to think that they should speak as
an abstract ideal, a pure political chimera, and good a Hebrew as they would Polish . For me
it cannot be easily applied to the different na the ideal type of a Polish Jew is the type de
tionalities at this stage of civilization . What is
picted by that great Polish novelist, Joseph
just for one is unjust for another. Krazowski, in his remarkable tale " The Jew ."
Nationalistic views to -day have become like In it he draws a Jew who is at the same time
religion . Only one side is seen , and to the an enthusiastic Hebrew and a devoted adherent
interested observers, that side, of course, must to the Polish patriotic cause. My friends and I
be right. These views are intermixed with have always been in great sympathy with the
various interests and motives, and only the Polish national cause, not in spite of, but because
nationalistic ego predominates. In the striving of our Jewish nationalistic feelings. . . .
for national defense, the national soul only
speaks, and not the general humanitarian soul. M . Sokolow then spoke gratefully of the
However, when peace will be concluded , a
itdecrease
is not inhumanly
armaments is bound
possible to follow
for Europe (as part their
to bearing
the American Jews have played in aid
suffering European brethren . He
all these burdens indefinitely). And the Jewish expressed his hope that the American press
problem , which is continually causing irritation, and the American public will see to it that
disharmony, conflicts within and among the
nations within the nations through persecution at the coming Peace Conference justice be
and among the nations through emigration done to the Jewish people. The European
should be made the subject of consideration at Jews, he said , will never forget the assistance
the coming conference of nations. given to the Palestinian settlers by that
The Jewish people are more entitled now to a
proper consideration of their problem than at " crentspirited
great-spirited American M . Morgenthau "
American, Mr.Morgenthau.”
the time of the French Revolution, or at '48. If the Jewish problem is to be solved satis
or at any other epoch in history, when it was factorily at the end of the Great War, the
decided to confer rights upon them out of the Tewish claims to Palestine should not be
mere fact that they were human beings. This
is the first time in their history that they are ignored . “ For what we have in Palestine
called upon to make so many sacrifices. Alto- does not belong to one group of Jews, but
gether, they have given over 700,000 soldiers to the whole Jewish nation. This is the
to the various belligerents, quite an army inmits
it
self. In fact, I should say, that in point of nucleus of a great Jewish future.”
Oct - 7
450 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ITALIAN OBJECTIONS TO ALCOHOL
CO general has been the idea that Italy the race to the use of alcoholic beverages,
offered an example of the comparative from Roman times downward. In his opin
harmlessness of the moderate consumption ion , however, this toleration of alcohol has
of alcoholic beverages that many will be been boughtat the expense of a deterioration
surprised at the views expressed by Signor of the race in the chief wine-growing regions.
Leonardo Bianchi, member of the Italian While acute alcoholism is comparatively
Chamber of Deputies, in Nuova Antologia rare, chronic alcoholism , the slow intoxica
(Rome) . The writer estimates the aver tion induced by the continued absorption of
age annual value of the wine produced in alcohol, is only too common , diminishing
Italy during the five-year period 1909-1913 the resistance of the organism to fatigue,
at nearly $ 300 ,000,000 annually , and he reducing the power of consecutive action,
notes that five-sixths of this wine product and, through the constant irritation of the
was consumed in the home country . This nerve-centers, developing a tendency to
is in marked contrast with France, where a litigiousness.
considerable part of the wine produced is An important economic aspect of the ques
exported to foreign lands. tion has been rendered especially prominent
Regarding the quantity of alcohol ab- in the course of the war. While the annual
sorbed in a day by many Italians, Signor value of the wine consumed in Italy may be
Bianchi says : put at $ 250,000,000, that country does not
produce enough grain to supply its needs,
From an investigation begun two years ago in and it has been necessary to import grain
a private clinic by interrogating the patients, it
was found that much greater quantities of wine from abroad to the value of from $60,000,
were consumed than could be properly oxidated 000 to $ 100,000,000 annually.
in the system , the result being serious injury to This condition was rendered more acute
health by slow intoxication . Many of those who than usual last year because of a poor harvest
were questioned declared that it was usual for
them to drink a bottle of wine at each of their and by the exceedingly heavy freight charges
two repasts, although this quantity did not, in on imports. If now a part of the ground
most cases, produce any symptoms of inebriety, and the labor at present devoted to vinicul
because they were so thoroughly habituated to ture were given to the cultivation of grain ,
the use of wine.
Now , two bottles contain on an average from Italy would be the gainer by securing a true
one and a half to two liters of wine, which, food product, instead of a mere stimulant,
estimating the alcoholic contents at 12 per cent., and by expending at home the sum she is
gives from 150 to 200 grams of alcohol as the now obliged to send abroad in order to sud
usual daily quantity, not taking account of the
greater amount of wine commonly consumed onin plement her wheat supply, which is now in
pre
festival days. Such a quantity of alcohol, espe - sufficient for the needs of her people.
cially for those who do not perform hard work, At least no encouragement should be ac
is certainly toxic, for according to the most thor- corded to an extension of viniculture. nor
ough researches, it cannot be oxidated and hence
is valueless as an aliment, circulating in the should those vines that have been destroyed
blood and exercising a deleterious influence upon by phylloxera be replaced . Moreover, every
the nervous centers and the entire economy of effort should be made to produce a type of
the organism . vine containing a low percentage of alcohol,
and the exportation of Italian wines should
As to the hygienic effects of alcohol the be fostered in every way. In Russia, Eng.
writer proceeds to cite a number of some land, and America they would be at present
what divergent opinions; but, whatever may
be asserted as to occasional ornatever may valuable substitutes for the stronger alcoholic
temporary
beneficial results upon the physical organism , beverages. The export of raisins should also
he considers that we have ample proof of be encouraged to a great extent. Energetic
action is necessary ; for a country which is
the injurious effect it exercises upon the psy obliged to have recourse to foreign lands for
chic functions. Instead of increasing mental bread, meat, skins, wool, and so many other
vigor, alcohol depresses it, and finally para
lyzes it, in spite of the apparent but decep indispensable things, while continuing to be
tive stimulation its use produces at the outset. an essentially agricultural country, and which
That Italians more rarely exhibit the is obliged to consume its own wine product,
symptoms of acute alcoholism than do those although this possesses but little value for
of other nationalities is, in this writer's view , its health and well-being, can never be a
a result of the century -old habituation of prosperous country,
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 451
THE POPULATION OF THE ARGENTINE
IN spite of the widespread interest recent- emancipation. These are the Hispano-native
I ly aroused in our South American neigh - half-breeds. (4 ) The indigenous popula
bors, it is probable that most of us have a tions in regions where there has been no
rather vague idea as regards the racial bal- European installation , and which are not in
ance in the various countries between the corporated in the Argentine nation . These
original inhabitants and the new and old are the Indians.
immigrants who have partly supplanted them A n important ethnic detail is that, while
and partly absorbed them . the Anglo -Americans have formed a single
The question is answered illuminatingly race without intermingling with the natives,
for the Argentine by Mr. José Ingenieros, there have been formed on the Ibero -Ameri
of Buenos Aires, in the Revista de Filosofia. can trunk two branches: ( 1) A small num
He points out, to begin with , that the sub - ber of white creoles inhabiting the cities .
stitution of white for native colored races (2 ) A more considerable quantity of creoles
has proceeded much more rapidly in the of the suburbs and country places. The first
temperate zones of the American continent have prepared the sociologic formation of the
than in tropical America (from Mexico to Argentine nationality and assured its po
Bolivia ). Moreover there are marked dif- litical independence, while the second are
ferences in the method of adaptation of the barbarians as compared with the highly civil
incoming races in the different countries. In ized members of the first branch . These
the north there has been little intermingling two groups are known as Argentines and
with the native population , while in the Gauchos.
south great masses of half -breeds have re
tarded the diffusion of the white races. The Euro -Argentines are the only ones who
have achieved successful revolution and inde
European immigration in America can be ex pendence. They have done this by bringing into
pressed in simple terms: two white races, one the Republic the political and economic innova
English, the other Iberian, found themselves in tions of European countries, the ideas of the
contact with great populations of natives, divided encyclopedists and the physiocrats, and the cur
into tribes more or less grouped in definite terri rents of democracy. They were the promoters of
tories. In political and military language this is the Argentine nationality. This was their ex
called conquest; in natural language it was then clusive work ; they conceived and realized the
a struggle between autochthonous and immigrant idea of it. The Hispano natives remain aloof
races for the occupation of American soil. And from the social and national life. They furnish
this struggle had for a result: (1) The substitu the principal contingent of the military forces
tion in the temperate zones of the two Americas which fought against the Spanish at first and
of European white races for uncivilized indigen later participated in the civil war. They repre
ous races of color ; ( 2 ) The adaptation of the sent in their ensemble Gaucho and Hispano
European races to the New World with varia American society essentially distinct from Argen
tions of infuences. This substitution had three tine society,
consequences: (1) The inequality of civilization As for the autochthonous element, it remains
absolutely apart from the new Argentine na
of the native races ; (2) The inequality of civi
tionality, with no thought of independence, and
lization of the conquering white races; ( 3 ) The
does not intervene in civil or national wars
inequality of the physical milieu to which adap
tation was required . except in the form of bands enrolled by the
peninsular whites or American whites, who con
After this clear-cut introduction Mr. siderTherethemselves their superiors.
remains the negro race, which is of
Ingenieros observes that in South America minor importance in temperate South America ,
the racial evolution was of similar character and is moreover almost extinguished by the ex
in the Argentine Republic , in Uruguay, in tensive interbreeding. . . .
The Hispano -natives did not immediately
Chile and in the southern part of Brazil. adapt themselves to the political and social inno
Taking the first-named as a type he finds vations inaugurated by the Euro -Argentine
tour elements in the population of Argen - minority which created the new nationality under
tine territory : ( 1 ) Immigrant Europeans. the inspiration of democratic doctrines. There
a reactionary movement, under certain chiefs
white in Buenos Aires and the other cities, was
of party, like Rosas, who wished feudal institu
and for the most part Spanish . ( 2 ) The tions to be dominant, and for a score of years
white inhabitants of the cities, descendants sought to arrogate supremacy to the Gaucho
of Spaniards and known as Euro -Argen element and secure a Hispano -colonial restora
tion .
tines. These are essentially European in
manners and civilization . (3 ) The half- To-day, however, the author declares, the
breed populations of the country , who were Argentine nation is definitely consolidated
incorporated into a nation after political under the action of social forces .
452 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
A SOUTH AMERICAN VIEW OF
“ ANGLO -LATIN ” PSYCHOLOGY
IT is usually assumed that the Latin races their political institutions diverged from mili
lly and psychologically tarism and autocracy of the state and looked
I are temperamenta
alike, and are pretty sharply differentiated ine above all to the protection of individual rights,
a The Anglo -Latin 'races form a completely
these respects from the Anglo - Teutonic homogeneous group , not so much in their ethnic
races. It is somewhat surprising, therefore, composition as in their mental conformation, i. e.,
to find a well -known South American lits by the resemblance of their active intellectual
and moral qualities. Deeply rooted in the con
terateur taking the position that there is an sciousness of these nations, in fact, are the noblest
Anglo -Latin ideal markedly distinct from sentiments of humanity and the most generous
and repugnant to, theGermanic ideal. Writ ideas. This is why they have conceived the
ing in Letras, published at Asuncion, Para system of the commonalty of law , founded on
the dogmas of the equality of states and of inter
guay, Dr. Baez observes: national justice, dogmas which condemn violence
with respect to weak nations and their absorp
The Anglo -Latin races, which have been and tion by stronger ones. This is the pacifist and
are always the principal creators of modern humanitarian ideal of the Anglo- Latin nations.
civilization, are the peoples which have been
most profoundly and most perfectly civilized by In conclusion Dr. Baez finds that the
their large culture in civic , moral, and esthetic Germanic military empires are attached to
matters ; the expression of this ennoblement of the ideals of former ages, and that German
the species has been the system of dualism in thinkers have not been able to rid themselves
philosophy, and of liberalism in politics — the of an oriental pantheism in philosophy and
doctrines which are most compatible with human
dignity . Their great political and social revo science , and of a Roman Cæsarism in poli
lutions have had no other end than to affirm tics — two systems which eventually involve
the autonomy of the will, that is, moral liberty , the omnipotence of the state and the anni
the inviolability of the human individual, and the hilation of the liberty of races and of in
democratic régime. And even as their sensibility
and their manners have been humanized , so have dividuals.

BRAZILIAN HOSTILITY TO THE

MONROE DOCTRINE
THAT the Monroe Doctrine, as promul- parts of the American continent is being swiftly
I gated by American statesmen , is unwel converted into a mere appanage of the United
States ! First in the diplomatic, and then in the
come and humiliating to Brazilians and Ar economical sense. Spain and Portugal, our
gentinians is the conclusion reached by ancient masters, have transferred their rights
Professor Oliveira Lima, of the Brazil Acad and privileges to the new metropolis of the
emy. In an article contributed to the Re New World. Brazil has reason to be suspicious
- Spanish America shows neither a surpassing
vista do Brazil (May, 1916 ) , he examines inclination
inclination of
of friendship.
friendship, nor an unlimited , con
the conditions now existing between the na fidence. The Cuban war was started with an
tions of North and South America. injustice to Spain ; it led to the annexation of
" All who have the good fortune to visit whichPorto Rico. The negotiations with Panama,
Señhor Roosevelt can explain much better
the great land of real-estate boomers and than I, have only served to increase our appre
intense political activities, calling itself the hensions, which are: that the results of American
United States of America, should see Ni- imperialism may be just as impartially destruc
agara Falls and try to form a calm opinion tive as those of European imperialism .
of the Monroe Doctrine." With which kind The article then gives a short abstract
suggestion the article immediately proceeds of South American history, as taught in Har
to point out certain inconsistencies between vard University : in the main it consists of
theMonroe Doctrine, as enunciated by Presi accounts of occupations and interventions by
dentMonroe, and the political policies of the European powers in South American affairs ;
United States of to -day : also of the more recent diplomatic history
The Monroe Doctrine is a formula of pro and negotiations with the several large re
tection under the guise of a promise of assist publics south of the equator. After in
ance. . . . As a matter of fact, one of the great dulging in a few vicious side-thrusts at Uncle
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH
Sam for "meddling in internal affairs in
Mexico, which is deeply resented ." and com -
menting on the " diplomatic cleverness which
succeeded in replacing the dictator Huerta
by the dictator Carranza,” the article be
comes reminiscent :
Ninety-five years ago, in 1820, a certain large
landed proprietor in the Argentine, speaking of
the foreign policy of the United States, said that
" South America could never place entire confi
dence in a nation which possesses colonies" — the
United States then being the only one of the larger
powers not possessing any ! A colonial power is
also a conquering power - Rome, Great Britain ,
Spain and Germany have been especially pre
dominant in this expansion - and the United States
has become one of them . Therefore we are ap
prehensive ! . . .
Pan -Americanism , to us, seems a mockery and
impossible of realization . There is no racial, lin
guistic, raditional, or religious community be
tween “ Anglo - Saxon -America " (or shall we say,
with Bryce, " Teutonic America " ?) and Latin
453
America. The geographical situation has no sig
nificance when one considers the distances sep
arating North America from South America, espe
cially since the Panama Canal has severed the
connecting strip of land between them . ( True, we
have sometimes interests and sentiments in com
mon , which, properly agitated and played upon ,
may bring excellent results. “ Pan -Americanism "
continues to represent the ideal of a single union,
and as most of the various " isms" is continually
exhibited for the " grand effect" on the people - its
actual influence being somewhat less than that of
a substantial, solid , silver dollar. . . . .
How many of us know exactly what such a
doctrine as that of Monroe signifies? If they wish
to express its meaning in a few words they say
“ America for ourselves" ! But the word ourselves
should embrace all the peoples and nations of
America. Instead of enunciating and discussing
a chimeric doctrine of " forbidden fruit,” such as
Monroe favored , we should rather work for a
clear and thorough understanding between the
United States and the Latin -American nations by
men of the ingratiating, conciliatory type, such as
Ambassador Morgan . : . .

7 NORWAY BECOMES IMPATIENT

W H ILE the eyes of the whole world Spitzbergen , but the British legation demanded
VV have been directed towards the storm pledges and securities of a kind which it was
practically impossible to give. Therefore, a Nor
center on the Balkan peninsula , especially wegian product, intended for Norwegians work
since the entrance of Rumania on the side ing on Spitzbergen , had to remain in the ware
of the Allies , events are shaping themselves houses, although the workmen were in dire need
in the northern countries of Europe which of it. It is a peculiar coincidence that dealers
in coal, in Norwegian ports, are at the same
may have an important influence on the time dealers in
Great War Sweden and Norway have now compelled tofishturn and blubber. Dealers are
over to the British em
watched with growing irritation the contin bassy a certain percentage of their catch , in
ued interference with Scandinavian mails return for the permission to buy coal from Great
Britain ; they are also forced to obtain permission
and commerce on the part of Great cat
Britain , and there is every indication that from the embassy to sell small portions of their
catch to outsiders.
some decisive action will be taken shortly .
Officially, the parliaments of Sweden and Verdensgang declares that "the control of
Norway maintain silence — an ominous si own the British even goes so far as to put their
lence, in the opinion of the political press superintendents in Norwegian factories,
of the two countries — but the ban has been having complete charge of the raw materials,
lifted on the influential newspapers published by-products, finished products, packing, and
at Christiania. Voices are raised in these shipping. When the Norwegian Govern
papers, with the evident consent of the gov ment proposed to have this work superin
ernment, vigorously attacking Britain and tended by two Norwegians, appointed by the
British methods, The Morgenbladet, for Norwegian Prime Minister, Great Britain
instance , says : curtly refused. This control even extends to
the manufacture of packing boxes for oleo
While our Storthing continues to maintain an margarine, which are shipped from one Nor
absolute silence concerning conditions which are wegian port to another in Norwegian steam
of vital importance to the country, the press has
the duty to lift the veil now hanging over Nor ers,which are using coal mined in England !"
way's position in commercial politics. This posi- Aftenposten calls the attention of the peo
tion is far from enviable . Let us take some of ple to the following flagrant case :
the most flagrant examples : “ Norwegian manu
facturers of oleomargarine are compelled to ob Fifty thousan { bags of oatmeal, which Norway
tain the permission and consent of the British needed for its own use and which were stored
embassy for each shipment of their product, even in Norwegian warehouses, could not be put on
destined for Denmark !” The Norwegian -Spitz - the market because the mill which had done the
bergen company, for instance, ordered twelve grinding had supplied the German Red Cross
tons of oleomargarine for its own workmen on with 400 bags of Norwegian oatmeal, with the
454 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF reviews
special permit of the Norwegian Government ! nation is lost - or, at the best, it is so insignifi.
A small German steamer which reached Chris- cant that the big bullies need pay no attention
tiania in June this year desired thirty small loaves to protests. However, the example of the bee
of bread for the twenty men of its crew . A shows that even where an attack may be followed
baker who was on the point of delivering the by death it is sometimes preferable to die fighting
thirty loaves was ordered to desist, on pain of for a good cause, rather than submit to humilia
being cut off from Americah flour supply for the tions which no sovereign nation ought to suffer.
rest of the war- his name was to be put on This is not a time for blustering, for vain threats,
the blacklist by the British . or vain cries for vengeance ; when the fateful
word is spoken , it will mean a struggle for life
Summing up the situation, the Morgen and death . May Heaven prevent such an event
bladet, in a later issue, says: -- but Great Britain will have to be more of an
assistant to Heaven in this preventing than she
In a world cataclysm the voice of the small has been in the past.

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE FOR WOUNDS

INVALUABLE as has been the aid given antiseptic dressing of wounds, such as the
1 by antiseptics to surgery their use is open “ physiologic salt solution ," containing 8 parts
to a serious objection — namely, that because per 1000 of sodium chloride, the nucleinate
of their toxic power they are apt to be in - of soda, Locke's solution, the serum of the
jurious to the tissues of the body as well as horse, and sea -water. We read :
to septic germs. It is for this reason that
aseptic treatment has made such strides in These substances have the reputation ofmaking
late years. phagocytosis more active and of thus combating
infection . But in what degree ? . . . The result
Now it is comparatively easy to secure of his experiments in this direction showed that
aseptic conditions for operative wounds and these substances were in general not very favor:
those due to ordinary accidents, but the situ able to the phagocytes, with the exception of the
ation is different in wounds received in bat- physiologic solution of common salt; even equine
serum , sea -water and Locke's solution proved
tle , and particularly in trench warfare. In themselves, contrary to current opinion, markedly
such cases the injury is only too apt to be inferior to the salt solution . This has a record
gravely infected before it reaches the atten of 168 microbes destroyed to every fifty poly
tion of a competent surgeon . nuclears. Thus the cytophylactic (cell-protective)
power of the salt solution is very high .
Hence the use of the ordinary antiseptics
known to science, such as hydrogen peroxide,
iodoform , permanganate of potash, ether, outDr. Delbet's next endeavor was to find
whether it was possible to obtain a liquid
phenic acid , sublimate and cyanide of mer whose cytophylactic
cury, etc., etc., has been exceedingly large in higher than those ofproperties would be even
the war hospitals. Since all antiseptics, how therefore extended his the salt solution. He
ever, are highly poisonous, they tend to in tallic chlorides, those researches to other me
jure the cellular tissues of the body. tium , calcium and magnesium . The stron
of manganese, .
latter
Consequently surgeons have sought to restrict proved the most sensitive, distinctly superior
their use as much as possible by stimulating to the salt. After several experiments the
the efforts of the body itself to counteract most favorable percentage was found to be
the microbic poisons which have invaded it. 12.1 parts per 1 ,000.
As is well known, the white blood cor
puscles, known also as leucocytes or phago In these proportions the magnesium chloride
cytes, are valiant soldiers of defense, attack notably augments not only the number of poly
ing the intruding germs and absorbing them , nuclear cells which possess phagocytic (germ .
where their numbers are not too great. Ob destroying power, but also the individual
phagocytic power of each , in such wise that the
viously, then, anything which increases the total number of microbes destroyed , or " phago
activity of the phagocytes will lessen the need cyted ," is at least double that of those slain by
of chemical poisons as antiseptics. the sodium chloride.
In Larousse Mensuel ( Paris ) for August
the experiments of a French physician , Del Dr. Delbet assures us, moreover, that this
bet, in this field are summarized . He first solution is neither toxic , irritating, nor
established the fact that the antiseptics men - hemolytic . He advises its use in the dressing
tioned above are as poisonous to the leuco - of all wounds, whether infected or not, for
cytes as to the microbes — sometimes even laving, for local applications on bandages,
more so . He then studied the ordinary non - and for sub -cutaneous injections.
 THE NEW BOOKS
D
GOOD CAMPAIGN READING
URING the coming month it is safe to say remained for Justice William L. Ransom , of the
that every voter in the United States will City Court of New York, to summarize from the
have brought to his attention hundreds of pages : judicial opinions written by Justice Hughes dur
of printed matter relating directly or indirectly ing that period those utterances that have a direct
to the issues under discussion in the current bearing on our national problems. These reveal
Presidential campaign. The production of this the outlook of the man and the statesman more
material is a highly specialized industry, to which clearly, perhaps, than would any document pre
the national committee of each of the great parties
pared especially for campaign purposes. " Na
devotes much time, thought, and money, com tional Power Over National Interests," " The
mandeering for this service the brains of some Eight-Hour Workday and Compensation for Oc
of the ablest writers in the land . Twenty years cupational Disabilities," " The Rights and Indus
ago, in the famous " Silver" campaign , the outputtrial Status of Women ,” “ America and the Immi
of these special pleaders began to be called grant of To-day and Yesterday," " The Courts as
" literature" (usually in quotation marks), and Expert Agents of Democracy," are among the
then for the first time the "publicity” work of the
topics treated. Judge Ransom makes no plea in
committees became systematized and to a certain the book for the election of Mr. Hughes. He
extent standardized . simply undertakes to give the voter the informa
Our readers will have an opportunity to get tion on the candidate's opinions and mode of
well acquainted with the authorized campaign thinking on public questions that he should have
publications of the respective parties, and not a in order to cast his vote intelligently .
few of them may prove interesting, if not highly A NEW STUDY OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
profitable, reading matter. It is not with them ,
however, that we are here concerned, but with a An academic authority of the type which Wood
wholly different group of books, no one of which row Wilson himself so well exemplified a few
with a view to influence
was written or compiledbut years ago – President Frank J. Goodnow , of Johns
vote November 7, each of which offers Hopkins University - was invited by the Chinese
information and discussion distinctly helpful in Government to draw up a constitution for that
the forming of American public opinion. newest of republics. The task involved a survey
THE PRESIDENT'S OWN CONCEPTION OF HIS OFFice and reëxamination of constitutional government
throughout the modern world , and as the Chinese
Let us begin with President Wilson 's own con people, even the most enlightened among them ,
tribution - a brochure of only seventy pages, had only a theoretical knowledge of the subject,
through which he interprets for us the Presiden Dr. Goodnow 's lectures at Peking University
tial office in the light of historical evolution. This were designed to instruct the intellectual leaders
was written in 1908, while the author was still of the race in the true meaning of constitutions
at Princeton and long before the way to the and their workings. These lectures, now repro
White House had been opened to him through duced in book form , treat of constitutional govern
election as Governor of New Jersey. His con ment in its latest applications — for example,
ception of the Presidency as a position of leader " Federal Government in Australia ” and “ The
ship is clearly set forth : " His is the vital place South African Union ,” besides the more familiar
of action in the system ( of government), whether exemplifications.”
he accepts it as such or not, and the office is the MR. ROOT ON INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS
measure of the man - of his wisdom as well as
of his force." The American people have not Never before have world problems figured so
often had so frank a revelation of a President's largely in an American election as this year.
thoughts concerning the powers and limitations That fact makes very timely the publication of
of his great office. It will bear careful reading former Senator Elihu Root's " Addresses on Inter
as the time approaches when the nation 's suffrage national Subjects." The last six of the addresses
must decide whether the author or another is to appearing in this volume were composed and de
be its responsible executive for the coming four livered after the beginning of the great war.
years. Others, however, like " Protection to Citizens Re
HUGHES THE STATESMAN REVEALED IN HUGHES THE siding Abroad,” “ The Declaration of London,"
and " The Mexican Revolution ” (April 21, 1914 ),
JURIST
bear a direct relation to current history . Mr.
In President Wilson 's book we have a revela Root's views on our dealings with Mexico and
tion (all the more interesting and valuable be the Lusitania episode are developed in his ad
cause it was made before he had held public dress as temporary chairman of the New York
office ) of its author's views on the workings of Republican State . Convention, constituting the
our national government. The President's oppo final chapter of the book . Lawyers will be inter
nent in this campaign has had a longer experi Charles E. Hughes. By William L . Ransom . E . P .
ence in public life ; but the last six years of it Dutton & Co. 353 pp. $ 1.50 . Government.
were passed on the bench and were marked by a 3 Principles of Constitutional By Frank
proper reticence on current political topics. It J. Goodnow , LL.D . Harper & Bros. 396 pp. $2.
* Addresses on International Subjects. By Elihu
The President of the United States. By Woodrow
Wilson . Harper & Bros. 71 pp . 50 cents .
Root. Cambridge : Harvard University Press. 463 pp.
$ 2.
455
456 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ested especially in the addresses on " The Sanction Professor Ezra T . Towne, of Carleton College,
of International Law ," "Private Codification of has prepared a text-book suitable for readers of
International Law ," and "Judicial Settlement of any age on " Social Problems." He has not tried
International Disputes.” As Secretary of War, in this work to make original contributions to
Secretary of State, and United States Senator,Mr. the subjects of Immigration, Child Labor, Labor
Root was for sixteen years in direct contact with Organizations, Crime and Punishment, the Liquor
the problems of national and international poli - Problem , and the Conservation of Natural Re
tics that he discusses in these state papers and sources, but has collected the available material
addresses. This book is a vital expression of on all of these matters and arranged them in such
the well-matured views of one of the very small a form that it may be used to advantage by all
group of Americans whose title to recognition as who desire a better understanding of present-day
world -statesmen goes unquestioned . social conditions.
EXCELLENT TEXT-BOOKS AND MANUALS The first book devoted to the new federal farm
loan system is the work of Mr. Herbert Myrick,
Several of the new text-books of civics and the well-known writer on agricultural topics, who
economics, while intended for school use, have is himself serving as chairman of the Massachu
taken a form that should attract to them many setts Farmland Bank. In this manual Mr. Myrick
adult readers. This is true of " Elementary defines the purpose and principles of the new
Civics,” by Dr. Charles McCarthy, the Wisconsin system as established by federal law , showing
legislative reference librarian , assisted by Miss how the National Farm Loan Associations are to
Flora Swan and Miss Jennie McMullin. As the be organized and conducted , and also how the
authors state in their preface, they have not at joint-stock landbanks are to operate. The author
tempted in this little book to carry out any stere is not convinced that the new law is perfect, but
otyped idea of a text-book in civics. Their aim b elieves that it may be utilized by farmers and
has been , rather, " to give the child of the upper investors to accomplish , to a great extent, the
grades such an understanding of his relation to purposes that it was intended to serve.
other people as to make him a good citizen .” Recent events have greatly stimulated interest
The titles of some of the chapters indicate how in American labor unions. A good introduction
great a departure has been made from the old to the study of these organizations is offered in
fashioned text-books: " Living Together," " The Prof. George Gorham Groat's volume on " The
Industrial Revolution and the Ballot,” “ Why We Study of Organized Labor in America."* The
Vote in Parties,” “From the Cave Dweller to more widely an accurate knowledge of the struc
Modern Boston ," " How the City Does Its Work,”
" How the City Pays Its Bills," " How the State ture of the labor unions is spread abroad the
more intelligent will be the action dictated by
Does Its Work," "How the United States Does public opinion in crises like that through which
Its Work.” It would be a good thing if the cam the country passed last month . Professor Groat's
paign committees this year would see that copies chapters on the strike, arbitration , the boycott,
of this book were placed in the hands of " first the closed shop , and the trade agreement are
voters." especially enlightening and useful.

THE MEXICAN CONTROVERSY

THE controversial literature of this year's ders a Scotch verdict in the case of Huerta. In
I campaign is very largely devoted to Mexico his opinion the proof of Huerta 's complicity in
and the various problems growing out of the the murder of Madero is lacking.
revolutionary movements in that country and our
own Government's relations to them . In the Au Meanwhile, for such readers as are more in
gust number of this Review reference was made terested in learning the truth about the country,
to Mrs. O 'Shaughnessy's interesting book , " A its people, and its resources than in fixing the
Diplomat's Wife in Mexico." That book de blame for its present deplorable condition, Mr,
scribes conditions in Mexico during the era of George J. Hagar's " Plain Facts About Mexico
" watchful waiting," culminating in the downfallanswers many pertinent questions. It describes
of Dictator Huerta . In a volume entitled “ Be- Mexico 's agricultural and mining industries, her
nighted Mexico," Mr. Randolph Wellford Smith banking and financial institutions, her systems of
brings the narrative of the Mexican tragedy communication .
down to the present day, recounting the succes
sive stages in the development of American Three years ago there was published a book
policy toward Mexico from the recognition of by Professor Joseph King Goodrich on " The
Carranza to the Columbus incident and the Coming Mexico." ? Despite the title, the author
Pershing expedition. Mr. Smith is bitterly hos- did not intend his book as a prophecy of Mer.
tile to the " First Chief" and naturally finds much ico's political future. He wrote from an ac
to criticize in the acts of the Washington Ad quaintance with the country dating back as far
ministration . Like Mrs. O 'Shaughnessy, he ren - as 1866, and the value of his writing lies chiedy
the historical perspective. His book is a good
1 Elementary Civics. By Charles McCarthy, Flora inintroduction
Swan , and Jennie McMullin . Thompson, Brown & Co. to the study of modern Mexico from
232 pp . III. 75 cents .
Social Problems. By Ezra Thayer Towne, Ph. D . an historical standpoint.
The Macmillan Co. 406 pp . III. $ 1. 5 Benighted Mexico . By Randolph Wellford Smith
3 The Federal Farm Loan System . By Herbert My John Lane Company. 390 pp . $ 1.50.
rick. Orange Judd Co. 239 pp. $ 1. & Plain Facts About Mexico. By George I. Hagar
* An Introduction to the Study of Organized Labor Harper & Bros. 80 pp. 50 cents.
in America . By George Gorham Groat, Ph.D . 494
pp. $ 1.75.
The : Coming
Chicago Mexico. &ByCoJoseph
A . Č . McClurg King IILGoodrich
280 pp. $1.
 THE NEW BOOKS
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS
« ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE : Letters and
n Reminiscences" is a selection from several
thousands of letters entrusted by the Wallace
family to Mr. James Marchant. This correspond-
ence began in the early years of the controversy
over Darwinism , in which Wallace was vitally
interested , since during all that period he was
a co-worker with the author of " The Origin of
Species." A part of the correspondence between
Darwin and Wallace had already appeared in
the “Life and Letters of Charles Darwin ” and
another part in Wallace's autobiography, but it
is all now published with new editions for the
first time as a whole. The true history of the
theory of Natural Selection , the discovery of
which was shared between Darwin and Wallace,
is set forth as completely in these letters as one
may expect to find it in literature. It is refresh
ing to read this statement by Mr. Marchant:
"Nothing has been suppressed in the unpublished
letters, or in any of the letters which appear
in this volume, because there was anything
to hide. Everything Wallace wrote, all his
private letters, could be published to the world .
His life was an open book - 'no weakness, no
contempt, dispraise, or blame, nothing but well
and fair'.”
"Nearing Jordan " is the title bestowed by Sir
Henry Lucy on the third and last volume of his
entertaining reminiscences, the publication of
which began seven years ago as " Sixty Years
in the wilderness."2 Perhaps no living English
journalist has had better opportunities for ob
serving politics and social life in many countries
than has Sir Henry Lucy . Personally acquainted
with the great writers and artists of the Vic-
torian age, he relies not merely on his personal
recollection of men and events, but refers to
diaries and letters of contemporary origin . The
chapters on "Mr. Punch 's Young Men " throw
many interesting sidelights on literary and jour
nalistic London of the last century .
HISTORY
N EARLY all that we have known about the
TV Spanish settlement of the Pacific coast has
come down to us through the records of the
Franciscan missions. Recently a new school of
California historians, looking upon the establish
ment of the missions as merely an episode in
the Spanish settlement of California, has sought
to show what were Spain 's controlling motives
from the political standpoint in pushing the ex-
ploration and colonization of the region that they
knew as Alta California. The work of research
1 Alfred Russel Wallace : Letters and Reminiscences.
By James Marchant. Harper & Bros. 507 pp. $5.
Nearing Jordan. By Sir Henry Lucy. E. P. Dutton
& Co. 453 pp. $3.
*Memories. By Lord Redesdale. E. P. Dutton &
Co. 816 pp. 2 v. $ 10.
* The Journals of Lady Knightley of Fawsley. Edited
by403 Julia Cartwright (Mrs. Ady). E . P . Dutton & Co.
pp . 111. $ 4 . 25 .
* The Life and Times of Booker T. Washington . By
B . F. Riley, D .D ., LL. D . With introduction by Edgar
Y. Mullins, D . D ., LL .D . Fleming H . Revell Co. 301
Dp. $1.50 .
457
The "Memories" of Lord Redesdale, who was
for forty years in England's foreign office, and
served as her representative in Russia, China,
and Japan, abound in criticism , description, and
comment on diplomatic and international affairs
of the last half century. It goes without saying
that Lord Redesdale, in the course of his long
public life, met many interesting people, but his
recollections are not confined to matters of state.
As a musician and a sportsman, he has seen life
from varied angles, and his book is a rather un
usual blend of grave and gay.
Still another picture of Victorian politics and
society is afforded by Lady Knightley's “ Jour
nals," edited by Julia Cartwright (Mrs. Ady ) .“
In this volume, life at Balmoral, Windsor, Os
borne, and Frogmore is vividly described , and
there is an account of the writer's journey to
Berlin and Potsdam , and a visit to Silesia , in
company with Princess Christian. Lady Knight
ley was greatly interested in all questions con
cerning the well-being of women , and her mar .
riage to Sir Rainald Knightley, in 1869, gave her
wide acquaintance with English party leaders.
Booker Washington 's story has been told more
than once - notably in his own book, “ Up From
Slavery," but special interest attaches to “ The
Life and Tim 's of Booker T . Washington," by
B. F . Riley, D . D ., because of its authorship. Dr.
Riley is a Southern white , a descendant of slave
holders, well known as a clergyman and a
scholar. Dr. Riley is one of the rapidly growing
group of Southerners who are earnestly striving
to make the white people understand the negroes
better and to help the negroes to realize their
own possibilities. His account of Booker Wash
ington 's education at Hampton and his work at
Tuskegee will no doubt command unusual atten
tion throughout the South , as well as in those
parts of the country where Washington's career
is less intimately known.
undertaken by this new historical school has been
furthered by the generous aid of the Native Sons
of the Golden West, a patriotic society interested
in maintaining an interest in the history of Cali
fornia. This organization supports two travel
ing fellowships which enable students to visit
the archives of old Spain where the original
sources of the history of European exploration
and adventure on the Pacific coast are to be
found. The first fruits of this enlightened policy
is a volume on " The Founding of Spanish Cali
fornia," by Dr. Charles Edward Chapman, of
the State University. Nearly all the materials
employed by this author were found by him
during two years' residence in Seville, Spain .
There he has examined hundreds of manuscripts,
very few of which had ever been utilized before
for any purpose. His book covers the north
westward expansion of New Spain during the
The Founding of Spanish California . By Charles
Edward Chapman , Ph. D . Macmillan, 485 pp. $ 3.50 .
458 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
century preceding the founding of the United
States on the eastern seaboard of the continent.
San Francisco itself was founded in the year of
our Declaration of Independence and long before
that date Spain had a distinctive policy of occu -
pation and settlement on our western coast, a
policy based very largely on the necessity of
protecting Mexico from the aggressions of Eng.
land and Russia on the north. We learn from
Dr. Chapman 's researches that the Spanish Gov
ernment of the eighteenth century had a very
definite notion of its territorial and political
status on the Pacific coast of our continent and
was keenly alive to the need of an overland
route from Mexico to its northern outposts.
Under the title, “Wild Life in the Rocky Moun
tains," there appears in the Outing Adyenture
Library a reprint of Lieutenant George Frederick
Ruxton 's continuation of his "Adventures in Mex
ico." In the present volume the author gives an
account of his journey northward from Chihua
hua to the Rocky Mountains. At Valverde he
met the advance post of the American army that
had invaded Mexico after the declaration of war
in May of that year ( 1846). He did not reach
Santa Fé until December. He passed the winter
with hunters and trappers at what is now known
as South Park, Col. His descriptions of this wild
region and of the whites and Indians whom he
encountered there picture a wholly different life
from what we know to -day. He has left us one
of the few contemporary records of an era in
our Southwestern history that makes its own ap
peal to our imagination.
Apropos of the unusual interest taken this year
in the celebration of Lafayette's birthday many
American students will be glad to have access
to Professor Edward S. Corwin 's treatment of
"French Policy and the American Alliance of
1778.” In this work the author emphasizes the
idea that France was moved to intervene in the
American Revolution chiefly by her desire to
recover her lost preëminence in Europe. In other
words, Professor Corwin treats French interven
tion as an episode in European politics rather
than in the struggle between France and England
for colonial dominion in America.
In the translation of Dubnow 's " History of
the Jews in Russia and in Poland" we have for
the first time a complete and authoritative account
in English of the early history of those peoples
in southeastern Europe who have contributed so
largely in recent years to American immigration .
The first volume of this work, now published,
gives the history of Russo -Polish Jewry down to
the death of Alexander I, in 1825. The remain
ing history down to the present time will be
comprised in the second volume, not yet in print.
The translator, Mr. Friedlander, has wisely in
serted many notes explaining details that to the
American reader would be largely unintelligible
without some aid of this kind.

TRAVEL , DESCRIPTION , AND

ADVENTURE
“ IT happens that recent books of travel have A region that has come more directly within
Imuch to do with the Near and Far East. the zone of actual war was recently traversed
Stephen Graham , whose accounts of experiences by an American traveler, Mr. William Warfield,
in Russia have been read with much interest in who describes his journey from the Persian Gulf
this country as well as in Great Britain, gives to the Black Sea in a book that he entitles “ The
us a new volume entitled “ Through Russian Cen - Gate of Asia." He has chapters on the city of
tral Asia." He made the journey of which this Bagdad , the caravan route to Kurdistan and the
book is the record in the summer before the greatupper Tigris, the city of Mosul, and Van and
war. His impressions were set down in a diary the Armenians. Mr. Warfield's descriptive pas
from day to day, and from these articles were sages and comments on men and things are vivid
written for the London Times. The developments and entertaining. There are many excellent
of the war have greatly added to the popular illustrations from photographs. It is interesting
interest in the places described by Mr. Graham , to note that his route crossed those of the his
for even those remote parts of the Russian Em toric conquerors and adventurers, Cyrus the Per
pire through which he journeyed have come more sian, Genghis Khan , Alexander the Great, Xeno
clearly within the range of our vision , since we
phon , and the Emperor Julian .
have begun to think of the future of the Czar's A part of the same territory was covered by
dominions after peace comes. Mr. Graham is Capt. P. C . Fowle, of the British army, who has
one of the very few men of the Occident who brought out a volume of " Travels in the Middle
have made themselves acquainted with the peo East,” giving " Impressions by the Way" in Turk
ples as 'well as the lands of this little -known ish Arabia, Syria, and Persia. He, too , describes
portion of the Orient. There is an appendix on Bagdad, and from Turkish Arabia he passes into
" Russia and India and the Prospects of Anglo Persia, giving in some detail his impressions of
Russian Friendship." life in the towns through which he journeyed.
Wild Life in the Rocky Mountains. By George In addition to the photographic illustrations there
Frederick Ruxton. Outing Publishing Company. 303 is a good map of the different countries through
pp. $ 1 . which Captain Fowle journeyed .
* ** French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778.
By Edward S. Corwin, Ph.D . Princeton University
Press. 430 pp. $ 2.
Mr. Roy Chapman Andrews, who is Assist
3 History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. By S . M . ant Curator of Mammals in the American Mu
Dubnow . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society. 413 5 The Gate of Asia. By William Warfield. G . P.
pp.• Through
$ 1.50. Russian Central Asia. By Stephen Graham . Putnam 's Sons. 374 pp. Ill. $2.50.
& Travels in the Middle East. By Captain T. C .
The Macmillan Company. 298 pp . ' Ill. $2.25. Fowle. E . P . Dutton Co. 281 pp. III. $ 2.50.
 THE NEW BOOKS 459
seum of Natural History, New York City, has work the camera played an important part. The
hit on a fresh subject in his " Whale Hunting with
pictures that illustrate his book are in the main
Gun and Camera ." It is the general belief that from photographs of living whales.
the whaling industry has been on the decline for
many years. The truth is, however, that new In " The Camera Man," by Francis A . Collins,
methods have supplanted the old ones, putting there is abundance of adventure portrayed in
the business upon an entirely different footing, both text and pictures. Those who have not
and the whale was probably never before so followed the work of the camera man in the
important a factor in commerce as he is to-day. great war have little conception , perhaps, of how
The old deep -water hunting, when the whalers adventurous his career has been . Many a camera
of New Bedford were the kings of the industry, man has been under fire ; some have been dis
has given place to what is known as " shore abled in the pursuit of their calling. Mr. Collins,
whaling," in which the Norwegians, ever since himself a man of much experience in photog
the invention of the harpoon-gun in 1864, have raphy, appreciates the difficulties and dangers
led the world. At present the industry yields an under which the photographs of war scenes have
annual revenue of nearly $ 70,000,000. Mr. An been taken , and he illustrates his points with a
drews, in his work of collecting for the museum , series of striking photographs which are far
went twice around the world, as well as north more telling than mere words as records of the
ward on two expeditions to Alaska and south - camera man's activities. His book also contains
ward to the waters of Borneo and the Dutch East chapters on news photography in peace times,
Indies. He learned many interesting facts about together with practical suggestions for the ama
whales, which had been the secrets of the men teur photographer. All in all, it is a most sug.
who hunted them for their living. In all his gestive and useful publication ,

ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS

UCH a work as Waddell's “ Bridge Engineer-
Ding' fairly staggers the " general reader" by
its very completeness and the author's obvious
command of his subject. This is not the place
for extended comment on a technical treatise, and
indeed such comment, from a non -technical
source, on the lifework of so eminent an engineer
as Mr. Waddell would be little short of imper
tinent; but it is only just to speak in this connec
tion of the fine professional loyalty that has in
spired the undertaking and completion of this
monumental labor. Mr. Waddell has recognized
in a most generous way his debt to the calling
that he has followed for forty years and to the
world's guild of brain workers. At an enormous
expenditure of time and money he hasmade avail-
able to his brother engineers the vast store of
knowledge that he had gathered in an active
career as a bridge designer. In two beautifully
printed volumes of over 1000 pages each he un -
folds the whole science and art of bridge con -
struction as known to the experts of the twentieth
century. " Waddell on Bridge Engineering” is
an encyclopædia, a whole library of bridge lore
in itself.
A competent automobile engineer, Mr. Victor
W . Pagé, has prepared a useful manual of the
methods and equipment required in repairing
automobiles of various models . The owner of this book has the endorsement of high scien
or manager of a repair shop can , of course, tific authority in England. Besides the purelv
utilize the book for handy reference and so, too, descriptive chapters, the authors comment on the
can the car owner who prefers to do his own
repairing.
1Whale Hunting with Gun and Camera. By Roy
Chapman Andrews. D . Appleton & Co. 333 pp. Ill.
$ 2 .50 .
• The Camera Man : His Adventures in Many Fields.
By Francis A . Collins. Century. 278 pp. III.
Bridge Engineering. By J.$ 10A .. L . Waddell. John
Wiley> & Sons,
Sons, Inc
Inc.. 2177
21 pp .
* Automobile Repairing Made Easy . By Victor W .
Pagé, M 1060
pany. .E. pp.The III.
Norman
$ 3.
W . Henley Publishing Com .
The same author has written a concise treatise
on "Modern Starting, Lighting, and Ignition Sys
tems," s embodying the latest practise. Both books
are noteworthy for the clearness and general ex
cellence of their illustration .
So many destructive fires result from defective
electric wiring that any practical attempt to pro
vide proper and safe systems of installation
should be eagerly welcomed. The manual pre
pared by Mr. John M . Sharp, of the Bliss Elec
trical School, Washington , D . C ., is based on the
rules of the National Electrical Code, as adopted
by the Board of Fire Underwriters.
The story of what the tractor has done and is
doing to the farm implement industry was told
recently in the Country Gentleman by Mr. Barton
W . Currie . His articles are now brought to
gether in book form . They point to a new and
more economical distribut.on of farm machinery.
Considering the interest in high explosives that
has been awakened both in America and in Eng
land during the past two years it seems strange
that the obvious need of a convenient handbook
of the subject has not sooner been met. We now
have a clearly written and illustrated "Manual
on Explosives,” by Albert R . J. Ramsey and H .
Claude Weston. Although presented in a read
able and non -technical form , the subject-matter
applications of explosives in war and engineer
ing, industrial poisoning among explosive work
ers, and legislation on explosives.
5 Starting, Lighting and Ignition Systems. By Victor
W . Pagé, M .E . The Norman W . Henley Publishing
Co. 509 pp. III. $ 1.50.
Practical Electric Wiring. By John M . Sharp. D .
Appleton & Co. 256 pp. II. $ 1.
? The Tractor. By Barton W . Currie , Philadelphia :
The Curtis Publishing Co. 228 pp. II . $ 1.
SA Manual of Explosives. By Albert R . J. Ramsey
and H . Claude Weston. Dutton . 116 pp . Ill. $1.
460 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
PHILOSOPHY
A R . FREDERICK GOODRICH HENKE, for- of natural law .” The Chinese philosopher's
U merly Professor of Philosophy and Psychol- theories taught that " Nature is one. It is mani
ogy in the University of Nanking, China, has fested in virtue. It is variously called heaven,
made a detailed study of the philosophy of Wang Shang -ti (God ) , fate, disposition , mind. To
Yang -ming ( A . D . 1472 -1529) , and translated into study the mind then is to study nature."
English his " Biography," " Instructions for Prac
tical Life," " Record of Discourses," and " Let A most valuable work, and the only complete
ters." 1 Professor Henke has accomplished this introduction to Positivism and the works of
fine and scholarly work in the hope that students Comte in the English language, is offered in the
will gain further knowledge of the achievements new enlarged and revised edition of the papers
of the Chinese, and form a deeper appreciation of Dr. John Henry Bridges, that were contributed
of their worth . When every indication points to the Positivist Review during the last thirteen
to the increase of our commercial and political years of his life. They are discussions in the
relations with the East, it is important that fields of science, philosophy, religion , and politics,
the West should understand the thought that has mature opinions distinguished in their presenta
molded the civilization of China. Professor tion by simplicity and felicitous diction . In con
James H . Tufts commends this volume in an nection with the publication of these papers, the
excellent interpretative preface. He writes that London Positivist Society solicits as new mem
he has been impressed with Wang Yang-ming's bers all who wish to see life inspired by a
doctrine that " intuitive knowledge is the one human religion, guided by a philosophy founded
thing needful,” and that this intuitive faculty on science, and directed to the intelligent service
manifesting in practical ways is " the embodiment of man .

BOOKS RELATING TO THE WAR

The Great Push. By Patrick MacGill.
Doran . 286 pp. $ 1.25.
Patrick MacGill, known as the brilliant young
Irish novelist, writes this book as his contribu
tion to the history of the famous charge at Loos
by the Royal Irish . The same qualities of lit
erary style that have made his stories popular go
into the writing of this vivid narrative. Among
all the accounts of British fighting in the war
this volume by MacGill is distinctly " different."
The writer went through all the fighting himself,
and although he came through alive, he was se
riously wounded . He is now at the front again .
Michael Cassidy, Sergeant. By “ Sapper."
Doran. 214 pp. $ 1.25.
" Sapper” is a young English officer of Engi
neers. His brief, condensed stories of the
trenches bring out new aspects of army life.
"Contemptible.” By " Casualty." Philadel.
phia : J. B . Lippincott Co. 226 pp. $1.
The Kaiser himself must bear responsibility
for the title of this book, ir addition to all his
other burdens in connection with the war. It
will be remembered that in the days of August,
1914 , he alluded to the British troops as “ a con
temptible little army. “ Casualty " accepts the
epithet, and in relating what he saw in the early
weeks and months of the fighting he makes it
clear that while the word may have been justified , into action ,
if size were the only quality of the army to be
considered, it surely did not apply to the spirit
of the men who composed it. By Frederic Coleman Dodd, Mead. 381 pp.
1 The Philosophy of Wang Yang-ming. By Frederick
Goodrich Henke. Chicago : Open Court Co. 512 pp.
$ 2 . 50.
2 Illustrations of Positivism . By J. H . Bridges. Chi
cago: Open Court Co. 480 pp. $ 1.50.
On the Anzac Trail. By “Anzac.” Phila
delphia : J. B . Lippincott Co. 210 pp. $ 1.
One of the New Zealanders who was with the
“ Anzacs," as the Australian troops style them
selves, when they came over from Egypt and
landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula , gives in this
little book some extracts from the diary that he
kept from day to day. While the campaign re
sulted in failure, this soldier's journal is a revela
tion of the courage and intrepidity that animated
the Anzacs from first to last.
Doing Their Bit. By Boyd Cable. Dutton.
141 pp. $ 1.
In other books Mr. Boyd Cable has praised
the heroism and endurance of the British arnies
in the trenches. In this little volume he tells
those armies and others interested how their
comrades at home are " doing their bit" in sup
plying arms and munitions to the troops at the
front. He has graphic chapters on " The Muni
tion Machine," " Shells and More Shells," " The
Women ," and " The Master Job." The prefa
tory note is contributed by the Rt. Hon. David
Lloyd George.
Battery Flashes. By “ Wagger.” Dutton .
183 pp. $1.
This book is made up of pen-pictures by a
gunner, who takes the reader with his battery
From Mons to Ypres with General French.
III. $1.50.
Mr. Coleman is an American who was attached
to Sir John French's headquarters during the re
treat from Mons and to different cavalry bri
gades in succeeding months. His book is chietiy
 THE NEW BOOKS 461
a description of human and personal conditions a nurse shortly after the beginning of the war.
at the front, and deals with the various bodies Brief as they are, these pen -pictures of war
of Allied troops. scenes are extremely vivid and illuminating.
Germany in Defeat. Second Phase. By
Action Front. By Boyd Cable. Dutton. Count
295 pp. $1.35. Charles de Souza. Dutton . 232 pp. $2.
In this narrative of the war Mr. Cable's plan, The second volume of a strategic history of
as in his other book, " Between the Lines," is the war that has attracted much notice among
to take extracts from the official dispatches and military students in Great Britain . The author's
then to show from his own information what thesis is that Germany was defeated at the Marne,
these brief messages cover. His book is not al that the destinies of Europe have already been
together given over to the horrors of war, sev settled in France. Although the complete crush
eral chapters being largely concerned with the ing of Germany may require months and years
humor of the trenches. It is a good book to read of further sacrifice on the part of the Allies, the
author maintains that she is actually in defeat,
for what it reveals of the real meaning of the and in this second volume of his series he dis
war to the men who are engaged in it. cusses what he calls the second phase of that
defeat.
Adventures of a Despatch Rider. By
Capt. W . H . L . Watson . Dodd , Mead. 285 pp. Religion in Europe and the World Crisis.
$ 1.25. By Charles Edward Osborne, M .A . Dodd, Mead.
What a British despatch -rider saw in the re- 414 pp . $ 2.50.
treat through Northern France, at the battle of This volume deals especially with the effect of
Mons, and at the Aisne. Like many narratives the war on the religious life of England, Russia,
of its kind, this record of happenings in the lat and Germany, and with the future of Catholicism ,
ter monthsis of
of 1914
1914 was long delayed in getting Protestantism , and orthodoxy .
into print.
War the Creator. By Gelett Burgess. B .
A Woman's Diary of the War. By S. W . Huebsch . 96 pp . Ill. 60 cents.
Macnaughtan. Dutton. 168 pp. $1. This story of a French boy's experience at the
Quite out of the ordinary book of war recol- battle of the Marne was written by Mr. Burgess
lections or observations is this story of what was for Collier's Weekly as epitomizing the spirit
seen and heard in Belgium by Miss Macnaugh - of French youth in the war crisis. It was deemed
tan, the novelist, who joined the Red Cross as worthy of republication in book form .

OTHER TIMELY PUBLICATIONS

Arms and the Boy . By Colonel L. R . Hugh L. Scott. The book is a complete manual
Gignilliat. Introduction by Hon . Newton D . for the soldier, is endorsed by the Army War
Baker. Indianapolis : The Bobbs-Merrill Co. College, and covers in simple language not only
the strictly military phases of a soldier's life,
371 pp. III. $1.50. but also such subjects as sanitation , first aid ,
"Arms and the Boy " is the appropriate title of and the military history of the United States.
a volume devoted to the subject of military in
struction in schools and colleges. The author is The Ocean and Its Mysteries. By A . Hyatt
Col. L . R . Gignilliat, superintendent of Culver Verrill. Duffield. 189 pp . $ 1.25.
Military Academy, and the book is the result not The actual facts about the ocean told in a
only of his own large experience in the well simple entertaining way that will delight boys
known institution with which he is connected, and girls who like stories of the sea. The author
but also embodies opinions gathered elsewhere. presents the results of several summers of re
The Secretary of War, Hon . Newton D . Baker, search spent at the various stations of the United
supplies an introduction. The question of mili States Fish Commission and on ships engaged in
tary training for schoolboys has recently become the exploration of marine life in the North
of such increasing importance that a book by an Atlantic.
authority in this field that goes so thoroughly into
the subject cannot fail to be of great value. Leading Opinions Both for and against
The Soldier's Catechism . Compiled by National Defense. Edited by Hudson Maxim .
Major F. C. Bolles, and Captains E . C. Jones 154 pp. 50 cents.
and J. S. Upham . Introduction by Major This book places the essentials of the reasons
General Hugh L . Scott. Doubleday, Page & Co. and arguments of the pacifists and the martialists
side by side so that the people may examine and
177 pp. III. $ 1. appraise according to evidence on both sides of
The question -and-answer method of conveying the question . Henry Ford, Nicholas Murray
information makes for conciseness, and “ The Butler, Theodore Roosevelt, W . J . Bryan , Hon.
Soldier's Catechism " can be recommended for Claude Kitchin, Hamilton Holt, Rev. William
this reason. Its three compilers are officers of Carter, and many other prominent men are rep
the United States, and an introduction to resented in the volume. A most useful book for
the book has been written by Major-General debaters and public speakers.
 FINANCIAL NEWS
1. - RAILROAD SECURITIES UNDER THE NEW
EIGHT-HOUR - DAY LAW
LJOLDERS of railroad securities have cent., and as July, August, and September
11 endured so much in the past five years carried this ratio along and even improved
that they have become callous to treasury a little on it we may expect for the twelve
raids by labor organizations and through months ended December 31 a net gain of
new legislation . They have been , however, between $ 250,000,000 and $ 300,000,000,
greatly stirred by over -night passage by five times the minimum expenditure on
Congress at the end of August of the eight- the wage account and possibly from two to
hour-day law , which will impose a burden two and one-half times the probable maxi
of at least $ 50,000 ,000, and possibly twice mum .
or three times as much , according as the For the present, therefore, depreciation in
measure is interpreted to include others the value of railroad securities would be
than engineers, firemen , conductors, and unlikely as a result of the Adamson law .
trainmen engaged in interstate traffic. It Even those junior bonds, such as second
was not so much the direct cost as the man - and third mortgages, refunding or deben
ner of enforcing it and the consequences of ture issues on which the normal margin of
this arbitrary act on all subsequent negotia - safety is low , need not be impaired. In the
tions that has caused the anxiety and made fiscal year ended June 30, 1915 , quite a
the individual and institutional holder of number of railroads paid dividends from
railroad bonds and high -grade stocks ask the surplus revenues of other years. A
the question whether they should be sold or great change has since occurred . We find
at least a part of them transferred into in - such systems as the Pennsylvania, New
dustrial and public-utility issues. York Central, Norfolk & Western , and
Large Traffic Earnings Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé realizing near
ly 50 per cent. more return on property in
There is no evidence yet that the great vestment than the average of previous years,
body of railroad security holders has taken and nearly all roads asmuch as in 1910 , when
action . It may be thinking hard and men - most of their capitalizations were smaller
tally revising its lists, but it is not selling. than to-day. The Norfolk & Western was
And it is doubtful if it does to any great able not only to increase its common -stock
extent. Certainly the savings banks and dividend and pay an extra dividend of 1 per
great insurance companies , which own many cent., but it took over $ 9,000 ,000 from sur
hundreds of millions worth , most of which plus earnings in the year 1915 - 16 and applied
cost them much higher prices than are now it to betterments. Equities have been in
obtainable, are not likely to take losses be- creased very generously , because very few
cause of the additional operating cost to one dividends have been advancd beyond the fig
road of, say, $ 1,500,000 or to another of ures of poorer times. Therefore, it would
$ 3,000,000 . This is a small percentage of require at least two years of contracting
the amount available for fixed charges and earnings to make an impression on security
it need not, this calendar year, cause a re - values because of the higher wage cost.
duction in the dividend on any railroad
stock. Fortunately the traffic returns of Effect on Railroad Financing
the carriers are larger than they have ever S entiment rather than earnings frequently
been before and the new wage plan does establishes the credit of a property. The
not go into effect until January 1, 1917. proof of this is the sluggish move
In the six months ended June 30 , 1916 , the ment in railroad securities during a year of
Financial Chronicle makes the gain in gross the largest receipts ever known and when
earnings of the American railroads $238,- industrial stocks have reached the highest
000 ,000 , or about 2312 per cent., and the average on record. Back of this is a fixed
net increase $ 166 ,151,000, or 4274 per prejudice against “ rails ” because of the anti
462
 FINANCIAL NEWS 463
railroad legislation since 1910 and the con Demand for Federal Regulation
tinual prodding by the labor unions for more
pay. The evidence in the rate case of 1914 Another compensation will be a demand
all established the fact for federal regulation of the carriers instead
were cutting down the that
returnthese demands of
on property the operation of so many laws under State
investment year after year until it was im authority . It is probable that the whole sub
possible to borrow money at current rates, ject of railroad rates, wages, and revenues
put it into new construction of improve will occupy Congress at its next session to a
ments, and make it yield a profit. Bankers , larger extent than any other question . This
consequently , have been more impressed by has been promised by President Wilson and
what happened in Washington at the end of lawmakers appreciate the popular demand for
August than have security holders. Had it. In the end it is quite possible that the
there been any important railroad financing cost of the new law may be balanced by
pending when the Congress enacted the eight a more economical working arrangement
hour day for the carriers it would have re with the Government, and less hindrances
ceived a very poor response. ItIt isis doubtful
doubtful from
11 local commissions, and that, even with
if any considerable amount of new railroad out a freight-rate increase, the new state
irst of
bonds, or notes , could have been sold the first things may
of things may bebe better
De than that now pre
week of September, except at a high rate of Vaining.
interest relative to rates current a month The Question of Government Ownership
earlier. The Boston & Maine receivership
came at this time and while it was not pre Government ownership as a solution of
cipitated by the new law it made wearied troubles such as have just occurred has fre
note-holders, who had five times deferred quently been proposed . To many this seems
their demands for payment at maturity, even the only way out of the difficulty. It was
more reluctant to continue this procrastinat- one of the covert threats held over the heads
ing policy. A program for the expenditure of the railroad managers while they were
of about $ 25 ,000,000, which directors of an - ting
negotiating in Washington . Newspapers
other road in none too good credit were fram -
ing, was indefinitely postponed . Meanwhile
as the able the the idea of the
proclaimed it as the great panacea for strikes
when it seemed probable there would be a
the securities of these properties were not walk -out on September 4. The idea of it is
under pressure and even had temporary ad - not pleasing to railroad managers and there
vances in sympathy with others and from has so far been no suggestion that the broth
lack of offerings from holders whose patience crhood leaders are agreeable to it. The chief
had long been tested. party in interest would seem to be the hold
Itwas shown during the hearing in Wash - ers of railroad securities. What would they
ington that there were twice as many indi- get should the United States Government
vidual investors as there were employees in decide to buy and operate the main systems
the unions demanding higher wages. The of the country ?
one group was unorganized and the other It is a fixed business axiom that the eager
highly organized . Sporadic attempts have buyer usually pays a good price for the thing
been made to interest bondholders and stock - or commodity he covets. Frequently he is
holders in their properties and to unite able to depreciate it by various means known
against some of the legislative impositions to manipulators, but the average result is
which have seriously impaired their equities. favorable to the seller. The precedents in
This has been a slow and very discouraging this particular instance would be the action
procedure. One effect of the eight-hour law of Prussia and Switzerland when they took
has been to awaken the slumbering investor over from private ownership the leading
to an appreciation of what he must do if his transportation lines in those countries.
securities are to be held on an even keel. The basis on which Prussia bought control
Thousands of protests have been sent to Sen - was twenty- five times average net earnings
ators and to Congressmen who voted for the for a period of five years. Switzerland paid
bill, but - more practicable - as many names twenty -five times the average annual net for
have been affixed to petitions to create an in - a period of ten years preceding purchase.
vestors' defensive league, which will be rep- In 1844 there was enacted a law in Great
resented at Washington or at any State capi- Britain which provided that, should govern
tal where legislation inimical to railroads is ment ownership be adopted, the state should
being argued. This is one of the favorable take the railways which had earned 10 per
reactions from the recently created law . cent. at twenty-five years' purchase of their
464 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
average net earnings for the preceding five capitalization of the railroads wpaid for
years, or on the same basis as did Prussia twice over.
and Switzerland. Japan found another It will be another five yea before the
means of reckoning. She approximated the physical valuation of the railras now being
average rate of profit during six semi-annual made under government ausies is complet
periods between 1902 and 1905 and multi- ed. Until its conclusions are available not
plied by twenty. “ If the rate of profit," much legislation can be enacted seeking to
according to Slater on “ The Railways of transfer operation from private to federal au
Japan ," "had been 6 per cent., the govern - thorities. In the meanwhile a great deal of
ment paid 120 per cent. of the construction constructive railroad legislation is likely to go
cost.” It was found that in some cases the on the statute-books.

II. - INVESTORS' QUERIES AND ANSWERS

No. 778. STOCKS FOR A WOMAN 'S INVESTMENT tirely by a single banking house. This is in
I am a reader of your department- a woman having a tended as a broad statement of investment policy.
little money on whose earning power I am dependent Quite as a matter of fact, we are inclined to
for my living. I know next to nothing of investment,
my experience having been confined entirely to mort.
gages. At present I have some funds to invest. There
doubt that you ought to put your money into
have been brought to my notice the following companies stocks of any kind. Intelligently selected mort
each offering 7 per cent. cumulative preferred stock , gages or bonds are undeniably better investments
namely, Central Steel Company of Massillon , Ohio , for people of relatively small means and, like
Gramm Motor Truck Company of Lima, Ohio , Beaver you , of limited investment experience.
Company of Buffalo , N . Y ., and Beaver Wood Fibre
Company of Thorold, Ontario . My question is: For per. No. 779. SOME SHORT- TERM SECURITIES
manent investment, thinking more of safety than mar I have about $6 ,000 I would like to invest safely and
ketability, do you consider this kind of investment good make it yield as much as possible . I imagine I should
for me? have short-time securities. Have you anything you can
The stocks in question are representative of a suggest that yields better than 4 per cent?
class of securities, in our opinion, not well Had you given us a better idea of your situa
adapted to your needs. If you were to go into tion , we think perhaps we should have been able
preferred stock investments at all, we think your to help you in a little more definite way than
selections ought to be made from among the seems possible in the circumstances.
long-established , dividend-paying issues of the However, if in saying you imagine you ought
better-known companies, preferably those listed to have short-term securities, you mean to imply
on the New York Stock Exchange. In securities that there are circumstances calling for the ready
of this type, there is always more or less business convertibility of your investments into cash , it
risk, even under themost favorable circumstances. strikes us you might do well to consider issues
And the risk is apt to be emphasized in issues of like the following : American Telephone & Tele
relatively small and little-known companies, if graph 412 per cent. notes, due February 15, 1918,
for no other reason than that it is, as a rule, diffi- yielding about 4.40 per cent.; Brooklyn Rapid
cult for one to keep adequately informed about Transit 5 per cent. notes, due July 1, 1918, yield
them . Only a short time ago, the editor of this de- ing about 4.90 per cent.; Great Northern Rail
partment had occasion to ask the officers of one of way- Northern Pacific joint collateral trust 4 per
the companies you mention for some essential in - cent. bonds, due July 1, 1921, yielding about 4.35
formation, but the request was not granted, be- per cent.; Southern Railway 5 per cent, notes,
cause, as we were advised , the directors did not due March 1, 1917, yielding about 4 .20 per cent.;
consider it business prudence. We do not under- Government of the Argentine Nation 6 per cent.
take, of course, to question the wisdom of such notes, due December 15, 1916, yielding about
a policy from their point of view , but we do say 4 .60 per cent.; Government of the Argentine
that stocks about which essential information is Nation discount notes, due February 21, 1917,
withheld for any reason are not to be recom - yielding about 6 per cent.; United Light & Rail
mended without a good deal of qualification , es ways 6 per cent. notes, due January 1, 1920,
pecially to investors like you . yielding about 5.62 per cent.; Kansas City Rail
Another thing: We believe it to be entirely il- ways 51 per cent. notes, due July 1, 1918, yield
logical for one to disregard the question of mar- ing about 5.22 per cent. ; Tri-City Railway &
ketability in considering stocks of any kind. Such Light first lien 5 per cent. bonds, due April 1,
securities are, as you know , unlike mortgages or 1923, yielding about 5.05 per cent.; Government
bonds having definite maturity dates. As a rule of the Province of Manitoba, Canada, 5 per
they are irredeemable, so that the holder's only cent. bonds, due April 1, 1919, yielding 5 per
recourse is to the market, in case there is need cent. ; City of Greeley, Colorado, 4 per cent.
for him to recover his principal, and there are refunding waterworks bonds, due July 2, 1920,
few investors, indeed, who can be sure of not yielding about 4.30 per cent.; City of Maison
being confronted with such a need, unexpectedly. neuve, Canada, 6 per cent. bonds, due January 1,
One may not necessarily confine one's stock in - 1918, yielding about 51 per cent.
vestments to issues of such active markets that Another class of very desirable securities
they can be sold at a moment's notice on any adapted to such requirements as yours is repre
business day of the year, but we believe it is a sented by mortgages on productive farm land, of
mistake for one to hold stocks, especially of the which there are many conservative offerings
industrial variety, whose market is controlled en - having am average maturity of about five years.
 HE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW
CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1916
Athens, a New War Center.........Frontispiece Venizelos:BYThe Foremost Greek ......... 502
MILTIADES CHRISTOPHIDES
The Progress of the World - With portrait
Breaking Party Fences. .. .. . 467 Germany Strikes Rumania and Saves the
The Navy an Accepted Policy .. . .. 467 Balkans ..BY. . FRANK
.. .. .. . ..H .. ..SIMONDS
. .. . . .. . .. . .. .
Who Will Build the Ships ? . . . .. . 467 With map and other illustrations
Money Question Out of Politics. . . 467
Business , and Government Action . .. . . . 468 Our New Navy .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 517
The Party Net-work .. . .. . .. . 469 BY A . C . LAUT
Parties, but No Policies . . 469 With illustrations
Who Are the Democrats ? . . 470 Araps Versus Turks .
Facing the Next Four Years 470 BY ISAAC DON LEVINE
What of the Philippines ?... 471 With portrait, map and other illustration
America as a Neutral. . . 471 Syrians and Arabians in America . .
Where We Failed... . . 471 With portrait and other illustrations
Our Continuing Danger.. . . . 472 An American Arab's Tribute to Syria . . . . 535
“ Accountability for What? . . 472 TRANSLATED BY MARY CAROLINE HOLMES
British Regulations . . 472 Agriculture After the War. .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. 536
Abandoned Rights . . . . 473
473
By Hugh J. HUGHES
Keeping Us “ Out of War" .. . Progress of the Hudson Bay Railroad ...... 538
" Eight Hours" and the Labor Vote 474
476 By P . T . MCGRATH
The " Politics" of the Affair. .. .. . With map
A Railroad Apologist for Wilson . . . 476 Tapping theResources of Russia.
The Heart of the Issue. .. . .. . .. . .. . 476
477 BY PAUL P . FOSTER
Two Men, and the Public. .. . . . With map
Is This a '" Good” Administration ? . ... 478 The Progress of the Alaskan Railway .... 543
Something to Build Upon . . 479
479 By Herbert T. Wade
As to an Invidious Word . With map
Whose " Americanism ” Is Precarious 480
480
Electing United States Senators. . . Leading Articles of the Month
Old and New Men in the Senate. . . . .. 480 The Wilson Administration Reviewed . .. . 545
As to the Campaign.. . . . . 481 A Defense of the President's Mexican
Rival Lead Pencils.. . .. 482 Policy . . .: : : : .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . 546
Government Business . ... . . . . . . . . . 482 “What Would You Have Done ?” . . . . .. . 547
A Public Ownership Inquiry .. . .. .. 482 Ex-Senator Edmunds Replies to the Hon .
More Foreign Loans Offered Here. 483 Richard Olney . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Our Securities Sold Back by Europe 483 Praise for the Federal Reserve System . . . 549
Prices Mount Skyward .. .. . 484 Italian Optimism as to the War .. .. 550
Industrials Pass the Railroads.. 484 Maxim Gorky as a Defender of the Jew .. 551
A Submarine Off Our Coast. . .. . 484 Four Months in Russia During the War. . 552
Japan's New Premier. .. .. .. . 485 German Colonists in Russia . .. . . .. . . . .. 554
The Mexican Situation . .. . . . . .. . 485 Mongolia and Russian Japanese Activities 554
The War as Winter Approaches. .. 486
486 Brieux as a Big Brother to Blind Soldiers 555
Greece in Turmoil.. . . . .. . . . . . Coöperative Housing of Munition Workers 557
The Europe That Is at Peace . .. . 486 A Spanish -Portuguese Union . .. . . . .. . . . 559
Scandinavia United, Though Humiliated . 487 Moonscapes . . . 560
Prosperity as Compensation . .. . .. . .. . .. . 487488 Latent Microbism and Its Dangers. .. 561
New College Heads. . .. . .. . .. African Songs. . . . . . . . 561
Lo, the Growing Indian . .. . . . . . . . . . . 488 The Career of Mounet-Sully . .. . . .. .
With portraits, cartoons, and other illustrations A Revolutionary Musical Genius. . ..
. . . . . 489
Record of Current sEvents. . . .. . . . . . . .tion German Music After the War. .. .
With portrait and other illustra s With portraits and other illustrations
The Campaign in Cartoons 494 The New Books. . ... .
War Cartoons from Abroad ............. 499 Financial News ........
. 574

TERMS :- Issued monthly, 25 cents a number, $3.00 a year in advance in the United States, Porto Rico, Hawaii,
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or 25 cents for single copies.)
THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO ., 30 Irving Place, New York
ALBERT Shaw , Pres. CHAS. D . LANIER, Sec. and Treas. 465
Nov. - 1
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 THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Vol. LIV NEW YORK, NOVEMBER , 1916 No. 5

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

Breaking
The presidential campaign now we present this month an article that de
es
Party Fences drawing
drawing to a close has been un - scribes more completely and thoroughly the
usual on more than one account, project of naval construction as it becomes
but most of all for the reason that the coun - a technical matter. Unquestionably this mo
try itself has recognized no platforms, no mentous undertaking is in accord with the
issues, no parties. If Mr. Wilson carries judgment and the decision of the great pub
the election, it will not be upon the claims lic, and is without partisan bearing. To
of the Democratic party but rather upon work out the policy will require rare ad
those of the Progressives, since it is asserted ministrative ability and heavy expenditures
for him that the President is the real leader extending over several years. The voters
of progressive thought, policy, and perform - have simply to decide whether Mr. Wilson
ance in this country. The Republicans are and his Secretary of the Navy, or Mr.
not campaigning on party lines, because they Hughes and his supporters, are best fitted
are claiming much credit for the principal to carry out this and related projects of na
constructive achievements of the past four tional defense . The policy itself is orig
years, and are thereby giving to those inally Republican rather than Democratic ;
achievements a non -partisan character. Thus but unexpectedly and at the eleventh hour
the Republicans claim their full share of the Democrats, being in full power, accepted
credit for the currency and banking legisla- it and made it their own.
tion ; they claim that the trust legislation
adds nothing of much consequence to the Who Will Build Will they give it effect with
Sherman Anti-Trust Law , which they them them - " the Ships ? vigor and success? When dis
selves had originated and upheld ; they claim cussing the new navy, it is well
that the new Tariff Commission plan has to remember that it exists as yet only on
been borrowed from them , and admit that paper. The Navy Department has not yet
it is a good thing ; they claim that the new even begun to build important ships author
navy is a measure in pursuance of their own ized by Congress in the naval appropriations
aims and policies . And in making all these of the previous year. Governments build
claims, and many others, they are not creat warships much more rapidly and efficiently
ing issues, but rather are acknowledging that in Europe than we do in America. It is
the country has lifted certain things out of very difficult just now to get any ships
the field of party dispute and has accepted built, because of abnormal conditions. It is
them as matters no longer in controversy . highly important to have this construction
Party fences are sadly out of repair, and work pushed with energy. Is Secretary
nobody knows what drifts of sentiment will Daniels the man to direct it, or would
prevail on November 7. Hughes find a more competent head of the
Department ? And who can find the sailors
It is typically true of the great and gunners— many thousands of them
Accepted Policy est of all our recent legislative that the new ships will require ?
decisions — that which has pro
vided for a colossal increase in the navy The great projects of banking
that the old -time party division has disap - Money Question
"Out of Politics and currency reform , which have
peared . What this means for the national been more or less perfectly adopt
safety we attempted to set forth in the edi- ed and put into practise , are not the work
torial pages of our September number ; and of either political party , but are in point
Copyright, 1916 , by The Review of Reviews COMPANY 467
468 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
system and to do
away with panics
and money famines.
Under the leader
ship of Senator Ald
rich, Congress join
ed in the study of
this question. Presi
dent Wilson is en
titled to much credit
for obtaining Mr.
Bryan 's approval for
a measure which it
thus becamepossible
to pass through a
Democratic Con
gress that was
largely under Mr.
Bryan 's influence. It
was much better for
the country that the
Democrats rather
than the Republi
cans should have
been in power, be
cause sound money
now stands deliv .
Photograph by G . V . Buck , Washington ered from its for
SECRETARY DANIELS OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT (ON THE RIGHT). IN CONFER• mer enemies. In
ENCE WITH MR.HENRY FORD ON SUBMARINES AND NAVAL PROGRESS
their new - found zeal
of fact the direct outcome of the study and for scientific finance, the Democrats are
work of our financial and business leaders, even going so far as to argue on the
who had been pressing for such reforms for stump that the Federal Reserve System
a number of years. It has been creditable and our improved banking methods would
to the Wilson Administration that it forced not be safe if the Republicans should come
the Democratic party to assist rather than back into power ! It is pleasant indeed to
to obstruct the consummation of these de- find this solicitude for the preservation of
sired objects. It has been in spite of po- good measures. We may be certain that
litical parties, rather than by virtue of them , neither party will dare to retrace such steps
that the country's political economists , finan - towards improved currency and banking ar
ciers, bankers, and best business minds have rangements as have been taken.
been able to improve our monetary and bank
ing system . From the standpoint of these Business, and The attitude ofour FederalGov
questions, neither Wilson nor Hughes can Government
Action
ernment towards the modern
be successfully opposed . The candidates " tendencies of business, working
stand alike for safe and sound monetary through large corporations, remains quite
laws and good banking administration . unsettled . Common -sense methods have in
the past been opposed and frustrated by po
Twenty Years
It is exactly twenty years ago litical leaders, both Democratic and Repub
Apo,andNote that the country was fighting its lican . There is little to choose between
great and conclusive campaign the parties on this score. Perhaps the Trade
on themoney question . The Bryan hosts of Commission is to give us the beginning of a
1896 were sincere, and someof their theories rational system . Federal incorporation for
were plausible. But their practical position railroads and large industrial companies is
was not solid , and the country in deciding to be desired . Much of the attempt of States
against them expressed its purpose to have a to regulate railroads and so- called “ trusts
well-founded and safe monetary system is futile and damaging. The problem of
There followed the careful work of expert Governmental supervision of business is not
bankers in seeking to safeguard the credit yet solved , and the wise solution will not be
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 469

helped by pretending, in the face of truth , In one sense , we have had under
that the problem is in its nature one for Parties, but President Wilson the most com
No Policies
controversy between political parties. The plete illustration of government
b usinescountry eficial with the
obvious fact is that the parties are survivals,
and that they interfere a good deal with the
by party that has ever been afforded in
American history . Mr. Wilson has always,
task in theory, favored the English system of
of having the country efficiently gov -
erned . Our business life, after the great " ins” and “ outs," and rule by a party in
war, will demand intelligent treatment at power. Hehas made himself a primeminis
Washington . Would it fare better at the ter, has held his forces together, and has
hands of Wilson, or at those of Hughes ? controlled his majority so effectively that
they have reversed themselves obediently with
The Party The party tradition is a strong dizzy heads as often as he has told them they
Net-work one, while the machinery is even
stronger than the tradition. It is due to the
strength of the party machinery that we are
guilty ofmixing up so many different things
in the election contest of November 7 . We
ought to be choosing Presidential electors,
Members of Congress , and United States
Senators only. Our great Government is
entitled, once in four years, to an election all
its own. There is no other important coun
try in the world that brings together na
tional, State, judicial, county, municipal,
township , and school-district elections, hold
ing them all on the same day and printing
the names of all candidates on the same ballot
paper. Many simple-minded people are not
aware that this arrangement is firmly main
tained by the party politicians, because it
throws the business of government into
the hands of those who profit by politics as
a trade. In England, in a great national
election , the voter has only to choose his
own member of Parliament. He will find
two, perhaps three, names on the voting pa
per, each name representing a party or a
movement. He marks a cross opposite one
name, and that is his way of governing the
British Empire. Municipal reformers in a
number of our States have succeeded in sep
arating city elections from national and
State . But we should by all means separate
the State and county , contests from the na
tional. In New York, for example, besides
the choice of forty -five Presidential electors,
a United States Senator, and a Congressman
in each of the districts, the voters are to
elect a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor,
Secretary of State, Controller, Treasurer,
Attorney General, State Engineer, and Chief
Judge of the Court of Appeals. They have
also to elect judges for various local dis
tricts. They have to elect members of both
branches of the State legislature. Besides Underwood & Underwood , New York
which they have county tickets to deal with , THE LONG BALLOT IN NEW YORK THIS YEAR
and various other issues, general and local. (Our picture shows Francis M . Hugo, Secretary
of State of New York, holding up one of the ballot
The voter cannot act with full knowledge, papers that will be sent to the New York troops now
on the Mexican border. So many candidates are to
and party lines are followed . be voted for that the ballot is eight feet long)
470 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
must. But in the sense of party government in the West and Southwest; (3) the Democ
that signifies fixed lines of policy , as against racy of the " solid South ," to be found in
those adhered to by an opposition, the thing those States where there is practically only
has for the most part disappeared. The con - one party, for sectional reasons ; (4 ) the en
sequence is that, while we have more or less tity known as Tammány Hall, an organiza
unfinished public business on hand, we have tion without political principles or convic
no unfinished program to be carried out by tions, that controls the party machinery of
the party in power, because no essential dif- the metropolis and the State of New York.
ferences mark the parties. Wehave whirled The Republican party, particularly now that
through a maze of incidents ; have had a hun - so many of the Progressives have come back
dred crises; have thrust ourselves into emer- to it, has also its divergences of sentiment as
gencies and spiraled ourselves out of them , respects points of political doctrine. But
and no firm lines of party policy are discerni- there is never a time when the Republicans
ble . This indicates a spirit of national unity . are not more essentially homogeneous than
are the elements and factions which have in
The Democrats , who were once common the Democratic name. When the
Who Are the
Democratis opposed to centralizing tenden Democrats come into power, they are unable
cies, have now carried central to act unitedly , except as they submit them
authority beyond the aims of any other group selves to the leadership of their President and
except the Socialists. Though they have bind themselves to specific action from time
changed the tariff and , in some ways, reduced to time by the harsh rule of party caucus.
it a good deal, they have operated mainly Mr. Wilson as President has shown a skill
within protectionist lines, and their Tariff in exacting obedience from Congressionalma
Commission presupposes the protectionist ar- jorities that has never been surpassed , and
gument. The Democrats have never been a probably never equaled in the history of the
coherent party, having long been composed country. The result has been constructive
of four large, distinct elements, and some and important in surprising measure. The
lesser ones. The large elements have been public business has been carried on in such
( 1 ) the Eastern conservative wing, led by the a way that the Democrats could not this year
late Mr. Cleveland, a political group usually have found any platform or any leader except
more reactionary than any part of the Re- Mr. Wilson , as interpreting himself.
publican organization ; (2) the radical wing,
led typically by Mr. Bryan , always strongest Facing The important thing for the
the Next
Four Years
country is the wise management
ears of our affairs during the years
to come. We have made two military inva
sions ofMexico, on a considerable scale, and
have withdrawn from both under circum
stances that have perhaps added more dif
ficulties than they have removed . As soon
as the European War is over we shall be
held to accountability by Europe for our part
in the Mexican anarchy that has sacrificed
so many innocent lives and so much prop
erty . Wehave been without a definite Mex
ican policy in the years past, and neither ofthe
parties gives us much clue to what its Mexi
can policy is to be in the future. The Na
W
C
tional Guard was sent to the border with a
view to reinforcing Gen. Pershing in the ex
pected occupation and protection of northern
EU
RO
PE
AN
Mexico. There is no other rational explana
WA
R
tion , and this view , so far as we know , is not
contradicted in any quarter. A few months
ago President Wilson and the party leaders
had decided to abandon the Philippines oft
SAFETY FIRST !
hand . Nothing so extraordinary in the his
" I am all there is between you and war in the next
tory of the government of dependent com
four years. " - From the Herald (New York ) munities had happened anywhere in modern
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 471
history. What do the Democrats intend to
do in future about the Philippines?
The " scuttle” bill had been
What of the passed through the Senate, and
Philippines ?
it had been arranged to have it
go through the House without the change of
a detail, in order to avoid either delay in con
ference committee or danger of further de
bate in the Senate. Public opinion , however,
began to be heard from ; some unexpected op
position developed in the House ; the project
of scuttle was thereupon abandoned for the
time being, and we have come into the cam
paign without a single word from President
Wilson or the Administration of their inten
tions on this great subject in case they are
accorded four years more of power. So far
as the world goes, the sovereignty of the
American flag in the Philippines is as firmly
settled as it is in Alaska, where this Admin
istration is building a Government railroad.
The proposal to abandon the Philippines
abruptly, that failed only by an unexpected NOTES AND NOTES
Auke, was a fantastic instance of our impro THE SHARKS: “ How about sending a note to Wilson
vised and sudden shifts of public policy . It about all those ships that are continually coming down !”
illustrates that dangerous facility of mind From Il Mulo ( Bologna, Italy )
sometimes found in men of brilliant parts and
of literary and academic habits, which too notes, or provoked newspaper discussion .
readily sees the different sides of a given TheGerman Government had , in answer to
proposition , and too easily yeers from one our “ identic note," informed us that they
practical attitude to another. would not enter upon their threatened sub
marine campaign against merchant ships if
America as a Until the present time, since the the Allies would modify those practices
Neutrala European War broke out, our which had been pronounced by the United
international position has been States Government as contrary to the rights
simple and easy beyond that of any other of neutrals.
Government. The European Powers, ranged
in a life and death struggle, could not pos All the long, painful, and humi
sibly entertain a serious controversy with the „ Where
We Failed liating chapters of our subse
United States. The leverage has been in quent dealing with Germany on
our hands to such an extent that there is no the one hand and with England on the other
question involving clear neutral rights would have been obviated if we had stood
which could not have been settled within at the time by the doctrines that we our
forty -eight hours by a whisper, if dealt with selves laid down in the identic note of Feb
at themomentwhen the question arose. The ruary 20, 1915 . And this would have
German submarine policy was entered upon required no blustering, no use of the navy,
by way of reprisal, because of interferences nothing whatever but a quiet word to the
with neutral rights of commerce that our effect that we meant immediately and with
own Government had denounced. Wehad but out delay to act upon the views that we had
to act rather than to speak, and those rights officially formulated . We should not have
would have been acknowledged and safe had to declare an embargo upon all trade
guarded . The Allies were so dependent upon with the Allies, because a private hint
trade with this country that their Orders in of our unwavering intention would have
Council would never have transgressed our secured for us all thatwe had claimed. And
reasonable rights for a single week if we had if we had taken this obvious step - fully re
chosen to maintain such rights. And if we quired by self-respect after we had formu
had so chosen , it would not have been neces- lated our doctrine of neutral rights — there
sary to have made arguments, or written could have been no Lusitania tragedy, nor
472 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
any color of excuse for the unlawful policy however, we are in real danger, because the
of torpedoing passenger and merchant ships highest authorities in this Democratic cam
without observance of the established rules paign do not deny that if the resumption of
regarding the giving of warning and the a more reckless form of submarine activity
protection of life. If these observations were should result in the accidental loss of Amer
in the nature of after-thoughts, we should ican lives on merchant ships, President Wil
not now express them . They were so ob - son would make war against Germany. This
vious at the time that we expressed them would be a dire calamity ; and it is plain to
fully and repeatedly. see that its origin would date back to the
time when, instead of challenging and pre
What Should
Not to have foreseen the dangers venting the submarine policy, early in 1915,
Have Been d mo
into which we were drifting we yielded our rights and suffered that policy
was fatuous, and in our opinion to be entered upon , merely writing a ward
it was a mistake that may pursue us harm - ing note, while awaiting the inevitable.
fully for a hundred years. The little leak
in the dike, so easily stopped when first seen , " Account It is as if in a feud between
grows into a food. We could have secured * ability neighbors one of them should an
the observance of neutral rights by a word, for What ? nounce to you, a mutual friend,
could have prevented submarine outrage by that he intended to shoot across your door
firmness and foresight, and could have won yard and through your windows, with a
the respect alike of both belligerent groups, view to getting at his enemy on the other
and also the gratitude of the neutral group side, advising you to look out for yourself
that was begging for our coöperation and as best you could . Would you then have
our moral leadership. In the world 's view informed him that after he had killed one of
to -day, we do not rank with countries like your children you would hold him to strict
Sweden and Holland in the firm assertion accountability, or would you have challenged
of neutral rights. We ought to have ac- his proposal immediately , and prevented him ,
cumulated no grievances against any of the for everybody's best interests, from putting
belligerents ; but as matters stand we have his insane purpose into effect ? What we did
made the written record in so many unsettled as a public policy was to inform Germany
questions of grave controversy that every that when an illegal mode of warfare on the
thoughtful man must dread the reckoning. common highway of the seas had resulted
Good sense and firm action from the be- as it certainly must sooner or later in the
ginning of the war would have forestalled death of Americans, we would then proceed
complaints, settled issues before they had to hold her to strict accountability. Wedid
emerged into definite disagreements, and left not make it clear whether we would arraign
us in a position of safety with honor. With her for the policy , or for the harm to indi
no claims or grievances of our own to con - viduals. The atrocious thing in the public
sider, we should have been morally pre- sense was the policy itself. We could have
pared to help the war-crazed and suffering stopped it by challenging it instantly. We
world to find its way back to peace , and its could also have previously stopped it by in
way forward to disarmament. forming England that she must conform to
the principles we had so clearly laid down
.
Our It is not pleasant to criticize, but in the identic note .
Continuing in this campaign so many men
Danger have asked what could have been Less important relatively , but oi
done and what should have been done, that British .. similar character, has been our
Regulations
it is permissible to say that we drifted into later dealing with the English
danger through sheer failure to uphold our practice of seizing our mails and of con
own position . Much useless debate has trolling at all points and in every detail the
turned upon what should have been done operations of our commerce with neutral
after the Lusitania was sunk . All the funda- countries. It was for us either to come to
mentalmistakes of our policy had been made an understanding with England promptly
long before the Lusitania episode. TheGer- about such practices, at the very outset, or
man policy of reprisal was against neutral else to take a firm stand upon our rights, as
rights, and we should have stopped it at the Grover Cleveland or Andrew Jackson, not *
moment of its inception . This could have to mention any other President, would cer
been done by firm and courageous action . It tainly have done. Remember, our Govern
would have involved us in no danger. Now , ment has in form ofwords taken its position .
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 473
It has denied the right of England to do INTER
certain things with our mails. Yet England LANEWU
NATIO
N
has continued without interruption to seize GTRR
EAEL
and open all classes of American mail and to arat
ion
corru
KIT
make note of all our commercial transactions. Decl NEBUELG

na
CA afe'Ss TRAIAN
LIT

O PRRORTAENZA LONDO
This course was not ventured upon by the

i
Y

ch
TR
British Government for a considerable time.

IP
T
It was begun rather tentatively, as if to see S C VA
how we would take it. Our Government AR
Y DEMOCRATIC MAIL PROD
A U SINGLE TER
VILOLB'S
seemed to be very slow in noticing it, and IT PLANK

9
GA

A
the seizures became ever bolder and more re

R
gardless of the postal treaties and the rules of
international law . These practices would
have been stopped at the beginning if wehad
defined our rights, declared that we would
maintain them , and shown that we meant
what we said . The private, friendly expres
sion of our intentions would have sufficed ;
and the press need never have heard of it.

Abandoned
Legal arguments in matters of
that kind are of no consequence. 1916 by John T . McCutcheon
Rights SCRAPS OF PAPER
Either you do not allow your From the Tribune (Chicago)
mail to be opened, or else you suffer it. We able to render superior service to our coun
have suffered it ; and our protests are not try in the coming four years. We are
worth the paper they are written upon .
John Bull in our place would never have toli
tol- strongly
strongly impressed with the reasonableness
erated the indignity. We have tolerated it, of that view .
and therefore condoned it. The best thing " Keeping 1. There is no evidence, however,
to do is to forget it. As regards these mat Out
Warsof that issues like these are very
ters, including the " blacklist” and a variety " clearly in the public mind just
of other measures that violate commercial now . Undoubtedly President Wilson has
rights, there can be no future redress. Not desired above all things to keep this country
to assert and maintain one's rights at the out of war. Yet he has managed, as re
moment is to abandon them . The British spects Mexico and as respects Germany, to
Government may rightly say that it regards keep the country in constant fear lest his poli
the course pursued by the American Govern - cies should embroil us in war. That our oc
ment as equivalent to full acquiescence in cupation of Vera Cruz did not lead us on
and acceptance of the Orders in Council and to further seizures of territory and warlike
the means taken by the Allies to enforce acts is only to be explained on the surprising
them . Unfortunately, however, our diplo - ground that so definite a step was taken with
matic methods have produced a series of no relation to subsequent policy. That the
formal written declarations of grievance and formidable expedition under General Persh
wrong, and these may result in future trou ing — an army column thrown far into Mex
ble. There are no predicaments of this sort ico — has not led to war on a larger and more
which we have not ourselves created , in bloody scale can hardly be due to foresight
view of the ease with which we could at th . at Washington. It is almost inconceivable
outset have prevented their accumulation . It that any President could have so misman
is, then , for the country to decide whether aged affairs as to have forced us into a Euro
the Wilson methods of controversial note- pean war when both sides were so anxious
writing are to be continued, or whether there to maintain our good will. Yet, in consid
may be found some way to wipe the slate erable parts of the country the most convinc
clean and go forward with full protection of ing campaign argument is the one that was
all such American rights as we are cur adopted by the National Committee in the
rently defining as proper and necessary to be phrase : “He kept us out of war.” We
sustained . It is wholly possible that minds Americans have no quarrelwith any country,
like those of Mr. Hughes and Mr. Root, and we wish all men of all nations peace and
coming freshly to the business of straighten - prosperity . How , then, could we be dragged
ing out these diplomatic tangles, would be into war except through our own shocking
474 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
mismanagement, at a timewhen no nation on were ripe for forcing the railroads to give
earth is willing to have war with us, and them a large increase in pay. The period of
when none has even thought of denying us idle cars and slack business was at an end ;
any rights that we chose to assert? the country 's traffic was straining transpor
tation facilities ; and a league of the locomo
Not to criticize but rather to tive engineers, firemen , conductors, and
hings
to All Men analyze, we ask our readers to trainmen of all the roads in the country to
note the fact that the chief tri- strike simultaneously was a threat against
umph of the Democratic campaign lies in its the entire public rather than against rail
plan of shaping a variety of issues , in such a way managers.
way as to cause one to obscure the other, and
with a view to appealing on different grounds The Workers ' Since the argument of the broth
to different groups and classes. The dread Demands 18 erhoods
mouus lay in their supposed
of war and the love of comfortable prosper ability to hold up the business
ity are feelings by no means to be despised . of the entire country, and since their demand
In view of the disasters of Europe, our was purely arbitrary , there was nothing in
American States may well prize their im - the nature of the case which could have pre
munity thus far from such terrors . Thus vented their demanding a six -hour basic
the appeal to the pacifists is good politics. day, instead of one of some other length .
The supposed antagonism of the German The miners of the country are now under
sympathizers is counted upon to win the vote taking to secure a seven -hour day, and they
of many whose hearts are with Belgium , have our sympathy and best wishes. The
France, and England. On the other hand , public has cheerfully paid a little more for
the recent curt, notes to England and the coal in recent years, because the lot of miners
Allies are expected by some of the campaign was being alleviated . There are many well
managers to win pro -German votes for Wil. informed people who think that railroad
son at a time when Hughes and Roosevelt trainmen , as compared with most workers ,
are mentioning the Lusitania in an irritating are fortunate as regards both wages and
fashion . Many lines of argument are used conditions of labor. With compact organ
to win the farmer vote for Wilson by show - ization , these railroad brotherhoods have
ing that Hughes is the candidate of Wall been able to secure constant advances , and
Street and " the interests," while the present they have been the great champions of the
Administration is fighting the people's battle principle of arbitration . In their latest and
against the money power and the trusts. most sweeping demand, they refused arbi
tration when the railway companies offered
" Eight Hours".. Nothing, however, has equaled it, and they were obdurate, according to the
and the
Vote
Labor in adroitness
ei
the appeal to the President of the United States, even when
Vote labor vote based upon the two he urged them , offering to appoint all the
words " eight hours." There is not the slight- arbitrators himself.
est reason in the world to regard Mr. Wil
son as more favorable to an eight-hour day How Mr. Wilson
Curiously enough , it was Presi
or to the amelioration of labor conditions Condeson dent Wilson who seemed to be
than Mr. Hughes. Mr. Wilson 's record is the person most disturbed over
that of one who had strongly opposed the the prospect of the great strike. Herushed to
national child labor legislation , which at the Congress, asking to have a law passed which
last moment of the recent session he brought would compel the railway employers to pay
into existence by a swift and brilliant change thesemen on the eight-hour basis after Janu
of view and policy, for which we are glad ary 1, as much as they now pay on the ten
to accord him praise. The Eight-Hour Law hour basis. And he put every pressure upon
for the unions operating railroad trains had Congress to pass this law by Saturday night,
never been proposed or advocated by anyone, while he signed it on Sunday, because the
least of all by President Wilson . It was as four masterful chiefs of the brotherhoods
unexpected as if Mr. Wilson had suddenly would not postpone for a moment the strike
demanded that Congress pass a law giving that they were going to precipitate Monday
all cooks fifty dollars a month and the morning. Mr. Wilson all his life has been
“ basic" eight-hour day, while ignoring wait- a critical publicist who has not hesitated to
resses and chambermaids. The facts were say what he thought of certain kinds of
that the best-paid and best-organized men in legislative and executive action. There is
the railway service believed that conditions not in the United States any man, it is rea
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 475

Photograph by American Press Association

PRESIDENT WILSON – FROM A RECENT PHOTOGRAPH AT SHADOW LAWN , HIS SUMMER HOME
AT LONG BRANCH , NEW JERSEY

sonable to say, who - if in his accustomed sure it goes against their grain to be sneered
place as observer and critic he had looked on at as having been taken under the wing of
at this Congressional performance — would the Government as if they were different
have excoriated the surrender with such from ordinary men in the economic world .
wealth and brilliancy of denunciation as The shocking thing is that even in the face
Woodrow Wilson himself. of a Presidential campaign their strike
threats could scare the Government of the
It is not a question of concern United States. They themselves were — as
methods for the finances of the railroad we are informed — wholly astonished. The
companies. They will find President had only to remind the brother
means to protect their own interests in what hood chiefs of their own arbitration record,
is , after all, in the long run a land of justice and to stand squarely against hold -ups and
and fair play. Nor has anybody grudged to in favor of just methods. There would
the railroad trainmen as good wages as they have been no strike ; there would assuredly
can obtain . It will be only too short a time have been arbitration ; and the President
within which they will have to learn that would have been commended for his obvi
the principles of demand and supply in the ously right course. There ought to be no
labor market can not pass them by as an railroad strikes ; and in this case a strike
exempt class , favored beyond other people. would have been inexcusable. But the pre
They are a manly lot of men , and we are ventive used was worse than strikes.
476 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
As we explained last month , this
The " Politics "
and all the other railway presidents, earnest
of the Affair" bill does not shorten the hours ly explaining the matter to President Wilson
of railroad freight-train work at the time, our chief executive should be
ers, but provides a different basis for reckon - come the victim of “misrepresentations” on
ing wages. ' At present they obtain no over the part of such excellent and honest labor
time pay if they make their daily run within leaders as Stone, Garretson, Carter, and Lee?
ten hours. The new law reckons overtime
if they do not finish the day within eight Nobody It does not seem to us that the
hours. At the first blush, the indignant rail " Misrepre-
sented "
brotherhoods misrepresented, on
way managers naturally gave out extreme ed" the one hand , or that the railway
figures to show the immense burden the new presidents misrepresented on the other. Nor
law would throw upon them . Instantly the does it seem to us that any intelligent public
Democratic campaign managers, together man at Washington failed to understand, or
with certain labor leaders, undertook to make “mistook for truth ” anything that was er
it appear that the great railroad barons, be- roneous in the claims or statements of either
ing part and parcel of the Wall Street money side. For thirty years Mr. Wilson has
power, were solidly supporting Hughes, shown a keen intelligence in analyzing and
while Wilson, “ the friend of labor," had the appraising precisely such episodes. Nothing
could be farther from the methods that he
courage to stand as the heroic champion of taught
the common wage -earner. The more Mr. his students to employ in political
Hughes pointed out the impropriety of the criticism than lack of entire frankness in dis
method by which the railroad labor bill cussing such a matter. And he would de
had been passed , the better the Democratic mand it, even when Mr. Wilson himself
campaign managers were pleased ; because happens to be the President in the case, in
Labor has more votes than Capital, and stead of being , as formerly, the outside
they were having the wedge driven just critic . He will be more amused than com
where they wanted it. Fortunately, the forted by Mr. Underwood's assurance to the
seeming unity of the railway presidents was public that Wilson meant well but was
broken by Judge Lovett, now head of the fooled by the labor leaders .
Harriman system , himself a lifelong Texas We are thoroughly glad the
Democrat and railroad lawyer, who came out TheHeart
the issue of
brotherhoods have not embarked
for President Wilson on general principles . upon their strike ; for such a
A Railroad Mr. Lovett was followed by method would have done them great harm
Apologist that wise and genial philosopher,
for Wilson Mr. F . D . Underwood , presi I THOUGHT ABOUT 50 % OF
ARBITRATION WAS ENOUGH
AND BESIDES , IT PLEASES
dent of the Erie system , who gave out to the THE CHILDREN
press on October 15 an extended interview LL NEVER
RECOVER FROM
THIS OPERATION
containing his reasons for supporting Presi
dent Wilson . In the matter of the rail
road brotherhoods, Mr. Underwood refuses
to believe that “ President Wilson played
politics.” “ I once stated,” says Mr. Under RB
I O
F

wood , “ and now reaffirm , that my opinion is VA

that he used his best judgment in doing as
he did . No one could fairly accuse him of
playing politics, and while my views did
not correspond with his, I concede that his
motives were honest.” At length Mr. Un
derwood proceeds to his explanation of it
all in the following words: “ The misrepre
sentations of the brotherhoods, which he mis VOTE
LABOR

took for truth, moved him to action .” It is

not Mr. Underwood's way to impugn mo
tives — not even those of politicians at elec
tion time. But he makes the President ride
on the other horn of a dilemma, for he dis
John T. McCutcheon
parages the Presidential intelligence. How © by DR. WILSON OPERATING ON " ARBITRATION "
is it that with Mr. Underwood himself, From the Tribune (Chicago )
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 477

Photograph by Paul Thompson , New York

A CHARACTERISTIC PHOTOGRAPH OF HON . CHARLES E , HUGHES IN HIS CAMPAIGN
FOR THE PRESIDENCY
and would also have inconvenienced the pub- make a fine President. He is a strong ex
lic. There is a welcome tendency towards ecutive, has made a great reputation as a
shorter hours of labor, which this episode judge in the interpretation of our laws bear
at least does something to advertise . In due ing upon the forces of business and economic
time the railway labor claims will find ad - life , has a balanced and courageous mind,
justment on right grounds and by proper has immense capacity for hard work, is above
methods. What interests us all now is the petty and unworthy political actions, and
way in which a false issue is being used for represents a clean -cut devotion to American
political advantage. The campaign workers honor and American interest. If Mr. Wil
will naturally play the issue for all it is son is elected for another term , he will be
worth, and nobody will blame them . But accepted as President of the whole country,
labor-union leaders know better ; and in so and will only have to find clear and firm
far as their consciences and their intelligence courses of action in order to add the un
govern them they must be a trifle uneasy. qualified approval of the discerning to the
popularity he has won on the unsound plea
Two Men , and
By the middle of November the that he is the champion of the "masses” as
ind American public will be making against the “ classes.” The contest is not
the Public
the best of the results, whichever between parties, nor is it even between rival
way the election goes. Everyone who is in - candidates. If Wilson is defeated he will
telligent knows that Mr. Hughes would have defeated himself. The recent record
478 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
of the Republicans gives them no positive general efficiency and fidelity of the Admin
claim . They have had no policies as a istration . This, in our opinion , has been
party , any more than the Democrats have one of the very best Administrations— one
had. Mr. Wilson personally has had a of the freest from scandal and impropriety
four years ' career of the most bewildering in the entire history of the country. We
and incalculable activities. These will have have not approved, in general, of the han
won for him a variegated support, immense dling of diplomatic and foreign affairs by
in its aggregate. It will have alienated and the Wilson Administration . It has been
antagonized other elements also totaling regrettably unsuccessful in dealing with the
large. It now seems likely that his support problem of military defense. But it has
ers on November 7 will be more numerous acted , even in such matters, in good faith
than his opponents. A more logical and and according to its best lights. When one
better-balanced contest would have been as- comes to the normal work of the executive de
sured if the Republicans had nominated Col partments, the Administration is not perfect
onel Roosevelt, though the result might have but it is commendable. Its surrender of civil
been equally uncertain . service reform principles to the Democratic
politicians in some quarters is not consist
Is This a There is one thing that it is just ent with President Wilson 's academic record
" Good" Admin? - mure
istration and proper to say at this junc- on this question ; but we do not find that
ture, in pages of comment that the civil service has been grossly given over
endeavor to be straightforward in their esti- to the party spoilsmen . Great departments
mate of public matters, but that are not and special bureaus have been admirably
meant to be partisan. It is this : If the Re- carried on . In the quiet, efficient work of
publicans come back to power, they will find Secretary Houston , American agriculture has
the Government and the country in very found competent leadership , and a remark
good shape. We are not in the least im - able record of constructive progress stands
pressed by the Republican attacks on the to the Department's credit. Secretary Lane

Press Illustrating Co.

MEMBERS OF THE REPUBLICAN ADVISORY CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE, AS RECENTLY PHOTOGRAPHED AT THE NEW
YORK HEADQUARTERS
(Standing, from left to right: Governor Beeckman of Rhode Island, Victor Rosewater of Nebraska , Ex-Governor
Eberhart of Minnesota , Raymond Robbins of Illinois and Frank Hitchcock . Seated , also from left to right : Hon.
Theodore E . Burton of Ohio . Hon . James Wilson of Iowa . National Chairman William R . Willcox of New York ,
Charles G . Dawes of Chicago, and John Wanamaker of Philadelphia and New York )
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 479

has been a fine administrator, and has

in legislation and in practical work
shown himself a statesman in the
best sense. The Post-Office Depart
ment has some hard problems on its
hands, but it has been working upon
them in good faith , and certainly ,
though Mr. Burleson is a trained poli
tician , he has not made anything like
such glaring political use of his De
partment as has more than one of his
Republican predecessors. The Treas
ury Department under Mr. McAdoo
has had to face financial problems in
an unexampled period, and it is sur
prising that the things done should
have been so fully acquiesced in , and
should have aroused so little of parti © International Film Service
san opposition . The Department of CHAIRMAN VANCE McCORMICK OF THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL
Justice does not seem to have been COMMITTEE (ONSECRETARY
THE LEFT)TO AND MR. JOSEPH P. TUMULTY,
THE PRESIDENT
bringing invidious prosecutions, nor to (Mr. Tumulty is one of the chief advisers in the campaign , and
have been protecting some corpora - the picture was taken at a recent Long Branch conference)
tions while assailing others. Brother
Daniels as Secretary of the Navy has been and to find some way of providing for the
heavily pounded , but Mr. Baker as Secre- general training of young citizens upon the
tary of War is personally admired by Repub- Swiss, Dutch, or Australian model. But
licans. And even Mr. Daniels seems to bear as respects this matter the whole country
up, and to live down many of the criticisms has had to emerge from its dense ignorance,
of those who have not thought him a com - and to learn common sense. Republicans
petent head of the Navy Department. . and Democrats alike have until lately failed
to understand that our military system is
: :
Something to
If a Republican Congress should wrong in every fundamental respect. It can
to come
come
Build Upon in , it could go forward only be said that the Republicans now seem
upon the existing basis. It to understand the subject a very little better
would have to make some tariff changes, but than the Democrats.
it would find the Underwood Tariff a better
basic line than the old Payne-Aldrich Tar . As to an In respect to certain controversies
iff , from which to deal with one schedule amord of the past year or two, there is
Invidious Word
after another. The President has not yet a word that we have never used
appointed the Tariff Commission which the in this magazine nor allowed to be used .
new law authorizes ; but it is supposed that We have never discoursed about the " hy
the members will be practical and scientific, phen ” nor called any group of our fellow
rather than partisans or the devotees of a pre- citizens " hyphenates.” The thing has been
conceived theory. Certainly the Republi- so silly as to be unworthy of serious atten
cans will not wish to undo the Federal Re- tion. We have a great many men of Hun
serve Act or the Rural Credits Act, al. garian origin here, who are thoroughly good
though they may find occasion to make some Americans but are sympathetically concerned
amendments in detail. Nor is it to be for Magyar destinies. We have no idea
thought for a moment that the Republicans whether their Magyar sympathies will in
would undo the constructive work which fluence their voting here , or whether they
has given us the Federal Trade Commission , can find reason for supporting Hughes ra
with its useful function of examining into ther than Wilson . Wehave a large and ad
alleged restraints of trade and supposed mirable body of citizens whose parents or
monopolies. Surely the Republicans would grandparents have come from Germany. We
not repeal the federal Child Labor Act, nor have not very many relatively who have
would they lay a finger upon the new scheme come from Germany themselves, because in
which apportions money to the States for recent years Germany has been able to em
the building of good roads. They would be ploy all of its sons in its growing industries.
obliged to tear up the Hay military bill, According to our best information and be
480 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the Balkan States. The only people for
whose Americanism we have had some anx
iety are those people of many generations of
American blood who seem to have cared
more for their opportunities to make money
out of the European War than for the dig
nity and honor of our own country. It is
our judgment that all of the belligerent
European countries have behaved in the main
quite admirably toward us. And to imag
ine that large bodies of Americans of recent
foreign origin have been disloyal to the land
of their adoption is ridiculous. Nothing
could so have intensified their grateful loy
alty to America as their freedom here from
the calamities that afflict Europe.
For the first time in a Presiden
Electing United
States tial year, the voters are choosing
Senators
torg United States Senators by direct
popular action . Two years ago the new
method came into effect, and one-third of the
PREPAREDNESS
Senators were elected in their States by popu
SOUTH AMERICA: " What kind of a tree is that, lar vote. It is not yet certain whether the new
L 'ncle ? "
UNCLE SAM : " That is a very dangerous kind of thorn ,
system does or does not bring stronger men
which nowadays must be cultivated by all of us. to the front than the old system . Except for
From Sucessos (Valparaiso, Chile) party machines, the old system might have
been preferable. As things are in our politi
lief, the great body of Americans of Ger- cal life , the new system in our opinion is
man origin have been firm in their devotion an improvement. We present herewith the
to the United States, even when sympathiz- names of the men who have been duly nomi
ing with the cause of the Central Powers nated and are running for the Senate on the
rather than with the cause of the British Democratic and Republican tickets in thirty
and Russian Empires. We have a great two States. Indiana will elect two men , be
body of excellent citizens of Jewish faith cause of a vacancy caused by the death of
who hate the Russian Government because Senator Shively. Maine acted in the Sep
of its bad treatmentof Jews. Wehave no idea tember election, and chose two Republicans
whether their Jewish sympathies incline them - Messrs. Frederick Hale and Bert M . Fer
to go with Brandeis and Morgenthau in sup- nald . The death of Senator Burleigh made
port of Mr. Wilson , or with Oscar Straus necessary the filling of both seats from
and many others in support of Mr. Hughes. Maine. Arkansas would not vote for a Sen
They are entitled to choose for themselves. ator this year but for the death of Senator
Clarke. Our readers will remember that
Whose It happens that this country has there are ninety -six Senate seats, two from
" 18Americanism
in Doubt ?
” become, through the British con - each of forty -eight States, and that in the
votr trol of the sea lanes, the great regular order of things thirty -two Senators
reservoir of food supplies, war munitions, are elected every two years.
and all sorts of material for the Allies. The
vastness of the trade thus developed has Old and New It will be noted in the list given:
practically committed our entire financial Men in the that there are no Republican
and industrial system to an association with Senate nominees for the Senate in Flor
the policies of the British Government that ida, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia . In a
for working purposes is quite as intimate as number of the Southern States the real con
that of Britain with the industrial system test is in the Democratic primaries, nomina
of Canada. We have no fears whatever for tion being equivalent to election . Of the
the Americanism of the groups of people thirty -two Democrats in the list , thirteen are
sneered at as “ hyphenates," whether they already Senators and are seeking reëlection .
have come originally from England , France, Of the twenty -eight Republicans in the list,
Ireland, Germany, Poland, Russia, Italy , or eleven are already Senators. If, therefore,
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 481
incumbents should all hold their seats — and As to the
After the election in Maine in
most of them seem likely to do so — twenty Campaignon September, Republican hopes
four experienced men would continue in the were high, and the chances of
chamber as a result of this election , and eight Hughes seemed better than those of Wilson .
new men would appear. One of these new Aswehave often pointed out, however, Wil
men is almost certain to be Governor Hiram son had many advantages in the fact that he
Johnson , of California . Another is equally was in power and could make issues as he
sure to be the Hon . Frank B . Kellogg, of went along to suit emergencies. Much was
Minnesota. · The State of New York will done at Washington in the closing days of
sendcombs, four years a committee, or Mr. furthermore, of grethods that have beeboring
send a new man , and he will be either Mr. Congress to improve Wilson's chances, the
McCombs, four years ago chairman of the climax being reached in the Railroad' Eight
Democratic National Committee, or Mr. Hour Law . Mr. Wilson has the benefit,
Calder , a former Brooklyn Congressman furthermore, of great cleverness and audacity.
Pennsylvania will elect Mr. Knox, now in in the campaign methods that have been used
private life but formerly a Senator. The as to give effect to this " friend-of-the-laboring
sumption , of course, that incumbents will man " argument, and the ' “ kept-us-out-of
hold their seats does not apply to all the war" slogan . This has not been a pictur
States. It seems likely that Mr. Myron T . esque campaign , of torch -light processions
Herrick will beat Senator Pomerene in Ohio. and old -fashioned demonstrations. It has
It is quite possible that New and Watson been a campaign of argument, chiefly on the
may beat Kern and Taggart in Indiana. It one point whether somebody else could have
does not seem probable that the Republicans managed affairs better than Wilson has done.
will gain control of the Senate, although they The burden of proof in such cases must lie
may wipe out the Democratic majority in the with those who attack ; and Mr. Wilson 's
House of Representatives. The Senate is advantage of position has been used to the
changed more gradually — a wise system . utmost by a very capable, zealous, and loyal
CANDIDATES FOR THE UNITED STATES SENATE
STATE DEMOCRAT REPUBLICAN
Arizona. . .. * Henry F . Ashurst Joseph H . Kibbey
Arkansas . . . . . . Justice W . F. Kirby Harmon. L. Remmel
California . . . . . George S. Patton Gov. Hiram Johnson
Connecticut.
Delaware Homer S. Cummings * George P. McLean
. .. .. . Josiah 0 . Wolcott *Henry A . du Pont
Florida . . . . . . . . Gov . Park Trammell (none)
Indiana ...... * John W . Kern Harry S. New
* Thomas Taggart James E . Watson
Maryland . . .. .. Cong. David J. Lewis Dr. Joseph Irwin France
Massachusetts .. John F . Fitzgerald * Henry Cabot Lodge
Michigan . . .. . . : Lawrence Price * Charles E . Townsend
Minnesota . .. . . . . Daniel W . Lawlor Frank B . Kellogg
Mississippi . ... . * John Sharp Williams
Missouri
( none)
.. .. . ... * James A . Reed Walter S. Dickey
Montana . . .. . .. * Henry L . Myers Charles N . Pray
Nebraska . . . . . . *Gilbert M . Hitchcock Ex-Cong. John L . Kennedy
Nevada . ... .. . . * Key Pittman Samuel Platt
New Jersey . . . . * James E . Martine Joseph S. Frelinghuysen
New Mexico . .. Andrieus A . Jones Frank A . Hubbell
New York . . .. . William F. McCombs Ex -Cong. William M . Calder
North Dakota . . Ex-Gov. John Burke * Porter J. McCumber
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . * Atlee Pomerene Ex-Gov. Myron T. Herrick
Pennsylvania . . . Ellis L . Orvis Philander Č . Knox ,
Rhode Island .. Peter Goelet Gerry * Henry F . Lippitt . .
Tennessee . .. . . . Cong. Kenneth D . McKellar Ben W . Hooper
Texas . . . . . . . . .. * Charles A . Culberson (none )
Utah . . . . . . . . . . Ex-Cong. William H . King * George Sutherland
Vermont . . . . . . . Oscar C . Miller * Carroll S. Page
Virginia .. . . . .. * Claude A . Swanson (none)
Washington .. . . Ex- Sen . George Turner *Miles Poindexter
West Virginia . * William E . Chilton Cong. Howard Sutherland
Wisconsin . . . . . . William F. Wolfe •Robert M . La Follette
Wyoming. ..... Gov. John B . Kendrick * Clarence D . Clark
nt.
* Incumbent.
Nov.- 2
482 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
campaign organization . The Republican at The existing (Sixty-fourth)
tack could not be made entirely coherent ; Government
Business
Congress will meet for its closing
and it has been a question whether some of en session on December 4. If noth
the things said and done have not hurt more ing unusual arises to occupy its attention , its
nt appropria
esidebeginning
promised to be in July aprendre beginnippere
than they have helped. After all, the coun- chief concern nwill be with the
try knows that it can have Mr. Hughes if nditheg ffiscal
tion bills pefor o rwardyear w i ng wwith
i
it wants him ; and Mr. Wilson for his part the first of next July . President Wilson has
stands or falls on his record. The gambling promised to bring forward as unfinished busi
chances for Hughes in September were re- ness the pending proposal to increase the
garded by betting men as somewhat more membership of the Interstate Commerce
favorable than in October. But only the un Commission , and his other plans for enabling
informed attach much importance to the ordi the railroads to pass on to the public the
nary reports of the betting odds. burden due to the Eight-Hour Law . Hehas
already appointed as members of the com
Late in October, the Democratic mission of three which is to observe the
Lead
Pencils National Committee, in response working of that act General Goethals, of
to our request, assured us that Panama fame, Mr. Clark, of the Interstate
they were confident of carrying thirty States Commerce Commission (formerly chief of
with a total electoral vote of 339. This the Brotherhood of Conductors ) , and Mr.
would leave to the Republicans a possible Rublee (whose appointment to the Trade
eighteen States with a total electoral vote of Commission was rejected by the Senate).
192 . Their claim includes all the usual These are excellent men of superior qualifi
Southern States, with Maryland , Delaware, cations. They are not to act as arbitrators
West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri. or judges, but merely to report how in their
They claim Colorado and also Arizona, but opinion the law bears practically upon the
put New Mexico in the doubtful list. They interests of the parties concerned. As the
claim Washington , Idaho, and Montana, result of efforts of an unofficial kind, or
putting California and Oregon in the doubt. ganized and led by Mr. Howard Coffin ,
ful list. They claim Nevada, assigning Utah Congress provided for a Council of National
to the doubtful. They claim Ohio and Indi- Defense at the recent session , and the Presi
ana, also Wisconsin , putting Illinois and dent has named an advisory board of seven
Minnesota in the doubtful list. They claim men . These are Mr. Daniel Willard, of
Nebraska and Oklahoma, conceding Kansas Baltimore ; Mr. Samuel Gompers, of Wash
to the Republicans. They claim New York ington ; Dr. F. H . Martin , of Chicago ; Mr.
and New Jersey, also Connecticut, while Howard E . Coffin , of Detroit ; Mr. B.
putting Massachusetts in the doubtful list. Baruch , of New York ; Dr. Hollis Godfrey,
They put both North Dakota and South of Philadelphia ; and Mr. Julius Rosenwald ,
Dakota in the list of States possibly Demo- of Chicago. They will be invaluable in a
cratic , but doubtful. Thus, besides the movement which a future number of this
thirty that they fully claim , they mark ten Review will more fully describe.
more as " possibly Democratic ," leaving only
eight States which they concede to Hughes A Public Before the strike crisis had led
and the Republicans. These eight are Maine, ownership so unexpectedly to the passage of
Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Inquiry the Railroad Eight-Hour Law ,
Pennsylvania, Iowa, Kansas, and Wyoming. Congress had provided for a very important
As for the Republicans, they concede the investigation of the whole subject of railway
so-called " solid South ” from the start, and regulation and control. The inquiry is to be
claim the rest of the country as good fighting carried on under the chairmanship of Sen
ground. It is to be borne in mind that in ator Newlands by a joint Congressional com
all Presidential elections both sides claim to mittee of ten . Federal incorporation, gove
the very last that they will carry New York , ernment ownership . of railroads and other
Ohio , and Indiana. Both sides also usually public utilities, and all the major questions
claim Illinois. It is a surprise to us that and problemsof railway and telegraph opera
Illinois is put in the doubtful list by our tion in their relationships to the Government
informants at Democratic headquarters. and the public, are to be reported upon. The
Their chances in that State seem to insiders hearings, it is announced, will begin on No
of the Republican camp to be better than in vember 20. It is not going to be an easy
some of the other States (Ohio and Indiana, task to produce a valuable and well-digested
for instance) positively claimed for Wilson report upon these subjects .
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 483
In the middle of October it be- of goods purchased by Europe and her goods
More
Foreign Loans came known that Great Britain 'soldencertonofsusheAmerican
dbonds ays aofnd sstocks
railwhere
ldis bthey a resale tocks aandnd
red Here would before long float a new railways and industrial
loan in the United States to help pay for the concerns held by European investors. Presi
stuffs. It iscountry
stupendous importations from this country
of war material and food -stuffs. It is under-
dent L . F . Loree, of the Delaware and Hud
son Railroad Company, has recently made a
stood that the new borrowing will be much report on the volume of these operations
after the fashion of the last, by which $ 250,- which , while not pretending to be exact, is
000,000 was secured in America for Great certainly more authoritative and valuable
Britain by pledging the bonds of various for than any other estimate that has appeared.
eign countries and bonds and stocks of Amer . It puts the par value of American railway
ican corporations. It will be remembered securities held abroad on January 31, 1915,
that Great Britain 's first and largest loan, at $ 2,700,000,000 , and finds that this ag
floated here through the issuance of the so - gregate had been in eighteen months, on
called Anglo -French bonds, was arranged July 31 last, reduced to $ 1,400,000,000.
without any pledging of collateral or se
curity other than the joint promise to pay Practically all of the $ 1,300,
$ 300, 000 ,000
of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the " Industrials
Industrials", 000,000 of railway securities
Republic of France. The bonds represent eturned shown to have been sold during
ing this loan, running for five years and this period came from Europe; they have
drawing 5 per cent. interest, have never been offered persistently on the American
sold since the dissolution of the underwrit. market ever since the war began . Mr.
ing syndicate for more than 96 , as against Loree followed a careful and scientific plan
the issuing price of 98. The second, secured in making his calculation as to railroad
loan of $ 250 ,000 ,000 has, on the other stocks and bonds, and nothing so accurate
hand , promptly gone to a slight premium , has been done in the matter of industrial
the market price of the bonds now being securities ; but by using the ratio of foreign
9972 as against an issuing price of 99. It held railway securities to industrials gen
is fairly obvious that in order to tempt the erally accepted by bankers, 4 to 1, it is esti
American investor it is now , and until the mated that of the $675 ,000 ,000 of the latter
end of the war will be, necessary to secure class of securities held abroad in the winter
foreign loans floated in the United States of 1915 at least $ 300,000,000 have been
with the pledge of adequate specific col. resold to us. This brings the total liquida
lateral. Within the past month the Amer- tion of American securities during the last
ican public has also subscribed for a loan eighteen months to more than $ 1,500 ,000 ,
of $ 50,000,000 to the City of Paris, this 000. It is practically certain that the exact
being the first time that city has borrowed figure exceeds this, as many important Euro
outside of France. The American managers pean holders of American stocks and bonds
of this 6 per cent. loan , which was offered arrange that they appear currently as the
on terms to net the investor about 67/2 per property of American representatives.
cent., explained that the funds were to be
used to increase the hospital facilities of the A third recourse of Europe in
City of Paris, to build orphan asylums, ease ourloved of settling her monstrous current
the lot of widows of soldiers, maintain debt to us for war supplies is the
the unemployed , and aid the thousands of sending of gold in part payment, and our
refugees who have flocked to the French receipts of the precious metal from abroad
metropolis. have in the past two years greatly exceeded
any other like period in our history. At the
Our Securities The transactions noted above recent convention of the American Bankers'
Sold Back represent one of the devices by Association , Director of the Mint Von En
by Europe
De which warring Europe is strug- gelken prophesied that this stream of gold to
gling to settle the unheard -of trade balance America will continue in huge volume. He
against her and in our favor. It looks now declared that after studying the figures given
as if this trade balance for the year 1916 , - him by the financial agents of the Allies, he
being the excess value of our goods ex- looked for additional imports of $ 400,000,000
ported to Europe over those imported from in gold before we stopped melting up and
Europe, — would be in the neighborhood of turning into American money the English
three billion dollars. A second device to sovereigns and French 20 -franc pieces now
make up this great gap between the value pouring in on us. Already the gold in the
 484 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
United States has risen to $ 24.80 per capita , $63.42 in October, 1916 . The earnings
as against only $ 8.40 twenty years ago, when of the great steel concerns are almost
Mr. Bryan was advocating bimetalism on the unbelievable. It is generally estimated
16 - to - 1 basis. that the United States Steel Corpora
tion will show net earnings for the calendar
The inevitable results of this year of about $ 360,000 ,000. With such
Prices Mount gold inflation are rapidly rising stimulating figures at hand, Wall Street
prices for commodities and over has been seething with excitement and activ
speculation in industry and finance. The ity . Up to October 11, when the news of
cost of living in the United States has gone the U -53's exploits brought a temporary in
up over 30 per cent. since the war began , and terruption , the Exchange reported sales in
is still going up, in the last month or two excess of a million shares on each of twenty
with accelerated rapidity . In Europe, of uccessiadvances
tthehe sgreat
five successive days. The great activity and
Great Brico per cent food has
course, the rise has been even greater. In
Germany and Austria the cost of food has
in price were in the in
dustrials. Last year, for the first time, the
increased more than 100 per cent, since the average price of industrial stocks rose higher
war began ; in Great Britain the rise has been than the average price of railroad stocks, and
about 65 per cent.; in Norway 61 per cent.; many economists of the day expect that the
Denmark 46 per cent.; Switzerland 41 per railroads will never again catch up in the
cent., and Italy 33 per cent. In October, estimation of the investing public. The rea
" spot” wheat sold in New York at $ 2.00 a son for such an opinion is easy to see. The
bushel, against a price of $ 1.19 a year ago. huge war-time inflation of the gold supply,
Corn has risen within the year from 7734 the consequent great increases in the prices
cents to $ 1.041/2 ; flour from $ 5 .75 to $ 8 .80 ; of commodities which the railroadsmust pur
pork from $ 17.00 per barrel to $ 30 .50 ; and chase, including labor, make the railroads'
sugar from 5 . 15 cents to 7.25 per pound. cost of furnishing transportation to their
customers greater and greater every month.
Highest Cotton But themost spectacular advance Practically everything is free to rise in price,
Prices Since in an important commodity in and is rising, except wh t the railroads have
the Civil War
vilWar the United States has come on to sell to their customers. There the arti
the Cotton Exchange. On October 18 the ficial restraint of Government regulation , ex
price reached 19 cents, apparently unaided ercised through the Interstate Commerce
by organized speculative maneuvers. This is Commission , holds down the price of what
the highest price the Southern planters have the railroad has to sell, in spite of all in
received for cotton since Civil War days. It creases in the costs of producing it.
compares with five and a fraction cents in
the dark period of the autumn of 1914. The A Submarine On Saturday, October 7, the
Government's latest estimate of the 1916 Off Our German submarine U -53 came
Coast
crop is 11,600 ,000 bales ; about 3,000,000 into the harbor at Newport,
bales were carried over from last year, mak . R . I., remained three hours, and sailed with
ing less than 15,000 ,000
bales to supply the world 's
demands during 1917. Not
only is domestic consump
tion large, insistent, and in
creasing, but export demands
are growing every month , so
that there will be practically
no reserve. It must not be
forgotten , too , that Germany
and Austria at the end of
next year will be about
6 ,000 ,000 bales behind their
normal needs.
Industrials Average steel
Pass the prices per ton Photograph by American Press Association
Railroads have risen from
THE GERMAN SUBMARINE U -53
$ 29.94 in January, 1915, to (As photographed at Newport on October 7)
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 485
out leaving any hint as to her destination .
Her officers made inquiries concerning the
commercial submarine Bremen , long over
due at an American port, and left it to be
inferred that their sole reason for putting
into Newport was to get possible news of
that vessel. The next day, Sunday, the
U -53 sent to the bottom five ships off Nan
tucket Light. Three of these ships were
British , one was Norwegian , and the fifth
was of Dutch registry . It appears that all
of the ships were duly warned and that
all on board had time to get off in boats.
No lives were lost. The United States Gov
ernment saw no cause for protest against the
action of the U -53's commander. The sink
ing of all the ships took .place outside the
three-mile limit. One of the British ves
sels — the Stephano — was a passenger liner
plying between Halifax and New York . She
had women and children among her pas
sengers. These were brought to Newport
by the United States destroyer squadron in
response to wireless calls. Whether there
was a violation of neutrality in the sinking
of the Norwegian and the Dutch ship de
pends altogether on the nature of their
cargoes. It is presumed that Germany will Photo by American Press Association
contend that at least portions of them were FIELD MARSHAL TERAUCHI, NEW JAPANESE PRIME
contraband. On the whole , the incident, MINISTER , SUCCEEDING COUNT OKUMA
though highly sensational, has developed no The At the beginning of October the
new diplomatic crisis and has not involved Mexican Mexican -American Joint Com
the United States in any way in the Euro Situation
tion mission transferred its sessions
pean conflict. Meanwhile, the Bremen has from New London to Atlantic City . The
been given up as lost. Mexican commissioners made the proposed
arrangement for the patrol of the American
Japan ' s
Early last month Marquis border by Mexican Constitutionalist forces
New
Premier Okuma resigned as Premier of in place of United States troops the basis of
ler Japan and the Emperor at once a plea for financial assistance from Uncle
requested Field -Marshal Count Terauchi, Sam . The details of this plan for border
former Governor-General of Korea , to or control were discussed at length, but no con
ganize a cabinet. The fact that Count clusion was announced. The Mexican com
Terauchi had been a soldier all his life was missioners made it clear that further inter
seized upon by many writers for the press ference by the United States in Mexico 's
as presumptive evidence that his call to the internal politics would be resented. It was
Premiership meant the ascendancy of the announced on October 18 that elections for
extreme militarist and jingo elements in a President of the Mexican Republic and
Japanese politics. So far as domestic policy also for members of the national Congress
is concerned, the Okuma ministry had evi- would be held in January or February, 1917,
dently become weak, as tested by Parlia - so that in all probability a President will
mentary votes ; but whether the accession of take office at Mexico City before the next
Count - Terauchi means any reactionary President of the United States is inaugurated
change in foreign policy remains to be seen . at Washington . Meanwhile, President Wil
It should not be assumed , without clear son has stated that National Guard troops
proof, that the new Premier is heading a are still needed on the border, but some of
" war party ," as some American newspapers the regiments from Northern States have al
have intimated . At any rate, there is no ready been released from duty there. It
reason to look for an immediate change in seems understood that the Pershing troops
the attitude of Japan towards America. are to be withdrawn soon from Mexican soil.
486 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Greece
The plight of Greece has grown
y more desperate and pitiful with
in Turmoil
each succeeding episode since
Great Britain and France landed troops at
Salonica just a year ago. The Greeks are
naturally pro- Ally, but for two years their
pro -German King and Queen have kept
them out of the war despite the efforts of
Venizelos. With that brilliant statesman
out of the Premiership, the Entente Powers
have brought increasing pressure to bear
upon King Constantine and upon the Greek
leaders who have reluctantly accepted the
hopeless task of forming and maintaining a
satisfactory ministry . Demands followed
upon demands until last month Greece was
made to turn over her entire fleet to the
British and French , withdrawing her own
sailors. The exact purpose of the Allies
remains a mystery ; but it is evident that they
are in danger of losing the sympathy of the
Greek people. At the outbreak of the great
war, Greece was in possession of new terri
A CONFERENCE OF ANGLO - FRENCH WAR CHIEFS tory recently won from Turkey, and had
(From left to right: M . Thomas, French Minister further territorial aspirations. Now she has
of Munitions; General Sir Douglas Haig ; General
Joffre; and Mr. Lloyd George, British Minister of War) surrendered Salonica to the Allies, lost

The War The great war goes on with un Kavala and hundreds of square miles of
asWinter abated fury. Mr. Lloyd George, territory to the Bulgars, and seen Italy in
Approaches now the most potent of British possession of regions which had come within
leaders, serves notice that the fight must be the dream of “ greater Greece." Venizelos
and his followers, despairing of forcing the
to a finish and that peace mediators from King to enter the war, last month began a
outside will not be welcome. Ambassador revolution
Gerard's return to New York from Berlin against the Athens government,
on a vacation proved to have no bearing upon the ultimate success of which would seem
peace proposals. The larger recent eventslikely . The attention of our readers is called
to an article on Venizelos by a Greek writer,
in the war itself are graphically recounted beginning
for our readers in this number by Mr. on page 502 of this issue.
Simonds. When Rumania and Russia from
the north , and General Sarrail's great Allied . In the early months of the war
The Europe
army from the Salonica base , were supposed That 78 at it had seemed as if the small
to have Bulgaria hopelessly between the Peace kingdoms in the north of Europe
upper and the nether millstones, the Ger- and the Swiss Republic in the south might
mans gave another exhibition of their su - almost immediately be drawn into the con
perior military capacity and energy. It Aict. But Holland, Denmark , Norway, and
seems likely that Bulgaria is now safe for Sweden remain neutral, while Turkey, Italy,
the winter, and that the connection between Bulgaria, Rumania , and Greece — though far
the Teutonic empires and Turkey can not ther removed from the chief battle lines
be broken earlier than next summer. French have drifted into the whirlpool. Even the
strength under Joffre's guidance shows no distant and peace-loving United States has
sign of weakening. The British Empire, in been nearer to war than those European neu
spite of acrimonious family discussion over trals which lie between one belligerent and
details, is supporting the war with ever-devel- another. Switzerland, entirely surrounded
oping resources of material and men . At by war, has always had its French , German,
least another year of war is commonly pre- and Italian elements and districts ; yet we
dicted . It is evident that " economic” ex- never hear of discord , of " hyphenism ," or of
haustion cannot end the struggle quickly. pleas for rival nationalisms among the Swiss.
Each side can carry on agriculture and busi- As France remembered Alsace- Lorraine, and
ness, and pay war bills out of current earnings. as Italy longed to redeem the Trentino and
Both British and German finance is sound . Trieste — so Denmark has not forgotten the
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 487
loss of Schleswig -Holstein to Germany, and
Sweden remembers that Finland was taken
away from her by Russia . But Denmark and
Sweden remain neutral in the present con
Aict. The little kingdom of Holland, by lean
ing either to one side or to the other, could
possibly have turned the scale , ended the war,
and gained much for herself. She could even
yet permit the great new army of Britain to
cross Dutch soil and invade Germany with
out warning ; or she could permit German
soldiers to cross and invade England over
night from nearby Dutch ports and in Dutch
vessels, protected by Germany's submarine
navy. Either way the rewards would be
great ; but Holland has preferred to remain
neutral and suffer undeserved humiliation on
the high seas, from both sides.
LONGGUSTAVI

Norway, Sweden, and Denmark ,SCHWEDEN KONIG RAACON NORWE

Scandinavia
United,Though have developed a spirit of co CHRISTIAN DANE
Humiliated
rated operation in matters affecting
their foreign affairs. During September, the
Premiers and Foreign Ministers of these THE THREE KINGS OF THE NORTHLAND
three Scandinavian kingdomsmet at Christi- “ No one needwe are
try totoo pull the wool over our ears ,
used to the cold !”
ania , Norway's capital, to develop measures From Nebelspalter (Zurich )
for safeguarding their common interests.
Earlier conferences had been held at Mal trade. Norway has sold chiefly to Great
moe, in Sweden, and at Copenhagen, the Britain , and has, besides, placed many vessels
Danish capital. The diplomats have agreed in the carrying trade for Britain and Russia
to act in complete accord upon many matters (by way of new Russian ports in the north ) .
affecting neutral rights and duties. There Norwegian sympathies lie rather with the
will be further conferences, as often as may British, with whom they have long had inti
be desirable. Great Britain 's plan of ration mate commercial relations. Their Queen ,
ing the Scandinavian countries and Holland
seems destined to continue while the war furthermore, is a sister of the King of Eng
lasts. In order to reduce to a minimum land Sweden, on the other hand, has found
the likelihood that imports might ultimately itformore
the
profitable to trade with Germany,
Baltic Sea, which separates the two
reach Germany, the British Government has countries, cannot be blockaded or even domi
forbidden neutral countries to import more nated by the British navy. The Swedish
than normal amounts. Thus when the statis
ticians of Lord Robert Cecil ( Britain 's Min people have therefore been made to suffer
ister of War Trade) discovered that one neu more
than
from " blacklists” and trade restrictions
have
tralhad imported 50,000 tons of coffee when imports fromtheirtheNorwegian
United
neighbors. Thus
States were reduced
its normal imports should amount to 18,000 by British regulations from $ 18,000 ,000 in
tons only , he refused to give assurances that the month of March , 1915, to $ 4,000 ,000
further imports would escape a prize court. in March , 1916 . Upon several occasions
Meanwhile it is not to be denied Sweden has made emphatic protest to the
Prosperity as that the Scandinavian countries Entente Powers against trade restrictions
Compensation
as well as Holland have pros and interference with mails, even adopting
pered even under such restrictions. At first, retaliatory measures, or has made sharp reply
war- time prosperity came only to the to representations that Swedish neutrality
moneyed classes — as it did in the United has recently been partial to Germany.
States — but later it became general there
also . These four neutral countries in North Holland
The war-time prosperity that has
and come to Holland has been over
ern Europe have always had maritime im Denmark
portance far out of proportion to their size ; shadowed by the enormous ex
and the principal effect of the war upon them pense of keeping the Dutch army mobilized
has been vastly to increase their foreign ever since the beginning of the war, and by
488 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
New In the field of education one of
College
Heads
the most important events of the
autumn was the installation of
the new president of Dartmouth College, Dr.
Ernest Martin Hopkins, who represents in
his career and antecedents a later type of
college executive. Immediately after gradua
tion from Dartmouth , Mr. Hopkins had
eight years' experience as secretary of the
former president of Dartmouth , Dr. Tucker.
Naturally , that experience was chiefly on ex
ecutive and administrative lines , but since
1910 Mr. Hopkins, in assisting various cor
porations to solve some of the problems con
stantly arising between employer and em
ployee, has been brought into more direct
contact with the world of industry and busi
ness. Vocational guidance is a subject in
DR . ERNEST MARTIN DR . AURELIA HENRY which Mr. Hopkins has specialized particu
HOPKINS REINHARDT
( Dartmouth ) (Mills College) larly . A vacancy in the presidency of Mills
TWO NEW COLLEGE PRESIDENTS College for Women , at Oakland, Cal., was
recently filled by the election of Mrs.
Aurelia Henry Reinhardt, a graduate of the
the cost of caring for Belgian refugees and University of California , who has received
interned combatants of several nationalities. the degree
Though themasses are pro -Ally in their sym - of Doctor of Philosophy from
pathies, the governing class is pro -German . Yale . Mills is the only college exclusively
Both the husband and the mother of Queen for women on the Pacific Coast.
Wilhelmina are ofGerman birth . Holland's The American Indian can no
differences with Germany have grown out Lo the
of the activity of submarines . A settlement Growing
Indian / longer be described as the rem
in the case of the Tubantia had not been first time rani nant of a dying race. For the
reached when . last month, a second Dutch in half a century a census has re
ship was destroyed. One of the six ves vealed a greater number of births than
sels sunk off Nantucket, during the visit deaths in a single year among this people.
of the German submarine U -53 to American The fact was brought out at the annual Lake
waters, was the Dutch steamer Blommers Mohonk Conference last month , when Dr.
dijk, carrying a cargo of grain for the titled , “ TheW Indian
Lawrence . White gave an address en
Is No Longer a Vanish
Netherlands Government itself. The Ger
man submarine commander seems to have ing Race.” The conference was also told
acted unwisely . It is in Holland that how Commissioner Sells had begun, three
Britain 's regulation of world commerce years ago , a vigorous campaign to better sani
approaches perfection . The semi-official tary and hygienic conditions in Indian homes ;
Netherlands Overseas Trust receives all im - for this Commissioner cannot see why the
ports permitted to pass the British blockade, Government should continue to spend large
and guarantees that none shall reach Ger- sums for the education of Indian youth if
many. In Denmark , interest in international three-fifths of the children are to die before
affairs has for the past three months centered they reach the age of five ! Dr. White gave
around the proposal to sell the Danish West figures to prove that the health campaign of
Indies to the United States for $ 25,000,000. the past three years has been effective beyond
Although the purchase price is much higher expectation . Many more medical officers
than that set in previous negotiations, the and nurses are now on duty among the In
treaty providing for the sale was ratified dians, and hospitals have been built and
promptly by the United States Senate. In equipped in large number. “ Save the
Denmark , however, certain phases of the pro - Babies !” is now the popular slogan with
posal were seized upon by opponents of the thousands of Indian mothers in the West,
party in power and made a political issue. and field officers of the Indian Service testify
The Danish people will vote upon the ques. to marked improvement in the cleanliness
tion in December, and it is believed that the and sanitation of the homes into which these
treaty and sale will then be ratified . babies are born .
 UZMAN

Photograph by American Press Association

THE RULERS AND MILITARY LEADERS
(This notable picture was made at the British headquarters
trenches. General Joffre, the Frenchman in supreme command
at the left. Next to him is President Poincaré. In the center
in command of France's northern armies. At the extreme right
OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND
in France, on a recent visit of King George to the
of the Allied forces on the Western front, stands
stands King George. Next to him is General Foch ,
is General Haig, the British commander-in -chief)

RECORD OF EVENTS IN THE

WAR
(From September 21 to October 20 , 1916 )
The Last Part of September whose object shall be the defense of Greek Mace
donia from Bulgarians, and the joining with the
September 21.– An Austrian aviator destroys Allies
the French submarine Foucault in the southern against all their enemies.
objectives in the
Combles, one of the principal
Adriatic, by dropping bombs. Somme offensive, is captured by British and
September 22. - Bulgarian forces under German French troops ; Thiepval and Gueudecourt are
leadership , retreating in the Dobrudja district of taken by the British.
Rumania , inflict heavy losses on the Rumanians alsoSeptember 27. - It is estimated at Paris that the
in an encircling counter-attack . Allies in the Somme fighting have recaptured
The French War Office announces that 55,800
German prisoners were captured in the battles from the Germans 117 square miles of French
territory .
at the Somme River in France, between July 1 Announcement is made by New York City
and September 18 . bankers of a $ 50,000,000 loan to Paris, to be used
The French Chamber of Deputies unanimously " for the alleviation of suffering caused by the
votes $ 1,767,600,000 war credits, for the remainder war."
of the year.
September 29. - A second defeat for Rumanian
September 23. — Twelve Zeppelin airships carry arms
out a night raid over London and the eastern is inflicted by German and Austro -Hun
coast of England ; 38 persons are killed and 125 garian troops; the Russian First Army is sur
injured ; two of the airships are destroyed. rounded at Hermannstadt and "destructively de
feated ” by General von Falkenhayn , who takes
September 25. - A second German airship raid 3000 prisoners and large quantities of supplies.
over England causes the death of 36 persons. September 30 . - With the declaration of Chios
September 26 . - Former-Premier Venizelos ar- in favor of the national defense movement of
rives at Crete and accepts membership , with Ad- Venizelos, all the Greek islands are in revolt
miral Coundouriotis, in a provisional government against the Athens government. 489
490 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
British casualties during September average
3800 a day, compared with 4100 in August and
approximately 1000 daily during the first two
years of war.
The " daylight-saving" period comes to an end
in Germany and England, and clocks are set
back one hour to their normal basis for the fall
and winter.
The First Week of October
October 1.- Ten Zeppelin airships drop bombs
on the east coast of England ; one of the machines
is destroyed north of London .
October 2.- A Rumanian army crosses the
Danube between Rustchuk and Tutrakan and in
vades Bulgaria, with the object of getting in the
rear of Field Marshal von Mackensen 's army
operating in Dobrudja .
The small French cruiser Rigel is sunk by a
German submarine in the Mediterranean .
The Rumanian army of 15,000 invading Bul
garia , is routed by Germans and Bulgarians
under Field Marshal von Mackensen , in an en
circling attack, and is forced to withdraw .
The Allied army in Macedonia advances on
both wings of a battle-line extending 150 miles ;
it is estimated that the Serbians have won back
230 square kilometers of their own territory.
October 4.– The French auxiliary cruiser Gal " toOctober 16 . - The Allied fleet in Greek waters,
lia (carrying 2000 French and Serbian troops to
Salonica ) and the Cunard steamship Franconia
( engaged in transport service, but with no troops
on board ) are sunk by German submarines in
the Mediterranean .
October 6.- Russian attacks on German and
Turkish forces protecting Lernberg (Galicia ) are
declared to be the most violent delivered on the
eastern front since the war began .
October 7.- A German war submarine, the
C -53, enters Newport Harbor and leaves after
the commander pays his respects to the American
naval officer and announces that his vessel is 17
days out from Wilhelmshaven , with supplies
enough to last three months.
British and French troops in the Somme dis
trict advance on a front of ten miles, the British
occupying the village of Le Sars, within four
miles of Bapaume.
The Second Week of October
October 8.- Six merchant steamships (four
British , one Norwegian , and one Dutch ) are sunk
off the island of Nantucket, Mass., by a German
submarine; American warships from Newport
rescue the passengers and crews.
It is estimated at London that the Austro
German army under Von Falkenhayn has forced
the numerically superior Rumanian army to give
up 5000 square miles of conquered territory in
Transylvania, including Kronstadt and Hermann-
stadt.
A new cabinet is formed in Greece by Prof.
Spyridon P . Lambros.
October 10.— The State Department at Wash
ington makes public its reply (dated August 31)
to identic memoranda from France, Great Britain ,
Russia, and Japan (dated August 22 ), which had
asked neutral governments to exclude belligerent
submarines from neutral waters ; the United
States expresses its surprise and rejects the pro
posal.
October 11.– Upon the demand of Great Britain
and France the entire Greek feet and sea-coast
forts are turned over to the Allies or dismantled.
The British House of Commons agrees to a
thirteenth war credit of $1,500 ,000,000 , bringing
the total to $15,660,000,000.
October 12 .– The Italian War Office declares
that 30,881 Austrian prisoners have been captured
on the Julian Alps front since August 6.
In an interview granted to the correspondent of
the London Times, King Ferdinand of Romania
appeals to the Allies not to permit Romania to
suffer the fate of Belgium and Serbia.
October 13.- Rumanian resistance to the Ger
man advance stiffens, and London reports that
the Allies are rapidly transferring men and sup
plies in an effort to redeem the Romanian blun
der in invading Transylvania ; almost the entire
Austrian territory occupied has been relinquished
by the Rumanians.
October 14. - The State Department at Wash
ington makes public the reply of the British and
French governments (dated October 121 to the
American protest of May 24 against interference
with the mails; the reply is an argument uphold
ing the legality of mail seizures and refusing to
accept the contentions of the United States.
The Third Week of October
insure its safety," takes over the three war.
ships which remained under Greek control ; dem
onstrations against the Allies occur in Athens, and
1000 French and Italian sailors are landed to
preserve order.
The Entente powers recognize the provisional
Greek government set up by the Venizelos revolu
tionists at Salonica and Crete ; the Greek Cabinet
under Premier Lambros remains unrecognized.
October 17. — Taking the initiative in Galicia,
German lines
troopssoutheast
make successful attacks upon the
Russian of Lemberg - presumably
weakened to assist the Rumanians in the Dob
rudja district.
President Wilson announces the failure of his
efforts to induce the European powers to agree
upon terms for the relief of Poland by the citi
zens of the United States ; replies to his letter of
July 29 had been received from the King of
England, the President of France, and the Em
perors of Russia , Germany, and Austria.
October 18. - The Germans launch an attack
against the Russian line from the Pinsk marshes
to Rumania (300 miles ).
The British Parliament, by a majority of 197,
postpones consideration of the Irish question, the
matter having been brought up by John Redmond,
the Nationalist leader.
October 19. – The Cunard liner Alaunia, with
10,000 tons of war supplies, is sunk by a mine in
the English Channel.
The British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Regi
nald McKenna, declares in the House of Com
mons that Britain is spending $ 10,000,000 a day.
October 20 . - Rumania reports that an Austro
German invading army, under General von
Falkenhayn , has been driven back to the border;
the Bulgar -German army in the Dobrudja dis
trict of Rumania begins a new offensive on the
entire front.
The American agents of the Bremen , Ger
many's second trans-Atlantic merchant sub
marine (which left Bremerhaven about Septeni
ber 1) abandon hope of her safe arrival.
 International Film Service
THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN TROOPS PASSING IN REVIEW ON THE MEXICAN BORDER
( The greatest marching body of Américan troops since Lincoln reviewed the Northern armies, in Washington, at
the close of the Civil War)

RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS

(From September 21 to October 20 , 1916 )
AMERICAN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT rations of the State Department would have com
September 23. - President Wilson , speaking to manded respect.
New Jersey business men at his summer residence October 19. - President Wilson makes three ad
at Long Branch , defends his solution of the rail dresses in Chicago. . . . Mr. Hughes returns to
road crisis and declares that the principle of the New York from his third western campaign trip.
eight-hour day is not arbitrable . October 20. - It becomes known that the United
September 25. - In an address at Dayton , Mr. States Army has awarded contracts for 175
Hughes, Republican Presidential candidate, de- aeroplanes, to cost $ 3,000,000, with arrangements
clares that the Railroad Eight-Hour Law does not for 200 others nearing completion,
limit hours, but regulates wages.
September 26 . - In the New Jersey primaries, AMERICAN RELATIONS WITH MEXICO
Senator Martine (Dem .) is renominated , defeat September 22.- Regiments of the National
ing Attorney -General Westcott, supported by the Guard of Kansas, Wisconsin , and Wyoming, are
Administration ; the Republican nominee is Joseph
S. Frelinghuysen . ordered to the Mexican border.
October 3. - Elections to the Philippine Senate October 2.— The Mexican -American Joint Com
are won by Nationalist candidates in 19 out of 22 mission transfers its place of meeting from New
districts . London, Conn., to Atlantic City, N . J.
October 5. – The President appoints Major October 5. - Militia organizations still in State
Gen. George W . Goethals, Edgar E . Clark (of mobilization camps (approximately 8000 men )
the Interstate Commerce Commission ), and are ordered to the Mexican border. It is stated
George Rublee (of the Federal Trade Commis at Washington that there are 104 ,000 National
sion ) as members of the board created by Con Guardsmen at present on the border.
gress to investigate the working of the Railroad October 14. - In a letter to Governor Whitman
Eight-Hour Law . of New York, President Wilson declares that the
October 11.- The President appoints seven emergency which led to the call of the National
members of a citizens' Advisory Commission to be Guard on June 18 still exists, and that it is im
associated with the Council of Defense created possible to set a date for the return of the troops.
by Congress. October 15. — It is understood that the Joint
October 12.— Candidate Hughes (in reply to a Commission, which has been trying for six weeks
question during an address at Louisville) declares to adjust the Mexican -American problems, is not
that if he had been President the Lusitania would yet near an agreement upon important matters,
not have been sunk, for the personnel and decla - although still hopeful. 491
492 THE AMERICAN. REVIEW OF REVIEWS
OTHER OCCURRENCES OF THE MONTH
September 25. - Transactions on the New York
Stock Exchange total $2,192,300 shares, the heay
iest trading since 1907; United States Steel Cor
poration stock reaches 120, a rise of 33 points
within two months.
September 28. — The general sympathetic strike
called by labor organizations in New York City
to force a settlement of the traction strike fails to
win the support of the workers.
September 30. — The 250 -mile Astor Cup auto
mobile race, at New York City, is won by John
Aitken , driving a Peugeot car, with an average
speed of 104.81 miles an hour.
October 2. — The Government's report on the
cotton crop indicates a total of 11,637 ,000 bales
(500 lbs.), a small average yield from a large
planting.
October 5. - The people of Nebraska celebrate
the fiftieth anniversary of the admission of their
State into the Union .
October 9. - The Government's crop forecasts
indicate a wheat yield of 607,557,000 bushels, the
smallest since 1904 ; other cereal crops are also
short. . . . A hurricane sweeping over the
Danish West Indies causes wide suffering and
heavy property loss.
October 11-12 .- Two by-standers are killed and
From the Pan -American Union , Washington, D . C . scores of persons hurt during strike riots at the
DR. HIPOLITO IRIGOYEN , INAUGURATED PRESIDENT OF Standard Oil plant in Bayonne, New Jersey .
ARGENTINA ON OCTOBER 12 October 12. — The Boston American League
(President Irigoyen was born in Buenos Aires nearly baseball team wins the world 's championship
fifty years ago. For over twenty years he has been series with the Brooklyn National League team ,
prominently identified with political activities, although four games to one.
never before serving in public office. He has held the
professorship of civic instruction at the Buenos Aires
Normal School for Women, and has also held a chair at
the University of Buenos Aires. He is a man of con
siderable wealth , and it is said that he has made over
his Presidential salary of $31,600 per year to the United
Charities of Buenos Aires)
October 19.- A detachment of American troops
and thirty armed Mexicans exchange shots in the
Big Bend district of Texas.
FOREIGN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
September 30. — The Danish Parliament passes
a bill providing for a vote of the people on the
question of the sale of the Danish West Indies
to the United States . . . The Chinese gov
ernment contracts with an American corporation
for the construction of 1100 miles of railroads,
involving an expenditure of more than $60,000,000.
October 1. - In the Nicaragua election , Emiliano
Chamorro (formerly Minister at Washington ) is
chosen President, the adherents of Irias ( Liberal)
practically abstaining from voting ; it is de
clared that the presence of American warships,
and the moral backing given to Chamorro by the
Administration at Washington, materially influ
enced the result.
October 3. - Count Okuma, Prime Minister of
Japan, resigns.
October 4. — Lieut.-Gen . Count Seiki Terauchi is
requested
Japatn . by the Emperor to form a ministry in
October 12.— Dr. Hipolito Irigoyen is inaugur Photograph by American Press Association
ated as President of Argentina.
October 14 . - Japan and Russia enter protests at AMBASSADOR AND MRS. GERARD
Peking against contracts railroad and canal
for (Mr. Gerard returned to the United States last month,
for his first vacation since he went to Germany as
construction granted to an American corporation . Ambassador three years ago)
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS 493

ELEPHANT BUTTE. DAM , IN NEW MEXICO, FORMALLY DEDICATED ON OCTOBER 14

(The largest mass of masonry in the world, creating the greatest irrigation reservoir — such in brief is the dis.
tinction of Elephant Butte Dam . Situated on the Rio Grande, between Albuquerque, New Mexico, and El Paso ,
Texas, the dam creates a lake forty -five miles long and averaging six miles wide. The crest of the structure
forms a roadway across. Nearly 200,000 acres of land in New Mexico, Texas, and old Mexico are watered and re
claimed . In connection with the formal dedication, the Irrigation Congress assembled at the dam and at El Paso )

October 20. — Wheat for December delivery October 5. - Prof. Austin B . Bassett, secretary
reaches $ 1.7134 on the Chicago Board of Trade, of Hartford Theological Seminary, 57. . . .
the highest price (with the exception of a " cor. Rev . Dr. Marcellus Bowen , for nearly forty years
ner” period ) since the Civil War; the demand an American missionary in Turkey, 70. . . .
grows for an embargo on wheat and four ex Emil Deckert, the German author of a famous
ports. descriptive work on North America.
OBITUARY October 6. - Brig.-Gen. Delavin Viele, U . S. A .,
September 22 .- Bishop George W . Peterkin , of retired, 76 . . . . Col. David Gregg McIntosh ,
the Protestant Episcopal diocese of West Vir a distinguished Maryland lawyer and Confed
erate veteran , 80.
ginia, 76 .
September 24 . - Dr. Joseph Hoeing Kastle, di October 8. - Rear-Adm . Francis A . Cook, U . S.
rector of the Experiment Station of the Uni at N ., retired, commander of the cruiser Brooklyn
versity of Kentucky, 52. the battle of Santiago, 73.
September 26 .– Vice-Admiral Concas y Palau, October 10. - Otto , the insane and deposed King
the Spanish arbitrator in land disputes between of October
Bavaria, 68.
12 . — Rev. Dr. Horace Grant Under
Panama and the United States.
September 27.— Rear-Adm . C . E . Vreeland, of wood , the first Presbyterian missionary in
Korea , 57.
the General Board of the Navy, 64. October 13. - Dr. Matthew Woods, a distin
September 29. - James Haywood Southgate, of guished
North Carolina, Prohibition candidate for Vice lepsy, 67.Philadelphia author specialist on epi
. . . Nicola Filipescu, the Rumanian
President in 1896, 58.
October 1. — Major-Gen . Galusha Pennypacker, statesman .
October 14. – Virgil G . Bogue, a distinguished
U . S. A ., retired, a distinguished Civil War com American
mander, 72. . . . James P . Clarke, United States civil engineer, 70. ,
Senator from Arkansas, and president pro tem October 15. - Rev. Dr. Francis Brown, presi
pore of the Senate, 62. dent of Union Theological Seminary, 66. . . .
October 2. – Benjamin Kidd, the British author Count F . A . Taube, formerly Swedish Minister
of works on social evolution, 58. of Foreign Affairs.
October 4. — Major William Warner, former October 16 .— Henry Splitdorf, manufacturer
United States Senator from Missouri, 76 . . . . and inventor of electrical appliances, 83.
George A . Joslyn, president and owner of the October 19. - Prof. David N . Camp, a promi
Western Newspaper Union. nent Connecticut educator, 96 .
THE CAMPAIGN IN CARTOONS

A
OCR REPUBLICA
DEM
T
DA

"COME, MOOSIEI GOOD MOOSIEI NICE MOOSIEI"

( The lucky man in the coming election will be he to whose tempting oats the Bull Moose is attracted )
From the Globe (Utica, N . Y .)
THE national campaign now about to
I close seems to have been marked by a
lack of that intense partisan activity that

SUM CON

Batchelor
IS THIS HOW YOU FEEL ALSO ?
Miss COLUMBIA: “ So this is the national campaign !"
From the Journal (New York )
THE GAME IS ON
494 From the Telegram (New York )
 THE CAMPAIGN IN CARTOONS 495

SHAKE WILL ! THAT'S

THE FIRST SENSIBLE
THING YOU 'VE SAID
SINCE KNOCKED YOU
SENSELESS !

WILSONS RECORD

DOLLIN

SMACKIE
THE ANVIL CHORUS
From the World (New York ) WE ARE GOING
N TO ELECT IN
VOT5 HEORVEMMEBPMEBRERAN
RESIDE
usually characterizes our Presidential con COFL THE EX- NT
tests. “ Columbia” — as the New York Jour UB
nal cartoon puts it - has been somewhat apa
thetic. Perhaps the people had quite made
up their minds months ago as to whether
to continue the Wilson Administration at ( T. R. and Taft, at theRECONCILED
Union League Club, New York,
Washington or to change it. This would October 3)
account, in a measure, for a certain amount From the Ohio State Journal (Columbus) .
of indifference to the usual emotional appeals
of a political season . Colonel Roosevelt toonists. In the drawing from the New
has undoubtedly contributed much toward York World — which has been President
putting " punch” and ginger into the cam LTI
paign - a fact readily recognized by the car EVE
. ROOS

hu, o S
CA
IC

MP
BL

AI
PU

GN
RE

1916

Nikson Harding
HITTING THE LINE ! A BIG -STICKER
From the Evening Sun (New York ) From the Eagle (Brooklyn )
496 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
KEPT
EPT USUS OUT
ST OOFF WWAR !
HEE KKEPT OUTOF
En HE KEPT US OUT OF WARI
E
ARIN
SUOMRON
A OAST
C

PORK
WILSON
BAREG
PO LI POLISI

N
IOTS
OR UL
TRO

Tammy 2
" I SEE NOTHING TO BE ASHAMED OF"
From the Post Express (Rochester)
Wilson 's stanchest newspaper supporter, both
in editorials and cartoons— wesee T . R . and
MODELLERS

Hughes hammering at Wilson's record . This

note — termed by some cartoonists as “ knock

HIDING HIS HEAD WNO COULD

From the North American (Philadelphia) HAVE DONE SETTER
FOR HIM ?
FOREIGN
POLICY

EXICAN PAG ICAN

VENDEN
LU UNDERS
LA
00

WILSON 'S FUTURE

Wilson : “ And if I am not re-elected , I shall always
be able to get a job as a note writer." POINTING WITH PRIDE
From Nebelspalter (Zurich ) From the News-Tribune ( Duluth)
 THE CAMPAIGN IN CARTOONS 497

n or RADIAL

AN
ES C ST
ICI TI NI
POL NAAPA
L2

A
SMASHING THROUGH Brontos
From the Public Ledger ( Philadelphia )
ON TO VICTORY
ing " - has been struck in many of the anti From the Chronicle (San Francisco )
Hughes cartoons. The Democratic slogans,
"He kept us out of war” and “Whatwould arguments in telling fashion. Other topics
you have done?” have been made much of on which they have pounded the Democrats
by the pro-
alleged Wilsonsupport
German cartoonists,
of theas has also the
Republican effectively
the tariff, have
the newbeen railroad
the Mexican question,
law , Wilson's
candidate. The anti-Administration cartoon- foreign policy — in dealing with which the
ists, on the other hand, have promptly taken cartoonist has usually stuck a white feather
up the gauntlet and played upon these pet in the President's cap or given him a white
24

NEVER MIND SIR , EXTD

EVERYTHING IS REAMOVC
ALL RIGHT - 1
.

SAVED YOUR HAT ARGAATI

NCO
ING

: L
OPEN

I
SM.,U A

SON
HUMILI NAL
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.

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ATION

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BLBRACITKLISISH T CASE NA AW DISTIAILRAS 00
TANIA

MOSEPHUS LDUSI
OP UE RDAAND ADMFISKE
OESRE S TAN
OSRRD TO O DANIELS
LIND UNS C IA
EA
O : 51 " TTLSEES I

PUSSYFOOTING " HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR"

Nov.— From
3 the Pioneer Press (St. Paul) From the Register and Leader (Des Moines)
498 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
GODEDEPARTMENT STORE
HA !! HA !!
WHATA
FENCE ::

DIPLOMATIC
RECORD ONLY
US
inca
N

" IT DID THE WORK, DIDN'T IT ?”

From the News Press (St. Joseph)
flag, denoting lack of courage — and, of
course, alleged Democratic incompetence and
10

Come PLEASING THE CUSTOMER

IN ! HUGHES: “ If I haven 't got what you want, you'll
find it across the aisle. "
From the Times (New York) . .
extravagance. On both sides, the "knights of
the pencil" have done their share towards
enlivening an otherwise quiet campaign.
THE ASSAULT MAGNIFICENT ON THE ADMINISTRA
TION RECORD !
From the Commercial Appeal (Memphis )

TROT DAY
HES
MUG FENC
E

SEE THAT SIGN ?

(Trying to sell a bookto busy
Hughes, entitledUncle
" Ain't
Sam It) Awful," by THAT MAN WILSON !
From the Plain Dealer (Cleveland ) From the News (Dallas)
 WAR CARTOONS FROM ABROAD
IXC
HE
BPRO

BLANC
DE NU
GAR ANTI

" BOCHE" (GERMAN ) PEACE EFFORTS

BETA MANN-HOLLWEG : " You have not had much suc
cess, my dove !"
( The " dove" in the cartoon is a vulture disguised
with " whitewash , guaranteed , made in Germany'')
From Pêle-Mêle (Paris)
GERMANY AS THE FALLING BALLOON
“ Isn't it time to throw down the ballast, your
majesty ?" ( The ballast bags are labeled Serbia , Bel
gium , and Poland, the Russian cartoonist implying that
Germany will soon be willing to relinquish her hold
on these countries )
From Listok (Odessa) .

OH ! PITY THE WOES OF A POOR NEUTRAL

Greek Boy CONSTANTINE: “ Come what may, I'll re
main neutral." From Hindi Punch (Bombay)

GERMANY AND PEACE

The German : " If you don't come by to-morrow , we
will be beaten ."
POOR GERMANIA ! THE WAR GROWS LONGER AND Peace : “ In that case, my dear, I'll come- to
LONGER AND HER SWORD GROWS SHORTER AND morrow .”
SHORTER " From Mucha (Warsaw ) From L'Asino (Rome) 499
500 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

ASTERS

RUMANIA ( THROWING HERSELF BETWEEN TURKEY

AND THE CENTRAL POWERS ) : "WITH YOUR
PERMISSION , I WILL COME IN BETWEEN YOU ."
From De Nieuwe Amsterdammer (Amsterdam )
The whole Balkan situation seems to have
reached the boiling point. Rumania has seen
steady fighting since her recent entrance into
the war, and some severe reverses. Greece
by revolution , and pressure from the Allies
- has been pried from her neutral position ,
and Bulgaria, perhaps rueing her choice of
sides, daily awaits the long-expected grand
offensive from Salonica.
THE ENTENTE'S WAR " ORCHARD"
RUMANIA (entering) : " There is now no doubt that I
am going to win ."
(Rumania 's entrance into the orchard may not have
been without some thought of fruit-picking; but the fact
that the " orchard" in the picture is really a cemetery
coincides grimly with Rumanian disasters in the open.
ing battles with the Teutons )
From Blanco y Negro (Madrid)
BULGA
RIA

Les

V
IC
INTO CCE TOR
GOSPECTS ceA
WAHLURNE IND FUTURE N
E

THE LONE BALKAN FOX

A " FREE" BALLOT
THE Allies: “ Now , my dear Greek, vote as you
please — but according to our desires."
From Nebelspalter (Zurich)
A wily fox one day lost his tail in a German promise
trap. He immediately endeavored to induce the other
Balkan foxes to cut off their tails. "No," replied the
others, " you may take the consequences of your own
foolishness, but we will not part with our tails to keep
you company in your misery . The Allies and victory
for ours." " And su they left him to bewail his loss.
(After Aesop )
F- the Star (Montreal)
 WAR CARTOONS FROM ABROAD 501

OlaQnU0..Od0
61 02d0o00
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USELESS LABOR
THE ROLE OF AMERICA Uncle Sam (to warring nations climbing toward the
According to a newspaper report , President wreath of victory ) :
Wilson friends, you are about " Youexhausted
had better
" all stop , my good
declared that America was on the point of playing a From Nebelspalter (Zurich )
great role in the world , whether it wished to do so or
not.
(The kind of “ roll” Uncle Sam is playing in the
cartoon throws some light on German opinion of Amer. The Allies' cartoonists naturally derive
ica's place and influence in the world ) much inspiration from the present offensive
From Simplicissimus © (Berlin ) against the Germans, as is shown in the
cartoons printed below .
ALASOTENSI

VIRT
ni
mwili
RUSS

ILES
ADVANCE

THE "NIPPERS" AND THE "NUT"

fied(Mr.
withLloyd George
the way recently
things were stated
going. that
Hehefeltwasforsatis.
the
first time in two years that “ the nippers were gripping AFTER TWO YEARS
and we should soon hear a crack , when we should be BRITANNIA : “ Now is the winter of our discontent
able to extract the kernel" ) made glorious summer by this radiant sun." (Richard
From Hindi Punch (Bombay) III, adapted) From Cape Times (Cape Town )
 VENIZELOS: THE FOREMOST
GREEK
BY MILTIADES CHRISTOPHIDES
(For some years past the Greeks in this country have had a scholarly and brilliant organ in
the daily newspaper Atlantis, of New York. It is the editor- in -chief of that paper who, at our
request, turns from his swift penning of daily comment in Auent Greek upon the startling events
reported from his native country, to write for us in clear and virile English the following sketch
of the ablest of living Greek statesmen . Perhaps if Greek classes in our schools would subscribe for
Atlantis and read the editorials of Miltiades Christophides, they would rid themselves of the notion
that Greek is a dead language.— THE EDITOR.)

TROM the midst of what seemed a general be the wisest law -maker that has come out
decadence of Hellenism , a hero arose, of Crete since the time of Minos and Rada
some years ago , whose moral magnitude we manthys.
have beheld towering above the ruins of “ the An English correspondent in Greece, a few
glory that was Greece. ” He undertook to weeks ago , said that Venizelos looks more
rebuild his country, like an Italian of
and to restore Hellas Piedmont than a
to its ancient great Greek islander. In
ness and splendor. fact, a great many
Until the spring of foreign journalists
1915, this seemed to who have seen the ex
be the destined task Premier have doubted
of the man Eleuthe his Greek descent.
rios Venizelos, the His blue eyes, his sur.
ex-Premier of Greece prising coolness, his
and now the head of absolute self-control,
the provisional gov his ability to over
ernment set up in come and conceal his
Salonica against the emotions, his extraor
Government at dinary will- power, his
Athens. steadfastness of pur
Whether the ab pose, and his un
rupt termination of swerving adherence to
his services to the the object to be at.
Greek state, as a re tained , are not gene
sult of his overthrow rally characteristic of
by King Constantine the Greeks of to
some nineteen months day.
ago, marked the defi Yet, Venizelos is a
nite end of his achieve most genuine Greek.
ments toward the His is one of the old
realization of his ELEUTHERIOS VENIZELOS est families of Greece.
dreams, or whether True, with the ex•
he will succeed as leader of a revolution in ception of his two sons, he is the only
accomplishing what is left of his avowed bearer of his family name in Greece. One
mission , is a question which we may wisely might mistakenly regard the name of Veni
leave for the future to answer. zelos as of Italian origin . Still, we find
Born in a small village on the island of his ancestors living in Athens at the time
Crete , in the year 1864, Venizelos received when the Venetian Admiral Francesco Mo
his preliminary education in the schools of his rosini bombarded and destroyed the Parthe
native island , after which he studied law in non (about the middle of the seventeenth
the University of Athens. He is a lawyer of century ) . One of the best houses at the
prominence and of learning, and is reputed to very foot of Acropolis belonged to the Veni
502
 VENIZELOS: THE FOREMOST GREEK 503
zelos family, together with a beautiful pri
vate chapel.
HE BECOMES PREMIER
It seems that the name Venizelos is orig The late King George, appreciating this
inally a Byzantine name. From Athens the service to the crown, entrusted him with the
Venizelos family went to Pylos, on the fer formation of a new cabinet. Before accept
tile western coast of Peloponnesus, having ing the mandate of the King, however,
been compensated by the Venetian Republic Venizelos demanded absolute freedom of ac
tion for the purpose of purifying Greek poli
with a generous gift of land for their part in tics,
an effort of Athens to coöperate with Moro for the introduction of various reforms
sini against the Turks. in the administration of the country, and for
From Pylos the family moved to Crevatas, the reorganization of the military and naval
near Sparta, and then to the island of Crete, forces of Greece. His conditions were ac
cepted by the King, and he began by chopping
whence Eleutherios Venizelos was invited, in off
1910, by the Military League— an organiza the heads of the Lernæan Hydra of politi
tion of officers of the Greek army aiming to cal corruption that was ravaging Greece.
eliminate corrupt and inefficient politicians In the course of three years the work of
to assume the leadership of a revolution that restoration and reorganization had made
needed a guiding master-hand . such progress as to permit the formation of
an alliance with Bulgaria and Serbia, for the
A LEADER OF REVOLUTIONS purpose of liberating the Christian races of
* He had been brought up in an island ac-
the Balkan Peninsula from the Turkish yoke.
The Balkan League was the thunderbolt
customed to revolution for centuries. He of Venizelos against the oppressor of his na
had taken active part in successive uprisings tive island . All efforts to persuade the Great
against the hated Turk . He was the leader Powers and Turkey to recognize the union of
of the Cretan revolution which precipitated Crete with the Greek Kingdom having failed ,
the disastrous war of 1897 between Greece
the Cretan statesman resolved to attempt the
and Turkey. After the European powers, settlement of the whole problem of the posi
as a consequence of that revolution, had com - tion of Turkey in Europe and in the Egean
pelled the Sultan to grant autonomy to Crete
and to recognize Prince George of Greece Sea by uniting the Christian peoples of the
Balkan Peninsula against the Ottoman Em
as their High Commissioner in the Island , pire. With this purpose in mind he estab
Venizelos led a second revolt, to force the lished the Balkan League, which , however,
powers to realize that half-measures in the was serviceable in more than one way, afford
interest of Crete were doomed to failure, and ing at the same time a protection against the
that the only satisfactory solution must be “ benevolent interest” of Austria-Hungary in
the union of Crete with the mother country. the Balkan Peninsula .
In 1908 a third revolution broke out in
Crete under the leadership of Venizelos, who THE WAR AGAINST TURKEY
then proclaimed the union of the island to the
Kingdom of Greece . The powers again re The Dual Monarchy was about to inter
fused to recognize this union . On his de vene the
in the Balkans with a new scheme for
"welfare" of the different races of Mace
parture for Athens in 1910, Venizelos left
his native island still struggling for the reali donia , when the Balkan League, emerging
from the obscurity of its unknown existence,
zation of its unalterable desire to become a seized
part of Greece . the Turk by the neck , asking for a
Mr. Venizelos landed in Greece as a mem final settlement of the age- long differences
ber of the National Assembly, having been between the former vassal peoples and the
elected to it by the people of Athens. Osmanic conqueror. “ Jacta alea erat." The
The Greek public demanded that the long -dreaded clash was an accomplished fact .
Assembly should be given power to change Turkey had to fight. Europe, with her
the Constitution , even if it should wish to various plans and conflicting interests, had to
stand aside. Germany and Austria were not
alter the very foundations of the status quo. ready
It was clear that the King 's position was for a European war at that time, while,
anything but safe . Venizelos, speaking to a on the other hand , England and Russia were
large crowd immediately after his arrival in bound to resist any attempt on the part of
Athens, insisted that the National Assembly the Central Powers to invade the Balkans.
ought to confine its work to revising the The same Great Powers which were un
Constitution , leaving its fundamental articles willing to let Greece take the island of Crete
untouched . He finally gained his point. from the Sultan permitted the dismember
504 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ment of Turkey in Europe by the victorious VENIZELOS VERSUS CONSTANTINE
Balkan states.
In the plans of Mr. Venizelos, the forma. At the beginning of the present war, a few
tion of the Balkan League and the defeat of days before the Battle of the Marne, Veni
Turkey were only the first steps toward the zelos offered the coöperation of Greece to the
establishment of a permanent confederacy of cause of the Allies. Sir Edward Grey , the
the Balkan nations. Was this possible ? Will British Foreign Minister, replied that the in
the Bulgarian ever fraternize with the terests of the Entente required that the war
Greek ? Who knows? Venizelos is a should not extend to the Balkans. A few
dreamer of dreams. His optimism is as months later, Sir Edward Grey asked for
boundless as is his ability to transform dreams the coöperation of the Greek army and navy
into realities. This is perhaps due to the fact in the ill-conceived Dardanelles campaign .
that his hopes and his dreams are interwoven Venizelos accepted the invitation , but King
with pure calculation . He is a kind of Constantine and the General Staff insisted
prophet. He still believes that a Balkan con - that the Dardanelles were practical
federacy is not a hopeless impossibility . pregnable. A plan of campaign against Con
The Near East, the cradle of European stantinople, drawn by the Greek General
civilization , has to have peace . It is entitled Staff, was submitted to the Allies instead. It
to the enjoyment of the fruits of peaceful de- was rejected, and Greece remained neutral.
velopment after many centuries of tragic vic. Venizelos, insisting that Greece should take
issitude. If the Bulgarian is the obstacle to part in the war, was ousted from power.
such a happy issue, a good beating, or a series From that time dates the lamentable division
isements, would perhaps induce him of public opinion in Greece that has brought
to take a more reasonable attitude. The first the country to the present state of absolute
dose of this medicine was administered to the disruption . In October, 1915, Venizelos
Bulgar shortly after the end of the first Bal- having been recalled to power, after a vic
kan War, on the initiative of Mr. Venizelos. tory over the neutralists in elections that fol
During the peace conference of London , lowed his overthrow — again proposed the in
Venizelos, being at the head of the Greek tervention of Greece in behalf of the Allies.
delegation , had an opportunity to ascertain For a second time he was forced to resign.
the views of the Bulgarian representatives as Two months later new elections took place,
to the division of conquered territory. As from which Mr. Venizelos and his party ab
soon as he was convinced that nothing short stained , declaring that the King had no right
of the lion 's share would satisfy Bulgaria , he to dissolve the Parliament and to proclaim
began to fathom the minds of the Serbians new elections at a time when 300 ,000 of the
as to the possibility of a common resistance voters were under arms on account of the
against what seemed to be a determination general mobilization of theGreek army. For
on the part of Bulgaria to master the Balkans. almost a year afterwards Venizelos — while
criticizing the King's policy - maintained a
THE SECOND BALKAN WAR loyal attitude, avoiding the encouragement of
He left, however, nothing undone to pre- any uprising against those responsible for the
vent the second Balkan war. The Rumanian continuation of neutrality .
delegate , Mr. Take Jonescu , said that the The intervention of Rumania on the side
patience and forbearance shown by Mr. Veni- of the Allies, and the invasion of Greek
zelos in face of the overbearing and offending Macedonia by the Bulgars, have brought
attitude of the famous Dr. Daneff, the Bul- about a complete change in his attitude. One
garian plenipotentiary , were some of the night, a few weeks ago, he left Athens for
many grounds of his deep admiration for the Crete, to assume the leadership of a revolu
Greek statesman . Even after the conclusion tion that was started by his sympathizers in
of the Greco -Serbian treaty of alliance, Salonica and in the islands of the Egean Sea.
Venizelos tried hard to avoid the second war, From Crete he went to Salonica , where he
which , however, became inevitable, established a provisional government with
Bulgaria was sufficiently punished for her a view to the raising of an army of volun
conduct. She was thrown to her knees by teers to fight against the traditional foe who
the united Greek and Serbian armies. As a had invaded the Greek territory. He is still
result of that war Greece, in addition to re- hoping. To him despair is something un
taining Salonica , secured the greater part of known. Hewill do everything in his power
Eastern Jacedonia with Kavalla , Seres to secure a place for Greece in the congress
and Drama. of peace. And he can do a great deal.
GERMANY STRIKES RUMANIA
AND SAVES THE BALKANS
BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
I. CONDITIONS OF GERMAN Salonica, was at stake. There was a real
SUCCESS peril for Germany in the opening hours of
the Rumanian crisis, lest Bulgaria take the
D ARELY in the course of the war has proffered bribes of the enemies of Germany
N there been a prompter or more com - and change sides. Turkey, too, moved rest
pletely successful answer to a hostile combina- lessly in the presence of a possible isolation
tion than that by which Germany in Octo - from her great allies .
ber restored the balance in the Balkans and It was, then , incumbent upon Germany to
made her newest enemy, Rumania , feel the strike, to strike at once, and to strike a blow
weight of her sword . Not since the cam - that should relieve the Hungarians, by clear
paign through Serbia , a year ago, has Ger- ing Transylvania . It was necessary to re
many been able to score a triumph as impres - assure and re-enthuse the Bulgarians by re
sive as that won in Transylvania , although moving an immediate danger and providing
the later success still falls far short of the new causes for national satisfaction over the
Serbian achievement. German alliance. It was further incumbent
The conditions of German action were upon Germany to insure the safety of the
plain . The sudden intervention of Rumania life-line that bound Constantinople to Vienna
had not alone opened a new front, extended and to Berlin .
greatly the lines of the Central Powers, re- This was the German problem . This was
quired new armies and new arrangements, it the problem that her enemies believed be
had raised political questions of the gravest yond her resources. She had to create, or
sort. Most important of these was the. Hun - at the least, provide, new armies . She had
garian problem . Of a sudden the Magyars to undertake suddenly a very considerable
found their own lands invaded , Transyl campaign , and pending the moment when
vania , their dearest province, overrun , the in - she could get new armies into the field and
tegrity of the Hungarian kingdom threat at the danger point, she had to use the
ened . meager resources at hand in such fashion as
This condition provoked bitter outcry at to delay Rumanian and Russian advance, pre
Budapest, and instant demand that the Ger- vent its achieving any decisive success that
man General Staff rescue Transylvania. Pre- could not be abolished when at last Ger
cisely as Hungary had demanded of Germany many had organized her counterstroke.
that the Russians be thrown back across the All this was accomplished in shining fash
Carpathian passes in the first days of 1915, ion . It was accomplished without any ap
she now demanded that a new German effort parent weakening of the German lines in
be made to clear Transylvania. And the the West, where the Allied advance contin
complaints and demands of Budapest made a ued, to be sure, but at a slow and practically
loud noise in Berlin . The one race in all the unaccelerated pace. Further, it was accom
Austro-Hungarian nationalities, whose sol- plished without offering to Russia any new
diers had won German approval, whose loy chance to attack along the wide front from
alty and sacrifices had been beyond cavil, was the Baltic to the Carpathians ; without weak
able to draw on a balance in the German ening the armies before Sarrail in Mace
capital, accumulated over the years of the donia ; without crippling the armies which
war. faced Cadorna from the Lago di Garda to
But it was not alone Hungary that clam - the Carso Plateau.
ored ; the Bulgarian situation was even more For whatGermany accomplished before her
critical, for the very existence of Bulgaria , new enemies could deal a fatal blow , even if,
caught between the millstones of Rumanian as is by no means certain , her counterblow
armies on the north and Allied armies at has now , on October 20, reached its maxi
505
506 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
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RUMANIA'S POSITION IN THE WAR
(For the convenience of our readers we reproduce the map printed in our October number)
mum , no praise can be too high. On the these lines are written he is materially south
other hand, it is necessary to note that once of the nearest point his invasion came to the
more there were signs of a fatal lack of coör- railroad. But he did realize his larger pur
dination in Allied general staffs. pose. Rumanian troops were hurried south
out of Transylvania , and the invasion of the
II. IN THE DOBRUDJA Hungarian lands was delayed and thrown
into confusion . At the same time, the con
When I closed my review last month , the quest of the Dobrudja served to fire Bul
first step in the German countermove was garian enthusiasm anew and promptly de
just becoming plain . Between the Danube stroy all possible chance that Bulgaria would
and the Black Sea , in the Southern Dobrudja , desert the Central Powers, who had now
the region taken from Bulgaria in the Second aided Ferdinand to regain , not merely all
Balkan War, Mackensen was striking north . that had been lost in the Second Balkan
His objective was not clear. It was conceiv - War, but Monastir, and the Macedonian
able that he aimed at Bucharest across the districts, which had never been occupied by
Danube, but this was highly doubtful, given Bulgarian troops in the recent war with
the military obstacle of the broad river. It Turkey.
seemed more likely that his objective was In examining this exploit we touch upon
the Bucharest-Constanza railroad, which the first of the several obscure details, which
crosses the Danube by the famous Cernavoda are already arousing speculation and criti
Bridge, the only bridge spanning the river cism in Allied quarters. It is asserted, with
between the Black Sea and Belgrade. His some show of authority , that the Rumanian
purpose seemed to be to reach this railroad adventure into Transylvania was in direct
line, seize this bridge, and cut off Rumania conflict with the advice of the Allies. It is
from the sea. asserted that at the final moment, after long
Back of this local purpose, as I pointed out hesitation , Rumania acted so precipitately"
a month ago, was the larger strategic pur- that Russia was unable to get her troops up
pose of compelling the Rumanians to draw in time to support Rumania in the Dobrudja.
out of Transylvania the mass of their armies, As to the Salonica situation, I will discuss
which had rushed into their " lost province" this in a moment, but, it is also asserted , that
as the French had piled over into Alsace and conditions existed there which were fatal
Lorraine in the first days of the war. Suc to prompt and effective coöperation between
cess in this venture would at one time re- Sarrail's army and other armies now oper
store a province to Hungary and regain for ating in the Balkans.
the Bulgarians a district lost by them in Conceivably the Rumanians were led into
the fatal conflict of 1913. Transylvania by sentiment. Certainly sound
Mackensen did not reach the Bucharest strategy would seem to have demanded that
Constanza railroad . At the moment when they first deal with the Teuto -Turk - Bulgar
 GERMANY STRIKES RUMANIA AND SAVES THE BALKANS 507
army in the Dobrudja, the single army in be- stadt, which freed this city from Rumanian
ing at the moment. Defeat here would have forces and opened the collapse of Rumanian
been fatal to Bulgaria , would have isolated invasion .
Turkey, and opened the way for communica We do not know from what direction
tion between Salonica and Bucharest across Falkenhayn drew his forces. Yet informa
Bulgaria and a redeemed Serbia . In the tion reaching me from Germany points to
larger strategy of the war this would have the probability that he was placed in com
far outweighed any spectacular success in mand of a great army which had been pre
Transylvania . pared to deal a counterstroke against the
But the Rumanians went into Transyl. Russians in Galicia. Apparently the Ger
vania . Mackensen gathered up the six or mans had been accumulating munitions and
seven divisions of troops at hand, mainly Bul- organizing army corps to strike back in the
garian , with a division or two of Turks and field where the Russians had won their great
a complement ofGerman and Austrian heavy triumph in the early summer, abolish the
artillery, pushed up and took Turtukan, and menace to Lemberg and, in some measure at
Silistria, gathered up several Black Sea least, repeat the great success of 1915 about
towns, came within an ace of getting across the Dunajec.
the vital railroad , and was only brought to a At all events, in a period of time that
halt and turned back when Rumanian troops seems now incredibly short, Falkenhayn ap
were recalled from Transylvania and Rus- peared with his great army, struck the Ru
sian divisions began at last to arrive. At the manians, already weakened by the drafts sent
outset, moreover, there seem to have been off to face Mackensen , defeated them and
only two Rumanian divisions before his seven , pushed them south through the Red Tower
and one of these was captured in Turtukan, Pass, and later through the Predeal Pass
the other routed about Silistria. By the first south of Kronstadt right across the Ru
days of October, Mackensen had done his manian frontier. German official reports
work and was entrenching far within Ru- announced the rout of two Rumanian armies,
manian territory between the sea and the and the capture of vast supplies and many
Danube. guns, but of surprisingly few prisoners. By
October 15 the Rumanian invasion had gone
III. IN TRANSYLVANIA the way of the French dash into Lorraine in
August, 1915. The question that remained
Meantime, the Rumanians, having at the to be decided, and is still open when these
outset of the war (before the declaration , the lines are written, is whether Rumania can
Germans assert) flowed over into Transyl- stay the invasion at the frontier as the
vania , had cut deep into the semicircle of that French halted the Germans who had won
province, which is held in the embrace of the the Battle of Metz on the eastern side of
two Rumanian provinces of Wallachia and Nancy.
Moldavia . A line drawn straight from the Look at the map and you will see that
point where Bukovina, Transylvania, and Falkenhayn south of Hermannstadt and
Rumania meet to the town of Orsova on the Kronstadt, Mackensen southwest of Bucha
Danube will show approximately the extent rest and in the Dobrudja, are little more than
of the Rumanian advance. Kronstadt, Her- a hundred miles apart. They are separated
mannstadt, and a score of less important by the width of the Rumanian province of
towns had fallen ; at its high -water mark the Wallachia ; and if they should march toward
Rumanian invasion had swept in more terri- each other, they might hope to meet at
tory than the Germans hold in Northern Bucharest, the Rumanian capital. Such a
France. victorious thrust - double thrust, it would
But the Dobrudja attack began to draw off be - would , in addition to taking the Ru
Rumanian troops. The invasion failed to manian capital, cut the Rumanian kingdom
reach the line of the made stretch of the in half, isolate and doom to capture all the
Maros river, to gain control of the strategic Rumanian troops west of the capital, and put
points necessary to the defense of the con - the Central Powers in possession of at least
quered territory. Now , at last, a new force half of the whole country .
intervened . Falkenhayn , former chief of the As I write these lines the world has just
German Great General Staff, appeared in read with amazement the appeal of King
Transylvania with a great German army, Ferdinand of Rumania to his allies to save
and signalized his entrance as a field general Rumania from the fate of Belgium ; and Rus
by winning a great victory about Hermann - sian troops and French generals are reported
508 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
as rushing to Rumanian aid. Wecan see the Sarrail can now hope to cross them and reach
greatness of the peril that threatens this east - Uskub and Nish .
ernmost of the Latin states, but we cannot What is the explanation of this new fail
measure the gravity of the situation because ure ? The most satisfactory answer I can
we do not know the actual condition of the give is found in the bitter words of Dr. Dil
Rumanian armies. If they have not lost their lon , the best informed of writers in English
morale, they should be able to hold the moun - upon the Balkans. In the October number
tain passes at the frontier indefinitely. But of the Fortnightly Review he says :
ifsoontheirseemorale has been destroyed, we shall
the Germans approach Bucharest. Everyone knows how unwilling certain powers
as they have approached and occupied Brus- were to provide him (Sarrail) with the where
sels and Belgrade. As it stands, Rumania withal for the offensive. Only quite recently
Great Britain consented to the proposal that the
has lost the glittering prize for which she indispensable supplies should be transported, and
risked war. Assuredly there never was a very few people are cognizant of the heterogen
more dramatic change in a single month nor eous army there to -day, from the point of view of
munitions, health , and means of locomotion . Sar
a more complete revenge than that of the rail's critics are numerous and severe, but what
Germans. ever strictures the present state of things, includ
ing his inactivity, may seem to call for, should be
IV . SARRAIL'S DIFFICULTIES directed to those who, despite reiterated appeals,
telling arguments, and friendly suasion , left him
When Rumania entered the war it was intionalcommand of an unequipped band of interna
soldiers, surrounded by covert enemies and
generally believed that the Allied army be paid spies. When the history of the Salonica Ex
pedition is written it may wreck the writer's rep
fore Salonica would take advantage of the utation for veracity, so incredible are the dense
opportunity to press north into Macedonia ness, obstinacy, and scorn of logic and common
and to strike for the Berlin -Constantinople sense which it will reveal.
railroad , which crosses Serbia . It was sup
posed that Sarrail had a vast army equipped Here, as I read it, is a very frank state
and ready for the auspicious moment which ment that the responsibility for the failure of
had now arrived. Sarrail to act at the decisive moment, when
To the amazement of the world, there action might have repaired the whole Balkan
was no considerable activity in Macedonia . mess of a year ago, rests with the British and
The Serbs were pushed up toward Monastir flows from a refusal to give Sarrail the
and almost reached this town. The British proper resources to enable him to make the
got across the Struma and approached Seres. best of a golden opportunity . Apparently
The Italians began to advance from Valona there is no limit to the capacity of the British
across Northern Epirus, ousting Greek gar to blunder in the Near East. British stu
risons as they passed. But there was no sud pidity cost Serbia her liberty ; the unspeak
den , heavy, successful northward push by the able folly of British field command lost all
Salonica army, and there is no present prom - the great chances to win in Gallipoli ; Sir Ed
ise of it. Indeed, the coming of winter seems ward Grey's handling of the Balkan situa
destined to close the Balkan passes before tion completed the ruin of Serbia , and in

THE BALKAN OPERATIONS : THE ALLIES PREPARATIONS — THE STORES OF SHELLS FOR ANY EVENTUALITY -A
FRENCH AMMUNITION DEPOT OUTSIDE SALONICA
(Each nest of shells consists of four rows, and is roofed with a sheet of corrugated iron )
 GERMANY STRIKES RUMANIA AND SAVES THE BALKANS 509

by the American Press Associat'on

GREEK SOLDIERS HAULING BIG GUNS

sured the disaffection of Greece. As for His conviction that Germany would win the
Kut-el-Amara and the Mesopotamian mess, war had a new confirmation, and his neu
the truth about them cannot yet be told in trality was fortified by Rumanian misfor
England, and has amounted to a national tunes.
scandal. Thereupon Venizelos left Athens, joined
I have a very well-informed correspondent the pro- Allied leaders in that New Greece
who from time to time writes to me to say : which he had won for his sovereign, pro
“ I am afraid of Sarrail ; he is a political gen - claimed a rival government to which Crete,
eral. He will make a great blunder yet." the islands of Egean and Greek Macedonia
All the evidence at hand seems to point to a declared their adhesion , and proceeded to
blunder . There has been , so far, a great Salonica to organize a Greek force to partici
failure — this is clear, even if the situation pate in the war.
shall be repaired presently. But the blame, Promptly thereafter the Allied commander
up to date, seems to rest with the British , in Greece took drastic steps to dispose of the
with those responsible for transport, rather peril of a pro -German rising in his rear. An
than with Sarrail. ultimatum was delivered to the Athens gov
The Serbian successes about Monastir ernment demanding the surrender of all
have made considerable noise in the press, Greek warships, the control of Greek rail
but they are really of small consequence. roads and telegraphs. The ports of Greece,
The Serbs have just got their feet on their notably the Piraeus, the port of Athens,
own soil, that is all. They have fought well, passed under direct Allied control, and Al
but the main thrust in the Balkans, if there lied officers undertook the operation of the
is a main thrust, will not be made by Ser- railroad going from Athens to the old Greek
bians ; and its chances of success this year frontier above Larissa and destined shortly
grow smaller as each week brings winter to bind Salonica to the capital.
closer to the Balkans. The single explanation of this drastic ac
tion was found in the hint that Constantine
V . VENIZELOS REVOLTS had prepared to withdraw from Athens up
the Larissa railroad, entrench himself, with
Rumanian disaster had immediate conse such troops as remained loyal, and await a
quences in Greece. A month ago even the German relief force coming south from Mon
Greek King seemed on the point of follow - astir . At all events, it is clear that the Al
ing the example of his brother sovereign of lies, long suspicious of the Hellenic monarch ,
Rumania . But the fortunate moment, for were at last convinced that there was no pos
the Allies, passed , and Constantine promptly sibility of enlisting him as an ally , and pro
sat back again upon the fence of neutrality, ceeded to render him innocuous as a possible
from which he had almost been lifted down. foe.
510 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
To all suggestions coming from the Greek defeat, which has already had unhappy con
King as to possible rewards for Greek par- sequences in Athens and may bear even bit
ticipation , the Allies remained deaf as they terer fruit at Bucharest.
equally declined to recognize or deal with Equally necessary is it to recognize that
Constantine's ministers. Unmistakably they Germany has given a crushing answer to
are preparing to deal with Venizelos as the those of her critics who have asserted that
real ruler of Greece. But even to him it is she was at the limit of her resources . For
doubtful if the Allies will now offer any - a new peril she has found fresh defenses .
thing beyond a guarantee of the integrity of Against a new enemy she has sent fresh
the Greek state that existed after the Treaty troops who have won great successes, and
of Bucharest, may yet dispose of this enemy as Serbia
Thus in many ways Greece has suffered or and Belgium were disposed of in 1914 and
is suffering almost as much through neutral- 1915.
ity as Serbia and Belgium have suffered Yet in all this it is essential not to over
through participation in the war. A Bul- look the other side of the picture. Germany
garian invasion has laid waste to one prov . certainly had a great army in reserve. But
ince and Bulgars remain in occupation . The the army was designed to restore the situa
Germans have kidnapped one army corps, tion in the East, not in Transylvania ; and
and the Italians have ousted the Greek troops victories won along the Transylvanian Alps
guarding that Northern Epirus that Greece do not take the place of prospective vic
has hoped to annex with the consent of the tories in Galicia. Germany has met and
great powers. To all intents and purposes, halted a new enemy. She may presently
niost of Greece is now actually under mili dispose of this new enemy's military power.
tary rule , mainly the rule of the Allies ; but But in doing this she has used up one more
Kavala and Drama are in Bulgar hands. army, in part at least. It may well be that, in
Her fleet has been dismantled and Allied sup inviting German wrath , Rumania has taken
port of Venizelos threatens a civil war. As a blow designed for Russia ; but if this be
for parliamentary government, this was abol the case Russia has escaped and the situation
ished by the King himself, long ago, as a de for Germany has to this extent worsened ,
tail in his frantic campaign to keep his coun not bettered, as a result of the new campaign,
try out of war, either through fear or love of successful as it has been . And even the con
Germany . quest of Rumania would still leave Ger
As to the future, it is clear that if Rumania many worse off than two months ago, for
suffers a Serbian fate, the King's hold upon there will still have been opened a new
his people will be strengthened ; but failing front, from Bukovina to the Black Sea ,
this, and particularly if there come presently which would have to be defended by Ger
Allied successes in Macedonia, it is not diffi man and Austrian troops against Russia , if
cult to see that Venizelos will presently gain not against Rumania .
control of the capital, as he now has control Germany is engaged in an endurance test
of the islands and the Macedonian districts, with a coalition of nations collectively far
and in such an event there is every reason to stronger than herself and those states which
believe that Constantine will lose his throne are standing with her. German success,
and that his people will make him a scape now , is predicated upon a victorious resist
goat, seeking to propitiate Allied anger by
throwing over the monarch mainly responsi ance to superior numbers and a continued
ble for the direction Greek policy has fol. early in theofwar.
occupation the territories which she took
Outnumbered , she must
lowed during the war. make the cost of advance so heavy for her
Russian, French, British , and Italian foes
VI. The LOST CHANCE that they will presently find that they can
not pay the price. But, when Germany has
In sum , then , the Allies seem to have lost to send troops against Rumania and incur
the greatest chance that the war has yet new casualties and use up more ammunition
offered them to settle the Eastern Question against this new foe, she is weakened with
after their own plans by isolating Turkey regard to her other enemies.
from her greater allies. Conceivably the tide A campaign against Rumania that was
will turn in the next weeks, and the oppor- completely successful and drove the wreck
tunity once missed may return . But, barring of the Rumanian army into Russia or even
this contingency, it must be recognized that annihilated the military force of Rumania ,
the Allies have suffered a very considerable would not be a gain for Germany over her
 GERMANY STRIKES RUMANIA AND SAVES THE BALKANS 511
situation while Rumania was neutral, but of the Somme offensive and October 1 ,
a loss, measured by exactly the number of British official reports acknowledge casualty
men and the amount of ammunition ex - lists amounting to materially more than
pended in this triumph , because in these re- 300, 000. With the great struggle in Picardy
spects she would be weakened in her com - continuing and apparently destined to con
bat against her main foes . In a war of tinue, the British must foresee a continued
attrition , such as the present conflict has loss of above 100,000 a month . In the face
become, it is the death- lists that count ; and of this Lloyd George's words take on a new
Rumania , even though the cost may be ter- meaning.
rific to her, has weakened Germany by open - Parliament met under the influence of the
ing a new death -list. words of Lloyd George and they were
German victories against Rumania will echoed by the Prime Minister himself, who
doubtless do much to encourage the German appeared for the first time since the death
and Austrian , as well as the Hungarian , of his own son , killed on the field of battle .
Bulgarian , and Turkish publics. They have That the present British determination is
manifestly helped the German loan , just be- to fight to a finish cannot be mistaken . As
ing offered to the people . But unless they for France, she has never wavered and those
discourage France , Russia , Italy , or Britain who return from Paris tell me that a con
sufficiently to lead one of these nations to viction that victory is now within reach , if
leave the fight, they do not permanently still far in the future, dominates French
strengthen Germany, but, rather, they thought and explains French opinion .
weaken her by exactly the amount they cost In Germany the Reichstag re-assembled
her. For this the chastisement of Rumania and the Chancellor's speech contained no
is no recompense, however it may gratify new offer of peace , no reassertion of peace
German indignation and Austrian wrath . terms, based upon that "map of Europe,"
mentioned some months ago. But if one
VII. PROSPECTS OF PEACE Socialist member attracted world -wide at
tention by declaring that the French censor
And that recent events have given any prevented the French people from knowing
sign of a desire for peace on conditions now that they could have peace on the basis of
le in any Allied nation , I do not the map of 1914, on the basis of before- the
think will be asserted anywhere. On the war conditions, this view found ready denial
contrary there has recently come from Lloyd from all the really influential groups and
George a memorable interview , setting forth nowhere in the utterances that marked the
the new determination of the British people first sessions of the Reichstag was there any
to go forward and expressing that sentiment real hint that Germany, that the men who
which is generally recognized to have become control Germany, were prepared to offer
predominant in Great Britain recently. the evacuation of conquered territories as a
In this interview Lloyd George made use basis for peace negotiations.
of those sporting similes that are familiar to O n the contrary , the Rumanian victories
the simplest of Britons and in the words of and the continued failure of the French and
the prize- ring described Britain as a con - British to pierce the German lines seemed to
testant, who had suffered long through in - have inspired new confidence and new hope,
ferior preparation and training, but having if not of the victorious peace expected in
taken severe punishment and bearing many 1915, at least of a peace in which Germany
marks, having avoided the knockout when would find herself in some measure remuner
it threatened, was now convinced that vic- ated for her vast sacrifices.
tory was attainable and determined to seek The simple truth seems to be that Ger
a decision and a knockout, was resolved to many is very far from being sufficiently ex
fight a " finish fight.” hausted to demand a truce or ask for an end
No public utterance since the war began, of the war on unfavorable terms, while her
not even the eloquent words of the French foes are sufficiently encouraged by the events
Premier on several occasions, has carried of the summer to be prepared to continue
such instant and complete conviction . Even through another year a war, a struggle, the
in Germany, as I am informed by one lately end of which they are now satisfied will be
returned from Berlin , the interview made a a complete triumph and a peace which will
sensation because it carried conviction and guarantee the things for which they believe
banished fond hopes. that they are fighting. Actually the pros
In the three months between the opening pects of peace have not seemed darker at any
512 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
moment since the war broke out than they ap - no escape from the conclusion that the Ger
pear in the twenty-seventh month of conflict. mans have underestimated their Verdun
losses, and neutral observers agree that the
VIII. ON THE SOMME total Teutonic casualties at Verdun were not
less than 500,000 , or at a ratio of two to one,
It remains now to discuss briefly the compared with the French .
progress of the Allied offensive on the Accepting this estimate as a basis of com
Somme. Since I last wrote there has been putation , it is reasonable to conclude that
material progress, more than has been made theGermans have not lost more than half as
in any other four weeks since the July drive many men as the Allies at the Somme. As
which opened the battle . Were the British the British have lost 300,000 on their own
Cocin the decide the last they four weeks ago
to advance as far in the next four weeks as statement, in three months, they will hardly
they advanced in the last they would be liter- have lost less than 400,000 at the end of
ally on the edge of Bapaume, while the this month . The French loss has been very
French are already east of Péronne along much smaller, probably not more than
the Bethune highway north of that town. ; 100,000. As against this the German loss
In one great joint attack the British and has been , at the very least, 250,000. If the
French together took Combles, the British at capture of Germans continues at its present
last seized Thiepval, which had so long held rate to the end of the month , there will be a
them up, and the French made progress east totalbag of above 80,000 , ormore than twice
ward to and across the Bethune highway as many as the Germans took at Verdun .
about Rancourt. Five thousand prisoners Conceivably , therefore, the German loss at
were taken in this single venture and a num - the end of themonth will be around 300,000 ,
ber of guns, many of them of large caliber. as contrasted with a British loss of 400,000
Wemay say, then, that the Somme offen- and a French loss of more than 100,000.
sive, now in its fourth month , is being pressed Now , putting the Somme and the Verdun
with greater vigor and more success than in figures together, it will be seen that in the
the period following the first days. This is West the Germans have lost in the two chief
in strong contrast to the Verdun operation engagements between 750 ,000 and 800,000
of the Germans, which never showed any ' men ; that the British have lost 400 ,000, and
great driving power after the first great rush the French between 350,000 and 400 ,000.
in the last week of February . But the noteworthy thing is that while the
As it stands, the Somme drive has resulted total losses on either side have been approxi
in a gain of twice as much ground and the mately equal, which might be expected , the
capture of twice as many prisoners and more whole loss on one side has been borne by the
than twice as many guns (500, to quote offi- Germans, while it has been about equally
cial figures ) as the Verdun attack , while it divided on the other. And allowing for Ger
is still to run some weeks before it equals man losses in the East, where the fighting
the Lorraine contest in time. has been very severe, it is hard to see how the
In the past month many assertions, patent total losses of Germany in the present year
ly extravagant, have been put forth on both can be figured at less than 1,000 ,000. .
sides to prove the cost of the Somme battle. If you say that while the British have been
The Germans allege that the cost to the losing 400,000 men, the French 400 ,000 men ,
Allies has been a round million . French and the Russians something less than 400,000
British figures claimed a total German loss that is, the Russian armies fighting Germans
of around 600 ,000 , including nearly 100,000 - the Germans have alone lost a million , you
prisoners. Now we know that the French con - will say what the Allied critics are saying,
cede a loss of 250,000 at Verdun , while the when they talk about the effect of a war of
Germans admit to a casualty-list a little attrition upon Germany.
larger, and about half that mentioned in Now , turning to Austria , we have Rus
French official estimates of German loss at sian official statements to prove that 420,000
Verdun . Finally the British officially admit a prisoners, almost all Austrian , have been
loss in three months of fighting, mainly at taken in the East, while the Italians an
the Somme, of above 300, 000 . nounce 30 ,000 prisoners since they began
If the French and German losses were their Gorizia drive, all of them Austrian ;
equal at Verdun , then there is no reason why, and even the Rumanians count 15 ,000 prise
in a similar operation on the Somme, there oners, chiefly Austrian . We may say that
should be any striking difference between Austria has lost 350,000 men by capture, her
the cost of attack and defense . But there is Trentino and Gorizia defeats cost her at
Photo by Central News Service ,
A TYPICAL GROUP OF GERMAN PRISONERS TAKEN AT GINCHY DURING THE BRITISH ADVANCE
least another 100,000 , and her casualties, due 750,000 men since January 1. As against
to death and wounds in Galicia and Vol. this stands the German statement that Rus
hynia , must have amounted to 300,000. In sia has lost 1,000,000 in her offensive since
sum Austria must have lost not less than June 1. As we get down 400 ,000 to the

THE BOMBARDMENT OF A GERMAN POSITION , AS SEEN FROM THE AIR

( This photograph , taken by a French aviator, shows German trench lines, with shells bursting among them )
Nov . - 4 513
514 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
German score, we may put the remaining Unless all signs fail, this pounding is go
600,000 against the Austrian . Italian losses ing to be continued right through the winter
in the same time must have been at least and through the following summer. The
150,000. The losses of Austria in battle cost to the Germans will rather mount than
with the. Italians and Russians was thus ' diminish as the Allied armies increase in
750 ,000, and the losses of the Russians and numbers and munitionment, as they are like
Italians combined equally large, but divided ly to increase in the case of the Russians and
between two nations. the British ; the French will not increase in
Now if you look at the population of Rus- numbers, but only in artillery strength . We
sia, France, Britain , and Italy on the one are likely to see the British losses increase
hand , and of Germany and Austria on the and the French diminish , for the British
other, you can easily discover why the loss have so far lost not more than half as many
of 1,750,000 to the latter alliance is more men as the French out of a materially larger
serious than the loss of a large number di- male population. We shall probably see the
vided as wehave divided it — 400,000 British , British take over a new section of the west
400,000 French , 1,000,000 Russian , andern front before many months. Henceforth
150,000 Italian - is to the opposing alliance. the main burden on the west must be borne
And the Austro-German alliance has suffered by the British, and the heavier losses will fall
a greater permanent loss, because of its casuals to their share, for the French have done
ties nearly one-third , 550, 000 to be exact, more than their part.
have been in prisoners, while the Allied loss If you think of Germany in terms of a
in prisoners has not been more than a quar contestant in a relay race , with her rivals
ter as large, including the first Verdun bag. putting in a fresh runner at each heat - now
French , now Russian , and last of all British
IX . POUNDING — while the German runner has to make the
whole course alone, you will exactly catch
The Somme operation is essentially a the idea that is in the Allied mind and the
pounding operation . It has for its main ob - basic principle of Allied strategy .
ject to kill Germans rather than to retake Wedo not know the present state of Ger
French territory. It is founded upon the man man -power. We do not know what re
conviction of the Allies that the Germans are serves remain ; but we have just seen in the
beginning to lack numerical strength and Rumanian case that Germany has been able
that they will not permanently be able to to put in a new army without weakening her
hold lines as extended as they now occupy. other fronts visibly. This would seem to
Incidentally, the Allies are gaining small indicate that German exhaustion has not
particles of French territory , and they may become absolute, and that Allied calculations
soon be able to force the Germans to shorten have been too optimistic. But we do know
their lines materially . Even from German that Germany had less men to start with
statements it is plain that the eventual sur than her enemies ; that her losses by compari
render of both Bapaume and Péronne is now son with those of Russia or of Britain have
recognized as probable ; but these withdraw been disproportionately high , regard being
als may have little meaning, beyond the re had for the total of available man -power,
linquishment of small areas terribly devas- while they have been about equal - equal in
tated. The true measure of Allied success percentage, I mean — to the French . As for
must be found in the comparative casualty Austria , her losses as compared with Italian
lists and the comparative strength of the re have been enormous, and her existing re
serves of the two alliances. sources cannot be larger than those of Italy
If the Germans are compelled to fight alone, without regard to Russia.
Russian , French , and British armies at one Wemay have a whole year of pounding
time and thus suffer casualties from all three before there is any real evidence of exhaus
fights, casualties borne by Germans alone, tion ; conceivably more, although this is un
while those of the enemies are divided, then , likely , but the inexorable logic of a war of
although the total German casualties may be attrition must not be mistaken , and the at
smaller , the drain on German resources of tention of observers should not be distracted
man -power will be far greater, and the hour from this sordid detail by any brilliant strat
of exhaustion will be reached much earlier. egic combination which wins a local triumph
And when the Rumanians came in they against a new foe at the cost of another set
added one more strain on German man of casualties, which must hasten the day of
power. ultimate exhaustion .
 GERMANY STRIKES RUMANIA AND SAVES THE BALKANS 515

NN
0570

From International Film Service

GUNS ON THEIR WAY UP TO THE FRONT HAULED BY GREAT "CATERPILLAR " TRACTORS
( From an official government photograph taken in France)

From Paul Thompson

A SHELL DUMP IN THE WHEAT FIELDS ADJACENT TO THE SOMME
(Here shells are unloaded from theofrailways throughout
munitions for the the day offensive
British and night,) keeping up a never-ceasing supply
 314
THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RE " "
Coman
score, we
600 ,000 against may put
the Austri an the remain ino
rian .. Ita
Aust have
themust
in the same time Italian
with The losses
150,000. Italian s and ofRIA
the
750 ,000s , combin
Italian ed losses
and the equallyof
between two nations.
Now if you look at
sia , France, Britain ,
hand, and of Germ
other, you can eas
of 1,750,000 to
serious than the
vided as we hav
400,000 Frer
150, 000 Itali
And the Aus
a greater pe:
ties nearly
have been
in prison
ter as lai

T
rounh
d:
e THE REGION OF THE ITALIAN ADVANCE BEYOND GORIZIA
wrecked bridge over the Vippacco at Rubbia )
'ct
t

Photo by Press Illustrating Service.

A BATTLEFIELD ON THE GALICIAN FRONT
(This picture. from an official photograph received froman the Hungarian War
g
Ministry , gives a good view of the
trenches, with Hungari soldiers occupyin them )
 .
© by E . Muller, Jr., N. Y.
THE SUPERDREADNOUGHT " ARIZONA." NEWEST BATTLESHIP OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY
(This great fighting unit is a sister ship of the new Pennsylvania, pictured on the front cover of this issue.
She was built at the New York Navy Yard , and went into commission on October 17. The Arisona is 600 feet long,
and her displacement is 34,000 tons. She is equipped with twelve fourteen -inch , twenty five-inch , and two anti
aircraft guns, and four torpedo tubes )

OUR NEW NAVY

WHAT WILL UNCLE SAM OBTAIN FOR His MONEY?
BY A . C . LAUT
D VERYBODY, who thinks at all, knows West sat up and asked — What's a merchant
L exactly what happened when the war marine to us? What's a navy to us ? All
broke in July of 1914. Ship sailings were the world knows the rest — the Austered, fran
cancelled . Stock exchanges closed . Cotton tic efforts to provide national funds to finance
could not be sold at 4 cents a pound, and cotton , to buy freighters, to provide a federal
wheat was embargoed on rail sidings at Buf- merchant marine— in a word , to lift our
falo , New York, and Baltimore, so that the selves by our bootstraps out of the commer
great grain exchanges of Chicago, Minneap- cial slough in which messy methods and blind
olis, St. Paul, and Winnipeg wired to their bull-headedness had plunged our export
country buyers to stop buying grain alto trade. With huge cotton , corn , and wheat
gether. I happened to have as a guest in my crops, prices dropped plumb to bottom .
home a veteran Board of Trade operator Why ? Because the sea was closed , and we
from Chicago. “ Unless the sea lanes open ," couldn't ship the output. I had friends in
he predicted , “you will see wheat down to the West with ten -thousand-bushel crops.
60 and 40 cents by Christmas.” Cotton op - Ruin seemed to be staring them in the face.
erators and growers saw looming ahead of Suddenly , something happened . Instead of
them the total loss of the year's crop. At one selling at 40 cents, wheat moved up to $ 1,
fell swoop grain -growers saw wheat at prices and $ 1 .50 , and $ 1.65. Cotton was back to
that would not pay the cost of seeding and pre-war levels, while experts were still dis
threshing ; for it now costs $ 7 an acre to cussing how to avert ruin . What had hap
seed and harvest wheat; and when the price pened ? The sea lanes had opened . Every
of thirty bushels to the acre drops to 40 sea lane all over the world was open wide,
cents, you have not enough left to pay man and safe. What had produced the miracle ?
hire and team hire. Sea power — a great navy patrolling the lanes
For the first time in history, the Middle of the sea , and keeping the sea's broad high
West realized , what does the sea matter to way wide open . If the British Navy had not
us? For the first time in history, the Middle been powerful enough to do this, it is incon
517
518 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
closed, what happened in
1915 and '16 when the sea
lanes opened, and what is
impending now that the sub
marine commerce-destroyers
are on this side - it seems in
conceivable that any Amer
ican in his right senses can
question the spendings on the
American Navy . Yet the
fear is prevalent that, before
the building of Uncle Sam 's
new navy is well under
way, navy appropriations by
future Congresses may be
cut and curtailed in a way
to obstruct Uncle Sam 's sea
lanes out to the commerce of
© Photo by American Press Ass'n .
GUN CREW OF THE U . S. S. " PENNSYLVANIA ." WHICH BROKE THE MARKS the world .
MANSHIP RECORD OF THE U. S. NAVY Let us see what those
(Recently the Pennsylvania's gunners scored five hits on an invisible spendings are . The total
target, eleven miles distant, with a broadside of twelve fourteen -inch guns
which was hailed as a world ' s record ) Navy and Army appropria
tion for 1916 was something
ceivable to what depths of depression Ameri- over $685,000,000, of which less than half
can foreign trade would have fallen in the was for the Navy — the Navy that is our
last two years. Pending the depression of sentry and guard at this end of the sea
the last half of 1914 , there were 350,000 idle lanes- - say $ 315,000 ,000 to $ 325,000,000,
men in New York City alone. There were perhaps a little more ; for the bill pro
literally millions of workers unemployed all vides certain increases up to 20 per cent to
through the country . Factories closed. insure speed and efficiency. At a gambler's
Wheels stopped going round . Railroads ran outside limit, put the Navy figure at $350,
on half - and quarter -time. To -day, factories 000,000. How does that compare with other
are running on three time shifts . There is spendings in the United States ? Here are
not an idle wheel in the United States, and some of the other spendings :
there is hardy an unemployed person , who
can work, from Atlantic to Pacific. Wages Liquor . . . . . . . $2,200,000,000
Tobacco 1,200 ,000,000
are the highest ever known in the history of Jewelry 800,000,000
the country. Why? Because the sea lanes Motors 500 ,000,000
opened and permitted Uncle Sam to feed , Candy . . . . . . . .
clothe, and provision the warring world . Soft Drinks. . . $333,000,000
When Colonel Thompson warned the Chewing Gum . .
Tea . . . . . .. . .
Navy League at its convention last April that Coffee . . . . . . . . . .
the sea was no longer a barrier against dan Millinery . . . . . . . $270,000, 000
ger to the United States, but had become a Patent Nostrums . . . . . . . .
broad highway, more easily traversed by a
hostile power than the rail route from New To all of which compare $350,000,000
York to Chicago , people turned the depre- spent on the Navy ; on the guardian who
cating smile that men of affairs always re- stands at our gates ; on the policeman who is
serve for the far-sighted visionary . Yet , to patrol our seas and protect our commerce;
was it so very far-sighted after all ? Colonel on the magician , who insures good prices for
Thompson uttered his warning last April. the cotton -grower and the wheat- farmer and
The submarine commerce -destroyer began the factory -worker ! Look at the spendings
operations off Nantucket in October — six from liquor to patent pills ! Then look at
months from Colonel Thompson 's warning the Navy spendings ! Which does the most
One is really constrained to ask , is it far for the nation ? Which does the most for
vision on the part of the Navy men , or short the Middle West, and the Northwest, and
memory on the part of the American public ? the South — for the wheat farm and the cot
Keeping those facts in mind, what hap - ton plantation and the beef ranch and the
pened to us in 1914 when the sea lanes sheep run ? Which does the most for you
 OUR NEW NAVY 519

by E . Muller, Jr., N . Y .
THE SUPERDREADNOUGHT " TENNESSEE,” AS SHE WILL LOOK WHEN COMPLETED
(Another powerful battleship of the Arizona class soon to be laid down )
and for me and I don 't care whether you will be able to carry as many seamen as the
live with your feet in the salt sea, or handle Woolworth houses tenants. They will
wool in the desert, 3000 miles from the travel as fast as the Century Express ; and
Atlantic Coast line ? Just waken up and their guns will be able to toss a little shell,
ask yourself the question ; and don 't go to weighing 1400 pounds, any trifling distance
sleep again till you answer it ! from eight to twelve miles. In fact, those
guns will be able to toss two such shots a
THE SHIPS OF THE NEW NAVY minute . If they are ranged the longer dis
All the same, exactly what, and specific tance, the smashing power will not be as
ally what is Uncle Sam going to get in re great as at eight or ten miles. If you figure
turn for his big Navy Bill ? the cost of each shot at $ 1000, and each of
Exactly and specifically, first of all, he is the ten guns fires two shots a minute, and the
to get under way before July , 1919 : battle lasts , say two hours — modern sea bat
tles are terribly swift — you can figure up a
total cost for shells to make a peace-at-any
10 first- class battleships price man have goose-fesh ; but when he has
6 battle- cruisers his worst shivers, figure again ! All the
10 scout-cruisers shells a battle -cruiser can fire will not com
50 destroyers pare to one day's loss if the sea lanes are
9 fleet submarines (deep sea ) closed against our commerce. All the loss
53 coast submarines of life the battle -cruiser 's shells can cause
13 auxiliary vessels cannot compare to the death toll of poverty
and want when commerce stops, and the
factory wheels cease to go round . If you
Of these, four battleships, four battle doubt that, compare the deaths from want in
cruisers, four scouts, twenty destroyers, thirty Armenia to the deaths from shots in the Dar
coast " subs," and several auxiliaries are to danelles !
be begun within six months from August, As to the tonnage of these modern levia
1916 ; and 20 per cent. above specified prices thans, 35,000 tons displacement doesn't mean
will be permitted to insure speed in con - much to a landsman . Put it in terms of the
struction and efficiency. If there be any salt- railroad ! A 35 - ton freight-car is big . The
sea pride left in our sluggish land blood, the battle -cruisers will weigh as much as 1000
proportions of these vessels should stir it. such freight-cars, or fifty trains of such cars.
The battle-cruisers are to be 100 feet longer A few years ago, we thought a million dol
than the Woolworth building is high . Their lars a big capitalization. These battle
displacement will be 35 ,000 tons, and they cruisers will cost about $ 16 ,500,000 each,
will have a speed of 35 knots. Also , they with $ 4,000,000 more for armor and arma
will each carry ten 14- inch guns. Being a ments, and 20 per cent. excess for speed
landlubber , those figures don 't mean much and efficient construction .
more to you than they do to me. Let us put It will surprise the layman to be told that
it in land terms! All right — those cruisers the battleships will be 200 feet shorter than
520 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the cruisers. The cruisers are longer, to give at a rate to beggar fancy. This simply
space for the machinery to insure speed — means bigger and bigger guns with a fiercer
also to permit sharper, speedier lines. The propulsion .
armor-belt will be eight inches thick, com - In the Russo-Japanese War battles were
pared to the English cruisers' nine won with 850-pound projectiles thrown 6000
inches thick . What the European gov- to 8000 yards. To -day, 1800 -pound pro
ernments have done in shipbuilding jectiles are hurled 10,000 to 20 ,000 yards
since the war began is an impenetrable the distance being chosen purely by the ef
secret ; but before the war, British fectiveness of the smash at the target. That
cruisers had a speed of thirty knots, a dis - is, the range-finder, say an aeroplane or
placement of 28 ,500 tons, and a length of hydroplane, may locate the enemy at nine
720 feet ; German cruisers had a speed of teen miles, and the projectile might find the
thirty knots, a displacement of 26 ,200 tons, target ; but at ten miles — the usual extreme
and a length of 689 feet ; Japanese cruisers fighting range — the smashing power would
a speed of twenty-seven knots, a displace- be irresistible. I am aware this is not the
ment of 27,500 tons, and a length of 680 language in which an expert would put it ;
feet . but it is the language that is understandable
to landlubbers like myself.
TREMENDOUS GUN -POWER I asked a Navy gun expert how the calibre
Just here a lot of fine points come in naval of the gunsvaried with the weight of the pro
construction that will interest the public jectiles. His answer was not a plain yea or
nay, but guardedly, to the
effect that the 14-inch gun
would take care of 1400
pounds, the 16 -inch gun of
a ton , the 18 -inch gun of
2700 pounds ; and he said
hewould gamble on a good
16 -inch gun finding its tar
get twenty-five miles away.
Keep in mind that range is
conditioned by effectiveness
of the smashing power ;
and do you take in what
such ranges imply ? Just
think a second! A hostile
feet could lie off New
THE BIG 14 -INCH GUNS ON THE “ PENNSYLVANIA " York , or Baltimore, or Bos
ton fifteen miles, and drop
more and more as naval development goes on . 2700 -pound projectiles into our coast cities
The cruiser is for speed ; the dreadnought that would knock down every building
for invulnerable smashing power. When Alat in twenty- four hours. I do not know
armor-plating was invented , men said — “ here what has been done in the United States
is an end to gun power” ; but along came the since the war broke out ; but I do know that
invention of bigger and bigger, and higher before the war there was not a coast gun in
and higher velocity projectiles ; and it be- the United States that exceeded ten to twelve
came a race between the development of the miles in range.
big gun and the development of armor- plate . REQUIREMENTS OF BATTLESHIPS AND
When you can fire a projectile weighing
2700 pounds from an 18 -inch gun tenor CRUISERS
twelve miles at an initial velocity of, say Do you take in what that means? It
2700 feet a second, any armor-plating known means a powerful enemy could come easily
to science is penetrated instantaneously . In over the highways of the sea against us and
the race the big gun won. So to evade the knock us flat before we could get one blow
big gun , the next tendency is not to back at him . That is what an adequate
clog speed with overweighted armor-plate. Navy means to Uncle Sam . That is what
Armor-plate will be thinner, speed greater. he is going to get out of his spendings
This is one of the great lessons of the pres- certainty against danger on the seas.
ent war — the distance of range is increasing It may be stated that all modern naval
 OUR NEW NAVY 521

by E . Muller, Jr., N . Y.
THE SUPERDREADNOUGHT “NEW MEXICO," AS SHE WILL APPEAR WHEN FINISHED
( This great new battleship of Uncle Sam 's Navy is now about fifty per cent completed )
development dates from the cheese-box fight 1100 to 1200 men . The aim of the cruiser,
between the Monitor and the Merrimac. It as distinguished from the battleship, is to go
was armor-plate against gun -fire. Now it is heavily armed, but lightly armored, and scout
speed against the big gun . The dreadnought with speed through the enemy's screen for in
stands for big gun primarily - fighting in - formation and position. The cruiser is as
vincibility first, and speed second. The cruiser much of a dreadnought as she dare be, while
stands for speed first, and fighting terror playing the part primarily of scout. When
second . In the 1900's, battleships of the first battleships cannot prowl in pairs , the cruiser
line had a displacement of 12,000 tons, a pokes her nose into the mist and goes out.
speed of eighteen knots, guns of twelve inches, She must have fuel-capacity for long runs.
and range of 6000 to 8000 yards. Since the She must have speed to get away from the
British built their first dreadnought, in 1905, enemy. She must have great guns for long
tonnage has trebled, speed doubled, and gun range attack or defense. Guns and speed
range pretty nearly quadrupled . One hun are her prime equipment. Her armor must
dred of our boasted Oregons to -day could not always be thin ; so she is easily sunk . She is
defeat one dreadnought. This does notmean the ideal patrol for the sea lanes of trade. It
that Uncle Sam will have to scrap twenty-five was the cruiser that won the battle off the
vessels formerly of the first
line. Some ought to be sent
to the junk-heap ; but none
will ever again be fit for bat
tle against first-line ships.
They must be matched
against vessels of their class.
The big battleship must
have the heaviest gun -power
and the thickest armor. The
cruiser's first requisite is
speed ; but she, too ,must have
heavy gun -power, for shewill
first engage and hem the ene
my, which the dreadnought
willknock to pieces. Guns in
a dreadnought weigh from
sixty to seventy tons. She has © by E . Muller, Jr., N . Y.
THE SCOUT CRUISER " CHESTER "
a floating population of from (Ten more of these scout-cruisers are to be built with the new appropriation )
522 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Falklands, and saved the day
Beatty inin lack
for Beatty lack.ofDofuelthecaused a besliAotation
pe buildbyingoil-land fornia depgen
anes
the North Sea ; and it was the cruiser again try ? Do the people of California ever realize
that got into the thick of it off Jutland. The why Japan is building a bigger and bigger
cruiser is as big as a battleship , but not so navy ? Do the people of California depend
powerful. The cruisers will require 180 ,000 on Uncle Sam 's Navy to keep the sea lanes
horsepower for their top speed of forty miles of the Pacific open and safe ? Does Cali
an hour. The engine-power of one battle fornia want the Jap, or Uncle Sam , to patrol
cruiser would run the street-cars and lights Pacific lanes of trade? What California
for a city of half a million . wants she should express very plainly in the
present contest over her oil lands. The Navy
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHANGE TO OIL FUEL needs certain oil lands reserved. Does Cali
One of the great changes in Navy con - fornia want these reserved for the Navy ? If
struction is the use of oil instead of coal for so, she should wake up ; for no part of the
United States would suffer
more from an enemy across
the highways of the sea than
California . Her cities are
coast cities. Her wealth is
beyond dreams. Her sover
eignty is remote. California
knows her danger, and should
act in the oil-land contest.
But here comes in another
consideration . Ask great
engineers like Henry Doh
erty , and they will tell you
that science is solving the
problem of oil and gasoline
fuels. Henry Doherty de
© by E. Muller, Jr., N . Y. clares it proved beyond ques
THE LATEST MODEL 10,000-YARD TORPEDO BEING FIRED FROM THE tion that the waste in by
DESTROYER “ O'BRIEN " products of gas, oil, and coal
distillation would run every
fuel. This necessitates new naval bases and battleship and motor in the world for a
tank auxiliaries. Oil becomes the very food century. The problem of oil fuels is a
and drink of the Navy ; and in this fact lies product that will serve at moderate temper
one of the greatest dangers menacing Uncle ature — I believe the scientific way to put it
Sam 's new Navy. Motors are exhausting oil is, that will boil and distil at low tempera
supplies at an enormous rate. The world's tures.
oil-fields are now known, mapped and
tapped. Within the lifetime of this gener RELATIVE RANK OF WORLD NAVIES
ation oil will be scarce. Where , then , is the Granted we build the Navy as planned by
new Navy of defense to get its fuel ? In Congress, where shall we rank with Japan ,
answer to that question enters the curse of Germany, Great Britain ? It is hard to an
an efficient Navy - politics . The Govern - swer this question , for the Navy manuals
ment has segregated in Southern California preceding the war are obsolete. Germany,
oil-fields sufficient to supply the Navy's England, and Japan have been building fever
needs. These are federal lands. But rail- ishly , and secretly , for almost three years.
roads also use oil. And the big motor com - Also , vessels which we have hitherto ranked
panies covet oil; and promoters and squatters as first fighting -line ships in the United
and swindlers also have their eyes on those States Navy can no longer be so regarded,
oil-fields. It does not lessen the danger to except for Fourth of July school orations.
the Navy in the least that there is an under- No American Navy officer dare give out the
ground pipe-line running from the squat facts ; but if you root around among experts,
ters and promoters and swindlers up to Sen who know , you will find there are now
ators and Congressmeri. many vessels, big and little, of Uncle Sam 's
The point is — do the people of the United sea fighters which ought to be discarded as
States want a Navy, for which in one year obsolete . Counting these out, the relative
they are paying $ 315,000,000, endangered by rank of the different world navies stands
 OUR NEW NAVY 523
thus (the diagram is not mine— it was com - since the war began wages have quadrupled
piled by one of the foremost experts in the in Germany and Great Britain ; so there is
country ) : no basis of comparison ; but this we do know
RANK OF WORLD FLEETS
(May 1, 1916 — Built, Building, and Authorized )
British German American Japanese French
No. Tons No. Tons No. Tons No. Tons No. Tons
Dreadnoughts . . . .. . . 36 848, 350 22 521,822 17 527,450 6 165,240 17 427, 196
Battle-cruisers ..... . .. 16 344,700 9 226,924 0 .. .. .. 4 110,000 0 . .. . ..

Total, first line... .. 17 527,450 10 275,240 17 427, 196

To these should be added vessels built by — we yearly squander in “pork,” in rivers
Germany and Great Britain in 1915 and without water, and harbors without ships;
1916 . While all German and British dread - we yearly squander in pensions on skulk
noughts are completed, only twelve Ameri ers, who never smelt powder, more than
can are completed , and two — the California Germany or Japan yearly spend on their
and Tennessee — though authorized in navies.
March, 1915 , have hardly been begun . The - THE NAVY LEAGUE
last American Naval Bill authorized four
dreadnoughts and four cruisers to be begun When Uncle Sam 's big Navy Bill was
within six months from date of approval pending, why did the Japanese jingoes at
August 29, 1916 . It takes three years to tack it so furiously ? What difference did it
build a battleship in Amer
ica, and six months to fit her
and test her out; so these
eight ships will not be ready
till 1920. The Naval Bill
provides for six more battle
ships, and two more battle
cruisers , to be laid down
prior to July 1, 1919 ; but
in this case, the President is
simply " authorized ” to un
dertake their construction ,
and no money has been ap
propriated for them . The
next Congress might decide
not to carry out the naval
program . It is not yetknown
whether the ships will be
built by contract or in gov
ernment yards. Bids will
not all be decided till Decem by E . Muller, Jr., N . Y .
ber. Meantime, we are de U . S. S. “BENHAM ," ONE OF OUR LATEST OIL -BURNING DESTROYERS,
pendent on a foreign power SPEEDING AT 33 KNOTS
to patrol our sea lanes. The
cruisers will run in cost from $ 16 ,500,000 to make to them ? Why did the German propa
$20,000 ,000 ; the battleships from $ 11,500,- gandists attack it so furiously ? What dif
000 to $ 15,000 ,000. ference did it make to them ? For instance,
Only an amateur would attempt to set it was a German propagandist who first cir
down a scale of cost compared to Germany, culated the infamous lie that munition men
Great Britain , and Japan . Before the war were behind the Navy League. Now the
the scale of wages could not be compared. facts are these : The Navy League was begun
Japan paid from 40 cents a day to $ 3, com - it could scarcely be called “ founded," so
pared to our scale of $ 3 to $ 8 , We have an informal was the movement - back in 1900
eight-hour day and thirty holidays in gov - 1901 by half a dozen men , who had been
ernment works besides thirty days' leave. naval officers, and had seen what the Navy
Imagine that in Japan or Germany ! Also League was doing in England in 1899, and
524 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEW 'S

Due

© by International Film Service.

A NAVY HYDROAEROPLANE LEAVING THE U . S. BATTLESHIP "NORTH CAROLINA" AT EASTPORT, MAINE , FOR A
SCOUTING EXPEDITION
(The U . S . Navy officials have been experimenting for some time with the successful launching of an airship
from the specially constructed gangway for the hydroaeroplane, and the picture shows that they have obtained
the desired results. This is the first picture taken showing the airship leaving a U . S . war vessel)

what Germany might have done to the Choate, and Cardinal Gibbons, which is not
United States in the Spanish War on the roster of the Navy League.
The founders were Herbert Satterlee, the
late Jarvis Edson , Allen Apgar, Charles Lor CIVILIAN CRUISES
ing, Henry Eckford Rhoades,George Barton, Two features of the Navy League work
Leonard Chenery — in every case veterans of are bound to react in public support of the
the Civil War, who had fought for their Navy — the civilian cruises of midsummer,
country, or graduates of the Naval Academy, and the training of women in defense work .
keen for the upbuilding of the Navy Last summer, 2000 civilians, of whom half
— not a munition man among them . Such were from the Middle West, took training
charges against patriots come with bad in a vacation cruise. The civilian recruits
grace from alien propagandists. Every were club men , athletes, college boys, pro
dollar put up was from personal pocket- fessional men ; and it would take a profes
books, and the first year's spendings did sional pacifist to find out what harm came
not exceed $ 500 . Gradually, public from a month in the open , under washed
spirited men came into the league, though skies, where the richest fellows rubbed el
men like Schwab, and Farrell, who probably bows with the poorest man , and both alike
know more about ordnance , and armor, and obeyed orders, from swabbing decks to tight
shipbuilding than all experts put together , re- ening a careless shoe-lace . The charge was
frained from active participation purely to merely nominal — $ 30 for board and clothes.
avoid such charges. I think this a great loss This cruise was in midsummer , and plans
to the League, and an unnecessary loss. It are under consideration for cruises in which
seems to me the services of such men would boys can participate who are too busy to go
be invaluable in any National Council of De- in summer .
fense, and would be so utilized in any coun - Such cruises are the best evangel of the
try where leather-lunged blatherskites do not Navy as a career for a boy. When "moth
make the welkin ring . er's pampered darling” is trained to stand
Since 1903, when formal organization was erect and use backbone instead of jawbone,
effected , the Navy League has grown to and take the knocks that come in every -day
300,000 members, and to -day has 1000 com - life, elbow to elbow with the boy who has
mittee men and women, thirty -seven State learned all that he knows from hard knocks
committees, 13,000 active working members, there is no ground for the outcry about the
210,000 associate members. It would be brutalizing effect of military training. The
hard to find any name of national promi- " sissy " will have manhood knocked into him ,
nence , from Theodore Roosevelt to Joseph and the little beast will have the beast
 OUR NEW NAVY 525
knocked out of him , and the skulking nonen - tance of the battle -cruiser. Also , certain les
tity will at least learn to stand erect, a part sons in sloping shots off the turret by mak
of the scheme of things. Nor is there a ghost ing the turret so horizontal that the shell
of ground for the foolish accusation that the “ won't bite," but may ricochet off, on the
snobbery of Navy life excludes the poor boy. principle that if you throw a pointed thing
The poorest boy in the land can go into the at a sloped surface you 'll dent it. On the
Navy at $ 18 to $ 20 and $ 30 a month and his horizontal surface , it may slide off. In navy
keep, and rise to be a commissioned officer at terms, get the armored surfaces so the pro
$ 1700 a year by the time he is twenty-three. jectile will not " bite." Also certain lessons
What other life offers as good a chance for in bulkheads, and division in the body ; so if
the poor boy to rise ? If space permitted, ex- a shell hurls through, the inflooding rush of
amples could be given of the very biggest waters can be impounded and sequestered in
men in the Navy rising by sheer force and stead of swamping the ship . We have also
merit. To be sure, the poor boy has to work ; learned certain lessons in shutting off explo
and if he will not study or work up, the sions from striking shells. There are also
place for him is to stay down. The Navy certain inventions to forewarn the approach
has no soft cushion berths for boobs and of submarines and aeroplanes. These are,
snobs. It is harden and rise, or get out. Up however, technical points. Big questions in
to the present, the difficulty has not been to which the public is vitally interested are
get recruits for the Navy ; it has been to get as the gun has beaten armor-plate , is there
authority from Congress for enough recruits. any chance of Zeppelin , submarine, and hy
LESSONS FROM THE WAR droaeroplane defeating the function of the
dreadnought?
From all of which it is evident a new
spirit is abroad in Uncle Sam 's Navy. What RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF ZEPPELIN AND
SUBMARINE.
lessons has the new Navy learned from the
war ? As mentioned already, more speed , No human being can answer that question
and longer- ranged guns as against massive- definitely yes or no. Here are the disadvan
ness. In other words, the paramount impor- tages of each of the new weapons of warfare ?

LLLLLLLL

Photo by Underwood & Underwood , N . Y

UNCLE SAM 'S BIGGEST SUBMARINE , THE “M -1". WHICH CAN COVER 6 ,000 MILES WITHOUT REPLEN
ISHING FUEL OR SUPPLIES
( In a choppy sea and with half a gale sweeping over Cape Cod Bay off Provincetown, Mass., the largest
submarine ever built in the United States had a
up to expectations. The " M -1” was out in the bay four hours, and when she returned, Lieut. M . R . Pierce, of
the U . S . Navy , who is to command her, said : " She is the best submarine I have ever been aboard of.” The
builders have guaranteed that the submarine has a cruising radius of 3,500 miles, although it is said she can
easily cover six thousand miles without replenishing fuel or supplies. She is equipped with two Diesel engines,
with a combined horsepower of 900, and two motors of 170 horsepower each . She cost $620 ,000 . The " M - 1" .
has a surface speed of 14 knots an hour and an underwater speed of 11 knots. With safety she can descend
to a depth of 150 feet, and will be able to remain submerged for a period of seventy-two hours)
335 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
more agile aeroplane. The
Zeppelin is too cumber
some to be dependable
eyes for a fleet. Like the
hawk, the Zeppelin will
always be a bird of small
prey. Neither the sub
marine nor the Zeppelin can
ever carry enough torpedoes
to act independent of a
home base. Neither can
carry thick armor-plate to
defend themselves. They
are fearfully frail in mak
by E . Muller , Jr., N . Y. ing,an attack .
ONE OF OUR LATEST COLLIERS, U. S. S. " JUPITER" Such is the briefest out
line of some of the new
The submarine is blind. It cannot work things Uncle Sam 's new Navy will em
at night. body. Personally , I think he is going to get
A Zeppelin can make long flights ; but it his money 's worth — certainly a great deal
is so noisy that auditory detectors can always more in returns than he gets for his
forewarn its approach. It can also be over- spendings on liquor and chewing-gum and
taken and destroyed by the swifter and candy.

by International Film Service.

THE KIND OF BATTLESHIPS WE BUILT A HUNDRED YEARS AGO
( The old United States frigate Franklin was burned Monday , October
pany to recover the copper in her rivets and also about $ 4,000 worth of 2,goldat which
Eastport, Me., by a salvage com
her copper . The Franklin was sold by the
is said to be contained in
Government for $ 16 ,766 . The old frigate was built at Philadelphia
in 1815 , and was 188 feet long, with a 50 - foot beam , In 1863 she was rebuilt and had an engine and screws
installed . Her hull was also made over and was 265 feet long , with a 53-foot and eight-inch beam . The Franklin ' s
tonnage was 3 , 173, displacement 5 , 170 tons, and cost $ 1 ,331,000 . As flagship of the European squadron , the
Franklin sailed from New York , June 28 , 1867, with Admiral Farragut on board , for a cruise to European
waters, lasting about seventeen months, and during this time visited nearly every large seaport there, and also
visited several ports in Asia and Africa )
 SHTE
RE
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FEED HE

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BEBE L
E

LAREA nna L
SESSI A
ES
ONPLETE
ANTO

T ORTAS
SD
LODIE

SER
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HU

SILA
157
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MECCA, BIRTHPLACE OF MOHAMMED , THE MOST HOLY CITY OF ISLAM

ARABS VERSUS TURKS

Will THERE BE AN INDEPENDENTARABIA?
BY ISAAC DON LEVINE
AM T Arabia
the outbreak
still of thea warconglomerate
presented in 1914 before the Prophet
swept away with the was
arrivalborn, only to be
of Mohammed
picture of dependent, semi-dependent, and anism . An unhappy region is Yamen , torn
independent political divisions. Syria,Meso- by internal strifewhichandwasfrequent rebellion
domination. These three provinces alsoTurkish
potamia,
stituted
and Hedjaz were under con - against
the province Turkey, inhabited by trying to
industrious control
Arabsin
Syria,thethanwhere
Inheadway most civilized
i n anyChristianity
other
partsmade
part of
of Arabia.
the more
Otto-
and
wresting
expense
Jews.
of
But
complete
the
Turkey never succeeded
controlof oftheYamen
Imam region, atwhothe
man built.
been empire,Inmany miles of therailroads
Mesopotamia, Constanti-had claims
1913 andirect descentwasfromreached
agreement Mohammed.
between theIn
nople-Bagdad
which was railway, bythethecompletion
interrupted war, proved of Imam andwasTurkey
governor by which
recognized by theImamOttoman
the offiall
inaandMedina
potent
Hedjaz,civilizing
where factor.
the
areAtlocated, holy And,citiesfinally,
of Mecca
a railroadtipwasbeing
even cially,
internal
classified
the latter
affairs.
as a
retaining full control
Thus Yamenof Turkey,
semi-dependency
of
should beas
constructed.
Arabian peninsula the
i s southern
Aden, guarding ofthe the
en- alsoYamenis Asir,and located onin which
Hedjaz, the RedtheSearebelbetween
chief
trance
dependency into the Red
ofPersian Sea,
Great Britain. and an absolute
So alsoof isit Elis Idrisi
and theof Oman,is still i n arms
Imam ofis anYamen. against both Turkey
Oman,kingdom
on the,
Katr,
El on
Hasa, the Gulf. North Gulf independent
influenceofa Turkish
theNorth ofNejd.
Aden,
dependency now under
ongoesthebackRed2500Sea,B.liesC.
withTheBritish
ever, i s heart
still
leanings.
of theof Arabian
free any peninsula,
foreign yoke. how
Tur
Yamen, whose history
and where Christianity was introduced long key never penetrated deeper
shell of the peninsula, and Turkish knowl than the outer
527
528 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
edge of it is even less than that of Europe, the Ottoman body and form an independent state.
which is mighty little. The northern half of This new Arabian state will be confined to its
natural boundaries, from the Tigris and Ev
the inner part of the Arabian peninsula is phrates to the Suez Canal, and from the Medi
known as Nejd. Nejd is bounded by Hed terranean Sea to the Sea of Oman. It will be
jaz, the Syrian desert, Mesopotamia, and the governed by a liberal constitutional monarchy of
Persian Gulf on three sides . As its southern an Arabian sultan .
boundarythe only real inscion of the four,
boundary the 23° N . latitude may be taken .
It will be seen from the words of this
Nejd is the only real independent entity in
Arabia . Its Emir, a scion of the Saoad manifesto that the future independent Ara
dynasty, a young man of about twenty -four, bian nation was not to be confined to geo
is described as a “ dashing crafty leader. " graphical Arabia, but was to include all
This desert kingdom never had acknowl those possessions of the Turkish empire
edged Turkish rule . Its nomadic subjects where the majority of the population was
look up to the Emir of Najd as the champion Arabian . Thus, Syria , the Levant, Pales
of Arabian freedom . No information what- tine were all to become part of the new
ever had reached the outside world on the Arabia . However, the vilayet of Hedjah
attitude of Nejd toward the Arabian revo and the district of Medina were to become
lution engineered by the Sherif of Mecca. an independent state, the sovereign of which
South of Nejd, between Yamen and Oman , would also be the religious Caliph of
lies the so -called Empty Quarter, the most Moslems. This latter plan was a solution
arid part of the peninsula , void of any kindof the difficult problem presented in the
of habitation , where life, whether natural, Moslem world by the religious power held
political or other, has no soil on which to by the Turkish Sultan as the Caliph in
thrive . Islam . The autonomy of the Levant was to
The situation in Arabia , Syria , and the be respected , and the places in Palestine
Levant now presents two phases, each of sacred to Christendom were to retain their
which represents a distinctly individual and status quo . Such an Arabian state would
independent force in the revolutionary move contain a population of about twelve million,
ment among the Arabs. One of these two 85 per cent. of which would be Moslem .
phases is religious, the other political. The Negib Azoury Bey, one of the leaders of
first deals with those currents of thought and the Arabian nationalists, in his sensational
action in the Moslem world that are respon - book “ Le Réveil de la Nation Arabe," pub
sible for the failure of the Jehad , or the lished in Paris in 1905, went as far as to
Holy War, proclaimed in 1914 by the Sheik - include Mesopotamia in the projected Arabia
ul- Islam under the influence of the Sultan and to deny all Jewish claims to Palestine.
of Turkey. The second is concerned with His dream was a united Arabia, independent,
the nationalist movements in Greater Arabia progressive, a force in civilization , a cradle
and the interests of France, Russia, and for the renaissance of Arabian art, literature,
Great Britain in that territory. A study of and science. It was then that the Young
the two phases will reveal the causes of the Arabians began to exert considerable in
present revolution in Arabia, its full signifi- fluence on the Arabian people. Especially
cance, and its probable effects on Turkey was this influence marked in Syria , where
and, consequently, on the Great War. the nationalist movement gained more mo
mentum than anywhere else .
ARABIAN NATIONALISM
The Arabian nationalist movement is a lit - ADVERSE INFLUENCES — THE YOUNG TURKS
tle more than twenty years old. In 1895 A setback to the revolutionary activities
there came into existence in Paris the Ara- of the Young Arabs was the Turkish Revo
bian National Committee, one of the chief lution . When the Young Turks turned
founders of which was Moustapha Kamel Turkey into a constitutional monarchy, the
Pasha, that brilliant young Egyptian who Arabs expected some kind of an autonomy
had devoted all his life to the regeneration for Arabia from the new government. The
of the Arabian people. The aims and pur hopes of the Arabs ran high . They were
poses of the Arabian Nationalists were set represented to a large extent in the Turkish
forth in a manifesto issued by them some Parliament. But it was not very long before
years later, which said in part: the policies of the Young Turks became
The Arabs . . . are awakened to their his clear. The Arabian Club, formed in 1908
torical national and ethnographical homogene at Constantinople , was the institution rep
ousness, and aim to separate themselves from resenting those elements among the Arabs
 ARABS VERSUS TURKS 529
who demanded, at least, IT U R AK N E PPY
cultural autonomy from ANIFOEIOCOHB
IEMOŞUL

6
the Young Turks. There ALEPPO
is no need to enlarge on the P 'TEHERAN
attitude of the latter to CE R
ward the nationalities in ALEXANDRDATAE SAFIDAMASCUS
EA Syrian Deset R s 1 A
habiting Turkey. That at JERUSALEM
L PORT SAID

A
titude resembled closely the YOCAIRO (
Prussian attitude toward LOWLAN 7 BASRA
LGVPT SINAV

R
the Polish population of KOWEITH BUSHIRE
Prussia . The Turkish

B
A
" kultur” was to be dissemi UPLEER
EGY
nated by all means among EL HOFUFV
R
the population of the Otto
man empire. Armenians, MEDINA
El Horushwa
MUSCATO
Arabs, Jews were to be KJEDDA
“ Ottomanized" and fused МЕССА
into one political and spirit TAIF
ual organism with the
Turks. The result of this
program was the re-awak El Ahkaf Desert
ening of the nationalist OMOURMAN
ARABIAN
movement among the Arabs. ŞKHARTUM HODEIDA SEA
In 1913 there was held in MOCHA
Paris an Arabian Congress , KADENS
GULF OF
and the revolutionary activ
ities in Syria and Arabia THE COUNTRY IN REVOLT FROM TURKEY
were resumed .
EUROPEAN CLAIMS AND INTERESTS France had constructed in Syria and in the
Along with these internal agitations of the Levant about 800 kilometers of railway.
Arabs, which have now culminated in the And , finally , as well as chief among the rea
revolution , there were also going on the sons for French acquisition of Syria , is the
German , French , British , and Russian ac feeling of the Arabs themselves. They are
tivities, mainly intrigues, in the Turkish em . more inclined to France than to any other
pire. Germany was interested in the Berlin European nation .
to -Bagdad railroad project, and her agents With the fate of Turkey and German in
were infesting Arabia from the Mediter terests in the Near East sealed , there re
ranean to the Persian Gulf. Great Britain , main France, Great Britain , and Russia to
in order to secure her Indian possessions and divide the spoils . But Russia has no ma
the Aden Protectorate, was seeking to ac terial interest in Arabia and Syria. And the
quire Arabia , thus making the Red Sea and Young Arabs are, therefore, confronted with
the Persian Gulf British in their entirety. the aspirations of France and Great Britain
France has long had more than a passing only. That these aspirations encroach upon
interest in Syria and the Levant. Russia their own nationalistic aspirations is ap
was still concerned with Armenian Turkey. parent. That to resist France and Great
Perhaps of all the claims these European Britain , or either of them , is an impossi
powers had in Asiatic Turkey none was bility , was just as evident to the Young
more justified than that of France in Syria. Arabs. The dilemma was by no means easy
For France bases her claims on the work of of solution. The best that they could do
civilization she had carried on in Syria for under the circumstances was to choose be
nearly a century. Compte Cressaty, in the tween the two. And Young Arabia has
April, 1915 , issue of the Revue Politique et apparently chosen France.
Parlementaire ( Paris ) , makes out in his ar
ticle on " France and the Syrian Question ” a A FRENCH PROTECTORATE PROPOSED
very strong case for the French acquisition There appeared early in the year in Paris
of Syria . The dominant European language a book entitled “ La Syrié de Demain ." Its
in Syria is French . There are as many author is Narda Mutran , a Syrian Arab , a
pupils in French schools in Syria as in Christian , and one of the leaders of the
the schools of all other nations combined . Arabian nationalists. He was formerly one
Nov.- 5
530 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
of the most gifted advocates of an inde- Arabs all died with " Vive la France" on
pendent Arabian state . The conditions their lips. The Lebanon district has been
brought about by the war have modified his surrounded by Turkish forces , according to
former views. And what he has to say con - information in possession of the Marquis of
cerning the future of Arabia is, in all prob - Crewe, recently disclosed by him before the
ability, the view now held by most revolu - House of Lords, and the inhabitants were on
tionary Arabs of education . the point of starvation. The French Gov
Narda Mutran gives up the idea of an in - ernment, upon learning of conditions in
dependent Arabian state , and proposes in - Syria , through Premier Briand, requested the
stead a French protectorate over Arabia and United States to inform Turkey that it
Syria . To this conclusion the author arrives would hold her responsible for the crimes re
after an extensive review of the situation as ported to have been committed by her in
it is. France has Algeria , Tunis, Morocco, Syria .
and it would be but logical for her to take WHAT THE REVOLUTION MEANS
over the Arabian population of the Turkish
empire. France would have to grant the From a political point of view , then , the
Arabs certain measures of self-government. Arabian situation may be summarized thus:
She would let the Arabs develop their own Political Arabia , revolutionary Arabia, that
civilization, their own culture , and would part of the Arabian people that has awakened
also bring to them the fruit of the western to a nationalistic conscience and national as
European civilization . He holds, then , that pirations, those Christian and Moslem Arabs
France is more entitled to Syria and Arabia who have been raised and educated in the
than any other European nation. European fashion , are for an autonomous
Arabia , under a French protectorate, if
SYRIAN GRATITUDE TO FRANCE independence is impossible. The chief sig.
To substantiate this opinion of the author nificance of the revolution lies in the fact
of “La Syrié de Demain ,” which , by the that it is a Pan-Arabian movement, and
way, proved so popular in France that in therefore not in accord with French de
a short time a second edition of the book signs on Syria . That the revolution now
was required , there is the fact that in the going on in Arabia is the product, to a
ranks of the French army about 800 Young large degree, of the activities of the Young
Arabs are enlisted. These Arabs, most of Arabs is proved by the fact that the revo
them coming from Syria , have volunteered lution is come on the heels of the whole
their services to France. No more striking sale executions in Syria by the Turkish au
proof of the affection the educated Arabs thorities of Syrian intellectuals. Now , the
have for France and the gratefulness they revolt of last year in Syria was a purely po
feel for her work of civilization among the litical movement. That it has reverberated
Arabs is necessary or possible. By giving so deeply in Arabia speaks for the Arabian
their lives for France , these Syrians believe revolutionary activities. These activities,
that they are also sacrificing themselves for a if they constitute the main force in the pres
regenerated Arabia . They also believe that ent revolution , may yet cause the establish
in return for their services France will have ment of an independent political Arabian
the interests of the Arabs at heart . state .
That this belief of the Syrian volunteers
is not ill-founded has already been proved A CALIPHATE IN ARABIA
by events of the past few months. A recent The religious force behind the events
despatch from Berne, Switzerland , tells of transpiring in Arabia at present is to be
the arrival there of Syrian refugees who found in the reason for the failure of the
brought with them a proclamation of the Jehad. The Holy War failed because most
Turkish commander in Syria, which shows of the Arabs do not acknowledge the Sultan
the names of twenty prominent Syrians, in - of Turkey as the rightful Caliph in Islam ,
cluding officers , magistrates, and journalists, nor do most of the Indian and Russian
who were sentenced to death for high treason Moslems recognize the Sultan as such. The
and executed at Damascus and Beirut. In Caliph is the spiritual leader in Islam . Any
all about 200 persons have been executed independent Arabian state would have to
by the Turkish authorities. Among these have in its midst or as its friend the Caliph.
was Sheikh Abdul-Hamid Zehrawi, perhaps It is obvious that so long as the Sultan of
the leading Mohammedan identified with the Turkey is alone in claiming the right to the
Arab nationalist movement. The executed Caliphate he, in a measure, is a source of
 ARABS VERSUS TURKS 531
constant menace to those powers in whose ations of the revolutionists are carried out
dominions there are large populations of indicates a European hand in the entire
Moslems. Great Britain and Russia have scheme. The immediate purpose of Great
long felt this menace. They are interested Britain 's, Russia 's, or France 's aid to the
therefore in creating a new Caliphate in revolutionists is, of course , to strike a blow
Arabia. Such a Caliphate would be a coun - at Turkey. Nothing could be more effec
termove to the power held by the Sultan. tive in bringing Turkey to a state of col
In this both Russia and Great lapse than a successful revolu
Britain are helped by the Mos tion in Arabia . Syria , the Le
lems under their rule. These vant, and the other parts of the
Moslemshave long felt a dislike Turkish empire which have
for the Turks. Thousands of large Arabian populations will
them , while on their annual pil be caught in the revolutionary
grimages to the Holy Places of conflagration if it scores some
Arabia, Mecca and Medina, notable successes against the
have been exploited and robbed Ottoman government. That
by the Turks. It was their am the beginning of the end of
bition for some time to set the the European war should come
tomb of the prophet free from through such a channel is not
Turkish control, and the Brit at all improbable .
ish campaign on the Tigris has
even been ascribed to the desire ENGLAND'S OPPORTUNITY
of the Indian Moslems to util However, as it was pointed
ize the opportunity for the ac out before, Great Britain has
complishment of that ambition . SHEIKH ABDUL-HAMID more than a passing interest in
In this they have had the moral ZEHRAWI, MOSLEM REV- Arabia. The fact that the head
support of the Arabs of Mecca, OLUTIONARY LEADER
of the revolutionists is the
(Executed by Turks in Da.
Medina, and the surrounding mascus in 1915 ) Grand Sherif of Mecca would
country . indicate that he has been slated
PROGRESS OF THE REVOLUTION by Great Britain for the post of a new
It was there that the revolution broke Caliphate to be set up, probably in Mec
out. The leader of the movement is the ca. Should Great Britain accomplish such
Grand Sherif of Mecca, who claims to be a result, she would have attained a brilliant
the descendant of Mohammed through his success. Its enormous Moslem population
daughter Fatima, and therefore possessing would no longer be a source of danger to
the chief requirement for becoming a Caliph . her, as the new Caliph would remain not
His three sons, all having a European educa - only her ally but very likely, under her
tion, are the military commanders of the military and civil control. This would
revolutionary forces. The successes they bring about Britain 's ultimate possession of
have so far achieved are of considerable im - Arabia .
portance. One column has captured Jeddah , Turkey, if she should continue to exist,
the main seaport of Arabia on the Red Sea. would become harmless after losing her
Another has taken possession of Kinfuda, a power in Islam . To this extent Russia's in
port 200 miles south of the first. Medina, terest in the Arabian revolution is more
where the tomb of Mohammed is contained , than temporary, France could claim Syria
Mecca, the chief city of Arabia, and Taif, and the Levant, and would probably get
sixty-five miles southeast of Mecca, are all them , if Britain succeeded in establishing, as
in the hands of the revolutionists. By de- in Persia , a “ sphere of influence” in Arabia .
stroying the roadbed of the Hedjah railway The religious force engaged in the present
for a distance of a hundred miles the Arabs revolution does not work in harmony, there
have cut themselves off completely from the fore, with the political-nationalistic force.
Ottoman empire . While the latter demands at least an au
The most significant part about the revolt tonomous united Arabia , the former can
is the possession by the Arabs of all neces- bring about but a divided Arabia. Will
sary equipment and ammunition . This has these two forces combine and produce an
evidently been supplied them by the British , independent Arabia ? The answer depends
and their control of the ports of Jeddah and on the degree of civilization of the leaders
Kinfuda assures them of further aid from the of the revolution, on the spirit that animates
same source. The manner in which the oper- them , on their vision and intelligence.
532 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
INDEPENDENCE, POLITICAL AND banishing under such pitiful and heart-breaking
RELIGIOUS circumstances the families of their victims- in
fants, delicate women , and aged men — and inflict
The latest action of the revolutionary
leaders bespeaks a range of vision and a de toing the
on them other forms of suffering in addition
agonies they had already endured in the
death of those who were the support of their
gree of civilization on their part which prom homes Even if we could let all this pass, how
ises the birth of an independent Arabia. The is it ?possible to forgive them confiscating the
Grand Sherif of Mecca, the head of the rev property and money of those people after bereav
olutionary movement, has issued a proclama ing them of their dear ones ?
are determined not to leave our religious
tion in which the religious and political andWenational
forces seem to have joined hands. In an of the Union rights as a plaything in the hands
and Progress party . God has
nouncing a definite rupture between ortho vouchsafed this land an opportunity to rise in
dox Mohammedans and those represented by revolt, has enabled her by His power and might
the Committee of Union and Progress , to seize her independence and crown her efforts
which is now in control of Turkey, the proc with prosperity and victory, even after she was
crushed by the maladministration of the Turkish
lamation makes reference to the Committee's civil and military officials. She stands quite
disastrous alliance with Germany and, what apart and distinct from countries that still groan
is vastly more important, it mentions the under the yoke of the Union and Progress gov
ernment. She is independent in the fullest sense
government's executions in Syria , where, of the word, freed from the rule of strangers and
it will be remembered, the revolutionary purged of every foreign influence . Her princi
movement is entirely political in its nature. ples are to defend the faith of Islam , to elevate
“ Independence and national rights" are the Moslem people, to found their conduct on the
words included in the proclamation along holy law , to build up the code of justice on the
with the “ Preservation of Islam .” The text same foundation in harmony with the principles
of religion , to practise its ceremonies in accord
of the Grand Sherif's manifesto , addressed ance with modern progress, to make a genuine
to " all our Moslem brothers,” follows in revolution by sparing no pains in spreading edu
part : cation among all classes according to their station
and needs.
It is well known that of all the Moslem rulers This is the policy we have undertaken in order
and Emirs, the Emirs of Mecca, the Favored City, to fulfil our religious duty, trusting that all our
were the first to recognize the Turkish Govern brother Moslems in the East and West will pur
ment. . . . The Emirs continued to support the sue the same in fulfilment of their duty to us,
and so strengthen the bonds of the Islamic
Ottoman Empire until the Society of Union and brotherhood
Progress appeared in the state and proceeded to .
take over the administration thereof and all its
affairs, with the result that the state suffered a The kernel of the new Arabia has thus
loss of territory which quite destroyed its pres been created. With the increasing plight of
tige, as the whole world knows; was plunged Turkey, this kernel will grow and expand
into the horrors of this war, and brought to its in all directions. The Arabian tribes who
present perilous position, as it is patent to
all. . . have not as yet joined the revolutionists will
All this evidently did not fulfil the designs of undoubtedly respond to the Grand Sherif's
the Society of Union and Progress . They pro manifesto and flock to his banner. Turkey
ceeded next to sever the essential bond between
the Ottoman Sultanate and the whole Moslem is powerless to prevent the growth of the
community, to wit, adherence to the Koran and movement. She has enough trouble as it is
the Sunna. One of the Constantinople newspa in Armenia and in Europe, where the en
pers actually published an article maligning trance of Rumania into the war again
(God forgive us !) the life of the Prophet (on
whom the prayer and peace of God), and this places Constantinople in a precarious posi
under the eye of the Grand Vizier and its Sheikh tion . The Arabian state will therefore
of Islam and all the Ulema, ministers and have the opportunity to gather strength and
nobles ! . . . prepare to hold its own at the conclusion of
In spite of all, we accepted these innovations peace in humanity. If the Arabs will pre
in order to give no cause for dissension and pea
schism . But at last the veil was removed, and sent a united front at the expected peace con
it became apparent that the. empire was in the ference, if they will have proved their ability
hands of Enver Pasha , Jemal Pasha, and Talaat to maintain order and responsible govern
Bey, who were administering it just as they liked ,
and treated it according to their own sweet will. ment, they will have the public opinio . "
. . . At one time they caused to be hanged the world backing their national claims.
twenty-one eminent and cultured Moslems and With such a power behind them , it is in
Arabs of distinction in addition to those they pre - conceivable that France and Great Brita :n
viouslyandputgrant
cuse to death
them. We mightforhear
pardon theirthese
killing ex should object to the regeneration of the
worthy men ; but how can we excuse them for Arabian nation .
 VOL. XVIII .NO . 10 • ‫ المدد‬- :‫الااگانا مشر‬
SUTTORIPTION ‫بدل الاشتراك من نه‬
the Valled states, Oolonloo ‫ ريالات‬1 ‫في الولايات المتحدة وترابها وكنداوالكبك‬
Denada and Moslo ‫عن نصف نة نة ريالات ونسن‬
‫ا م‬ .. . . $ 6 ‫في الملك الاجنية ريالات‬
In Pereign countrlou • $ 8 ‫بدل الاشتراك بدفع ما‬
NAJEEB M . DIAB.
Proprietor and Managing Editor 7 ‫ع‬ 1 ‫مع المراسلات يجب ان تكون بلم‬
83 WASHINGTON STREET ‫اب مری رب‬
NEW YORK CITY ‫الجر بده وربي نمريرها‬.‫شی‬
USA
Telephone call : 1334 Rector
‫ة‬MERAAT-UL
‫د یہ تجارتی انتقاوتمز‬-GHARB
‫جرد انتها‬ ‫ لبو بوره‬- ‫ شارع واشنطون‬- ‫مران ادارةالجريدة والطبيعة‬
‫عنوان التلفون مارکر‬
Cable Address : " NAJEEB" New York " THE DAILY MIRROR ”
، ‫ نيو پوره‬- ‫الوان العلنراني نيب‬
Estored as Second Clan Matter at The N. Y. Post Omica Published Daily Except Sundays and Holidays
New York , Friday September 22 1918 . ‫نمبر كل يوم عدا الأجاد والأعياد الشرعية‬ ۱۹۱۹ ‫ايلول سه‬۲۲ ‫نيويورك الجمعة في‬
‫تخوما لايسيا من الشمال والشرق‬.‫ او الصومال الايطالية وتصبح‬. ‫شاهين نقولا سابا وشركاء‬
‫اما تركيا الأبوية فيحتل تجزئتها بين الأحلاف بعد ان تضع الحرب‬ ‫آسيا الصغرى ستكون‬ ‫را‬ ‫نيع البضائع داخل الولايات‬
‫المتحدة خالصة رسمالحرك‬
‫ کد‬،‫اوزارها وتقسم إلى مقاطعات استعمارية او مناطق النفوذ والسيطرة ويو‬
‫الايطاليون أن ابا الصغرى ستكون غنيتهم الحرية وتلخت املاك‬
‫حصة ايطاليا‬ | ‫والمصاريف الى نياغرا فواز‬
‫ا‬
‫ات رينا ومن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫نيويورك‬
‫| الشمال يلله الجبال التي لا تبعد كثيرا عن ساحل البحر الاسودو منالجنوب‬ | ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ق‬ - ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫من نصطنع الصراي‬
‫ اما‬. ‫شيان‬ .1 ‫البحر الاسود ومنفذ للبحر المتوسط‬ | ‫اختلاف انواعهاوعلب مصنوعة منالحشيش في رائحة الزكية اطلب کاتالركنا المصور‬
Sweet Grass Baskets and Moocasins
‫| لكل دولة من الدول المتطاحنة اليوم مطافع استعماربه و آمال وطنية | وستحمل روسيا على حصة مهمة ثينة فيكون فيها من الجهادالحاضر‬ C . N . SABA & CO .
PART OF THE “ FRONT PAGE" OF A DAILY ARABIC NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED IN NEW YORK

SYRIANS AND ARABIANS IN

AMERICA
IN standard dictionaries and encyclopedias and three times a week. There are some
I the population of Syria is given as ap- monthlies printed in Arabian and dedicated
proximating three million . In actuality half to art, literature, and religion . The chief
that number has in recent years migrated among these are The Arts, a progressive and
from that unfortunate province of the Tur- comprehensive magazine published by Mr.
kish Empire. And about three -fourths of N . Arida, and The World , a religious pub
these emigrants have crossed the Atlantic and lication edited by Archdeacon Emmanuel
settled in this hemisphere . There are said Abo -Hatab. There are also Arabian news
to be half a million Syrians in South Amer- papers in Boston , Fall River, and Minne
ica, chiefly in Brazil. Very large numbers apolis.
are also to be found in Mexico and Cuba. In spite of this imposing list of native pub
There are approximately three hundred thou - lications, the Arabians have not been slow
sand Syrians and Arabians in the United to avail themselves of the opportunities in
States. They are located in considerable education and business offered by America.
numbers in the States of New York , New While it is no easy task to make a just esti
Jersey,Massachusetts, and Minnesota. Most mate of the degree of assimilation and Amer
of the Syrian immigrants are Christians, and icanization of certain immigrant elements,
these constitute the more advanced portion there are signs in this respect which are
of the whole body. valuable and instructive. “ The Promised
The activities and pursuits and achieve- Land” of Mary Antin was such a sidelight
ments of the immigrants of the Arabian race on the tribulations and successes of the Rus
in this country are as multifarious and nota - sian -Jewish immigrant. A similar book was
ble as those of the best foreign elements published by Dodd, Mead & Co. in 1911.
flocking to America from the East. They Its title is “ The Book of Khalid," and it is
support a large number of Arabian news- the story of a Syrian immigrant in the
papers in the city of New York alone. The “ golden ” land. The author of the book ,
chief among these are Meraat-ul-Gharb ( the who has also written on many other sub
Daily Mirror ), Al Hoda (the Eagle ), a jects, is Ameen Rihani, born on the slopes
newspaper devoting its columns “ to serve the of Mt. Lebanon and brought to this coun
Arabic Nation and Syrian -American conflu- try when ten years of age. If his case
ence ” ; As Sayeh (the Traveler ) and Al should be taken as an example, then the
Bayan ( The Proclamation ), published two Syrian-Arabian immigrant has certainly im
533
534 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Vol 5 No. 401 . ) ۰ ( ‫السنة الخامسة السر‬
AS -SAYEH ‫نية الاشتراك‬
• “ The Traveler "
Published Semi-Weekly ‫بالالات المتحدة وتوابعها والمكسبك عن سنة‬
SUBSCRIPTION ‫ربات وعن نصدمنة ربالان ونصف‬
In the United States and Colonies ‫ ریالات‬0 ‫وفي كندا والمالك الاجية‬
nad Mexico per Annum . $ 4
la Canada and Foreign countries ‫بدل الاشتراك بدن سلف‬
ver Annum . • . $5
Address all Communications ‫جميع المراسلات يجب ان تكون باسم‬
A . A . HADDAD , - ‫ عبد المجعبده حداد‬-
Proprietor and Editor ‫صاحب الجريدة وحررها‬
55 Broadway New York City ‫عنوان الادارة‬
Entered - Second Class Matter at the
‫ نيو بورك‬- ‫هه رودواي‬
• New York Post Office
Telephone 4239 Rector G ۲۳۹ ‫عدد التليفون رکنر‬
New York, Thursday Sept. 21. 1916 ‫صدر یوي الاثنين والخميس من كلي اسبوع‬ ۱۹۱۱ ‫ ایلول سن‬۲۱ ‫نيويورك الحبى في‬

‫فرجعت ادراجي اغالبه بالانس آرنة وبالصبر‬

‫العاشق المخدوع‬
AN ARABIAN JOURNAL (SEMI-WEEKLY) OF NEW YORK

bibed the American ideals in no Christian Arabians maintain in

less a measure than any other GreaterNew York four churches,
newcomer. two of which are of the Greek ,
M . Rihani was delegate to the or Eastern order. Their priests
Young Arabian Congress held in are also trying to give religious
Paris in 1913, and he is closely instruction to the young genera
identified with the revolutionary tion growing up in this country.
movement. This is true of many A number of the American -born
leading American Syrians and Syrians have attended college.
Arabians to whom Ottoman rule and some of these are able and
is distasteful and who would well-known professional men.
like to see an independent Arabia . Others are leading business men ,
The Moslem Arabs in this coun some of whom are very wealthy.
try sympathized with Turkey at . There is an industry in the
the beginning of the war. But United States which is exclu
since the revolution broke out in AMEEN F . RIHANI sively in the hands of the Syrians,
Arabia their sentiments have (Immigrant from Syria , namely, the kimono industry . All
author, and one of the lead
been turned in favor of the iing young Arabians in this grades of this feminine article are
Allies. There is, however, a country) manufactured by the Syrians,
small portion of Arabians in the and the number of factories espe
United States which claims to be loyal to cially engaged in this work in New York
Turkey. Their chief exponent is S . Baddour, City and its vicinity is about thirty-five.
editor of Al Bayan . The continued successes Large numbers of Syrians are also en
of the Grand Sherif's revolution in Arabia gaged in the weaving industries, while the
are alienating steadily even those orthodox greater part of the Moslem immigrants are
Moslems who cling to the Turkish sultan as working in bakeries . Rugs and carpets and
the religious head in Islam . kindred articles are the things the Syrian
These Moslems, scattered throughout the peddler is usually selling, while tobacco and
country , have not been able to organize into cigarettes form another considerable source
religious communities as the Christian Ara- of income to many Syrians. Exporting and
bians have done. The environment has evi- importing to and from the Orient is also
dently a great deal to do with it. The the occupation of many well-to -do Syrians.
 AN AMERICAN ARAB'S TRIBUTE
TO SYRIA
TRANSLATED FROM THE ARABIC OF AMIN MISHRIK
BY MARY CAROLINE HOLMES
(Miss Holmes, who has spent many years in Syria as a missionary teacher, and who is an
excellent Arab scholar, is living in this country during the troubled war period . She finds the
newspapers printed in the Arabic language in the United States instructive and interesting to
an unusual degree. She regards as typical of the fine literary talent and the spirit of devotion to
native land that characterizes many of the Syrians and Arabs in this country the following rhapsody
which she has translated from the Mirat al Ghurab (Western Mirror). The poet is Mr. Amin
Mishrik, whose passion for Syria is shared by a host of his fellow -countrymen of different creeds
now making their living in the United States. — THE EDITOR . ]

V ESTER night, as though on a bed of stood and was drunk with desire and sick
I consuming fire , I tossed and waited for with love. As distance is bitter , so reunion
the morn . Neither a cooling draught of is sweet. In my heart is that which shall
water nor the night breeze through my case - crumple the giant Lebanon and make narrow
ment brought relief. I seized my lute , but the goodly Bacaa. All the tongues of men
its strains increased my unrest. With the cannot express what riseth in my soul. My
awakening of the morning my tired eyelids purpose burneth like live coals, and my long
closed , and in a vision I was carried through ing maketh me drunken as doth the smell of
the blue ether on wings. After a space, I jessamine. My grief is black as a night of
found my heart throbbing in a transport of thick clouds and desolate as the Desert of
delight, and lo , I beheld thee, my beloved, Silence.
my beautiful one, sleeping 'neath trees of fir Oh, beloved, my love for thee is deep as
and cedar, the hem of thy robe rising and the ocean , wide as the bounds of heaven ,
falling in waves of a sea of light, from which mighty as the lightning, resplendent as the
ascended odors more delicious than musk . sun , pure as the dew , and lasting as eternity .
Thy breath like the smell of jasmine in - I long for thee, oh, beautiful enchantress. I
toxicated me. I kneeled before thy sleeping worship thee , oh, rock of my faith, oh , rest
loveliness in awe. To breathe even seemed to my soul. If I meditate, 'tis of thee. If
a sacrilege. I gazed into thy face alight with I dream , I dream of thee. Of thee I speak.
the sunrise , and reading therein poetry, I In the morning I think of thy gleaming ,
worshiped. I said , “ I will kiss thy smiling, white brow ; at noon , in the burning heat, I
mouth ," when lo , thy smile turned into remember the green cedars which shade thy
mourning. I looked , and beheld thy robe of beautiful head , and at even I see in the rays
green, soiled and torn , revealing thy ivory of setting sun, thy wonderful countenance,
breasts beneath : thy sandals eaten of the yea, even the passing moonbeams on thy
stony ways and thy feet blood - stained from cheeks in the dark of night, while the attar
the wayside thorns. of thy breath stealeth up with the dawn.
Woe is me! Hast thou been brought to Will our days of love return ? Yea,
this, my beloved ? Oh, thou daughter of verily. Allah is not unmindful of the suf
kings, how dost thou consort with beggars? fering of pure hearts . I shall soon return
Of the seed of princes, and art fallen so low ? to defend thee with my right arm , my op
One born to glory and honor turned into pressed loved one. I shall come in vengeance
contempt and forgetfulness, and made to upon the spoilers of the daughters of princes.
tread the thorns of the plains and rough Thy torn robe is ever before my eyes. Thy
mountain paths with tender , bleeding feet. blood -stained feet are as thorns in my breast
Ah, woe, woe! and thy sorrowful smile an arrow in my
Tell me, beloved , what hath come to thee ? heart. I shall come to crush the sons of dogs
Hath distance enamored thee, that thou who degraded the daughter of the Mighties.
wentest forth searching for something in the In my breast hate groweth. In my veins
wilderness and waste places? Did longing everlasting revenge boileth . I am a volcano
constrain thee till thy mansions grew too of hate. I am a hell of retaliation into whose
straight for thee and thou wentest forth billows of flame thy enemies shall be cast.
chanting, as in a delirium of new wine, that We shall soon meet, beloved ; we shall
the winds bear it afar to me in my wander. soon meet, oh , my desire, oh place of my
ings? dreams and pivot of my thoughts, oh, my
Thou didst well, oh , loveliest ; thou didst hope, oh , my rest, oh , my happiness, oh , my
well. I heard thy moans and wept. I under life , oh , my beloved SYRIA !
535 kr
 AGRICULTURE AFTER THE
WAR
By HUGH J. HUGHES
(Mr. Hughes, who has written for our readers these broad and statesmanlike observations upon
agriculture at home and elsewhere as affected by the great war, has for some years been editor of Farm ,
Stock and Home, a well-known agricultural newspaper published at Minneapolis.- THE EDITOR.)
W H EN the Great War is over Ameri- not only used up the normal live-stock pro
y can agriculture, like every other line duction , but have cut seriously into the breed
of business, will find itself in a new world , ing stock of the western nations, making a
facing new problems that make a forecast of shortage of both meat and meat products a
the situation both timely and valuable. certainty for the immediate future.
These problems, briefly stated, are those of
supply and demand and the displacement in A HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING
supply and demand which has taken place Another phase of the situation which
during the progress of the war. needs to be kept in mind is that this in
Agriculture is a worldwide business, made creased meat consumption just mentioned
up of two great classes of farming - grain will have its after-war effect upon the de
growing and live-stock and dairy production . mand for meat products. Just as after our
The former requires the less capital, the own Civil War the soldiers took back home
latter makes for a safer income. The for- with them meat appetites that increased
mer prevails in new lands, the latter is the very materially the consumption of meat
backbone of well-developed agricultural throughout the United States, so the Euro
communities. To a certain extent the two pean soldier is going to take back from the
are interchangeable and any serious set-back trenches a higher standard of living, and
in live-stock farming causes the live-stock meat consumption throughout Europe will
farmer to go back to grain -growing as a undoubtedly increase the live-stock demand.
business . This is explanatory of the sit- To this , of course , it may be replied that
uation which I shall describe. the impoverished condition of the people will
EUROPE'S SHORTAGE OF MEN , HORSES, AND limit theirremains
Yet that demandsto tobe the barest necessaries. .
shown.
MEATS

The Great War has affected the agricul
ture of western Europe profoundly and in
a destructive way. France, the Teuton
empires, and Great Britain have all suffered
enormous agricultural losses , both of men
and of live stock . While it is true that
the European peasant woman does a great
deal of the work of the farm , it is no less
true that the killing and maiming of hun -
dreds of thousands of the best farmers in
the world will seriously affect the produc-
tive powers of European farms for at least
a decade to come. In like manner the de-
struction of horse flesh , which has gone to
the extent of killing off the finest of Eu -
rope's horse population , has seriously im -
paired the farm power of the nations at
war and has rendered changes in tillage
methods imperative. The demands of the
trenches for increased meat supplies have
INCREASED GRAIN PRODUCTION
The possibilities are that, while the war
will leave the countries as a whole deeply
burdened by debt, individuals, and especially
the agricultural population will demand a
higher scale of living than ever before as
an accompaniment to the higher wages that
post-bellum conditions are likely to bring
about. At the same time the shortage of
both horse and man power will in all prob
ability be reflected in a lessened production
of the more intensely cultivated crops and an
increased production in grain crops. Con
sequently from the standpoint of those na
tions which are now importing a large part
of their food supplies , the indications are
that there will be an increased import de
mand for live-stock accompanied by a de
creased import demand for the cereal prod
ucts of the farm .
 AGRICULTURE AFTER THE WAR 537
The situation throughout the rest of the total production ; otherwise he will find him
world outside of the United States leads to self absolutely outclassed by foreign com
the same conclusion . Canada is straining petition . That the grain grower has slowly
every nerve to put additional acres under the recognized this situation is made evident by
plow ; her progress in this direction being the fact that throughout the wheat belt
limited only by the shortage ofman and team wheat is but a small part of the total cash
power. Her production of wheat can be in - output of the farms— some 20 per cent., to
creased almost indefinitely , and the cost of give approximate figures.
producing this wheat, owing to the cheap
price of Canadian lands, is materially less GOOD PRICES FOR LIVE STOCK
than it is in the United States . A somewhat On the other hand , the live-stock situa
similar situation exists in the Argentine. tion throughout the world points to an era
There are in the South American republic of good prices for American -bred live stock .
vast areas of land on which wheat may still Not only does it happen that Europe is sell
be profitably grown and the war has given a ing and eating itself short, but the live-stock
strong impulse to this wheat production production of the agricultural countries out
· Australia and India do not seriously con side of Europe is not keeping pace with the
cern us because their limitations in wheat growth of these countries. Western Canada
production are quite definitely known and is eagerly buying foundation stock with
perhaps have been reached, but the awak - which to build up herds for the future. The
ening of Russia — perhaps the most remark - same thing is true of the other lands men
able event in current world history — is tioned , and in the United States, south of
bound to be followed by agricultural conse Mason and Dixon 's line, the great diversi
quences that will vitally affect the American fied farming movement of the past half
farmer. Prior to the war one million Rus- decade is insistently calling for all the good
sian peasants were annually going to and breeding stock that can be brought in .
settling on the great plains of southern Si As a consequence of this world shortage
beria ; after the war is over this migration and demand the live-stock business of the
will be quickened and the first results observ- United States is in a thriving condition, with
able to the world will be a tremendous in the outlook for the future most excellent.
crease in the wheat and rye production of Between the demands for herd -building pur
the Russian empire . Russia, unlike the oth poses and the going consumption demands
er leading European countries, has always of the local and export trade, the live-stock
been a heavy wheat exporter. With her farmer is facing a situation in which the only
cheap labor on her cheap lands she can danger is that high prices may persuade him
easily produce all the wheat that western to sacrifice his breeding stock . When
Europe may demand, provided the Russian one considers that, broadly speaking, the agri
peasant is given western machinery and can culture of the United States is on a live
secure transportation for his crop. stock rather than a grain -growing basis, and
THE AMERICAN FARMER SHOULD RESTRICT
that the dairies, creameries, cheese factories,
GRAIN ACREAGE and packing plants rather than the cash grain
crops are representative of the typical Amer
If this survey may be taken as correct, ican farm of to -day, he is led to believe that
the American grain farmer, competing with the situation from the standpoint of the
the stress of circumstances in western Eu- American farmer is an exceedingly hopeful
rope and with a heavily increased grain one and that this great industry with its an
acreage throughout the cheap land areas of nual business overturn of nearly ten billion
the world, is facing a difficult situation . His dollars is due to an era of expansion that
lands are going up in value and the margin will be reflected in the better equipment for
of profit between the cost of production and the farms, the erection of better farm homes,
the price received for the crop at the eleva- the development of still better live stock,
tor is already dangerously small where not the building of roads and schools, and all
entirely wiped out. It is only by throwing that goes to make country life wholesome.
in his own time and taking his profits large- In this connection the reader should not
ly in the rise of land values that he has been forget that while the farmer is ordinarily
able during the past decade to show any rea ! thought of as a producer he repre
gains. With his over-seas market glutted, per cent. of the population of the country
the best thing for him to do is largely to and quite as great a relative buying or con
restrict his total acreage and thereby his suming power.
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THE HUDSON BAY RAILROAD _ TO BE COMPLETED TO PORT NELSON EARLY NEXT YEAR

PROGRESS OF THE HUDSON

BAY RAILROAD
BY P.'T. MCGRATH
THE advocates of Canada's latest vital arguments for a railway to that sea source
commercial project, the Hudson Bay singularly applicable to the Hudson Bay
Railroad, find strong arguments for its con- project also — namely, that the country is
struction in the railroad which the United becoming rapidly swollen with population,
States is building in Alaska and in the ef- that these people produce wheat mainly but
forts which Russia has made in the way of are unable to market it easily because of re
opening up new outlets through her north - moteness from tide-waters, that to send it
ern territory since the present war began . by rail to the nearest available seaport at
The utility of her White Sea route has been present costs more than the wheat is worth,
greatly increased and the period of sea-borne that the region is also rich in mineral, timber
intercourse of Archangel much lengthened , and fishery wealth which cannot be devel
through the work of Canadian and New - oped, and that until a railway is constructed
foundland ice-breakers. A new railway from the proper colonization and administration
Petrograd to Kola Bay in virtually ice-free of the region are impossible.
waters beyond the farthest Norwegian ter- Next year Canada expects to have her
ritory is now nearing completion and from new channel of commercial communication
sections of the line already finished , as well working by way of Hudson Bay. The rail
as from Archangel, troops are being em - road, the construction of which she began
barked on transports for conveyance to Brest in 1912, should be completed early in 1917
to fight alongside the Allies on the Western and her authorities hope that much of the
front. That the Kara Sea route, an outlet grain harvested on the Western prairies in
for the products of Siberia, is also being de- that summer will be conveyed to Europe by
veloped is asserted in the London Times' means of this railroad and of steamers which
" Book of Russia," the latest volume published will ply on Hudson Bay. The railroad it
on that country, which sets out a series of self, which stretches from The Pas, on the
538
 PROGRESS OF THE HUDSON BAY RAILROAD 539
Great Saskatchewan River, where it con - and as the districts are but sparsely settled
nects with the Canadian -Northern Railroad at present and vast developments may be
system , to Port Nelson , on the shore of Hud - expected from them , the advantages of this
son Bay, has a mileage of 425, and may be railroad will be increased thereby, while the
described as four-fifths completed. Track - benefits enjoyed by the farmers of Alberta
laying was stopped last winter for the build - and Saskatchewan will also be available to
ing of an immense bridge over a gorge of their neighbors south of the American boun
the Nelson River, but was forwarded during dary . Not the least of the arguments in
the past summer through country which re- favor of the Hudson Bay Railroad is the
quires only minor bridges, and it is hoped fact that, if Canada's production of grain in
to have the rails themselves laid right to the West increases henceforth as it has of
the terminal before the snow comes, even if recent years, the existing railroad systems
the ballasting and other work has to remain - will be inadequate to its transport. For in
over until next season . stance , a prominent Canadian railroad man
SAVING A THOUSAND MILES IN WHEAT
ager asserted recently that it would take the
SHIPMENTS Canadian railroads at least 200 days to move
last year's crop, and this must create a grad
So much for the railroad itself, the cost ually increasing difficulty for the transport
of which , completed and ready for traffic , is systems, while a further advantage offering
estimated at $ 16 ,000,000 . The feasibility of through the Hudson Bay Railroad is that
construction was never questioned , though the competition it will afford will tend to
the wisdom of laying such a line through lessen the haulage rates for all the products
such a country has been sometimes doubted . of the Canadian farms, and thus give the
The most serious of the objections advanced farmer the means of gaining a greater return
against it are, first, that owing to its north - for the products of his industry .
ern location , the territory will never be set- Still another argument is that by such a
tled on a scale that will make it profitable; channel most, if not all, the requirements of
second , that the climatic conditions militate Western Canada from European countries
against this region being used as a farming can be brought to its doors much more
area ; and, third, that its mineral wealth , if cheaply and expeditiously than they can be
it possesses any, is not sufficiently determined obtained through the present avenues by
to justify such an undertaking. On the steamer to the Atlantic seaboard of Canada,
other hand , the supporters of the project and thence by rail to the West, and it is
claim that the same arguments were ad - important to remember in considering this
vanced fifty years ago regarding the prairie railroad project, that this is one of the strong
section of Canada, which is now the home arguments on which its success is predicted.
of multitudes, and which will likely be set
tled on a vastly larger scale after the close CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
of the war ; that in time the spread of popu - With respect to the railroad itself, there
lation will bring all of these territories under fore , objections can be fairly met. Hereto
cultivation ; and further, that one of the chief fore, in many centers, railroads have been
reasons for the construction of the railroad pushed through regions no more promising
is that it will afford a means of shipping in the opinion of those who lived at the
the grain crop to market every year under time the rails were laid , and yet population
conditions which will shorten the journey by has followed the railroad and has built up
1,000 miles. That is to say, Port Nelson is in its wake thriving communities. The real
virtually no farther from Liverpool than is difficulty respecting this Hudson Bay project
Montreal; that a car of wheat leaving Re- is in the waterways — whether these are avail
gina and destined for Europe can be on the able for a sufficient period of the year to
dock at Port Nelson by the time it would make the undertaking a profitable one. In
reach Fort William , Ontario , at the head of considering this matter it is well to remem
the Great Lakes, by the existing Canadian ber that people do not connect Berlin , Copen
railroad systems, and that the saving will hagen , Moscow , or even Stockholm , with
be the thousand miles between Fort William Arctic conditions. Yet Berlin is only half
by railroad, or the longer distance by the a degree south of Edmonton , Alberta ; York
lakes and Montreal, which is on an equality Factory, on Hudson Bay, practically identi
with Port Nelson as regards Liverpool. cal with Port Nelson , is south of Riga on
From the northern areas of the Western the Baltic ; and Fort Churchill is almost on
Provinces, the mileage is, of course , greater the same parallel as Stockholm .
540 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REJIEN 'S
ALASKAN RAILROAD HARDER TO BUILD the maximum season for navigation in these
A fact which present-day observers con - waters is a little over three months. The
tend is a strong argument in favor of the minimum season is only two months, and it
Hudson Bay Railroad is that the United probably would be reasonable to estimate that
States is teaching Canada a wholesome les. shipping companies would base their calcu
son by building a railway in Alaska , 400 lations on a season of two and a half months'
miles farther north than the Hudson Bay duration, since it would not be profitable
Railway, and through a more rocky and in - to have ordinary grain freighters attempting
hospitable country, and it is suggested that to negotiate waters thickly strewn with ice
if Canada were part of the American com - masses. It is important, moreover, to re
monwealth the people of Boston , New York, member that the length of the navigation
Philadelphia and Washington would have season is not governed by the climatic con
been breakfasting on Hudson Bay fish for ditions around Port Nelson and Fort
the past quarter-century. Hudson Bay is Churchill, some eighty miles farther north ,
well south of the Arctic circle. It drains but by the flow of ice coming down from
a larger territory than the Baltic , and the the Arctic Circle and blockading Hudson
Baltic freezes over every winter, but Hud - Strait so as to retard the passage of ships
son Bay does not, for while it freezes around coming through that waterway . Again , it is
its shores for ten or fifteen miles, the rest stated that marine insurance for these waters
of the vast watery expanse is always open . runs from 20 to 25 per cent., which would
Petrograd is 200 miles north of Fort be prohibitive for any company whose ships
Churchill . and Copenhagen is as far north were not chartered by the Government at
of Port Nelson , and if Canada grows after a high rental, as those employed for the serve
the war as many expect, the areas accessible ice there up to the present time are.
from this bay will have within the next cen - The contingency that ordinary commer
tury a population of 20,000,000 souls. cial concerns may not be disposed to under
take the navigation of this route is already
NAVIGATION SEASON ON HUDSON BAY being considered by the Canadian authorities,
None the less there are vigorous and per- and it is advocated in some quarters that
sistent critics of the route on various grounds, the Dominion Government should construct,
notably on the ground that the season is so own and operate its own system of steamers
short that the chief object for which the road in conjunction with the railroad, and, if nec
is designed , namely, to get out the season 's essary, meet the cost of insurance itself. The
grain crop before navigation closes, is hope- reason for this is that in all likelihood, if the
less of accomplishment. Enthusiastic advo- service is to be satisfactory , ships of special
cates of the route claim that it is navigable construction will have to be provided , since
for six months. More impartial observers set the ordinary tramp freighter of commerce,
the period at about four months. During which is lightly built and entirely unsuited
the past four seasons, ships of the Newfound for Arctic work , cannot be safely employed in
land sealing fleet have been carrying to Port such a trade, nor would it pay shipowners
Nelson all thematerial required for the con - to undertake the cost of constructing vessels
struction of the terminal system there, con - of the design required for this route when
sisting of breakwaters, docks, piers, ware - they could only be employed there for two
houses, etc ., and the facts respecting these or three months of each year. Hence, it is
ships, which , it must be remembered, are spe- thought that vessels suitable for the route
cially designed to cope with ice, are as fol. will not soon , nor in sufficient numbers, be
lows: In the summer of 1912 the first boat provided by private enterprise , and that the
reached Port Nelson on July 27 , an unusual government will have to undertake this work
ly early date ; in 1913 on August 7 ; in 1914 on its own account, with the further draw
on August 14 ; in 1915 on August 1. The back that if the grain of a given season is
last boat to leave Port Nelson in 1913 to be got out that year before navigation
sailed on October 16 , and barely succeeded in closes, an exceptionally large number of ves
getting through the Strait before the icepack sels will be required, because not more than
closed it. The last departure in 1914 was one, or at most two trips, in the short time in
her 14, when conditions were good tervening between the harvesting of the crop
a week longer. In 1915 the last and the closing of navigation will be pos
iled on October 12, and made sible for such vessels.
A curious circumstance with regard to the
tes it will be observed that seafaring phase is that the reports of the
 PROGRESS OF THE HUDSON BAY RAILROAD 541
Canadian Department of Railways and ready unless the latter can be made sufficient
Canals on the one side and those of the Ma- ly powerful to cover a greater radius. He
rine and Fisheries Department on the other remarks that when wireless stations are es
side are directly at variance on the much dis - tablished navigation will be greatly facili
puted question of the navigability of Hudson tated , and that the employment of an ice
Strait. For instance, Mr. Anderson , ma- breaker is also important to safe navigation,
rine officer engaged in the survey of Hudson while in conclusion he notes a steady improve
Bay , reports many serious difficulties in re- ment in results , and says he has every reason
gard to making Hudson Strait a feasible to regard the progress made as satisfactory.
commercial waterway. He advocates, in
deed, the use of hydroplanes operated in con ACCESSORIES OF A MODERN PORT
nection with the wireless stations to be This season (1916 ) most of the supplies
erected along the route , as being likely to required for the enterprise are being con
be of more use in informing shipmasters veyed to the shores of Hudson Bay over the
as to ice conditions and where open leads of railroad itself and will be got as near as
water may be found than sea-going tugs possible to the terminal, if not absolutely
previously suggested . there, by the end of this year, but the work
He does not take an optimistic view of at Port Nelson may be somewhat longer de
the navigability of Hudson Strait under any layed because of dredging necessary at the
conditions. Describing his investigations dur- entrance of the harbor. Here the estuary is
ing last year, he observes that navigation is from half a mile to fifteen miles wide, nine
sometimes greatly impeded by ice until late teen or twenty feet deep at low water, with
in August for vessels entering the Strait from a six- foot rise at spring tide, while the en
the east, and from early in October for those terprise requires the cutting out of a channel
entering from the west, because ice from the through shoals, and the construction of large
far north begins to appear at the west en terminal facilities, and at its outlet now an
trance about the latter date, greatly inter- area of mud flats exists, extending for many
fering with the vessels. miles off the port, sometimes indeed almost
On the other hand , the Department of beyond the horizon . The unusual tides keep
Railways and Canals, which for four years the track of the river mouth permanently
had been shipping supplies and equipment free from ice and so affect other areas that
to Port Nelson via Hudson Strait, sets out the ice is never more than ten to twelve
that this work has been carried on for four inches thick. The rest of the area is gripped
months each year with little loss and in winter by an icepack which may be many
very little delay. The vessels employed feet thick and which has formed one of the
in the transport of materials and supplies most serious difficulties in the way of con
were two steamers purchased by the Ca- struction . A huge dredge, the finest in the
nadian Government — the Sheba and the world , was constructed in Toronto some
Durley Chine, and also the chartered New - three years ago and towed to the Bay, where
foundland sealers Adventure, Bellaventure, it has done splendid service since . A break
Bonaventure . Each of these had some sea - water has been formed at a point where it
sons made three voyages between Halifax will do much to make navigation safe. All
and Port Nelson . The Durley Chine and the wharves, piers, and other essentials to a
the Sheba had made two voyages each , and modern shipping port are being created, and
the quantity of cargo landed last year totaled when the railroad is finished and it becomes
10,000 tons, not including timber. The ships possible expeditiously to transport materials
were loaded to their fullest extent and noth - to tidewater, this phase of the undertaking
ing was left behind at Halifax, Sydney, or will be expedited considerably .
Montreal, while everything taken aboard Hudson Bay itself is admittedly an open
was safely landed at Nelson, and nothing sea in regard to the greater part of its area,
was lost except a small portion of hard pine but Hudson Strait is blocked for several
from the fore deck of the Adventure dur- months of each year by the ice that flows
ing bad weather, which it was observed down from the Arctic waters and is caught
might happen to any ship on any route . The therein . During the summer months it is
Marine Superintendent, Captain Webb, certainly navigable, but it all times the transit
says that the temporary lights used in 1915 is attended with danger because of the un
proved a great help to navigation , but ad- charted currents, the presence of scattered
vises a lightship in line with Nelson Channel ice pieces and the unreliability of the com
to replace that on a point near these al- pass, a condition not to be overlooked .
 -
TAPPING THE RESOURCES
OF RUSSIA
BY PAUL P. FOSTER
USSIA 'S most important transportation laksha had been completed . This is the most
N undertaking since the construction of difficult section , for it passes through the vast
the Trans-Siberian Railway is the new road forests and treacherous swamps that border
from Petrograd due north to an ice -free port the White Sea . There is every reason to be
on the Arctic Ocean . No country in the lieve, however, that the last rails will be laid
world with the possibilities that Russia pos- in December, when the whole road should
sesses is so unfortunately situated with re- be in working order.
gard to access to the sea. Archangel and the Early in the present summer a most impor
other northern ports are closed with ice dur tant conference took place in Petrograd at
ing a great part of the year, and this is true which the Russian Ministers of Railway and
Means of Communication, of
a AR C T I C Commerce and Industry, of
D E N ce Finance, and of War ap
SWE a
ALEXAN OROVSK I OCEAN
e NORWAY proved plans that call for the
KANDALAKSAS construction of 25,000 miles
alt FINLA
ics
of new railway and a system
SOROKA JE of ship canals unequaled any
GERMAN U
ARCHANGEL where in the world, all to be
REVA PETROGRAD PINEGRA completed within the next
WUSTR

CHEMASHEVSKOI five years. The new lines of

MOSCOW railway and canal will link
POREN A together virtually all the lo
ansa Suberland calities that possess rich nat
Silac Sea
k MARIUPOL Railroadmaratonin
NIKOLAOVSK
ural resources in minerals,
grain , and timber, and will
n s BARNAVY KOLCHIGINO connect with trunk lines
pia

va Se 1
NA handling traffic to and from
Cas

SEMIPALATINSKI
TURKEY CH Siberia, Central Asia , and
the White Sea.
NEW AND PROJECTED RAILROADS IN NORTHERN RUSSIA One of the most im
portant projects, which is
also of the Baltic outlets. The war closed to receive immediate attention, is an 1100
the Dardanelles to Russia, and Vladivostock , mile railway from the port of Reval, on the
6600 miles from the capital, has hitherto Baltic Sea, to Orel and the coal, iron, and
been the only year-round ice-free harbor of steel districts of the south. Another line is
the great Empire. But at Novo Alexan- to run from Moscow to Marioupol, a fast
drovsk , on the Kola Peninsula of Lapland growing port on the Sea of Azov. This rail
and well within the Arctic Circle, the influ way will be considerably shorter than the
ence of the Gulf Stream keeps the mouth of line from Moscow to Odessa . It will also
the bay free from ice the year round. The traverse the basin of the River Donetz and
Russian Government has therefore rushed thus facilitate the shipment of vast quantities
the construction of a railway which will of oil by water from the Sea of Azov to all
bring her sorely needed supplies without in - parts of Russia , as well as to foreign ports.
terruption during the winter months from In Siberia a new line is to connect the
this isolated port to the capital. Trans-Siberian Railway with the upper
At last accounts all but the brief stretch waters of the Lena River, opening up to eco
of road that lies between Soroka and Kanda- nomic development regions abounding in all
See article. " Vew Ports and Railways of Russia," kinds of minerals and timber. The Com
REVIEW OF REVIEWS, June, 1916.
542
mission on New Railways has also approved
 PROGRESS OF THE ALASKAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAY 543
the construction of a 200-mile railway from and will need for many years to come im
Barnaul to Kolchugino, which will pass mense quantities of railroad supplies and
through the coalfields of Kuznetsk, one of equipment of every sort, nearly all of which
the richest in the world . This road will is to be supplied by American industry . The
connect at Barnaul with the recently opened Russian Government intends to profit by the
Altai Railway, a 500 -mile line connecting example of American railway methods of
Nikolaevsk, on the Trans-Siberian Railway, construction and management and has sent
with Semipalatinsk , in the Steppes provinces, hundreds of her engineers and practical rail
a region of exceptionalmineralwealth . way men to this country to study the con
Still another line which is to be built im - struction , operation , and maintenance of our
mediately is the Ob -Ural-Bielomorsky Rail. railway systems. It is estimated that the
way. Starting from Archangel, on theWhite public and private transportation projects al
Sea, the line will run to Pinega and traverse ready authorized will require machinery and
the Ukhtinsky district and the Urals to a other equipment valued at $ 300,000,000 in
port on the River Ob near Chemashevsky, the first year alone.
This thousand-mile railway will pass through Fortunately the United States is in a posi
the dense forests of the basins of the Mezen, tion to finance many of these undertakings
Petchora , and Ob rivers, promote the export and to furnish the machinery and equipment
trade in timber, and will also provide a which all of them will need. Our financiers
cheaper outlet for the vast grain supplies of and manufacturers are studying the situation
Western Siberia . and they are certain to take a leading part
These vast projects will cost hundreds of in the coming development of Russia's vast
millions of dollars. Russia needs immediately and latent resources.

PROGRESS OF THE ALASKAN

GOVERNMENT RAILWAY
BY HERBERT T . WADE
THE Alaskan Government railway sys- veys were made under the direction of the
I tem , which the President of the United Alaskan Engineering Commission , consisting
States was authorized to build by special of William C . Edes, chairman ; Frederick
act of Congress , involves a mileage for the Mears , and Thomas Riggs, Jr., and on
main line from Seward to Fairbanks of 466 April 10, 1915, President Wilson issued
miles, with a branch to the Matanuska coal an executive order designating the route se
fields thirty-eight miles in length , or a total lected by the Commission , which began at
of 504 miles. At the end of the construc- Seward, on the westerly shore of Resurrec
tion season of 1916 , 132 miles of line were tion Bay, and proceeded in a general north
available for operation of trains and eighty- erly direction by way of Kenai Lake, Kern
five miles represented new construction . The Creek , the Susitna and Chulitna rivers to
cost of construction for the system was es- Broad Pass, and thence through the Nenana
timated by the Alaskan Engineering Com - River basin to the Tanana River, with the
mission at $ 25 ,642 ,718 , exclusive of rolling northern terminal at Fairbanks. Two miles
stock , and up to October 1, 1916 , appro- above the crossing of the Matanuska River a
priations by Congress had amounted to branch line thirty-eight miles in length was
$ 11,000,000 . to be built to the Matanuska coalfields,
It will be recalled 1 that the President was whose output was particularly needed for
authorized to locate, construct, and operate the economic and mining development of
railways in the Territory of Alaska so as to Alaska. Furthermore, as an essential part
connect one or more of the Pacific Ocean of the new system the Alaskan Northern
harbors with the navigable waters and min - Railway, extending from Seward to Kern
eral fields of the interior. Accordingly sur- River on Turnagain Arm of Cook Inlet,
See AMERICAN REVIEW OF Reviews, May, 1915, page was purchased at a cost of $ 1, 150, 000 .
wu, Alaska' s Government Railroad. " In 1915 the Commission began actual
544 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
that track laying could be carried on at a
Tanana Rampart rate of about one-half mile a day,
FAIRBANKS )
Early in the year, after about thirty-five
ANANA FAIRBANNS.
a
( 21 n
miles of line had been built from Anchorage,
there occurred a strike. A period of inac
tivity ensued , terminated with a compromise
made by a Board of Arbitration , which in
creased the pay of both common and skilled
t.MSKinley
River
laborers. With labor troubles settled the
branch line to the coal fields from Mata
nuska Junction , 36 .61 miles from Anchor
h na

C
o
p
p
e
r age on the main line, was pushed forward,
Sus

and track was laid past Moose Creek , where

Valdes the first coal mine of this field was located.
This mine, privately worked, soon was able
to supply continuously a limited amount of
coal for use in construction work at
t
Inlek

Anchorage.
Coo

During the summer the main line north

of Matanuska Junction was cleared and
graded for two miles further, and, as many
stream crossings and marshy land were en
countered , it was found that the work could
THE GOVERNMENT RAILWAY SYSTEM IN ALASKA be carried on more vigorously after the
(Track-laying completed on the heavily shaded portion ) ground was frozen . Other construction bases
of work on the main line were established,
new construction and commenced the re- notably at Talkeetna, about 100 miles north
habilitation of the Alaskan Northern Rail - of Anchorage, at the junction of the Tal
way. The point known as Anchorage on the keetna, Susitna, and Chulitna rivers, where
Knik Arm of Cook Inlet, 120 miles north much clearing and grading of the line was
from Seward and five miles west of the main carried on and a sawmill was established.
trunk route as located, was selected as the This point was accessible by shallow -draft
construction base for new operations as it boats on the Susitna River.
was the head of navigation for ocean -going To meet the Alaska Northern Railway,
steamers. Here a complete equipment for construction work was prosecuted vigorously
both harbor and terminal development, as to the south of Anchorage and track
well as for railway construction, was as- was laid for nine miles, beyond which the
sembled , and active work was put under right of way had been cleared for five
way in April. Wherever it was possible miles additional to Potter Creek, on Turn
to classify the work of construction as again Arm . From here a sled road is to be
for clearing or grading the right of way kept open during the winter, so that the
it was contracted for at unit prices, and overland distance between Seward and An
to so-called " station men ” or workmen chorage will be reduced to thirty miles.
associating themselves in groups as partners On the Fairbanks Division , where the new
various pieces were allotted . In this organ - railway system connects with the Nenana
ization each man signed the contract, thus River, a tributary of the Yukon , much clear
becoming interested in it as a co -partner oring was done during the summer and seven
small contractor, and receiving a separate teen miles of wagon road built in addition
check for his share, while the compensation ,
of course, depended upon the amount of toThisa work dock, workshops, and other buildings.
was started in order to have the
work done. Consequently the large con output of the Nenana coal fields, 110 miles
tractor was eliminated and the individual
workmen received increased returns. south of Fairbanks, made available for
By January 1, 1916 , the right of way dredging and other mining operations in the
had been cleared and grubbed for forty gold -bearing creeks in the vicinity of Fair
miles north of Anchorage, and grading had banks, where the supply of wood for fuel is
been completed for thirty- five miles. Track rapidly becoming exhausted . The Commis
had been laid to Eagle River, a distance of sion expects to reach the Nenana coal fields
1314 miles , and the work was so organized with railway some time in the fall of 1917.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE
- MONTH
THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION
REVIEWED
AMONG
a the magazine articles that have Taking up the plea made by certain de
A ppeared in a close, only a fehe survey
N appeared in the course of the campaign fenders of the Administration , that President
now drawing to a close, only a few are of Wilson 's whole object in Mexico was to
more than transitory interest. The survey overthrow the landed oligarchy and to re
of President Wilson's administration of for- store self-government to the Mexican people,
eign affairs, contributed by Dr. David Jayne Dr. Hill asks:
Hill to the North American Review , is of
this small number . No American of to -day theWas it for this, then, that the President sent
is better entitled by his record and his knowl. ico ; army and navy of the United States to Mex
not to protect American life and property,
edge of the subject to comment on our for- but to aid in working out a social revolution , and
eign relations than Dr. Hill. From 1898 to in effect to reform the Mexican Constitution ? But
1903 he was Assistant Secretary of State. where did he obtain the right to do this ?
The salute to the fag, for which our armed
From 1903 to 1907 he served as United forces were supposed to be sent to Mexico, was
States Minister to Switzerland and to the never given ; and , after the occupation of Vera
Netherlands, and from 1908 to 1911 he was Cruz, appears never even to have been demanded .
Ambassador to Germany. He was appointed Failure to obtain it, however - it is now alleged
member of the Permanent Administrative was no humiliation ; for it was only a pretext to
justify the President's action in the eyes of the
Council of The Hague Tribunal, and was a American people . The real purpose was, by
delegate to the Second Peace Conference at force or intimidation , to overthrow Huerta ; and
The Hague. thus enable the insurgents to set up such a form
Dr.Hill's first article, which appeared in
in of government as the President of the United
Imost
the September North American , deals almost ! States approved .
exclusively with President Wilson 's Mexican Looking backward over the whole period
policy, and in the October number he con - since March 4 , 1913, Dr. Hill finds it diffi
tinues his review of our Mexican relations. cult to believe that
Dr. Hill is not of those who insist that it
was necessary to recognize Huerta, even as it is the same President who, in April, 1913, de
manded that there be an " immediate cessation of
late as the spring of 1914, but he contends fighting throughout Mexico" ; who, in October,
that among the contestants for the Presi- 1913, said to the faithful followers of William
dency in Mexico, Huerta alone gave any Penn at Swarthmore: " Nowhere can any govern
promise of subduing anarchy. His success ment endure which is stained by blood" ; who, in
December, 1913, said to Congress: " There can be
in any event would have been prevented by no certain prospect of peace in America until
President Wilson 's sympathy with the in General Huerta has surrendered his usurped au
surgents and the removal of the embargo on thority in Mexico” ; who, in February, 1914 , re
arms and munitions. So Dr. Hill concludes moved the embargo, thus permitting new armies
that " it was not the mere non -recognition of toApril,
equip themselves for continuing war; who, in
1914, demanded the privilege of driving
Huerta that most embarrassed his efforts to Huerta from power with the armed forces of the
pacify the country ; but the intrusive, cen United States, invaded Mexico, and made war on
sorious, and unprecedented attempt to mix its inhabitants ; and who, in January, 1915, hav
up the American Government with Mexican ing prolonged anarchy in Mexico by the aid
offered now to one and now to another of the
affairs — an attempt which , without producing insurgents, could say in the extraordinary speech
the least benefit to anyone, eventually exas delivered at Indianapolis : " I got very tired stay
perated Huerta, alienated all Latin -Ameri ing in Washington and saying sweet things. I
cans, and imperiled all American interests in wanted to come out and get in contact with you
once more and say what I really thought" ; and
Mexico , which were left without a means then, speaking of the situation in Mexico : " It is
of defense or of reparation in that republic.” none of my business, and it is none of yours, how
545
546 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
long they take in determining it. . . . Have not balance of power during the war in international
European nations taken as long as they wanted affairs ; and, even in the fearful turmoil of con
and spilt as much blood as they pleased in settling flict, the belligerents would have sought our ap
their affairs, and shall we deny that to Mexico proval in choosing their methods of procedure.
because she is weak ?” Our attitude of total self-effacement, except in
To reach that conclusion by the path actually pressing our chance for profit by the misfortune
pursued has cost the American people two hun of others, has left us without a friend . With
dred million dollars for successive interventions, many fervid professions regarding "humanity " in
besides many human lives ; and the end is not yet the abstract, the Administration has stood actively
reached . Our troops for the second time are on and effectively for nothing whatever in the con
duty in Mexico. crete, not even for the lives of our citizens.
Passing to the consideration of our Euro On the subject of Germany's submarine
pean relations, Dr. Hill finds that the im - warfare
warfare, Dr
Dr.. Hill
hillhhas this to say (and as the
opinion of
pression made upon Europe by the actions of opinion of aa former A
former American Ambassador
the Administration in relation to Mexico was to the Kaiser's court, the utterance is worthy
distinctly unfavorable to the United States. of serious attention ) :
" It was the jest of European diplomatists
that this Government had neither the army if The writer of this article firmly believes that,
a telegram had been sent to the German Em
nor the courage to try conclusions with
peror personally, on February 10, 1915, after a
Huerta , but merely scolded and passively frank discussion of the subject with the German
watched the destruction of American and Ambassador, instead of the " strict accountability"
foreign life and property in Mexico.” note, making direct appeal to the Emperor's good
When the great war broke out in August, sense and friendly disposition toward the United
States, not a single ship known or believed to
1914, we made no protest against the viola carry American passengers would ever have been
tion of Belgium 's neutrality, nor was it ex sunk without warning. Such an appeal would
pected at that time in Europe that we would have been an evidence of real friendship . It
make such a protest, yet Dr. Hill maintains would, at least, have absolved the Administration
that it is precisely this spirit of passive acqui itat would
Washington from a grave responsibility ; and
have placed the relations with the Ger
escence in the breaking of treaty engagements man Empire upon an entirely different footing
that is responsible for many of the misfor from that which the wavering attitude at Wash
tunes that have befallen us since the war ington produced.
began. It was the settled conviction , he says, Commenting on our declaration to Ger
in the chancellories of Europe at the begin many,
ning of the war, that, no matter what the less herinmethods April of the present year, that un
of submarine warfare should
belligerents did , the Administration at Wash
be immediately abandoned
ington would do absolutely nothing. On the would sever diplomatic relations the United States
other hand, with the
German Empire , Dr. Hill says that this step,
A prompt and earnest manifesto against the taken in response to an irresistible tide of
disregard of treaty obligations would have been public sentiment, proved in the result that if
an act not only of unquestioned legality and pro it had been taken in February, 1915, instead
priety, for which the belligerents had themselves
furnished precedents, but the performance of a of April, 1916 , 144 American lives might
duty to all neutral nations. It would have given have been saved, for Germany paid deference,
us at once the moral leadership of the world, and “ though re
though reluctant and even conditional," to
made the United States the friend and the rally this first and only concrete declaration from
ing center of all the neutral countries. It would
have done more: it would have given us the the Government at Washington .

A DEFENSE OF THE PRESIDENT'S MEXICAN

POLICY
I PHOLDERS of the Administration 's So far from apologizing for President
conduct in Mexico , which has been Wilson 's acts in Mexico, Dr. Eliot glories
savagely attacked by ex-Presidents Roosevelt in what he terms the " thorough committal"
and Taft, and by publicists like Dr. Hill, of the country, through those acts , to two
have found comfort in the article on “ The policies, "which nearly concern its righteous
Achievements of the Democratic Party ," ness and its dignity." One of these policies
contributed to the Atlantic Monthly for is — no war with Mexico . The other is
October, by Dr. Charles W . Eliot, presi- " no intervention by force of arms to protect
dent emeritus of Harvard . on foreign soil American commercial and
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 547
manufacturing adventurers, who of their of arms, and has set up a quite different
own free will have invested their money or policy of her own.”
risked their lives in foreign parts under alien Dr. Eliot also finds in the coöperation of
jurisdictions." the A -B -C powers with the United States
Dr. Eliot admits that the Washington the promise of valuable Pan-American ac
Administration has not been altogether con- tion in the future. In his opinion neither
sistent in pursuing the policy of non -inter- of the two preceding Republican adminis
vention , and he admits also that it has not trations, which made sincere attempts to im
yet found out how to compose the internal prove the political and commercial relations
troubles of Mexico without armed interven - between the United States and South Ameri
tion , but he rejoices that “ America has now can countries, had anything like the suc
turned its back on the familiar policy of cess that has attended President Wilson's
Rome and Great Britain , of protecting or efforts. This success “ foretells the moral
avenging their wandering citizens by force unity of all the American republics."

"WHAT WOULD YOU HAVE DONE ?”

GREAT part of this campaign, in and LD

WA
NOU

VE
out of the magazines, has consisted in ANYTHING / TON
BEAT WILSO
the reiteration of this direct question : " What

HUGH
GOD BLESS

, ES?
would you have done ?" This is the rejoin WALL STREET
GERRAN VOTE
der always made to every specific challenge MAATST
OLD GUATRD
20OSEVEL
of the Administration 's record. For exam TARYROADS
The RAIL
O 'LEARY
TE WONEN SPELLBINDERS
ple, Secretary Franklin K . Lane, writing in TRAGOSPACINISYS
PLAKIN $
the New York Times for October 15, puts
the question in this form :
If you say, " Discharge Woodrow Wilson from
his job and put me in his place," am I not en
titled to say to you : "What would you have done
in his stead ? Prove to me that you could have
done better. What is your policy ? What knowl
edge had you of the situation that confronted the
country when he had to act? What policy that
you have invented would give the country greater
prestige abroad and more happiness at home than
that which he followed when the emergency
came?"
But the Republicans do not even now tell us
what they would have done if they had been in THE NIGHTMARE
charge of the Government for the four hardest
years of perplexing strain that any President has From the World (New York)
had for fifty years.
Maybe they would have kept us out of war
but I doubt it. Maybe they would have passed attacking President Wilson for what he did
the Child Labor act or the Rural Credits bill or failed to do at various junctures in our
but I doubt it. Maybe they would have saved recent history were silent and without initia
American lives, everywhere by some magic of tive, according to Secretary Lane, at the time
their own — but I doubt it. when
Can they do nothing but "knock," these wealthy doing. theAlthough
things complained of were
as a minority partyin they
the
andOfeducated leaders
course, they of our
are not aristocracy
afraid ? they
to say what could have done nothing effective, Secretary
would have done ! Lane feels that they might at least have made
Is it fear that keeps them from saying what known their own solutions of the various
they would have done? These gentlemen claim problems, as they arose.
to possess all the national spirit that there is, all
the fight and punch that makes this nation . Do In the Yale Review for October, Mr.
they fear by being frank that they will lose the Norman Hapgood puts twelve questions to
German -American vote, the pro-Ally vote, the which he desires answers from Mr. Hughes :
farmers' vote, the bankers' vote, the working
men's vote, or even the whole-souled , fair-play, 1. Would Mr. Hughes intervene in Mexico ?
square-deal American vote ? 2. If so, would he recognize the titles granted
to the great concessionaries under Diaz, or the
Moreover, those Republicans who are now new titles to smaller holders in the same land
548 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
granted by Carranza ? An answer to this last Aldrich tariff ? What schedules in the Under
question particularly would help thousands to wood tariff would he raise ?
understand what he really means, as they cannot 10. Would he urge the repeal of the Seaman 's
now . Act, and, if so , what steps would be take to give
3. Would he have broken off relations with to American seamen decent standards of living?
Germany at once when the Lusitania went down?
4. Would he have fought on account of the 11. Would he urge the repeal of the labor
invasion of Belgium ? clauses of the Clayton Act?
5. Would he have put an embargo on arms? 12. Does he think the appointment of Louis D .
6 . Does he favor ship subsidies ? Brandeis to the Supreme Court to be a good or
7. Does he wish to change the Federal Re a bad appointment? This last question he cannot,
serve Act and go back to our former financial for obvious reasons, answer directly, but he can
system ? Does he prefer the Aldrich plan ? find some way of explicitly stating his position so
8. Is the Rural Credit Act a good measure, that we can understand whether the President's
and if not, exactly what would he prefer ? daring stand for progress is altogether abhorrent
9 . Would he like to go back to the Payne- to him .

EX -SENATOR EDMUNDS REPLIES TO

THE HON . RICHARD OLNEY
AFTER the publication in the New York ter of national honor
and duty to speak
H World of a letter from the Hon . plainly,
Richard Olney, who was Attorney-General what might no matter
be the risks
and Secretary of State in the second Cleve of military collision .
land administration , and who strongly in In the face of this po
dorses the work of President Wilson, the sition the imminence
World received from ex -Senator George F . ofvanished
war faded and
as sometimes
Edmunds a reply to Mr. Olney . Mr. Ed does a storm cloud in
munds was in the United States Senate from our north country dis
Vermont for twenty -five years, retiring in appear before a steady
1891. He has always been recognized as one west wind.
These historic facts
of the most eminent Republican statesmen of compel a contrast be
his generation. In his letter to the World tween the administra
Mr. Edmunds refers to certain events that tion of which Mr.
occurred in Mr. Cleveland's administration Olney was a very
eminent member and
and in which Mr. Olney was himself deeply the conduct of the
concerned . He praises especially the atti present administration , HON . GEORGE F . EDMUNDS
tude maintained by President Cleveland which has chiefly dis
tinguished itself by (Formerly U . S . Senator
(ably sustained by Mr. Olney ) in the Ven absolute silence, mis
from Vermont)

ezuela boundary case. Referring to Presi called neutrality .

dent Cleveland's famous message on this When the innocent and peaceful people of Bel
subject, Mr. Ed gium were made the victims of sudden war delib
munds says : erately commenced by Germany and carried on
with atrocities then hitherto unknown among na
tions that even called themselves civilized, there
The substance is was never a remonstrance by our Government to
vivid in my memory, its friend and associate in the brotherhood of na
for, although Mr. tions, but it stood by, like Paul at the martyrdom
Cleveland's political of Stephen, " consenting."
opponent, he did me We thus became in real effect an ally of Ger
the great honor of many, whom she intended to retain , and has since
conferring with me retained by skill in endless discussions. Had this
upon the subject, when Administration spoken, as I have no doubt every
I had the pleasure of member of it would have wished to speak, Ger
telling him that in my many and her allies would have been told that we
belief the political could have no intercourse with nations that dis
party of which I was regarded the settled principles of international
a member would stand law as well as of humanity, and had they contin
nearly solid in support ued in such a course their representatives would
of the position which have been sent home and our Ministers recalled.
he assumed. Such action would have been in no sense any
It was not with him cause for war. In President Cleveland 's Admin
a matter of the danger istration we compelled the recall of the British
- warfare, but a mat- HON. RIHARD OLXEY Minister for having advised an " English -Ameri
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 549
can " to vote the Democratic ticket at an election . Germany and very likely all her atlies, including
It would have been ridiculous folly for Germany the Turks, in the attitude of making voluntary
to declare war against the United States, but if and deliberate aggressive war upon us for hav
she had done so we should have been compelled ing felt and expressed horror at their conduct
to become a belligerent, which would have put with Belgium .

PRAISE FOR THE FEDERAL RESERVE

SYSTEM
IN a speech at Chicago on October 18, ruinous rates of interest, and precipitated upon
1 Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo, after American business men and farmers incalculable
and irretrievable losses. Worse than all, the old
challenging the criticisms passed by Mr. system , with its inelastic currency and rigid limi
Hughes and Colonel Roosevelt on the for- tations, caused appalling panics with periodical
eign policy of the Wilson Administration , regularity that sapped the very business life of
devoted some time to an account of the suc- the nation.
cessful operation of the Federal Reserve Act U nder the old system the reserve money
from the standpoint of the small banker and of the banks was concentrated in a few great
individual borrower. centers, chiefly New York City . Small
In Mr. McAdoo's opinion the great pros- banks throughout the country were frequent
perity of the country, leaving out of account ly unable to get their money out of New
the preservation of peace with all nations, York for the use of their own customers in
is due more to the creation of our new finan - times of panic. The old system provided an
cial system than to all other causes com - inelastic currency of fixed amount, based
bined. Mr. McAdoo recalls the bitter op - upon Government bonds, which did not ex
position of Wall Street to the passage of this pand or contract with the varying needs of
law and rightfully claims credit on behalf business. The Federal Reserve Act has de
of the President and the Democratic major- stroyed the concentration of bank reserves
ity in Congress for its enactment. in the great financial centers and has dis
The Secretary further declares that our tributed them throughout the country.
great business expansion of the past two
years could not have occurred without the The Federal Reserve Act and the Farmer
enlarged financial resources provided by the The Hon. John Skelton Williams, Comp
federal reserve system , which supplies both troller of the Currency, delivered an address
credit facilities and efficient credit machinery. at the annual convention of the Farmers'
National
For the first time in our history, business men ber 20. inCongress,
which heat Indianapolis, on Octo
directed attention to
know that they can get ample credit whenever
they need it for wholesome and legitimate busi certain advantages derived by the farmers
ness ; they know that these credits are now elastic from the operation of the Federal Reserve
and automatically responsive to the business needs Act. He pointed out, for example, that the
of the country ; they know that they can now
engage in business enterprises and undertakings provision in the law giving to every Federal
with the certainty that essential credit is avail Reserve Bank the right to discount notes of
able at all times and at lower rates of interest member banks secured by staple farm prod
than ever before known; they know that they can ucts is resulting in large sums of money
go forward in the development of the business
and resources of this country with confidence ; being offered by banks to farmers at un
they know that they no longer have to fear the usually low rates of interest for the purchase
annual fall stringency in money, the widely Aluc- of young cattle, with the agreement that the
tuating and extortionate rates of interest, and the loan shall be continued or renewed until the
deadly and paralyzing uncertainty as to whether
credit could be had at any price and on any terms cattle can be fattened and made ready for
which characterized our financial system prior to market. Thus the farmer is put on the
the passage of the Federal Reserve Act.
More than all, they know that the credit re-
same plane as the business man as regards
facilities for borrowing. Furthermore, after
sources of the country are no longer under the the crops are made the farmer can borrow
control of a small but powerful group in Wall
Street who; prior to the passage of the Federal money to enable him to hold them until he
Reserve Act, controlled and dispensed credit as can get a satisfactory market and the Fed
they saw fit, favoring those whom they preferred , eral Reserve Banks require the member
punishing those who had incurred their displeas banks to charge the farmers on such loans
ure. The old system produced disastrous money
stringencies every year at crop -moving time, with not more than 6 per cent. interest.
550 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ITALIAN OPTIMISM AS TO THE WAR
Co much has been written about the war is away. Indeed , the absence of the men of
in a pessimistic spirit, that it is quite re- the family has favored economy, since it has
freshing to come across a thoroughly opti- cut down the outlay for alcoholic beverages,
mistic article, such as that of Signor Carlo and has thus rendered less frequent the visits
Grilli in Rivista Internazionale (Rome). Of to the pawnshop.
the present complex conditions he says: As a result of these different factors, the
small savings, which at first were sharply
The war has transplanted us into a fantastic contracted , now form a notable element of
world. Just as the mines appear inexhaustible in the bank deposits, while the feverish activity
furnishing the raw material for the colossal
armaments, so the great reservoirs of savings do of production for military uses provides OC
not seem to be emptied by the continuous pouring cupation for the unemployed, with a conse
out of thousands upon thousands of millions. quent greater distribution of wages. It is a
Man seems to have a much less exaggerated es clearly observable fact that, apart from moral
timate of wealth to - day, and pays little attention
to the fact that a billion is a thousand millions. suffering, an evident degree of well-being
The governments have also been forced to re- begins to diffuse itself among the
sort to extraordinary measures : wholesale requi classes of the population.
sitioning of crops and products, of the forces of One thing is clearly apparent. The econ
labor and intellect ; experiments in state socialism ;
omic burden of war, under the modern sys
rapid elaboration of social laws as war measures;
and yet all these radical and far-reaching inno tem of finance, only falls in a minimum de
vations no longer excite popular wonder. In gree upon the generation which wages it.
fact, the war has gradually developed , even in War; from an economic standpoint, does not
the humblest stratum of the population , a singu
lar adaptability. Everything begins to appear to signify the cessation of industry, but gives it
be normal and natural; every new call of able a new direction ; it does not signify the de
bodied men to the colors seems to be an entirely crease of wealth, but the concentration of
logical proceeding ; every new rise in the cost of wealth . The state, making use of its credit.
living is supported with less repugnance ; even
the individual sensibility to what directly touches pays the expenses of the war without caus
the family grows less day by day through the ing any inconvenience to the citizens, for the
force of habit. time being ; indeed, as has been already noted ,
to their temporary advantage in many cases.
· The writer does not think that this state This might be said to constitute an ideal
of mind should be termed a fatalistic resigna- economic condition . All are gainers, or seem
tion to a destiny that seems at the present to be gainers; the capitalists who lend their
moment to weigh upon all the sons of man . money , the contractors who furnish the prod
On the contrary , social activity is undimin - ucts to the State, and who retain a part of
ished ; the least productive element of the the returns, and lastly the workmen , who
population , forced to participate in modern absorb the remainder in small doses. All
technical industry , has all at once, and not this results in a certain fictitious prosperity,
inefficiently, filled up the gaps left by the de- while were the process of distribution nor
parture of the trained workmen . mally slow , better and more solid benefits
In spite of the suspension of some indus- would be attained than can now be the case,
tries in Italy , and the diminution of activity when immense profits are quickly realized by
in many others, the sum total of wages has the contractors, and when high wages are re
been maintained at a good level by the mil- ceived even by poorly qualified workers.
lions the state disburses daily in payments for The longer the war lasts, however, the bet
war materials, and also by the large sums ter will become the adaptation of the econ
paid as pensions to soldiers' families, or for omic fabric to the new state of things. There
their assistance. To this must be added the will be progressive adjustments, not only
amounts daily distributed by private benevo within the boundaries of each country , but
lent associations. Thus it is that if we were also between the different countries. New
to compare the budget of a workman 's fam - channels of trade must and will be opened
ily to -day with that of a peace year, there up, and there will be emigration from im
would in most cases be only a small deficit, poverished regions to those offering better
and frequently a balance to the good, either opportunities.
because of larger receipts for wages, or be- The writer believes that the two contesting
cause of a more economical management of groups of nations will maintain their dualism
the household , when the wife has assumed after the war has ended , but that each will be
the guidance of the family while her husband strengthened by a closer economic union .
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 551

MAXIM GORKY AS A DEFENDER

OF THE JEW
THE three greatest figures in Russian
I letters to -day are responsible for a vol
ume of articles in defense of the Jew , col
lated and published in Russia some time
ago under the title of Stchit — “ The Shield .”
The editors of this volume are Maxim
Gorky, Leonid Andreyev, and Feodor Solo
gub. Within a period of several months it
has passed its third edition , and its contents
assure it of more than contemporaneous in
terest. The flower of Russian journalism ,
belles -lettres , and philosophical thought is
represented in this book by timely and com
prehensive contributions. Maxim Gorky's
part in the volume, in addition to editing,
consists of an article and a story . After
analyzing some of the negative characteris
tics of the Russian with a cutting merciless
ness, Gorky writes :
The disgraceful (for Russian civilization ) con
dition of the Jews in Russia is the result of our
indifference toward ourselves, toward the strict
and just demands of life.
In the interests of reason , justice, and civiliza
tion, it is impossible to permit that among us live
a people without rights. We could never permit
it had there been developed in us a feeling of
self-respect.
We have every reason to count the Jews as
our friends. What have we to thank them
for? They are and have been accomplishing
lots of good along the paths trodden by the MAXIM GORKY, THE RUSSIAN NOVELIST
best Russians. And yet, without disgust and in
dignation , we carry on our conscience the shame the Jew of to -day is my close friend. I am one
ful stain of Jewish wrongs. In that stain there of those Russians who stand the oppression of the
is the dreadful poison of false charges, tears, Jewish people . . .
and the blood of numberless pogroms.
After paying a generous tribute to Jewish
Gorky then takes up the subject of anti- morals, wisdom , and idealism , the celebrated
Semitism , and in what he has to say about it Russian author continues his appeal.
there is no lack of feeling.
It is unbearable to see the people who have
I shall be unable to discuss anti -Semitism , Jew - created so many beautiful, wise, and necessary
hatred , in the manner in which it should be dis things for the world live among us oppressed by
cussed . I shall be unable to do so not because special laws limiting their rights to life work and
I lack power or words, but because something liberty in all possible manners.
which I cannot overcome prevents me from it. It is necessary, for it is right and useful, to
I could find words sufficiently harsh , heavy, equalize the Jews with the Russians in rights.
and pointed to throw into the faces of the man This must be done not only from respect for the
haters, but for that purpose I would have to people that have served humanity and us so
descend into some dirty pit, to put myself on the long, but from respect for our own selves.
same plane with people whom I don 't respect, and This simple, humane task must be tackled at
who are organically odious to me. once, for the hatred of the Jews is growing in
I am inclined to think that anti-Semitism exists Russia, and if we should not endeavor to stop
as indisputable as leprosy or other diseases, and right now the growth of this blind hatred, it will
that the world will be cured of it only through react detrimentally on the development of civili
civilization which , though slowly, nevertheless zation in our country.
does liberate us from diseases and vices. One must remember that our own people have
This, of course, does not free me from the duty known little good and, therefore, easily believe
to combat in all possible ways the development of all the bad things preached to them by man
anti-Semitism , to guard people , to the limit of my haters. There is no natural dislike for the Jew
abilities, against the contagion of Jew hatred , for in the breast of the Russian moujik . On the con
552 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
trary, he shows even some inclination toward the
religious side of Israel, charming in its democracy
In spite of this, however , when a Russian moujik
hears of the persecutions of the Jews, he says
with the indifference of the Oriental: " The inno-
cent are not persecuted and not punished ." He
certainly ought to know that in holy Russia the
innocent are but too often persecuted and pun .
ished . .
Our village does not like restless people, even
when their restlessness is directed toward the
achievement of a better life. All of us are very
Oriental; we like rest, stagnation. And a rebel,
be he even a Job, excites our interest only in an
abstract manner . :
And the Jews are defenseless, and this condi
tion is especially harmful in the circumstances of
the Russian life. Dostoyevski, who knew pro- Myasoyedoff, who was hanged for treason,
foundly the Russian soul, has more than once
pointed out that defenselessness arouses in usa
passionate yearning for cruelty, for crime. In
recent years there have appeared in Russia many
people who have been taught to think that they
are the cream of mankind , and that their foe is
the foreigner, and , first of all, the Jew .
These people have been persuaded for many
years, persistently and steadily, to believe that all
Jews are restless people, strikers, rebels.
Then they were informed that the Jews like to
drink the blood of kidnapped children. In our
own days they are being inspired with the belief
that the Jews of Poland are spies and traitors.
To this latter accusation Maxim Gorky
replies in another article in which he shows
that the Russian disasters and defeate rete
due to Russians solely. The names of ex
War Minister Sukhomlinoff , of Colonel
and of General Grigorvey . who delivered
Novno to the Germans, are cited by Gorky
as sufficient proof of his contention .

FOUR MONTHS IN RUSSIA DURING

THE WAR
FRENCH writer, Jacques Bainville , to meatless days in an agricultural land
A FRING
1 gives a highly interesting account - in
a recent issue of the Revue des Deux Mondes
which produces every necessary article of
food in abundance.
- of Russia and the Russian people , based Severe restrictions were placed, above all,
upon personal experience and historical in - upon social distractions. The theater, the
sight. We give below some of the salient ballet, it is true, retain their brilliance and
points of his elaborate study. attraction . More than any aliment, music
It would be a mistake to suppose, the and the theater are prime requisites of the
writer remarks, that Russia is but little sen - Russians. One must not gauge the spirit of
sible of the war. One is inclined to think the Russians in that respect, in this war, by
so, owing to the vast extent of the Empire what prevails in France. “ They do not share
and its resources in men - greater than those our conception of mourning, our idea that
of any other country. Russia has mobilized the loss of a relative or a national misfortune
millions upon millions of soldiers ; she needs should cause us to forego pleasures, even
them to carry on the war on three fronts, esthetic ones.”
from Riga to the shores of the Euphrates. Night life, usually so gay, is, however, al
Last winter the writer saw numerous bodies most entirely suspended . The closing of the
of men , legally exempt up to that time, called restaurants at eleven in winter, at one in
to the colors. They were fine, robust youths, other seasons, is a tremendous innovation.
strikingly well equipped. Did not the Turk- Above all, the interdiction of wine and alco
ish officers say after the capture of Erzerum holic drinks is a sign of the times, the greatest
that the Russians had carried the day by their index, perhaps, of the gravity with which
boots ? It was these sturdy recruits who re- the Russian .Government envisages the war.
inforced Brusiloft's armies, enabling him to The prohibition of vodka has been an indis
undertake his brilliant offensive last summer. putable benefit of autocracy, which alone
These levies do not, it may be, affect life could take a stand against private as opposed
in general as much as they do in France. to the general interests. The writer noted
Yet they are felt in many ways. Last winter the disappearance of drunkenness and the
the problem of heating became rather seri- signs of general well-being on every side, de
ous ; there were scarcely enough arms to spite the high cost of living. He expressed
supply the needed amount of wood ; trans- his pleased surprise at the latter circumstance
portation , monopolized by military exigency, to M . Bark , the Minister of Finance , who
was insufficient for the needs of a capital so unhesitatingly replied that it was due to the
remotely situated . Thus there ensued a prohibition of alcohol, which , freeing the
dearth of provisions, necessitating a recourse rural pri from a dominating passion,
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 553
permitted peasant savings for the first time Russian ideas, language, literature as suffi
in Russia . cient— an evolution felt in the air since years,
But to this inhibition of vodka, the peo - but hastened by the war.
ple's drink , a corresponding measure had to For the rest, one often hears the idea ex
be adopted affecting the higher classes. pressed — under various forms, very vague
Hence the interdiction of choice wines and ones at times — that the war of 1914 will
liqueurs - a measure rigorously maintained mark the date of a deliverance for Russia .
despite customs andmanners. Here we have This liberation refers to foreign influence.
a tradition of Imperial Russia — reforms im - We must remember that the Russian philo
posed from above. It is thus that Peter the sophic conception of the conflict differs from
Great grafted Western civilization upon his that of the Western powers. Russia 's age
people, compelling, among other things, his long relations with Germany have been of
boyars to part with their long beards. That a somewhat different nature from those of
the law regarding drink has now and then the Latins. “ The German does not appear
been evaded goes without saying. At Mos- to the Russian as the barbarian whose hordes
cow drunken revelries were notorious, cus- have from century to century crossed the
tomary things, regarded as inoffensive. But Rhine in order to conquer and devastate our
there, too, they have disappeared , or must at soil. The Germans are for us what the
least hide from the vigilant eye of authority. Tartar-Mongols were for the Slavs. To the
So that fighting Russia is a sober Russia, Russian people, on the other hand, the Ger
regardful of its dignity. It should be added man was known as a colonist, an exploiting
that kvas, an old popular rural beverage, parasite who treated the moujik as a beast.
made of bread or apples, has taken the place . . . Hence the hatred of the Russian peas
of wine. Thus by a curious reversion Russia , ant for the Niemetz , the stranger, the 'dumb
down into the details of domestic life, is one,' who does not speak his language, who
being " renationalized." That tendency is, despises, beats, and exploits him . . . . It
indeed, one of the most sensibly felt general was this feeling that prompted the popular
effects of the war. uprisings in Moscow last year, aimed (at
We find a similar phenomenon , in a differ - times with a regrettable lack of discernment)
ent field , in the question of language. The against everything that smacked of German
order prohibiting the speaking of German , origin .”
affixed upon every wall, has met, perhaps,
with greater resistance. The habit was in On three fronts Russia is fighting three differ
ent foes. And this diversity imparts varied forms
grained ; it was due, notably in the capital, and aspects to her conflict. In the Caucasus she
to manifold causes — historical, ethnical, to is engaged in a struggle with the Turks. And
commercial relations, proximity , an immigra the Turk is the hereditary foe, the one against
tion which became essentially a colonization . whom she has always had to fight, against whom
A thousand circumstances, great and small, her people cherish a historic grudge. In this
respect, too, her aims are traditional. They are
evidenced what other countries termed Ger universally felt and understood . The object is
man enterprise . Against this invasion the to achieve the old national program , to reach the
war has caused an energetic reaction . In the open sea - a vital necessity, . . . and it is that
Crimean War the Michel Theater never idea, that instinct, that hope, which lends wings
to the armies of Grand Duke Nicholas, invading
closed its doors. That war was a war of Asia Minor.
diplomacy : the same cannot be said of the
stupendous shock of peoples and nationalities The Austrian front, however , bears a dif
to -day. That is why the new baptism of the ferent physiognomy. There we have a varie
capital founded by Peter the Great has so gated adversary of many nationalities. On
remarkable a symbolic significance — it is the that front, full of surprises, the Russian sol
expression of a new state of things. dier has a dim sense that the war is a political
If the war signifies for Russia as well as one, in which national passions play but a
all the belligerents the beginning of a new small part, since it happens now and again
era, many symptoms point to nationalism as that he finds himself among his own race.
the characteristic trait of the future. The
question of language is worthy of attention Moreover, the Austro-Hungarian army, even
in that regard . Formerly autocracy, in order its sturdy elements, devoted to their flag, is far
to introduce European civilization into Rus from resembling the relentless war machine set
up by the Prussians. In the Austrian soldier the
sia, had conquered the native hatred of the Russian soldier may find a man . As to the Ger
foreigner. To-day, the tendency is to dis man soldier, he is the " devil," as he says - that
pense with Western educators, to look upon is, an enemy, cruel, haughty, obstinate.
554 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
GERMAN COLONISTS IN RUSSIA
CONSIDERABLE interest attaches to There are German centers in different parts of
the subject of the immense number of Russia ; entire Swabian ' villages are to be found
in the Caucasus between Tilis and Bakou ; in
German settlers and their descendants living these churches, the town halls, the drug stores
in certain portions of Russia . The Süd are alltheGerman ; the inhabitants speak our tongue
deutsche Monatshefte (Leipzig ) seriously and have conserved the customs of the country of
discusses the possibility of forming " a new their origin . There are more than 500,000 Ger
Alsace -Lorraine" of the Baltic provinces in mans in Ukraine, Volhynia, descendants of the
colonists of 1768, for several years ago 20,000
the event of German victory. Weleave our German farmers scattered throughout Russia es
readers to imagine the feelings with which tablished themselves in the Baltic provinces.
this proposition is received in France. The In February and March of this year the Ger.
mans of Volhynia and of southern Russia sent
Leipzig magazine remarks: delegations to ask whether we could , after the
We have seen that the Russian papers com war, incorporate them in great Germany, and
plain that too many of our compatriots have in give them the happiness of belonging to the great
fatherland. No answer could be given them ;
stalled themselves in their country, and that the but
nobles of the Baltic provinces have expressed there can be no fear that our emperor, when
too freely their preference that the Germanic his day of victory comes, will leave our two
cause should triumph . In other words, there are million compatriots in such an embarrassing sit
Germans in that part of the land who have re- uation .
mained what they ought to be — but who knows Even if the present war should have no other
how many have succumbed to the Slavic influ result than the acquisition of the Baltic provinces
ence ? — this Russian Alsace-Lorraine- we should not
This war has shown the enormous power of have suffered in vain . Our two million brothers,
Russia ; it has shown the ease with which this become Germans once more, will amalgamate
great country has been able to regain strength with themselves the already Germanized Letts,
after the war with Japan . If this Russification and this will mean for us the acquisition of lands
continues with as much ardor for a few more dece rich and vast, which will be of use to our steadily
ades Russia will crush Germany and the rest of growing people.
Occidental Europe. Hence this campaign must The old Hanseatic cities like Lübeck will once
be carried on till the re-establishment of German more be prosperous, and the Baltic will become
influence is secured. This can only be accom - what it ought to be - a German sea. And we
plished by depriving Russia of the provinces shall re-enter into possession of one of the most
where German colonists have established them beautiful jewels ravished from our crown by the
selves, and where they now outnumber the cupidity of those who profited by our momentary
Slavic population . weakness.

MONGOLIA AND RUSSIAN -JAPANESE

ACTIVITIES
I OCKED in between the territories of Petrograd. Russia conceded to Mongolia
Siberia and China, the vast Mongolian
kingdom has no means to reach the outside
world . Soon after the Chinese revolution,
Outer Mongolia , which is the part lying
north of the Gobi Desert, declared its inde-
pendence. Jebtsun Dampa Hutuktu — the
Venerable Sacred Saint - was declared em -
peror. The Russian Government recognized
the autonomy of Outer Mongolia in 1912.
And in 1913 Russia and China agreed as to
Mongolia , the former recognizing the latter's
suzerainty over Outer Mongolia and the lat-
ter recognizing its autonomy.
But, though Mongolia is nominally under
Chinese domination , Russia became interested
in northwestern Mongolia , Japan in south
western . Russia loaned two million rubles
to Mongolia . In 1914 a bank was estab
lished in the kingdom with the directorate in
the right to construct its own railroads with
Russian " coöperation .” In March , 1915 ,
Mongolia issued its own legal currency, one
side in Russian and the other in Mongolian .
All this took place before the Russian - Japa
nese convention of last summer was signed .
What is taking place in Urga, the capital of
Outer Mongolia, at present is shown by the
following newspaper quotations. The Har
bin l'estnik , a Russian-Manchurian news
paper, publishes a note delivered by the Rus
sian Imperial Consul at Urga to the Mon
golian Government :
In a despatch received from the Imperial Rus
sian Government, it is stated that many posts in
the autonomous Mongolian Government are held
by persons of ecclesiastical orders, and on ac
count of this misunderstandings often arise be
tween them and the temporal authorities. This
friction not only hampers the solution of impor
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 555
tant and urgent problems, but also is harmful that the Chinese point of view will stand no
to the good relations between the two nations. criticism , and is condemned to fail. By the
The Russian Government therefore requests the treaty of 1913, Russia recognized China's suze
Mongolian Government to dismiss the ecclesias- rainty over Mongolia . She will interpret this
tic persons holding high positions, and replace clause, in all probability , so as not to allow China
them with men of secular character. In deliver to control Outer Mongolia through legislation .
ing this to you in the name of the Russian Im
perial Government, I beg the Mongolian Goy
ernment to communicate this to the head of au The interesting point about this latest
tonomous Mongolia, Bogdo Jebtsun Dampa Hu note is that Russia is taking the side of Mon
tuktu -Khan, and let me know of the decision . golia in a situation which, so far, did not
The newspaper states that the Mongolian provoke any protest from the Mongolian
Government.
Government will reply that the Russian Japan 's interest in southeastern Mongolia
note raises a question over which Russia has goes back several years. Japan first procured
no jurisdiction , as it is Mongolia 's own in railroad concessions in Mongolia. Then, in
ternal affair. The Russian Government,
however, will undoubtedly gain her point.t; March, 1915, Japan demanded of China ex
clusive mining rights in eastern Mongolia,
Soon after the above note was sent, China re the right for Japanese to settle , and a series
ceived from Russia a note protesting against of other demands. China had to give in .
Mongolia 's sending representatives to the In August, 1916 , there were enough Japa
Chinese Parliament. The correspondent of nese settlers in eastern Mongolia to dare to
the Russkoye Slovo, of Moscow , writes to disobey Chinese orders. The Chenchitaung
his paper: riot that followed was cause enough for
In Chinese political circles the note of the Rus Japan to send her troops to Mongolia and
sian Government on the question of Mongolia's present a new list of demands to China. On
representation in the Chinese Parliament is being October 10 , Japan demanded that " Japanese
discussed with much interest. Chinese politicians,
in spite of the Russian view , are endeavoring to be allowed to police Manchuria and Mon
prove that the participation of Outer Mongolia golia wherever they deem necessary.” The
in the Chinese Parliament is not contradictory tocorrespondent cabling of this latest Japanese
the Chinese-Russian agreement of 1913 in regard move writes that " the tone of the Japanese
to Mongolia 's autonomy. Especially so , as Rus
sia recognized Mongolia as a territorial part of representations is peremptory, and shows a
China. From authoritative statements it appears disposition to force the situation .”

BRIEUX AS A BIG BROTHER TO

BLIND SOLDIERS
THE eminent French playwright and agricultural laborers and mechanics, though
I propagandist, Eugene Brieux, has con - a few lines are addressed to those in clerical
ceived the happy idea of constituting himself positions. They are copied in Braille so
a special godfather to all the blind poilus. that every man who has learned this system
To this end he has addressed to them a can read them for himself. While not in
series of four letters. These missives, which tended for publication , they form such a
are quite free from sentimental banalities, notable piece of social service that the editors
are written in a style whose charm springs of Les Annales ( Paris ) requested the privi
from its simplicity and sincerity. They con - lege of printing them ; they accordingly ap
tain information , advice , and encouragement pear in that weekly , beginning with the issue
for the men who are trying to adjust them - of July 31.
selves to a new life wherein their eyes are FIRST LETTER
in their finger-tips. You have been wounded in the eyes, my com
The dramatist offers to answer any ques rade, and are in the hospital, with a bandage
around your head . You are sad, and I under
tion pertinent to the needs of any blind sol stand that; you are disquieted about your future,
dier who will write to him , or to put him and that is quite natural. You are asking your
in communication with some one of his fel self whether you will be able to see well enough
lows who has encountered a like misfortune, in the future to take up your old trade, even
and has learned to take up his life anew with whether you' ll be able to walk without guidance .
I can 't say as to that, since I have not seen your
serenity and happiness as well as courage. wound .
. The letters are primarily intended for When this is read to you you will have recov
 556 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
ered from your immediate suffering and will be only fingers, and not eyes, are needed . There are
ready to think of your future. I wish to aid you. such trades, and quite a lot of them , and ones in
Since the month of April, 1915, I have lived with which you can earn money. That was well
soldiers afflicted as you are; I have followed known even before the war, and in every country
many, step by step , from their arrival at the hos there were self-supporting blind people. . . .
pital till their arrival at home after a stay at Since the war, many who have lost their eyes
the school of re-education , I will not undertake have already become established. There are
to console you . When I am ill I feel like beating farmers, brushmakers, chair-menders, carpet.
the people who pity me. To pity a man is to makers. One man who was a joiner has taken
up his old trade. Then there are package
wrappers, mechanicians, poultry -raisers, cobblers,
and even a hairdresser.
Naturally you don 't believe me. In your place
I wouldn't either. Only I can prove I'm telling
you the truth . You have only to write to me. I
will give you the number of the regiment, the
battalion, and the company of a man working at
the trade you happen to be interested in . I will
tell you where he is now ; then you can write to
him directly, or even go and have a talk with him .
. . . Do what I tell you : demand proofs. I
shall not be annoyed ; on the contrary, I'll be de
lighted .
You won 't believe me any better if I tell you
they are happy; I'd rather have them tell you so
themselves. Now , since blind men were cheerful
before the war, and the soldiers blinded in the
war who have begun to work again are happy,
why shouldn 't it be the same with you ? . . .
Are you built different from them ? Are you
stupider ? More awkward ? Less courageous ?
No? Then there's no reason why you shouldn't
succeed where they have.
You must know , too, that you will not be aban
doned. The Government gives you a pension.
And that is no more than it ought to. To this
EUGENE BRIEUX , THE FRENCH PLAYWRIGHT pension of 975 francs for a private will be added
AND CHAMPION OF THE BLIND SOLDIER 100 francs for the military medal, and very prob
ably 225 francs more by way of " augmentation
humiliate him . I wish to help you and to make of 3
pension." That will give you 1,300 francs, or
francs, 55 centimes per day (about 70 cents ).
you profit by that which I have learned from liyo Not a fortune, to be sure, but in the country it
ing with those who are in your fix. I will not would certainly keep one from starving.
tell you you are a hero . We know that, and you
know it. I will say to you that you are a man
and that you must act, not as if you were in
despair , but bravely, like a man who will not
let himself be beaten down ; who will not waste
his time in weeping over a misfortune which no
one can remedy, and who is going to go through
his life with his face turned not towards the
past, but towards the future .
What will it be, this future of yours ? As far
as concerns your wound we do not know . Let us
hope that things go well. But it may take a long
time— a very long time. It is even possible that
to make sure of a cure you may have to wear a
bandage for many months. This time must be
utilized in learning to live and to work as do
those who have never been able to see, and who
are all quite cheerful. It repeat it : who are all
quite cheerful!
What do you risk by this ? Nothing. Or rather,
nothing but good. In case you get better you'll
soon forget what you have learned , and at any
rate you 'll have kept from being bored . In the
contrary event, you will have gained time in the
adapting of yourself to your new life. When one
knows beforehand that in playing a game one is
bound to win, there's no need to hesitate ; play
your hand. . . .
International News Service
What is it you must do ? You must begin to
work. You must learn one of the trades in which TEACHING A BLIND SOLDIER THE CARPENTRY TRADE
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 557
If you have need of help , or if you fall sick .
or if you marry, or if you have children, there
are societies which will come to your assistance.
Their names and addresses will be given you .
But it is to be hoped that you will have no such
need , but that you can take care of yourself by
the product of your own labor plus your pen
sion . Therefore you must begin to learn a trade
as soon as possible . . . . I have said this al
ready to many of your comrades, and some re
plied : " If I learn a trade they'll reduce my pen
sion .” That is not true, and I will give you
proof. Others have said to me: “ I have enough
to live on with my pension ; I do not need to
bother my head with learning a trade.” I proved
to them that they were wrong and I will tell you
how . Others yet have said : “ I'll never get any
where with my 'windows broken .' ” Now they
know that they were mistaken . I will tell you
about that in my second letter.
Voici my name and my address :
BRIEUX ,
de l'Académie françaiseParis.
,
In his second letter M . Brieux further
urges the learning of a handicraft and gives
the addresses of schools. In the third he dis
cusses the choice of a craft and strongly ad
vises the learning of Braille, not merely for
the pastime or instruction to be got, but so
the blind man can carry on his own corre Photograph by Paul Thompson
spondence and keep his own accounts. A BLIND GERMAN SOLDIER LEARNING BASKET
The final letter is devoted to domestic WEAVING
problems, such as the return home, the choice
of a wife , etc. He very wisely recommends and romance. Here speaks the dramatist
the returning son not to allow his family to
bewail his fate nor treat him like an in from his wisdom concerning the effervescence
valid . As to marriage he has two words of of human emotions:
caution — to look not for the mercenary fe - Resist such as these with all your strength . At
males who are tempted by the glitter of the the time such a person is doubtless sincere, but in
pension , and not to be tempted into espousing a year, or five years, or six, she will no longer
consider you a hero ; her sentimental crisis will
a damsel of higher social degree who may
10 may be past, and you will both be very unhappy,
offer her hand through an impulse of pity feeling the gulf between you.

COÖPERATIVE HOUSING OF MUNITION

WORKERS
M ANY large engineering and other fac- In one of the districts where large fac
Y tories have recently been erected in tories of Messrs. Vickers, the English ord
the rural districts of Great Britain to insure nance manufacturers, were located, it be
healthier environment and reduce the cost came necessary to provide accommodations
of living. A recent issue of Engineering for several thousand workers with their fami
(London ) shows how some of the problems lies. To have attempted the rapid erection
connected with this sudden expansion have of dwelling houses would have required the
been solved, and the results are interesting services of a number of builders and other
not only as bearing on a difficult social ques- laborers who were not available, and , fur
tion of the day, but as showing how an in - thermore , it would have locked up consider
dustrial community can be established with able capital in buildings which, in the future ,
the workers living in isolated dwellings, yet possibly would not be needed in that par
with coöperative means of supplying food ticular district for such numbers of work
and other domestic services. people. Accordingly the plan of housing
558
W
THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
adopted was to secure certain public build - than to go out to licensed places. A compre
ings and to rent all available large private hensive charge was arranged for each per
houses, even those in isolated locations and son , including all supplies, use of furniture,
to convert them into flats or small dwelling table linen , gas, cooking and food. The
apartments with one or two bedrooms and a schedule of charges was as follows:
sitting-room , or into separate cubicles. Other PER WEEK
buildings were transformed into canteens or £ $. d .
restaurants and large recreation rooms. One Single men . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 0 18 6 ( $ 4 .6293)
of the largest buildings became a hospital Married couples . . .. . . . . . . . 1 100 ( $ 7.50 )
with 200 beds, a fully equipped operating Children
ents,
living with par
boys or girls, up to
room , and all necessary accessories. This eight years old . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 6 ( $ 1 .12 /2 )
was found to be particularly advantageous, Children living with par
as so many of the civic hospitals had been ents, boys or girls, be
taken over for wounded soldiers. tween eight and fourteen . . 0 5 6 ( $ 1 .3712)
Children living with par
In no cases were the large buildings ar ents , girls, between four
ranged as dormitories for the mechanics and teen and eighteen . . .. . . . . 0 14 0 ($ 3.50 )
other workers ; as a general rule , each pre- Women over eighteen . . . . . . 0 14 0 ($ 3 .50 )
ferred at least a separate cubicle of his or Boys between fourteen and
her own , and some proper form of division eighteen . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 0 14 0 ($ 3 .50 )
had to be made of the single men, single In some cases where highly educated
women , young boys, young girls, and mar- women were employed a special hostel was
ried couples with and without families. In maintained where the charge was 18 shillings
this division due care had to be exerted to ($ .50 ) per week.
keep the different nationalities apart or under The transportation of the various workers
harmonious conditions. In some cases a mar - was also a problem , as there were no train
ried couple with a family would take charge or trolley services , so that twenty -eight large
of a dwelling house, keeping the first floor motor omnibuses, each capable of accommo
and looking after the lodgers on the second. dating forty workers, were maintained to
In other cases a dwelling house would be carry the workers to and from the factory at
divided into Aats, and various forms of a rate of one-half pence ( one cent) per mile .
arrangement were made. In some cases A special garage for these omnibuses was 120
kitchens were provided in the general hostels, feet wide by 75 feet deep, their maintenance
and meals were served to the lodgers either presenting a problem in itself.
in their lodgings or at the works canteen In addition to the material care of the
when they were on duty . The vegetable working people, the social and religious over
gardens possessed by the larger houses were sight was not neglected , and a chaplain was
used in connection with the commissary de- appointed , who had had considerable experi
partment and, in addition , a large farm was ence with working people and
secured whose development was systematic - quainted with their work. The chaplain 's
ally carried on . A central cooking and cater- duties included , among other matters, the
ing department was organized , which pro - settlement of disputes among the families
vided the furnishing of cooking and other living in each hostel, attendance on the chil
necessary appliances for the separate houses, dren , the organizing of concerts and recrea
as well as for preparing food when it was tion , and general assistance in promoting the
not cooked on the premises. As the area welfare of the people. A theater and a con
covered by the various hostels was 120 square cert hall with an organ were erected and
miles and food had to be served over this suitable entertainments were organized, even
area, a fleet of motor vehicles was main - on Sunday, to which the workers were
tained so that the various dishes could be brought in the motor omnibuses mentioned .
kept hot in transit while being distributed An experienced market gardener was
to the various houses. charged with the oversight of the gardens
Canteens were built at the works to feed connected with the two hundred hostels and
the men and women actually at work with the residents were encouraged to raise as
a minimum of delar; while the wives and many vegetables and fruits as possible , and
families of the workers were supplied with also flowers, prizes being offered for the
finod at their homes. In addition mineral mest artistic displays
waters and beer were furnished , as it was Evperiments in cooperative housekeeping
believed that by distributing beer the men such as described , are beginning to be com
would be inclined to remain at home rather mon in Great Britain .
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 559

A SPANISH -PORTUGUESE UNION

THE aimsof a truly national foreign pol
1 icy for Spain are set forth by Señor Eloy

LA
Luis André in Nuestro Tiempo. First and BERLIN

TLA
foremost in his opinion comes a federal union PARIS

NT
of the two nations dividing the Iberian Pen LISBON MADRID
insula . This, he declares, should be secured TANGIER
at any cost short of a resort to violent means.

I
OČ
He finds that the existing disunion of senti SAHARA

C
ST.LOUIS
ment between Spain and Portugal has been
fostered and sustained by France and Eng H
PAKAR
EATHURST
land, and can only be remedied by breaking
the ties that bind Portugal to England' s im
perial policy, and by freeing the culture of
that land from the influence exercised by the
teachings of Voltaire, and Comte .
A most important result of the union of
the two countries would be a solution of the * PERNAMBUCO
problems connected with their African col
onial possessions, and also with those regard
ing the nations that were founded by them
in America.
Señor André does not hesitate to call Spain
and Portugal the only legitimate heirs of the RIO DE JANEIRO
Roman and Latin spirit, which they assimi THE NATURAL ROUTE FROM EUROPE TO SOUTH
lated, while not ceasing to be Celtiberians, AMERICA
and he thinks that this precious inheritance ( This map shows the importance of Northeast Africa to
can only be preserved by their union . Spain and Portugal)
It has been said that the lesser European
nations tend to gravitate toward the greater and assure themselves of the control of this
To profit by this tendency , Spain must de- route, it is destined to become the connecting
velop a potent individuality and independ- link between the Iberian civilizations of
ence, and must cease to be subservient to Europe and America.
French bankers and English merchants. If The three South American republics asso
a nation of from twenty to twenty-five mil- ciated in the so -called A B C alliance, which
lion inhabitants is not a nation of the first gives unity of action to the policy of Argen
rank, this is because it lacks the will to be tina , Brazil, and Chile , can serve as models.
so . With the weakening of the power, of With the disappearance of all schemes of con
France and England in Europe the chances quest or aggression of the one upon the other ,
of a union between Spain and Portugal will there will eventually be realized an ideal
increase. union of twenty republics constituting a
The writer, who is evidently disposed to strong, prosperous, and highly civilized cen
trust in an eventual triumph of the Central tre of Spanish culture in the New World.
Powers, believes that while favoring a con - However, the connection between the new
solidated and strengthened Islam , they will and the old regions of Iberian civilization
none the less be compelled to set certain should not only concern ideals, should not
limits to the development of pan -Islamism . only be one depending on a common lan
Nevertheless , the preservation of the com - guage ; the bond should also be an economic
mon interests of Spain and Portugal in one and should include all the forms of
North Africa will require their united and Hispano -American culture.
harmonious action . The control of the In England and the United States the
Straits of Gilbraltar, and of northeastern writer sees the chief obstacles to the spread
Africa interests the Spanish and Portuguese of Spanish influence in America. This he
more than any other peoples. Not only is attributes in good part to the overreadiness of
this region of prime importance in itself, but the Spanish- Americans themselves to adopt
it offers the natural route to South America. foreign ideas and customs. To consolidate
If Spain and Portugal are able to initiate their national qualities and independence,
and maintain a comprehensive foreign policy , they must follow a common policy as to im
 560 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
migration , rendering it possible for the immi- African railroad from Ceuta to Alexandria ;
grant to become part of the new country , the maintenance of a balance of power be
and making him feel that his savings con - tween the Germanic and the Latin nations;
tribute to the productivity and wealth of the a common understanding to resist the spread
land in which he has taken up his abode. If of Pan -Islamism ; African colonization , Spain
the European emigrant is held aloof from and Portugal being accorded a sphere of in
those of native birth , there will never arise in Auence from Oran to Cape Verde ; the main
South America nationalities worthy to per- tenance of a continental and intercontinental
petuate Spanish civilization, that civilization equilibrium in the Straits of Gibraltar. In
to which South American countries owe their the Atlantic : the abatement of England's
life and being, with all their defects and all power, for it is that country which stands in
their virtues . What matter if Spanish be the way of Portugal's union with Spain ;
the language of this score of republics, when emancipation from the cultural influence of
their economic and spiritual standards are France, a country whose interests in Africa
not Spanish ? are opposed to those of Spain , and which
Recapitulating the requirements of Spain 's views with disfavor any aggrandizement of
foreign policy, Señor André states them , in Spain ; lastly, the encouragement of good re
the main , as follows: In the Mediterranean , lations with the Spanish - American republics,
free commercial intercourse with the Orient, laying greater stress upon the Spanish quality
to assure which there should be a trans- than upon the wider Latin quality .

MOONSCAPES
THE surface of the moon as a field of effect was heightened, as he says, by the
I exploration has attracted an astronomer dazzling whiteness and clear-cut shadows,
at Port Clyde, Me., Mr. Russell W . Porter, the desolation , and the loneliness .
who contributes to the October number of Although the main features and heights
Popular Astronomy (Northfield , Minn. ) were plotted by the rules of perspective, Mr.
several drawings of "moonscapes ” made to Porter claims for his "moonscapes” no great
represent the moon 's scenery as it might ap- degree of accuracy. In fact, he is willing
pear to an observer " from some crater-lip or to have them regarded as “ Aights of fancy."
the vast expanse of one of her sea- floors.” They do, however, represent what the tele
Mr. Porter has spent many years above scope revealed to him . The height of the
the Arctic Circle and in his observations of eye was assumed arbitrarily , as well as the
the moon through a sixteen -inch reflector, direction and height of the sun .
he was struck by the likeness of the general As compared with the ghastly whiteness
aspect of lunar scenery to that of our own of the moon 's surface, Mr. Porter has de
polar regions. One of his “moonscapes," re- veloped a fuller appreciation of our own
produced herewith , seems to show a counter- atmosphere with its softening tints and haze,
part of the long reaches of the Aoes in the clouds and color. Lunar scenery, on the
polar ocean traversed by immense pressure other hand, is made up of masses of intense
ridges and tidal cracks. Moreover, the white against an inky sky.

A MOONSCAPE DRAWN BY RUSSELL W . PORTER

 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 561
561

LATENT MICROBISM AND ITS

DANGERS
M A NY a man who has recovered from erally contaminated, the tissues react by endeav
I a severe wound still retains within oring to protect the rest of the organism by
means of the fabrication of a sort of fibrous shell
his body some foreign substance, such as a or case around the intruder. At the same time
bullet, a fragment of shell, or a bit of metal, there is suppuration due to the proliferation of
cloth , or earth . Even in this day of the the microbes. It happens then that there may
X -ray this may occur, since in the case of a be nests of microbes or spores within this fibrous
bad wound, or one which is suppurating shell or even imbedded in its walls.
If the suppuration is checked and suppressed
freely , or where the intruding object is deep- either by antiseptics or by the action of the white
ly imbedded, or located in an awkward place , blood corpuscles, the wound may be healed and
the surgeon may prefer to secure the healing cicatrized ; nevertheless the nests of microbes in
the fibrous shell may retain their vitality though
of the wound and the restoration of the pa remaining latent because of conditions unfavor
tient's strength before undertaking the neces able to development. But as soon as the wound
sary operation for its removal. is reopened for the extraction of the projectile
they are liberated and revived ; they begin to
Sometimes this subsequent operation is fol pullulate and the wound suppurates afresh
lowed by infection in spite of the greatest despite aseptic precautions.
precaution as to aseptic care . Such infec
tion was considered by Verneuil to be due MM . Lècene and Trovin do not rest
to latentmicrobism , i.e., the presence of nocu content with this explanation that such a
ous germs on the foreign body, which re wound begins to suppurate because of the
mained quiescent until the circumstances of germs which it has retained. They make a
the operation produced conditions favorable special recommendation that in cases where
to their development. This view has now the wounded man had suffered from tetanus
been supported by careful investigation on no fresh operation should be performed upon
the part of MM . Lècene and Trovin . The him even after complete recovery without a
Bibliothèque Universelle (Lausanne ) pre preliminary injection of antitetanic serum .
sents an abstract of their report on the sub Otherwise the surgeon may see his patient
ject before the French Academy of Sciences: die, in spite of the technical success of the
In what does latent microbism consist ? It is operation , and this though months may have
that in wounds containing a foreign body gen - elapsed since the original infection .

AFRICAN SONGS
A RECENT number of the Gartenlaube of the great empire, and to -day the farthest
I ( Berlin ) contains an interesting ac- echoes resound with its accents .
count of the music improvised among savage airsIt iswithbecoming very difficult to recognize native
certitude. When the colored soldiers
tribes. It is these improvisations on the spur return to their homes they carry the regimental
of the moment from which the truest idea of tunes with them , and their fellow -citizens imme
the native music can be obtained , since the diately learn these and repeat them incessantly.
quick ear of the negro enables him to catch There is scarcely any occasion when the white
man can seize upon an authentic improvisation
European melodies from chance contacts, and except when one is made in his own honor while
these rapidly pervade the country and pass upon the march .
from group to group. • At a certain moment the negro possessed of the
most vigorous voice, whether it rings true or not,
We have long known that negroes have a par. commences a recitatif, broken at regular intervals
ticular predilection for music. They sing all the by refrains chanted in chorus by the entire cara
time, everywhere, apropos of everything. It is, van . The European who conducts the caravan is
indeed , of very great interest to observe how the the hero of the song, and no eulogy is adjudged
art of song aids a race which can neither read too magnificent for him .
nor write to preserve the memory of certain If he is a man of gentleness and peace, he
events. Thus there was composed at Stanley hears himself praised as a formidable warrior
Falls, a few years ago, a song called O Lupembe, who has slain hundreds of thousands of men. If
in honor of the major then resident. As surely he is short and lean he is described as a colossal
and as rapidly as the most popular of our own giant. If he has killed a few wild beasts he is
refrains this song spread over the whole extent acclaimed as a Gargantua. . . .
Nov . - 7
 562 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
THE CAREER OF MOUNET -SULLY
W E have already published in these powerfully moved by the mood they endeavor
pages a brief account of the youth of planning to revive tragedy, which had lan
the famous French tragedian , Mounet-Sully, guished since the time of Talma, and was
for whom life's final curtain fell on the first having a hard time finding actors with suit
day of March . There now comes to hand able gifts. Bressant introduced Mounet
an admirable résumé of the chief events in Sully, and he made his début there in Orestes
his career in the biographical article in the on July 4, 1872.
September number of Larousse Mensuel As at the Odéon he moved the public power
( Paris ) . fully, but most of the dramatic critics made seri
We quote first this excellent description of ous reservations in their praises. He was re
his striking personality : proached with neglecting the " traditions," with
disorder in his playing, with strange inflections of
This artist had admirable physical endow voice, and with the aspect of an Arab or Moorish
ments — an imposing figure, a noble bearing and marauder.
gait, harmonious gestures, and a profound aspect,
veiled later with a tragic sadness. This trage Similar criticisms greeted the parts as
dian , who was a sculptor in his hours of leisure, sumed in the next few years, such as Rod .
modeled his own person in Olympian attitudes. rigue in The Cid ; Hippolyte in Phèdre, and
But he was also able, on occasion , to quit these Néron in Britannicus. However, he was not
hieratic poses, to leap and bend his body with
the suppleness of a great feline (as in Hamlet, only acclaimed by the public, but appreciated
for example). In the same manner, his voice, by the Comédie, which elected him sociétaire
ordinarily full, warm , and vibrant, was now at January 1 , 1874 . His career now was one
tenuated to a soft and languorous melopee, and of growing power and fame, gradually win
again swelled to a thunderous roar, or exacer
bated in inarticulate cries. ning the critics in such rôles as Jupiter in
Molière's Amphitryon, Hernani, Ruy Blas,
It was not until he had reached the age of etc .
twenty -three that Mounet-Sully 's mother He attained his apogee in August, 1881, in
gave her consent to the pursuit of a his Sophocles' Edipus, adapted by Jules Lacroix,
trionic career by her gifted son. He then and played in the ruins of the Roman amphi
went to Paris and, after studying three years theater at Orange. Criticism was disarmed . The
with Ballande, who had first inspired him spectators had a vision of antique beauty, and
Mounet-Sully marvelously created in Edipus
with enthusiasm for the actor's art when a the man who revolts against divine hate , and is
boy of fourteen , was able to enter the Con subsequently crushed . The piece was later staged
servatoire. Here he was in the classes of the at the Comédie.
distinguished comedian , Bressant, who had This rôle remained his crowning achieve
little sympathy for Mounet 's ambitions to ment, continuing in his repertoire to the end
enact tragedy, which he adjudged a dead of his career and received with immense en
form of art. thusiasm . In 1886 he achieved a new tri
The young actor was engaged at the umph in a version of Hamlet adapted by
Odéon , and played at first only small rôles Dumas and Meurice.
in comedies. Then came a sudden chance to It was not the Hamlet of English tradition, but
substitute in the role of Orestes in Andro - rather that which Goethe defined in Wilhelm
Meister, and which our romanticists have ac
maque. He played the part with extraordi cepted ; a character simpler, clearer, more intel
nary fire and passion , taking the public by ligible to French taste. Herein Mounet-Sully ex
storm , but disgusting his directors, who con pressed a delicious melancholy and languor.
sidered his performance wild and crazy. Légion Mounet-Sully became an officer of the
Shortly after , the war of '70 broke out, and coveted d'Honneur,
membership
but failed to obtain the
in the Académie, " in
the actor took part in sterner scenes as flag.
lieutenant of the troops of Dordogwe (where spite of the dignity of his life and his religious
cult of beauty . " Like most men of genius he
he had been born, February 27, 1841 ).
When he returned to Paris the Odéon de supplemented his native gifts by profound
clined to re -engage him , which so disheart studies.
He had followed at the School of Fine Arts
ened him that he was about to renounce the Heuzey's lectures on antique drapery. He knew
theater and seek self-expression as a painter. thoroughly the museums of France, Spain, and
Luckily he had the idea of calling on his for Italy. He had devoured all the archeologic docu
mer master, Bressant, at the Théâtre Fran ments relating to his rôles, and at times ventured
to restore the veritable historic figure of the per
çais. As it happened, just at this time Emile sonages he portrayed , in defiance of the author
Perrin , administrator of the Comédie, was himself,
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 563
This tragedian is an eminent example of son he strongly objected to applause in the
that school of actors who are themselves course of an act, saying it interrupted the il
to portray. He was literally " possessed” by lusion self-created in his own mind. Indeed
his rôle, giving himself up to the emotions of he often declared that it was for himself that
his character , dropping his own personality he played , and not for the play-going pub
to be reincarnated in another. For this rea - lic merely.

A REVOLUTIONARY MUSICAL GENIUS

DROBABLY to the vast majority of he says, makes three divisions of Scriabin 's
I music -lovers and devotees in the United total contribution to instrumentalmusic : ( 1)
States the name of Alexander Nikolaevich The Apprenticeship Works (Op. 1 to 18 ),
Scriabin is practically unknown - certainly but still worthy of full respect, since they are
the works of this Russian revolutionary have all highly finished pieces, “ all are clever and
not yet been made familiar in America. But original in melody” and “ full of fancy, de
that they will be brought to attention here light and beauty ” ; (2) The Middle Period
with increasing frequency is altogether likely, (Op. 19 to 49 ), comprising works that “ show
for the musical world is awakening to an the full personality and genius of Scriabin ” ;
interest in this new music. In his short life and ( 3 ) The full consummation of Scria
of forty -three years, which came to a sudden bin's genius (Op. 51 to 74 ) , works that
end in April, 1915 , Scriabin produced more “ represent his ripest discoveries along the un
than four hundred instrumental pieces, large explored tracts which he had entered.” In
and small, the whole - contribution of his his youth Scriabin was most strongly influ
unique genius, as published, being comprised enced by the music of the Polish composer
in seventy - four numbered “Works." The Chopin - in the first five Opus numbers
REVIEW OF REVIEWS for June, 1915 , con- " everything is clearly seen through Chopin 's
tained a brief account of his attempt to com - mind.” But from that point his progress
pose " color music ," as exemplified in a dar- was a steady evolution .
ing combination of sounds and colors called His final achievements, completely revolu
" Prometheus — A Poem of Fire." tionary in character as they appear when faced
The October issue of the Musical Quar singly, were all approached through a perfectly
terly (New York ) brings “ A Survey of the natural and logical development. As soon as he
Pianoforte Works of Scriabin ,” by A . Eagle reached his own full individuality - his own musi
field Hull, of Huddersfield , England, which cal expression freed from the influences of the
great men who had gone before, he planted his
will be found of lively interest by music feet firmly on the road towards his object. This
lovers in general as well as by votaries of the took place about Opus 19 (the Second Sonata ),
piano. Professor Hull says at the outset: written in 1890 at the age of eighteen . From this
point, free of all trammels, he started forth on
No revolution in musical art- perhaps in the he the quest which called imperatively to him , and
whole history of the arts in general- is more strik anycontinued steadfastly to the end, never making
concession to the public. ..
ing than that effected by Alexander Scriabin , the
great musical genius of the Russia of to -day . His
innovations were so many-sided, so far-reaching, After detailing some of the technical pecu
and so completely revolutionary that I cannot liarities of the works as they succeeded one
hope to do any sort of justice to them in a single another from the composer's pen , and dis
article. When a musical genius feels himself
forced to abolish the major and the minor keys, cussing briefly Scriabin 's new system of har
thereby renouncing modulation (although retain mony, Mr. Hull continues:
ing tonality surely enough ), and when he builds
up all his harmony on a completely novel system , Scriabin founded no new scale ; English and
finally wedding all this new music (or shall we American writers have been led astray on this
say rather, attempting to do so ) to a new kind of point. He founded a new chord , which his disci
" Theosophy" (which grew out of it, so it is said ) ples have stupidly christened a “mystery chord .”
it will be seen at once that a whole book , and not There is no mystery about it. He simply selects
a single article, is needed to do justice to this the sounds he prefers from Nature's harmonic
composer's creations. For this reason I have chord and builds them up by fourths ! The re
chosen to write about the pianoforte works only ; sult is a chord of extreme interest and beauty.
and this in the briefest manner possible, as in . . . Scriabin adopts the system whole -heartedly
them the whole of Scriabin 's evolution and revo - and all that it involves- a veritable revolution
lution can be traced in a very remarkable way. in music. It includes the abolition of major and
minor modes ; the dispensing with key- signatures,
This writer, " with considerable diffidence ," the complete acceptance of the equal temperament
564 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
in tuning (never entirely done before, despite of Chopin. His works are much more truly
Bach 's " 48" ) , and so on . All this and more . . . pianistic than those of either Brahms or Schu
Scriabin was a king in the world of Absolute mann, from which composers Scriabin learnt
Music - Music free from any literal interpreta - much . The early works are now accepted
tion - Music - a thing of the Spirit - which takes classics in all our colleges and academies ; the
us to the edge of the Infinite." middle works, however, represent Scriabin in the
He founded all his basses and melodies most important and fascinating development of
on the Duodecuple Scale, which is a scale of 12 his rich personality. As to his final period , I
degrees a semitone apart, all the notes being of prefer to pick and choose amongst them . The
equal importance except one, the chosen Tonic. later sonatas will never become widely popular
If there be any other outstanding note with him , on account of their great technical difficulties, in
it is the 7th degree (the augmented 4th , or dimin - addition to the many baffling problems of inter
ished 5th ), which he uses as a sort of Dominant pretation . . .
or center of the Octave. The real value of his contribution to music
and this applies also to the beautiful Symphonies
After some further analysis of the later which - is the marvelous beauty and spirituality with
works, in exemplification of this composer's a singlehis music is always imbued . A man with
purpose, a thinker of great spiritual
nd harmonic style, the writer says : power, and a triumphant champion of the abso
lute music of idealism at the present time when
To sum up, we have in the pianoforte works of the whole world seems, at first sight, to be en
Scriabin a contribution only equalled (I am not gulfed in a great tidal wave of materialism
going to say surpassed ) by that of Beethoven and such a man is of inestimable value.

GERMAN MUSIC AFTER THE WAR

W ILL it be possible to maintain a spe- get along without their art, just as they can get
V y cies of boycott in matters of art as along without ours ; but why should one volun
well as in matters of commerce after the close tarily impoverish himself ?
Let us be frank ! Before the war we were the
of the present hostilities in Europe ? That servile admirers of foreign art; Saint-Saëns, Puc
is the interesting question which rises in one's cini, Debussy were quite spoiled by us, even
mind on the perusal of some remarks con though their music was not in accord with our
cerning the future of German music recently sentiments. German music had ceased to exist
for us; an artist was acclaimed when he sang
published in Die Musik (Berlin ) from the some foreign work ; but a German Lied was
pen of F . A . Giessler. heard with indifference. But now singers will
After expressing joy that the decadent art have to prove to us that they are familiar with
termed fin de siècle has perished from the our German repertory ; otherwise they may stay
face of the earth , " its empoisoned vapors dis - at home. We shall no longer need to blush at
the triumphal progress of an Yvette Guilbert !
sipated by the storm of war," he observes
that when the last gun has fired its last shot The critic says, further, that German au
the German people must devote its entire thors must choose German subjects, aban
attention to the development of physical and doning operettas with sensual books, and re
moral vigor in the arts of peace, eliminating habilitating the native Singspiel (musical
everything which negates the spirit of hero- comedy). Moreover, they must liberate
ism , and banishing all creations that are ef- themselves from the English and American
feminate in character. melodies which have been recently influenc
We shall return to classic music like that of ing songs, marches , and operettas. He re
Bach, Mozart, Beethoven , or Schubert; but above marks that these non -German motifs were as
all, we shall return to Richard Wagner, the su fashionable as English tailors and American
preme heroic composer.
Formerly he was characterized as a futurist; shoemakers. He even inquires why the Ger
mans should not have what he terms "musi.
let him retain that name, for it is he who must
dominate our music of the future ; it is he who cal protectionism .”
has familiarized us with the heroes of our an
cient Germania. Let us be grateful to him for Without going so far as certain chauvinists
having shown us the right road . It is he, more who would even change musical terms, such as
over , who is most detested in France, because he andante, allegro, etc ., under the pretext that they
is considered there the most German of our mu- are of Italian origin, we can suppress the French
sicians. titles which are now seen at the head of each
Wherever we are our music exerts its enchant- piece of music. And then , above all, let us no
ment. In the invaded cities of France and Bel- more make a commercial affair of music, accord
gium the people have crowded to our concerts. ing to the practise of certain impresarios ; let us
Our enemies dream of surrounding us with a seek talent and not money. . . . Then we shall
Chinese Wall, we the same. Certainly we can soon regain the musical domination of the world.
 THE NEW
LITERATURE AND ART
DOMAIN ROLLAND brings us the living
NHandel ’ in an intimate record of his life and
the masterly critique of his works, translated by
A . Eaglefield Hall. His vivid characterization of
Handel is as remarkable a bit of literary portrait
ure as the dissection of Handel's operas, instru
mental works, oratorios, and clavier pieces is as
musical criticism . Rolland emphasizes the im
mense virtuosity and virility of the composer, and
compares his tragic art to the tragic art ofGreece.
There are four musical illustrations, four pic
tures, and an index.
" Defoe: How to Know Him ," ? by Prof. William
P. Trent, presents a fascinating study of the life
and writings of the man who has become identi
fied in the passage of time with a solitary figure
of his great literary output, " Robinson Crusoe."
The author confesses his record of Defoe's life
and work to be defective, on account of his ex -
traordinary and tangled career, and because of
his enormous " copiousness and versatility.” It
is not generally known that Defoe was in his
day a champion of women 's education , and their
fair treatment and the development of their indi
viduality . In his “ Essay on Projects,” published
in 1697, he broached a plan for “ An Academy for
Women." The various aspects of Defoe will
attract all classes of readers. He was the most
copious writer of his day, and reflected his age
with marvelous accuracy ; he was journalist, poli
tician , economist, satirist, historian, moralist, and
novelist.
“ Saints' Legends," : by Gordon Hall Gerould ,
gives an account of the part that saints' legends
have played in English literature. The identical
human psychology that is evidenced in the pop
ular worship of saints and heroes placed the
type permanently in our literature, flooding the
writings of certain periods with a passionate
warmth that gave solace and inspiration , and
resolved into moral force. Professor Gerould 's
book is unique, scholarly, and of vivid interest to
all students of literature, churchmen , and those
who appreciate sidelights on the historical per
spective of the English -speaking race. It is pub
lished in the " Types of English Literature Series,"
edited by William Allan Neilson , of Harvard .
The Italian literary conquest of England is
skilfully portrayed in a volume by Mary Augusta
Scott, " Elizabethan Translations from the
Italian," published in the Vassar Semi-Centennial
Series. This book will be exceedingly useful to
students of literature, to Shakespearean scholars,
and to all who are interested in the resplendent
Elizabethan period of English thought the spa
1 Handel. By Romain Rolland . Holt ... ? 11 PB: Franti
? Defoe: How to Know Him By
Bobbs-Merrill. 329 pp. $ 1 .25.. .
Willia m
* Saints' Legends. "By Gordon
ton , Mifflin . 393 pp. $ 1 .50. Hall Gerould . Hough.
Elizabethan Translations from the Italian . By
Mary Augusta Scott. Houghton, Mifflin . 558 pp. $ 1.75.
BOOKS
cious times of great Elizabeth .” Of all the for
eign influences that filtered into this fresh flower
ing of English genius, the author finds the Italian
the strongest and the most far-reaching. ' Miss
Scott is professor of English and literature ‘at
Smith College. The most excellent divisions of
the material and the index of titles and transla
tors will greatly assist the student.
The special number of the International Studio,
" Shakespeare in Pictorial Art," is one of the most
gratifying volumes lovers of Shakespeare can
possess. Upwards of seventy -five artists are rep
resented in this book, and private collections and
public galleries have been ransacked for rare
prints and engravings. John S . Sargent's magnifi
cent portrait of Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth is
reproduced in color, and Corot, Delacroix, Ros
setti, Hoppner, Romney, William Blake, and Ed
win Abbey are among the artists whose work is
reproduced . The excellent text is the work of
Malcolm C . Salaman, edited by Charles Holme.
A critical study of Henry David Thoreauº gives
us the philosophical side of the character of the
great nature-lover, his genius for the specific, the
definiteness of personality which the author, Mark
Van Doren , finds most significant to culture. A
remarkable, well-written book, a treasure for
students, and of fresh and universal interest to
the general reader.
There was a period in the development of Rus
sian civilization when all the edifices were built
of wood and when types of architecture and cer
tain social adjustments of life were regulated by
the necessary limitations of building materials .
Rosa Newmarch, in her historical survey of the
progress of Russian art,' devotes space to so-called
wooden Russia," and then proceeds to modern
architecture, decoration and iconography, illumi
nation and engraving, official art, painting, sacred
art, sculpture, and the " new art." The strikingly
beautiful illustrations render this book doubly
attractive. An excellent gift-book for anyone
interested in matters appertaining to Russia.
" Pierre Nozière," 8 by Anatole France, trans
lated by J. Lewis May, and edited by Frederick
Chapman, consists of three books, " Childhood ,"
" Notes Written by Pierre Nozière in the Mar
gin of His Big Plutarch ,” and “ Pierre Nozière's
Travels in France." The " travels" are espe
cially pleasing. They conduct the reader to
“ Saint-Valery -sur Somme, to Notre Dame de
Liesse, Brittany, to Pierrefonds,” and “ The Little
Town” (Vernon ).
Shakespeare in Pictorial Art. John Lane. Illus
trated , 183 pp . $ 2 . 50 .
Henry David Thoreau. $By1.25.Mark Van Doren .
. 138_ pp.Rose Newmarch. Dutton .
? The MifflinArt."
Houghton,Russian By
293 pp. $2.
2838 Pierre
Nozière. By Anatole France. John Lane.
pp. $ 1.75.
565
 566 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
IRELAND IN LETTERS AND DRAMA
TOR those who like to wander in the shadow -
land of Celtic folklore, that background of
Irish literature and also of political turbulence,
there is Lady Gregory's book, “ Visions and Be-
liefs in the West of Ireland," a volume patiently
gathered from the lips of the peasants and written
down with insight and the self-effacement of the
true artist.
From the Irish dramatist and poet, Padraic
Colum , we have a volume of plays. The strik-
ing sentence Mr. Weygandt has written of Mr.
Colum , in " Irish Plays and Playwrights,” de -
scribes the nature of the material of these plays.
" Subtleties and complexities, decadent things are
not for him , but simplicities, primordial things,
the love of wandering, and what is only less old,
the love of land ; and love of woman . These
three things, and youth , and little else concern
him .” “ The Fiddler's House," produced under
the title " Broken Soil," at the Abbey Theater, has
for its motive the love of land. " Thomas Mus-
kerry" is the story of an Irishman who wants a
place to be quiet in , where the nagging tongues
of his relatives cannot reach him , a story of the
misery of a life that lies between two freedoms
and fails of either. “ The Land," the third play
in this volume, depicts a struggle between wan-
derlust and love of the land. A woman 's love
casts the balance on the side of the land .
For the last decade the study of Irish literature
has enormously increased, owing to the Irish
literary renaissance and to certain political agi
tations which have focused interest upon Ire
land. A certain sorrowful interest will attach
itself to the work of the late Thomas MacDonagh ,
" Literature in Ireland," 3 because of his execution
as one of the leaders of the Sinn Fein revolt.
The author held certain beliefs about Irish litera .
ture, namely, that Anglo - Irish literature could
come only when English had become the lan- plays.
THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION
M R . GEORGE MOORE'S story of the life of
MIChrist, " The Brook Kerith ,” * a work of un -
questioned power and great imagination , builds,
with all the artifice of superb literary craftsman
ship, a plausible narrative of the life of Jesus of
Nazareth based upon the legend that Jesus did not
die on the cross. According to “ The Brook Kerith ” .
he was resuscitated by Joseph of Arimathea, who
found him alive in the sepulchre, and lay hidden
in his house until the healing of his wounds made
it possible for him to return to the Essene monas-
tery, where his early years had been spent, and
resume his humble occupation as shepherd of the
· Visions and Beliefs in the West of Ireland. By
Lady Gregory . Putnam 's. $ 3 .
* Three Plays. By Padraic Colum . Little, Brown
Co. $ 1 . 25.
Literature
Stokes. 248 ppin. Ireland.
$ 2 . 75. By Thomas MacDonagh. practical,
* The Golden
117 pp . $ 1 .25.
Apple. By Lady Gregory. Putnam 's. Hemakes
5 Duty and Other Irish Comedies.
O 'Brien. Little, Brown. 134 pp. $ 1 .25.
By Seumas
& The Brook Kerith . By George Moore. Macmillan.
486 pp . $ 1. 50.
guage of the Irish people mainly of Gaelic stock,
and that in Ireland the English tongue has a
distinct and separate individuality of its own,
for the most part due to the rhythms of Irish
phrasing. Selections are freely given to illus
trate his beliefs, and he discusses the works of
young Irish writers, among others W . B . Yeats,
Padraic Colum , Joseph Plunkett, P . H . Pearse,
Dora Sigerson, and the Hon . Emily Lawless. The
whole constitutes a brilliant and fearless survey
of Anglo -Irish literature, to the end of acquaint
ing us with its inner beauties and peculiar quali
ties.
Lady Gregory's play for children in Kiltartan ,
" The Golden Apple,"i* illustrates MacDonagh's
statements about the peculiar individuality of the
English tongue as used by the Irish. Although,
when his book was written , he had not thought
that Lady Gregory's work could be definitely
placed in the consideration of modern Irish liter
ature, still the reader will find that the rhythms
he mentions and the chant-like, unaccentuated fall
of words that makes for music in Irish prose are
fairly abundant in this play. The story relates
the search of the son of the king of Ireland for
the Apple of Healing. The book is attractively
bound, and has full-page illustrations in color by
Margaret Gregory .
“ Duty, and Other Irish Comedies," 5 by Seumas
O 'Brien, presents five sprightly Irish plays that
give us types of Irishmen that are very similar
to types of American-born Irish ; not the man
who is overborne by the past, but the merry,
witty, hilarious, inconsistent Irishman who is
flesh and blood. “ Duty" was performed by the
Irish Players during their tour in 1914. It is a
delightful tale of the enforcement of the Sunday
closing liquor law in a country public -house.
These plays are remarkably good as reading
flocks of sheep that grazed upon the hills over
looking the Jordan. The characterization of the
Essene monks, of Jesus' disciples, the cunning of
the colloquial interpretation of sacred events, the
convincing picture of life in Jerusalem , and the
masterly portrait of Paul from a literary point of
view will atone for Moore's Jesus of Nazareth .
Dr. R . Warren Conant's story of the life of
Jesus of Nazareth , “ The Virility of Christ," ' inter
prets the practical values of Christ teachings with
the end in view of attracting the average man
back into the church and active Christian life.
He reveals Jesus as the exponent of the strenuous
life, who upheld that the primary purpose of
man 's creation was the evolution of initiative,
judgment, and power, the Super-Brother of the
everyday striving man of high ideals.
it clear that Jesus understood the tragic
struggle for sheer existence and confined his hu
? The Virility of Christ. By Dr. R . Warren Conant
Chicago. 350 pp .
 THE NEW BOOKS
mility largely to the realm of spirit. Whether
you agree or disagree with Dr. Conant, his book
presents a helpful and stimulating re-statement
of Christian doctrine. Forty short chapters give
hints for sermons and Bible lessons for the use
of students, teachers, and preachers. These are
suggestive and illustrative.
567
"Essays on the Catholic Life” ? present in a vig
orous manner many of the leading phases of
Catholic thought. " The Office and Function of
Poetry," " What Is Criticism ," and “ The Irish
Dramatic Movement" are excellently conceived
and well written . Other subjects are, as the
author states, of vital concern to Catholics.

POETRY OF THE DAY

" THE Golden Book of Sonnets,” a selected by
I William Robertson, will tempt every buyer
of poetry. It contains two hundred and fifty son
nets, beginning with Sir Thomas Wyatt and
continuing down to the present day, to Henry
Newboldt, St. John Adcock, and the Hon. Maurice
Baring. While many readers will undoubtedly
miss some favorite lines, this collection is the
best sonnet anthology in print. The volume is
beautifully made, with wide margins, very white a better understanding and closer touch. The
paper, decorations and excellent typographical
proportions. The frontispiece is a drawing in
pen and ink by Willie Pogany.
BU
If the Dons sight Devon, I'll quit the port of
Heaven
An' drum them up the Channel as we drummed
them long ago."
"Songs and Ballads from Over the Sea" 5 is a
compilation , by E . A . Helps, of the poems of the
British colonial possessions, inspired by patriotic
sentiment, that attempts to bring the colonies into
fields covered are those of patriotic, legendary,
and historical verse, descriptive lyrics, ballads,
and poems of the imagination. Readers may be

fairly familiar with much of the Canadian poetry

" Tragedies," : by Arthur Symons, contains a in this volume, but the poetry culled from Aus
Cornish tragedy in three acts in verse, entitled tralian sources, from New Zealand and South
Africa will compensate with its freshness, virility
" The Harvesters," and two one-act plays, “ The and
Death of Agrippina" and " Cleopatra in judea.” originality of theme. It is a splendid col
The first is an elemental thing of light and lection that everyone will like to own.
shadow and the brooding, mysterious forces of
nature, the tragedy of a Cornish "Mary " who " The Golden Threshold," a second volume of
kills the man who refuses to father his own child . the poems of the East Indian poetess Sarojini
The second etches the figure of Agrippina against Naidu, are published with an introduction by Ar
the sinister background of the paranoiac psychol thur Symons. The contents are divided into
ogy of Nero ; and the third -- and best of the three three sections: Folk Songs, Songs for Music, and
- shows us the matching of wits between King Poems. The song, " Alabaster,” gives the poet's
Herod of Judea and Cleopatra . It is conceived in own description of her art :
Symons' true vein of poesy, which is neither of
earth nor of heaven, but of a floating inter "Like this alabaster box whose art
mediary plane where delicate, overlapping images Is frail as cassia - flower, is my heart
and sounds, subtle, half -barbaric, create definite Carven with delicate dreams and wrought
illusion in the mind. With many a subtle and exquisite thought.
Henry Newboldt's collected poems may be had Therein I treasure the spice and scent
in a neat pocket volume bound in blue cloth. His Of rich and passionate memories blent
patriotic verses have recently come into great Like odors of cinnamon , sandal and clove,
prominence, and his stirring ballads of the sea Of song and sorrow , life and love."
have become the songs of the British Navy. Kip Selections from the author's prose, which is
ling never wrote a better ballad than “ Drake's even more musical and distinguished than her
Drum ,” which was sung between the acts of the poesy, are given in the preface, also a biograph
revival of the play “ Drake," by Sir Beerbohm ical sketch of her unusual career. The frontis
Tree, in September, 1914. The second stanza piece is a pencil portrait of Sarojini Naidu by
runs as follows: J. B . Yeats.
Drake he was a Devon man, and ruled the The collected poems? of Arthur Peterson, pub
Devon seas, lished in a single volume, include “ The Divan
(Capten, art tha sleepin ' there below ? ), and Songs of New Sweden,” “ Penrhyn 's Pil .
Rovin ' tho his death fell, he went wi' heart at grimage," " Sea Grasses," and a new series,
ease,
And dreamin ' arl the time o' Plymouth Hoe. "Waifs and The Recluse."
“ Take my drum to England, hang et by 'thelowshore,
; The intangible wonder that excites our rever
Strike et when your powder's runnin ence for the dawning of a new and partly inex
1 Essays on the Catholic Life. By Thomas O 'Hagan. plicable intelligence is caught in nets of thistle
John Murphy Pub . Co. 166 pp. 75 cents.
? The Golden Book of Sonnets. Selected by William 5 Songs and Ballads from Over the$ 1 .Sea
25 . . Compiled
Robertson , J. B . Lippincott Company. 260 pp. $1 .25. A . Helps. Dutton . 3
*** The Golden Threshold . By Sarojini Naidu. John
3 Tragedies. By Arthur Symons. John Lane. 151
pp. $ 1 . 50 .
*** Henry Newboldt's Collected Poems. Thomas Ne son Lane. 98 pp. Poems.
7Collected $1. Arthur Peterson. Putnam 's.
and Sons. 266 pp, 50 cents . 320 pp. $1.25.
568 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
down poesy by Katherine Howard in " The Lit. “Mothers and Men," by Harold Trowbridge
tle God." i This volume of child verse for grown- Pulsifer, is the latest green -clad voiume of the
ups, dedicated to the Poetry Society of America, New Poetry Series. The poems of the first sec
unfolds a series of quaint sayings of childhood, tion are exceptionally beautiful tributes to mother
strung like pearls on the silver strings of meters hood . The poem , " The Conquest of the Air," a
as untrammeled as are vagrant breezes. They superb piece of versification, was awarded the
reflect the curious prescience so often observed Lloyd McKim Garrison prize by Harvard Col
in very young children, the shadowing forth lege.
of the future, the imperious and prophetic ges
ture of the oversoul. "Grandmere," "Midnight,” If Heinrich Heine' had been writing of the
“ Strange Faces," and " Butterflies" are among theNorth Sea to- day, he would probably not have
best of the collection . The book is illustrated by
produced the melodious lyrics of the first and
the author with whimsical pen -and- ink sketches, second cycles of poems of the North Sea pub
drawings of Howers, deftly given elfin faces and lished in 1825 and 1827. These cycles have been
personality by the exaggeration of their natural translated by Howard Mumford Jones, with par
markings that suggest human likeness. ticular attention to Heine's rhythmic scheme and
accentual system . Mr. Jones has written a most
excellent preface, and wisely printed the German
Mrs. Laura F. Gilbert has translated into Eng text
lish the " Rime Nuove," ? of Giosue Carducci, re makes on pages facing the English version , which
taining the original meters so far as possible. the book of great value to students,
The Italian poet Carducci was a son of the " Poems of the Great War," s by J. W . Cun
Tuscan physician and Manzonian, Michele Car
ducci. He attained honor and fame, and be liffe, is a symposium of the notable poems writ
ten since 1914, that are related to the war. Al.
came known as one of the poets of " Italia Ir fred Noyes, John Masefield , Rupert Brooke, Lin
redenta." In 1906 , he received the Nobel prize
for literature. Upon the occasion of his death , coln , Colcord, Hermann Hagedorn , Owen Sea
in 1907, Chiarini wrote : “ After the death of the man Vachel Lindsay , and Rabindranath Tagore
great king, after that of Garibaldi, after the are among the authors represented in the an
death of the good king, no other national misfor thology .
tune has touched so deeply the heart of Italy." There is originality and peculiar charm in
It is a matter of opinion whether poetry can be “ Songs
translated successfully into another language than from theof young
the Soil," a third offering of verse
negro poet, Fenton Johnson.
that of its inception . Mrs. Gilbert has caught as Many of the poems are in negro dialect, and
much of the music of Carducci in her translations
as it may be possible to capture in English . they are in several instances equal to Paul Lau
" Vignette," "Hellenic Springtimes," and " The rence Dunbar's dialect songs. They have an
eerie note, a curious racial differentiation, a touch
Two Titans” are admirable. of infinite mournfulness, and their inspiration is
the old vanishing life of plantation and levee.
It is pleasant to find a new edition of Bryant's The " spiritual” “ The Lonely Mother” is sheer
translation of Homer's “ Iliad," compact in one wailing music. “ De Ol Sojer" endeavors to
volume, among the fall books. It is well made establish the right of the black man to call the
and printed with clear type set in appropriate United States " his country" since he has been
margins. Bryant's familiar preface and the willing to establish that right in blood upon
famous Flaxman illustrations accompany the our battlefields. Mr. Johnson 's previous books
text. are : “ Visions of the Dusk" and " A Little Dream
ing."
“ The Book of Winifred Maynard” presents a
collection of fervent poems rich in records of " Roads," 10 by Grace Fallow Norton, will hardly
personal experience, from the pen of a woman recall the singer of "Little Grey Songs of St.
now dead, who masks her identity under the Joseph 's.” There is a deeper, richer feeling for
name of Maynard . The poems cover a period of life and more turbulent emotion , together with
thirteen years in her life (from seventeen to great variety, in this latest volume. If one feels
the lyrical values are not as sure, as delicate,
thirty ), and they are arranged in the order of of such telling repressed beauty as in previous
their composition . Those who appreciate poetry
will recognize in these poems the voice of an collections, it may well be that this is a fault
authentic singer. of transition from one phase of poesy to another.
The quiet lyrics are the best of this collection ;
the poems of war least pleasing; the whole
The Caedmon Poems have been translated into
English prose by Charles W . Kennedy as a com revealing spontaneity and earnestness and the
sense of expansion of mind and spirit. “ The
panion volume to his translation of the poems Cup of Color," " Blue," and "Hyacinth and Gold "
of Cynewulf, which appeared in 1910. The book reveal the author's most felicitous forms of
includes an introduction and facsimiles of the il expression .
lustrations in the Junius MS.
God. By Katherine Howard. Sherman, ton,7 Mothers and Men . By Harold T. Pulsifer. Hough
1 The Little
French . $ 1 . 50.
Mifflin. 39 pp . 75 cents.
Heine's Poems. The North Sea. Translated by
· The Rime Nuove of Giosue Carducci. Translated by Howard M . Jones. Chicago : The Open Court Publish
Laura F. Gilbert. Richard C . Badger. 186 pp. $ 1.25. ing Co. 129 pp. $ 1.
3 The Iliad of Homer. Translated by William Cullen
Bryant. Houghton , Mifflin . 355 pp . $ 1 .50 .
8 Poems of the Great$ 1 . War.
Cunliffe . Macmillan . 50 .
Collected by J. W .
* The Book of Winifred Maynard. Putnam 's. 82 9 Songs of the Soil. By Fenton Johnson . Published
Pp. $ 1. by the author, 35 West 131st Street, New York.
**Dutton
The. Caedmon Poems. By Charles W . Kennedy. flin10. Roads.
258 pp . $ 2 .25.
By Grace Fallow
86 pp . 15 cents.
Norton . Houghton , Mif.
 THE NEW BOOKS 569
IMPORTANT BIOGRAPHIES
Abraham Lincoln . By Lord Charnwood . never commanded troops in the field , Rawlins
Holt. 479 pp. $1.75. was, in General Wilson 's estimation , " the most
In the mass of literature that has been grad remarkable man I met during the Civil War.” In
ually gathered about the personality of Lincoln , this volumeGeneral Wilson shows how this con
comparatively few volumes have been contributed fidential staff -officer, who so completely merged
by authors who were not of American birth or his individuality in that of his chief, rendered
antecedents . One of these exceptional books has services to the country of unusual value. In Gen
eral Wilson 's opinion, “ It may be doubted if it
just come from the press. The work of a British was the lot of any man, who did not actually
nobleman, this book attempts to picture Lincoln as
a world statesman . Naturally the author is main reach the command of an army or become a mem
ly concerned with the public phases of Lincoln 's ber of the cabinet to render the country greater
career, and in his account of his hero's early life or more valuable services."
he is wholly dependent on earlier biographers.
For American readers, the chief interest of the McClellan : A Vindication of the Military
book, perhaps, lies in what it reveals of a modern Career of General George B . McClellan . By
Englishman 's attitude towards the problems of James Havelock Campbell. Neale Pub. Co . 458
statesmanship to which the Great Emancipator
was compelled to address himself during the four pp .This$ 3. is a defense
troublous years of his presidency - one of the most of McClellan as a com
serious of those problems being our relations with mander, offered frankly as “ a lawyer's brief."
The author declares that more has been written
Great Britain . about McClellan 's military career than about any
How We Elected Lincoln . By Abram J. other within the realm of war except the cam
Dittenhoefer. Harper & Bros. 95 pp. 50 cents. paigns of Napoleon . General Lee called Mc
Clellan the ablest Northern general of the Civil
Personal recollections by a campaigner for Lin War, and the German General von Moltke said
coln in 1860 and a Lincoln Elector in 1864. In that the war would have ended two years earlier
this campaign year it was interesting to read of than it did if McClellan had been properly sup
the political experiences and methods of Civil ported by the Government ,at Washington . Mr.
War days. Among other things brought out in Campbell amplifies certain facts in the record
these reminiscences is the fact that the name which he thinks have been either ignored or in
“ Republican ," as applied to the dominant national sufficiently appreciated in the past.
party in 1864, was superseded by “ Union .”
Reminiscences of a War- Time Statesman From the Deep Woods to Civilization . By
and Diplomat 1830-1915. By Frederick W . Brown & A .Co.Eastman
Charles
206
(Ohiyesa). Boston : Little,
pp. Ill. $2.
Seward . Putnam 's. 489 pp. III. $ 3.50. Chapters in the autobiography of the Sioux
The late Frederick W . Seward , the son of Lin Indian , Charles A . Eastman , who through his
coln's Secretary of State , was himself Assistant lectures and writings has for many years served
Secretary of State during the administrations of as an interpreter of his race to the whites. In an
Lincoln, Johnson, and Hayes. In his “ Life and earlier volume, entitled " Indian Boyhood," Mr.
Letters of William H . Seward," the son narrated Eastman pictured the wilderness life of his child
certain recollections of his official life. In the hood and youth . In the present volume he de
present volume he gives many more, including scribes the transition period , his college life, and
an account of his part in warning Lincoln of the later career. After graduation from Dartmouth
plot to assassinate him in Baltimore, in 1861. In College, Mr. Eastman studied medicine and be
defending his father on the April night in 1865 came government physician at the Pine Ridge
when Lincoln was assassinated, Mr. Seward was Reservation
severely wounded . In later years he had a part Miss Elaine, Goodale
South Dakota. Later he married
, the poet.
in the purchase of Alaska and in the negotiations
for Pago -Pago Harbor, Samoa. His acquaintance
with public men during the Civil War period was B. Joseph Fels : His Life -Work . ByMary Fels.
W . Huebsch. 271 pp. $1.
extensive. The story of the life of Joseph Fels, dreamer,
The Life of John A . Rawlins. By James Single- Taxer, and plain American business man ,
is a valuable document in the history of our
Harrison Wilson. Neale Pub. Co. 514 pp. $ 3. times. He was an American manufacturer, who
General Wilson , who himself had an impor- worked his way up to great wealth from an
tant part as one of Grant's generals in the Civil humble start as a poor German -Jewish boy in
War, and many years later as a commander in Halifax County, Virginia . Then he saw that
the Spanish -American war, and as second in money was only a trust; that a man had no right
command of the United States forces in the to it who did not use it to further the equaliza
Boxer Rebellion in China, has written the life of tion of economic conditions. He experimented
the man who was more closely associated than with small-farm colonies, vacant-land cultiva
any other with the military successes of General tion , educational and philanthropic enterprises
Grant. John A . Rawlins, a Galena lawyer, at in England and America, and finally devoted
the outbreak of the Civil War, without military himself to the Single Tax. His personal career
training or experience, became Assistant Adju was inspiring. He lived his own creeds, and in
tant-General, Chief of Staff, and in Grant's first public matters he believed that the same kind of
term as President, Secretary ofWar. Although he talent that carried private enterprise to success
570 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
could be successfully applied to the business of mers' debt for " The Penny Piper of Saranac."
government. He believed in equal suffrage, for an intimate sketch of the life of Robert Louis
his creed had but one article : " Freedom and Stevenson at Saranac Lake during the winter of
equal opportunity for all.” To his patient efforts 1887 -88. The thin , tall man who lived at the
was due a large measure of the alleviation of the Baker cottage and spent much of his time skating
condition of the Jews in Russia. He struck fear- and “ tootling on a penny whistle" is shown to us
lessly throughout his activities at the reorgani- behaving like any other normal human being who
zation of the physical conditions of life, believing is ill and a bit shy. He was even persuaded to
that physical environment largely shaped the speak at a church social once during the winter,
individual man . His fortune was freely spent in but unfortunately for posterity the speech was not
the furthering of his schemes for the amelioration recorded . Mr. Chalmers records the friendship
of the common lot of humanity . between Stevenson and Dr. Trudeau, and tells
of the writer's reaction after an hour spent in
The Chevalier de Boufflers. By Nesta H . Trudeau's laboratory. The illustrations include
Webster. E . P. Dutton & Co . 441 pp . III. $ 4. a picture of the Baker cottage, which shows the
sculptor, Gutzon Borglum , standing beside his
This is an account of a famous romance of memorial
the French Revolution — that of the Chevalier de to Stevenson, a bronze portrait tablet
placed in the wall of the cottage.
Boufflers and the Comtesse de Sabran .
William Oughtred , a Great Seventeenth A Last Memory ofRobert Louis Stevenson.
Century Teacher ofMathematics. By Florian By Charlotte Eaton. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. 62
Cajori, Ph.D . Chicago: The Open Court Pub pp.The50 author
cents.
of this chapter of reminiscences is
lishing Co. 100 pp. $ 1. the wife of an artist, Wyatt Eaton, who was an
A sketch of the life and influence of a great early friend of Stevenson in their student days
mathematician , who was by profession not a abroad . The time of this "Last Memory " is a
teacher of mathematics but a minister of the farewell visit paid by Stevenson to Eaton just
gospel. He was one of the earliest of the group before leaving the United States in the vain
of distinguished British scholars who have fol search for health .
lowed science as amateurs.
A Little Book of Friends. By Harriet
The Life of Heinrich Conried . By Mon- Prescott Spofford. Boston: Little. Brown & Co.
trose J. Moses. Thomas Y . Crowell Co. 367 pp. 184 pp . $ 1.25.
III. $2.50. Sketches of the members of a little group of
In this account of the career of the former di- gifted New England women of whom Mrs. Spof
rector of the Metropolitan Opera House in New ford herself was one. Among the other mem
York, Mr. Moses naturally and properly traces bers of the group were Celia Thaxter, Gail Ham
the remarkable work done by Mr. Conried as ilton, Mary Booth , Ann Whitney, Jane Andrews,
director of the Irving Place Theater in New Louise Chandler Moulton , Sarah Orne Jewett,
York. There are chapters devoted to the criti- Annie Fields, and Louisa Parsons Hopkins. Mrs.
cisms that were directed against Conried during Spofford was on terms of intimate friendship
his reign at the Metropolitan and Conried's con - with all these distinguished women .
nection with the National Art Theater movement.
The Penny Piper of Saranac. By Stephen In Slums and Society . By James Adderley .
E . P . Dutton & Co. 302 pp. III. $ 1.50.
Chalmers. Houghton , Mifflin . 65 pp. 75 cents. Reminiscences and anecdotes of humorous in
The public must remain in Mr. Stephen Chal- terest by the Canon of Birmingham .

HISTORY
American Debate. By Marion Mills Miller. portant material that might otherwise have re
Putnam 's. 2 vols., 467, 417 pp. $4. mained buried in Government documents.
This is a political history of the United States,
as reflected in debates on important issues. The The Story of the United States. By Marie
book is useful as a work of reference, including Louise Herdman. Stokes. 496 pp. Ill. $2.50.
as it does not only an historical account of the A history of the United States, written for chil
chief subjects of discussion in the United States,
down to the beginning of the Civil War, but dren , and following the plan of earlier " story
also abundant references to the Congressional histories" by the same author. This volume is
unlike the numerous school histories of the
records and compilations of debates of individual United States, in that it takes the form of a con
speakers, as well as many examples of American
eloquence and short biographical sketches of tinuous narrative, emphasizing picturesque and
statesmen . The second volume of the series is dramatic incidents. Like most American histories,
devoted to the land and slavery questions, 1607 it gives too large a proportion of its space to the
1860. The controversies covered by this volume colonial period ; but perhaps this is not surpris
are economic as well as political. The author's ing, since the material of that period is abundant
method has resulted in bringing to light and ar. and attractive as compared with the more com
ranging in convenient form a great deal of im - monplace developments of modern times.
 . THE NEW BOOKS 571
Campaigns and Battles of the Army of tions and history of the Springs, at the same time
Northern Virginia. By George Wise. The both
describing the present.
past and distinctive social life of the resort,
Neale Publishing Co. 432 pp. Ill. $3.
A Confederate veteran 's account of his army The Eighteenth Century in France. By
experiences, from April, 1861, to the surrender
of Lee's army in April, 1865. The author was an Casimir Stryienski. Putnam 's. 345 pp. $2.50.
engineer in the Army of Northern Virginia, and This work, by an eminent Polish historian , was
his work won high praise from General Lee and " crowned ” by the Institute of France. The
other officers. period covered begins with the accession of Louis
XV in 1715 and ends with the meeting of the
The White Sulphur Springs. By William States-General in 1789.
Alexander MacCorkle, LL. D . The Neale Pub.
Co. 410 pp. III. $5. The French Revolution. By Louis Madelin .
There is no American resort whose name has Putnam 's. 662 pp. $ 2.50.
figured so prominently for so long a time in our After all that has been written about the
literature as the White Sulphur Springs of West French Revolution within recent years, the
Virginia. The wonder is that the history of these French historian , Madelin , does not attempt in
famous springs was not written long ago. This this volume of six hundred pages to do more
task has now been completed by former Governor than to define " as a temporary measure" the
William A . MacCorkle, of West Virginia . Al ground that has already been explored . His
though a distinctively Southern institution, the qualifications for such a task are unquestioned .
White Sulphur now attracts, as it did 150 years Louis Madelin is one of the leading French his
ago, great numbers of Americans from both sides torians of our time. His work, like that of
of Mason and Dixon 's line. Governor MacCor Stryienski, has been " crowned ” by the French
kle sets forth in this illustrated volume the tradi- Academy.

BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION

Tramping Through Mexico , Guatemala Mr. and Mrs. Lethbridge have studied Russia
and Honduras. By Harry A. Franck. Century. and the Russians, both in peace and war. The
purpose of this little book is to make English
378 pp. III. $ 2. readers better acquainted with their Slavic allies.
Several years ago Mr. Franck laid out for him Many of the sketches that make up the volume
self a comprehensive program of travel through have already appeared in English periodicals.
Latin -American countries. Disdaining the usual Several places made prominent by the war are
steamship route to South America, he started from described in detail.
Laredo, Texas, on an overland journey afoot that
was planned to end only at the southern extrem
ity of the South American continent. His account An Irishwoman in China. ByMrs. De Burgh
of five months on the Canal Zone has already Dalý. Stokes. 295 pp . Ill. $3.50.
been published. The present volume describes Mrs. Daly spent twenty years in China , and
his experiences and observations in Mexico and while she makes no pretensions to expert knowl
Central America. There are many published edge of the country she is able to write an enter
descriptions of Mexican natural scenery, but very taining narrative of the daily life of European
few books by American travelers that reveal any residents there. The volume is illustrated from
intimate knowledge of the common people. photographs and Chinese drawings.
Throughout his journey Mr. Franck associated
with all ranks of the population , from peon to
landed proprietor. He came to know the Mexi Hawaii : Scenes and Impressions. By
can in city and country, by talking with him at Katharine Fullerton Gerould . Scribner's. 181 pp.
his fireside, in the fields, and on the highways. must so
Mr. Franck's forthcoming volume on South A month 's experiences and observations, charm
America will complete the record of four un ingly described and illustrated from photographs.
broken years of Latin -American travel.
Midsummer Motoring in Europe. By De Rural Sanitation in the Tropics. By Mal
Courcy W . Thom . Putnam 's. 322 pp . Ill. $ 2.50. colm Watson. Dutton . 320 pp. Ill. $4.25.
An account of four thousand miles of travel More than half of this volume is devoted to
through Belgium , Normandy, Brittany, Touraine, Panama and the sanitation work of the United
Würtemberg and Bavaria, including a descrip States officials there. The author, who is a lead
tion of the Passion Play at Oberammergau . ing British authority , says of the work of Colonel
Gorgas: " Although he went to construct a canal,
The Soul of the Russian. By Marjorie he has also conducted a school of applied sanita
Lethbridge and Alan Lethbridge. John Lane. tion whose lesson will benefit the world - I say
238 pp. $ 1.25. with confidence - for all time.”
572 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
A BUSINESS MAN 'S LIBRARY
Economics of World Trade. By O . P. carefully as questions of price. His book through
out is written from the business man 's standpoint.
Austin . Business Training Corporation . 141pp. Ill.
This little book forms the first " unit" of a Retail Selling. By James W . Fisk. Harper's.
course in foreign trade, to be published by the
Business Training Corporation, of New York 335 pp . $ 1.
City. The first forty pages of the volume are Mr. Fisk is a man of long experience in retail
devoted to an introduction of this course, written salesmanship . The principles and illustrations
by Mr. Edward Ewing Pratt, Chief of the Bureau developed in his book are all out of actual pres
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in the United ent-day trade practise. Under the head of " Mar
States Department of Commerce. The discussion ket and Methods," Mr. Fisk discusses the analy
of the economics of world trade by one of the sis of the selling field , the analysis of the compe
foremost trade statisticians of the country, Mr. O . tition , the determination of sales policies, the or.
P. Austin, outlines the underlying principles of ganization of the selling force, store and stock ar
commerce, placing special emphasis on American rangement, and " getting people into the store."
trade. Later volumes in the series will proceed The remainder of the book is devoted to personal
to deal with the details of trade policies and salesmanship and the training and supervision of
methods. the selling force. This is the first volume to
appear in a " Retail Business Series."
Principles of Commerce. By Harry Gunni
son Brown. Macmillan. 207 pp. $1.75. Fundamentals of Salesmanship . By Norris
This volume really comprises three separate A . Brisco, M . A . D . Appleton & Co.322 pp . $1.50.
treatises on ( 1) “ The Exchange Mechanism of This book was written by the head of the de
Commerce" ; (2) “ The Economic Advantages of partment of Political Economy and the School of
Commerce" ; ( 3) “ The Transportation Costs of Commerce of the lowa State University. It
Commerce.” The purpose of the author was to treats of salesmanship in relation to the sales
write a book that may be found useful in gen person , and to the manager. There are chapters
eral courses of commerce, in courses dealing with on " Human Nature," "Health," " Appearance,"
foreign and domestic exchange, or in courses deal " Character," " Tact," " Honesty ," and many other
ing with trade and trade restrictions, and the matters of direct personal interest to people who
relation of transportation rates to trade. sell goods, and in the section devoted to the man
ager, suggestions are offered regarding personal
Exporting to Latin America. By Ernst B. relations with the sales force, the hiring of em
Filsinger. D . Appleton & Co. 565 pp. $ 3. ployees, welfare work, and training.
This volume, designed as a handbook for mer
chants, manufacturers, and exporters, was com Selling Things. By Orison Swett Marden .
piled by the former president of the Latin -Ameri Thomas Y . Crowell Co. 275 pp. $ 1.
can Foreign Trade Association. Mr. Filsinger Dr. Marden's book affords a certain relief in
has given much time to the study and observation this rather formidable array of manuals on sales
of the conditions of which he writes, and he has manship. Dr. Marden does not offer a technical
many suggestions to offer, which , if not conclu . treatise on the subject, but, as in all of his books,
sive, are at least worthy of serious attention from the inspirational element is foremost. So popular
American business men . His book makes it clear have Dr. Marden 's writings become that his pub
that such questions as those relating to credit, lished books, it is said , have reached a sale of
adaptation to local taste, and conformation to over a million and a quarter. In short, they are
local business methods need to be considered as among the "best sellers" outside of fiction .

BOOKS RELATING TO THE GREATWAR

With the Twenty -Ninth Division in Gal. been drawn into the great war, and to describe
lipoli. By the Rev. O . Creighton , C . F. Long.the habits and customs of those peoples. The book
mans, Green & Co. 191 pp. Ill. $1.25. is not so much an account of the war itself as
of the conditions under which these Slav peoples
A Church of England chaplain 's diary of his were living in August, 1914 , and of what the
experiences in Gallipoli during the campaign of war has brought upon them .
1915. As the writer was a civilian, and claimed
no knowledge of military affairs beyond what With Serbia into Exile. By Fortier Jones.
could be picked up in the course of the campaign , Century . 447 pp . III. $ 1.60.
his book is of no special value for the military In this volume is related the terrible story of
information it contains, but is interesting as a
simple record of the human aspects of the contest the Serbian retreat of 1915 as it was observed by
as they presented themselves from day to day, the only American who was with the army all the
way from the Danube to the Adriatic.
The Slavs of the War Zone. By W . F . The Kingdom of Serbia . Report Upon the
Bailey , C . B. Dutton. 266 pp. III. $3.50.
An Englishman 's attempt to picture the coun Atrocities Committed by the Austro -Hun
tries in which dwell the Slav peoples who have garian Army During the First Invasion of
 THE NEW BOOKS 573
Serbia . By R. A . Reiss, D . Sc. London : Simp- A Frenchwoman's Notes on the War. By
kin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd . 192 Claire de Pratz. Dutton . 290 pp. $1.50.
pp. Ill. 5s. Maidemoiselle Claire de Pratz's observations
This is a translation of the report submitted to of the attitude of the French people during the
the Serbian Government by Dr. R . A . Reiss, of days of mobilization , and her study of internal
the University of Lausanne. This material is conditions in France at the present time, published
said to have been gathered on the spot during the under the title of " A Frenchwoman 's Notes on
months of September, October, and November, the War," will interest readers who are weary
1914. of the usual book on the war. The author tells
Belgians Under the German Eagle. By us in fluent, logical English why France, fearing
Germany , and cherishing the idea of revanche,
Jean Massart. Dutton. 368 pp . Ill. $3.50. was, in a large measure, unprepared for war.
The author of this work, an official of the Royal These causes naturally were largely political.
Academy of Belgium , states that he has em She analyzes the fighting spirit of the French , the
ployed in its compilation only those booksainandor influence of war on national character, and out
periodicals that were either of German origin or lines the women's part in the war. One perceives
had been censored by the Germans. The entire through her work a glimpse of the sources of
work was written in Belgium between the 4th of the French " quiet, concentrated endurance that
August, 1914, and the 15th of August, 1915, and has won the admiration of the world .”
therefore "precisely reflects the state of mind of a
Belgian who has lived a year under the German Letters from France. By Jeanne Le
domination .” It contains chapters on " The Vio
lation of Neutrality," " Violations of the Hague Guiner. Translated by H . M . C. Houghton,
Convention ," and " The German Mind, Self-De- Mifflin . 100 pp. $ 1.
picted .” " Letters from France" are touching pictures
of war-time life, with anecdotes of home life
Belgium and the Great Powers. By Emile and stories heard at the bedsides of wounded sol
Waxweiler. Putnam 's. 186 pp. III. $1. diers. The writer, Jeanne Le Guiner, came to
An exposition of the neutrality of Belgium by this country in 1909. After teaching five years,
the Director of the Solvay Institute of Sociology she returned to visit her family in the spring of
at the University of Brussels. This writer com 1914. Her male relatives were mobilized , and
she began relief work among the sick and the
plains bitterly of the treatment accorded to his wounded
country by the German press. From the very be Sorbonne. inLater she continued her studies at the
ginning of the war, he maintains that the general in the supportorder that she might be able to aid
of destitute relatives. Her letters
European public was left in ignorance of essential are extraordinaril
facts in Belgium 's case. He makes specific alle nobility of the soul y vivid and make one see the
gations of misstatements in official German pub of la patrie .
lications. He reviews Belgium 's treaty relations
from 1839 to 1914, upholding her right to oppose The Backwash of War. By Ellen N . La
the violation of her territory . Motte. Putnam 's. 186 pp. $ 1.
A Little House in War Time. By Agnes In this volume another American hospital nurse
and Egerton Castle. Dutton . 276 pp. $ 1.50. lays bare some of the most hideous effects of war
" A little chronicle of a great time— the every as seenthein French
an evacuation hospital a few miles be
day life of an average family during the first hind lines. These sketches are far
from pleasant reading, but they are absolutely
year of the war of wars." truthful and accurate reports of what went on at
“ Mademoiselle Miss.” Letters from an the front.
American Girl in a French Army Hospital.
Preface by Dr. Richard C . Cabot. Boston : W . A . A Boy Scout with the Russians By John
Butterfield. 102 pp. Ill. 50 cents. Finnemore. Philadelphia : Lippincott. 392 pp .
Letters from an American girl serving with the
rank of lieutenant in a French army hospital at An imaginative account of what happened to
the front. In a preface to the little book Dr. two boy scouts with the Russian army in Poland
Richard C . Cabot says: “ I find in these letters just before the Germans captured Warsaw .
some fragment of true atonement for the huge
sin and blunder of the war. Some deeds of the Malice in Kulturland. By Horace Wyatt.
children of men are better and more beautiful London : The Car Illustrated . 80 pp . Ill. 60
than ever they would have been but for this
brave struggle to retrieve something out of the cents.
waste and welter of evil.” A clever parody of " Alice in Wonderland.”
 FINANCIAL NEWS
1.— THE CRAZE FOR AUTOMOBILE SECURITIES
THE promoter works upward from the value several hundred million dollars. The
1 level of averages and the obvious. He following table will give an immediate idea
determines what the public wants to buy or of what he had to work on :
to speculate in and then satisfies the demand. High Per
Sometimes the craze is for oil stocks, again Price Cent,
for those of silver or copper mines, and re 1916 Price of Money
cently it has been for the abundantly created or in In Appre
shares of automobile manufacturing con 1915 1914 crease ciation
cerns. General Motors,
. . . . . . . 790
com . . .verland 25
25 3,060 $ 120 ,000,000
From the standpoint of public interest the
distributor of automobile securities has a com . .. . . .. . . . 50 530 106,000,000
high average to operate on . Every owner Studebaker, com . 195 20 875 52 ,500 ,000
of a car, whether for pleasure or for com Maxwell Mo
com . . . .... 99 12,500 ,000
mercial purposes, is a potential buyer of the B .tors,
F . Goodrich 80 153 3,200
430 39,000,000
stock of the particular make he affects. For
generations investors have been buying the There are many others whose gains were
securities of railroad or traction lines which phenomenal. They were of small capitali
they patronize and whose business success is zation and less well known, and did notmake
apparent, as well as of local industries. If the appeal of these leaders of the automobile
Mr. Ford should decide to recapitalize his world . Stocks that before 1914 represented
company and offer a participation to every nothing but good will and on which earnings
one who owned or intended to own a Ford , in the far future were conjectural began to
he would be swamped with applications. show returns on capital of 10 to 20 and then
Thousands would buy the car in order to be of 30 to 50 per cent. Dividends were paid
an investor in the most profitable concern in very cautiously and first at small rates , be
the United States in proportion to its capi- cause there were important floating debts
tal. The average of automobile owners to to be liquidated. When these had been re
individuals with an income of $ 3000 or less tired each dividend quarter witnessed a
is very high, and there apparently is a lack of higher distribution to shareholders. Appar
balance between those 250,000 with incomes ently there was no limit to what these stocks
of $ 4000 to $ 10,000 and the more than might pay or to the level to which they
1,000,000 cars produced per annum for a might go in price. If General Motors com
number of years and the proposed 1917 out- mon , earning 170 per cent., sold at $790 a
put of 1 ,500 ,000 to 1,700,000 cars. Together share, Ford Motors stock , earning 3000 per
these owners provide an audience of immense cent., should be entitled to sell at $ 13,000 or
proportions to which the seller of automobile more a share. Capitalized at $ 250 ,000 ,000 ,
stocks may talk . The obvious things about the Ford Company would be earning about
which he will talk are the $60,000,000 profit 25 per cent.
of the Ford Company in the year to June T hese facts are given to suggest the back
30, 1916 , on a capital of only $ 2,000 ,000 — ground against which the promoter painted
exactly 3000 per cent — and the 'current sell- his alluring picture of fortunes to be won
ing price of General Motors common stock from the stocks of automobile companies
of $ 790 a share compared with $ 25 a share about which no one except himself had a
" before the war” - an increase also of over great deal of knowledge. Every seller of
3000 per cent. oil stocks always quotes Standard Oil and
Here was the situation as the promoter draws a parallel ; every promoter of copper
saw it prior to the era of cheap and, in many stocks cites Anaconda or the Copper Queen ,
cases, worthless stocks of automobile and and when railroad stocks were in vogue it
automobile accessory companies. A dozen or was Pennsylvania , or Union Pacific , or
so of New York Stock Exchange issues repre- Atchison whose record they said could be
senting this group had appreciated in market duplicated by some little jerkwater line with
574
 FINANCIAL NEWS 575
no beginning or ending. And now it is Ford good deal like paying in money for machinery
and General Motors. to work a mine supposed to contain deposits
We do not wish to give the impression of valuable ore. In such a case one partici
that all automobile shares except those listed pates in an adventure of speculation . Again ,
are worthless or on an inflated basis. There new stock is offered for the legitimate pur
are as many good ones off the exchanges as pose of increasing the capacity of factories or
on them . In a number of cases concerns to purchase the rights of a competitor. In
controlled by private capital whose shares either event the buyer of the stock ought to
never had a public market have been acquired satisfy himself as to the requirements of this
by strong banking syndicates and offered for larger plant capacity or the advantage to his
subscription. Usually they have been recapi company of control at a high price of a rival's
talized to the equivalent of their new earning good will.
power. The same is true of stocks of com - The latter situation is a phase that has
panies that have been making tires, rims, been capitalized to its full extent in the out
lamps, carburetors, electric appliances, valves , side market for automobile stocks. One of
starters, etc., though here again a liberal the most persistent rumors in circulation for
supply of water has been injected and the months was of a gigantic auto merger to
public has been asked to pay prices that bring together some prominent and many
would not be justified by the average year's little-known producers. This was all based
. earnings. One instance is of an accessory on a combination that finally was perfected ,
company whose control could have been pur- but only included a few “ big fellows," and
chased less than a year ago for $ 500,000, but then never was born , for the banking com
was put into a combination at ten times that munity stopped it before it had fairly started .
figure. It was at the time when the public was most
It is obvious that a very alluring pros- frenzied over automobile stocks and was bid
pectus of almost any automobile enterprise ding for them at any price, and did not care
can be written from the current achievements what it paid for the privilege of having a
within the industry . It is the low -priced car slice in the underwriting of this proposed
that catches the imagination and from which giant merger. A new company was coming
the promoter builds up his story of fortunes on the scenes daily . Quotations made then
to be made. A feature of the present epi- for automobile securities — and this was five
demic is the direct sale by the company of its months ago — have not yet been repeated .
stock to the public — the ultimate consumer There is a part of the public that has made
of securities. No syndicate, with its big a fortune on auto shares and another and
profits for which the stockholder has to pay ; larger portion which bought and now holds
no intermediary of any kind - everyone taken them at values 15 to 20 per cent. under prices
in on the same basis and all having equal current.
opportunities. The only suggestion is that The day when the automobile industry
the purchase be made quick, so as not to lose was regarded with suspicion from a commer
the market or any part of the possible ap - cial standpoint and its securities occupied the
preciation . One familiar phrase is , “ We are same plane as " wildcat” mining shares hás
giving you the last-hour chance, as in a few long since gone by. The industry is as stable
days we expect to advance the price of the as any. Good automobile paper ranks with
stock " to such and such a quotation . Inves- that of manufacturers of farming implements,
tigation very often reveals the fact that the or that of the wholesale distributor of gro
price depends as much on the ability to sell ceries, drugs, etc., or with the packing-house
in a local market as on the real value. In - issues. The gross business of the Ford Com
vestors in one city are offered stock at one pany the past year was 331/3 per cent. in
price and elsewhere, if sales are slow , at a excess of any railroad systems in the United
shade better to the buyer. States, excepting the Pennsylvania and the
Some of the companies whose stocks are New York Central. With the cash on hand
offered are producers and others are not. In when its books closed for the year, this com
one conspicuous case, to which a great deal pany could have paid two years ' interest on
of attention has been attracted , a machine the $ 500 ,000 ,000 Anglo -French loan . On
has been designed and placed on exhibition July 31 the General Motors had cash in
and has had great pulling power from a hand of $ 22 ,476 ,000, while the balance sheet
certain class of investors. If enough response of the Willys-Overland Company in Septem
is made to the appeal for stockholders, a plant ber indicated $ 15 ,000 ,000 cash and $ 30,
and a sizable output may result. It is a 000,000 additional in quick assets. These
576 • THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
are stabilizing facts. The suggestion that we commercial success or of demonstrating its
wish to make to readers of this department ability to stand up under the severe competi
is that they be not blinded by the light which tion which makers of low -priced machines
these achievements have thrown over other are compelling them to in their annual price
concerns that still have a long way to go to reductions and concessions in the form of
justify their existence, and that they show additional appliances. To assemble parts in
their faith in this new industry by investing a factory and display them as a type of a
in the securities of companies that are actu - car upon which a permanent investment is
ally producing and have cars on the market. to be based is a dangerous undertaking
It is a fair statement that a concern that has and one which the man with small capi
not put into operation from 15,000 to 25,000 tal should approach with caution and wide
pleasure cars cannot lay claim to being a open eyes.

II. - INVESTORS' QUERIES AND ANSWERS

No. 786. A YOUNG MAN 'S INVESTMENT PLAN be paid , we believe, before December 31, 1916.
I am a young man , twenty-five years old, working on a The only Federal law affecting investments is
salary, with a small outside income and have been the Federal Income Tax Law , which taxes the in
steadily saving for several years. It is my policy to try, come of the individual but not the investments
to keep about one-half of my money invested in high
yielding local securities (such as discounted mortgage themselves.
notes), which net me 8 to 10 per cent., and the other
half in the highest grade municipal bonds, yielding from No. 788. REAL ESTATE AND UTILITY BONDS
4 to 434 or 5 per cent. The 8 and 10 per cent. securi. From the standpoint of safety and sound investment.
ties require the closest attention , and are for short which of these two forms of investment would you
terms, while the bonds I prefer can be put in a safe recommend ? ( 1) Bonds based on first mortgages on
deposit box and left to take care of themselves. Don 't improved real estate, 6 per cent., serial maturity ; (2)
you think this course a sound one ? I do not care to Bonds based on first mortgages on public utility prop
invest in listed securities, for they fluctuate too much . erties operating in the Middle West and Southwest.
Conditions, moreover, are too unsettled . I have seen
mention made in the REVIEW of the Federal Land Bank
bonds yielding 42 or 5 per cent. What are these bonds
No such comparison as you suggest can fairly
and where can they be obtained ? and intelligently be made in general terms. Spe
cific issues of securities representing these two
We think you are following a wise course in types of investment can be compared , of course,
counterbalancing your 8 and 10 per cent. local but that is the only way in which the matter can
investments in real-estate mortgage notes by care - be properly approached . There are good , bad
fully chosen municipal bonds. And from the and indifferent issues of securities in both classes,
average yield you appear to have set up as your so that discrimination must be exercised as care
standard in selecting the latter, you should expe fully in the one class as in the other.
rience no difficulty in keeping within the most
conservative limits of quality. In short, we think No. 789. RAILROAD BONDS IN REORGANIZATION
you have determined upon a course that is as sure I own bonds of a railroad that is in the hands of re
as any can be of keeping you out of trouble. ceivers and is being reorganized, and would like to have
None of the Federal Land Bank bonds, to which you tell me just what this means and how I am affected.
It is impossible to make any kind of general
general reference has been made several times statement
recently in the pages of the Review of Reviews, about how bondholders are affected
have yet been issued. In fact, the Federal Land in cases of railroad receiverships. Each case of
Bank system provided by legislation during the the kind has its own peculiar aspects, and each
last session of Congress is not in operation in any bond is apt to be affected in a different way. If
of its branches, and will not be until some time you will let us know the name of the road, and
after the first of the year. if you will indicate definitely the name of the
bonds you hold, it is likely we shall be able to
No. 787. TAXATION YORKOF MORTGAGES IN NEW tell you what your status is, as a creditor of the
road , and possibly what you ought to do in the
Apropos of your recent comment on the taxation of circumstances
mortgage investments, I should like to know what the to protect your interests.
laws of New York State provide in this regard . Also 790. GENUINE INVESTMENTS DO NOT
is there a Federal law taxing mortgages ? " COIN MONEY "
In New York, the law provides that mortgages Please let me know of some investments which you
secured on real estate situated within the State think will coin the most money, and at the same time
are not subject to taxation of any kind, the only prove reliable and safe.
charge against them being a recording tax of We do not know of any security in the shape
one-half of one per cent. Holders of mortgages of either a stock or a bond that meets such speci
secured on property situated outside the State are fications. Genuine investments do not " coin
subject to taxation, but they may exempt them money" for their holders. You cannot get ab
selves for a period of five years by the payment normally high income and the chance of a spec
of a tax of three-quarters of one per cent. To ulative profit in combination with security of
secure this exemption , the tax in question must principal.
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW
CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1916
Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria ..Frontispiece Beveridge'sWith
“ Marshall” .........
portrait of John Marshall
The Progress of the World - GermanyMakes a Bid for Peace by Battle.. 622
The Presidential Election .. . .. 579
Deceptive First Reports. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 579 BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
Democrats Conceded Defeat.. . .. .. . 579 With maps and other illustrations
Wilson Wins, with Ten Votes to Spare 580
Botha ofSouth Africa ...... . . . . . . . . 633
Surprise Over California . .. . . 581
With portrait
Minnesota and Other " Close" States .. . 581
Causes and Effects in California .. . .. . . 582 The Lan
Union
No Real Verdict. . . . . 582 ds . of South Africa,and Neighboring
. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. .
California Four Years Ago . .. . . .. .. 583 W 'ith map .
The South Not in the Contest. . 584
Utah and the Mormon Vote . . 584 The GrantMemorial at Washington .. . ... . .
The Western Farmers.. . 584 BY ERNEST KNAUFFT
The Voting Women . . . . . 585 With illustrations
Progress of the " Cause" .. . 585
Prohibition' s Gains . . . . .. 586 Trained for Citizenship: The Boy Scout.... 643
Nothing Very Decisive. . 587 BY JAMES E. West
The Progressives' Future . . . . 588 With illustrations
Forecasts and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Contrasts in Management. .. . . . ..
Congress Slightly Republican . . .. . 589
590
Christian Coöperation .....
BY FRANK HAMPTON Fox
Progressive-Republicans for Senate . 591
A Consistent Trend . 591 Army Hospital Trains....
Votes for Governors... . . 592 With illustrations
Machinery Versus Sentiment.. . 592 .
Cheerful Acceptance of Results. . . . . . .
Our Foreign Problems... . . . .. .
593 Peeling OurWay Toward'a MilitarySystem 654
593
Some Domestic Issues. . . . .. 594 Leading Articles of the Month
Defense Questions Unsettled .. .. 594 President Wilson's Reëlection.. . . . . . .
The United States and Mexico . .. . . . 595 Chinese Railway Construction .. .. 657
Panama and Freight Rates. 596 The Soul of the Soldier. . . .. . . . .. 658
General Goethal's Report . . 596 The French -Canadians and the War. 659
Government Oil Reserves.. . . . 596 Mine Warfare . . . .. .. . . . 661
Our Foreign Trade Doubles. . . . . 597 The Science of the Din of Battle. . . 662
Our Gold Stock Doubles That of 1904 . 597 Compensation for War-Damaged Works
Prices Continue to Soar. . . . . 597 of Art . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Famine Prices for Paper.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 597 A Model Poor Farm . . . . . . . . . ... . ... 665
Our New Shipbuilding Achievements. . . .. 598 Does the Brain Work Best at Night?. .. .. 666
Railroads to Contest the Adamson Act. . . . 598 Ruy Barbosa, Liberal Leader of Brazil.. . 667
The Newlands Railroad Commission .. . .. 599 Brazil Also Unprepared .. .. .. .. 668
Consideration of Government Ownership 599 Chile and Peru : Their Relations to For
Cuba Now Stable and Prosperous. .. . . . . . 600 eign Trade. .. . 669
The War in November . . . 601 Rabindranath Tagore, Poet of the Indian
German Efforts . . . . . . 601 People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. 670
Greater Britain .. . .. . .. .. “Macbeth ” in Japan .. . ..
With portraits, cartoons, and other illustrations 602
illustrations
Semyen Frug - Jeremiah of Modern Jewry
671
672
Record of Current Events. ........ . ..... 603 Italy and the intellectual Life .... ... ... . 673
With portraits and other illustrations With portraits and other illustrations
Cartoons on the Elections and the War.. ... 609 The New Books.... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . 674
With illustrations
Mr. Low 's Successor. . . .. . . . ' . . . . 617
With portrait of V . Everit Macy Financial News. . . . 686
TERMS : - Issued monthly , 25 cents a number, $3.00 a year in advance in the United States, Porto Rico, Hawaii,
Cuba, Canada, Mexico, and the Philippines. Elsewhere, $ 4.00 . Entered at New York Post Office as second class
matter under Act of Congress, March 3, 1879. Entered as second class matter at the Post Office Department,
Ottawa, Canada. Subscribers may remit to us by post-office or express money orders, or by bank checks, drafts,
or registered letters. Money in letters is sent at sender's risk . Renew as early as possible in order to avoid a
break in the receipt of the numbers. Bookdealers, Postmasters and Newsdealers receive subscriptions. (Subscrip
tions to the English REVIEW OF REVIEWS, which is edited and published in London , may be sent to this office,
and orders for single copies can also be filled, at the price of $ 2.50 for the yearly subscription, including postage,
or 25 cents for single copies.)
THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO ., 30 Irving Place, New York
Dec. - 1 ALBERT Shaw, Pres. Chas. D . LANIER, Sec. and Treas. 577
 UL

THE LATE FRANCIS JOSEPH I., EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA AND KING OF HUNGARY
Francis Joseph was born August 18, 1830, came to the throne December 2 , 1848 .
and died in the evening of November 21, 1916. Hewas, therefore, eighty -six years old ,
and was within less than two weeks of completing sixty-eight years as Emperor. At
different times during the war period , he had been reported as ill, but he had kept
his hand on the helm and had transacted public business up to the very day of his
death. A cold contracted in July, while reviewing his troops, had brought on a fatal
inflammation of the lungs. The death of his son , in 1887, made his nephew , the
Archduke Francis Ferdinand , heir to the throne. The Archduke's murder in Bosnia ,
June 28, 1914, was the indirect cause of the presentworld war. The heirship then fell
to a grandnephew , Carl Francis Joseph ( see portrait on page 606 ). Francis Joseph
was greatly revered , and was ruler as well as monarch ; but his death was not unex
pected , and will have no immediate bearing upon the political, military, or diplomatic
conditions or relationships of Austria-Hungary. His reign began with the reconstruc,
tion of Austria -Hungary after revolution and ended in a cataclysm that threatened the
foundation of his own empire with others. A review of Francis Joseph's long career
will appear in our next number.
 THE AMERICAN
REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Vol. LIV NEW YORK, DECEMBER, 1916 No. 6

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

mercado deHundreds
The
Presidential entradeager
zens,
of thousandsNovembofenews,
ed theforserieselection
citi- papers, long before midnight of the evening
rs by of election day, had issued bulletins conced
Election crowded the streets of New ing Hughes ' election by a decisive majority .
York during the evening of November 7, Democratic headquarters also admitted it.
reading the bulletins thrown on screens by News had come of the victory of the Repub
the enterprising newspapers and watching licans in Indiana and Illinois ; and even Ohio
the electric signals on several lofty towers, was reported to the New York Times, by
that were to indicate tendencies and results. its own special men on the ground, as having
The early bulletins were favorable to been carried by Hughes and by the Repub
Hughes. The polls close early in New York lican State ticket. President Wilson , at
City and State, and the count proceeds Shadow Lawn, New Jersey, received and
rapidly. News from Buffalo and Brooklyn accepted the news of his defeat. Mr.
- as interpreted by experienced politicians Hughes , getting the returns in his rooms at
and as supported by typical bulletins from the Hotel Astor, New York, went to sleep
other cities or counties — made it clear at an with the comforting assurance that he had
early hour in the evening that Hughes had been overwhelmingly elected.
carried the great State of New York , with
its forty - five electoral votes, by a decisive Democrats
How it had been done was all
majority . But New York had been on the Conceded
Defeat
set forth on the front pages of
list of States positively claimed by the Demo t the newspapers the following
crats ; furthermore, New York 's block of morning ; while the editorial pages dis
electoral votes is so large that a number of coursed, with the prejudice or the can
Presidential elections have turned upon this dor that happened to suit their policy,
State as " pivotal.” The Democrats had also upon the essential reasons for Wilson 's
claimed to the very last that they would carry defeat and for Hughes' victory. In the
Connecticut and New Jersey . And they had course of the forenoon of Wednesday, the
regarded their chances as favorable, though 8th , it began to appear that throughout
not assured, in Massachusetts. vast areas of the country the count had not
been completed . And as the day advanced,
Deceptive When, therefore , the early re- it grew clear that the result was not to be
First
Reports
ports indicated that the six New so decisive after all. But the stock market
orts England States had all gone defi- had accepted the Republican success, and
nitely Republican , and when the slower prices were soaring and speculation was ram
count of the Jerseymen at length demon - pant. As a matter of record, it may be well
strated the fact that Wilson 's own State had to state in a sentence or two the results as
emphatically repudiated him , the most expe- announced by the press on the morning after
rienced calculators were the ones most com - election day. The New York Times, in
pletely deceived. With one accord, Demo great headlines across the page, summed
cratic and Republican , these experts were up as follows: “HUGHES ELECTED
ready to stake their reputation upon the cer- WITH 290 VOTES, PERHAPS 312 ;
tainty that Hughes was elected. The fore- 7 STATES IN DOUBT; HOUSE RE
most newspaper supporters of Mr. Wilson PUBLICAN .” It should be remembered
in the metropolis were the New York World that the total number of electoral votes is
and the New York Times. Both of these 531, and that Hughes needed only 266 to
Copyright, 1916, by The Review GF Reviews COMPANY 579
580 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
DOES

Tues
-

INTER FILM SERVICE

CROWDS IN TIMES SQUARE, NEW YORK CITY, ON ELECTION NIGHT, WAITING FOR RETURNS
win . The Times and other Democratic pa- to contain five States that had actually been
pers claimed 200 votes for Wilson , conceded carried by Wilson . And these five States,
290 to Hughes, and put down 41 as doubt wrongly assigned to Hughes, had 50 elec
ful. As a matter of fact, the full count a toral votes. The five were : Ohio , with 24
few days later had established the fact that votes ; California , with 13 ; New Hamp
Wilson had 276 votes, rather than 200 , and shire, with 4 ; North Dakota, with 5 ; and
that Hughes had only 255. Idaho, with 4 . This change of 50 would
obviously bring Wilson up to 250 and shrink
Wilson Wins, The shock of undeception was the first-announced Hughes vote of 290 down
withto Ten Votes the greater to the Hughes sup-
Spare
to 240. There remained the seven States
Spare porters because the newspapers that on the morning after eleetion were put
had given their figures as established facts, in the doubtful list, as follows: Delaware,
and not as merely probable or conjectural. Kansas, Minnesota , Nevada, New Mexico,
How had so egregious an error occurred ? Washington , Wyoming, having a total of 41
First, let us note what were the mistakes in votes. As the count proceeded , it turned
the guess. Wilson had, indeed, carried the out that Delaware and Minnesota had been
20 States, with a total of 200 electoral votes, carried by Hughes, thus adding 15 to the
that were assigned to him Wednesday morn- 240, making a total of 255. Kansas, Nevada,
ing by his supporters. All of these were New Mexico, Wyoming, and Washington
Southern States except Colorado and Utah . had been carried by Wilson , and thus 26
Only a few of them had been contested at votes were added to the 250 we have already
all, and it appeared that Wilson had lost mentioned , making a final total for Wilson
nearly every State in which there had been of 276 . The minimum electoral vote neces
a real fight. But the list of 21 States, with sary to a choice being 266 , it turned out that
a total of 290 electoral votes, that the Wil- Mr. Wilson was elected with ten votes to
son papers like the New York Times con - spare. It was a narrow margin , but it seemed
ceded to Hughes beyond a doubt, happened immense after the shock of Tuesday night.
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 581

When so momentous a thing as

SON
Surprise

WIL
Over a Presidential election is to be
California decided by the result in a single
State, where the vote is so close as to be in
doubt for a number of days, it is not surpris
ing that there should be anxiety as well as
suspense . It was evident that if California 's
thirteen votes could be taken from the Wil
son column and placed in the Hughes col
umn, it would mean four years of Republi
can administration , with all that such a
change might imply. Since even the Demo
crats had at first conceded California to the
Republicans, it is not strange that Mr.
Hughes and his chief supporters should have
thought it right to wait for the official can
vass of the votes before regarding the result
of the election as finally settled . It happens
that California's method of arranging and RALLIN

printing ballots makes the count painfully

tedious. The New York Times, on the day
after election , had estimated the Hughes
plurality in California as 25,000. It grew
ever smaller as the actual returns came in
from remote counties, until the two candi-
dates seemed to be running even . Then an
error in addition was found which put Wil
son 2000 ahead , and at length the unofficial
figures gave the Presidentmore than 466 ,000 quite improbable that corrections could wipe
· California votes and gave Hughes less than
463,000. Fortunately , there were no serious
charges of fraud or corruption on either side.
Californians had voted so independently that
SO E
YR
THE FEMININE WEST TO THE RESCUE
From the World (New York )
their ballots were much marked and
" scratched." There were bound to be nu
merous minor errors. In the official count
these errors would be likely , under the law
of averages to offset one another.
Wilsonout the 3000 votes.
lead of The
official canvass began on Monday, the 13th .
The tendency , as it progressed . was to pro
duce slight gains rather than losses for
President Wilson .
Minnesota and Meanwhile, Minnesota, with its
Other Close " 12 electoral votes,had also proved
States to be exceedingly close, and its
official count was proceeding with care and
solicitude. Wilson could afford to lose Cali
fornia if he could gain Minnesota , but he
must have one or the other to win . Hughes
needed both States in order to bring his total

up to the point of victory . The Minnesota

NN
MI

THE SCORE vote proved to be much closer than that of

California, but the lead was kept by Hughes,
CALI
FORN
IA
his official plurality being 396 . . The vote
in New Hampshire also proved to be,
like that in Minnesota, very evenly divided .
The change of a few scores of voters in one
WILSON New Hampshire village would have given
WILSON the State to Hughes. In like manner the
WILSON
shift of a few workers in a Minneapolis or
Wu St. Paul industry would have given Minne
sota to Wilson . North Dakota and New
SC Mexico, when the count was in , were
THE WHOLE SHOW FOR A DAY more decisive in their action , their
From the News (Dayton ) pluralities being between one and two thou
582 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
GTON
WASHIN
TA

E
IN
MONTANA SO

MA
NORTH E
DAKOTA NN
OREGON MI
ALICALS

IDAHHOO WYOMING SOUTH NEW YORK S

FOR

DAKOTA 12 WISCONSIN RS
WYOMING 45 MA
NIT

A
NEVADA IOWA PENNSYLVANI
" NEBRASKA 13 OHIO 38
3 UTAH ILLINOI 24 WESTNIA
COLORADO KANSAS 29 Y VIR
GI
UCK
MISSOURI KENT
lo 13 INA
TH CAROL
ARIZONA MENEW T
18
E N N E S S E E NORTH CAROLINA
TENNESSEES
XICO OKLAHOMA ARK
ARK ANS

P3
AS
NS ASAS
10 ARKAANS

SIP
SECAROLINA SOUTH

SIS
3
3

MIS
A GEORGI

LOU
ISI

FL
TEXAS
AN

OR
ID
20

A
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLICAN

lo
DEMOCRATIC
WITHOUT REAL CONTEST

THIS MAP SHOWS EACH STATE'S ELECTORAL VOTE AND THE STATES CARRIED BY WILSON AND HUGHES
RESPECTIVELY, ON NOVEMBER 7
sand, as also was that in Delaware for
Hughes. Our accompanying map shows con -
veniently how the States were lined up in
the electoral result. There has been a vast
amount of newspaper attempt at explana-
tion of the alleged drifts of sectional senti-
ment and opinion as shown by the popular
vote. Many of these attempts at diagnosis
have been absurd . They have not even been
based upon accurate information as to the
popular vote itself. Enough voters chose to
vote for Wilson to give him a second term .
This is the large, obvious fact.
Causes and Some of the friends and sup- and speaking in California as early as Au
Effects in porters of Mr. Hughes have
California
nia been saying, with a deep sense
of disappointment, that the disloyalty of a
few Republicans or Progressives in Califor-
nia had defeated the national ticket. Gov -
ernor Hiram Johnson was the Republican
(as well as Progressive ) candidate for the
United States Senate, and he received the seems to have been blameless, except for
largest majority given to any candidate for
any office in any one of the forty -eight States.
His numerical lead over the Democratic can
didate for the Senate is reported asmore than
a quarter of a million . Governor Johnson
supported Mr. Hughes; and it was hard for
Eastern people to understand how the Re
publican Presidential ticket could have lost
the State under such circumstances . The
Republican vote for members of Congress
considerably exceeded the Democratic vote,
in so far as we are informed. It could have
been guessed that old-line Republicans, sup
porting the national ticket, might have
"knifed" Johnson for the Senate. But it was
not apparent, from a distance, how Heney
and certain other local Progressives who de..
cided to support Wilson, could have caused
so enormous a defection from a national
ticket that Roosevelt, Johnson , and most of
the influential Progressive leaders were sup
porting. Mr. Hughes had been badly ad
vised in making a journey to the far West
gust, before the Republicans had settled their
intense local fight in the State primaries . It
looked as if he had been taken in hand by
leaders of the anti-Progressive wing, thinking
that they might gain some prestige in their
determination to prevent Johnson 's nomina
tion for the Senate. Mr. Hughes himself
the political indiscretion of making an un
timely Western trip in August.
No Republican reverses began with
Real the Congressional and State
Verdict elections of 1910. The mistakes
of the Payne-Aldrich tariff, as protested
against by the progressive Republican Sen
ators, would have been enough to bring dis
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 583
aster to the party ,
even if obnoxious
selfishness and arro
gance had not af
terwards been joined
with stupid political
management. From
Mr. Taft's extra
session of 1909, un
til the end last
month of the cam
paign of 1916 , the
Republican organi
zation has invited its
defeats by its own
fatuity. It has not
been beaten by Dem
ocrats, nearly so
much as by itself .
Mr. Hughes in his
course was doubtless
inspired by the laud COVERNOR HIRAM JOHNSON OF CALIFORNIA, SENATOR -ELECT BY A COLOSSAL
able desire to serve MAJORITY , AND NOW A NATIONAL FIGURE
the country ; but the
Republican party, as managed by those who California at all, he would probably have
dominated the Chicago convention , has not carried the State on the wave of Hiram
in this great hour proved to be the chosen Johnson's great triumph . That would have
instrument of destiny. The contest that we made him President; but the general verdict
have actually witnessed through the cam - would have been unchanged.
paign period was not the drama that the
real public opinion of the country had in California It must be remembered that the
structed the parties to stage. The final Four Yegrs fight in California four years
result, therefore, proved nothing very con Ago ago lay between Wilson and
clusive. If Mr. Hughes had not gone to Roosevelt, and that the popular vote for the
two men was almost exactly equal. Roose
velt carried the State by far less margin than
Wilson has this year. The participation of
women greatly swells the total numbers.
Thus, Wilson has about 183,000 more Cali
fornia votes in 1916 than in 1912 , while
Hughes has about 176 ,000 more votes than
Roosevelt and Taft together had in 1912.
It is supposed that the women were some
what inclined toward Wilson , but it is likely
that they were divided in about the same
ratio as the men . Johnson 's vote for the
Senate seems to have been something wholly
apart from the Presidential contest — a per
sonal tribute of the entire population . His
Democratic opponent was as much out of
HIRAM the race as was the man in Pennsylvania who
JOHNSONS ran against Philander Knox. In the Presi
dential contest, California would have been
fairly close, regardless of candidates. The
minor accidents happened to favor Wilson,
at the expense of Hughes. Better planning
and better luck , with skillful campaign man
JUST EXPRESSIONS agement, would have given Hughes in Cali
From the Evening Ledger (Philadelphia) fornia a somewhat larger plurality than that
582 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
GTON
WASHIN
MONTANA ESOTA
MINN
OREGON NORTH

SHA
DAKOTA

DIG
5
CALLIIFFO

IDAHO

AN
WYOMING
SOUTH
DAKOTA 12 WISCONSIN NEW " YO4R5K MARS
5
OR

NEVA PENNSYLVANIA

A
NEBRASKA IOWA
NI

IAN
DA
13 38
OH2IO4

IND
UTAH
1 ILLINOIS WESTIA
COLORADO KANS MISSOU 29 NTUCKY VIRGIN
INIA
8 VIRG E
AS RI PAKENTUCKS IN
10 18 13 NORTH CAROL
ARIZONA NNESSEE
MENEW
XICO OKLAHOMA
10
ARKANSAS
LO
UI GEORGIA

VE
SIS
SI
AN

LO
30
TEXAS A

RI
20

DA
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLICAN 16
DEMOCRATIC
WITHOUT REAL CONTEST
THIS MAP SHOWS EACH STATE 'S ELECTORAL VOTE AND THE STATES CARRIED BY WILSON AND HUGHES
RESPECTIVELY, ON NOVEMBER 7
sand, as also was that in Delaware for Republican vote for members of Congress
Hughes. Our accompanyingmap showscon - considerably exceeded the Democratic vote,
veniently how the States were lined up in in so far as we are informed. It could have
the electoral result. There has been a vast been guessed that old -line Republicans, sup
amount of newspaper attempt at explana- porting the national ticket, might have
tion of the alleged drifts of sectional senti- " knifed ” Johnson for the Senate. But it was
ment and opinion as shown by the popular not apparent, from a distance, how Heney
vote. Many of these attempts at diagnosis and certain other local Progressives who de
have been absurd. They have not even been cided to support Wilson , could have caused
based upon accurate information as to the so enormous a defection from a national
popular vote itself. Enough voters chose to ticket that Roosevelt, Johnson, and most of
vote for Wilson to give him a second term . the influential Progressive leaders were sup
This is the large, obvious fact. porting. Mr. Hughes had been badly ad
vised in making a journey to the far West
Causes and
Some of the friends and sup and speaking in California as early as Au
Effects in porters of Mr. Hughes have
California gust, before the Republicans had settled the
nia been saying, with a deep sense intense local fight in the State primaries,
of disappointment, that the disloyalty of a looked as if he had been taken in hand by
few Republicans or Progressives in Califor- leaders of the anti- Progressive wires
nia had defeated the national ticket. Gov - that they might gain some pret
ernor Hiram Johnson was the Republican determination to prevent
(as well as Progressive) candidate for the tion for the Senate. M
United States Senate, and he received the seems to have been b
largest majority given to any candidate for the political indiscreti
any office in any one of the forty-eight States. timely Western trip
His numerical lead over the Democratic can
didate for the Senate is reported asmore than Νο.
a quarter of a million. Governor Johnson Real
Ver
supported Mr. Hughes ; and it was hard for
Eastern people to understand how the Re- of
publican Presidential ticket could have lost a
the State under such circumstances. The
 THE PROGRESS OF THE FUL
aster to the party ,
even if obnoxious
selfishness and arro
gance had not af
terwards been joined
with stupid political
management. From
Mr. Taft's extra
session of 1909, un
til the end last
month of the cam
paign of 1916 , the
Republican organi
zation has invited its
defeats by its own
fatuity. It has not
been beaten by Dem
ocrats, nearly so
much as by itself.
Mr. Hughes in his
course was doubtless
inspired by the laud COVERNOR HIRAM S
able desire to serve E
the country ; but the
Republican party, as managed by these
dominated the Chicago convention, has not MONTANA
in this great hour proved to be the shoes 015, though Demo.
instrument of destiny. The contest that
have actually witnessed through the cparately. Mr.
paign period was not the drama ter to Irality of about
real public opinion of the country has in. The vote of
structed the parties to stage Tie The st exactly the same
result, therefore, proved nothing to 3. Thus the influ
clusive. If Mr. Hughes has not opular action in poli
f men and women in
seems to have been
fornia and Kansas as in
ne that thewomen in the
we not quite as independ
went as the men , and were
sed by what they regarded
of the Mormon Church au
becompanying map shows the
w which women voted last
are no facts as yet that suffi
ny of the various statements
" swing” of the women 's vote
on or in the other. Two States
oted on the question of extend
rage to women , these being South
West Virginia . In both States
I was rejected .
For convenience, our readers
may wish to be reminded that
the question came up for pop
in the fall of 1915 in the four
w Jersey, New York, Pennsyl
assachusetts, all of which de
584 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
utuch has made Wilson a two-term Presi- test. In those States where Southern senti
dent in the face of the Democratic platform ment is strong, but where there is a real
that pledged its candidate of 1912 to the Republican Presidential vote , no great Wil
one- term principle. son wave was discernible. Thus in Vir
ginia and Kentucky, Wilson actually lost
The South There has been much in the a good many votes as compared with
Not in the newspapers to the effect that the 1912. His gain in Maryland, Missouri, and
Contest election discloses a wholly new Tennessee was slight and unimpressive.
sectional alliance between the West and the
South , thus making the Democracy a great Utah and The most striking change in the
radical force in opposition to the East. There the Mormon entire country is to be found in
is nothing in the results that even super Vote Utah . Nowhere else has Mr.
ficially justifies these fanciful, attempts to Wilson made so remarkable a score. He
generalize. Except for several border has gained much more than 100 per cent.
States, the South does not participate in over his popular vote of 1912 , while the
Presidential contests. It has only one real Republicans have greatly fallen off. There
party, and its electoral vote is pledged in are four or five other States in the Mountain
advance to the Democratic ticket. The region in which the Mormons, who control
Southern leaders have not been in very sym - the politics of Utah, are strong enough to
pathetic accord with the Wilson policies , turn the scale from one party to the other.
and the South's control of the Democratic All of these States this year have gone for
party is for distinct reasons of its own. The Wilsobie thatthe authors could te beren possible
Wilson . The inference is well-nigh ir
Democrats in the Presidential year have al- resistible that the authorities of the Mormon
ways the advantage of starting with a large Church did what they could to bring about
assured block of Southern electoral votes. a change that would not have been possible
The Republicans in normal times do, indeed , if they had not favored Wilson . This com
hope to carry Vermont and Pennsylvania. ment is not made in the spirit of criticism .
But they encounter, even in those two States, Four years ago the Mormon influence was
well-organized opposition ; and everywhere for Taft. Apparently the Mormon women
else they must fight for what they get. The this year voted more freely than heretofore,
South , therefore, from Virginia to Texas, They were doubtless impressed by the plea
was Wilson 's from the start, without a con that Wilson had “ kept us out of war.” The
Mormon communities are prosperous, and
do not wish trouble with foreign nations.
Furthermore , Mormondom inclines always
towards respect for " the powers that be,"
and it has had no especial reason to be dis
pleased with the present Administration . It
is to be remembered as a fact in practical
politics , that the hearty good will of the
Mormons is a large asset, valuable all the way
from Montana to New Mexico, especially
important in Idaho, Wyoming, and Nevada,
and not to be neglected even in Colorado or
California.

The The passing of North Dakota

HOW DID IT HAPPEN ? WAS HE JARRED BY THE
HUGHESETTE TRAIN ? DID HIRAM JOHXSOX DO IT ?
OR, BUT. WHY GO ON ?
From the Herald ( New York )
Western into the Democratic column was
mers a surprise to Eastern Republi
cans. But that State especially illustrates the
tendency to give political credit for business
prosperity . North Dakota is perhaps the
most completely agricultural State in the
Union ; and its largest crop is wheat. The
high prices of grain and all farm products
have given North Dakota its two most pros
perous years. Across the border, the Da
kota farmers see the terrible strain to which
the European war has subjected their imme
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 585
diate neighbors in Canada. The various
bureaus of the Departments of the Interior
and of Agriculture have earned the confi
dence of the Western farmers. There has
been much recent legislation — such as that
for farm loan banks, federal aid to roads, and
so on — that the farmers have appreciated .
Against all these influences , it would have
required a more skilful campaign than the
Republicans knew how to conduct, to hold
the old -time party strength among the farm
ers of the West. The Hughes vote was
decidedly larger in North Dakota than the
total Roosevelt and Taft votes of 1912. But
the Wilson gain was very much larger , so
that the normal Republican majority was a
little more than overcome. Nebraska and
Kansas, which are also predominantly agri
cultural States, were both susceptible to these
influences. It is rather surprising that under
these circumstances Wilson 's gain in Neb
raska should have been only 10 or 12 per
cent. compared with his vote of 1912. In
Nebraska the women do not vote. But in
Kansas this year they voted for the first time. Photograph by CentralNews Photo Service
Kansas has always been in a state of politi MISS JEANNETTE RANKIN , OF MONTANA
cal ferment, and a great many of its Progres. (Elected to Congress by the Republicans, though Demo
crats swept the State)
sives, men and women , this year regarded,
Wilson as more radical and more popular in their ballots are counted separately. Mr.
his sympathies than Hughes. The vote of Hughes has an Illinois plurality of about
Kansas women swelled the total electorate, 175 ,000 over Mr. Wilson . The vote of
but probably did not affect the result. women is divided in almost exactly the same
ratio as the vote of men. Thus the influ
As regards this very interesting ences that bring about popular action in poli
The Voting
Womenno question of the woman vote, we tics affect the minds of men and women in
have the Illinois records. In similar degree. This seems to have been
that great State women have now voted quite as true in California and Kansas as in
for the first time in a Presidential year and Illinois. It is possible that the women in the
Mormon States were not quite as independ
SHADOR LAKN ent in their judgment as the men, and were
a little more affected by what they regarded
as the attitude of the Mormon Church au
THE FEMALE OF
thorities. An accompanying map shows the
THE SPECIES
13 MORE
twelve States in which women voted last
DEMOCRATIC month . There are no facts as yet that suffi
THAN THEMALE ciently prove any of the various statements
made as to the " swing” of the women 's vote
in one direction or in the other. Two States
last month voted on the question of extend
.

L
ing the suffrage to women , these being South
TONEBE THE
NOISE
THE LADIES
Dakota and West Virginia . In both States
ARE AROUND
the proposal was rejected.
. For convenience, our readers
Progress of may wish to be reminded that
the question came up for pop
ular action in the fall of 1915 in the four
' TIDINGS FROM THE WEST States of New Jersey, New York, Pennsyl
From the Times-Picayunc (New Orleans) vania, and Massachusetts, all of which de
586 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
NGTON
WASHI

MINN
1910 MONTAN

ESOT
CALI

ТОА
NORTH

но
A MIC NAINE

WI
DAKOTA

HI
A
OREGO 1914

SC
N H

ON

GA
FORN

SI
1912 SOUTH

N
DAKOTA
1896 WYOMING NEW
IA

1896

A
NEVADA PENNSYL

INDIAN
NEBRASKA 10 WA
1914 UTAH MIS OHIO
SOU ILLINOIS
1896 | COLORADO RI 1913
1893 KANSAS
1912 KENTUC
NORTH

MISSIS
1912 ARIZONA NEW OKLAHOMA TENNESSEE
CAROLINA
SOUTH
]

SIPPI
1912 MEXICO ARKANSAS CAROLINA

LO
GEORGIA

UI
ALABAMA

SI
A

FL
TEXAS

OR
ID
A MAP TO SHOW THE STATES IN WHICH ILLINOIS
WOMEN WERE
VOTEDCARRIED
FOR PRESIDENT. ALL OF THE TWELVE BUT OREGON AND
FOR WILSON
feated suffrage. In 1914, when Montana The two things bear no necessary relation to
and Nevada accepted woman suffrage, the one another. Women should hold office.
proposal was rejected by popular vote in
the States of North and South Dakota , The prohibition wave seems to
Nebraska, Missouri, and Ohio. The suf Prohibition'sGains be advancing more sweepingly
fragists in South Dakota have now shown just now than that of woman
great persistence in bringing the matter up suffrage. Our map (next page) shows the
for a second defeat at the polls so soon after addition of the States ofMichigan , Nebraska,
the first. Mr. Hughes had unqualifiedly en - South Dakota, and Montana. Constitu
dorsed the plan of seeking to confer suffrage tional amendments were adopted in each of
in a nation -wide way by federal action . Mr. these four. We should perhaps have been
Wilson had stuck to his preference for sep - justified in adding Utah and also Florida to
arate action by the States. It does not appear the States printed white on themap. They
that this difference of attitude brought to have not changed their constitutions, but are
Mr. Hughes many votes or took many away to enact Statewide prohibition by statute
from Mr. Wilson. There is nothing to sup- when their legislatures meet. In Utah , the
port the view that people in the States that present Republican Governor had vetoed a
have adopted woman suffrage care particu- prohibition act. His Democratic successor,
larly whether other States adopt it or not. Governor-elect Bamberger, will sign such an
It is now conceded by political leaders in act. In Florida, the Democratic primaries
both parties that whenever as many as, let had declared for prohibition , and after a sen
us say, 25 per cent, of the women of a given Rev. Sidney J. Catts, Pro
sational campaign
State clearly and definitely desire the ballot, hibitionist, has been elected Governor. Thus
it will be conferred upon them and upon the twenty-five States may now be reckoned as
remaining 75 per cent. without any partisan won by the Prohibitionists. California this
or organized opposition . As a point of more year, as in 1914, rejects prohibition, and
than passing interest, though having nothing Missouri also last month voted adversely.
particularly to do with woman suffrage, it Several other States have resisted attempts to
should be noted that Montana has elected repeal or modify their existing prohibitory
Miss Jeannette Rankin as a Member of laws. Mr. Bryan, since the election , has
Congress. It is plain enough that women been anew conspicuous by reason of his state
is to be the great na
should be eligible for all elective and ap- ment that prohibition
pointive offices, whether they vote or not. tional issue four years hence. Attention has
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 587
been called to the remarkable coincidences of
the prohibition map and that showing the
Wilson electoral vote. In earlier days, the
Prohibitionists were more closely identified
with the Republicans than with the Demo
crats. The anti-saloon movement is not, of
course, really associated with either of the
political parties. Much attention has been
attracted by Mr. Henry Ford's movement
for persuading the brewers of Detroit and
Michigan to accept the verdict in good tem
per, and turn their establishments into fac
tories for making fuel alcohol with which to
operate automobiles.
While the general electoral re
VeryNothing
Decisive sult has been so interpreted in
the press as to have seemed to
careless readers both surprising in its main
outcome and sensational in its unexpected
sweeps and trends, a more careful analysis
shows that nothing very surprising happened
and that there was no decisive popular ver
dict. The refusal of the American people to
give
they William H . Taft
had a perfect a secondtoterm
opportunity , when
do so, was
REV. SIDNEY J. CATTS, OF FLORIDA
(Elected Governor on the Prohibition ticket)
emphatic and unmistakable. In the case of
President Wilson, there was an almost even appear that Hughes had perhaps something
division of sentiment. If one takes only those less than 8,000,000 votes and Wilson some
States in which there was active campaign - thing more than 7,500,000. To put it in a
ing, and omits that block of Southern States different way : If one omits the States fully
in which the voting was perfunctory, it will .- conceded to Wilson by both parties in ad
TON
WASHING
MIN N

MONTANA
ID

1914
NESES

OREGON NORTH MI MAINE

AH

1916 DAKOTA CH
O

IG
O

1914 1889
TA
CAL

SOUTH WISC
VISCOONSSIN
1915 WYOMING DAKOTA
IFO

NEW YORK
NEVA 1916
RNI

DA 1916 PENNSYLVANIA
IND

NEBRASKA TOWA
IAN
A

1915 OHIO
COLORADO 1916
A

1916TAH ILLINOIS WEST

VIRGINIA 1914
ISSO
1914 KANSAS URI CKY 1912 VIRGINIA
1880 KENTU
ARIZONA NORTH A
CAROLIN 8
MISSI

OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS TENNESSEE 190

1914 NEW MEXICO 1909
SOUTH
SSIPP

1907 1915 CAROLINA

1915
I

ALABAMA )GEORGIA
1908
LOUIS

ISI 1907
TEXAS 1915
LO

ANA
RI 1916

WET
DA

DRY
STATEWIDE
PROHIBITION

TH UTAH AND FLORIDA INCLUDED , TWENTY-FIVE OF THE FORTY-EIGHT STATES HAVE DECIDED IN FAVOR
OF STATEWIDE PROHIBITION
588 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEI' S
vance, Hughes had a decided plurality in the viduals, East and West, voted for Mr. Wil
rest of the country . The Wilson managers son in preference to Mr. Hughes . But there
had claimed New York, New Jersey, Ohio , is no prospect of the mass of Progressives,
Indiana, and Illinois up to the last moment. either Eastern or Western , joining the
But Ohio was the only one of these States Democratic party . Many of the Progressive
that they carried ; whereas in the nature of doctrines and demands of 1912 have been
things they ought to have carried Indiana, accepted by both parties. In particular lo
the President's own State of New Jersey, calities, as in Kansas, parties have not re
and New York by a close margin . New crystallized since the split of 1912. A good
York is always, in politics, regarded as two many of the Ohio Progressives seem to have
great communities, pitted against each other. voted for Wilson ; but taking the country at
Tammany and the Democrats had promised large, the Roosevelt vote of 1912, in very
Wilson a plurality of more than 100,000 in large proportions, followed the Colonel into
the great city. But this plurality actually the Hughes camp.
shrank to about 40,000. The Empire State There is little in our comments
outside of themetropolis gave Hughes about
150,000, with the result of his carrying the Forecasts
and Results last month that does not stand
forty -five votes of the entire State by about the test of the actual results.
110,000. Tammany has lost prestige. Our review of the campaign was written
and sent to press as of October 20 , eight
The Whether or not the Progressives een days before the election. We thought
Progressives' are in the main permanently re- ' it probable that Wilson would win , that the
Future incorporated in the Republican Senate would remain Democratic with a
party is yet to be seen. Doubtless they will reduced majority, and that the House would
remain if the Republican rank and file can be nearly even or slightly Republican. To
rid themselves of certain leaders who are not one thing we attributed more importance
representative. The State of Iowa gave a de- than the result justified . Wewere of opin
cisive Republican majority , reducing Wil- ion that the false issue raised by the railroad
son 's vote well below that of 1912. But in eight-hour law had deceived a great number
Iowa, Republicanism and Progressivism have of wage-earners, who would accordingly
held together. Many Progressives as indi- vote for Mr. Wilson. This influence count

THE APPROXIMATE POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT AND THE RESULT IN

THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE
Popular Voto Electoral Voto Popular Vote Electoral Vote
Wilson Hughes Wilson Hughes Wilson Hughes Wilson Haghes
Alabama .. . . . . 89,000 30 ,000 12 Nevada . . .. . . 12,448 - 9,842
Arizona .. . . . . .. 29,641 19, 363 3 New Hampshire 43,737 43,724
Arkansas . . . . . 85,000 37,000 9 New Jersey . . . 209,332 264,320
wi

California . . . . 466 ,269 462,838 13 New Mexico .. 32,077 29,951

Colorado . . . . . 158,257 95,716 New York . . .. 756 ,010 863,987
Connecticut . . . 99,687 106, 378 North Carolina 158,000 110,000
Delaware . . . . . 24 ,521 25,794 North Dakota .. 54,449 52 ,831
Florida . . . . . . . 60,000 12,000 Ohio .. . . . . . . . . 578,000 496,720
Georgia . . . . . . 109,200 28,000 Oklahoma .. . . . 140,000 110,000
Idaho . . . . . . . 68,000 54,500 Oregon . . . . . . . 116,550 123,570
Illinois . .. .. . 869,152 1,044,608 Pennsylvania . . . 510 .747 695,734
:.:::

Indiana .. .. 333,466 339,437 Rhode Island .. 39,353 44, 159

Iowa .. . . . . 215,918 279,085 South Carolina. 68,000 1,500
Kansas .. . 315,000 277,000 South Dakota .. . 45,449 50,892
Kentucky . 219,000 193,000 Tennessee .. . . . 138,647 97,553
Louisiana . . . . . 68,000 9,000 Texas . . . . . . . . 228,000 58,000
Maine . . . . . . . . 64 ,148 69,491 Utah . . . . . . . . . 77,381 48,948
Maryland . . . .. 133,211 113,773 Vermont . . . .. . 21,832 38,254
+

Massachusetts . 247,327 268,361 Virginia .. . . . . 60,107 21,132

Michigan . . .. . 237,114 308, 122 Washington .. . 197,000 183,000
Minnesota .. . . . 179,157 179,553 West Virginia.. 139,013 141,432
Mississippi . . . . 91,000 5,000 Wisconsin . .. . 183,285 206,664
Missouri . . . . . . 376 ,000 345,000 18 Wyoming .. . . . 25,617 19,998 3
Montana . . . . . . 80,927 54 ,608
Nebraska .. ... 123,587 94,563 Totals.......8,577,613 8,164,410
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 589

© Underwood & Underwood, New York

HON . WOODROW WILSON , WHO WILL BE ACCORDED A SECOND TERM AS PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES BY THE NEW ELECTORAL COLLEGE , A MAJORITY OF WHOSE MEMBERS SUP
PORT HIS CANDIDACY
ed for less than we had anticipated , while the be trying to help prove that Wilson had in
appeal to the farmers counted for more. deed “ kept us out of war," as a matter of
We were happily justified in asserting that damaging accusation . Thousands of voters
the talk about the “ hyphen ” was nonsense , derived the impression that the Republican
and that the voters of foreign parentage leaders thought we ought to have gone to
would be found as loyal to their American war. The real criticism of the Bryan
obligations and privileges as any other vo - Wilson policy is that its Fabian and dilatory
ters. The real grounds upon which Mr. ways had kept us on the fringes of war,
Wilson's foreign policies could have been whereas a prompt settlement of issues at the
justly criticized were not well explained to moment they arose, with a firm and un
the voters by those responsible for managing hesitating support of American rights, would
the Hughes campaign . It is likely that Wil- have greatly lessened our risks and dangers.
son gained rather more than he lost by the
methods used in attacking his Mexican pol The situation was such that the
icy, and in attacking his treatment of the Contrasts in " ins” could create the news as
Management
Lusitania case. The real truth about our they went along, and shift the
foreign relationships was not set before the issues ad libitum . The Republicans were
public in a helpful, constructive, or reassur- not skilful in following the vastly clever
ing way. The Republicans seemed really to moves of the Democrats. There was a gen
590 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
eral atmosphere of zeal, loyalty, intelligence tests, it would be found that the Repub
and good teamwork about the conduct of licans came out far in the lead . It will be
the Wilson campaign that was lacking in remembered that the expiring Congress has
the other camp. There was much painful yet to hold its last session , beginning on the
testimony to this effect on the part of expe- first Monday in December. Its two-year
rienced observers. In the last days of the term ends on the 4th of March , when Mr.
campaign , there was frantic purchase of full Wilson will be inaugurated for his second
pages for Republican advertising in themet - term . Unless some great emergency should
ropolitan press, with the printing of hastily arise, the President will not call an extra
composed and unconvincing statements which session, and the new Congress will not as
probably did not affect a single voter. But semble till December, just one year hence.
The time has come when we should change
our system in several respects. It should be
the new Congress, not the old , that is due to
meet a month after the election . Without
changing the Constitutional scheme of the
Electoral College, it would be easy to adopt
the plan of choosing electors individually in

Photograph by the American Press Association

HOX . VANCE MCCORMICK , DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL
CHAIRMAN
(On the day after election , when the reports were
changing to Wilson )

the neglect of systematic publicity-work in

the agricultural States of the West was so
complete that it seemed deliberate and inten
tional. All this, of course, wasMr. Hughes'
misfortune, and not his fault. Photograph by the American Press Association
HON . WILLIAM R . WILLCOX , REPUBLICAN NATIONAL
Congress With the count not revised in CHAIRMAN
Slightly all districts, the Republicans (Hearing reports on the day after election )
Republican
can seem to have elected a majority
of the members of the next Congress. It is Congressional districts, with two chosen at
reported that 217 Republican members and large by the entire State. This would do
212 Democratic are chosen, with six others away with the undue importance of the
who are Progressives or independents. large States under our present method .
This would indicate , when taken in conjunc- Choosing the electors on the general State
tion with State elections, that the Repub- ticket was not the original custom , and is
licans, rather than the Democrats, now hold not prescribed in the Constitution . That
a slight party preponderance in the country. document empowers the state legislatures to
If one were taking only the Congressional prescribe themethod of choosing or appoint
districts in which there were actual con - ing the presidential electors .
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 591
Progressive The new Senate (after the 4th over his Democratic opponent. Ohio , which
Republicans of next March ) will remain reëlected the Democratic Senator, Pomerene,
for Senate Democratic, by a majority of ten gave him only a quarter of Wilson 's plu
instead of the present majority of sixteen . rality . Only the great Ohio swing to Wil
This would have been reduced to six but for son defeated Myron Herrick for the Senate .
somewhat personal issues in the two small Two Republican Senators were elected in
States of Delaware and Rhode Island. Indiana, both of them running better than
These two States were carried by Hughes, Hughes. In Maryland, where Wilson was
but Senators du Pont and Lippitt were de- victorious by more than 20,000 , the Repub
feated by Democratic opponents. Our table licans elected the Senator. In Nevada, the
(below ) gives the list of victors in the Republican candidate was defeated by a very
thirty-two States that chose Senators. It close margin , running far ahead of Hughes.
seems to us that a very definite Progressive- New Jersey elects a progressive Republican ,
Republican trend was indicated. Thus Cali- Mr. Frelinghuysen, to the Senate by a plu
fornia and Washington , giving their electors rality vastly larger than the very ample
to Wilson, chose Hiram Johnson and Miles plurality given to Hughes.
Poindexter as Republican Senators by thump
ing majorities. Minnesota , choosing Hughes In New York , where Hughes
electors by the narrow margin of less than Consistent had 110,000 plurality, the Re
100 votes, gave Frank Kellogg about 68,000 nd publican Senator-elect, Calder,
UNITED STATES SENATORS ELECTED NOVEMBER 7 GOVERNORS OF STATES ELECTED NOVEMBER 7
- Arizona - Henry F . Ashurst, D . Arizona — Thomas E . Campbell, R .
Arkansas - W . F . Kirby, D . Arkansas- Charles H . Brough, D .
California - Hiram Johnson, R . Colorado - Julius C . Gunter, D .
Connecticut- George P . McLean, R .* Connecticut - Marcus H . Holcomb, R .*
Delaware - Josiah O . Wolcott, D . Delaware - John G . Townsend, R .
Florida - Park Trammell, D . Florida - Sidney J. Catts, Proh . ( D ) .
Indiana ] Harry. S. New , R .
Indisini - James E . Watson , R . - Georgia - Hugh M . Dorsey, D .
Idaho - Moses Alexander, D .*
Maryland , Joseph Irwin France, R. : Illinois- Frank 0 . Lovden , R .
Massachusetts - Henry Cabot Lodge, R . Indiana - James P . Goodrich , R .
Michigan - Charles E . Townsend, R .* . Iowa - W . L. Harding, R ...
Minnesota - Frank B , Kellogg, R . - Kansas - Arthur Capper, R .*
Mississippi- John Sharp Williams, D. Massachusetts — Samuel W . McCall, R .* :
Missouri - James A . Reed , D .* Michigan - Albert E . Sleeper, R .
Montana , Henry L . Myers, D .* Minnesota - J. A . A . Burnquist, R .*
Nebraska - Gilbert M . Hitchcock, D .* Missouri Frederick D . Gardner, D .
Neyada - Key Pittman, D .* Montana - Samuel V . Stewart, D .*
New Jersey - Joseph S. Frelinghuysen, R . Nebraska — Keith Neville, D .
New Mexico - Andrieus A . Jones, D . New Hampshire — Henry W . Keyes, R .
New York - William M . Calder, R . New Jersey - Walter E . Edge, R .
North Dakotá - Porter J. McCumber, R .* New Mexico — H . O . Bursum , R .
Ohio - Atlee Pomerene, D .* : New York - Charles S. Whitman , R .*
Pennsylvania --Philander C. Knox, R . North Carolina — Thomas W . Bickett, D .
Rhode Island - Peter Goelet.Gerry, D . North Dakota - Lynn C . Frazier, R .
Tennessee - Kenneth D . McKellar, D . Ohio – James M . Cox, D .
Texas - Charles A . Culberson , D . * Rhode Island - R . Livingston Beeckman, R .*
Utah - William H . King, D . South Carolina - Richard I. Manning, D .*
Vermont- Carroll S. Page, R .* South Dakota - Peter Norbeck, R .
Virginia - Claude A . Swanson , D .* Tennessee — Thomas C . Rye, D .*
Washington - Miles Poindexter, R .* Texas - James E . Ferguson, D .*
West Virginia - Howard Sutherland, R . Utah - Simon Bamberger, D .
Wisconsin - Robert M . La Follette, R .* Vermont- Horace F . Graham , R .
Wyoming - John B. Kendrick , D . Washington - Ernest Lister, D .*
West Virginia — John J. Cornwell, D .
Wisconsin - Emanuel L. Philipp, R .*
*Reëlected.
Republican Senators succeed Democrats in *Reëlected .
California, Indiana ( 2 ), Maryland, New Jersey, Republican Governors succeed Democrats in
New York, and West Virginia. Arizona, Illinois, Indiana , Michigan , New Jer
Democratic Senators succeed Republicans in sey, and New Mexico .
Delaware, New Mexico, Rhode Island , Utah , Democratic Governors succeed Republicans in
and Wyoming . Colorado, Ohio , Utah, and West Virginia .
592 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Votes In thirty -five States last month
for Governors were elected . Our
Governors table gives a list of the victors
about half of whom are assigned to each
party. Results were in doubt in Arizona
and New Mexico. If the popular vote is
considered, the election of Governors, like
that of Congressmen and United States Sen
ators , shows a decided Republican trend.
Thus while former Governor Cox , of Ohio,
has defeated Governor Willis, it is by a very
small plurality compared with Wilson 's
(more than six times as large) over Hughes.
Governor Whitman was reëlected in New
York , over Judge Seabury , by a plurality
approximating that for Hughes. Governor
McCall, in Massachusetts, led the ticket.
Mr. Lowden 's victory over Governor Dunne,
in Illinois, was overwhelming. Those study
ing election figures should remember that in
Illinois the women vote for President, but
not for State officers. Governor Capper
(Republican ), in Kansas, was victorious by
100 ,000 plurality, while Hughes lost the
State to Wilson by 38,000 . In Minnesota ,
where the Presidential vote hung critically
in the balance awaiting the official count, the
Republican Governor was decisively re
© Gessford elected. In Indiana, Mr. Goodrich was
HON . JOSEPH S. FRELINGHUYSEN , OF NEW JERSEY 'elected Governor with a plurality consider .
nator)ing Mr.
(Elected to the United States Senate, Sedefeat ably better than that given to the Presiden
Martine, the present Democratic Senator)
tial ticket. These items are enough to show
had 193,000 over Mr. McCombs. In that the normal trend on election day was
North Dakota, where Wilson prevailed over emphatically Republican .
Hughes, the Republican Senator, McCum
ber, was reëlected by a heavy majority. Very Machinery
In the Presidential contest, the
striking is the result in Wisconsin , where the Versus ' country was so evenly divided
Hughes plurality over Wilson was 26 ,000. Sentiment that no clear verdict was given
The famous progressive Republican Senator, to either side. But the election , considered
La Follette, had a vote which seems to have in all its phases and aspects, was not a vic
amounted to two-thirds of the total poll, tory for the Democratic party , but on the
and which may some day be counted. His contrary one for the Republicans ; and it was
plurality probably exceeds 150, 000. Penn - especially emphatic wherever candidates were
sylvania gave a plurality of 185 ,000 for entirely satisfactory to the Progressive .
Hughes over Wilson , while giving to Phil. It is needless at this point to moralize upon
ander C . Knox for the Senate a plurality the things that happened in June at Chicago,
over his opponent only less than the approx- when the Progressive and Republican con
imately 300,000 that Hiram Johnson re - ventions met simultaneously . The ma
ceived in California. Philander Knox and chinery of the Republican party in 1912, and
Frank Kellogg — while not as radical as again in 1916 , was controlled by men who
Miles Poindexter, Robert La Follette, or represented a minority of the effective vote
Hiram Johnson - belong to the progressive upon which it is necessary to rely for victory
rather than the " standpat” wing of the Re- at the polls. If there are those who would
publican party. Thus a review of the Sena- still dispute the claim that Mr. Roosevelt
torial and Congressional campaign leads us was “manipulated " out of a nomination in
to the opinion that the voters on November 1912, it is hard to believe that there will be
7 showed a marked swing of the pendulum any impartial historian of politics who will
in the direction of progressive Republicanism . deny that he was “ negotiated " out of one
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD
in 1916. But this is a mere observation in
passing, and is not offered in the spirit of
challenge or argument.
Cheerful In view of the extreme closeness
Acceptance of the Presidential choice, as
of Results turning upon the vote of less
than one-half of one per cent of the total
vote in the State of California , the country
is to be congratulated upon the spirit in
which the result has been accepted . Our
election methods can be improved in several
respects , but they are more accurate and
more honest than they have ever been be
fore. Mr. Wilson is facing many difficult
problems, with the country 's earnest wish for
his wise guidance and full measure of suc
cess. He will find in his second term that
he will not be able to rule the United States,
as heretofore , through his power of unques
tioned leadership , with submissive party ma
jorities in the two houses. He will have to
modify his methods, and henceforth be less a
European · Prime Minister and more an
American President. This would be a fa
vorable time for action of some kind upon
the recurring question of second terms. Once
in the White House, every President begins
to work for a second term , no matter what
he might have thought on that question pre-
vious to his own elevation . There are few
thoughtful men in any party who fail to see
the harm of what is known as " second- term
politics.” The politicians in both great par-
ties are already looking about for their can
didates of 1920. The Republicans will have
to take a " progressive” ; and so, of course,
PL
UR
AL
INRED
DEFE
AT
A GRAIN OF COMFORT
[ The new House will be Republican ]
Dec. - 2
From the News (Dallas)
593
I MIGHT
ST ( USEINTHAT
1920
WEM
KE DRYTHEVOTESE
3 AT123 . ST ) JANTA
T ONTINANA
AN
IR
O NA
DO
RA
LO
CO
VAC
UTAN INT
O E
MAIN
COWA
WHO WILL PICK IT UP ?
From the Evening News (Newark, N . J.)
will the Democrats. The experience of Mr.
Hughes now renders it improbable that the
Democrats will nominate Justice Brandeis.
Secretary Lane, unfortunately, was born in
Canada. Mr. Bryan will perchance seek the
Democratic nomination , on a platform advo
cating nation -wide prohibition and woman
suffrage.
Our Meanwhile, however, the Presi
Foreign dent has on hand his ever
Problems accumulating burden of diplo
matic problems. The load grows heavier
because so few matters are settled promptly
at the initial moment. Everything is sub
jected to a process of argument and delay,
with a tendency to have disputes become
acrid , and to have misunderstandings grow
into controversies. It was stated some two
weeks after election day that President Wil
son had turned aside from all other busi
ness to devote himself to our foreign prob
lems. During the campaign months these
for the most part had been in abeyance .
German -Americans have been somewhat con
ciliated by our Government's attitude on the
subject of commercial submarines, and by the
good treatment of the U -53 when that engine
of destruction entered an American port in
October. As for the Allies, we were allow .'
ing them to do everything that they pleased
by way of interference with our rights
on the sea , our verbal protests evidently be
594 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
tage of the down-trodden investors in rail.
road securities. The American Federation
of Labor has decided to join hands with the
railroad brotherhoods, in a fight for some
thing that the public does not as yet en
NT S
tirely understand . The eight-hour day is
COU EY one thing, and very desirable in itself. The
VIS PLYGR EST
RE TO OTTHE
A

U .S.PR CK attempt to use the lawmaking power to force

A
L

RE BLA
I

private employers to pay wages at arbitrary

T

T
e
rates is a different thing, and not to be de
sired. On the other hand, transportation
strikes and the stoppage of railroad business
are intolerable nuisances, that the public must
protect itself against at any hazard .
Defense Congress will have to face enor.
Questions mous appropriation bills, and
Unsettled there will be some plain debating
of army and navy questions. We shall find
ourselves paying unheard -of sums of money
for an army that cannot be recruited to its
SATISFACTORY nominal strength because our volunteer sys
UNCLE ,
after all."
SAM : "Oh, I see. John Bull was right tem of enlistment is obsolete. The National
From the Star (Montreal) Guard expansion of the Hay law is a failure,
( This Canadian cartoon shows that our British neigh . because the arbitrary calling out of the en
bors, regard the " black-list" policy as acceptable to
Uncle Sam .
tire force for no reason ever explained , to
spend long months somewhere near the Mex
ing for home consumption. Mr. Wilson's manican border, exhibited to every sensible young
election will be deemed a verdict for the the great imprudence of joining Na
British Orders in Council. Now that the tional Guard organizations that could be
election is over, however, we shall have to used in such fashion . A number of very
do something about Mexico ; and we shall small countries have better and stronger
doubtless resume our habit of sending occa armies than we, while we are paying out for
our armymore than all of the effective small
sional legal briefs to the belligerents, labeling
countries in the world put together, perhaps,
them diplomatic notes. It is the clear im are ordinarily expending on their military
pression in Great Britain and France that defenses. questions will become acute
we have quite fully acquiesced in their in CongressThesethis winter. Furthermore, it is
" blacklist" policy, and that we do not in
tend to protect ourmails.
Some Domestic problems, however,
Domestic will obtrude. With the assem
issues bling of Congress on December
4 , the President must prepare and deliver
his annual message; and he is pledged to
give the first place to his program of com
pensation to the railroads for the heavy ex
actions of his trainmen 's eight-hour law . He
is committed to a plan of legislation that
would prevent railroad strikes ; to the bill
enlarging the Interstate Commerce Commis US

sion ; and to consideration of increased freight

rates. We are discussing these questions at U . S.
NAIL
greater length , from the economic stand
point, in subsequent paragraphs. From the
political standpoint, it would seem likely that
the arbitrary tone that the labor unions have THE SHEPHERD'S DIVERSIONS
assumed is reacting somewhat to the advan From the World (New York)
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 595
expected that every phase of our recent deal ER
AT AMAERICA
ing with the Mexican problem and with so PRIENDS
called "border defense " will be subjected to
severe inquiry and drastic discussicn .
The United As these pages were written , on
Statesand
Mexico November 20, the conferences of
ico the Mexican American Joint
Commission were believed to be approaching
an end. For eleven weeks, six men had
labored incessantly to invent a plan for effec
tive border patrol and to solve some of Mex
ico's most pressing economic problems. Sec
retary Lane - speaking also for his col
leagues, Judge Gray and Dr. Moit - was
hopeful for the complete success of the con
ferences ; and it was understood that two of
the three Mexican members, Mr. Bonillas
and Mr. Pani, were in general accord with
the American representatives. The dominant
personality among the Mexicans, however
Luis Cabrera, Minister of Justice in the
Carranza cabinet — was reported to be out
of sympathy with the Americans upon all
questions and at all times. Meanwhile, the
ability of Venustiano Carranza to restore
peace and order in Mexico appears to be " DON 'T BLOW OUT THE GAS"
more doubtful now than at any time since From the Times (New York)
he was recognized by the United States and
the Latin -American republics, more than a that Villa is planning an attack upon the
year ago, as leader of the dominant faction . line of General Pershing's American troops.
The bandit Villa , with one good leg and per- In the south , also, several states are beyond
haps 2000 followers, seems able to do about the control of Carranza. Near Mexico City ,
as he pleases in the great state of Chihuahua, Zapata has always been a thorn in the flesh ;
while Carranza 's military chieftains never and within recent weeks Felix Diaz and his
cease their planning to “ round him up ” — “ Legalista ” followers have become not only
mañana! It was freely asserted last month active but widely successful. The return
of 6000 troops of the National Guard , or
dered on November 15, gave rise to reports
that it was the beginning of a general with
drawal of themilitia from the border and of
the Pershing expedition from Mexico — al
though less than a month earlier President
Wilson had declared that the emergency
which led to the call of the National Guard ,
on June 18, still existed. The cartoons on
this page, taken from the two papers in New
York that are the chief supporters of the Ad
ministration 's policy, appeared on November
19 ( Times ) and November 20 (World ).
It was evident that a new move in the Mex
ican game was about to be attempted at
Washington, and that Carranza was to be
told how his quondam friends really felt
about him . Mr. Cabrera 's position rested on
false assumptions. Hewas talking for a gov
ernment that could give no guarantees . It
WHY SO CHESTY ? was time for us to find our own policy and
From the World (New York ) support it.
596 . THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Panama and The influence of the Panama mile of a total length of 8.75 miles has been
Freight Canal on transcontinental freight found unstable. There is just as little truth
Kates rates has been illustrated during in the story that the bottom of the canal
the past year in a striking way. There has through this section is a bog. Every foot of
long been a rate "war,” antedating by many the channel was excavated through rock , all
years the opening of the Canal to traffic , be- of which had to be drilled and blasted. Gen
tween Pacific coast cities and the so -called eral Goethals is convinced that these slides
inter-mountain or interior points, represented will at last be overcome for all time. The
by Spokane, Washington . The situation revenues of the Canal, according to his re
prior to the opening of the Canal was this : port, are not on a wholly satisfactory basis
Because of water competition freight rates at the present time. In fact the Canal is
from Eastern points to the coast cities of now losing between 30 and 40 per cent.,
San Francisco and Seattle were lower than although he estimates that by basing tolls
to the interior cities, each of which had to on earning capacity of vessels, instead of net
pay - in addition to the comparatively low registered tonnage, a dividend on the invest
rates to the coast based on water competition ment could be earned . Freight carried on
— the local rate from the coast to the in - the decks of ships is not included in net
terior point. After a ten -years ' fight the registered tonnage, but only what is car
Interstate Commerce Commission abolished ried in the holds. Consequently American
this back -haul charge on freight originating vessels in the coastwise trade are now taxed
at Missouri River points ; and on that orig higher proportionately on their cargoes than
inating farther east the charge was cut down. English ships.
After the Canal was opened and the rail
roads began to lose a large share of their Government The Oil Leasing bill which
transcontinental business they themselves ap Oil passed the House in January
plied to the Interstate Commerce Commis Reserves last was favorably reported by
sion for permission to lower their rates on the Public Lands Committee of the Senate
certain commodities to coast points. Their and will be considered at the coming ses
petition was granted, but at the same time sion of Congress . This measure recognizes
minor benefits were granted to the interior the interests of certain claimants of oil lands
cities. The slides which closed the Canal
in Southern California which were located
in September, 1915, suspended water com under the mining laws, years ago, and
petition for about seven months ; and by which the Navy Department now wishes
the time the Canal was reopened for traffic , to have withheld from patent, in order that
the American ships that had carried freight a supply of fuel oil for the new warships
from Atlantic to Pacific ports were all en may be assured. The purpose of the bill
gaged in carrying munitions to Europe, and is to do justice to those claimants who hon
water competition no longer existed. Spo estly entered upon the lands under the
kane now asked to have the low rates to the Federal laws, and have expended money in
coast abolished and the commission acceded development. The Government has already
to her plea , although even the railroads made two naval reserves of oil lands, which
themselves opposed it and it was known that are not
are affected by
not affected thi bill; and it owns
by this
water competition must soon be restored . 3 ,000,000 acres from which additional re
The coast ports, however, have asked for serves may be created for a naval fuel sup
a rehearing, and if they should charter steamply . In the article on " Our New Navy,"
ships for the Canal trade on their own ac which Miss Laut contributed to our No
count the freighters that were formerly in vember number, allusion was made to the
the trade might be induced to return and issue raised in California over these naval
inaugurate a new era of low water freights . reserves of oil lands. The Oil Industry
Association of California, represented at
In his final report as builder of Washington by ex -Gov. James E . Gillett,
Roethals' the Canal and Governor of the maintains that the Government still has
* Canal Zone, General Goethals ample petroleum resources, without confis
replies to statements regarding the slides, cating properties already developed in good
that have been circulated recently from Eng. faith . Assistant Secretary Roosevelt of the
lish sources. It has been alleged, for in - Navy Department holds that the reserved
stance, that the entire length of the Gail- lands are essential if the Government's
lard Cut is affected , whereas less than one ship-building policy is to be carried out, but
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 597
that every justifiable claim should be com - per cent. since the beginning of the European
pensated. He insists, however, that no more War. Flour has sold as high as $ 12 a bar
oil shall be removed from the lands in ques - rel, nearly double the normal figure. Coal
tion. Meanwhile , Secretary Lane, himself a in New York reached , in the first week in
Californian, may be trusted to see that the November, a price of $ 15 per ton , much
oil interests of the Golden State are fairly more than double the average price of the
dealt with . Aliss Laut's tone in her article last five years. This phenomenon was due
last month was inspired by zeal for the primarily to a temporary famine in the coal
navy and protection of national interests that supply resulting from a serious car short
concern California pre- eminently . . We have age which the railroads are striving to cor
formed no advance judgment upon the merits rect. Later in November the ton price of
of particular oil-land controversies, and are coal had dropped back to between eight and
confident that justice will be done to private ten dollars. Potatoes by the bushel cost the
interests while the larger interests of the unprecedented sum of $ 2.40. Turning to
public are also conserved . the basic commodities, price advances have
been quite as serious and are continuing to
Our The foreign trade department of grow . Iron and steel, already at the highest
Foreign Trade the National City Bank of New prices since Civil War days, are still rising;
Doubles York City, which , under Mr. the mills have recently announced an in
Vanderlip's direction has shown great dis- crease in the price of steel rails of $5 per
tinction in statistical work , has recently pub - ton. Copper, as a result of new wholesale
lished a remarkable analysis of our foreign orders from Europe, was sold in November
trade operations since the war began. Its at 32 cents a pound, comparing with less
estimate of the aggregate business we shall than 12 cents before the great war. By the
do in foreign trade during 1916 is $ 8,000,- middle of last month cotton prices had be
000,000 , an increase of 50 per cent. over come firmly entrenched at above 20 cents
1915 and an increase of 100 per cent. over a pound, as compared with about 6 cents in
1914 . It is noticeable in the bank's analysis the autumn of 1914.
that these tremendous figures are a result
very largely of abnormal prices for articles Famine Pric
The Federal Trade Commission
and commodities exported, rather than the ices has completed its investigation
for Paper
simple result of greatly increased quantities into the present abnormal prices
of exports and imports. Thus, as late as for paper and its cost of manufacture. No
November, 1915, the value of wheat exports industry is more seriously threatened by the
was being calculated on the basis of $ 1.12 extravagant rise in the prices of raw ma
per bushel, while a year later the export terials than the printing and publishing busi
price was $ 2 per bushel. So that in some
commodities an actual decrease in the quan o Z
tity of exports or imports still left a large
number of dollars in the turn -over of the
foreign trade.
CAPI
TAL
Our Gold Stock The enormous trade balance in
Doubles that our favor resulting from excess
1904 of exports over imports in this FULL
DWNER
unprecedented volume of foreign trade has DAIL
been partly settled by the shipment of gold
to us from Europe. We have now more
gold in the United States than ever before
in history, 40 per cent. more than two years
ago and 100 per cent,more than twelve years
ago. The exact quantity on October 1, 1916 ,
was $2,636 ,009,567. Of this, we have
gained , since the war began, $ 748,738,904.
Prices
Almost every necessity of life WAR PROSPERITY
Continue
Soar
to except railway charges have con (While the capitalist and the munition -worker are
par tinued their upward fight in flourishing, the high cost of living makes the salaried
price. Foodstuffs have increased nearly 100
100 man a victim of our false prosperity )
From the Herald (New York )
598 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
nesses. Periodicals other than newspapers, sold without effort or expense to clamoring
for instance, must suddenly pay, in 1917, buyers. In spite of this fortunate situation
from 75 to 100 per cent, more for their raw of the paper makers, buyers of news-print
material - paper — than in any year for the not protected by contract arrangements have
last decade. The Trade Commission report had to pay as high as six and even seven cents
in its remarks on the mill costs of paper man - a pound for paper that would have cost them
ufacture made the striking statement that under like conditions in 1914 less than three
during the first half of 1916 , when the prices cents. The Trade Commission finds that
of paper to the consumer were soaring, the the 1916 mill cost of producing this news
cost of producing the paper was actually less print paper is about 1.65 cents.
than it had been at any time during the pre
ceding three years. This remarkable finding Our New Nothing in the present seething
in the face of claims by the manufacturers Shipbuilding industrial activity of America is
that the prices of their raw materials had Achievements more striking than the sudden
risen extravagantly, is explained simply and expansion of the business of shipbuilding.
finally by the following facts : The ingredi- Just how fast and far we have gone in hurry .
ents for which the mill had to pay higher ing the construction of cargo carriers to take
prices made up only a small percentage of the place of those destroyed in war, interned
the aggregate cost factors; and that disad- in neutral ports or sealed up in German har
vantage was more than swept away by the bors, is shown in a recent report of the De
great cost reductions resulting from operat- partment of Commerce. To-day the Dela
ing the mills twenty- four hours a day six ware River shipyards have tonnage under
days in the week, with every pound of paper construction exceeding any shipping district
in Great Britain , which is equivalent to say
ing, of course, in the world. Ninety vessels
are building in this one center, aggregating
419,213 tons. The Delaware River's nearest
NEWESHINGLE SUPPLEMENT EDITION
competitor is the great British shipbuilding
district of Newcastle, with 401,926 tons.
Cowlitz County Advocate Altogether in the United States there are
now building 417 vessels of 1 ,545,270 tons
- almost equal to the total forGreat Britain.
:01HE
LABELS .T

Railroads to On November 15 it was an

Photograph by American Press Association
A NEWSPAPER PRINTED ON A SHINGLE
(This reduced facsimile shows a newspaper, the en
tire edition of which was printed on shingles, last
month, at a town in the State of Washington . It is
one of the curiosities of a paper famine that reminds
us of conditions in the South in 1863)
Contest the nounced that the railroadswould
Adamson Act appeal to the courts to obtain a
decision on the constitutionality of the so
called Adamson Eight-Hour Law , and, if
the measure is found to be constitutional, to
obtain some ruling that would afford a suffi
ciently clear interpretation of the meaning
of the law to enable them to put it into
practice. The managers of the roads were
hesitating whether to institute a great num
ber of suits, — no less than 5 ,000 were men
tioned as possible, or to bring up some
more concentrated test cases. The four rail
road brotherhoods at once threatened re
prisal if such a legal attack were made on
this legislation which was forced through
Congress with so little consideration on the
eve of the Presidential election . The opin
ion of most fairminded observers is that it
was an entirely proper thing, and useful to
all parties interested , to have a final decision
as to the legal status of the Adamson meas
ure. But the brotherhoods were inclined to
look on the move as an attack on a point of
vantage that they had won , and openly
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 599
threatened a strike by January 1 next if the
plans of the railroads were carried out. The

ST
RI
brotherhoods announced that they would take WHAT IS

KE
THERE LEFT
no part in defending the legislation in court,

T
ΤΟ
but would leave that to the Government's SURRENDER
law officers.
The Newlands On November 20 the Newlands
Railroad Joint Congressional Committee
Commission began in Washington its investi
gation into the Federal laws regulating rail LR
OA
DS
ON
roads and other interstate public service cor RA
I
GMS
IDNA
ATA
porations,and into the feasibility of Govern LA
W

ment ownership of railways. The future

findings of this commission are regarded as
the basis on which President Wilson will
recommend changes in such laws covering
Federal regulation as seem to be antiquated
or inadequate. While the field of research
before the committee is so large that no im WHERE WILL IT END?
portant results can be hoped for in the com From the Leader (Cleveland )
ing short session of Congress, the investiga
tion is regarded as highly important as creasing
affecting the attitude of the President toward the membership will be considered ,
and methods
new railroad legislation during his second in such situations of getting more prompt action
term of four years. Senator Newlands has as was created by the ap
divided the inquiry into two main heads: plication of the railroads for higher rates.
as toto The commission will go straight into the
peculation as
Government regulation , and speculation
Government ownership . The Senator is on question whether the carriers are obtaining
question whether
rates which maintain their credit at a point
record as believing in regulation as opposed enabling
to ownership . Under the first head the com - them to give a proper service to
mission will try to find whether the Inter the public ; and it will report on the wisdom
state Commerce Commission is overloaded of the present dual regulation of rates and
with work, and whether its activities should other matters by the States and the Federal
not be confined to questions of discrimina- Government. The last point is a sore one
tions, rebates and rates. The matter of in - for the railroads. They are unanimous in
their desire to be freed as much as possible
from the restricting and often conflicting
laws of forty -eight regulators, and much
CRAZY ! :
YOUR HONOR
prefer to take their chances under central
regulation at Washington .
Theme . As to the feasibility of Govern
tion of Govern - ment ownership , the commission
ment Ownership
nership will inquire into the efficiency
and economy of the present State -owned
ARAGER
roads of other countries, and whether such
a change is compatible with our American
system of government. It will report its
ideas as to a practical program for effecting
Government ownership by purchase or con
demnation of the properties. It is much to
be hoped that in this field of Senator New
lands' research his committee will face square
ly the present situation as to our efficiency
in Government expenditures. The rail
roads of the United States are estimated to
DRAGGING IT INTO COURT be worth between twenty and twenty -five
From the Pioneer Press (St. Paul) billion dollars. Their turn -over of business
- 600 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
strenuous efforts made to unite the factions;
and Dr. Alfredo Zayas, as Presidential can
didate, was actively supported by ex-Presi
dent Gomez, the dominating personality in
the Liberal Party. The election was close,
and for some days it appeared that Zayas
had been elected . On November 5 , how
ever, it was announced that the reëlection of
President Menocal was assured. There is a
general inclination to congratulate Cuba
upon the result, for during the Menocal ad
ministration there has been little strife and
much progress . Essentially an agricultural
country , Cuba is at present enjoying general
prosperity through the high price of sugar
which has tended to revive interest in agri
culture and has also had a favorable influ
ence on general business conditions. Foreign
trade increased nearly 40 per cent. during
1915, with total imports and exports of
$410 ,000. Exports of sugar alone amount to
$ 200,000 ,000 a year. Not only has the
Cuban farmer increased his cane crop, but he
receives at least one cent more per pound for
raw sugar than he did a year ago. The na
tional treasury also has benefited from " war
prosperity.” Economic, social, and political
© Harris & Ewing . conditions will continue to improve ; and the
ATTORNEY -GENERAL THOMAS W . GREGORY end of President Menocal's second term
(Who will direct the legal defense of the Adamson
Eight-hour Law before the federal courts) should see the republic on a sound and per.
manent basis.
is many times greater than the turn -over
of the present business handled by our
Government. As capable authorities as Sen
ator Burton and Senator Aldrich have esti
mated that at least one-third of the money
expended by our nation through the Govern
ment is now wasted. With the railroads
suddenly taken over, even 10 per cent. of
this rate of waste would be financially dis
astrous. In the mind of the average cool
headed business man this simple considera
tion is the most important of all in answering
the question whether we shall or shall not
leave the railroads to private ownership . Sen
ator Newlands' opening address on Novem
ber 20 was remarkable for its breadth , im
partiality, and poise. Judge Adamson , au
thor of the weight-hour law ,” is vice -chair
man of the Commission . Facts and opinions
are invited from all directions.
Cuba Now There were many phases of the
Stable and Presidential election in Cuba,
Prosperous on November 1, that bore close
resemblance to our own contest. Four years
ago President Menocal ( Conservative ) had Photograph by Press Illustrating Service
been elected , chiefly by reason of a split in MARIO G . MENOCAL , RE - ELECTED PRESIDENT
the Liberal Party . There had this year been OF CUBA
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 601

The War Our readers will find in the

in
November
pages contributed by Mr. Si
oermonds a review of the larger
current facts and conditions in the great
European War that for lucidity and Interest
is beyond praise and for value is beyond
comparison. The movements in Rumania ,
the loss of Monastir by the Bulgarians, the
situation on the West front, the steady
growth of the British army in adequacy, the
significance of the announced creation of a
new Kingdom of Poland — all these things
are set forth by Mr. Simonds in fresh chap
ters written at the very moment of our going
to press. We are made to see that Ger
many's first purpose in endeavoring to crush
Rumania, the newest member of the great
Allied group, is to give an object-lesson that
will have a bearing upon peace . That the
two Central Empires are exceedingly anxious Photograph by American Press Association
to bring the war to an end is evident in many COUNT APPONYI, HUNGARIAN STATESMAN
ways. The foremost statesmen in Germany, (Whose hopes lead him to think that Germany and
Austria . and Hungary are making state - England may find early basis for peace negotiations)
ments intended to influence the outer world.
increasing toll of her sons. Thus she must
Germany is relaxing no effort, find one way or another to utilize the serv
German
Efforts because she wishes to prove her ices of Poles and Belgians, regardless of once
claim to an advantageous peace. recognized rules applying to the treatment of
She is turning Russian Poland into an inde civilians in occupied territory. Inquiries
pendent kingdom , partly because she wishes from our State Department at Washington
to secure the enlistment of a large Polish regarding the complaints of Belgium over
army. She is impressing and deporting Bel- the violent removal of thousands of men for
gian labor on a considerable scale , because labor in Germany, indicate quite a novel
she is determined to produce absolute econ - change of attitude toward the European sit
omic efficiency within her jurisdiction . She uation on the part of President Wilson and
must operate mines, maintain full agricul Secretary Lansing. It is not supposed, how
tural production, and keep all kinds of in - ever, that the inquiries are made with a view
dustries alive while the war takes an ever to any practical forms of protest. Germany
is endeavoring by all conceivable means to
prove to England and France that they can
not afford to make the expenditures ofmoney,
resources, and time that will be needful in
order to impose their own terms upon a con
quered, crushed, and submissive Germany.
LESSON MPENI UU
ON
NATIONAL
LECONOMY Thus, as the third Christmas
War's Burdens season of the great war ap
NY

Universal
MA

proaches, there is little prospect

FR

of peace. The war will be waged as actively

TU TU tions produced by the war begin to affect
ENGLAND, AS THE NEW PUPIL, LEARNING GER
MANY'S LESSON IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
From the Star (St. Louis)
through the winter as weather conditions
may permit, and it will probably assume
terrific dimensions with the great climax of
Allied offensive that may be expected next
summer. The best informed see little hope
of peace before 1918. The abnormal condi
every neutral nation in countless ways. The
most obvious of these are the economic dis
turbances, already described in these pages ,
602 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Photograph by American Press Association

YOUNG CANADIAN WOMEN AT WORK IN A MUNITION FACTORY. ASSEMBLING FUSES

producing something like famine prices in of war and keep up Australia 's full quota of
food , fuel, and various articles of common 4 +0 ,000 troops. Failure to secure the re
use. A policy which has sent surplus Amer- quired enlistments led Premier Hughes to
ican supplies to Europe, and has diverted demand conscription. It was confidently ex
our labor to the making of war goods, has pected that this measure would be upheld .
brought distress upon millions of our own But 1,080, 000 voters were against it, while
people. It is not strange that disturbances only 1,007 ,000 were for it. The financial
in the relations of labor and capital should burden of the war rests heavily upon the
be seen on every hand. In Europe, the in - Australians, but they feel that they must pay
evitable hardships of existence are being met the reckoning if they are to look to the con
in such a way as to increase personal and so - tinued protection of the British Navy . It
cial efficiency. The so -called " prosperity ' of would hardly be possible to introduce con
America , due to inflated war prices and spec- scription in Canada, because of the relatively
ulation , has not thus far produced those vir slight enthusiasm of the French -Canadians
tues that self-denial and enforced thrift are for the war. Canada as a whole, however ,
awakening in England , France, Germany, is showing great fortitude and generosity in
and other European lands. her war support, although new volunteer sol
diers have been hard to find in recentmonths.
Perhaps the most important sin - Canadian enlistments have totaled 370,000,
Greater
Britain gle item of news from Greater and a quarter-million Canadians have been
Britain is that of the decision of engaged at the front. Their losses have been
the Australian people, in their popular vote great and deplorable. Premier Borden ,
on compulsory military service. The refer - speaking in New York on November 20 .
endum was held on October 28, women vot- was as firm for the fight to a finish as Mr.
ing as well as men. It had been necessary Lloyd George himself could have been
to recruit about 32,500 men for the month South African loyalty is shown in our ar
of September, in order to meet the "wastage” ticle (see page 633) on Premier Botha.
 RECORD OF EVENTS IN THE WAR
( From October 21 to November 20, 1916)
The Last Part of October the question of compulsory military service (vol
untary enlistments having fallen below the de
October 21.— The Premier of Austria, Count sired level), and reject the proposal by 1,080,000
Karl Stuergkh , is assassinated at Vienna by to 1,007 ,000 votes.
Fredrich Adler, a radical Socialist editor and Captain Boelke, the German aviator, said to be
secretary of the Social Democratic party. the most successful the war has produced , is
The Bulgar- Turco -German army operating on killed in an air collision ; he had brought down
a 45-mile front in the Dobrudja district, under 40 enemy aeroplanes.
Von Mackensen , resumes its successful attack up The German Reichstag passes the bill for a
on the Russians and Rumanians. new war credit of $ 2,856 ,000,000, with only Rad
In the Thiepval area of the Somme battle, the ical Socialist votes in opposition .
British advance from 300 to 500 yards on a front A German newspaper, quoting official statistics,
of nearly three miles. declares that ( since the war began and up to
October 23. - Constanza , Rumania 's chief port October 12) 1253 enemy ships have been sunk,
and railroad terminal on the Black Sea, is cap besides 200 neutral vessels carrying contraband.
tured by the Bulgar- Turco -German army. October 29 . - Allied reports declare that Ru
Premier Borden of Canada appeals for addi mania has checked the Austro -German advance
tional efforts to promote volunteering for over through the Transylvanian Alps, particularly
seas service, which has decreased greatly during near the Red Tower and Vulcan Passes.
the past four months ; the Dominion has enlisted October 31. - The German war-submarine
370,000 since the war began , 250,000 of whom U -53 — which destroyed five ships off the Ameri
have actually gone to the front. can coast on October 8 - returns safely to a Ger
The extent of aeroplane activity is indicated man port.
by statements in official reports, which show that
twenty British , French , and German machines theA totalreport of British casualties in October places
at 4331 officers and 102,702 men .
were “ brought down" in a single day on the
western front alone. The First Week of November
· October
French
24. - By a sudden blow at Verdun, the
penetrate the German lines November 1. - The German merchant-submarine
to a depth of Deutschland arrives at New London , Conn . (com
two miles, winning back the fort and village of pleting her second trip from Germany ), laden
Douaumont, the Thiaumont field work, Haudro with dyestuffs and drugs, besides a consignment
mont Quarries, and Caillette Wood. of precious stones, stocks, and bonds.
October 25.- Cernavoda, at the head of the A new Italian offensive on the Carso Plateau ,
Rumanian bridge across the Danube, is occupied from Goritz to the Adriatic Sea, breaks the
by the army under Field Marshal von Macken Austrian line at several points and results in
sen ; the Rumanians destroy the great ten -mile the capture of nearly 5000 prisoners.
bridge across the river and adjoining swamps. It is learned that the German cruiser Karlsruhe
On the Transylvanian front, General von Falk - blew up on November 4 , 1914, off the north
enhayn recaptures Vulcan Pass. eastern coast of South America, cause of explo
The left wing of the Allied armies in Mace- sion unknown.
donia joins with the right wing of the Italian
army in Albania , completing a line from the ateNovember 2 _ The Germans at Verdun evacu
Fort Vaux, the French thus regaining the
Adriatic to the Egean Sea .
October 25. - The German Admiralty announces second of the
in the great two permanent
German fortifications lost
attack of April-June.
that during September 141 hostile merchant ships It is announced that Lieut.-Gen . Vladimir Sak
were sunk by mines or submarines, or captured ; barov will command the Russo -Rumanian troops
39 neutral merchant ships were also sunk for in the Dobrudja ; the French General Bertholet
carrying contraband.
German torpedo-boats make a night attack on will fendingact the
as Transylvanian
adviser to the passes.
Rumanian army de
the British cross-Channel transport service ; the Greek revolutionists, followers of Venizélos,
British admit the loss of two destroyers, an empty occupy Katerina (southwest of Salonica ) after
transport, and six " drift net" boats. a short fight with Government troops ; the revo
October 27.- In Austria, Dr. Ernest von Koer lutionist forces are now estimated to number
ber (Minister of Finance ) becomes Prime Min - 30,000.
ister, succeeding Count Stuergkh, assassinated. November 4. — The German submarine U -20
October 28. - The American steamship Lanao, runs aground on the Danish coast and is de
carrying contraband of war, is sunk by a German stroyed by her crew .
submarine off the Portuguese coast. A London newspaper's record of neutral ships
The British merchant steamer Marina is sunk sunk by Germans since the beginning of the war
by a submarine off the Irish coast ; six Americans shows 186 Norwegian, 47 Swedish, 38 Danish , 18
Dutch ,. 22 Greek, 10 Spanish , 2 American , and
are among those lost, and , as the survivors affirm Dutch,
the vessel was torpedoed
that submar without warning, 1 Brazilian .
the ine issue between the United States November 5. - A new Kingdom of Poland is
and Germany once more emerges. proclaimed by the Emperors of Germany and
The men and women of Australia vote upon Austria -Hungary, confined to territory conquered
603
 MISS WINIFRED
From left to right: MissATEsther Cleveland. HOLT'S
daughter" LIGHT HOUSE Cleveland.
of President " IN PARIS teacher of stenography at the
ant, also ; decorated
"phare" Miss Winifred
with attheHolt ; a blind
Legion captain,andwearing
of Honor theGuerre
Croix de Legion; ofa blind
Honormusic
and Croix
pupil,dewhoGuerre;
since ahisblind
the Conservatoire in Paris ; a one-armed blind pupil, who is an inventor ; and Miss Bern
lieuten
misfortune
hard Grant, granddaughter of President Grant, a teacher of languages and music at the " phare"

THE MEN WHO ARE TO PAINT FRANCE'S NATIONAL BATTLE PICTURES

The French Government has appointed a corps of artists who will paint, as a national record, the battles of
the western front. The picture shows the General, accompanied by French and British officers, reviewing “ The
Artists Corps," who are attached to the army and, of course, in military uniform
604
 RECORD OF EVENTS IN THE WAR 605
from Russia ; its government is to be constitu - vance in the Ancre region, taking 5000 German
tional, with an hereditary monarch , under guar prisoners within two days.
antees for free development in intimate relations The State Department at Washington makes
with the Teutonic powers. public Great Britain 's reply (dated October 10 )
In the Dobrudja district, the western Aank to the American protest regarding the "blacklist" ;
of Von Mackensen 's army is forced back by the the reply upholds the action of Britain , as within
Rumanians and Russians. its rights and involving no infraction of inter
November 6 .- The British steamer Arabia is national law .
torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean, the The Third Week of November
passengers being rescued ; the British Admiralty
insists that no warning was given . November 15. - Dispatches from the Rumanian
It is reported from Berlin that Adolph von war zone indicate that in the Dobrudja district
Batocki, president of the Food Regulation Board, the Russo -Rumanian army has moved forward
will be superseded by General Groener. fifty
The Entente Powers, it is reported, lend $ 1,- dan miles
danger
since checking its retreat ; the real
to Rumania now lies in the Transylvania
000,000 to the revolutionist government set up district, where the army under the German Gen
in Greece by Venizélos. eral von Falkenhayn has been heavily reinforced .
November 7.- Cardinal Mercier, Primate of The British Admiralty announces that German
Belgium , issues a protest to the civilized world submarines have sunk 33 vessels without warning
against the deportation of Belgian citizens (re- since May 5, with a total loss of 140 lives.
ported to number 30 ,000 ) for forced labor in November 16 .- Serbian, French, and Russian
Germany.
The American steamer Columbian , from Bos troops
principal
advance six miles towards Monastir, the
city of southern Serbia held by Germans
ton to Italy, is sunk by the German submarine and Bulgarians.
U - 49 off the coast of Spain ; the crew is after The French announce that they have definitely
wards rescued from small boats. checked a great German counter-offensive in the
Somme battle, after 24 hours' fighting.
The Second Week of November The British House of Commons adopts without
November 8.- Transylvania, Hungary, is again division a resolution authorizing the government
invaded by a Russian army - under General Let totiontake exceptional measures to conserve the na
's food supply.
chitsky, moving from northwestern Rumania. November 17 .— The German merchant-sub
The new British post of Minister of Pensions
is filled by the appointment of Arthur Henderson , marine Deutschland collides with and sinks a
leader of the Labor Party in the House of tug at the beginning of her second return voyage
Commons. to Germany and is forced to return to her pier
November 9.- Austro-German forces in the in Winston New London .
Churchill ( formerly First Lord of the
Stockhod region of Volhynia carry the first line British Admiralty ) urges and predicts government
of Russian trenches, taking nearly 4000 prisoners. control of shipping,
The French Minister of Finance introduces for the army but for universal service not only
general purposes, and the
an appropriation bill for the first quarter of fixing of food prices and restriction of consump
1917 , carrying a total of $ 1,894,600,000 ($ 21,
000,000 a day ) ; he announces that the second na tion.The French official report recounts an aero
tional war loan amounted to $ 2,300 ,000,000, with plane fight of 435 miles made by Captain de
3,000 ,000 subscribers. "
British and German aeroplane squadrons com Beauchamp, starting from the French front, bom
prising more than 60 machines meet in a sus barding points in Munich, crossing the Alps, and
tained air battle over the Somme front ; along landing at Venice.
The French cities of Bordeaux, Lyons, and Mar
the entire western front, 42 British , German , and
French aeroplanes are “brought down" in a day. seilles arrange with New York bankers a bond
issue of $60 ,000,000 for the alleviation of suffer
November 10.- Count Adam Tarnow yon Tar ing caused by the war and for other municipal
nowski (Minister to Bulgaria) is appointed purposes.
Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to the United November 19. - Serbian and other troops of the
States-- succeeding Dr. Dumba, who was recalled Allied army in Macedonia enter Monastir, the
in September, 1915. first city to be reconquered from the Bulgarians
The Serbian army recaptures from the Bul and Germans.
garians and Germans the last height dominating German troops complete their passage through
Cerna Valley and the road to Monastir. the Transylvanian Alps and enter the plains of
November 12. - With the capture of Saillisel western Rumania, taking more than 20,000 pris
in the Somme section , the French penetrate what oners since November 1.
was the fourth line of German defense when the The commander of the Allied feet in Greek
battle began on July 1. waters orders the German , Austrian, Bulgarian ,
November 13. - The British launch a new of and Turkish ministers and their staffs to leave for
fensive against the German line in France, on their respective countries.
both sides of the Ancre Brook , at the northern November 20. — The German War Office an
end of the Somme battle line. nounces that the Teutonic troops in western Ru
General Sir Sam Hughes, Canadian Minister mania are approaching Craiova , 120 miles from
of Militia and Defense, resigns his office because Bucharest.
of friction with Premier Borden and other mem - The French Government creates the post of Di
bers of the Dominion government. rector-General of Transports and Importations,
November 14 .- The British capture the strongly with control over all traffic by rail or water ; Al
fortified village of Beaucort in their new ad- bert Claveille is appointed to the office.
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS
. . (From October 21 to November 20, 1916)
AMERICAN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT pendent, i Socialist, and 1 Prohibitionist. . . .
November 1. - Virginia's Statewide prohibition In Montana Miss Jeannette Rankin is elected
law goes into effect, and the State becomes the Representative-at-Large,
in the national legislature.
the first woman to sit
eighteenth to be absolutely " dry." The voters of Michigan , South Dakota, Ne
November 3. — The preliminary reports of and Montana adopt Statewide prohibition
treasurers of the national campaign committees braska,
amendments; in Missouri a prohibition amend
show contributions of $ 2,012,535 to the Republic ment is rejected .
cans, and $ 1, 310,729 to the Democrats. The voters of South Dakota and West Virginia
November 7 . - Electors of President and Vice reject amendments extending the suffrage to
President, and Representatives in Congress, are women .
chosen throughout the United States ; 33 United In Maryland, the voters adopt an amendment
States Senators are elected by popular vote ; and
in 34 States Governors are chosen, together with providing for a State budget.
November 17.- The American Federation of
legislatures and other State and local officers (see Labor, in convention at Baltimore, records its op
page 591) .
Woodrow Wilson (Dem .) is reëlected President, position to President Wilson's legislative pro
gram , making railroad strikes illegal before in
with 276 votes in the Electoral College to 255 for vestigation .
Charles E . Hughes (Rep .) ; President Wilson also
receives a plurality of the popular vote. November 20.- A joint Congressional committee,
Elections to the Sixty-fifth Congress result as under the chairmanship of Senator Newlands
follows: 217 Republicans, 212 Democrats, 2 Pro (Dem ., Nev .) begins a comprehensive investiga
gressives, 1 Progressive-Protectionist, i Inde- tion of railroad and other transportation problems.
AMERICAN RELATIONS WITH MEXICO
October 21. - It becomes known at Washington
that Judge Advocate General Crowder has ren
dered a decision, for army administrative pur.
poses, declaring that the Pershing expedition into
Mexico creates a legal state of war.
October 22.- Elections are held throughout
Mexico for delegates to a constitutional assembly
to meet at Queretaro in November.
November 2. – The Mexican -American Joint
Commission adjourns until November 10 (over
Presidential election ), having been in conference
nine weeks.
November 10. - It is learned that followers of
Villa have captured Parral and other Chihuahua
cities, while " Legalistas" supporting Felix Diaz
have made recent progress in the provinces south
of Mexico City.
November 15. - The War Department at Wash
ington orders the return from the border of five
regiments of the National Guard, 5296 men .
FOREIGN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
October 29. - In Nicaragua, agents of American
bankers take steps to control a portion of the
internal revenues, until overdue indebtedness is
liquidated .
October 30. - The Chinese Parliament elects
Gen . Feng Kwo-chang as Vice-President of the
Republic.
November 1. - In the Cuban election , President
CARL FRANCIS JOSEPH , NEW EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA Mario Menocal (Conservative) is reëlected by
HUNGARY a small plurality over the candidate of the re
( The death of the aged Emperor, November 21 — see united Liberals, Alfredo Zayas.
our frontispiece - brought to the throne Carl Francis November 7. - Wu Ting-fang. former Minister
Joseph, a grandson of the late Emperor's brother. He
is twenty -nine, having been born August 17 , 1887. He to the United States, becomes Minister of Foreiga
was educated for public life, knows the languages of
the different races of the empire, and is an officer in Affairs in China.
the army. He is well known at Berlin , is happily
married and has two small children , and is personally
November 17.— The lower chamber of the Neth
both popular and deserving . Further details regarding erlands Parliament makes women eligible to
him will appear in our next number ) membership in the States-General.
606
 RECORD OF OTHER EVENTS 607
November 3. - The British steamers Connemara
and Retriever collide in the Irish Sea and sink
immediately ; all but two of the 94 passengers
and crew are lost.
November 3-4 . – Victor Carlstrom Aies from
Chicago to New York in a Curtiss 200 -h .p . mili
tary biplane; the attempt to make the fight with
out stop is unsuccessful, but a new American non
stop record of 452 miles is established ; actual
flying time for the 900 miles is 8 hours and 37
minutes.
November 5. - A conflict between Industrial
Workers of the World and a citizens' committee
at Everett, Wash ., results in the death of six
persons; the Workers had come from Seattle to
aid in a strike at Everett.
November 7. - A street-car in Boston plunges
through an open drawbridge and drowns 45 pas
sengers.
November 8.- Two lieutenants in the United
States navy are blown to pieces by the premature
explosion of a bomb during an aeroplane flight
near Washington.
November 9. — The Nobel Prize for Literature
for 1915 is awarded to Romain Rolland, the
French playwright and novelist, and that for
1916 to the Swedish poet, Vernar Heidenstam .
November 10.- It is announced that the Gen
eral Education Board and the Rockefeller
Foundation have appropriated $ 2,000,000 , to be
added to property and funds amounting to $ 9,
000,000, for the founding of a medical depart
Photograph by American Press Association .
MISS RUTH LAW , AT THE COMPLETION OF HER
AEROPLANE FLIGHT FROM CHICAGO TO NEW YORK ,
ON NOVEMBER 20
(Miss Law created a new American non -stop 'cross
country record, with a flight of 590 miles from Chicago,
descending at Hornell, N . Y ., to replenish her fuel
supply)
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
October 21. - It is reported from Peking that
the French consul at Tien -tsin has forcibly seized
a square mile of territory adjoining the French
concession.
October 24.- In a disturbance following an at
tempt to arrest General Batista , a revolutionary
leader of Santo Domingo, Batista and two cap
tains of American marines are killed.
October 28.— Brazil and the United States ex
change ratifications of a treaty providing for in
vestigation of disputes before appealing to arms.
OTHER OCCURRENCES OF THE MONTH
October 20.- A storm on Lake Erie wrecks
four steamers and causes the loss of more than
50 lives.
October 22. – The world's wheat harvest is esti
mated by the International Institute of Agricul
ture (Rome) to be 7 per cent. below the average
and 25 per cent. below that of 1915.
October 24 .- It is estimated that the average
level of food prices in New York City has in Photograph by Underwood & Underwood.
creased 40 per cent. within a year.
October 25.- On the New York Cotton Ex THE SPANISH PRINCES AS OFBOYWARSCOUTS, PLAYING
change, cotton for May and July delivery passes (Prince Alfonso,THEat GAME
the left, is the nine-year-old heir
the 20-cent mark, for the first time since the to the throne. His brother, Jaime, a year younger, is
Civil War. deaf and dumb)
608 THE AMERICAN RETIEW OF REVIEWS
ment in connection with the University of Chi
cago, which will be the foremnost medical insti
tution in America .
November 15.- Wireless communication is es.
tablished across the Pacific from San Francisco
to Tokyo 15440 miles ), with a relay at Hawaii
. . . A Sational Industrial Conference Board is
founded at New York City - a combination of
employers' associations to protect American indus
trial interests against unfair legislation and to
offset the power wielded by organized labor.
November 19-20 . - Ruth Law Alies in her small
biplane from Chicago to New York, with two
stops; she creates a new American cross-country
non -stop record of 590 miles.
OBITUARY
October 18. - Norman Duncan, author of books
about Labrador, 45.
October 23. — Sir Joseph Beecham , Bart., the
British manufacturer of patent medicines, 68 .
October 24. - Judge Elmer B. Adams, of the
United States Circuit Court of Appeals at St.
Louis, 75.
October 25 .- William M . Chase, the noted por
trait painter, 67. . . . William Bell Wait,
originator of a point system for reading by the Paul Thompson
blind , 77. . . . Brig.-Gen . John McEwen WILLIAM MERRITT CHASE
Hyde, c. S. A., retired , 7+. (Burn near Indianapolis, Ind., in 1849; died at Xe
York on October 25 . Next to Sargent, Mr. Chase was
October 26 . - Benjamin Franklin Trueblood ,
author, educator, and peace advocate, 69. America 's most famous portrait painter. He received his
art education chiefly at Munich , under Piloty, but was
October 28. - Prof. Cleveland Abbe, known as influenced by French art and by the Old Masters, espe
Velasquez. He excelled as a portrait painter , and
" the father of the Weather Bureau" at Washing cially
like Rembrandt and Rubens painted still-life with a nas.
ton, 77 . terly effect of color and form . His paintings are to be
in all our public art galleries, where they furnish
October 31. - Silas Gamaliel Pratt, a well-known seen
striking examples of ripe scholarship in the technique of
composer and musical director, 70 . . . . oil painting)
Elting A . Fowler, Washington correspondent of
the New York Sun, 37. . . . Gen. Huang Vogue, a distinguished French diplomatist, 87.
Sing, commander of the Chinese rebel army in Daniel Leet Wilson, first president of
1911. . . . Abbe Henri Thedvnat, the French
archæologist, 72. . . . Charles Taze (“ Pas the Bell Telephone Company, 76.
tor" ) Russell, a widely -known independent minis. November 11. - Wilbur Fiske Sadler, Adjutant
ter and lecturer, 6t. General of the New Jersey National Guard, 46 .
November 2.- Judge A . P. McCormick, of the . . . Alfred Joseph Naquet, a noted French
chemist and politician, 82.
United States Circuit November 12. - Percival Lowell, the astronomer,
Court of Appeals, 84. director of the Lowell Observatory at Flagstaff,
November 4. - Dr. Ariz., 61.
James David Moffatt, November 14 . - Robert G . Valentine, former
for 33 years president Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and chairman of
of Washington and the first Minimum Wage Board in Massachusetts,
Jefferson College, 70. 44. . . . Henry George, Jr., a former Mem
November 5. - Cardi ber of Congress from New York , 54. .
nal Francis Della Vol Brig.-Gen . Daniel C . Kingman, U . S. A ., retired ,
pe, 71. formerly Chief of Engineers, 64 .
November 6 . - Mrs. November 15. - Charles Edward Cheney, senior
Dion Boucicault, the Bishop (Chicago) of the Reformed Episcopal
widely known English Church, 80. . . . Molly Elliot Seawell, the
actress, 83. author, 56 . . . . Luis Munoz Rivera, for six
November 7.- Henry years Resident Commissioner from Porto Rico to
Ward Ranger, a noted the United States. . . . Henryk Sienkiewicz,
American marine and the famous Polish novelist, 71.
landscape artist, 58 . November 17.— John J. Enneking, the landscape
November 10 . painter, 76.
Charles Noel Flagg, HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ November 18. - Francis Marion Lyman, chief of
the portrait painter, ( The famous Polish au the Twelve Apostles of the Mormon Church , 76 .
68. . . Mar thor of " Quo Vadis ?" and November 19.— Robert E. Lee, former Member
other novels, who died last
quis Charles Jean de month ) of Congress from Pennsylvania.
CARTOONS ON THE ELECTIONS
KEEP YOUR
385YRAMINTAS
TURVIETSUTUD

SEAT,
D

WOODROW ,
PARMEEPRAIRCEAD FIRST OLD MAN !!
ISIERELLE
JUS$

PEACE WITHNEHSOSNOR
N SITE

TELECTOIRTAYL
TERN

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MAJOR

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:

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us

ONE GOOD TERM DESERVES ANOTHER!

From the Daily Tribune (Sioux City, Iowa)
THE Presidential election was remark - by Wilson in the West, and the close vote
I able on several accounts — the suspense in a number of States. Additional features
attending the decision , the strength developed
C

NDANCE DARNPR YE! Mostbykaynaay!)

C
M

SENTOGRESS
IMENIVE FATEMIARLYS
I T
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YSTATE
TH
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RussellH o
THE NEW ERA INTO THE MIDDLE OF NEXT WEEK !
From the Sun (Baltimore) From the Prohibitionist National Daily (Westerville, O .)
Dec. - 3 609
610 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RETIETS

UL
ES
ON
ECTI
KEEP
ELLERS

( LOT
THEY'VE GOT A
OF NERVE
TO KEEP THAT SEE-EE
PENDÓLUM GOIN
LIKE THAT

HUGHES THE ELECTION PENDULUM WILSON

die Ware
bed bedo For several days the result of
the Presidential election was in
| FRED O SEDEL doubtswinging first one way and
then the other .
From the Knickerbocker-Press (Albany, N . Y.)

of interest were the progress made by prohi

bition and the increase in the woman vote.

WATER
WACOM

DIA

CAN BRYAN HITCH THE DONKEY TO THE WATER THE ELEVENTH INNING
WAGON ? From the World (New York ) From the Evening Ledger (Philadelphia)
 CARTOONS ON THE ELECTIONS . 611

JOHO

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91A 1914
3 -D
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ERN ONA
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CARRYING THE BANNER BACK TO HIGH GROUND

From the News ( Dayton , Ohio ) © 1916 International News Service
THE GOLDEN GATE
From the American (New York )
The election of ex-Governor Cox, of Ohio ,
to fill again the State executive chair is duly
SELECTIION ** celebrated in a cartoon from Mr. Cox's
newspaper, the Dayton News. California
TRADITTIIOONNSS achieved a position of unusual importance by
NE Gò so . GOES THE NATION

ON
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SON

T
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open

WEST THE
WestI ( Ds OUT

SHOT TO PIECES DOESN 'T THIS SEEM STRANGE ?

From the Times (New York) From the Constitution (Atlanta)
612 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

NSO
N NOT I! NOTI! . NOTI!
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© 1916 International News Service

WHO KILLED COCK ROBIN ?
From the American (New York )
the delay in the counting of her close vote, has been re-elected for a four-year term , and
which finally turned the scale for Wilson. the anachronism of the electoral college (see
What really were the causes of the Hughes cartoon below ) still exists !
defeat, however, has been a fertile topic of
discussion, producing many and diverse
opinions. At any rate, President Wilson

SHAM PREPAREDNESS PACIFI

ST

ELECTORAL
COLLEGE
MIRATES

TELECTED
WILSON PRESIDENT.
WILSON

BRYAN DIDI ?
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IT WILL HAVE TO BE A GROUP, IF YOU WISH TO

PHOTOGRAPH THOSE WHO WON THE WEST
FOR WILSON AMERICA 'S CHAMPION MISTAKE
From the Nets (Newark) From the Ohio State Journal (Columbus)
 CARTOONS ON THE ELECTIONS 613

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From the Kennebec Journal (Augusta, Me.)
The cartoons submarine
cver-recurring on this pagequestion
deal withwith
the Germany, and withhavethearisentradewithboycottEngland.
plications which com - .
HEYmyYOUCORN
PE SON. 1.& WELCOME
BRITSH
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BUSINESS
ENGLAND
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"ouchof” John
— FROMBull'sUNCLEtradeSAMboycott) © 1916, S. S. McClure.
(Apropos BRITISH APPRECIATION
From the Chronicle (San Francisco) From the Mail (New York)
 WAR PHASES IN CARTOONS
AIS ATTA

i
Cit

M
I
T
I
R
A
led

ATT S.
BOA -
A

ACK
U
T

ASKING A FAVOR
The KAISER:
tremely obliged "ifI say, Wilson, my friend, I shall be ex. able
You terms"
will kindly do your best to get me peace on reason.
From News of the World (London )
D UMORS of the Kaiser's attempts to a rather incongruous situation , as the Lon
N secure President Wilson 's good offices don cartoonist points out above.
in behalf of peace continue, as do also Ger
man submarine attacks on American ships

nyok

" THE FALLING LEAVES” — THIRD YEAR

YOUNG WILLIE : " I say, Dad , the leaves are begin .
ning to fall again. It's the third year, and we aren 't
home yet !"
(Recalling the German Emperor's promise to his VICTORY CHANGES SIDES
the war, that they would be home GERMANY: " Come back !"
when leavesin fall)
troops,theearly VICTORY: “Never !"
From the Westminster Gazette (London ) From Echo d : Paris (Paris)
614
 WAR PHASES IN CARTOONS 615

Balkan
brand
Jamaia
Alles
open

HOW THE MODERN ACHILLES (KING CONSTANTINE OF GREECE ) IS

BEING PERSUADED TO COME OUT OF HIS TENT
From De Amsterdammer (Amsterdam )
The Dutch car TOO LATE !
toonist Braakensiek devil,
GENERAL SARRAIL : isThealready
the Balkan drama
is especially apt in finished, and I was supposed to
picturing King appear in the first act"
From Lustige Blätter
Constantine as the (Berlin )
modern Achilles,
whom the Entente from Kladderadatsch , in
Allies are now which John Bull appears
forcibly persuading as the burly schoolmaster
to enter the fight. of the goddess Athene.
These drastic The Balkan play — ac
methods of dealing cording to the Lustige
with Greece are Ques Blätter cartoon — is about
further illustrated
according to the
ended , and General Sar
THE GODDESS ATHENE (GREECE ) FINDS IT DIFFI rail's long-expected
- according to the THE
CULT, EVEN UNDER COMPULSION , TO LEARN north
German view — by ENGLISH ward advance from Sa
the little cartoon From Kladderadatsch © (Berlin) lonica comes too late.
GARAGE
AN

c
D

God

HINDENBURG , THE SAVIOUR OF GERMAN FALKEN HAYN : " YOUR MAJESTY, THERE ARE NO
HOPES MORE TIRES ( ARMY RESERVES ) TO BE HAD"
From Le Victoire (Paris) From Le Pale-Mele ( Paris)
616 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
EMPRUNT

n
DE
ASE4 NATIONALE

u
REVENU
De

5 %
Junfte
Krieaganleiheit

" I GET MORE THAN THAT OUT OF IT !" THE FIFTH GERMAN WAR LOAN
The French soldier's remark as he looks at a poster German MICHEL : “ Again my apple tree has borne
announcing a French war loan at five per cent a very handsome crop "
From Le Rire ( Paris) From Nebelspalter (Zurich )

THE BEAUTIFUL ROUMANIAN SERENADE - AND THE LAST NOTE From Novy Satirikon (Petrograd )

MAKING POLAND INDEPENDENT THE CONQUEROR OF THE SMALLER XATIONS

THE PRUSSIAN (to Poland) : " I tell you, it Kaiser: " Himmel! I thought he was going to
matters not what you say or do, what you wish
or don 't wish - - you have got to be independent !"
be quite a little dog !"
From Mucha (Moscow ) From Punch (London )
 MR. LOW 'S SUCCESSOR
THERE is always opportunity for the
I men who are prepared . If this applies
to men who are seeking their own fortunes ,
or planning to realize personal ambitions, it
is even more true of those who are willing
to render unselfish service for the well-being
of the community. It is thus that men are
found to fill the places of those men of light
and leading whose loss by death often seems
— for some cause or institution — a calamity
beyond repair. No other man can exactly
fill the vacancy caused by the death of the
Hon . Seth Low . He was one of the most
useful citizens of the metropolis of New
York, and one of the most representative of
the trusted men of training, experience, and
character that we of our day are proud to
call our typical Americans.
Mr. Low had found a work for which he
was peculiarly fitted in the presidency of the
National Civic Federation . That body of
men has endeavored, through the sixteen
years of its existence, to aid in maintaining
the spirit of harmony and coöperation among
the human forces of our economic life. It
has endeavored to deal broadly and justly
with many large practical subjects. It has
lent its best effort to the settlement of actual
difficulties between Labor and Capital. Its
executive committee is made up, in equal
numbers, of men representing the general HON . V. EVERIT MACY, THE NEW PRESIDENT OF
public, men representing employers , and men THE NATIONAL CIVIC FEDERATION
representing wage-earners. The first presi
dent of the Civic Federation was Mark that he has always been a member of the
Hanna, the sincerity of whose devotion to its executive committee of the National Civic
best purposes was doubted by no one who Federation, has been chairman of its New
was acquainted with the energy and the zeal York State Conciliation Committee, and
of his efforts in his closing years. Seth with quiet efficiency has done much to pro
Low 's disinterestedness, his sense of justice, mote this part of the Federation's work while
his altruism , and his patriotism , had increas- also serving on committees having to do with
ing recognition to the very day of his death . the control of public utilities , and with other
If he had the respect of the captains of in - questions of practical business.
dustry , it is not less true that he had the Butmeanwhile he has been known in New
unshaken confidence of the leaders of organ - York , and in the great adjoining county of
ized labor. Westchester, in many other relationships.
The man who now succeeds to the presi- From his youth he has considered himself
dency of the National Civic Federation is a trustee of his large inherited wealth, for
the Hon . ' V . Everit Macy. It is true of objects pertaining to the public welfare. He
Mr. Macy, as of all sound men , that he is has sought to associate knowledge with gen
most highly appreciated where he is best erous impulse, so that good deeds might also
known. He has never acquired any super- be wise and of enduring benefit. Thus he
ficial fame. Incidentally it may be said has had a large part in the upbuilding of
617
618 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
educational institutions, of such agencies as where all other county offices are still treat
the University Settlement, of provident loan ed as the rightful spoils of victory, he was
societies, and of other public agencies that the candidate of Republicans, Democrats,
it would take much space merely to and Progressives, his name appearing in all
enumerate . party columns. This was a rare tribute , but
Mr.Macy is a graduate of Columbia Uni- highly deserved. Mr. Macy had taken a
versity , is an architect and engineer by pro- thankless office , had brought system and wise
fessional knowledge, is a practical business economy into its affairs, had applied the best
man of large experience, and is a farmer experience of reformers and advanced stu
widely known among the successful breeders dents of the problems of poverty and depend
ofGuernsey cattle . His home and farm are ence, and thus had gained the approval of
in Westchester County, near Ossining. leaders of all parties, classes, and creeds. He
Three years ago he was persuaded to run has shown young men of means and leisure
for the not very attractive office of County how to lay hold of some public task in their
Superintendent of the Poor. The position own town or county and, through sheer ex
had always been in county politics, and it cellence of service and through practical re
was argued that a rich man like Macy ought sults, to win honor and fame. To be sure,
not to take the job away from some aspiring honor and fame were not what Mr. Macy
servant of one or the other party machine, was seeking.
who needed the salary and perquisites . The combined forces of capital and the
It took a hard fight to elect Mr. Macy, amalgamated forces of labor seem to be get
and after that it took a year or two for the ting themselves in array for some great tug
variegated county of Westchester, with sev - of war. Mr. Samuel Gompers, head of the
eral hundred thousand people, to understand American Federation of Labor, is vice-presi
what Macy was trying to do. What he dent of the National Civic Federation , of
actually did accomplish , and what further which Mr. V . Everit Macy has now become
plans he has in mind with the overwhelming president. On the executive committee of
approval of the public, is a separate story the Federation are the heads of the railway
a story about the problem of administering brotherhoods, in the interest of whom Presi
the poor law in counties. A recent number dent Wilson persuaded Congress, before its
of the Survey tells the story well, and we adjournment nearly three months ago, to
have summed it up among our " Leading pass the famous so -called " eight-hour" law .
Articles of the Month " (see page 665) . The sixteen labor members include a num
We ask our readers to study that page or ber of other presidents of important trades
two, as associated with these remarks. unions. The sixteen representatives of the
When Mr. Macy took the office of Su- employing class include, among other leaders
perintendent of the Poor, he resigned from in the business world, several heads of rail
the boards of directors of perhaps thirty or way systems. The sixteen men who repre
forty business enterprises and educational or sent the public include William Howard
philanthropic institutions. He went at his Taft, Elihu Root, Andrew Carnegie , and
problem theoretically as well as practically . prominent publicists, educational leaders, and
Last year his health failed, and he spent economists.
some months in California , with the result . In this group representing the public,
of thorough recuperation . Some men would Mr. Macy's name has stood for many years.
have sought a longer period of ease and It is enough to say that he has the hearty
leisure. But these are strenuous times , when support and personal confidence of every
realmen are up and doing, and contributing member of the three groups.
their energies to the work of the world . Mr. It is worth while also to add that there
Macy understands the art of administration , has been no failure within the Civic Federa
because he is a successful man of large af- tion to maintain relationships of respect and
fairs. It is a high tribute to his management esteem . Mr. Hanna worked harmoniously
of the county poor house and infirmary to with the labor leaders, and they in turn were
say that he had so organized it that he his strong friends. Mr. Low was a friend and
could be spared for a number of weeks. supporter of all those aims of organized labor
Last month Mr. Macy was elected for that contemplated higher standards and bet
another term . In a county where the ter conditions of family life and American
rivalry between Republican and Democratic citizenship . Above all, he stood for fair
politicians has always been intense , and ways of settling difficulties, and was a fa
 BEI'ERIDGE'S "MARSHALL" 619
mous industrial arbitrator. Mr. Macytion Act. Senator Newlands is chairman of
brings to his office an impartial attitude and a joint commission now inquiring into the
a trained sense of social justice, a warm whole subject of railway regulation and con
sympathy for his fellow men, and a belief, trol. The machinery of the Newlands Act
based on much experience, in the practices did not suffice to meet the situation that
of conciliation and of settlement by patient arose some months ago between the railroads
conference or by fair arbitration . and the brotherhoods of the men operating
The Civic Federation , under Mr. Macy's trains. The Federation will endeavor to
presidency , with the efficient aid of Mr. assist in the solution of the complicated prob
Ralph M . Easley as chairman of the execu - lems that have now to be dealt with .
tive council (not to mention the names of This indicates only one of many activities
the distinguished men who are chairmen of in which the Federation must be engaged in
the permanent departments of study and ef- the near future. Its Welfare Department
fort in the regular work of the Federation ) , and its Woman 's Department have already
is facing the call which comes to it to aid donemuch to improve the condition of work
in working out the most immediate problems ers of both sexes engaged in industry and
now pending in the world of capital and commerce. The Federation stands for peace,
labor. A committee of the Federation , in order, and progress ; and its principles are
1913, drafted the measure which became the well represented in the past record and con
law known as the Newlands Federal Media - sistent attitude of its new President. - A . S .

BEVERIDGE'S “ MARSHALL '

IN the list of American jurists, there is this being true, it is somewhatgusurprising
o g r a p h i re the
I no name that approaches John Marshall's that we have not known
in eminence. Marshall was Chief Justice personality c r i t i g a dinbi a figure.. WWe
ofcalaso repreëminent
r more about
ith
of the United States from the closing weeks have had no adequate biography ; no veri
of John Adams' Presidency, in the early fication of data regarding Marshall's early
part of the year 1801, until his death in life ; no critical or convincing interpretation
e f his
breat syst governmh one ohis
1835 . The American Constitution is much of his character as a man or his public atti
more than a written document, on the one tudes and convictions ; no final analysis of
hand, or a practical scheme of government on intellectual qualities and powers .
the other . It is a great system that to be I t is, therefore, an event of no ordinary
all ically, andmust
understood must be studied legally, his-
torically , and in its working as affected by
importance in the field of historical research
and literature that a Life of John Marshall 1
all sorts of human conditions. The place should appear at the present time that fills
of the Supreme Court, as the majestic bal- in the most remarkable way the need of a
ance wheel in the continuous association of definitive biography that will stand unques
the States as a federal entity , had not been tioned for all time. It had been an aim
definitely established in the first twelve years of Senator Beveridge, when a young mem
of our experience under the arrangement ber of the Indianapolis bar, to write a life
that began with Washington 's Presidency . of Marshall. The taxing duties of profes
The constructive period of our Constitu - sional work and then of public life had
tional law , and the evolution of the prestige caused the postponement of the project. Such
and authority of the Supreme Court, began delay was fortunate, because this particular
with the Chief Justiceship of John Marshall. kind of work cannot be well done in frac
The greatness of Marshall is universally tions of time snatched from the days or
conceded . Of all eminent Virginians, he nights of a life filled with the incessant ac
was most antagonistic to Jefferson ; yet the tivities of a United States Senator, or a
admirers of the sage of Monticello and the practising lawyer. A public man may make
followers of the Jefferson tradition long ago brilliant incursions in the field of letters. His
ceased to cavil at the name of Marshall, comments upon one phase or another of his
whose greatness they have accepted as un The Life of John Marshall. By Albert J. Beveridge.
questioningly as that of Washington. All Houghton, Mimin. 2 vols. 1126 pp. Net $ 8.
620 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
tory or politics may have permanent im - the constant aid of that group of scholars
portance. But there is a kind of historical and experts now . most familiar with our
work that can only be performed by the sources for the re-writing of American
competent man who makes it his major task , history .
laying aside other things and not grudging He has not been content, therefore, to set
the expenditure of all the time of one day up for us his own conception , and to con
after another through consecutive weeks and struct a virile human Marshall to meet his
months and years . It was thus that Mr. own views of what Marshall ought to have
James Ford Rhodes was able to give us his been. He has taken the trouble to find out
wise and judicious volumes covering a more what manner of man Marshall really was.
recent period of our history. Having done this, however, Mr. Beveridge
Senator Beveridge's opportunity came— as has shown his own great ability in that he
many a man 's best chances present themselves makes us see and realize the John Marshall
- through what to his friends appeared to be whom he has discovered for himself, and
a stroke of bad fortune. His defeat for re- has so thoroughly -humanized.
election was a disappointment, since it was It is plain to see that the “ Life of John
thought to have interrupted , and perhaps Marshall” is interpreted for us by a man
ended, a striking public career just as it was who has himself known first the mainsprings
becoming fully mature and giving promise of political life and action in one of our
of increased usefulness and power in the typical States, and has then known the con
Senate. The reaction in the middle of the ficting motives that sway the party leaders
Taft Administration that brought the Demo- the lawmakers and the executives — in Gov
crats into power, making Woodrow Wilson ernment circles at Washington. Mr. Ber
Governor of New Jersey, gave Indiana a eridge, for example, gives us a better un
Democratic legislature; and Mr. Beveridge derstanding of the change in James Madi
failed to win the third term that the voters son's political and party attitude than we
of the State would have given him by an have had before; but this is because one expe
emphatic majority if Senators had been cho rienced party leader can understand another
sen then , as they are now , by direct vote of better than the critical historian who has not
the people. This defeat gave him the de- himself lived the life of a politician and a
sired opportunity, and he began his re- practical leader.
searches. Although Mr. Beveridge was Mr. Beveridge reconstructs for us the so
prominent in the Progressive campaign of ciety of colonial Virginia — the people, the
1912 ; and although in 1914 he took time communities whether old Williamsburg or
to go to Europe, confer with statesmen of Richmond , the agricultural conditions, the
belligerent countries and write a book (con - politics, the State-making, and , above all, he
tributing several articles at that time to this brings to life the leading personalities of
REVIEW ) , he was determined not to allow that day, so that his two volumes are vivid
either American politics or law practise, or ly interesting from the first page to the last.
the world upheavals of the great war, to Furthermore, they are cumulative in their
absorb his time and thought in such a way relation not only to their central figure but
as to cause further postponement of the also to the great affairs in which Marshall
projected biography of John Marshall. was destined to play his distinguished part.
Mr. Beveridge, in a book on Russia 's ad- It is not until the year 1800 that Marshall
vance in Northern Asia , in many speeches takes his place as a member of Congress , soon
and addresses, and in his recent volume thereafter yielding to Adams' demand that
" What Is Back of the War," had shown an he take the portfolio of State . It was a criti
unusual power of exposition and the gift of cal time in our relations to France and Eng
a terse and cogent style. But the modern land , and Marshall became at once a real
methods of historical research involve a kind Secretary of State, upholding America's neu
of work in which Mr. Beveridge, presuma- tral rights. Then , as suddenly and to the
bly , had not been trained. His industry surprise of everybody — though to the gen
and his sense of thoroughness, however, led eral satisfaction he was appointed to be
him to the mastery of these new and critical Chief Justice of the United States. For
ways of sifting documents andmaterials, and some weeks he held both places , actively,
of prosecuting inquiries by driving straight drawing only one salary .
to every kind of source, however obscure, for Marshall was forty - five years old. He
verifying a fact. In this work Mr. Bev- had been getting ready for many years , and
eridge was wise enough to avail himself of had now , within a single year, emerged as
 BEVERIDGE'S “MARSHALL” 621 '

JOHN MARSHALL AS CHIEF JUSTICE

(The frontispiece of Mr. Beveridge's second volume is
a reproduction in color of the Jarvis painting)

one of the two foremost figures of our na - with reference to those shaping influences of
tional life. At the moment when his own American growth and progress that affected
party , the Federalist, was going down for the necessary thinking of Marshall as of all
ever — at the moment when Jefferson was as- other contemporary statesmen and jurists.
suming the Presidency — John Marshall ap- We have had studies of Marshall's great
peared on the bench as the great survivor in decisions from the legal standpoint ; and we
power of the group of constructive states - have had political histories of the adminis
men who had launched the new Constitu - trations of Jefferson , Madison , Monroe,
tion . The Supreme Court under his mold . John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson .
ing hand was to take a tremendous part in But we have not had the story of that first
shaping national destinies. It is at this point third of the century from the standpoint of
that Mr. Beveridge ends the two volumes the creative and dominant mentality of the
now offered us. No better chapter of Amer. Chief Justice who sat on the bench through
ican history , it might well be asserted, has nine administrations. Mr. Beveridge's sec
ever been written than Mr. Beveridge's con - ond volume ends with the following sen
cluding one, which describes the last ten tence : “ Thus it was that, unobtrusively and
months of John Adams' administration and in modest guise , Marshall took that station
explains Marshall's elevation to the bench . which , as long as he lived, he was to make
In eighty pages Mr. Beveridge gives us a the chief of all among the high places in
chapter that holds the reader spellbound, the Government of the American Nation ."
if he cares at all for American history and Thus Marshall's biographer has created
politics. for us, afresh and with accurate lines, the
It is not revealed to us, in the preface or attractive, virile , splendidly American per
in any announcement of the publishers, what sonality of John Marshall. It remains for
Mr. Beveridge expects to do with the re- him now to give us the career of the Chief
maining thirty - five years of John Marshall's Justice , his masterly work in detail and as
life. It would seem that there ought to be a whole , and the relation of that work to
at least two more volumes, relating the story the fabric of our national life that was to be
of our Constitutional development in close so terribly tested in the generation following
association with current political life, and Marshall's long period. — A . S.
GERMANY MAKES A NEW BID
· FOR PEACE BY BATTLE
BY FRANK H . SIMONDS
I. POLITICS AND STRATEGY campaign the moral value they sought to at
tach to the Verdun campaign, when they ex
ESPITE interesting incidents in the pected to take Verdun. And they could not
DES
U West, despite the French victory at wholly subtract that moral value, even when
Verdun , one of the most brilliant local they failed.
achievements of the war, the campaigns in However one may differ with the Ger
the Near East continued in November to man conclusions in the matter of the Ruma
hold the attention of military observers of nian operation , it is necessary to accept some
the world . Indeed, the value of the Ru- of their premises if we are to understand
manian campaign was enhanced by develop- what they are aiming at and why the Ruma
ments of the political order, which served to nian operation has become so important in
demonstrate the great value that the Ger - their eyes. To do this the easiest illustra
mans now attached to this operation . tion at hand is found in the Verdun effort of
My readers are familiar with the analyses last spring.
I have made in other articles of the Verdun When German high command planned
campaign. The German operation at Ver the present campaign against Rumania it
dun was a military undertaking, with very reasoned something like this : We have lost
clear military aims. It sought first to pierce the initiative in the East, the West and in
the French lines, then to pound through , and the South , along the Italian front. Verdun
finally to obtain a circumscribed local . ad - has demonstrated the folly of any new of
vantage, the possession of the ruins of Ver- fensive in the West. Our Austrian allies
dun . But beyond all else , Verdun was an have barely been put on their feet and they
effort to crush the spirit of the French peo- are not in condition to make a new and colos
ple and demonstrate to them and to the sal effort against Russia . The failure of the
world that Germany could not be beaten . offensive in the Trentino abolishes all hope
Now the Rumanian campaign has similar in this direction, given our present resources.
purposes. Count Apponyi, in a notable Our defeats and losses on all fronts have led
public speech recently, indicated the value our own people and neutral nations to take
of Rumanian operations in the eyes of the a pessimistic view of our condition . The en
Central Powers, when he said that Rumania trance of Rumania has convinced the world
would soon be crushed , and the enemies of that we are going to be beaten .
the Central Powers, seeing in the defeat of Having thus reasoned out the situation ,
Rumania the proof that their own hopes and German high command proposed this solu
purposes could not be realized , would at last tion . The eyes of the world are upon Ru
listen to peace propositions. Bethmann - mania ; they expect to see the invasion of
Hollweg opened the way for such proposals Hungary and the collapse of our ally . If we
by the frank assertion that he had never offi- can strike down Rumania , as we have struck
cially considered the annexation of Belgium . down Belgium and Serbia , if we can get to
In a word, Germany, and Austria as well, Bucharest as we have reached Brussels and
see in the Rumanian campaign the way to Belgrade, if we can demonstrate that the
win peace, to win a peace which shall be sat- Allies are unable to save their latest ally ,
isfactory to them without being too oner - then our own people and the world will no
ous for their enemies. They are fighting longer believe that we are going to lose the
in Rumania to convince their enemies that war, that our condition is desperate . On
the Central Powers cannot be conquered the contrary, we shall restore our position
They have sought to make the Rumanian in their eyes , and our opponents, already
campaign a suprememoral demonstration of tiring of the war — that is, the people, nor
their invincibility. They have riven to the their leaders — will be ready to listen to reason .
622
 RU
SS
GERMANY MAKES A NEW BID FOR PEACE BY BATTLE

Y
623

R
A
And the fact is, so the

IA
P
r

N
German high command rea u
i

U
n
soned, we can hope with

H
-
those resources at our hand
to crush Rumania . We have .
reserves, not enough for an e
other Verdun or a new drive ad
nst
toward Moscow , but we ma

7
r
He

W
have sufficient reserves, with
a great train of artillery , to nsta
Toon
Kr s
d
insure a quick and sweeping MILCA
PAS

success, such as our political

necessities demand, over the PASS

Rumanians, who do not

number much more than
300 ,000 , who have no heavy
artillery to speak of, who are Democrapova - Cons
tanz
a

still green troops, who have

made the greatest blunder of Danube R . Rusichuk
the war by going into Tran
sylvania instead of attacking FBYEĞ A R I A Varna
pie inni
Bulgaria before we could
help our Balkan ally . 61 till

On the military side this

campaign against Rumania MAP SHOWING RUMANIAN RAILROADS AND MOUNTAIN PASSES
will abolish a new peril; it
will, if it succeeds, shorten our line enor- for herself that can hardly be exaggerated .
mously ; it will put us in possession of the Yet, looking at the military situation, as it
great stores of grain Rumania possesses, of stands in the last week of November, it is
the oil wells, which will furnish us with the plain thatGermany has not yet achieved the
petroleum we lack ; but on the political side great success which is necessary to crown her
we shall win even more, we shall probably operations, having regard for her own view
win peace. point. She has continued to advance into
Rumania by the valley of the Alt and by the
II. How IT HAS WORKED OUT railroad which comes south from Kronstadt
to Bucharest. She is approaching Campo
Last month I indicated the extent of the lung, an important Rumanian railroad town
German success in the earlier phase of the at the edge of the plain . But she is no
campaign against Rumania. All that the longer making rapid advances and the thing
German high command had expected had, that happened at Verdun is happening in the
up to that time, come to pass. Rumania had new field — she is being called upon to make
been defeated and invaded . The most prom - high payment for relatively small gains.
ising moment of the whole war for the Al- In a word , Rumania has repaired her ear
lies had been spoiled and the first weeks of lier mistakes. Her troops are now fighting
the third year of the struggle witnessed a well ; Berlin concedes this. They have been
change in the opinion of neutrals all over reinforced by Russian armies, whose strength
the world. Expectation of German defeat has begun to tell. As it stands now it is
within a brief timegave place to new admira .. still likely that Germany will ultimately get
tion for German efficiency and fresh confi to Bucharest, but it is less likely than it was
dence in German military power. a month ago. And there is no longer any
In August there was a well-defined belief chance that she will get there by a swift
all over the world , outside of Germany and and comparatively cheap thrust. She is
Austria , that the Allies were winning. In keeping on , as she kept on at Verdun, be
November this conviction had disappeared, cause of the value that, by her own action ,
there was pessimism in Allied capitals, and has attached to the campaign in the eyes of
there was frank skepticism in quarters where the world , but the highest conceivable profit
Allied expectations had won recent cre - has now escaped her .
dence. Out of great Allied opportunities If you look at any map of Rumania you
Germany had drawn a military advantage will see that there wanders from west to
624 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
east through the Wallachian Plain , half- ward Crajova, which is the point where the
way between the Danube and the Transyl. railroad coming south out of the Vulcan
vanian Alps, a single railroad which con - Pass cuts the Bucharest -Orsova line- the
nects Bucharest with Orsova and crosses a backbone of Rumania . Such an advance
large number of railroads which go north carries a very grave threat to all the Ru
from the Danube to or across the Tran - manian troops west of the railroad , they may
sylvanian frontier. This railroad is the be cut off and captured, if their line of re
key of the whole Rumanian campaign . treat and communications is thus cut. Here
If the Germans, coming south of the is the possibility of a real disaster .
mountains, can get to this railroad, at Pitesci,
for example, where it is nearest to Transyl III. IN THE DOBRUDJA
vania, they will cut off all of the Rumanian
troops west of the point they reach, unless Meantime, if Falkenhayn has managed to
these troops are recalled in time. If they are keep on , at a reduced pace, to be sure, Mack
recalled , then half of Wallachia will have to ensen has not only ceased advancing, but has
be abandoned to the invader. What the retreated a considerable distance and has
Belgrade-Constantinople railroad is in the been several times reported heavily defeated
problem to the south , this Orsova-Bucharest and in Aight toward the Bucharest-Con
railroad is in the northern problem . stanza railroad. Here is a very great change
But the Germans are still a long way from last month , when the problem seemed
from Pitesci ; they will not be there a to be the problem of Rumania caught be
month hence unless they accelerate their tween the closing jaws of a German trap,
speed ; they are beginning to show signs of with Falkenhayn in the north and Macken
a lack of men ; the bad weather seems to sen in the south acting as the jaws.
have interfered with their munitioning, and, What has happened to Mackensen re
as they retreat, the Rumanians are getting mains hidden in a fog of official reticence.
nearer to their bases. Still, it is necessary We know that he has retreated toward the
to emphasize the fact that the German drive railroad , that he has evacuated much terri
on this front has not yet been stopped and tory north of the railroad and has given over
the Germans are confident, the Allies fearful, the effort to pursue and destroy the Ruma
that a great Rumanian disaster impends. nian and Russian armies he defeated in Oc
On the other hand, the campaign in the tober. We know that a new Russian com
Moldavian half of Rumania , the fraction of mander, Sahkaroff, who contributed much
the country between Russia and Transyl- to the great Russian victories of last spring
vania, has reached a state of deadlock, while and summer, is operating against him , but
Russian reinforcements have actually turned more precise details fail us.
the tide and short dashes into Transylvania One circumstance , however, claims atter
have been made. No progress of any im - tion . There have been several reports of
portance has been made by the Germans on Rumanian thrusts across the Danube in the
this front, and there are signs that the Rus- rear of Mackensen. If the Rumanians and
sian pressure here has seriously interfered the Russians could get troops across the river
with the operations of Falkenhayn to the in Mackensen 's rear his position would be
south and west. A month ago it looked as desperate, because he is already enclosed on
if the Germans would be able to get through three sides by the Danube and the Black
on the east front as well as the south . Now Sea. A Russian army in his rear between
this seems no longer likely , and their advance the Black Sea and the Danube would be ex
is rigidly limited to the northern front be- actly like a cork in a bottle and Mackensen
tween the railroads which enter Rumania , would be inside the bottle. No one expects
one south of Kronstadt, the other south of such a turn, but it is clear that the threat
Petroseny, the first using the Predeal Pass, of it might explain his reported retirement.
the other the Vulcan Pass. Between these Another explanation , even more plausible,
two passes are several others, notably the is that he has been compelled to lend troops
Red Tower Gorge, also used by the Ger- to the Bulgars, fighting to save Monastir,
mans, but the front between these two rail- and that the Allied offensive from Salonica,
roads is the main operative front of Falken which I shall discuss in a moment, has al
hayn , measured by November operations. ready helped Rumania by drawing off the
As I correct these proofs, on November pressure from the south . If this be true,
21, the dispatches report very great German we shall see Mackensen standing on the de
progress south of the Vulcan Pass and to - fensive, hereafter, holding the gap between
 GERMANY MAKES A NEW BID FOR PEACE BY BATTLE 625

Photo by Central News Photo Service

GENERAL VON MACKENSEN , LEADER OF THE TEUTON 'S CAMPAIGN IN THE BALKANS
(A new photograph showing General von Mackensen (center) and members of his staff in the field) .

by International Film Service Photo by Central News Photo Service

GENERAL VLADIMIR SAKHAROFF GENERAL BERTHOLET, LEADER OF RUMANIAN FORCES
In command of the Russian forces opposed to the Ger ( A recent snapshot of the French commander of the
man and Bulgarian Armies under Mackensen Rumanian army)
Dec. - 4
626 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the Danube and the sea , which is the natural Personally, I do not think the biggest pos
route for any Russian invasion of Bulgaria . sible victory in Rumania will change the po
Conceivably Mackensen's part in the Ger-
man plan has been fulfilled . It may be that mination . Burdun could alt believe some
litical situation , so far as the Allies are con
cerned, just as I did not believe German
he was used solely to make a demonstration success at Verdun could alter French deter
drawing off Rumanian troops from the mination . But what is important now is
Transylvania front until Germany could get the fact that Germany believes it will and
Falkenhayn into the field. If so his success therefore means to achieve it.
is beyond praise, and he has, in addition ,
achieved a local advantage of no small value IV . MONASTIR
in cutting the Bucharest-Constanza railroad
and thus crippling Rumania by depriving The French have an expression to describe
her of one of the very few roads of commu- a military operation made on one front with
nication with her Russian ally. In addi- the purpose of relieving pressure on another.
tion , Mackensen has saved Bulgaria not alone They call it a coup de ventouse, which is,
from invasion but from the threat of inva- literally translated , the application of a leech .
mion from the north and restored to the Bul. This best describes the new activity in the
Cars for the time being, at least , — the ter- Balkans, the drive at Monastir . Actually
Titory taken from them by Rumania in the the chief purpose of this drive is to relieve
Second Balkan War. The moral and polit- the pressure upon Rumania by recalling Bul
ical effect of this service is tremendous. gar troops from the Dobrudja to defend the
As it stands we cannot know whether Macedonian conquests of Czar Ferdinand.
Mackensen 's task is performed or whether Wemay safely say that before all else the
te shall see him soon endeavoring to repeat thing in the mind of Allied High Command
his famous passage of the Danube a year is to exercise such pressure upon the southern
ago and drive north to join hands with Falk - front of the Bulgarians that they will not
cobayn . We must recognize the possibility only have to give over their invasion of Ru
of this. But we must also recognize the mania , but will also be compelled to appeal
possibility that a Rumanian thrust across to their German and Austrian allies for re
the river in his rear will compel him to re- inforcements, which would probably have to
the southward . Either is possible , but nei- be taken from Falkenhayn 's armies or from
ther in very likely , considering the difficulties. the reserves marked for him . In a word ,
In November a French commander, Gen - just as the Germans are endeavoring to de
cial Berthelot, and Russian armies and gen- , stroy Rumania, the Allies are now concen
cials, succeeded in bracing up the Rumanian trating their attention upon Bulgaria .
defense, and in absolutely removing the men Monastir , which was the chief objective
aces in the Dobrudja and in Moldavia , where of Sarrail's advance, has for the Bulgars a
the invaders have retired, without quite suc- sentimental value, outside of the military
ceeding in stopping the main thrust of Falk value which it possesses for all the Central
enhayn. Because of this failure Rumania re Powers equally . It dominates the portion
mains in very real peril, but the chances of of Macedonia which saw the rise of Bulgar
salvation have increased, both because of lo- power in the Balkans nine centuries ago. It
cal conditions and outside aid , and because was assigned to Bulgaria by the Treaty of
of the Monastir campaign of Sarrail's Sa- San Stefano, returned to the Turk at the
lonica army far off to the south . Congress of Berlin , again assigned to Bul
I do not believe that we have seen the garia by the treaty with Serbia which pre
crest of the German effort in Rumania . I ceded the First Balkan War, and lost in
think we shall see very desperate fighting in the Second Balkan War, which Bulgaria pre
this field in December. Given the political cipitated because Serbia refused to surrender
value that the campaign has for theGermans Monastir according to agreement. The pres
and Austrians, given their faith that a shi- ent, therefore, is the second war Bulgaria
ning success will win the peace they desire , has fought for Macedonia , for Monastir, be
I am satisfied that they will make new ef- cause she joined the Central Powers a year
forts and new sacrifices. It is the political ago to reconquer what she had lost in the war
element that now gives this campaign its with Greece and Serbia.
real importance. The Allies have lost their To lose Monastir now , and with it
big chance, Germany has saved Bulgaria and Ochrida and the region west of the Vardar.
Hungary on these fronts, but it remains to is to lose the chief prize of the war for
be seen whether she can now crush Rumania . which Bulgaria has been fighting. With the
 GERMANY MAKES A NEW BID FOR PEACE BY BATTLE 627

International Film Serv 'ce

THE VARIED RACIAL TYPES AND NATIONALITIES IN THE ALLIES' BALKAN ARMIES
whichTheshows,
cosmopolitan
fromIn left character of therowAllied
) : anArmy on thea French
Macedonian front isa well illustrated in thisan picture,
the tofront
and a Serbian. rightrow (back
. left to right, “Anzac,"
are a Cretan (Greek Senegalese,
Revolutionist) Russian,
, another anSenegalese,
Indian, Italian,
a French
man , a French Indo Chinese, and another Cretan .

Photo by American Press Association

A VIEW OF THE CITY OF MONASTIR
Monastir, in Serbian Macedonia, value,
was taken
November 19 . Strategically of great value.
from the Bulgars by the united Serbian and French forces on
with its strong defenses and its situation at the cross roads of
wit
important highways, it was taken from the Turks by the Serbians in November, 1912, was seized by the Bulgar
Teuton forces under Mackensen in November, 1915, and now again the Serbian colors fly over it.
628 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
loss goes a heavy casualty list, for the main even extend to the evacuation of all the Var
burden of resisting the Serb , French , Rus- dar valley from theGreek frontier to Uskub.
sian , Italian and British forces in Macedonia All these latter considerations are specu
is carried by the Bulgars. And even if they lations. But a real success, such a success
lose all of Macedonia with Monastir , they as the Serbs alone achieved just four years
will have to endure more casualties, for the ago on this same field where they routed the
Allies will still push on. No one will ven - Turkish army of Djavid Pasha and drove
ture to forecast that the fall of Monastir , it into the Albanian wilderness , might easily
even if it brings military disaster as well change the whole face of conditions in the
( these lines are written when only the fact Balkans. And what is of greatest interest
of the fall of Monastir is known ) , will now , it would necessarily influence the Ru
persuade Bulgaria to make a separate peace. manian campaign and might affect Bulga
The thing is just possible , given the fact rian internal conditions.
that the Bulgar entered the war with little It is always well to remember that the
enthusiasm and recognizing that there does main Allied objective in the whole Balkan
exist a pro-Russian party in Bulgaria . War is the railroad binding the Central
The military value of Monastir is easily Powers to Constantinople. If this can be
explained. Monastir is situated in a plain cut the war will instantly change in charac
bounded on its eastern and western sides by ter, for Germany will lose the one solid con
mountain walls, that on the west rising to quest of the war, the single chance to bring
8000 feet, that on the east to 6000 feet. from the war a place in the sun, and will
West of the mountain wall are Presba and be thrown back upon Central European con
Ochrida Lakes , beyond which is the Alba- ditions. The fall of Constantinople , once
nian wilderness. Hence it was next to im - this line were cut, would be inevitable , how
possible to turn the western flank of the Bul- ever long delayed. It is for this railroad
gars, and they were holding a sort of Ther - that Sarrail is reaching. He is a very great
mopylæ . Between the two mountain walls distance from it even now when Monastir has
they have stretched trench lines which rested fallen, and the Bulgars are retiring upon
upon the mountains as a gate rests upon its Uskub. But aside from the main purpose
two sets of posts ; until the Allies could get there is the incidental necessity to aid Ru
through the gate they could not move north . mania, and this is what the present Monastir
Now , instead of attempting to break operation was designed to do.
through the gate — that is, through the
trench lines — Sarrail sent the Serbs up the V . POLAND “ RESTORED "
eastern mountain wall and they have been
systematically clearing the Bulgars out of Next to the Rumanian and Balkan cam
these hills until they have got north as far paigns, the most interesting event of the
as Monastir, but above it in the mountains. month was the proclamation of a " restored "
The French , escalading the western walls, Poland at Lublin and Warsaw by the Aus
did the same thing, but when Monastir fell trian and German conquerors of Russian
they were still five miles south of Monastir . Poland. This step closed a whole year of
It was the Serbian success that compelled hesitation and dubitation. It was taken at a
the Bulgars to evacuate all their lines of time when there could be no mistaking its
trenches, because of the Aanking fire from the purpose. It was a deliberate attempt to re
mountains taken by the Serbs. peat Napoleon 's success in enlisting Poles , by
Monastir having fallen, the Bulgars must his creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw
now retreat north over the Babuna Pass , at Tilsit, and it was marked by similar limi
probably making their first stand at Prilep, tations.
on the heights between the Monastir Plain Napoleon's Poland included all the terri
and the Vardar Valley . Such a retreat, given tory of Russian Poland as it existed in 1914,
existing weather conditions, may cost them together with the present German province
all their heavy artillery and might end in of Posen. But when he freed Poland he
disaster. But its immediate effect would be was at peace with Austria and had no wish
to expose the flank of the other Bulgar army, to invite a new war by endeavoring to take
which is defending the valley of the Vardar, Galicia from Austria . He also refrained
which goes the Salonica -Belgrade rails from taking from Prussia the portion of Po
which is the main avenue of advance land which , before the First Partition , sepa
arrail. A very considerable retirement rated East Prussia from the rest of the
Doiran might then take place and might Hohenzollern state. These failures led to
 GERMANY MAKES A NEW BID FOR PEACE BY BATTLE 629
BALTIC SEA the Poles in their own provinces will seek
GULF KOENIGSBERG union with the Poles of the autonomous Po
DANZIG land. All modern history supports the belief
DANZIG EAST
WESTA PRUSSI
A GRODNO that once a fraction of a people is free, all
PRUSSI parts will seek freedom and union . The case
of Serbia , still fresh in mind, is an admirable
MLAWA
example.
VORN For Austria this means the dariger of los
ing some 5,000,000 subjects. But this would
PLOCK
WARSAW not be too serious, because these 5,000,000
SI

SPOSEN Poles live in a well-defined district in which

LE

POLAND there are no other races. Austria could af

SI

ORADOM
IVANGOROD
LUDIN ford to sacrifice her Poles and gain a strong
buffer state on the east in return . It is dif
A

BRESLA
ferent with Germany ; her Poles are inextri
*CZENSTOCHOWA cably entangled with Teutons, and if old
JAROSLA
Poland were restored , she would face muti
I SCRACOW U
NG PRZEMYSL TARNOW lation, and 2,000,000 Germans east of the
AU STRIA STR ALICIA
HUN .
AR
Y Vistula would be cut off from all contact
with the main block of German peoples by a
6 20 40 Polish wall thrust north toward and west
of Dantzig .
REGIONS INHABITED BY POLES Yet a Poland made up of Austrian and
Russian Poles would be a state of at least
a final failure, for, although he did get 17,000 ,000 people. It would hardly endure
Polish recruits, in limited numbers, he did being cut off from the sea and thus made
not enlist the Polish people , as he might have tributary to Germany. All the considerations
done had he been more generous. of self-interest and sentiment would lead it
The present Austro -German project is to aspire to retake old Polish lands, some of
much more restricted than was Napoleon 's. them still populated by Poles, and gain a
Neither the Poles of Posen nor those of Ga- window on the sea. And with such an am
licia are included in this new Polish state ; bition Russia, once she had lost her Polish
only Russia 's Polish provinces are affected
by the new decision . But at the same mo- ttoprovinces,
woroldldwould
o tthehewould
Thus bSerb nnecessarily
orquestion,
bee bborn aa PPolish sympathilikeze:
sympathize.
olishbutquestion
ment Galicia, which contains 5,000,000 this time
Posen,hetteyay meanmise autonomy,o
Poles , has been promised autonomy, what
ever that may mean . As for the Poles of
pressing fatally upon Germany, not Austria.
Weare bound to conclude that in under
Posen , they have been promised nothing and taking even the limited and partial restora
can expect nothing. tion of Poland now promised , Germany was
The first conclusion to be drawn from the driven by necessities, for no one can mistake
latest move is that the Germans have aban - the risks. Poland divided between three
doned all hope of a separate peace with Rus- great powers, all united in a common policy
sia. To create a new state out of Russian of repressing the Poles , was one thing. A
territory and Russian subjects can only be Poland partially free and longing to achieve
accepted as proof that Germany no longer complete freedom and unity, a Poland se
expects to be able to bargain with Russia , cretly or openly championed by Russia — this
as she has long hoped. If only to regain lost would be a far different thing. And this is
provinces, Russia must now continue. what the future seems to promise , even if
The second conclusion is no less patent. the Central Powers win .
In “ restoring" a portion of Poland, Austria But if they lose — if they are heavily de
and Germany have run the same risk that feated — will Russia fail to follow their ex
Austria ran when she consented at the Con - ample and liberate their fractions of Poland ?
gress of Vienna to the creation of a rela - She has already promised an autonomous Po
tively strong Sardinia, namely , it promised land ; will she not include within it old
future effort in her own Italian provinces for Polish cities like Cracow and Dantzig , Posen
liberty and unification with free Italians and Thorn ? Will she not insist that this
Nothing is more certain , even if the Central autonomous Poland have a frontage on the
Powers win the war and are able to make Baltic , control of the lower Vistula ? Will
the Polish autonomy permanent, than that she not view with equanimity the passing of
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
628
loss goes a heavy casualty list, for the main even extend to the evacuation of i. Actu
burden of resisting the Serb , French , Rus- dar valley from the Greek fror ith a fresh
sian, Italian and British forces in Macedonia All these latter consider' ained troops
is carried by the Bulnia gars . And even if they lations. But a real succ
lose all of Macedo with Monastir , they as the Serbs alone achi Somme battle the
will have to endure more casualties , for the ago on this same field ily . They failed as
Allies will still push on . No one will ven - Turkish army of Tull the early battles of
ture to forecast that the fall of Monastir, it into the Albania for the same reasons.
even if it brings military disaster as well change the whr in courage or devotion ;
(these lines are written when only the fact Balkans. Ar s brave as the officers , but
of the fall of Monastir is known ), will now , it womaly a little less trained . As

PUBLIWW
persuade Bulgaria to make a separate peace. manian c British attack was promptly held
The thing is just possible, given the fact rian int he French made sweeping prog
e Bulgar entered the war with little It ! British losses were terrific where
enthusiasm and recognizing that there does mai losses were light, and many Brit
t a mil
exisThe -Rusrysiaval
proita n ue partofy Mon Bulgirariais. easily W !
in ast : were killed by British guns, so
is the work of coördinating man
run in modern attack .
ainedd on
explnde
bou . Mon eastir
its ast ern isandsituwes atedternin side a plai s byn die e from July to November the improve
Mimic , hhas eesnn steady and rapid . The new
as bbee
mou 0 in
800nta feet,waltha lst, tha on tthe on easthet wes to t60risi 00 ng metres be t t e r br i trish
i s h a ies
arm
r m i e are not as good as the Ger
nor the French ; the new officers are not
West of the mountain wall are Presh equals of the French and German officers
Ochrida Lakes , beyond which is th * *** oltonpainf thwho he have given their lives to the study of
nian wilderness. Hence it was ne m o t e
he business of war. But there is no
le
possib to turn the wester flank n jong err the hopeless inferiority of the early
gars, and they were holding a si n elgran epor mon longe ns the British
mopylæ . Between the two m . eo B d rn - haveths , as ofgoodtheaswathe r. FreGunch or the Ger
they have stretched trench lin mualml me, and matelitym man , and munitions in adequate amounts.
upon the mountains as a ga poen sin the menta al Gunners they are getting, now that the
two sets of posts ; until the metal appliu for a propos French have lent their artillery officers to
through the gate they coul nd he ame ongment in xt
Now , instead of attende naationat btrº dseportmi th e traNe theyeaBrir,tisinh . the minds of most British
through the gate — lthere military critics , the British army will be
trench lines — Sarrai wals at more ready. It will be equal to its task , and its
eastern mounlytain wa' med SH E S S imp rovement matches the deterioration of the
systematical cleari 17. BRITI PROGR
these hills until the her or a long pause in the oudd pera-
a , 'Ge
rman army, through losses . Britain is
peren now drawing on the best of its selected man
as Monastir , but a w e d of all hoo d , the men who volunteered at the early
The FrenchCa,ntr escBaaMtSuh 1a1 dathme mthee,motsotllbousinesbsr - like 6000 calls ; the Germans are drawing upon the
did the same this sdrak - -the cagpture of som ess
tal l fRoos sinteres nget r classesise
they were stil n
per iavenldtr the rinni of a llotciaels sur The
succ older It and
is diff youicul to pra . too highly the
l a t r s t s u a
It was the Ser m e o
l co in cat
ur
. moT nt-
ont achievement of the British in creating a vast
the Bulgars to hich Beauco , Bereaumtaken. national army out of next to nothing in two
trenches, becau Biriciaadond tSeltr. Pierre Divitoanncetretha rern the short years
. The Germans did not believe
ins
mounta tal of inf lvemsor imp 2
2 i n i e o r plat hine indi- they would even dare to impose compulsory
Monastir 1auturs themse . Here wasbua tplbecoming service , and British policy here in this case
D

now retreat tin fble act ong oubted Briuttish armies was a shock to all Germans, a shock which
probably m : uonusHann takoesa a ,f thalt thed new Bbritis they confessed to my friend Mr. Swope, of
on the heig w e rht
e learning the game ooff mmo o errn
0.000
dde n wtro a rops
. in the World , who has recently returned from
and the Va nth s she has los t Berlin and supplied this country with ad
existing w FraanTcoearinend a rIn Btrhietailnast hafsour1,5 m thsng0shwh
o0n0bri . ic h ha sm ir able pictures of present German condi
all their 0
,0ting
o s e 0 0
h eto 6 ,0 ardin th fhas 0 0 e g h
i actually taken tions, seen sympathetically .
disaster. Acn Hergoing forw e . She the sWe a st, although But the British army was not ready this
to expose over the operativ ask e n hhaepoi nts . Co nc ei v - ye ar . It had to get its training in the field ,
which is FrenFranc ch eattacks contit nluy i cak a
t Wnts
t e
p o ov
i er sti ll mo re an d the training covered the period when a
up whicale te nt daye shee holds rather genera
dh she will preset t a k ov l offensive could hope to be successful.
road, w tfap h e t rench ron
F f a the
y h e we st fr on t - Th at ti me has passed now , and while we are
for Sar e-r to -drge sthis} and some likel" on see thrusts, whenever the weather
from D e uart
m -q o t f he
sters urge this
 FRNT ANY MA 631
T KES
NY MAKE S A NEW
NE BID FOR PEACE BY BATTLE

A STREET IN SHELL-SHATTERED VERDUN

favorable, there is no longer any thought ther figure is incredible and I cite them for
in Paris or London of a piercing of the Ger what they are worth .
man line this year. In both capitals it is
agreed that the real test will come next sum - VII. VERDUN — THEY DID NOT
mer. Now the Somme operation is mainly PASS
continued to prevent the Germans from
sending troops to Rumania and to keep a On October 21, exactly eight months to
strain upon German resources in munitions the day after the first German attack , three
and men . French divisions, commanded by General
I do not mean to say that it is not con - Magin , left their trenches, swarmed up the
ceivable that the British may break the Ger- famous slopes of Fort Douaumont, took the
man lines in the west before next spring, but fort, took the village of Fleury, the woods
I do not believe there is a British officer of Caillette, of Laufee , of Fumin , took the
who expects it or has expected it for the past Haudraumont quarries , the farm and work
two months. When the Germans say they of Thiaumont, took the Damloup battery,
have won the battle , when they say they have and stretched a net around the Fort of Vaux,
blocked the Anglo -French effort to pierce their attack pausing at the edge of Vaux
their lines , they seem to me to be telling the village and about Vaux Pond . In a few
exact truth . The real Battle of the Somme hours there were retaken all the important
seems to me to have ended several months places, all the component parts in the defen
ago , but the siege at the Somme is likely to sive system of the fortified camp of Verdun ,
go forward all winter and yield a harvest of save only the Fort of Vaux, and that was
ruined villages and prisoners to the assailant, evacuated by the Germans a few days later.
at a cost that so far must have passed 600,000 When the French attack had ended and
in killed, wounded, and captured . Already Vaux had been evacuated , the French re
80 ,000 German prisoners have been taken. mained in possession of every fort and every
It is asserted by some military men that in prepared line which had been erected before
this war the casualties average six times the the war and which belonged to the old Ver
prisoners; in that case the German loss at dun defense system . They had retaken in
the Somme would be 480,000 . This seems less than six hours the ground which had
to me high , as does the German estimate of occupied the German army for more than
750,000 casualties among the Allies, but nei- seven months in daily fighting and cost the
630 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the 2,000,000 Teutons in East and West British commentators have forecast it. Actu
Prussia under a Slav rule ? Nor is there ally Germany has now to deal with a fresh
any better reason why 4,000,000 Poles foe, just beginning to bring his trained troops
should be subject to German rule than that in great masses into action .
2 ,000,000 Germans should be subjects of a At the beginning of the Somme battle the
Slav state. British failed rather badly . They failed as
The Polish incident is one of the most our troops failed in all the early battles of
interesting of the whole war. It opens new the Civil War, and for the same reasons.
horizons and raises new problems. It may They did not fail in courage or devotion ;
prove the greatest blunder of Germany dur- the men were as brave as the officers , but
ing this war ; it certainly gives promise of unfortunately only a little less trained. As
new vitality to Polish patriotism and new a result the British attack was promptly held
basis for Polish hopes. In any event, Ger- up, while the French made sweeping prog
many has raised the question and Russia has ress. The British losses were terrific where
responded with the expected protest and the French losses were light, and many Brit
challenge. Germany is now raising a Polish ish troops were killed by British guns, so
army, but it is too soon to estimate her suc- difficult is the work of coördinating man
cess or failure. What is plain is that she has with gun in modern attack .
risked much ; even Austria has taken a con - But from July to November the improve
siderable gamble , in the hope of getting re- ment has been steady and rapid. The new
cruits . Is it too much to conclude that this British armies are not as good as the Ger
points to a growing apprehension on the man or the French ; the new officers are not
subject ofman -power, an apprehension plain the equals of the French and German officers
ly disclosed in the shameful violation of who have given their lives to the study of
the rights of humanity and the rules of the business of war. But there is no
international law in recent Belgian depor- longer the hopeless inferiority of the early
tations? months of the war. Guns the British
The psychologist might, too, find material have, as good as the French or the Ger
for profound investigation in the mentality man , and munitions in adequate amounts.
which invites neutral applause for a proposal Gunners they are getting, now that the
to liberate the Poles and at the samemoment French have lent their artillery officers to
excites neutral indignation by deporting the train the British .
unhappy Belgians. Next year, in the minds of most British
military critics, the British army will be
VI. British PROGRESS ready. It will be equal to its task , and its
improvement matches the deterioration of the
November saw a long pause in the opera - 'German army, through losses. Britain is
tions at the Somme, followed by a sudden now drawing on the best of its selected man
British advance — the most business-like of all hood, the men who volunteered at the early
British advances — the capture of some 6000 calls ; the Germans are drawing upon the
prisoners and the winning of a local success older and younger classes.
at a relatively low cost in casualties. The It is difficult to praise too highly the
manner in which Beaucourt, Beaumont- achievement of the British in creating a vast
Hamel, and St. Pierre Divion were taken national army out of next to nothing in two
was of infinitely more importance than the short years . The Germans did not believe
captures themselves. Here was a plain indi- they would even dare to impose compulsory
cation of a fact long doubted but becoming service, and British policy here in this case
unmistakable, that the new British armies was a shock to all Germans, a shock which
were learning the game of modern war. they confessed to my friend Mr. Swope, of
To-day Britain has 1,500 ,000 troops in the World , who has recently returned from
France. In the last four months she has lost Berlin and supplied this country with ad
close to 600,000 in the fighting which has mirable pictures of present German condi
been going forward . She has actually taken tions, seen sympathetically .
over the operative task in the West, although B ut the British army was not ready this
French attacks continue at points. Conceiv - year. It had to get its training in the field ,
ably she will presently take over still more and the training covered the period when a
of the French front - to -day she holds rather general offensive could hope to be successful.
less than one-quarter of the west front - That time has passed now , and while we are
some French writers urge this and some likely to see thrusts, whenever the weather
 GERMANY MAKES A NEW BID FOR PEACE BY BATTLE 631

A STREET IN SHELL SHATTERED VERDUN

is favorable, there is no longer any thought ther figure is incredible and I cite them for
in Paris or London of a piercing of the Ger- what they are worth .
man line this year. In both capitals it is
agreed that the real test will come next sum - VII. VERDUN — THEY DID NOT
mer . Now the Somme operation is mainly Pass
continued to prevent the Germans from
sending troops to Rumania and to keep a On October 21, exactly eight months to
strain upon German resources in munitions the day after the first German attack , three
and men . French divisions, commanded by General
I do not mean to say that it is not con - Magin , left their trenches, swarmed up the
ceivable that the British may break the Ger- famous slopes of Fort Douaumont, took the
man lines in the west before next spring, but fort, took the village of Fleury , the woods
I do not believe there is a British officer of Caillette, of Laufee, of Fumin , took the
who expects it or has expected it for the past Haudraumont quarries, the farm and work
two months. When the Germans say they ' of Thiaumont, took the Damloup battery,
have won the battle, when they say they have and stretched a net around the Fort of Vaux,
blocked the Anglo -French effort to pierce their attack pausing at the edge of Vaux
their lines, they seem to me to be telling the village and about Vaux Pond. In a few
exact truth. The real Battle of the Somme hours there were retaken all the important
seems to me to have ended several months places, all the component parts in the defen
ago , but the siege at the Somme is likely to sive system of the fortified camp of Verdun ,
go forward all winter and yield a harvest of save only the Fort of Vaux, and that was
d whthe
ruined villages and prisoners to the assailant, evacuateddeby h adattack
icGermans a few daysh later.
enc aand
in killed , wounded , and captured. Already
" defen the
at a cost that so far must have passed 600,000 lessWhen Frenchh very fhad or Frended
Vaux had been evacuated, the French re
nd
80 ,000 German prisoners have been taken . mained in possession of every fort and every
It is asserted by some military men that in prepared line which had been erected before
this war the casualties average six times the the war and which belonged to the old Ver
prisoners; in that case the German loss at dun defense system . They had retaken in
the Somme would be 480,000. This seems less than six hours the ground which had
to me high , as does the German estimate of occupied the German army for more than
750,000 casualties among the Allies, but nei- seven months in daily fighting and cost the
632 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
hold upon the hills on the east bank of the
Meuse was measured by inches. Now , if the
Germans desire Verdun they will have to
begin all over again .
Verdun was saved , primarily , by the cour
age of its own defenders ; but the offensive
at the Somme long ago compelled the Ger
mans to draw off men and guns to meet the
new menace. When enough men and guns
had gone to satisfy the French , they attacked ,
to get more elbow room , as General Petain
expressed it. As long as the Germans held
on to Vaux and Douaumont, there was a
chance of a renewed offensive. The new
French success has now made the earlier
Verdun victory absolute.
On the military side this feat was chiefly
important as it displayed the wonderful effi
ciency of the French army. On the senti
mental side it has a value that cannot be
exaggerated. Verdun will rank with the
Marne in French history, and together these
two triumphs of the French over the Ger
mans will remain landmarks in war and his
THE HONORS OF VERDUN tory. It is unlikely that the victory will
( The picture shows the cushion on which the President
of the Republic pinned the crosses and medals con have any consequences. Nothing is less like
ferred on the town of Verdun by France and the Al. ly than a drive toward Metz . Conceivably
ies. At the top is the Cross of the Russian Order of
St. George ; underneath , from left to right, are seen there will be a new effort to remove the St.
the Military Cross, the Cross of the Legion of Honour,
the French War Cross, the Italian Gold Medal for Mihiel salient, but even this is unlikely .
Military Valour; below , from left to right, the Serbian Verdun does not offer a good base for an
Gold Medal for Bravery, the Belgian Cross of Leo offensive; it is hardly likely to invite new
pold I., and the Obilitch medal of Montenegro )
efforts on the part of the Crown Prince.
Germans not less than half a million casual- One of the odd things about this war is
ties . In making the assault the French took the fashion in which we have grown accus
6000 prisoners and lost rather less than 5000 tomed to events which will remain the
in killed and wounded. marvel of the generations which come here
A more brilliant bit of scientific military after. Anyone who was in France during
operation it would be impossible to imagine. the attack upon Verdun will agree that for
The Germans in Douaumont were surprised the French , Verdun has become a vital cir .
and the French captured many guns and a cumstance in the history of the race. Long
whole magazine of shells, grenades, and am - before the end of the attack Verdun had
munition, together with vast stores of pro - lost its military value ; it had lost its moral
visions and a water supply . Even the elec - value for the Germans, so far as the rest
tric-light plant was soon in service , far down of the world was concerned , long before the
in the labyrinths of the ancient defense . end came; but the fall of Verdun , although
Such was the end of the German attack it proved to be without consequences, would
upon Verdun . To-day the French once more have been a tragedy for the whole French
hold all the hills about Verdun , and of their people, so passionately had they willed that
losses in the defense they have retaken every it should hold.
yard that was of military value. The Ger For myself, after I had been to Verdun
mans took Douaumont on February 25 ; they and seen the soldiers who were defending it,
were still advancing on June 25 , and they heard their confident assertion , " They shall
had then covered rather less than two miles. not pass," I could not believe that there
This two miles the French covered in less could be any other end to the battle than
than six hours. When the French counter that which has now come. And I am satis
attacked, the Germans had reached the ditch fied that the same spirit will repulse any
of Souville. Literally , the French were proposition of peace that does not include
fighting with their back to the wall; their the redemption of Alsace-Lorraine.
 BOTHA OF SOUTH AFRICA
A S the nineteenth century was drawing to the pioneers moved westward by stages, and
n its close, one Louis Botha, a sturdy in the eighties of the last century young
and prosperous young farmer of the Trans- Louis Botha was opening up a new country
vaal, found himself at the head of a peace and laying social foundations precisely as
party , in opposition to President Kruger, hundreds of vigorous young Americans were
who was urging war with Great Britain . doing at the same period in the Dakotas,
Washington , Montana, and Idaho.
Botha had been for peace with
England , but when old Kruger 's
counsels prevailed and his country
was committed to war, in 1899, no
one answered the call to arms more
promptly . Botha was thirty - seven
when the summons came. That
was in 1899. One year before, in
America, hundreds of men of his
type had joined the famous “ Rough
Riders” for service in Cuba with
Roosevelt and Wood. If Botha had
been a resident of Arizona or Mon
tana in those days, instead of the
Transvaal, there is no doubt what
ever that the regiment would have
numbered among its officers this
strapping, Dutch -speaking son of
the veldt, who could ride and shoot
with the best cowboy of them all.
The Boer army organization
would not be taken as a model for
any modern military system ; but its
very weaknesses made easier the rise
to high command of able subalterns.
At least it gave a young officer his
chance to show what was in him .
Botha got his chance under Joubert.
It was only a matter of weeks be
fore this field - cornet was in com
mand of armies. At Colenso , Botha
with 6000 men held off Buller with
18 ,000 , and made such use of the
RT. HON . LOUIS BOTHA, PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNION OF deep trench as has become familiar
SOUTH AFRICA in the great war during the past
two years. European experts have
We think of the South African Boers as studied, with profit, Botha's brilliant defen
exclusively Dutch, but many families among sives. The shrewdness with which he divined
'them are of French Huguenot stock ; such the enemy's intentions was almost uncanny ;
were the Bothas, who had come to the Cape and more than once it made him victor of a
about the time other Huguenot families had doubtful field . His only military training
crossed the Atlantic to America. Each gen - had been received years before in campaigns
eration made its “ trek ," just as in America against the Zulus. He was never known to
1 General Botha : The Career and the Man . By use a map : nis accurate knowledge of the
Harold Spender. Houghton , Mifflin . 348 pp . $ 2 .
We are indebted to this excellent biography for many
country made maps superfluous.
of the facts here stated. Becoming Commandant-in -Chief 633
of the
634 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
Transvaal forces after the death of Joubert, he should be the first Premier ; and his co
Botha for nearly three years kept Roberts operation with Lord Selborne, the Governor
and Kitchener guessing, and it was only the General, laid the foundations of the Union
relentless policy of British " frightfulness " — of South Africa which went into effect in
the laying waste of the land and the cutting 1910. This is a real union of four colonies
off of supplies — that ended the uneven con - rather than a federation, and governs a pop
Aict. Kitchener's “ reconcentration ” of the ulation of a million and a quarter whites and
Boers, not unlike the Spanish Weyler 's five million blacks, scattered over an area
policy in Cuba, at last made further resist somewhat larger than Germany and Aus
ance to the British power impossible. tria -Hungary combined, or the aggregate
Botha's own valuable farm had been de areas of Texas, California, and the State of
stroyed in the war; but it was with no bit- New York (see map on page 636 ) .
terness of spirit that he set about the restora- Botha's promotion from the premiership
tion of his family 's shattered fortunes and of the Transvaal to that of the Union itself
the rebuilding of his country. His sisters — a dramatic honor for a man who within a
had married Englishmen, and among those decade had been in arms against the British
who fought against him for three years were Empire — was not an unmixed blessing so
his own nephews. He himself had always far as his personal well-being was concerned.
been well disposed toward English rule. HisIt brought severe tests of his patience and his
feeling now was akin to that of many Con - statesmanship .
The new government soon
federate soldiers at the close of our own had to face industrial disturbances that
Civil War. threatened its very existence. In the strikes
The reconstruction problem that faced the on the Rand, Botha brought the miners and
Boer republics in 1903 was quite as serious the companies together and secured arbitra
as that of our Southern States in 1865. In tion . In the railroad strikes he took drastic
both cases there were complications of race measures, deporting to England ten of the
and tradition that added immeasurably to leaders who had fomented the trouble .
the difficulty of solution . In America the But all the earlier difficulties of adminis
North tried to impose its own plan of recon - tration seemed light as compared with the
struction on the stricken South , and failed . perils that attended the outbreak of the
In South Africa, England attempted some- European War. The Union had cordially
thing of the same kind, and but for the co - agreed to the removal of the British troops,
operation of a few broad -visioned leaders undertaking its own defense, and had fur
among the Boers, she, too, would have failed . ther promised to invade German Southwest
All the Milners and Merrimans and Sel- Africa on behalf of the Imperial Govern
bornes that England could have sent to the ment, when it found itself confronted with
Cape, however good their intentions, could active rebellion within its own borders. The
not in fourteen years have put South Africa insurgents were headed by General De Wet
where she is to -day without the help of a and other Boer veterans, and for a time they
Botha and a Smuts, working from purely threatened serious mischief. Botha dealt
patriotic impulses for the re-creation of a with the movement swiftly and energetically.
prostrate home-land. In hunting down the rebels, Dutch troops
Botha's close association with the English were employed in preference to English , and
for many years before the war had shown the pursuers soon proved to be quite as
him the possibilities of growth under their adept as the pursued when it came to field
colonial system of self-government. Looking movements on the lines of old -time Boer
into the future he saw a great South African strategy. In a short time General De Wet
population working the mines and the farms, himself was surrounded and captured, and
remote from the world 's clashing interests, the “ rebellion ” effectually put down with
prospering as it had never prospered under little spilling of blood . The result was at
the rule of Kruger and Steyn. In short, he tained, in the main , by men of Dutch ante
had caught the vision ; it remained for him cedents — not by a force of British con
to do his part in making it come true. querors, and the way it was done attested
By the time the Transvaal was ready to the real strength of the Boer- English bond
begin the experiment of self-government, in that Botha had welded .
1907, it had in Botha a leader, respected alike T hose who have followed in the news
by English and Dutch , who could be counted papers the British fortunes in Africa during
on to rally all elements to the support of the the war are familiar with the story of
new colonial state. It was foreordained that Botha's invasion of German Southwest
 BOTHA OF SOUTH AFRICA · 635
Africa — how he recruited an army of 50,000 , Appomattox. Botha's work made German
half British and half Dutch , entered the Southwest Africa (a country nearly three
German territory at three points, crossed the times the size of the United Kingdom itself)
deserts by forced marches (his own division a province of the South African Union .
making 190 miles in five days) , surprised Boer colonies will settle in it, and it may
and confused the Germans by the swiftness become to the Union what our own great
of his movements, and at last surrounded Southwest is to the United States. It is
them and compelled their surrender to a true that "German Southwest” has not been
force smaller than their own. It was the highly esteemed for its fertility , but neither
soldier Botha who did was the "Great Amer
all this within two ican Desert " fifty
months' time and with years ago.
a 'surprisingly small Botha' s next serv
loss of life ; but it was ice to the empire was
the statesman who, the equipment of the
when he had the Ger East African expedi
man troops at his tion , and the success
mercy, refused to of that venture, un
shoot them down in der the guidance of
their defenseless posi its Boer commander,
tion , because, as he General Smuts, is one
said , " we shall have of the brightest pages
to live with their peo TYPING THE TERMS OF SURRENDER OF GERMAN in England's record
ple in the years to SOUTHWEST AFRICA of the war.
come,” and it was the In all Britain 's do
same generous spirit that dictated terms of minions there is at this moment no more
surrender more magnanimous than any the commanding figure than “Oom Louis,"
world has known sinceGrant and Leemet at greatest of Afrikanders. W . B. S.

GENERAL BOTHA GREETING DR . SEITZ. IMPERIAL GOVERNOR OF GERMAN SOUTHWEST AFRICA

 HO
LD
ES

CA
EAST EAESSE
PORTUGUESE WEST AFRICA T

T
Sw

RI
RHO Salisburg

AF
ak

GU
op ria
Victo s

PORTU
mu
F a l
l
nd

GERMAN !='BECHUANALÁNO lawayo

Walfish B. O S. Windhuk
w
Mo be tto T R A NSVAAL
Angra | AFRICA Pretoriai
No Lourenço
Peguenaonda i Jóhan UN nesbu
I O Nre ZO ..... . Marquez
NGE dNatal ysmith
kimberley LApaident Lad eter
SOUTH AFRICÀ , de laDurb
mari
antzburg
Capelo f termari ogMiddelburg
Worcester / East London
CAPE TOWN Port Elizabeth

THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA , AND

NEIGHBORING LANDS
THE Union of South Africa, established in
1 1910, is made up of the Provinces of the
Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the Transvaal, and
the Orange Free State . The area of the prov -
inces constituting the Union , in square miles, is
as follows:
276 ,995
Cape . . .. .
Natal . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 35,290
Transvaal 110,426
Orange Free State . . . . . .. . . 50,389
Total . .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... . 473,100
Of the total population of 5, 973,294 in 1911,
about 4 ,700,000 were native, or colored .
Boer Provinces of the Transvaal and the Orange
Free State showed an increase , respectively , of
32.78 per cent. and 36.37 per cent., during the
seven years, 1904 - 1911. Among the cities of the
Union only two, Johannesburg and Germiston ,
showed an increase of population , the former
of nearly 50 per cent. in seven years, and the
latter of 70 per cent. Johannesburg now has a
population of over 120,000.
Under the name Rhodesia is included the en -
636
tire region extending from the Transvaal Prov
ince, northward to the borders of the Congo
State and German East Africa . It is bounded
on the east by Portuguese East Africa, Nyassa
land , and German East Africa, and on the west
by the Congo State , Portuguese West Africa, and
Bechuanaland. All this territory is under the
administration of the British South Africa Com
pany. The Zambesi River divides it into Northern
and Southern Rhodesia. The area of these two
divisions is 290,000 and 148,575 square miles,
respectively.
The Bechuanaland Protectorate lies between the
Zambesi River on the north and the Molopo on
the south, and extends from the Transvaal Prov
ince and Matabeleland on the east to German
Southwest Africa . Its area is about 275,000
The square miles, and it is administered by a British
Resident Commissioner.
German Southwest Africa, which was taken
in 1915 by the army of the Union , under General
Botha, has an area of 322,450 square miles
greater than that of either of the provinces be
longing to the Union , but a great part of this
area is barren and desert land. The entire terri
tory is now under the British Aag, awaiting the
decision of the European War to determine its
final status.
 THE GRANT MEMORIAL AT
WASHINGTON
BY ERNEST KNAUFFT
Henry M . Shrady will soon have completed a dozen years of unremitting labor devoted to
the execution of a public task for the people of the United States. He has never sought the
limelight, and his modesty is as characteristic as his genius for taking infinite pains. One part
after another of his great memorial monument to Ulysses S. Grant assumes its place at the foot
of Capitol Hill . The final result will satisfy the critical and will delight the larger public .
What Mr. Shrady is doing, and how he is doing it, is well told for our readers by Mr. Knaufft
in the present article. — The EDITOR.

IN 1901 a competition at Washington art that is particularly sincere, particularly

I called for a design for a memorial to
General Grant, to be placed at the head of
the Mall, and to cost $ 250 ,
000 ; the judges were Charles
F . McKim , Augustus Saint
Gaudens, and Daniel C .
French, and the winner of the
commission in April, 1902,
was a young sculptor, almost
entirely unknown, named
Henry Merwin Shrady. To
day this monument is so well
under way — lacking only the
central figure of General
Grant and two bas reliefs
LOOKING TOWARD THE CAPITOL
draw attention to a work of
graphic , and thoroughly American .
It is, we say, thoroughly American, mainly
perhaps because its author is
thoroughly American in her
itage, sentiments, and convic
tions. Mr. Shrady comes
from a long line of American
professional men who have
done their share of public
service ; an ancestor was one
of the founders of King's Col
lege, now Columbia ; and his
father was a surgeon in the
army during the Civil War
(he attended Grant during his
last illness, and was long edi
- CAVALRY GROUP FIGURE tor of The Medical Record.)

Photograph by Commercial Photo Co., Inc., Washington , D. C .

THE GRANT MEMORIAL, LOOKING FROM THE MALL TOWARD THE CAPITOL
( The pedestal is 265 feet long - it will be about 65 feet to the top of the figure of General Grant— and was de.
signed by Edward Pearce Casey, the architect of the Memorial Bridge that will be built across the Potomac, and
of the completion of the Congressional Library. On the cei
and to the north and south have now been placed his Cavalry and Artillery groups ; on the sides of the pedestal will
be two bas-reliefs of Infantry mustering, and making a charge. Parking extends from the monument down to
the Potomac, where the Lincoln Memorial stands ; about midway between these is the Washington Monument)
637
638 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Harris & Ewing, Washington , D . C .

CAVALRY CHARGE , DURING THE CIVIL WAR
(From the cavalry group now in place on the Grant Memorial. For four years Mr. Shrady served in the
National Guard , both in the Infantry and the Artillery, in order that he might learn what military things look
like, and how things are done. As a result a group like this looks very convincing; we feel the sculptor knew
his subject thoroughly )

Mr. Shrady was graduated from Colum - that, when a little later an elevator that
bia in 1894, and studied for the bar, though lifted his horse model up to his studio broke
he never practised ; he engaged in business down and a few weeks waiting for it to be
for some five years, when an attack of repaired gave him some forced leisure, he
typhoid fever necessitated a year's rest, and determined to enter a much more important
it was then , to occupy his mind, that he in contest of which he had just heard, namely ,
terested himself in art. At first he painted the GrantMemorial in Washington. In this
some animal pictures ; these his wife , un - he associated himself with Edward Pearce
known to him , took to the Academy of De- Casey, who designed the pedestal.
sign – they were accepted and hung. His It was a Herculean task for so inexperi
wife brought him to the opening day exhibi- enced a youth - one wholly self-taught — to
tion . He had not known her purpose till he undertake ; a daring venture in view of the
stood before his own paintings. prominence of the judges — McKim , Saint
Encouraged by this approval of his ability Gaudens, and French — and in view of the na
by the Academy jury he began to look upon tional appeal that the monument must make.
art as a serious profession , and he next in
terested himself in sculpture. He modeled II
some small figures, mostly animals. These
found a ready sale in the galleries of a well In order to obtain some information at
known jewelry firm , and someone who saw first hand in regard to the aims and methods
one of his small horses advised him to enter of the sculptor, we visited Mr. Shrady at
the competition for an equestrian statue for his studio in Westchester County .
the Williamsburg Bridge Plaza, Brooklyn. The country of Westchester is particu
This he did with a figure of General Wash - ' larly concrete ; it is so made up of little hills
ington at Valley Forge. He won the com - and valleys, streams and lakes, that it looks
mission, and that gave him further confidence as though the Creator had fashioned it to
in his ability to succeed in art. teach physical geography to children . All
Indeed , it gave him so much confidence the “ Primary Highlands," the " Secondary
 THE GRANT MEMORIAL AT WASHINGTON 639

Harris & Ewing, Washington, D. C.

ARTILLERY CHARGE, DURING THE CIVIL WAR
(From the artillery group now in place on the Grant Memorial. A very animated group - full of weight — the
poses are unconventional. Mr. Shrady 's years of service as Captain in the Artillery enabled him to make his scene
seem like a page from history , not merely an artist's dream )

Highlands,” and “Great Central Plains” Mr. Shrady gave us the information we
known to text books are to be seen on a sought with the modesty and frankness of a
small scale, as one sees in miniature on the boy.
mirror eyepiece of a telescope, no larger than În regard to the final aspect of the monu
a half-dollar, the craters and mountains of ment, we asked what the big form would be ?
the moon . Monument would be the equestriauld fall
He replied , that as a big decorative unit the
One could not help but feel that this spot, monument would be pyramidal in outline.
where all of nature's characteristics are At the apex would be the equestrian figure
epitomized in a single square mile, was the of General Grant; then the eye would fall
ideal place for the work-shop of the sculptor down a step to four lions, frankly decora
who purposed to epitomize the whole of tive, representing the guardians of the
Grant's career in a single monument 265 national and of the army flag ; and then , a
feet long. little lower, the eye would rest on two
Here, on a hilltop back of his residence, large groups, one a cavalry charge, the
part of which is over 200 years old , we other the charge of a battery of artillery.
found Mr. Shrady's studio ; and knowing In his very first conception Mr. Shrady
of his self-reliance, we are not much sur planned to avoid the conventional allegorical
prised to learn that he built it with his own figures of “ Victory ," "War,” “ Courage,”
hands, casting the concrete blocks for its “ Peace," and so forth, that are found on such
walls. The outside is frankly rectangular, memorials. He intended, rather, to be ultra
like the Italian villas of Raphael's time. In realistic, and portray the actual occurrences
side everything indicates the practical work- of General Grant's career in facsimile, as it
man , not the dilettante. There are no tapes- were.
tries on the wall, no rugs on the floor ; but The final impression of the monument is
bags of plaster-of-Paris, for making molds, to be that it commemorates a period in our
are stacked up near a great stove, while the history when there was a great upheaval.
skeleton of a horse rests against the wall, Troops are being rushed to the front ; the
and on stands, at every turn , are models of young men of the country have answered the
statues in various degrees of completion . call to arms, and every effort is being made
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
He felt he would rather be
decorative than pictorial.
He wanted to get the spirit
of Grant's time, rather than
be strictly correct about any
one battle.
He eliminated all sugges
tion of the gruesome inci
dents of war - no man or
horse is dying ; no blood is
flowing; no agony is visible.
A horse has fallen - he is
sliding forward , his rider
prone beside him — but that
is as far as the sculptor has
gone to make one shudder.
He felt that incident neces
sary to accentuate the rush
of conflict.
It was easy to see, as Mr.
Shrady talked, that he had
made this commission his life
work ; that he was develop
ing as a man and an artist as
it progressed ; and that the
final result was going to be
something more than an en
largement of the sketch
which obtained the prize for
him in 1902 .

HENRY MERWIN SHRADY IN HIS STUDIO WITH TWO OF HIS CHILDREN III
(In the background
thoroughbred, is theconfident
serene and model - of
thathiswillGeneral Grant
crown his - seated on
Washington workhis) I a piece of sculpture is
If
to be a proper public monu
to save the Union . It needed a great man ment and not a mere museum piece , it must
to control these seething forces. Such a speak to the passerby .
leader was General Grant, and he is seen To test the validity of Mr. Shrady's
at the apogee of the monument seated , calm groups we visited Washington on a golden
and impassible , the very embodiment of con - day in November, and, with a sentinel's gait,
fidence. It was well known that during the paced up and down in front of the monu
fiercest battle he would sit upon his horse ment watching the visitors who stopped be
whittling a stick . He felt quite certain as fore it, and now and again approached them ,
to what the outcome of the fight would be, asking them for their impressions, cross
and so he always kept his poise . Grant re examining them as categorically as Li Hung
quired that his mount should be a thorough Chang cross-examined the people he was in
bred, well groomed , and its accoutrements troduced to . “ Does it seem real to you ? "
perfect; but he cared very little about his we asked. “ Does it seem quite true ? "
own dress, and never wore a sabre during an "What do you see in each group ?”
engagement. The proof of the pudding is in the eating,
As Mr. Shrady advanced in his studies, and the answers we received proved beyond
while he still wished to be accurate in every the shadow of a doubt that this sculptor,
particular, he cared less and less to have the who is untaught as regards his art, had
actual details assert themselves , striving learned how to speak to the people through
rather to eliminate all unessential details, sculptural forms.
and to reduce all forms to a few big planes “ Does it look real?" we asked two artil
and decorative masses. lery boys, who had stopped over in Wash
He also cared less about portraying the ington on their way home from the Mexican
actual occurrences of General Grant's career. border, as they stood before the field battery
 THE GRANT MEMORIAL AT WASHINGTON 641
group. “ Indeed it does," was the prompt
reply. “ That man with the flag, he's the
guidon ; he rides an extra horse next to the
leaders ; behind are the wheelers, or the pole
team ; they've come to the edge of a precipice
or a river, or something, and he's bringing
the horses up to a sudden halt. Those horses
are fine. With us to -day the leaders are a
little lighter in build , but we have heavy
wheelers in the pole team . Those horses are
good and sturdy, just the ones for that work .
The cannoneers sitting on the limber are
holding on just as I've seen them do many
a time when there came a sudden jolt. The -
captain will give the order to unlimber in a
minute, and then the cannoneers will jump
down and load the piece. It's a different
kind from what we have to-day. They used
a ramrod and fired with a fuse or cap. I've
fired that kind of a gun in a moving picture
of a Civil War battle I was in . It would
kick a bit. Our field pieces to-day have
about a 44-inchlikerecoil
He would to getonly."
a snapshot of that American Press Association , N . Y .

group, so took his camera around to the
other side, where the lighting was better.
Here many new details interested him : " See
MR. SHRADY AND A STUDY-HEAD OF GRANT
( The simplicity and breadth of the hollows in this
head make it very modern in technic, and guarantee
that it would " carry " from a distance. Grant is, how
ever, represented wearing a hat in the equestrian figure )

the slack traces; that's true !

The harness is almost exact
ly like what we have now ,
only that's a leather collar ;
we have steel collars. Also
the toggles — where the
traces are hitched to the col
lar — these are leather ; we
have steel cables fastened to
the collar. Here there are
no saddles on the off horses;
with us saddles are on both
horses. The men have sa
bres here. We don't wear
sabres ; we carry pistols, they
are more effective.”
The cavalry group he
didn't know so much about,
but, of course, had “ seen
them often , as the cavalry al
American Press Association, N . Y. ways supported a battery on
A GLIMPSE INTO A SCULPTOR 'S STUDIO one side. charge.
It lookedThelikecapa
(On the floor is the first wax model of Mr. Shrady 's Cavalry Group : this skirmish
has been enlarged and cast in plaster, on this plaster model the sculptor
appears to be working as though cutting away, or shaping, soft wax or claytain of the troop was raising
( on the hard plaster the finishing details are really cut away with a sharper
tool) . From this plaster group , an enlarged group is made the actual size his sword and urging them
of the bronze figures, or rather a little larger to admit of a shrinkage in the on .'
casting, of about a sixteenth of an inch to the foot. This full-sized model
is sent to the foundry, and a bronze casting is made by the cire perdue or
" lost wax " process. The bronze is 90 per cent. copper and 10 per cent. tin .
Two Grand Army men ,
The cost of casting a single figure of a horse and rider is about $ 25, 000 .
We may note here, in the white figures better than in the dark bronze
veterans of Vicksburg, were
figures, the thoroughness of the anatomical forms. Mr. Shrady made spe equally impressed, but ow
cial investigations in biology at the Museum of Natural History , New York ,
in order to perfect himself in animal anatomy, and dissected horses and
ing, perhaps to failing eye
mounted their skeletons that he might know their form from A to Z ) sight — they were between
Dec. - 5
642 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
seventy and eighty — they did not grasp the him , and the captain calls out his orders so
significance of the groups so quickly . But, he can hear, and he sounds 'Charge and
by our pointing out some of the details, “Retreat' on his bugle.” Yes, he had seen a
there was soon an awakened enthusiasm . horse and rider fall just like that.
“ Yes, the groups were like what they had And so they rambled on till it became too
seen at Vicksburg, only the horses seemed dark for them to see plainly , and they turned
a bit mixed up " — they evidently to go with a farewell " thanks" .
looked for line formation in the for our having directed their at
cavalry charge — and in the artil tention to something they felt
lery scene they felt that the can was " great."
non could not get on much far The afternoon had advanced ;
ther if the horses were in such a the light began to fade ; the peo
tangle. But after a little ex ple ceased to come into the park .
planation they admitted that, as DECORA N - THE In the dusk the figures of the
regards the cavalry, why, after GUARDIAN OF THE FLAG statues seemed to nestle closer
the first formal charge there together, so that the groups be
would be apt to be little side skirmishes came, as the sculptor would wish they
over the battlefield , and in such cases the might, perfect silhouetted units of decorative
ranks would be broken. contour.
Then it dawned upon the veterans that The twittering sparrows hopped lightly
there were possibilities they had not thought under the feet of the rearing horses, and the
of, and they began to figure out what might gray squirrels chased one another about the
have happened . “ The fellow with the marbled base as though they considered the
sword, he's the captain ; he doesn 't need the huge bronze masses as much a part of the
sword much, but he must have some emblem park as the trees and shrubs. War effigies
of authority . The trumpeter keeps near had no terrors for them .

© American Press Association , New York.

ON THE LEFT APPEARS MR. SHRADY'S UNCOMPLETED MODEL OF A SITTING STATUE OF THE FINANCIER
JAY COOKE, BUILDER OF THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD , THAT WILL BE ONE OF THE PUBLIC MONU
MENTS OF THE CITY OF DULUTH ,MINN .
 CLEAN UP NOW

BOY SCOUTS IN A TYPICAL “ CLEAN -UP” CAMPAIGN

TRAINED FOR CITIZENSHIP :

THE BOY SCOUT
BY JAMES E . WEST
( Chief Scout Executive)
THE public is Parks Committee had no facilities for
I not accustomed quickly placing before the voters the exact
to think of boys and facts upon which to base judgment on this
bond issues in the momentous question . It was a non -partisan
same connection and non -political proposition . Such ques
The last general tions must be presented on separate ballots.
election in New In a Presidential election the voter, with
York State, there- three ballots in his hand, might easily over
fore, has given the look and neglect the one which to him
public something seemed of minor importance. Obviously it
new to think about. was necessary thoroughly to arouse and in
The State Parks form the public.
Committee had be The Committee decided to issue an illus
fore it the problem trated twenty - four-page pamphlet setting
of presenting to the forth the facts, and appealed to the Boy
people of New York Scouts of America of the State of New
State a proposition York for coöperation in distributing it. The
for the issue of $ 10 ,- policies and regulations of the Boy Scouts
000,000 worth of prohibit participation in political or partisan
bonds for the exten - issues, but this issue was found to be non
sion of the park sys- political and of benefit to all the people .
tem of the State and Therefore the executive board authorized
the preservation of that the eleven hundred scoutmasters in the
the forests essential State be given an opportunity to volunteer
to an adequate water supply for the cities in the distribution of these pamphlets
of New York . . through the members of their troops.
There are over one and one-half million As a result, twelve thousand boys in the
voters in New York State, and the State State of New York responded and in a very
643
644 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
is taking place in every town throughout the
country where troops of Boy Scouts are or.
ganized. Annual troop reports received at
the national headquarters in New York dur
ing the past twelve months set forth eleven
GIVE A JOB
5 ,000 Destitute Unemployed hundred and four different instances of
Willing to Do AnyWork
FILTERS STUDY THESE
scouts assisting in community clean-up cam
paigns. Twelve cases are reported in which
scouts established public drinking places ;
eighteen of scouts acting as volunteer for
estry wardens ; forty-two in which they have
assumed responsibility for raising and lower
ing the American flag on public buildings ;
168 cases in which the scouts have taken
some definite responsibility of adding to the
attractiveness of their home cities ; and 618
in which organized coöperation was given
in civic celebrations. In 570 cases scouts
have acted as guides or ushers in large con
ventions or gatherings, such as the G . A . R .
encampments, and meetings of societies, asso
ciations, and other such groups. In six in
stances scouts have had the responsibility of
making a complete census for the authorities.
HELPING IN THE UNEMPLOYMENT CAMPAIGN They have conducted thirty " safety first"
AT CLEVELAND campaigns, and have had a definite part in
intelligent and effective way distributed conducting 264 municipal Christmas tree
nearly two hundred thousand of the book festivities.
lets, thereby giving the voters an oppor. In addition to all this, numerous cases
tunity to analyze the merits of the plan . are reported of scouts performing charitable
This has resulted in a large vote being work , showing kindness to animals , search
cast, with a substantial majority in favor ing for lost persons, delivering circulars re
of the bond issue. garding some worth -while function , enter
In this way the members of the Boy taining children in orphan asylums, taking
Scouts of America of the State of New part in Memorial Day, Washington 's birth
York have strikingly illustrated their interest day, Lincoln 's birthday, and Fourth of July
in a big civic movement affecting the public celebrations. Two hundred and twenty
welfare . More than this, in the distribu - eight cases of saving persons from drowning
tion of these pamphlets and by the thought are reported .
occasioned incident to their
work a very definite concep
tion has been developed in
the minds of the boys as to
their relationship as individ
uals to the big problems of
the State and Nation, and it
was brought home to them
very vividly that their mem
bership in the Boy Scouts of
America meant practical
training for citizenship .
SERVING THE COMMUNITY
While this is a most con
spicuous and striking exam
ple of the training for citi
zenship by doing instead of
by merely acquiring book in International Film Service
formation, this sort of thing DOY SCOUTS HELPING OHIO FLOOD SUFFERERS
 TRAINED FOR CITIZENSHIP : THE BOY SCOUT 645

AN AUXILIARY FIRE COMPANY COMPOSED OF SCOUTS

VARIED ACTIVITIES A troop in Pittsburgh reports supporting

A troop on the Pacific Coast reports that, a boy in an industrial school, serving as help
bat a boy
during the year, the scouts served as a re ers in civic and philanthropic movements,
ception committee for the State Sunday day and selling Red
and selling in post-offices
seals in
Cross seals
Red Cross post-of at
School Convention , looking after all baggage Christmas-time.
from the depot and acting as guides ; fed A New York City troop reports taking
several poor families on Thanksgiving and part in conservation work and coöperating
Christmas ; fed birds during the snow season . in the “ preparedness ” . parade, at the con
In the Middle West another troop re ventions of the Federation of Women 's
ports that one scout rescued a boy from Clubs and the National Education Associa
drowning, and that scouts took an active part tion , and at the civic celebration on July
Fourth .
in " swat-the-fly," " clean -up," and " safety
first” campaigns. The scoutmaster well re A colored troop in East Orange reports
ports that he is proud of every member of that at the request of the chief public health
the troop . officer the boys of their troop cleaned up .
A scoutmaster in Michigan reports that the rubbish and refuse from four large lots
a portion of his scouts acted as an informa and piled it in places convenient for gar
tion bureau at the American Medical Asso bage carts. In addition to this they collected
ciation Convention. At the annual Gram the tin cans, rags and rubbish , and bottles of
its acted
mar School excursion the scouts acted as
as every
every description along the Lackawanna
Railroad embankment for five blocks.
guards at the waterfront and did “ first aid ”
work. They helped the police to handle Mention should be made of the services
traffic during the Christmas rush , took part of the scouts incident to the Ohio floods in
in the Memorial Day parade, and rendered 1913, the inaugural and Woman Suffrage
first aid at the State Fair held in Detroit. parades at Washington in the same year, and

SCOUTS FIGHTING A FOREST FIRE NEAR GREAT FALLS, MONT

( The boys ' shoes were burned on the hot ground )
646 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
the most practical character. Indeed, most
of the men believe that this training is of
greater value than that which is given in
our public schools, and even in our schools
of higher education where they have the
benefit of special teachers and special courses
in civics. The distinction between the train
ing given in the schools and that given by
the Scout Movement is that in the schools
the training is largely book knowledge,
while with the scouts the training is based
upon the actual doing of things of a civic
character which are worth while. In other
words, action, not words, typifies the Scout
Movement.
. . SCOUT “ PREPAREDNESS” .
The motto of the movement is " Be Pre
pared.” It should be remembered that this
SCOUTS TAKING A TREE CENSUS motto was selected long before the present
agitation for preparedness took hold of the
people of America. The preparedness of the
the disastrous fire in Salem , Mass., in 1914 ; Scout
the services of the scouts at Gettysburg, Movement is of the most practical
where eleven thousand instances of first-aid character,
significance
and is more far- reaching in its
and practical value than pre
work were reported ; and in connection with paredness simply for military purposes. It
the centennial celebration of the birth of
the “ Star Spangled Banner" at Baltimore is preparedness for right living, for active
in 1914 . participation in the life of the community,
A total of all of these reports of various and for all-around citizenship .
kinds from different troops during the past THE SCOUT LAW
twelve months aggregates 10 ,092 . For con
venience these may be classified as follows: Every member of the Boy Scouts of
Acts of courtesy . . . . 1514 America is obligated by his oath to do his
Acts of practical aid . . . . . . .. . . .. . . 2558 duty to his God and his country , to obey
Distinctive services to the community . . 6020 the Scout Law , to be helpful to others at
all times, and to keep himself physically
THE DAILY " GOOD TURN ” . strong, mentally awake, and morally
Necessarily, the reports which come to the straight. The Scout Law is as follows:
national headquarters reveal only to a lim 1. A Scout is trustworthy .
ited degree the extent of practical services A Scout's honor is to be trusted . If he
rendered ; and for the most part the reports were to violate his honor by telling a lie,
are based upon collective action by the scouts or by cheating, or by not doing exactly
as a troop . In addition to the services ren a given task , when trusted on his honor,
dered by troops, it should be remembered he may be directed to hand over his
Scout badge.
that the 200,000 boys registered as members 2. A Scout is loyal.
in good standing (as well as many of the He is loyal to all to whom loyalty is due:
half-million additional who have had the his Scout leader, his home and parents,
and his country .
benefit of the scout training in the past) 3. A Scout is helpful.
faithfully carry out the requirement of a He must be prepared at any time to save
" daily good turn ." life, help injured persons, and share the
Many of the daily good turns are of a home duties. He must do at least one
distinctively civic character. It is because of good turn to somebody every day.
4 . A Scout is friendly .
this showing — that is, the actual doing of He is a friend to all and a brother to
things worth while along lines of civic and every other Scout.
community value — that the Boy Scouts of 5. A Scout is courteous.
America has the active interest and coöpera He is polite to all, especially to women,
children, old people, and the weak and
tion of nearly 50,000 men on the basis that helpless . He must not take pay for being
it is a movement for citizenship training of helpful or courteous.
 TRAINED FOR CITIZENSHIP : THE BOY SCOUT 647
He is a friend to animals. He will not adequately in our public schools, but which
6. A Scout is kind.
kill nor hurt any living creature need have tremendous value in making consistent
lessly, but will strive to save and protect the scouts' motto, “ Be Prepared.” These
all harmless life. activities include not only the practical
7 . A Scout is obedient. knowledge of things worth while, but a test
He obeys his parents, scoutmaster, patrol of the ability to do things — such as knot
leader, and all other duly constituted
authorities. tying, signalling, first aid, map-making,
8. A Scout is cheerful.
He smiles whenever he can . His obedi camping, cooking, agriculture, archery, per
ence to orders is prompt and cheery. He sonal health , public health, physical develop
never shirks nor grumbles at hardships. ment, swimming, life -saving, etc., etc. This
9 . A Scout is thrifty.
He does not wantonly
destroy property. He
works faithfully, wastes
nothing, and makes the
best use of his oppor
tunities. He saves his
money so that he may
pay his own way, be
generous to those in
need, and helpful to
worthy objects. Hemay
work for pay, but must
not receive tips for
courtesies or good turns.
10 . A Scout is brave.
He has the courage to
face danger in spite of
fear and to stand up
for the right against
the coaxings of friends
or the jeers or threats
of enemies, and de
feat does not down SCOUTS ASSISTING TRAFFIC OFFICERS DURING THE CHRISTMAS SHOPPING
him . RUSH AT DETROIT
11. A Scout is clean .
He keeps clean in body and thought, program holds the interest of the boy and
stands for clean speech clean sport, clean makes possible
, accomplishm
the ent of the
habits, and travels with a clean crowd.
12 . A Scout is reverent. real objective of scouting, which is character
He is reverent toward God. He is faith development and training for citizenship .
ful in his religious duties, and respects The eighteen thousand men serving as
the convictions of others in matters of
custom and religion . scoutmasters and assistant scoutmasters, and
the twenty- eight thousand additional men
WHY SCOUT WORK AND METHODS APPEAL serving as members of troop committees and
TO BOYS local councils and special officers, are giving
The report of what scouts have done dur- from five to thirty hours a week in volunteer
ing the past twelve months throughout the service because of a definite conviction that
whole country is convincing evidence of the through Scouting they are making a definite
interpretation by its members that the Scout patriotic contribution to our country in citi
Movement is a most potent factor for citi- zenship training.
zenship training. These men realize that our country needs
These things which the scouts do as a re- a more distinctive conviction on the part of
sult of the virile, unselfish leadership of men the men of to-morrow as to their responsi
devoted to our country are but a natural bility , as well as their privileges , as citizens
expression of scout training for citizenship. of our republic . By giving supervision and
These practical and worth -while results are direction to the manner in which boys spend
made possible by reason of the attractiveness their leisure time, they are endeavoring to
of the scout program of activities, which teach them discipline, a proper regard for
appeal so strongly to boy nature, and there- the rights of others, practical ideas as to
by capitalize the boy's gang instinct by or- hygiene, and ability to care for themselves
ganizing groups of eight boys into patrols and to know what to do in any emergency.
and three or more patrols into troops, requir. Furthermore, they are endeavoring to give
ing them to pass tests in subjects not taught boys, during their adolescent years, a prac
648 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
tical interpretation both of our history , and ment, although only barely started , and with
also of their own opportunity as future citi- less than six years ' history in our country ,
zens through practical instruction in patriot- has commanded the support of the foremost
ism . leaders in every walk of life , including some
Supplementary to the Scouting program of our most prominent educators.
of outdoor activities, the Movement recog- Theodore Roosevelt has recently char
nizes the fact that boys spend much of their acterized the Boy Scout Movement as " dis
leisure time in reading, and has made avail. tinctly an asset to our country for the de
able expert leadership and advice in the boys' velopment of efficiency, virility, and good
reading program together with a high - class citizenship.” President Wilson says : “ It is
monthly magazine for boys called Boys' Life fine to have the boys of our country organ
— the Boy Scouts magazine- and a selected ized for the purposes the Boy Scouts repre
list of fiction books in the form of its Every sent. . . . I am proud of their manli
Boy's Library . ness.” Among many educational experts
ALL -AROUND CITIZENSHIP , RATHER THAN
who have been interested in the movement,
Dean Russell, of the Teachers' College of
TECHNICAL MILITARY TRAINING Columbia University , has expressed himself
Much has been said during the past two at length . He regards the Boy ScoutMove.
years about the question of military training, ment as “ one of the most valuable educa
and many enthusiastic advocates of prepared - tional agencies of this generation ," and
ness have sought to impose a part of the hopes “ to see the time when every American
burden of the preparedness movement upon boy will look forward to being a good scout
the growing boys of our country . The men and will be trained to incorporate the ideals
who are devoting themselves to the Boy of the boy scout into his life as an American
Scout Movement almost unanimously agree citizen ."
with the military authorities the world over THE CALL FOR SCOUTMASTERS
that the most essential things in the proper
training of growing boys are included in the The marvellously successful development
program of the Boy Scouts of America. of the movement during the past six years
They believe that if this program is effi- has been made possible only because of the
ciently carried out it will result in making unselfish devotion of thousands ofmen who
available young men, sound in body, with a have served as scoutmasters. The oppor
patriotic conception of their responsibilities tunity for the further extension , so as to
to the Nation , in a way which is far more reach a larger proportion of the eight mil
practical than would be the case if the time lion boys who are eligible for membership , is
of these boys were consumed during their dependent entirely upon the number of high
adolescent years with purely technical mili- grade men who are willing to volunteer their
tary training. It is believed by the men in services for positions of leadership in the
the Scout Movement that the purely tech- organization. UIT .

nical military training can be best given
under the auspices of different agencies, and
should not crowd out things which are essen -
tial for practical citizenship training.
For these reasons the Boy Scout Move
In all parts of our country more men are
needed. All who are willing to help in any
way will receive definite advice upon appli
cation to our National Headquarters in the
Fifth Avenue Building , New York City.
 CHRISTIAN COÖPERATION
BY FRANK HAMPTON FOX
"RISES in history have been the oppor- of God into the languages of the nations.
tunities of the Church . During the de- Missionary societies sent men and women to
cline and fall of the Roman Empire the enter every open door with the gospel.
Church , by her manifold ministries of mercy George Williamswent outside of the Church
and the moral character of her teaching, and organized the Young Men 's Christian
reared an empire of love on the ruins of a Association , and General Booth mobilized
worn -out heathenism . The Church has been the Salvation Army to meet the demand for
a ministering angel to suffering humanity an applied Christianity to conditions in the
through the nameless horrors ofwar, famine, great cities of the world .
and pestilence. The Church faces another world crisis,
Through the centuries the Church has and the test of her right to survive will be
prospered to the extent that she has forgotten her ability to meet and master the present
herself and taken the initiative in great emergency . There is an industrial unrest,
movements for the betterment of mankind. such as the world never has experienced be
From the fourth to the tenth centuries the fore, because of the numbers involved and
missionary labors of such men as Ulfilas their power to tie up the industries of na
among the Goths, Augustine in England, tions and empires. In recent years, because
Boniface in Germany, and the brothers Cyril of rapid transit and electricity, the world has
and Methodius among the Slavs, accom - shriveled into an insignificant community,
plished more for the civilization of Europe bringing remote countries into active com
than the philosophy of Greece and the laws petition , with the inevitable friction . Only
of Rome. With the gospel of Jesus they by the practise of the great Commandment,
won the nations who had cut to pieces the " Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all
legions of Rome and hurled the empire from thy heart and thy neighbor as if he were
its pedestal of power. When the Turks were thyself,” can the races learn to live together.
storming the walls of Constantinople, Chris - The golden rule, “ As ye would that men
tian scholars inaugurated the Renaissance. should do to you , do ye also to them ,” is the
The Renaissance inspired a new patriotism , only possible solution of the industrial con
a new democracy, a new learning, and men Alict which will shake the nations in the next
transferred their allegiance from institutions ten years. The thousand millions composing
to ideals. These new ideas found expression the non -Christian races demand recognition,
in the colonization of America and the ulti- and when the present war is over the white
mate establishment of her independence with race will be too weak to reject their claims.
the constitutional guarantee of political and In so far as these people have ways and cus
religious liberty. toms detrimental to their own best progress ,
In all of these movements the Church the Christian effort to show better doctrine
exerted a beneficent influence far beyond the and practise must continue.
walls of her cathedrals, enriching the lives The possibility of Christian coöperation
ofmillions outside of her communion. When is demonstrated on European battlefields,
Benedict Arnold was selling the cause of where races , antagonistic in ideals and insti
the American Colonies, Robert Raikes began tutions, fight shoulder to shoulder for the
to gather the " filthy slum -born ” children of glory of empire . If the Teuton can forget
Gloucester into his Sunday schools. Though the devastation of his dominions by the
denounced by many conservative people in Turk, and the flaunting of the green banner
the Church , his social service soon won wide of the prophet under the walls of Vienna ; if
recognition and has now become one of the the French can forget Wellington and
permanent institutions for the religious edu- Waterloo ; certainly Protestants can join
cation of the children of the world . The heart and hand with Greek and Latin Chris
Sunday school movement made necessary the tians in splendid coöperation for the an
organization of the great Bible societies for nihilation of war and kindred evils which
the publication and distribution of the Word have long cursed humanity .
649
 A BRITISH HOSPITAL TRAIN OF SIXTEEN CARS, ON THE GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY

ARMY HOSPITAL TRAINS

THE American reader has had many op- manent hospital, by railway train . This
I portunities to learn of certain phases service has had its full share in alleviating
of relief work among the wounded in the suffering and saving lives.
great war. He has read of first-aid in the Before the outbreak of the European war
trenches , of the transportation of wounded there had been a few model hospital trains
in automobile ambulances, and of marvelous in France and Germany ; but there are a
surgical achievements at the base hospitals hundred times as many now , and the mod
in London , Paris, Berlin , and elsewhere. ern train is entirely the result of knowledge
With one important phase of the subject he gained in the school of experience. All the
is not so familiar — the transportation of resources of science and engineering have
wounded from the temporary to the per- been drawn upon , with a view to obtaining

THE INTERIOR OF ONE OF THE CARS ON THE BRITISH HOSPITAL TRAIN SHOWN ABOVE
650
 ARMY HOSPITAL TRAINS 651

as hygienic and comfortable

transport conditions as pos
sible.
French and British hospi
tal trains usually consist of
sixteen cars, while one model
German train has twenty
nine cars . Approximately
half of the cars are used for
transporting wounded, and
one is always fitted up as an
operating-room . The re
mainder are required for sur
geons and nurses, for cook
ing, and for the carrying of
linen, medicine, disinfecting
apparatus, and so forth . The
hospital crew is seldom less
than thirty men and women. THE INTERIOR OF A GERMAN HOSPITAL CAR

avoided , and at the same time train motion

and sudden jerks and bumps are neutralized .
It should be borne in mind that the wounded
soldier may occupy a hospital-car bed from
twelve to thirty- six hours .
· Always there is some one car of which the
officials have especial pride. Perhaps it will
be the operating car, but it is quite as likely
to be the disinfecting car, or even the kitchen
car. A steam boiler is provided in every
train , and live steam and hot air are freely
used. Everywhere special attention is given
to cleanliness ; for it is the commonest knowl
edge, nowadays, that the danger from infec
tion is greater than from the wound itself.
These European hospital trains are models
of efficiency , with no attempt to make them
A FRENCH HOSPITAL TRAIN OF FREIGHT CARS , as luxurious as one now employed by the
WITH STRETCHERS SUSPENDED TO ABSORB SHOCKS United States Government.
In the ambulance train on
the Great Eastern Railway,
England, there are twelve
beds to each car — three sets
of two tiers on each side. In
the State Hospital Train of
Bavaria there are fourteen
berths to a car. Some French
trains accommodate thirty
two wounded in each car.
· Both French and Germans
(as well as the medical au
thorities in our own army)
were quick to invent means
for suspending stretchers
from spring -supported frames ,
in lieu of beds. Thus the
transfer of the patient is KITCHEN OF HOSPITAL TRAIN EQUIPPED BY THE GERMAN EMPRESS
652 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

ONE OF THE TEN CARS OF FIRST AMERICAN HOSPITAL TRAIN , IN USE ON THE MEXICAN BORDER
THE FIRST AMERICAN HOSPITAL TRAIN low . But experience had shown that the
For several months there have been ap - medical department should be prepared to
proximately 150.000 troops on the Mexican care for at least 3 per cent. of the com
border, most of them being militiamen . mand during mobilization and concentration ,
Thanks to the tireless efforts of the medical and 10 per cent. during active campaign .
officers — with vaccination against typhoid Each mobilization camp was imr
and other measures of prevention — the sick furnished by the Medical Departmen
Department of the
rate in the border camps has been extremely Army with a camp hospital for,
treatment of the militiamen who might re
quire such attention. Hospitals of 150 beds
were established at Mercedes, McAllen ,
Llano Grande, Laredo, Eagle Pass, Del Rio ,
Marfa , Douglas, and Deming ( in Texas,
Arizona, and New Mexico ). Hospitals
having a capacity of from 350 to 500
patients were established at Brownsville and
Nogales. Larger base hospitals (about 750
beds each ) were located at San Antonio and
El Paso .
The trivial cases, or those requiring only
short periods of convalescence , are cared for
in the camp hospitals, the more serious cases
being transferred to the base hospitals. A
certain percentage of the latter need to be
transferred to a more invigorating climate
and pleasant surroundings. For this rea
son — and also because it is very important
to keep the hospitals at the front evacuated
so that in case of emergency they will be
prepared to take patients up to their full
capacity — a hospital train consisting of ten
Pullman cars was designed and constructed
THE INTERIOR OF AN AMERICAN HOSPITAL CAR at the Pullman Shops in Chicago , and sent
( In all there are 76 of these beds throughout the to the border in August .
train . In most of the cars the upper berths have
not been removed , and furnish room for 120 other Patients are carried short distances along
patients able to walk . The beds are fitted with the border by motor and animal-drawn am
springs and mattresses, and the legs are attached to bulances. All long-distance trips are made
the floor . Side doors have been cut near one end of
the car, to facilitate the admission and removal of
litter cases. The end entrances have also been
by hospital train. This train is also de
widened to admit the standard army stretcher) signed to carry the sick from border hospitals
 ARMY HOSPITAL TRAINS 653
to the large general army hospitals located at
Washington , D . C ., Hot Springs, Ark ., and
San Francisco.
The hospital train is commanded by Ma
jor Howard Bailey, Medical Corps, United
States Army, and has a personnel of three
medical officers, twenty -five hospital corps
men , and seven female nurses. It was de
signed jointly by Major Percy L . Jones,
of the Medical Corps, and Mr. Phlager,
supervising constructor of the Pullman
Shops.
This train is entirely different from those
used during the Spanish War, which were
standard Pullman cars practically without
modification . To load those cars it was
necessary to detach each one from the train
and pass the litter patients in through the
end , the side doors being too narrow .
The ten cars which make up the hospital
train are regular Pullman cars with neces
sary alterations and additional equipment.
The first is a kitchen car ; the second and
ninth are for patients not confined to THE OFFICE AND MEDICINE CABINET IN ONE OF
their beds ; the third, fourth , sixth , and THE CARS
seventh cars are for litter cases ; the fifth has
operating and recovery rooms; the eighth has doctors, nurses , and attendants. The total
recovery and baggage rooms; while the tenth capacity of the train is 76 bed cases and 120
and last car has sleeping accommodations for patients not confined to beds.

THE OPERATING ROOM THE KITCHEN CAR

(A 25-foot section of one car has been partitioned
off for use as an operating room , with a composition
floor, and equipped with all the appliances of a
modern army hospital. Additional windows provide
extra ventilation and light, and there are also two
side doors. The remaining two-thirds of the car
provides space for ten hospital beds, for the most
serious cases and to serve as a recovery room )
(Complete with refrigerator, range, steam tables,
movable serving tables, coffee urns, lockers, sinks and
lights, and with 600-gallon water capacity. The
kitchen portion of the car is about one-third of its
entire length . The remainder, with partition and
swinging door, has sleeping sections for the personnel
and civilian helpers. This car is placed at the head of
the train , to avoid unnecessary traffic )
 FEELING OUR WAY TOWARD
A MILITARY SYSTEM
A THOROUGH dissemination of relia. Dr. Moritz J. Bonn, of the University of
A ble information , with a full discussion Munich . The problem was also discussed
of the subject, should aid much in defining by prominent labor leaders, industrial ex
the needs of the nation regarding a proper perts, and well-known writers. In addi
system of defense and in deciding on a sound tion to the purely argumentative addresses,
policy . To assist in the formulation of such there were also informational papers on the
a policy , there is now fortunately no lack of systems of military training in operation in
material on the subject available to the gen - Germany, France, England, Switzerland ,
eral public. For example, the Academy of Australia, and other countries. In the views
Political Science has recently published the as presented on military training, the pre
addresses on the subject of “Military Train - ponderant opinion seemed to favor some sort
ing: Voluntary or Compulsory," presented at of compulsory method, as against the casual
its semi-annual July meeting in New York or volunteer system .
City .1 Among the various concrete plans for a
The committee in charge was successful in military organization that have been offered,
bringing together a group of men possessing that of Major John H . Parker (Parker of
competent information and well-reasoned the gatling-guns at Santiago ) is unusually in
opinions, and who, moreover, approached the teresting. It is contained in a volume en
subject from different and important angles. titled , " Trained Citizen Soldiery.” 2
The result was a valuable symposium of the Major Parker has worked out his plan in
matured views of experts and leaders in the every essential detail, even to the form of
different fields affected by the problem under legislation necessary to establish it.
discussion — such as the army, education , or The plan provides for ( 1) a “ Per
ganized labor, and the employer -- as well as manent Personnel” (numbering 99,400 ) ,
those of the statesman and general publicist. composed of the Regular Army, and consist
The addresses are twenty -nine in number, ing of divisions for oversea, expeditionary ,
including that of the chairman at the open coast-defense purposes, and four divisions
ing session, Dr. Albert Shaw , of the Review on a training-school basis, to be used for
OF REVIEWS, who introduced the subject by the instruction of recruits ; these recruits.
presenting in a broad way “ The Prob - will compose ( 2 ) a " Transient Personnel,"
lems of the Common Defense.” Con- to be made up of annual classes of 147,000
tributors to this discussion were Admin - men called up for a year's training, and ( 3 ),
istration officials or former officials , like “ Minute Men ,” comprising those who have
the Secretary of War, Hon. Newton D . finished the course of instruction and who
Baker, ex -Assistant Secretary of War, are to be held liable for service for a period
Henry B . Breckinridge ; Walter I. Fisher, of three years
Secretary of the Interior under President Being a practical soldier, Major Parker
Taft ; soldiers like General Leonard Wood , has not only planned a system of organiza
Major Halstead Dorey, Adjutant-General tion , but has considered solutions for such
Louis W . Stotesbury, of the New York problems as the expansion of the force, pro
National Guard ; and Colonel C . De Witt motions, and the securing of recruits, as well
Willcox, of the West Point Military Acadas the cost of the whole scheme. The au
emy, and noted educators of the type of thor believes that in ten years' time, under
President Alexander Meiklejohn, of Amherst the plan he has outlined, the United States
College ; President James, of the University would be the best prepared and the strongest
of Illinois ; Professor Munroe Smith , and nation in the world for self-defense. Major
• Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science Parker's plan is well worth consideration.
in the City of New York . July , 1916 . Military Train .
ing Compulsory or Volunteer. Edited by William L . 2 Trained Citizen Soldiery. By Major John H .
Ransom . The Academy of Political Science, Columbia Parker, U . S . A . Menasha, Wis. George Banta Pub
University. 262 pp. lishing Co. 207 pp.
654
LEADING ARTICLES OF THE
MONTH
PRESIDENT WILSON 'S RE-ELECTION
DOTH at home and abroad the results of books passages to illustrate his character and
D the recent election have been considered ideals. He says : “Much that is foolish and
in relation to the Great War and its possible unfortunately shameless has been said about
outcome. In England , although the Wilson Mr. Wilson and his election is hailed as one
Administration has been severely criticized, no German may belittle. This man , so
it is generally admitted that at the end of falsely regarded, so foolishly defamed, looms
the European struggle the United States up as no other who is visible to -day.”
will have a place in world affairs such as it The Hamburger Nachrichten is a hostile
never held before. This view is expressed in critic of the American President. It says :
an article written for the London Daily “ President Wilson already has done so much
News by its editor, Mr. Alfred G . Gardi- for Great Britain that only one thing re
ner, who makes this comment on the reëlec - mains, viz ., to secure such a peace as Eng
tion of President Wilson : land needs, rob Germany of all the fruits
We rejoice in the election of the most saga of her victories, and leave her impotent and
cious statesman American politics has thrown up placed under a guardianship .” The article
since Lincoln . If we had reason to be thankful
that Mr. Wilson was elected in 1912, there is concludes : “ Our destiny lies in our own
still more reason to be thankful that he was hands. The most simple-minded man cannot
reëlected in 1916 . It is the one indisputable wish to lay it in the hands of a man who ,
gleam of light in the dark future that lies be while in Washington , is attending to Eng
fore the world .
He cannot eliminate force, but it is in his land's business."
power and the power of the American nation German-American opinion , which had
to make force grind the wheels of peace instead been supposed during the campaign to favor
of the wheels of war. This will not be welcomed Hughes as against Wilson is voiced by the
by the militarists of any country, it will be
treated as a mere day -dream by those who be Fatherland (New York ), in a signed article
lieve war an indestructible character of human contributed by the editor, Mr. George Syl
society . But it will have the passionate support vester Viereck. The tone of this article is
of the common people of all lands, and it is the distinctly favorable to President Wilson
only hope of democracy winning an enduring
victory over despotism . Mr. Viereck enumerates these incidents of
recent history to illustrate his point that the
In direct contrast with this British opinion Administration has made an endeavor at
is a prediction made by the Toronto Globe: least to steer a course of true neutrality :
The net effect of the election , so far as the The quick recognition of the status of the sub
war is concerned , is that the United States must merchantman , the proper attitude shown
be eliminated from all effective participation in marine
the case of the U -53, the prompt suppression
the negotiations and deliberations of the most in of the abuse of the wireless by the New York
important Peace Congress in the world 's history . Herald , and the decision that an American citizen
taking the oath of allegiance to a foreign sov
In Germany, also , contradictory views of ereign , forfeits his citizenship - a principle for
the significance of the election , and particu which we have long contended - are straws in
larly of the relation sustained by President the wind proving that the sail of our ship of
Wilson to the destinies of the powers now state is at last turning toward the port of Fair
Play. The wind may shift again . We may
at war, have been expressed by leading jour have to recant to -morrow our praise of to -day.
nals. In Die Zukunft, Maximilian Harden We can only set down the facts as we see them
in the light that is in us. If these reforms had
characterizes the President as " a man of high
moral and spiritual rank — a man off whom
whom been inaugurated earlier, the political atmosphere
of the mlast two years would have been more
wewould be proud if we had him .” Harden who e.
proceeds to quote from President Wilson 's All the steps enumerated by us were taken
655
656 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
quietly, unostentatiously. They were not a bid
for the German -American vote. As a matter of
the West -Davenport
is cogently set forthOutlook
by Mr. Fred
crick M . in the (New
fact, Woodrow Wilson made it perfectly clear York ) :
that his attitude was not determined by the ap
proaching election . But the Americans of Ger
man descent, not counting those who were too Bourbon politicians may still hold a measure
deeply committed to the other side and those of influence in certain industrial States of the
who failed to note these matters in the tumult East, but their day is over in the West. Certain
of the election, unquestionably took his apparent great and naturally Republican States of the
change of policy into account when they cast West the Republican party must have in order
their vote. “ If the President had ostentatiously ever to win back national prestige and success.
announced a reversal of state- gear at the last And therefore the leadership must be liberal to
moment, he would have only aroused the distrust the core, and be clearly so in every part of the
of that element. As it was not sensationally United States. A new spirit and a new strength
exploited , we are led to believe that the changes and purpose will have to be introduced into
are due not to a transient shift of policy for the the Republican organization from one end of the
benefit of Mr. Wilson 's political fortune but to country to the other. For the next four years
a gradual yet sincere change of conviction . will probably be the final test of whether the
Republican party is to survive as a great party
Commenting on the Democratic oppor of national, efficient, liberal leadership for the
tunity of the coming four years, the New whole people.
York Nation alludes to what it regards as The Independent (New York ) also com
a seriousmistake of the Wilson Administra ments
tion in a failure to build up a strong organi voters ofon the
the demands of the Progressive
zation of young Democrats in the city and the editor, areWest. American voters, says
politically self-conscious :
State of New York :
Mr. McCormick and those about him could They know what they want and they think
do a remarkable work by building anew and intently and talk continually of the way or ways
avoiding the pitfalls of the past, and particu to get it. They believe themselves to be politically
larly by grappling with the situation in New competent, and they do not propose to surrender
York City, which will so soon be called upon their self-governing prerogative to any self
to enter into a new mayoralty campaign. Need constituted group of superior persons.
less to say, the Nation does not urge this pri theToleadership
this situation the Democratic party under
of Mr. Wilson has reacted on
marily in the interest of building up an organi
zation . In the organization as such it has no the whole intelligently, and the Republican party,
interest. It is not the organization that counts rent by factional jealousies, has reacted on the
so much as a cause to the support of which whole stupidly. In every American community
people who think alike may rally. there are men intellectually alive and not afraid
Here is where one of the President's weaknesses to talk about all manner of questions in a search
has manifested itself. He has not been able ing and forward -looking spirit. Some of these
to arouse enthusiasm save in a very few ; he men are Socialists, some of them are progressives,
could not bring himself even to stand heartily but all of them , in a large and important way,
behind William Church Osborn during his chair are democrats. They are alien in mind and
manship of the party in this State. But it is feeling to all groups and classes that for what
just by kindling the younger spirits that the doc ever reason are disposed to obstruct the demo
trines of a given leader or party are carried on, cratic development of modern society. .
and the pity of it is that under Mr. Wilson no •intellectual
In the Republican party are men of exceptional
power, Mr. Elihu Root, for example,
fine, large body of young men of the type of but they have signally failed to command a fol
Mr. McCormick or Mr. Polk has been brought lowing among the live intellectuals of lesser
forward. while the enthusiasm of many has been
cooled by the President's changing of front on caliber distributed throughout the nation . Their
following has been among lawyers (for the most
various Democratic doctrines. Four years hence part conservatives by instinct and training ),
Mr. Wilson will be passing off the scene. All profit-making manufacturers, and, above all,
the more vigorous should be the effort to leave
a group of men behind him who shall be ready among those groups which, in everystocAmerican
to fight on for the vital principles which the tin and whose intellectual operations rarely ex
party has consistently proclaimed for many dec tend beyond " quotations."
ades. The fact that so many first voters cast These are blunt truths bluntly stated , but as
their ballots for Mr. Wilson , that he gained surely as the sun rises and sets the Republican
at least two million votes more than were polled party has no future in this country until it wakes
for him in 1912, shows the opportunity to influ up to a recognition of them . If its leaders sup
ence men profoundly towards the doctrines of
tariff reform , of anti-imperialism , and the other pose that they can get back into power by handing
principles making up the Democratic creed to out again the campaign "bunk " that has pulled
which these new adherents may be permanently them through in years past, and that they relied
won . on once more this fall, they have further awaken
ings coming . The big fact in American political
On the other hand, the great task of the life to-day is the tremendous interest of the
American masses in problems that call for some
Republican party in the next four years— thing more than a stock -broker's comprehension
the winning back of its own great States in of the earth and its inhabitants.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 657
CHINESE RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION
N September 30 the Chinese Govern
ment closed a contract with an Ameri LEGEND
can corporation for the location and con - Railroads Open MUKDEN
struction of about 1000 miles of railroad. . . . Railroad under Construction
While no routes had been definitely selected, PEKING
the various lines proposed were to add ma
terially to the 6000 miles of railway now in
operation in China, and were estimated to
cost in the neighborhood of $ 50 ,000 ,000 . LLOW SA
Of the present railway mileage, over 3500 Hoa neno
Pr
an
d
Ca
na
l
miles are embraced in fifteen different lines
in the system of government railways, the
remainder being under concession . The
Southern Manchuria Railway, a company
operating under a concession , has lately be WUCHANG
HANKAU SHANGHAL

gun work on the Ssupingkai-Chengchiatum Yong ANGCHAU

section of the Ssupingkai-Taonanfu Railway CYOCHAU "
under the terms of a preliminary agreement ICHANGSHA EASTERN
concluded by China and Japan in 1913. The hy in SEA
first section to be constructed is to be sixty

A
MOS
five miles in length , while the whole line

FOR
will be 165 miles in length , and will feed the CHAUCHAU 1!

Southern Manchuria Railway. A loan

agreement was negotiated during the year CANTONE
CANTON

providing for the construction of the first

section at an estimated cost of $ 1 ,500,000.
CHONGKONG Scale inMiles
Another important line on which construc a 150 300
tion is now in progress is the 300 -mile
From the Engineering Record
stretch on the Canton -Hankau Railway
from Hankau to Changsha, which is ex - THE LINE OF RAILROAD NOW BEING BUILT
BY THE BRITISH
pected to be in operation in 1917. This line
has been recently discussed by E . Park , a
former Chinese Government railway engi- square mile. For this territory the entire
neer, in the Engineering Record . Track has outside commerce has been carried on the
been laid at both ends, and also at Yochow , Yangtze River, a stream of difficult naviga
the section under construction representing tion and with a considerable range between
that part of the larger project which has high and low water.
survived various political and financial diffi- The construction of this 600 miles was in
culties . terrupted by the Chinese revolution until
The Canton -Hankau Railway forms the 1914, when work was resumed , and then the
southern half of the line connecting Canton financial conditions developed by the Euro
and Hongkong with Peking, and , by means pean War made necessary the limiting of
of the Trans-Siberian Railway, with Europe. construction to the 300 miles from Hankau
Its construction through a densely popu to Changsha. , On the southern portion of
lated section of southern interior China , re the route extending north from Canton some
puted to have great mineral wealth , was 200 miles as far as Chauchau have been
first proposed by Sir McDonald Stevenson . completed and are operated by the Chinese
From 1898 to 1905 a concession for the Government under a Chinese, a managing
building of this line was held by American director.
interests, but little, if any, construction was The construction now being undertaken
attempted . In 1912, British interests work by the British interests presents many inter
ing for the Chinese Government put under esting considerations, particularly as in many
construction 600 miles of line south from the departments human labor has been found
Yangtze River, through the provinces of cheaper than machinery. Only the engineer
Hupeh and Hunan , the latter alone having a ing chief, the auditor, the chief accountant,
population estimated at 22,000,000 , or an and the engineers in superior charge are
average of more than 200 persons to the foreigners, while the subordinate engineers
Dec.— 6
 N S
658 THE AMERICA REVIEW OF REVIEW
and overseers are native Chinamen . A for- being paid twelve to fifteen cents gold per
eign engineer, who is the only white man on day, 500 men per mile usually being em
the section , is in charge of each subdivision ployed . The coolies ' labor is so cheap that
of about fifteen miles, but the Chinese assist- even thematerial excavated from the caissons
ant engineers are often highly educated and in bridge construction could be transferred
technically trained, and in addition, over- back to the approach fills, while a one-ton
seers, foremen , timekeepers, and the like, are hammer for pile-driving was operated by
supposed to speak English , some knowledge hand labor.
of which , in many cases, has been acquired An analysis of the cost showed that earth
at mission schools. embankment could be placed by manpower
While considerable wood for the ties has at a cost of three and one-half cents per cubic
been imported from Japan and Oregon , as yard in American money, the earth being
very little standing timber remains in China, carried in small baskets for hauls averaging
the rails used are rolled at the Hanyang Iron 1000 feet. Consequently, the excavating
Works near Hankau. The cement is sup- machinery used by American railway con
plied from native mills, and the concrete structors has little application in China, even
used in the bridge construction is mixed by if it cost no more at the point of intended
hand, the construction work progressing as use than where it is manufactured . So far,
steadily as under western conditions. The in all Chinese railway construction mechani
grading is done by contract, the coolies carry- cal equipment is used only where absolutely
ing the material in their small baskets, and necessary, as on bridge work .

THE SOUL OF THE SOLDIER

AFEW months ago there appeared the war, just as he picks up his knapsack after a
O first number of a unique review . pub - halt, by a shrug of the shoulder, which both se
lished and edited exclusively by the officers, cures the strap and defies destiny.
Great sentiments, little joys, a delightful physi
underofficers, and soldiers in the French cal activity in the open air of fields and woods,
Army at the Eastern Front. This handsome the most cordial of camaraderies, some heedless
periodical is called the Revue Franco-Mace ness, the sweetness of enjoying a bit of permitted
idleness, an honorable and almost glorious idle
donienne, and its object is to promote mutual ness,
knowledge between France and Macedonia, place aupon very practical philosophy which makes us
the same plane of joy hearing that
as well as to record the work accomplished the Russians have stopped the German offensive,
by the expeditionary corps. We find in it the prospect of roast partridge for lunch , or the
one of themost graceful, charming, and sen discovery
books; a
in the ruins of a library of a few rare
philosophy which permits us to take
sitive appreciations of the psychology of the extreme satisfaction in a policeman 's cap bought
combatant that has come to our notice in the in the next village which strikes us as cavalier,
literature of the war. This contribution is or to be madly amused at the methodical rain of
shells poured by the enemy upon a field already
published over the modest signature of deserted
“ Lieutenant R . L .-V .” . , or to laugh till the tears come when a
big shell-splinter upsets a full mess-dish - or
The most popular man in the regiment is the which allows us to be moved without false shame
postman , whose box, jouncing over the rutted by the solemnity of simple funerals or by the
roads, contains so many hopes, dreads, melan melancholy of tombs, to refind France in the
cholies, passions, so much of confidence and of measured tombs of a seventeenth century garden
uncertainty . in the midst of a ravaged park . . .
In these tragic times, when human tendernesses All this is the soul of the soldier, in his life
are amplified and ennobled by long absence, or of the trenches, together with things of grandeur
when occasionally sentiments which one had be- and of pettiness, of liberty and of servitude,
lieved beyond the reach of change are attacked which let the minutes, the hours, the days, the
by doubt, like a lovely fruit by a worm , there months, the years run by without bringing weak
seems to exhale from all these poor little letters ness to the fighting man .
written on the edge of the trenches, or come from Let us bow the head before the majesty of the
all the corners of France, from these modest lit- simple French soldier. The victory of which
tle packages, preciously and closely wrapped in we are more than ever certain , will reside doubt
white cloth , a tremor of unquiet souls . less in the formidable accumulation of munitions;
For an hour, while we read , and re-read, and but our enemies may also accumulate these ; if
then unwrap the package, a tender communion we who know the troops are sure of conquering.
hovers between the Front and the Interior, the it is because we know that the essential gage of
trenches are plunged in a sudden melancholy. victory resides, before all and above all, in the
Then the soldier takes up again the cares of soul of the combatant.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 659

Photograph by Paul Thompson

FRENCH -CANADIAN SOLDIERS AT AN OPEN AIR MASS IN QUEBEC

THE FRENCH -CANADIANS AND

THE WAR
THE remarkable phenomenon presented heart is his love for his language. Tamper with
I by the French-Canadians of a people that and he becomes transformed as if by magic ;
he will assert that he wants to remain a French
loyal and patriotic in their allegiance to Eng Canadian, that it is useless to speak to him of
land , yet imbued with an abiding love for devotion and duty to France and England as long
France, and particularly for its language, is as his language is in danger. Thus the British
spiritedly discussed by a " French -Canadian cry
the
of alarm was unheeded by the majority of
Canadian French because they had just been
Volunteer” in a recent issue of La Revue made the victims of an outrage which in their
(Paris ). That they have not contributed eyes is more infamous than all those committed
their full quota of men to the war is attrib - by the Germans in Belgium , France, and else
uted by the writer to the shortcomings of the where.
English authorities. We give below some of In the Province of Ontario, namely, religious
fanatics had long been carrying on a secret propa
the most significant of his contentions: ganda against the French tongue ; taking advan
tage of the war, they passed a law recognizing
Of all the nationalities — the writer begins - English alone in primary instruction . The
which enjoy the advantage of living under the French -Canadian minority appealed to their com
British Aag, none is more remarkable than the patriots throughout the Dominion . The appeal
French -Canadian . It is impossible, indeed, to was heard and caused profound agitation . The
find another people that has maintained with as legislature of Quebec declared that justice must
great a tenacity the characteristic qualities of its be restored . The French -Canadian representa
race and its language. And , more remarkable tives at Ottawa made violent protests.
still, while openly manifesting its attachment to English -speaking Canadians who through an
the old mother-country, France, it has never as a excess of patriotic zeal formerly carried on an
people ceased to show its loyalty and faithful anti-French crusade, recognize to-day the evil
allegiance to its political country, England. they have wrought ; we reproach them for not
Thanks to the attachment of the French -Can - striving hard enough to repair the ill they have
adians to their mother-tongue, French has become committed , unintentionally, it may be, against the
the official language, on a level with English , of cause of the Allies.
the Canadian Parliament, of all the higher courts,
as well as of the Government of the Province of
Quebec, which is essentially French. For the rest, The writer mentions two leaders who
the most sensitive spot of the French -Canadian's have been the most notorious advocates of the
660 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
French -Canadians' total abstention from nounced the formation of thirteen regiments
participation in the war - Henri Bourassa of French -Canadians, cited the official re
and Armand Lavergne. The former, in his port that 10 ,000 had responded to England's
paper, Le Devoir , has been waging a verit- appeal, and added that by the time the re
able crusade against England, France, and port was read the number must have risen to
their allies. Lieutenant-Colonel Lavergne, 14,000 . The quota of the Canadian French
an ex -deputy, is likewise a fiery advocate of in the great European conflict is 50 ,000 in a
abstention . total of 500,000 promised by the Dominion
These two men have exerted a baleful influ -
- to England.
The Minister of War. General Hughes.
ence over the French -Canadians which can not
be too greatly deplored . But there are, happily, eulogized in an address the Canadian French
those who are lovers of France and England, and who are on the firing-line ; he declared that
their name is legion , besides those who, without 10 ,000 of them had left for the front. These
great enthusiasm , perhaps, have joined the side figures refer only to the Canadian French
of right and justice. who have joined regiments called English .
The English press in general recognizes that
The writer adduces a number of extracts fact. In one of the purely French -Canadian
from various French -Canadian journals as
evidence of the patriotic spirit which ani regiments, the 165th , there are no less than
mates them in favor of the Allies and more 800
spirit
Acadians. How vividly the French
survives in that little group of de
particularly, of course, of France .
The French-Canadian clergy, the article scendants of the old French colony , Acadia ,
continues, have been accused of hostility to which
known.
Longfellow has immortalized , is well
the Allied cause ; it may be true of the priests
in general; as to the higher clergy, it has ingBut all these figures are far from satisfy
openly and frankly espoused the side of Eng importanceCanadian
the French who realize the
of the task incumbent upon their
land and France. The entire prelacy of
Quebec has declared itself in opposition to people. If they are obliged to admit that the
the propaganda of M . Bourassa . But it is zealous efforts of a minority of devoted men
the declaration of Mgr. Bruchési, Arch have not come up to their hopes, it must like
wise be admitted that those whose duty it
bishop of Montreal, in particular, that stirred was
the English as well as the French part of the done toto see that everything possible should be
have the entire Dominion participate
population . All the influential French -Can
adian press appended lengthy laudatory re in the great European War, have done little
marks to the words of that eminent repre or nothing to facilitate recruiting in the
sentative of the Roman Catholic Church . Province of Quebec. Men of ability, de
spite all their devotion, have failed in their
olique, expresses himself in a manner equally endeavors to form a regiment, for lack of
unequivocal. financial aid . The English -speaking Can
adians, on the contrary, have been favored
But rising above all these voices, the most by grants of money by the general or provin
powerful, the most constant, is beyond doubt that cial government. They were thus enabled
of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the head of the Liberal to send out recruiting agents throughout the
party. Universally noted for his eminence as a
statesman , he is one of the finest examples of the United States , which helped to a great ex
French - Canadian race, of which he is more than tent in the formation of several American
ever, in these critical days, a shining light. From legions— not to speak of the effectives added
the very outset of hostilities he has not ceased to to English -speaking regiments.
manifest his attachment to England and his ardent
sympathy for France ; his eloquent voice is cease Those best authorized to speak for the
lessly raised to urge on a vigorous recruitment. Canadian French patriots demand to -day
even more than at the outset of the war the
The writer laments that Laurier, who dis- following conditions, in order to make re
tinguished himself as Premier for so many cruiting a success : first, the financial aid of
years, no longer fills that post ; he would the Minister of War and of the Government
have seen to it that men of his race should of the Province of Quebec, to form citizen
be given every opportunity to fulfil their recruiting committees ; second , the sending of
duty to England and testify their love for the Canadian French contingents, under
France, the land of their origin . French command, direct to France .
What has been the French -Canadian con - There is a serious movement on foot to
tribution to the war ? have the French -Canadian brigade sent di
In May, 1916 , the Montreal Herald , an- rectly and at once to France, under command
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 661
of one of Joffre's lieutenants, while retaining the grand, liberal constitution of the British
its character of British dependence and Can - Empire .
adian unity . England and the British cause , Knowing, the writer concludes, that
the writer adds, will reap only advantage in nearly 200 ,000 men are still lacking to make
allowing the Canadian French volunteers to up the half-million promised to England, one
manifest their affection for France, while has the right to say that nothing should be
remaining faithful, respectful adherents of left undone to facilitate enlistment.

MINE WARFARE
A N experienced mining engineer describes where his enemy has dug himself in . As he
n in a recent issue of La Nature ( Paris ) cannot advance over the surface of the
the methods of land-mining employed in the ground without discovery, he digs down,
great war. and, under cover of night, excavates numer
In the Franco-Prussian War the need of ous trenches and tunnels, communicating
mining against the enemy hardly presented with one another, and so disposed in zigzag
itself; although , years before, mines had fashion as to avoid an enfilading fire. Event
played a very important role during the siege ually there comes a time when the distances
of Sebastopol. At the outbreak of the pres- between the lines of the two opposing armies
ent war the regiments of engineers were are so short that it would be impossible to
called upon for a large number of miners construct a new parallel trench without dis
and sappers . After the battle of the Marne covery, for the enemy, by using searchlights ,
in 1914, and the more or less permanent can locate the workers and direct his fire
establishment of the two fronts behind en - so as to make it impossible for them to con
trenchments, it was clear that it would be tinue. It is therefore necessary to adopt a
necessary to avoid past mistakes in mining different method of approach , and under
in order to insure a successful campaign . ground operations are begun . The work is
This type of warfare, carried on beneath long and arduous and sometimes without re
the surface and pushing through tunnels and sults ; but, if successful, the enemy's trench
galleries like mole-borings, requires skilful can be destroyed, or at least rendered un
planning and careful execution . In a siege, tenable.
and the present war of trenches is nothing The method employed after all the
else , the attacking party tries to push nearer trenches have been advanced as far as pos
and nearer to the lines of entrenchments sible is to excavate inclined tunnels for a
Tranchée
ennemie

tion s
Evacua des déblai

antonnoi Enlèvement des

déblais par va-et-vient e
d 'un petitwagonnet l Demi- galeri
R ol
au de comb at
me
n
ne
Fourneau Rameau
de Mine

SECTION OF UNDERGROUND , SHOWING METHODS OF EXCAVATION AND REMOVAL OF EARTH , AND SAND BAGS
FOR CONFINING EFFECTS OF EXPLOSION TO THE ENEMY' S TRENCH
 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Carto
méli uche
nite

DESTROYING AN ENEMY'S PARTIALLY COMPLETED MINE TUNNEL BY COUNTERMINING AND SETTING OFF A
CARTRIDGE OF HIGH EXPLOSIVE IN A BORE HOLE

distance of 100 to 125 feet ahead of the fore- loaded with the rock and earth removed,
most trench. These inclined tunnels or gal- and withdrawn up the slope, at the top of
leries must be pushed to a point directly which they are dumped and disposed of
underneath the enemy's trench, where a through trenches in such a manner as not
chamber is excavated and the explosive mine to attract the attention of the enemy. If
placed, as shown in the illustrations here. the tunnel has been extended to the desired
with . point without detection by the enemy, suit.
The rapidity of advance of one of these able explosives can be placed ; but it fre
tunnels , of course, depends upon the amount quently happens that the sound made by the
and kind of excavating material to be dealt workers is heard by the enemy in his
with , which makes it necessary to keep their trenches, in which case the latter will coun
dimensions as small as possible ; in fact, only termine in the direction from which the
large enough to allow the removal of the sound seems to come and, if possible , cause
earth and rock . Usually they are as small the destruction of the work that had been
as 3 feet wide and 4 feet 6 inches high intended for his own undoing.
Sometimes, even, the men content themselves In favorable ground a mine tunnel can be
with a space only 3 feet high by 30 inches advanced from fifteen to twenty feet in a
wide, where the distance to be covered does day of twenty -four hours, but in hard
not exceed about 100 feet. Of course , such ground this rate of advance may be reduced
a tunnel is not made regular in cross section , to only three feet, which , of course, is dis
and the men are obliged to work in a stoop- couragingly slow . It is possible to increase
ing position, owing to the contracted head - the rate of progress by the use of electric
room . Where the ground is soft and likely drills, but the space is so restricted and the
to cave in , it is necessary to place timbering difficulty of bringing in and placing such a
at frequent intervals and a wooden roof. machine is so great that its use is often im
As the tunnel advances, small cars are practicable.

THE SCIENCE OF THE DIN OF BATTLE

TO La Revue des Deux Mondes M . mile off ; ten seconds' interval indicates two
Charles Nordmann , who is one of the miles , and so on . The same fact can be used ,
scientific experts in the French War Min - and is used, to determine the distance of ar
istry, contributes an essay on the “ Noises of tillery ; and, in the Crimean war, the noise of
Battle,” which contains certain very novel the Russian mortars was the signal for the
and striking facts. A classical experiment English assailants to take cover.
made at Amsterdam showed that, in cold , But, with modern guns and rifles , which
still air . sound travels just over 1000 feet a have very high muzzle velocities, it was
second : as the temperature rises, sound trav - noted that the sound of the explosion which
els faster. This fact is used to fix the dis - drove the shell or bullet appeared to arrive
tance of thunderstorms: if five seconds elapse at the same time as the projectile : and.
between flash and crash , the storm is one where the muzzle velocity was twice, or even
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 663
only tsohanlongthe asatttheis,
but only
let;but
three or four times the velocity of sound it with the bullet;
m
appeared as if sound traveled , in the case bullet has a velocity higher than the normal
of these projectiles, twice, thrice, or four velocity of sound in still air ; higher, that is ,
times as fast as the normal velocity of sound than 1000 feet a second. As the bullet or
in air — a conclusion clearly inadmissible. shell slows down, a time comes when the
An Austrian artillerist, Captain Mach, set detonation of the gun catches up with it, and
himself to solve the problem , which had been presently passes it ; the sound arrives first,
already noted by Frenchmen ; he discovered so that those who hear it can get out of the
that the detonation heard in the case of high way. Long guns, generally speaking, which
velocity shells and bullets, simultaneously have high muzzle velocities, produce the
with their arrival, is not really the detona - Mach waves ; short guns and mortars, with
tion of the gun or rifle, but is a second sound, low muzzle velocity , do not.
caused by the drive of the bullet or shell M . Nordmann recalls the fact that, in
through the air, which , therefore, naturally the case of meteors which have exploded ,
goes forward with the bullet and at the observers many miles apart have testified that
same speed. The air -waves thus caused by the explosion was immediately over their
high velocity bullets and shells, called heads. But what they really heard was the
"Mach waves,” in honor of their interpreter, crack of the Mach wave, generated by the
have even been photographed . Two wires meteor, which enters the earth 's atmosphere
are fixed parallel at the gun -muzzle ; the with a velocity many times greater than that
gun is fired , and the bullet, touching, for a of sound in air , and travels forward with the
minute fraction of time, both wires at once meteor, thus reaching scattered observers
completes an electric circuit, releasing a simultaneously and giving each the illusion
powerful spark, which prints the image of of an explosion just overhead. It is amusing
the bullet on the photographic plate. A film that M . Nordmann recalls a passage in Jules
of condensed air is shown in front of the Verne's " A Trip to the Moon ” to criticize
nose of the bullet, and streaming behind it it. Jules Verne makes the hissing of the de
in a gradually widening cone. The conden - scending projectile precede it. But this, in
sation and subsequent rarefaction of the air view of its velocity under gravitation , is an
causes the sharp crack which travels forward error.

COMPENSATION FOR WAR -DAMAGED

WORKS OF ART
THE world has shuddered at the irrep The idea advanced by M . Eug . Broerman , the
| arable damage done in the present con eminent secretary of L'Oeuvre Internationale de
flict to many of those pictures, statues, or l’Art Public, deserves not only to be taken into
consideration , but also to be proclaimed during
architectural monuments which constitute a the war, and rigorously realized at the time of
priceless heritage and a sacred trust for pos definite adjustment.
terity as records of humanity's spiritual
aspirations and achievements. It is not The most interesting feature of M .
strange, therefore , that there is a movement Broerman 's proposal is that reparation
on foot in France to make one of the articles should be in kind, rather than by cash - in
of peace an agreement to make just com other words, that the great museums of Ger
pensation for damaged works of art. At the many and Austria should be made to give
head of the movement is the secretary of the up some of their treasures to replace those
International Commission of Public Art, lost in the bombardment of French and
who contributes an article upon this subject Flemish
Flemish towns.
to As to the historic immunity
to the October number of La Revue ( Paris). of art treasures he says :
The article is commented upon editorially in In the name of the principles of Public Art
the following words: and the Accord of Nations, which were promul
gated in 1898 in a First International Congress
The economic defense of the Allies, after the held at Brussels under the presidency of the min
conclusion of peace, requires to be completed by isters, A . Beernaert and Léon Bourgeois — an ac
a defense of their treasures of art. The “ civ cord consecrated by four International Con
ilized " cannot neglect this essential side of the gresses at Paris, at Liége, at Aix -la -Chapelle, at
separations due from the Central Empires. Ghent, at Antwerp, at Ypres, from 1898 to 1911 —
664
664 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Photograph by Paul Thompson

BRITISH SOLDIERS ADMIRING FRENCH CARVINGS MUTILATED AS RESULT OF GERMAN SHELL FIRE
it becomes our duty, in virtue of a mandate issuea tive justice for artistic as well as for material
to us at Liége in 1905, to defend this Accord of damages.
Nations against the abominable war made upon We announce a solution worthy of the admir
historical monuments. able races which have sacrificed themselves for
Our principles of the historic right of nations, honor and whose great past forbids them to
formulated in pronouncements defining the pub complete the work of the vandals by demolish
lic duty towards the public interests and benefits ing that which remains by substituting pastiches
of art, were erected by the powers into Inter which are injurious both to history and to art.
national Law and Regulations of War. Their Ancient art cannot be manufactured . The
plenipotentiaries at The Hague decreed . . . function of a destroyed monument should be
that which we desired for each nation and for indemnified by another edifice on another site,
peace : but monumental ruins must be respected , which
The integral and sanctioned safeguarding of demonstrates the irremediable nature of the
the real and personal national properties of civ artistic misfortune of ruined monuments. The
ilization . only compensation possible for the psychic his
The immunity of architecture, historic monu torical value and the value to national civiliza
tion would be that ordained by a condition d 'art
ments, charitable establishments, works of art de la paix - restitution to the Franco -Belgian and
and of science was solemnly proclaimed and im
posed upon future belligerents in precise and to French territory of all the specimens of their
formal stipulations. Two conditions were made pictorial art ofTheir the Middle Ages and of the
with regard to this immunity for monuments and Renaissance. museums are gorged with
the masterpieces of the Flemish primitives, of
cities : Rubens, and of his pupils. The French masters
They shall not be
serve military purposes .
defended,.
nor shall they of the eighteenth century are represented above
all in the imperial gallery of Potsdam . The other
museums possess some 50 paintings, whose mar.
velous grace should return to the France that
The Germanic Empires, violators of the law en
in whose formation they collaborated, should be The museums of Berlin, Dresden , Cassel,
constrained to repair all ravages. Material dam - Munich , Vienna, are not German and Austrian
ages are computable, and there is confiscated museums. They are museums of the genius of
property which should be completely restored, the west and south of Europe - essentially they
but the masterpieces of ancient monumental art, are Belgian, Dutch, and Italian.
annihilated or gravely mutilated, are forever lost Most of the chef d'auvres found in them are
for art, for history, and for life ! there as the result of political rapes or abuses.
The loss is irremediable and inestimable. The Pinakothek, of Munich , in its entirety is the
Neither gold nor territory can compensate it. result of a transfer, Germanically instigated , at
However, the law of nations, the usages of civi- the time when Düsseldorf was about to become
lization , and the exigencies of the public con - French by virtue of an exchange of territory in
science invoked by the pact of the powers to 1805. This collection had been formed by the
complete their war legislation , demand a repara . Dukes of Julien, Neuburg, and Berg.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 665

THE NEW WESTCHESTER COUNTY (N . Y.) ALMSHOUSE

(The arrangement of corridors, giving on courts, isofexpected to secure many of the advantages of the cottage type
institution )

A MODEL POOR FARM

THAT much can be done by way of Mr. Macy was not surprised , therefore, to find
improvement in the administration of that thirty inmates were on the records of the
our poor laws has been shown during the institution , charged to their respective towns, who
were not in the almshouse at all. Some of these
last three years in Westchester County, New had died ; one had been dead two years and was
York. The story of the application of ef. still being paid for by the town he had lived in .
ficientmethods and scientific study to county Thirty others, however, were in the institution
and not upon the books.
social problems by V . Everit Macy is told These are only a few of the archaicisms Mr.
by Winthrop D . Lane in the Survey for Macy found . The hospital furnished others. Its
November 4, under the title “ A Rich Man X -ray machine was too broken to be of use. It
in the Poorhouse." Macy has just been had only one room for confinement cases, so that
occasionally mothers and their new -born infants
reëlected Superintendent of the Poor on the had to be moved about. No record was kept of
tickets of the three leading parties, so this the effect of food upon inmates ; scientific dietaries
reformer has received the approval even of were, of course, unknown. Inmates cooked for
the politicians. He had been opposed in his the patients, and retarded rather than advanced
their health . Gauze and sponges used in opera
first campaign on the ground that, being tions were sterilized by being boiled on the
rich , he didn't need the salary of the job kitchen stove and then laid out to dry on the
and could have little sympathy for the poor ! fire -escape or on wooden racks built above the
furnace in a dust-filled basement. The place
On being first elected three years ago, he
resigned from some thirty business and other was a fire-trap for 180 inmates.
organizations to devote himself entirely to How he promptly remedied such defects,
his new work . His late opponent had been gathered a competent staff about him — “ as
a plumber, and his predecessor a butcher. unlike the staff commonly found with a
When he inspected his new charge he found county poor-law officer as the faculty of a
an institution whose eighty -year-old build - university is unlike that of a one-room
ings were unsafe and unsanitary, with meth - school” — kept records, systematized accounts,
ods in vogue similarly ancient. More serious subjected inmates to medical and physical ex
than the petty graft that grows up in such amination , made able -bodied men work, in
an institution was the laxity and neglect in troduced business methods into the handling
both almshouse and hospital. of supplies, and reduced expenses, is an in
teresting story. Far more important, how
Inmates were admitted without medical exam ever, are the studies he made of causes, his
ination of any sort, though the hospital was less reforms in procedure, and his correlation and
than two hundred feet from the administration
office. The only evidence that an inmate had improvement of methods in the treatment of
left was the little red card , given him on admis social problems in the county.
sion, which he was supposed to relinquish when For instance :
he went away ; no count or census was appar
ently ever taken . When Mr. Macy entered office he found nearly
666 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
two hundred authorities in the county committing, sixteen, and is keeping these families to
or with power to commit, children as public
1. as
charges to private charitable institutions. public
The gether at smaller expense than it takes to
commissioners of charity in three cities had that separate them .
power ; all local ( township ) overseers of the The unique thing about Mr. Macy 's
poor had it; four justices of the peace in each of methods has been that he has carried out
nineteen towns had it ; and, finally , police jus many of his ideas by hiring experts at his
tices and city judges had it. own cost to do the work ; and has then had
Mr. Macy not only prevented unnecessary the satisfaction of having the Board of
commitments, but greatly reduced the num Supervisors support him when the results
ber of those who were already public charges. proved the correctness of his views. In fact,
At Mr. Macy's suggestion a law was the board's approval of the Superintendent
passed providing that no justice of the peace of the Poor has extended to the appropria
in Westchester County could commit a child tion of nearly $ 2 ,000 ,000 for a new site and
without first notifying the superintendent, new buildings. In addition to this a new
who is then allowed five days to investigate law , embodying Mr. Macy's ideas and
the case and report to the justice . greatly enlarging the scope and opportunities
Last year, for example, the second of Mr. of Mr.
his office, will go into effect on January 1.
Macy's work in Westchester County
Macy's term , committing authorities referred 'no
fewer than 435 children to the superintendent's is bound to have a great effect on the admin
agents for investigation before commitment. In istration of the poor law in other counties
ordinary course, under the old régime, most of throughout the country . It is a fortunate
these unfortunates would have been whisked off thing that this man , with his high ideals and
to an institution in short order ; both they and
the county would have been the losers thereby . training, should have also possessed the
But under the new procedure the agents were means to prove the correctness of his meth
able to rescue three-fourths of the number from ods. for the same things can now be confi
such a fate.
dently attempted elsewhere.
He kept families together by introducing Mr. Macy has worked on the lines of a
the revolutionary method of helping people high conception of the usefulness of his office.
in their homes instead of waiting until they He sees it as a central plant for the carry
had been sent to his institution . When the ing on of the social service activities of the
new State law for widows' pensions came whole county, in a spirit of coöperation and
into force, creating county child welfare with modern scientific methods.
boards, the new board in his county found Mr. Macy's other public services, and his
its work and appropriation unnecessary be- personal career, as well as his recent selection
cause it simply duplicated Mr. Macy's ef- to head the National Civic Federation , are
forts and machinery. He is now helping dealt with in the article beginning on page
54 families, containing 209 children under 617 of this issue.

DOES THE BRAIN WORK BEST AT

NIGHT ?
THERE is a remarkable wealth of curi- writers, principally in Paris, prefer to work in
Tous information , diverting anecdote, and the evening or at night, and to justify such pref.
erence, allege that at that time they do not risk
entertaining quotation in the third number of being disturbed by visitors or incommoded by
a series of papers running in La Revue noise ; that the calm and silence so propitious to
( Paris ), called “ Concerning Intellectual thought at that time reign nearly everywhere and
Labor.” The author, Albert Cim , devotes envelop one.
George Sand hardly ever wrote except at
one section of this article in the October ,night, and always smoked cigarettes. " You know
number to a review of the penchant for work she works from midnight till four o 'clock . And
ing at night displayed by many eminent in - you know what happened to her once. A mon
tellectuals, which seems to discount the Ger strous thing ! One day she finished a novel at
man proverb that " the morning hour has one o'clock in the morning and she began an
other that very night. Turning out copy is a
gold in her mouth ." function with Mme. Sand ." This is the ma
licious tongue of Edmond de Goncourt . . .
What is the most favorable hour for intel. The savant Littré also worked at night ; but his
lectual labor, literary, or scientific work ? Many researches among books, notably those necessitated
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 667
by his lexicological labors, were done by day : Walking is, in fact, a powerful cerebral stimu
" It is at night that M . Littré habitually works. lant. Rousseau, " the solitary pedestrian ," liked
His day is occupied by researches, academic to work while walking: " There is something in
duties, labors of medical charity when he is in the act of walking which animates and enlivens
the country. About half-past six in the evening, my ideas ; I can scarcely think when I remain
after a frugal repast, he begins to work, and for still; my body must be in motion so that my
many years . . . he has never gone to bed brain may be. The sight of the countryside, the
before three a. m .” succession of agreeable views, the open air, the
In the same way Henry Mürger, the author of fine appetite, the good health which I gain in
“ Scenes from Bohemian Life," worked only at walking, all this liberates my soul and gives me
night . . . Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, the trans greater boldness of thought, etc. I devoted , as I
lator of Aristotle, " could not work easily by day have always done, my mornings to the copying of
unless he closed the shutters and lit his lamp," music, and my afternoons to a promenade, pro
so as to make it night in his room . Our old his vided with my little note-book and my pencil: for
torian Mézeray (1610 -1683) had the same foible: I have never been able to write and think at
“ He was accustomed , even in summer, to close his my ease except sub dio ; I was not tempted to
shutters in broad midday and work by candle change this method, and I counted on the forest
light . . ." Balzac also loved to work by day of Montmorency, which was almost at my door,
with the blinds drawn, " by the light of two being my study."
candles.” Ordinarily, " after a frugal dinner, But Jean -Jacques also frequently composed in
Balzac went to bed at six or seven, had himself bed , while suffering from insomnia. He says:
called at midnight, took some black coffee . . . " I have never been able to do anything with pen
very strong, and worked till noon .” Wemay add in hand and paper on the table ; it is while walk
that the first Napoleon liked to work at night. ing, in the midst of rocks and trees, or at night
. . . Also the painter, Girodet (1767-1824 ), . . . that I write things in my brain." One can
who may be ranked , likewise, as a writer, since judge how slowly, above all for a man abso
he loved poetry as much as painting, and even lutely lacking in verbal memory, and never in
composed a poem called The Painter, was " an his life able to learn six verses by heart. This
artist of the night. It was at night above all method of work - " in the head,” without writing
that the fever of inspiration seized him . Then down anything - has been employed by various
he would leap from his bed, had lights hung in poets, dramatists especially. Piron composed all
his studio, and placed on his head a vast chapeau his tragedies in his head and recited them from
surmounted by lighted candles, and thus attired , memory to the actors.
fell to work . The Deluge, Galatea , and many
chefs d'æuvre were composed by the light of Various other interesting examples are
flambeaux ."
given in this entertaining and instructive
Mr. Cim tells us, too, that many authors essay, which also treats of habits of
cannot compose except while walking, which drinking, smoking, and so forth of men of
was Goethe's habit. letters.

RUY BARBOSA , LIBERAL LEADER

OF BRAZIL
THERE are state. At such an hour it is peculiarly in
I many students teresting to note the direction of the sway
of political history of sympathies in the neutral countries . Such
who see in the Eu- an opportunity is offered with regard to
ropean war at bot- Brazil by a sympathetic study in the French
tom a conflict be- magazine La Vie of the distinguished presi
tween two ideals of dent of the Brazilian Academy of Letters,
human thought and Dr. Ruy Barbosa , who is declared to be one
action , between the of the chief Liberal leaders of the world .
supremacy of the Though a man of letters , Ruy Barbosa is
state with absolute even more noted as a statesman , and wields
control of the indi- an enormous influence .
vidual, and with the
corollary of superior Born at Bahia in 1849, he is not only one of the
DR. RUY BARBOSA castes, and the su most vigorous orators who have ever employed
premacy of the in the Portuguese language, but the leader of a
dividual, or a pure democracy, with the great party, the Civilist party. The world pres
tige which the Brazilian patriot to -day enjoys
state as the instrument of the individual, comes to him less, perhaps, from his talents,
rather than the individual as the vassal of the which are multiple, from his knowledge, which is
668 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
almost universal, than from his quality of a man happy harmony of all his faculties that through
of high civilization . out his life he has been enabled to fill a mission
The political struggles of which his country of education at once political, social, and purely
became the theatre after the establishment of a human .
republic, conferred upon him an experience which T here are two Germanic pretensions of which
was ripened by exile. His sojourn among the the personality of Ruy Barbosa is the living refu
British people completed his civic education , and tation : that the Latin - Americans are intellectu
his " Letters from England," published in 1896 , ally unworthy of being taken seriously ; and that
is a work of importance. it is vain to dream of laying the foundations of
international law .
The writer remarks that the Germans One of his important works was the edit
may be surprised to learn that Ruy Barbosa
is, together with Thoreau and José Enrique ing of juridic reports, which form an au
Rodo, one of the minds produced by the he was ain delegate
thority civil and constitutional matters ;
to the Conference at The
Americas which have best comprehended Hague in 1907, and in 1915 he became presi
Carlyle.
dent of the “ Brazilian League in favor of
It is that Carlyle, by his veneration of heroism , the Allies."
has contributed to the development of the true
notion of liberty. The Germans admire him Ambassador from his own country to Buenos
because of his " Frederick II," but a Ruy Bar Aires, he has just uttered unforgettable words re
bosa first recalls that he is the author of " Crom - vindicating in the face of the universe the sanctity
well.” A devotee of Carlyle and an enthusiastic of treaties and of international obligations, and
admirer of Anatole France, whom he praises for standing by his side is all that is intellectually
having proclaimed in certain of his pages the worth while in Brazil . . . He incarnates too
supremacy of the heart, the fecundating virtue of purely the chivalrous idealism of his race to be
sentiment, Ruy Barbosa joins energy to finesse, blinded by the prestige of purely utilitarian civili
the impulse of enthusiasm to the minute calcula zations. Wealth and power are means to serve
tions of the intelligence. the ends of the genius of civilization ; they are
He is a man of imagination, but he is also a not an end in themselves, and human dignity
man of will, and it is owing, perhaps, to this must be placed above all material advantages.

BRAZIL ALSO UNPREPARED

W E have in a leading South American apparent when we consider that each year
country a striking instance of “ un - 250,000 young men in Brazil reach the mili
preparedness," and some details relating tary age. Deducting 25 per cent. from this
thereto, as well as the suggestion of a pos- number to cover the necessary exemptions,
sible remedy, are given by Lieutenant Mario there remain 200,000 capable of bearing arms
Clementino in an article republished by the and who ought to receive military training,
new Brazilian monthly Revista do Brazil. and yet, as has been seen , 190 ,000 of them
With an extent of territory slightly larger receive no military instruction whatever.
than that of the United States, excluding The writer notes that in Argentina,
Alaska, and a population of about 25,000,- where similar difficulties have been encoun
000, Brazil's permanent army falls some tered in the attempt to organize an ade
what short of 20,000 men . As the term of quate army, resort has been had to the forma
service is two years, less than 10,000 young tion of numerous rifle clubs, the necessary
men are enrolled annually. The writer instruction being imparted in eighty -eight
draws attention to the fact that, under colleges, universities , and academies. In
these conditions, it would not even be safe 1911, those who profited by this training
to assume that at the end of ten years the numbered 231,743, and in 1915 the number
country would have a trained reserve of had increased to 313,474. Thus in a few
100 .000 men , as there would have to be de- years Argentina will have from 600,000 to
ducted from this number those who died or 800,000 trained marksmen , whose services
who became unfit for service, and also those can be immediately utilized . Lieutenant
who married and founded families, as these Clementino urges that this example be fol
latter are placed by law in a privileged re - lowed by Brazil, and that the training be
serve class and cannot be called out imme- carried on under the direct supervision of
diately in case of war. the Ministry of War, so that it may be
How unsatisfactory that result is becomes methodically and systematically given .
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 669
CHILE AND PERU : THEIR RELATIONS
TO FOREIGN TRADE
I INDOUBTEDLY the trade relations loyal
noblestpolitical
souls ofandtheeconomic
two countries to create a
entente. Formerly
of Chile and Peru with each other, as
well as with Europe and with Canada and German prestige . . gave that nation a
sentiment of confidence which may well be modi
the United States, will be matters of tre fied after the definite defeat of Germany. But
mendous economic interest in both hemis- it must not be forgotten that Germany, beaten
pheres immediately after the war. · in Europe, deprived of her African colonies, will
A writer in Le Correspondant ( Paris, make a more desperate effort than ever to regain
in South America a portion of the losses she has
October 15 ) takes time by the forelock , sustained . . . ; she may, as of old , foment
urging upon French business men the ad a rivalry between the Latin -American republics
vantages of forestalling Germany and the pf South America, a rivalry which was not neces
United States in the effort to secure com sary when she saw herself in possession of a
growing influence on the continent whose political
mercial advantages in the rival republics. destinies she thought one day to direct by means
Of peculiar interest in this country is the of economic controls.
final portion of this long article, which is T he writer here quotes a passage from the
headed “ Prospects of To-Morrow ." The
opening sentence of this makes the charge Peruvian author, F . Garcia -Calderon , apro
that the Teutonic nations, finding them - pos of the possible situation between Peru
selves at this juncture powerless to carry on and Chile . This is in substance an appeal to
direct relations with Chile and Peru , are both countries to bury the hatchet, realizing
pursuing their familiar tactics, as in Brazil that their natural gifts are complementary
and Argentina, of establishing indirect rela and that union means strength . It closes
tions by means of Germano-America houses, thus :
thus coöperating in the economic struggle The confederation of the Pacific, formed by
against the interests of the Allies. The Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, would prevent future
anonymous writer continues : wars in America . Unhappily, Chile pretends to
impose its authority, founded upon victory, just
It is necessary, therefore, that French and as, after the German confederation , warlike and
English efforts should be coördinated without victorious Prussia assumed domination over artistic
delay, in order to oppose to this action the finan- Bavaria .
cial prerogative of London and the industrial
ingenuity of France, even in the forcibly restricted
degree permitted by the military utilization of hisAfter this apt citation the writer resumes
argument that France and Great Britain
most of their apparatus. It is advisable that should
France should organize direct and rapid lines of make strenuous efforts to wrest from
navigation, capable of replacing the German Germany her previous commercial advan
freight boats as soon as the war is over.
The European impoverishment of territories, tages in these
studiously
studiously
lands, and
emulate
emulate the
that they
the commercial and should
commercial and finan .
finan
yesterday cultivated and prosperous, to -day dev$, cial methods practised by Germany which
astated by the war, may require to -morrow the
beneficial energy of the nitrates with which Chile have won the confidence of South American
is replete, assuring a return freight for the business men .
European boats charged with carrying European
products to the Pacific coast. Germany's manner of treating small European
By the creation of the new road via the nations has opened the eyes of certain South
Panama Canal, by the easier traffic between the Americans . . . with regard to German
two Americas, a traffic made necessary by the plans concerning their own country. Franco
suspension of commercial relations between Eu English prestige has not only increased , but mul
rope and Latin America during the war, as well tiplied , in these countries where political intelli
as by the rôle which Japan has played during gence and imagination are lively, and where the
this war and which she may continue to play, the sentiment of liberty is more ardent than that of
Pacific is destined to acquire a tenfold impor- discipline. . . .
tance in the political and commercial traffic of Singular as it may appear, certain South Amer
the future. It is important that France and ican minds, before the war, regarded the growing
England should not find themselves after the influence of Germany as a means of counter
war in a like situation of inferiority as regards balancing the influence of the United States and
Germany on the one hand and the United States its increasing intrusion into the affairs of the
on the other. Latin republics ; in certain respects this opinion
It is still impossible to foresee what will be may have some semblance of justice. But after
the moral and political attitude of Chile and the war the interests of Germany and the United
Peru in the future. At present the memories of States in South America will be identical. Hence
the Pacific war still separate the two republics, it is necessary that England and France should
in spite of the generous efforts made by the learn to play also on the Pacific coast of South
670 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
America the rôle of guarantors of the rights and
interests of the divers Latin republics, a rôle
to which they are entitled not merely by the rôle
they have sustained in the eyes of the whole world
during two years of war, but by their financial
commercial interests in these regions, by the part
they have taken in the establishment of these
republics themselves, by the intellectual affinities
which they discover and by the assurance they
give that none of their economic and political
acts is hostile, but is on the contrary entirely
favorable to the greatest of independent futures
of the South American nations.
As far as concerns French interests, it is to be
hoped , first of all, that the French hanks can
compete with and replace the affiliated branches
of the Deutsche Bank and allow these countries,
still so rich in promise, to develop their economic
powers by direct exchange with France, and no
longer . . by the intervention of German
banks, commercial organizations, and agents. It
is also to be hoped , particularly for Peru, that
the sending of French professors may be facili-
tated, who in going to take account on the spot
of the resources to France offered by these coun -
tries, will bind more closely the ties between them
and France, and will bear witness to Peruvian
students as much as to the intellectuals them -
selves of the interest taken by France in their
opinions and sentiments.
Perhaps it is above all advisable that the
coming of South American students to France
should rather be solicited , for law and letters
as well as for the sciences ; certain South Amer
ican writers, greatly attached to France, have
already proposed the creation at Paris of a group
of South American students ; this is a plan in
which the public authorities in France would do
well to interest themselves. It must not be lost
sight of that if Germany had succeeded in taking
such an ascendency in certain South American
milieux . . . it is because she had brought
to the task an energy and a follow -up spirit as
tenacious as on the continent of Europe, and that
while profoundly despising the Latin races she
was zealous to display towards them a hypo
critical amiability — and that the Latin races are
not among those least susceptible to fattery.
T here is no need in France to feign an interest
for the Latin republics of the Pacific coast - such
an interest springs naturally from consideration
of the facts ; it will suffice that French public
opinion should be better enlightened as to the
interests of France in this region , and as to con
siderable opportunities still open there to her
activities. . . .

RABINDRANATH TAGORE, POET OF

THE INDIAN PEOPLE
COMPREHENSIVE biography of Western readers, and he finds in this mys
H Rabindranath Tagore by a fellow ticism light on the destiny of the human soul.
countryman , Mr. K . S. Ramaswami Sastri,' In Tagore's conception of womanhood, he
gives a more complete interpretation of his sees the sure test of his art. This conception ,
genius than it is perhaps possible for an while essentially Indian , is yet abreast with
English critic or biographer to undertake. the most chivalrous ideals of the poets of the
Mr. Sastri writes of Tagore's artistic and West.
spiritual ancestry , and of his share in the new A portion of the radiance that surrounds a
Indian Renaissance now going on, and ob woman in the eyes of man is the light of his own
serves that if the European Renaissance was so u . . Love is not passion , but the very
the release of the human spirit per se , that of soul of goodness.
India is the liberation of the human spirit
that is in harmony with the divine, and that pelAfter an exposition of Tagore's social gos
the genius of the great Bengali poet focalizes " the strength ofhea admonishes
in which reformers that
the gathering of the forces that will give new ish the ignoble, we are bound to; ifstarve
race is limited we nour
the
birth to liberty. noble,” the writer proceeds to a detailed
The spirit of mankind recovering consciousness analysis of his literary achievements, illus
and the spirit of self -determination recognizing trating his text with many quotations.
the beauty of the outer world and of the body Without offense to the spirit and the
through art, liberating reason in science and the
conscience in religion, restoring culture to the labors of Mr. Ernest Rhys, who has written
intelligence and establishing the principle of an admirable life of the Hindu poet, Mr.
political freedom . Sastri's work is in several respects a more
He emphasizes the fact that Tagore is a satisfying exposition of the genius of Tagore
poet of the people, whose artistic labors have and will be of great assistance to the student
resulted in practical benefit to the toiling of his teachings.
millions of India . He explains the mysticism While Tagore is at the present time lec
in Tagore's writings that often puzzles turing in the United States, not
readers will be fortunate enough to hear him
1 Sir Rabindranath Tagore. By K . S. Ramaswami
Sastri. Ganesh & Co. Madras, India , expound his philosophy and explain his
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH 671
poetry. To those who cannot have this op- A new volume of Tagore's poems remark
portunity this book will present his dower of able for their deep spirituality, " Fruit Gath
imagination , his innate spirituality, and the ering," 1 in effect a sequel to his most popular
supreme grace of a mind that combines the work, “Gitanjali,” will delight all lovers of
deepest religious aspirations and love of hu - poetry . A collection of stories in prose ,
manity with the dynamic practical power to “ The Hungry Stones and Other Stories,” is
plan for humanity's liberation from the an - noted on page 679 of this number.
cient fetters that enchain mankind to less 1 Fruit Gathering. By Rabindranath Tagore. Mac.
than noble ideals. millan , 123 pp. $ 1.25.

“MACBETH ” IN JAPAN
THREE Shakespearean plays have been you or are you aught than man may question ?"
I translated into the Japanese language meet instant response. “ The sleeping and the
dead are but as pictures, 'tis the eye of child
" Hamlet,” “ Othello,” and “Macbeth .” In hood that fears a painted devil,” is as effective
describing a performance of “Macbeth ," in Japanese as English .
given at the Imperial Theater at Tokio in The acting, though amateurish at times, was on
an article in the Theater magazine for No the whole quite remarkable. The costumes were
vember, Eloise Roorbach writes that wemust accurate and excellent in every detail. The first
scene in the first act and the witches' cave were
understand the labor and the tremendous remarkably well done. There was fine color in
innovation to the Japanese stage required the throne and banquet room . Wherever sug
by such a performance. It represents the gestiveness,
gestiveness, imagination
imagination
they triumphed
and color was required
; but wherever realism or per
transition that is taking place in methods of spective was demanded they failed .
dramatic art in Japan . At present Japanese Mr. Kato , the Macbeth , is regarded as the most
players are divided between the conserva- talented Shakespearean actor in Japan . He won
tivism of the stilted mannerisms of the sacred great renown for his playing of Polonius in
" Hamlet.” Madame Uraji Yamakawa, as the
No drama and the modern realistic methods queen , showed good dramatic power at times, but
of the West. The Imperial troup of players presented a most remarkably untraditional sleep
compromises between the old and the new walking scene.
schools. There were about one hundred
actors in the cast of "Macbeth ,” and it was
first necessary for them , before the actual
study of the lines, to learn new methods of Em ПАСВЕТН
posturing, new gestures, different bowing,
and salutation , to walk , sit, rise in a new
way. Likewise the scenery, lights, costumes ,
and music were all innovations to the art of
the theater as previously practised in Japan.
*

The translating of “Macbeth" into Japanese

was the work of two brilliant scholars, Dr.
Tsubouchi and Dr. Mori. Japanese scholars with
whom I talked after one of the performances
which I had the pleasure of attending, told me
that the translation was almost faultless. It was
not possible, they said, to render some of the
words into Japanese and preserve Shakespeare's
meaning .
To the Japanese in the audience unacquainted
with English a literal translation would be mean
ingless; the great barrier of customs and tradi
tions prevent a word for word translation . For
instance, as explained, such words as " devil,”
“witch," " hell," do not excite the same emotions
in the Japanese as they do with us. When Lady
Macbeth says “ it is too full o' the milk of human 2P1)
kindness," she is unintelligible to them . “ To
catch the nearest way,” must also be liberally
translated .
Others are easily understood. Macbeth 's cry
行國回血第會偏劇代近
of surprise in presence of the witches, beginning POSTER USED IN JAPAN FOR THE ANNOUNCE
with " What are these ?” and ending with " Live MENT OF A PERFORMANCE OF " MACBETH "
672 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
SEMYEN FRUG — THE JEREMIAH OF
MODERN JEWRY
THSeptemb
er wish poetesi
THERE went down into his grave on ruptedly up to the present time. Frug be
1 September 20, in Odessa , Russia , the came the singer, the prophet, the reflector
greatest of Jewish poets in the Russian of these leading motifs.
tongue, Semyen Grigoryevitch Frug. Com
ing soon after the recent death in New York To review the literary accomplishments of Frug
of Sholem Aleichem . the Jewish Mark means to write the history of the last three and a
half decades, to unroll the scroll of these days,
Twain, the news of Frug's death convulsed unequaled in their events and experiences. Frug
the Jewish world with the most poignant immortalized these years in his poems; they are
emotions, for Frug, the poet of Jewish sor- a monument to the sorrow and hopes of the last
row , died in one of the most tragical periods generations.
in the history of the European Jews. The The appearance of Frug in our history coin
cides with one of the most distressing periods in
Russian and American Jewish press echoed the history of the Russian Jews. After long calm
these emotions in a most stirring manner . a terrific storm shook our people, coming as the
The Evreyskaya Zhizn , of Petrograd , said : forerunner of still more storms. In hopeless
despair, with a feeling of shameful powerlessness,
helplessness, and homelessness, did the Russian
We stand at his grave with inexpressible pain Jew cast about in search of an exit to safety. In
art and with our eyes dimmed by grief. those days did Frug first appear among us. There
In these last years the Jews have not had one was the breath of the boundless Steppe, the odor
single bright day, the blows falling uninterrupt and fragrance of his village's soil in his first
edly on the heart of the people. Many of our poems. Intoxicated with the beauty of our ancient
best sons died in this atmosphere of nervous pros legends and Biblical figures, Frug entered life to
tration and agitation, but in spite of that the sing in grand and mighty rhythm the songs of
news of Frug 's death struck us with especial Zion in a foreign tongue. But the poet was soon
acuteness and force . thrown down from the world of dreams and
We have the condolence that he is alive in his imagination . The bloody reality of Jewish life
creations, that in the days of sorrow and the cruelly awakened him , and his lyre was drunk
days of joy his song will resound in the heart with poison and venom .
of the people, that opening his book one will find
his soul speaking. But still one's heart aches and Thus L . Yaffe , a well-known Jewish poet
one's thought will not acquiesce in the fact that of to -day. It is also worthy of notice that
he There
is no more.
has ended the life of a man to whose lot the leading critics in Russian literature con
it fell to become the poet of a people in bondage. ceded Frug an honorable seat on their liter
ary Parnassus. Frug wrote also in Yiddish
Semyen Frug was born in 1860 in a Jew - and Hebrew , but most of his creations were
ish colony in the province of Kherson, South in the Russian language. He liked biblical
Russia . In that village he passed his boyhood themes, and some of his lighter poems on
and grew into a man. Early he demonstrated these themes have become so popular among
his poetic genius, but his father did not ap - the Russian Jews that children are being
prove of his son 's poetic call. In 1879 lulled to sleep with them . His passion for
Frug's first poem appeared in Razsvet Zion knew no limits. The regeneration of
( Petrograd ). It attracted wide attention . the Jewish people in Palestine and of their
The subsequent poems of Frug were awaited ancient Hebrew tongue was the subject of
with impatience. Those early writings were many of his best lyrical creations. The suf
characterized by a healthy optimism and an ferings and torments of the Jew in the " pale ”
unbounded love for nature. But a sudden have been sung by Frug in verses that are as
change was soon to take place in Frug's view cutting and as bitter as those of grief-stricken
of life and of the Jewish future. The his- Jeremiah 's.
tory of the Russian Jews took a sharp turn The deep -rooted religious customs among
toward the worse. In 1881-82 the first series the Russian Jews, the melancholy and for
of pogroms broke out throughout Russia . A lorn life of the child of the ghetto, the mira
new epoch in the history of the Jew was cle tales accumulated by the Jew during the
inaugurated . First, there came the reign of centuries of his wandering — all these have
darkness and oppression in Russia ; second , been incorporated in beautiful verse in the
there was born the Palestinian movement ; Jewish literature by Frug . Tens of thou
third , the Jewish emigration to America sands of children poured out in Odessa at
began. Woe and hope became the leading the poet 's funeral. Business in Odessa was
motifs in Jewish life, remaining so uninter- paralyzed during Frug's funeral procession.
 LEADING ARTICLES OF THE MONTH
ITALY AND THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE
IN Nuova Antologia (Rome), Prof. A . Here the example set by France may serve as
| Marinoni, of the University of Arkansas, a model, and there could be organized in
makes an eloquent appeal to his countrymen Italy a bureau similar to the French Office
in favor of a more convincing demonstra - d 'Informations et d' Etudes in the French
tion in the United States of Italy 's title to Ministry of Instruction , which would be
hold a high rank in the intellectual life of charged with the conclusion of the requisite
the modern world . He finds that in Italy, arrangements for exchanges. By this means
even among cultured Italians, there has ex- the end in view could be attained most ef
isted an undue sense of diffidence as to the fectively and at least expense.
extent and quality of Italy 's contribution to The writer, however, does not have in
this life, while in foreign lands the assertion view merely an exchange of a series of con
has only too often been made that although ferences, but the reciprocal engagement in
Italy can claim the primacy as an exporter of Italy and in the United States of real uni
human material, she is a dependent in regard versity instructors, who, by giving a limited
to all else. course in one or more universities , would
For the writer, the Italian emigration , in - arouse a durable interest in the subject.
stead of being a phenomenon of strength , Here, what has been looked upon as the
only results from the hard necessity imposed chief difficulty, presents itself, namely , the
in great part by the economic disorganization question of language. The writer is firmly
of the home country, and by the inadequacy opposed to any polyglottism , and he believes
of Italy 's social legislation ; and he trusts that the Italian envoys of culture should
that when the war is over, Italy will not only always speak in their own language, more
send her sons forth to the world , but to a especially in the more popular lectures , for
hundredfold greater degree, her products and he considers this to be at once more dignified ,
her culture. and more useful, than any painful striving
That the excellent work done by the pro- for adequate expression in an unfamiliar
fessors in Italy 's many universities should tongue. In this connection he cites the ex
fail to receive its due recognition abroad , is, perience of Ferrero and others , who have
in Professor Marinoni's opinion , partly demonstrated that it is quite unnecessary to
owing to their disinclination to present their use any other language than Italian ; indeed ,
views in a more popular form , in one more to follow any other course would be to miss
in accord with the custom of our day. More the chief aim of the Italian propaganda,
over, greater and more systematic efforts which is to make a knowledge of Italian as
should be made to encourage the translation indispensable for the acquirement of a broad
into other languages of the original contri- culture as a knowledge of French or Ger
butions of Italian thought in so many differ man .
ent branches of knowledge. In conclusion , the writer thus presents onc
As to what more intimately regards the of the main projects of the movement:
proposed propaganda in the United States,
the writer considers that in Italy a commis - And now we come to a question which we have
particularlyoneat ofheart,
sion should be formed, in which all the uni- represents and which in our judgment
the cardinal points of the entire
versity centers of Italy can be represented , program . This is nothing less than the found
the University of Rome being made the per ing of an Italian institute in the United States.
manent headquarters. In this way unity and Is this too hazardous an enterprise and one be
continuity of action can be attained. This yond our power ? The answer is not easily given .
permanent body is to be charged with the Certainly the financial conditions, upon which
must depend to a great extent the solution of the
examination of all questions relating to the problem , are difficult and complex enough to give
proposed movement, and in order that what us food for thought, but still they are not such
ever course of action may be decided upon as to shake our faith in the success that would
shall prove effective, the participation of one assuredly attend the bold enterprise we urge.
or more delegates from leading American In this matter also the experience of France
should be for us at once a counsel and an
universities at the deliberations would be in encouragement. French schools have been founded
dispensable. Professor Marinoni has per in Madrid and in Burgos, by the universities of
fect confidence that any person invited to Toulouse and Bordeaux, and from the University
of Grenoble sprang the famous Institut Français
such participation would freely accept. of Florence which, modest and almost private in
One of the most important questions is its beginnings, soon became a great national
that regarding an exchange of professors. establishment.
Dec.-- 7
 THE NEW BOOKS
VERSE AND VERSE -M AKERS
“ The Harvest Moon " is the first book of verse
of rural New
OBERT FROST again writes
N England in his third book of verse,"Mountain
Interval." In this collection of poems there are
many of the same type as those of " North of
Boston," and a group of lyrics that show the
ripening of the lyrical gift revealed to us in an
carlier work, “ A Boy's Will.” The particular
" interval" of which he writes is that of the south
branch of the Ammonoosuc River just under the
Franconia Notch . In "Out, Out- ," he has given
us the quality of the country and etched the
landscape in six lines.
“ The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard
And made dust and dropped stove-length sticks
of wood,
Sweet-scented stuff when the breeze blew across it.
And from there those that lifted eyes could count
Five mountain ranges one behind the other
Under the sunset far into Vermont."
The simplicity and naïve colloquialisms of the
speech of Frost's New England natives, by means
of a poetic art almost classical in its restraint,
bring out the essential spirituality of their lives
which he feels in part to be a quality of the land
that bore them . To bring this out clearly, their
voices in his poetry are interpenetrated with the
sounds of not only the workaday world , but of
wind in the trees and the sounds of brooks and
falling leaves. One feels that his revelation of
the poesy of this rustic locality shows the im -
mense dignity of a man 's human cleavage to the
spot where he was born , and to the ordinary
happenings of his daily life.
" The Great Valley," a new collection of poems
by Edgar Lee Masters, follows upon the success
of the “ Spoon River Anthology " and " Songs and
Satires." You may reject the author as a poet
if you do not appreciate free verse and still find
keen zest in the material of this book. It is
American - in the main - with some few excep
tions that had wisely been omitted - and it spades
deep into the soil of our constructive nationalism
that has been almost forgotten by the younger
generation . Some poems that may be read solely
for the sake of recollections are " Fort Dearborn
and that one on “ Captain John Whistler," who
built Fort Dearborn in 1893 and was the grand
father of James MacNeill Whistler. Other poems
such as " The Lincoln and Douglas Debates
* Autochthon," "Grant and Logan," " Gobineau to
Tree," " Come Republic," " Robert G . Ingersoll
and the remarkable pen portrait of The dore
Dreiser and John Cowper Powrs are represents .
tive of the rich vein of the author's tear talent.
Out of the lyrics " The Tavern " and The Gar
den " are especially praiseworthr.
11 - 2. letersa' By Ride F , H . vi
: The treat Valley By Edgar Lee Masters
- pp $ : 25.
published by Josephine Preston Peabody since the
success of her comedy, " The Wolf of Gubbio ."
It is mainly expressive of the tumult of a woman's
mind and soul stirred by the events of the war.
The poems of children are unsurpassed among
those of modern poets. The deep responsibility
of both physical and spiritual motherhood
woman 's debt to child and to mankind is er
pressed in exquisite music.
Amy Lowell's stories in verse , published under
the title of "Men , Women, and Ghosts,"* are
remarkable for the revelation of her attitude to
ward the universe, which is that of a faithful
photographer. The poems range from sustained
narratives in metrical stanzas to elaborations in
polyphonic prose, a dramatic form which the
author favors. Her rhythms attempt to represent
movement, patterns, color, tone, light, shade, the
whole pageantry of the animate universe. Her
virility, invention , and power to penetrate into
the bizarre and the grotesque are nothing short of
marvelous, but emotion is lacking where one most
expects to find it. " Patterns" has emotion ; it
escapes into the universal, but rarely does her
rainbow shower of scintillating imagery become
eloquent with the pulse of the life of the domain
beyond the immediate senses. An egocentric in
agination controls the poesy, but for study of
prose rhythms, vers libre, and other experimenta
tion in poetry, one cannot do better than to read
Miss Lowell's book.
James Oppenheim came before the public :
few years ago as a poet who loved his fellow
men , and one whose free verse possessed unde
niable lyric freedom and power. His second book,
" War and Laughter,*** has poetic fervor and in
some sections a captivating gayety and sheer
sunniness. For this last attribute he may be
called the Sorolla among poets. In the more
vigorous verse manhood 's challenge to itself is
crystallized , and in his analysis of war the in
ternal strife of the soul is portrayed as the one
and sole cause of external wars. He has re
alized that laughter is really a means toward
salvation and that the knowledge of the worst
that is in us sometimes saves our souls. This
volume is one of the best of the year. It is but
slight'r marred by tricks of contrast and col
loquialisen
The Wisch etEdora poetic drama of Saul,
br Robert Vorwand is rich in imaginative power.
tre sonorous
The author'sthegiftdead blank verse is
e aled at his lyrics that bring
n V. te Presta Peabody.
Ver men in B Asy Lowell. Var
IN 2 . 'nes openheim . Ces
** Ten Rudert forwood. Darn .
 THE NEW BOOKS 675

ILLUSTRATION (BY CHARLES PEARS) FROM MASEFIELD'S · SALT WATER POEMS AND BALLADS"
" She'll log a giddy seventeen and battle out the reel.
As the bacca-quidding shell-back shambles aft to take
The weight of all the run -out line will be a thing to
feel, And the
the wheel,
seasick little middy strikes the bell."
to mind the Song of Solomon . Throughout the The di illusion of these new poems is felt in
drama the excellent influence of the King James their mingled rhythms. Formerly Yeats has been
Scripture is apparent in the purity and rhythmic able to use colloquial phrases to the betterment
quality of the diction. Mr. Norwood is rector of his music ; now his colloquial directness evokes
of the Memorial Church in London , Canada. thought rather than emotion. The poems must
Three books of poems published previously have still be estimated with the greatest Irish poetry ;
established his right to a place in the group of they have rare returns to the old , cloudy loveli
the few real poets of to -day . ness, but in the main the philosopher has mas
tered the singer. " In dreams begin responsi
The inimitable “ Salt Water Poems and Bal bility ” is his quotation. To the thinker these
lads" ! by John Masefield, together .with all the new strains will come like quiet friends who,
sea pieces from other collections of verse, poems knowing both the best and the worst of life,
such as " Sea Fever," " The River," " Ships,” and accept that which is with reverence and wonder.
" Cargoes," and two new poems, " The Ship and Yeats has had too much intellectual pride to
Her Makers” and “ The New Bedford Whaler," give us shaped beauty that has not lain in his
are published in a beautiful new edition, illus- mind . In the play now revised by Mr. Yeats,
trated with twelve color-plates and twenty in " The Hourglass," published in this volume, are
black and white by Charles Pears. A new de- lines expressive of the feeling that permeates
parture in gift books for all lovers of rhymes of this comprehensive group of poems:
the sea. “ The stream of the world has changed its course,
Mr. William Butler Yeats expresses his feel And with the stream my thoughts have run
ing for the Ireland of to-day with energy Into some cloudy, thunderous spring
That is its mountain source
and power in his new collection of verse Aye, to some frenzy of the mind,
" Responsibilities, and Other Poems," In a note For all that we have done's undone,
that has bearing on the prefatory poem he re Our speculation but as the wind.”
views briefly the various controversies within
his memory, political, literary, and artistic, and A new edition of “Wild Earth,"3 the thin book
finds that they have shown that “ neither religion of verse that established Padraic Colum as one
nor politics can of itself create a mind with of the greatest interpreters of peasant thought
enough receptivity to become wise or just and and feeling in Ireland, is issued with the addi
generous enough to make a nation . . . . Re- tions of several poems of a more recent date.
ligious Ireland thinks of divine things as a round Synge's plays are mannered in comparison with
of duties separated from life, and not as an these poems that, scorning artifice, dig dreams
element that may be discovered in all circum - from the hearts of the humble. Several lyrics
stance and emotion , while political Ireland sees have such perfect tune one can substitute a sylla
the good citizen but as a man who holds to cer ble for the words and still catch the intrinsic
tain opinions, and not as a man of good will." melody.
1 Salt Water163Poems
Macmillan ,
and Ballads. By John Masefield.
pp. 111. $ 2 .
There is authentic poetry in the second volume
? Responsibilities, and Other Poems. By William
Butler Yeats . Macmillan . 188 pp. $ 1.25. $ .:Wild
1.25. Earth. By Padraic Colum . Holt. 71 pp.
676 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
by Irene McLeod , the young English girl whose and analyzes the lyric . He enlightens us with
early poems have approached greatness. In profound grace and delicacy in regard to the
" Swords for Life," this nineteen -year-old poet perfect lyric, which, by its very flawlessness,
has given us lyrics of even more passion and seems to descend untouched by any hint of fash
ioning from a higher sphere to impress " a quick
intensity than those of the first collection , " Songs
toSave a Soul.” They are beautiful and rare ening ecstasy upon the mind of man ." He has
and full of the desire and vigor'of youth . also pointed out the pitfall that exists for read
ers and critics in permitting literary judgment
For the eclectic reader there is " Amores," by to be guided by that which chimes in tune with
D . H . Lawrence - poems that cannot be mastered
at a single reading, nor all their honey sucked our own beliefs and experiences or arouses emo
tions duplicated by those which are enshrined
by the mind until they have become old friends. with our personal affections. That we have fallen
Often they seem the antiphonies of silence after into this pit explains the number of so -called
the power of words has been spent. Color and " great" poets which the columns of criticism in
exotic richness characterize the love poems. newspapers and various periodicals discover. If
the mood of appreciation be on our souls, judg
In " A Harvest of German Verse," an anthology ment
of German short poems, folk - songs, ballads, love poetry isis temporarily
concerned .
obscured so far as modern
poems, and hymns, not only the original form
but to a remarkable degree the original spirit For poets and rhymsters and for all who enjoy
has also been retained by the translation. masterly criticism “ Poetry and the Renascence
A volume of poems of Nieves Xenes, the lead - of Wonder," the two famous essays by the late
ing poetess of Cuba , is published by a commis Theodore Watts-Dunton , are presented as re
sion of the Cuban Academia Nacional de artes y written by the author. The text is interspersed
letras. Many of these poems have been pre with " riders" culled from his criticisms on poetry
viously contributed to Spanish -American literary contributed to the Atheneum , printed in closer
reviews. Her work falls into five groups, of text than the material of the essays. The essay
which the patriotic poems and the love poems on poetry appeared in the ninth and subsequent
may be considered the best. The preface, which editions of the " Encyclopædia Britannica." It
is the work of a member of the literary commis examines and explains the principles of poetic
sion , Aurelia Catillo de Gonzales, states that she art as exemplified by the poetry of all great
was essentially a poetess of love and beauty with literatures. " The Renascence of Wonder" is the
a great talent for word portraiture. She was return to the primitive, to the " childlike wonder
born in 1859 and died in retirement in 1915. of the Iliad and the Odyssey," as the author has
The volume is published in Spanish and pre said . In the light of all the criticism that came
sented by the Twentieth Century Press of Au . from his pen from the beginning of his Athendum
relio Miranda, of Havana, Cuba. articles in 1876 , Swinburne's praise stands as
sure judgment. “ The first critic of our time
Midway in reading the season's new poetry, perhaps the largest-minded and surest -sighted of
read an essay by John Drinkwater, which defines any age.” The introduction is by Thomas Hake.

- PLAYS AND BOOKS ABOUT THE

THEATER
THE reading of good plays has been greatly Stage as a Career for Women " answers the
1 stimulated of late by the interest taken in query sent to so many managers by untrained
pageantry and in folk theaters and the various girls and women , " Do you advise me to go on
communal theatrical ventures that have been in the stage ?" It is spirited, delightful, and in
stituted in various parts of the country. This structive- not a dull page in the book. The
month there are offered by publishers most in - preface is by David Belasco. An appendix con
teresting plays, both for reading and for actual tains a model theatrical contract as proposed by
production, and a wide range of books on the the Actors' Equity Association.
theater and about the various arts of the theater.
Another practical book for beginners is Emer.
“ Training for the Stage," by Arthur Hornblow , son Taylor's " Practical Stage Directing for
editor of the Theatre Magazine, gives authorita Amateurs," a most suggestive manual that urges
tive knowledge of the stage, its rewards, pitfalls, the stage aspirant for honors in the field of
and impresses a larger view of its activities in acting or stage-managing to awaken his own
a most cogent manner. The chapter on " The powers of invention and impersonation. .
1 Swords 121forpp .Life.$ 1. By Irene McLeod. B. W .
Huebsch . One of the most noteworthy ofthis class ofbooks
2 Amores. By D . H . Lawrence. B. W . Huebsch.
113 pp . $ 1 . 25.
is Brander Matthews' volume of essays, “ A Book
About the Theater," devoted to the subordinate
SA Harvest of German Verse. Translated by Mar. subdivisions
garete of the art of the stage. The essays are
Münsterberg. D . Appleton & Co. 125 pp . highly entertaining
$ 1 . 25 and eminently practical in their
* The Lyric. By John Drinkwater. Doran. 63 pp. advices. The fact that they are able to entertain
40 cents.
* Poetry and The Renascence of Wonder. By Theo
dore Watts-Dunton. Dutton, 296 pp. $ 1.75.
Practical Stage Directing for Amateurs. By
Emerson Taylor. Dutton. 194 pp. $ 1.
Training for the Stage. By ' Arthur Hornblow . SA Book About the Theater. By Brander Matthews.
Lippincott. 192 pp. $1 .25. Scribner's. 334 pp . $ 2. 50 .
 THE NEW BOOKS 677
as literature does not detract from their suggest
iveness or their value. They include discussion
of the " show business," of the limitations of the
stage, dramatic collaboration , the dramatization
of novels, of women dramatists, the evolution of
scene -painting, the principles of pantomime, the
decline and fall of negro minstrelsy, modern
magic, and the poetry of the dance. Numerous
illustrations aid in instructing the reader in stage
trickery and the manipulation of scenery , and
show forgotten curiosities of old -time stagecraft.
" The Truth About the Theater" l presents a
picture of the seamy side of the theatrical pro
fession . To one who knows, the book is written
with restraint. It hesitates to make the truth
as black as it really seems to those who have
brushed aside the veneer that gilds the surface
of theatrical matters. Yet it does not discourage
the persons who have sufficient intelligence and
fortitude to persist; it simply serves warning on
the ignorant that for actor, actress, and manager
the life is exacting, and, with the exception of
few instances, without adequate rewards. The
book purports to be the work of one of the best
known theatrical men in New York , but for
reasons of prudence he has omitted his name
from the title -page.
In " The Photoplay," Professor Hugo Münster
berg approaches the "young art” of the moving
picture in a serious vein in order that we shall
realize its true meaning in the world of art
and its possibilities in the future. He asks for A FRENCH COURT BALLET IN THE EARLY SEVEN
better plays, for a recognition of esthetic values. TEENTH CENTURY
The feeling conveyed by the new art he char (Frontispiece of “ A Book About the Theater" )
acterizes thus: “ The massive outer world has
lost its weight, it has been freed from space, heavenly and commonplace thing called habit.
time, and causality, and it has been clothed Passion is an incident, an emotional crisis, a part
in the forms of our own consciousness. The of marriage, but the big part is the communal
mind has triumphed over matter and the pic interest, the used -to -each -other happiness, the
tures roll on with the ease of musical tones. It flowering of our spiritual selves through the
is a superb enjoyment which no other art can lowly grooves of habit up to the higher levels
furnish us." of life and achievement. And to make the point
more clear Middleton has taken a childless
For the play- reader who wishes to get a vista couple, ten years married , to prove his theory
of playwriting from the earliest period to our thatmarriage is a " state of mind” based on habit,
own generation there is a comprehensive volume and that this is most happily true in most cases
of " Representative English Plays," that range is the bulwark of the stability of monogamy.
from the Middle Ages to the end of the nine In " The Locust Flower” and “ The Celibate,"
teenth century. They are edited, with introduc-
tions and notes, by John S. P . Tatlock, of Stanford two plays for reading, by Pauline B . Quinton ,
University , and Robert G . Martin , of the North - we have the theme of love cast in poetic prose
western University. This is a fine collection and with exceptional mastery of word -color and prose
should please the general public as well as lit rhythms. A native vigor holds the plays from
erary students. The text of certain Elizabethan the precipice of undue sentimentality. If these
dramas has been given by Professor William are first plays, the author gives promise of ex
Allan Neilson, who possesses the best text avail. ceptional ability .
able for several of these dramas. In a strong, realistic play, " The Woman
“ The Road Together," an American drama in Who Wouldn 't," Rose Pastor Stokes paints the
four acts by George Middleton, gives a search - life of a typical family in a typical mining town.
ing study of married life. At the end of the Her heroine refuses to win protection for her
fourth act appreciation of the playwright's sense shame by marriage to a man who no longer loves
and vision regarding marriage leads one to feel her. The play is sincere and straightforward,
this is one of the best plays written by any and Mrs. Stokes has shown skill in her picture of
American playwright. The " eternal triangle" the terrible struggle for existence among the
is smashed to bits by the alchemy of that at once poverty -stricken miners.
1 The Truth About the Theater. Stewart & Kidd
Co. 111 pp. $ 1. For the “ Borzoi" series of plays, published by
2 The Photoplay. By Hugo Münsterberg. Apple Alfred Knopf, Thomas Seltzer has translated
ton 's. 233 pp . $ 1.
* Representative English Plays. By John Tatlock 6 The Locust Flower and The Celibate. By Pauline
Robert
and* The G . Martin . Century. 838 pp. $2 . 50. B . Quinton. Boston : Sherman, French . 103 pp. $ 1.
Road Together. By George Middleton. Holt. The Woman Who Wouldn 't. By Rose Pastor
204 pp. $ 1. Stokes. Putnam . 183 pp. $ 1. 25.
678 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
" War,' ' a play by Michael Artzibashef, the bril- excellent mental and physical training for boys
liant young Russian novelist and playwright. and girls, prepared by the hand of a prominent
This impressionable Russian has been tempered educator who understands the cultural value of
by the war; he is no longer just what he was plays and drills. Every mother with young chil
when he flung " Sanine" at the literary world dren and all teachers of primary or intermediate
like a bombshell. This play is notable for its grades will want this helpful book .
restraint. He has learned the power of the
tragedy that hovers over but does not actually " Sixty Years of the Theater" is a book of
appear in the play . The drama show . us in the criticism and reminiscence by John Ranken Towse,
first act two weaklings despised by the healthy dramatic critic for forty -three years on the New
members of the community , the one a consump York Evening Post. From his first remembrances
tive, the other of moral unworthiness. At the of English pantomime over a long period of
end of the war these two have gained supremacy, brilliant theatrical achievement his critiques
and have the right to produce the next generation , progress to the productions of recent years and
simply because the " fit" have been killed . War the actors of a recent yesterday . Mr. Towse
has destroyed them , and the unfit must continuehas been one of the shaping influences of the
the life of the nation. This Artzibashef sees asAmerican stage. He has the rare gift of dis
the great tragedy of war. cerning the psychology of players, therefore his
criticism is formative. His analysis of the genius
"Moloch," the startling war-play by Beulah of Henry Irving and of Mansfield betrays his
Marie Dix, as presented by Holbrook Blinn 's rare insight, and his pen portraits of old favorites,
company in leading cities of the country, is now such as Barrett, Mary Anderson , Clara Morris,
printed in the “ Borzoi' series. It depicts the Joe Jefferson, have great charm . The book is
horrors of war. illustrated with nearly one hundred engravings of
"Four Short Plays," by Charles F . Nirdlinger, portraits of stage celebrities.
include three that are of modern texture : “ The Before the Lusitania rode to her doom the
Real People" shows just what vaudeville audi general public knew very little about the man
ences want when they go to see the drama. Charles Frohman , but a great deal about his
" Aren 't They Wonders ?" is a duel of wits be work. His personality had become almost a
tween two women - one a society trifler, the other myth . On May 7, 1915, he gave voice to an
a worker - over the affections of "mere man ." utterance that was a key to his nature
“ Look After Louise" touches on the truth that and to his success. Facing death he said : " Why
" Judy O 'Grady and the Colonel's Lady" are very fear death ? It is the most beautiful adventure
much alike when it comes to matters of independ of life ?" His biography, the work of his brother,
ence of the sterner sex. The fourth play lets Daniel Frohman , and of Isaac Marcosson , spreads
us see the swaggering Catherine, Empress of before the public the actual life of this great
Russia, trying in a moment of caprice to marry organizing genius of the English -speaking stage.
an English schoolmaster. The plays are amusing, Sir James Barrie has written an appreciation
vigorous, and full of wit and satire. by way of preface, and the publishers have illus
The " St. Nicholas Plays and Operettas" (Cen trated the book with numerous portraits of actors
tury Co.) is the second book of selected plays and and actresses who played in his companies.
operettas that have appeared in St. Nicholas dur There is also a chronological list of Frohman
ing the last fifteen years. It is an indispensable productions. To those who did not know Froh
book for the home, just what young people will man it may seem surprising that Barrie writes
want who wish to turn the natural play instinct, that he was the man with whom Charles Lamb
the desire to “make believe," into sources of would have liked best to spend an evening .
mental and spiritual growth . And this because of his humor, charity, and
gentle chivalry and his most romantic mind.
" Dances, Drills, and Story Plays,” by Nina B . "What an essay Elia might have made of him , "
Lambkin ( T . S. Dennison Co.), gives means of is Barrie's observation .

NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES

POR those who know the days of pioneer re- is the story - founded on similar facts - of a re
Iligious revivals in the backwoods of the ligious impostor in the backwoods of Ohio who
Middle Western States, and for those who can first declares himself to be a prophet, then Christ,
feel the curious pulse of those great whirlwinds and finally God. The splendid , sturdy settlers,
- of religious zeal, “ The Leatherwood God," by Squire Braile, David Gillespie, Jane, the pas
William Dean Howells, will offer the ripenesssionate, red -haired daughter who falls in love
and mellowness of a finely wrought tale. It with the impostor, and Nancy, his deserted wife,
are the real men and women of the past clothed
1War. By Michael Artzibashef. Alfred A . Knopf. by Mr. Howells with the vivid texture of his
73 pp. $ 1,
*** Beulah Marie Dix. Alfred A . Knopf. fine literary art and sympathetic understanding.
Moloch.$ 1. By
94* pp.
Four Short Plays. By Charles F. Nirdlinger. " The Mysterious Stranger," a posthumous book
Mitchell Kennerley. : 119 pp. $ 1.25. by Mark Twain, has little likeness to his usual
* Sixty Years of the Theater. By John Ranken
Towse. Funk & Wagnalls. $ 2 . 50 . work, nor does its grim message seem to spring
Charles Frohman, Manager and Man. By Isaac from the cheerful philosophy of the humorist.
Marcosson and Daniel Frohman. Harper's. 440 pp. It is the story of the jester whose magic could
III. The$ 2 . Leatherwood God. By William Dean Howells. cure every sorrow save his own. The setting
Century. 236 pp. $ 1 .35. is that of a medieval village in Austria in the
 THE NEW BOOKS 679
year 1590. A stranger meets with three youths Dodge,must take first place. A little waif, young
wandering in the woods. He performs curious in years, old in strange, mature wisdom , conscious
tricks for their pleasure, tells them he is an angel,
only that " the world's a stage,” is thrust into
but announces his name as "Satan.” On the the midst of a conservative family to whom her
surface the book carries terrifying disillusion , very vocabulary is Greek. Bonnie May conquers
but it seems that Mark Twain , courageous to because she is real and lovable , and the pretty
the end, meant to test faith with this book , to story ends in a kind of fairy -tale glow of happi
tell us that Satan is the doubt in our minds, ness, wherein everybody falls under the spell
the creeping persuasion that everything, the uni- of Mr. Dodge's youthful heroine. This is his
verse, the human race, heaven , hell. the eterni first novel, but his work is well known in the
ties, are but " puerile insanities" of dreams and newspaper world . He has written descriptive
nothing more. One would wrong the memory articles from Mexico and the Rio Grande coun
of Mark Twain to interpret this book otherwise. try, worked fifteen years as literary editor of
If we are naught but dreams we may laugh at St. Louis papers, and served three years in the
ourselves, and herein is the cure. The Angel United States Army in the Philippine Islands.
says that humanity has " one really effective Mildred Aldrich , author of " The Hilltop on
weapon - laughter. . . . Against the assault of
laughter nothing can stand." The book is beau the Marne," has adopted a daring plan for her
tifully illustrated in color by N . C. Wyeth.' book of short stories, " Told in a French Garden ."
It is the ancient one of that book of tales - " It
As an example of fine literary craftsmanship was in the days of Our Lord, 1348, that there
in short stories there is no better collection than happened in Florence, the finest city in Italy "
that of Edith Wharton , published under the title And as those ancient story -tellers took refuge
" Xingu ." It includes, beyond the title story, in the Villa Palmieri during the days of the
which is a satire on the incipient seekers after plague, so these modern ones take refuge in the
culture in small towns, " Coming Home," a war garden of a French farmhouse. The Youngster,
story ; " Autres Temps," perhaps the best study the Trained Nurse, the Critic , a doctor, sculptor,
of changing social conditions ever written ; “Ker- a divorcée, a lawyer, a journalist, and a violinist
fol," " The Triumph of Night," " The Choice,” spin their respective yarns before a French bat
" Bunner Sisters," and a story that is at once a tery is set up in the garden and they are forced
lesson to weaklings and an artistic triumph, “ The to take the route nationale to Paris. The plan
Long Run ." of the book is captivating, the stories delightful.
" Penrod and Sam ," by Booth Tarkington, a new A new W . H . Hudson book contains marvel
collection of the exciting adventures of Penrod ous and thrilling tales of the South American
Schofield at the magic age of twelve, is just as pampas.' They are less idealistic, but more ex
delightful as the first “Penrod” book and as the citing and adventurous, than "Green Mansions,"
incomparable " Seventeen ." Amusing, pathetic, but absolutely unique in the field of short stories.
and profound in power of psychology by turns, Stevenson never wrote anything more mysterious
it gives the most amazing whiffs of real boyhood or fascinating than these tales. “ Tecla and the
and the best-written stories of juvenile prank Little Men," a legend of La Plata, is told in
ishness that have ever been written. verse. An appendix to the first story, " El Ombu,"
gives facts about the English invasion and the
Striking short stories by Rabindranath Tagore, rough game of " El Pato " ( The Duck ).
the Indian writer now visiting the United States,
are now published in English translation under " The Willow Weaver” and seven other tales,
the title, " The Hungry Stones and Other Stories." by Michael Wood, republished from the Theo
They are remarkable for the poesy of their style, sophical Review , are for those readers to whom
and the varied elements of their composition , the invisible world is dearer than the world of
fact, fancy, realism , romance, religion, and philo solid reality. As literature they are delicate
sophical truths, are blended in a fascinating inter- prose poems; as stories they pierce the veils
play around the central themes. One story has of earthly illusion and reveal eternal and abiding
been translated by Tagore ; the others are the beauty of pure spirit. They are, as the editor
work of different translators. A powerful tale, writes, " diamonds from a mystic mine."
" Living or Dead," impresses the Eastern concep "Windy McPherson's Son,"** a novel by Sher
tion of the power of thought upon the reader's
mind. Kadambini, who has been carried to the wood Anderson that has attracted the attention
burning ghat in a trance, recovers and escapes. of critics who are seeking the " great American
She thinks herself a ghost, and because of her novel," is the most typically American story
among the autumn publications. It is nothing
fixed state of mind she remains one, in spite of more than the biography of Windy McPherson's
the material facts of existence. All these tales
are so near to the mystery of Being that, once son Sam , who begins life as a newsboy in Cax
read, they become instantly incorporated into ton, Iowa, and goes to Chicago, where he becomes
a powerful multimillionaire. The story of the
the memory . boy who searches and gropes after what is best
For pure, unadulterated charm " Bonnie May,' in life and who finally accepts business success,
only to have it turn to ashes in his grasp, is
the story of a child of the theater, by Louis powerfully wrought, with touches of real genius.
1 The Mysterious Stranger. By Mark Twain .
Harper's. 151 pp. Ill. .. Told in a French Garden. By Mildred Aldrich.
2 Kingu. By Edith Wharton. Scribner's. 436 pp. Small, Maynard & Co. 266 pp . $ 1.25.
$ 1 . 40 . 7 Tales
Knopf. 253of the
pp . Pampas.
$ 1. 25. By W . H . Hudson . Alfred
3 Penrod and Sam . By Booth Tarkington . Double
day.4 ThePage.Hungry
356 pp. Stones
$ 1. 35. and Other Stories. By
& The Willow Weaver. By Michael Wood . Dutton .
144 pp . $ 1.
Rabindranath Tagore. Macmillan. 271 pp. $ 1 . 35.
6 Bonnie May. By Louis Dodge. Scribner's. $ 1.35.
Windy McPherson 's Son. By Sherwood Anderson.
John Lane. 347 pp . $1 .40.
680 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
TRAVELERS' JOTTINGS
Our Hispanic Southwest. By Ernest Peix
otto. Charles Scribner's Sons. 245 pp. Ill. $ 2 .50 .
Descriptive text on the old missions and other
Spanish remains in Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona, with illustrations by the author. In the
Alood of printed material relating to the Fran
ciscan missions of California , scant attention has
been given to the older monuments of Spanish
mission architecture that still remain near our
Mexican border. Some of these, like the famous
church of San Xavier del Bac in Arizona, are
well deserving of our study from the architec
tural as well as the historical standpoint. Mr.
Peixotto has followed the pioneer Spanish priests
and explorers in their journeys over the south
western deserts from Mexico to Kansas. An in
troductory chapter describes the historic quar
ters of New Orleans, and still another chapter is
devoted to San Antonio , the ancient capital of
Texas.
WeDiscover the Old Dominion . By Louise
Closser Hale. Dodd, Mead . 374 pp. III. $2.50.
It seems that Virginia 's roads are not bad
enough to insure immunity from invasion by
motor. Mrs. Hale's entertaining descriptions of
many places of historic interest, accompanied by
Mr. Hale's attractive drawings, will doubtless be
the means of introducing to the Old Dominion
many parties of motorists, who will find an easy
approach to the Shenandoah Valley by crossing
Maryland from Gettysburg .
Winter Journeys in the South . By John OLD HOTEI. AT WINCHESTER, VA . — A RELIC OF
ANTE -BELLUM DAYS
Martin Hammond. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott (Drawing by Walter Dominion
Hale, in " “We Discover the Old
Company. 262 pp. III. $3.50. )
In this volume nearly all the important south
ern winter resorts from New Orleans and Palm Argentina and Uruguay. By Gordon Ross.
Beach to the Virginia springs are described in Macmillan. 308 pp. III. $3.50.
text and pictures. Much useful information is The author of this work is an Englishman, who
given for the benefit of the winter tourist. was formerly financial editor of the Buenos
Aires Standard , and served as
official translator to the Con
gress of American Republics at
Buenos Aires in 1910. He out
lines the present and probable fu
ture effects of the European War
on Argentina and Uruguay, and
gives the most recent statistics of
finance and commerce in these
countries. There are also infor
mational chapters on agriculture,
live stock , and forestry .
From Pillar to Post. By
John Kendrick Bangs. Century .
350 pp., ill. $ 1.60 .
When a man has traveled
about the country for ten years
on lecture tours, meeting all kinds
of people in all sections of the
land, he has accumulated a rich
and various fund of experience.
When , furthermore, that man is
John Kendrick Bangs, with his
keenness for seeing the humorous
side of things and the gift of
THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS recording his experiences with
(Drawing by Ernest Peixotto, in " Our Hispanic Southwest") delightful charm and wit, you
 THE NEW BOOKS
get a volume full of rare entertaininent like
"From Pillar to Post.”
COVER DESIGN, “ FROM PILLAR TO POST"
681
The New York of the Novelists. By
Arthur Bartlett Maurice. Dodd , Mead . 366 pp .
III. $ 2.
The homes and haunts of New York novelists
and the houses and streets frequented by their
chief characters are here described in detail, and
the account is brought well up to date. Scenes
made familiar by Ernest Poole's " Harbor," for
instance, are pictured here, along with the trail
of “ Potash and Perlmutter."
Content with Flies. By Mary and Jane
Findlater. Dutton. 111 pp. $ 1.
This is the dubious title of the delightful story
of the life of the well-known authors, Mary and
Jane Findlater, in a country cottage in Scotland,
where, without servants, they lived the simple life,
according to the changed standards of living in
Great Britain in these later days of the war.
It is not idly written , for, as the author writes :
"Who wants to be making novels when the world
is at war ?” It has the definite purpose of the
simplification of interior and exterior life, of
teaching us how much happier many of us can
be without the burdens of our luxuries.

BIOGRAPHY
James Whitcomb Riley : Reminiscences. the humorist, entitled “Mark Twain : His Biog
By Clara Laughlin . Revell. 114 pp. 75 cents. raphy.”
Clara Laughlin's reminiscences of James Whit Cicero : A Sketch of His Life and Works.
comb Riley bring us an intimate picture of the By Hannis Taylor. Chicago : A . C . McClurg &
many-sided poet. She writes in particular of
his serious turn of mind , of his admiration for Co. 615 pp., ill. $ 3.50 .
Stevenson , his kindness to young writers, and of This new survey of the great Roman states
the great richness of his personality. Her friend man 's career, written from the viewpoint of an
ship with Riley began over a score of years ago American student of constitutions, ancient and
at Winona Lake, Indiana, at a session of the modern, presents Cicero as the ideal defender
Western Writers' Association , of which the poet of the Roman constitution , and the " embodiment
was first vice-president, and continued until his of the departing spirit of Roman republicanism .”
death . “ Because he was playful and not didactic, Some of the chapter headings may serve to in
he taught me many things," she writes. The dicate the way in which Dr. Taylor has grouped
book contains letters in facsimile and hitherto and marshalled his materials: " Stoic Philosophy
unpublished verse. A tender and beautiful tribute and Roman Law ," " Cicero's Greek Culture," " The
to the poet who is not dead because his " song Roman Bar in Cicero's Time," " The Roman Con
lives in so many hearts." stitution ,” “ Cicero as Leader of the Roman Bar,"
" Cicero as a Statesman ," " Cicero and Pompey,"
“ The Boys' Life of Mark Twain .” By “ Cicero and Cæsar," " The Duel to the Death
Albert Bigelow Paine. Harper's. Ill. 354 pp. of Antony."
$ 1.25.
" The Boys' Life of Mark Twain," by Albert zation Booker T. Washington , Builder of a Civili
Bigelow Paine, brings out the principal facts of . By Emmett J. Scott and Lyman Beecher
the life of the great humorist in combination Stowe. Doubleday, Page & Co. 331 pp., ill. $ 2.
with many anecdotes and bits of his writings and Not a biography in the usual sense of the
intimate diary jottings. More than anything else, word , but rather a series of vivid pictures of
it shows boys that the great success of Samuel distinctive phases in the life of the great negro
Clemens was due as much to persistency and leader and educator in his relations with two
hard work as to natural genius. Having slight races. The writers, Mr. Emmett J. Scott, for
educational advantages, he climbed steadily eighteen years Dr. Washington 's secretary, and
through difficult conditions to win the reward of Mr. Lyman Beecher Stowe, grandson of the author
his fame. The author makes us feel by his fine of " Uncle Tom 's Cabin ," were personally se
simplicity and emotional sweep that Mark Twain lected by Dr. Washington himself for this par
is with us still, and that we shall go on loving ticular task . The preface of the volume is fur
him and laughing with him as long as America nished by ex -President Roosevelt and a foreword
is America . The book is generously illustrated. by Principal Robert R . Molton , Dr. Washington 's
Mr. Paine is the author of the complete life of successor at Tuskegee Institute. The picturesque
682 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
story of Dr. Washington's childhood and educa-
tion was told by himself in " Up from Slavery,"
some years before his death . That part of his
life is therefore not touched upon in the present
volume. The authors intimate that a more ex
haustive biography will appear later.
Andrew Johnson , Military Governor of
Tennessee. By Clifton R . Hall. Ph. D ., Prince-
ton University Press. 234 pp ., ill. $ 1.50.
The most important part of Andrew Johnson 's
career, prior to his elevation to the presidency
after the assassination of Lincoln , was the period
during the Civil War in which he served as mili
tary governor of Tennessee. Dr. Hall has made
a careful, impartial examination of Johnson's
record in that office, and this publication of what La Salle. By Louise Seymour Hasbrouck .
he has learned from the official files and other Macmillan. 212 pp ., ill. 50 cents.
documentary sources is useful for the light it
throws on the part that his experience in Ten -
nessee had in shaping his atutude as President
toward the problems of reconstruction in the ment through which he moved .
South . It is probably true that Johnson 's states
manship has never been fairly adjudged , either
north or south of Mason and Dixon 's Line. As
Dr. Hall points out, Johnson's weaknesses were
those of temperament and training. " His claims
to honor are based upon loyalty , self- sacrifice,
and a steadfast devotion to the cause he believed
to be right, which, considering all that he had
at stake, can only be described as heroic."
The Boys' Life of Lord Kitchener. By
Harold F. B. Wheeler, F , R. S. Thomas Y.
Crowell Co. 288 pp., ill. $ 1.50.
An excellent, well-written sketch of England's
great field -marshal, which " boys" of all ages will
find readable and entertaining.
A Dreamer of Dreams. By Oliver Huckel.
Thomas Y. Crowell Co.: 249 pp., ill. $1.25 .
“ An authentic narrative, freely arranged from
the supposed journal of the fair Guli Springett,
as found in an old oaken chest at Worminghurst,
England.” Guli Springett was William Penn's
first wife, and this book relates his love story,
his voyage to America, and his later career.
Recollections of a Happy Life. By Eliza
beth Christophers Hobson. Putnam 's. 258 pp.
$ 1.25.
These memoirs were first printed for private
circulation only , but after the writer's death the
consent of her family to publication was obtained .
The opening chapters of the book deal with a
voyage in a clipper ship around the Horn to San
Francisco, and a wedding trip to the Isthmus of
Panama in the fifties. There are many other
chapters of travel and interesting personal ex
periences.
A well-written sketch of La Salle's career,
filled in with details of the scenery and environ
With Sam Houston in Texas. By Edwin
L . Sabin . Philadelphia : J. B . Lippincott Co. 320
pp., ill. $ 1.25.
A boy's story of the Texas revolt from Mexico
in 1835-36, and the establishment of the republic
under Houston . Under the guise of a boy volun
teer's story of the fights for the new republic, a
good deal of Texan documentary history is intro
duced in the volume.
Charles, the Twelfth , King of Sweden. By
John A. Gade, from the manuscript of Carl Gus
tafson Klingspor. Houghton , Mifflin Co. 371
pp. $ 3.
In this volume Mr. Gade has translated from
the Swedish the narrative of one of the soldiers
of Charles XII, who had been from youth a
member of the king's household . This transla
tion makes it possible for English readers to get
for the first time an adequate history of the king's
adventurous career.

HISTORY AND POLITICS

A Political and Social History of Modern in the era of world discovery and commercial
Europe. By Carlton J. H . Hayes. Macmillan . revolution in order that the growth of European
1344 pp., with maps. $4.50. 2 v. nationalism in modern times may be better under
stood .
By way of preparation for a study of the
causes and origin of the great war now raging
in Europe, there is probably no single work in Our Nation in the Building. By Helen Nico
the English language so useful as this new " Po lay. Century. 521 pp., ill. $2.50.
litical and Social History of Modern Europe," To rid herself once for all of the methods of
by Professor Hayes. The author's purpose to formal history writing as practised by American
combine socialwith political history is consistently text-book writers from time immemorial seems to
maintained throughout the work. That it is dis have been the purpose of Miss Nicolay, who be
tinctly a "modern " history is indicated by the lieves that most of us take our history too seri
fact that 25 per cent more space is given to the ously. Her book, therefore, does not pretend to
period 1815-1915 (treated in the second volume) be strictly chronological, and " cares less for dates
than to the three centuries leading up to the fall than for happenings, less for specific happenings
of Napoleon , but the author finds in the sixteenth , than for movements and currents of feeling.
seventeenth , and eighteenth centuries the roots of When forced to choose between picturesquely
all the important developments of the nineteenth , typical incidents and a conscientious narrative of
and his aim is to familiarize the student with dry fact, it gravitates shamelessly towards the
Europe's social, economic, and political conditions picturesque." She has chosen the period between
 THE NEW BOOKS 685
OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE SEASON
The Arabian Nights' Entertainment. Il
lustrations by Louis Rhead . Harper's. $ 1.50.
A new holiday edition of “ The Arabian
Nights' Entertainment,” supplements the old
magical tales with over one hundred illustra
tions and decorations by Louis Rhead , the noted
illustrator of fairy stories and books of wonder
and adventure. They successfully interpret the
spirit of fantasy in which these tales are con
ceived, and will greatly add to a child 's cum
prehension of the Oriental atmosphere of the
stories. They are gracefully executed in pen
and ink.
Talks on Talking. By Grenville Kleiser.
Funk & Wagnalls. 156 pp . 75 cents.
" Talking" sounds humdrum and common as a
subject, but as an art it is neglected and rare.
While it may not be given to everyone to become
a brilliant conversationalist, much improvement
may be gained from the excellent hints in Mr.
Kleiser's book , which also contains good advice
about speaking in public .
& Learning to Fly : A Practical Manual for
tezinners. By Claude Grahame-White and
ary Harper. Macmillan. 110 pp., ill. 75
Y . s.
Vith the newly planned increase in our gov
" ment aerial services, as well as the possibili
Preaf Aying as a business and a sport, more and
Thof our young men will become attracted to ONE OF LOUIS RHEAD'S POWERFUL DRAWINGS IN
termed ' profession . In this volume by Grahame THE NEW " ARABIAN NIGHTS”
lished he famous English aviator, and his col
tion. TÉ there is much about learning to Ay that pay, friendly treatment and an open door. She
of India i will find interesting reading. describes habits that help and hinder, character
the
the State U
State wassia . By Lieut.-Col. B . Roustam and personality, " freak jobs," and attitudes to
a population ne. 154 pp., ill. $ 1. ward work.
pioneer in the ume tells the story of the begin What Every Business Woman Should
elected to his piss of aviation in Russia , about Know . By Lillian Cecilia Kearney. Stokes.
of social conditio thus far been published in
has been pronounceintries. Considerable atten 247 pp. $ 1.60.
written concerning lint aeroplane of the Sikorsky A guide to business usages and requirements,
by Professor James nt of which the Russians with explanations of business terms and commer
University, “ The New Ivesting accounts of Rus cial forms.
value to ihe historical studime war.
Industrial Preparedness. By C. E . Knoeppel.
The Story of Montana. BiBusiness . By The Engineering Magazine Company. 145 pp. $ 1.
Fogarty . The A . S. Barnes Co. halls . 393 pp . An earnest plea that the United States take a
leaf out of Germany's book and emulate her
An attractive, illustrated accoun world - famous organization and scientific manage
tion and settlement of the countryin Business," ment of industries and resources. The author
in the State of Montana. The righly readable firmly believes such industrial efficiency to be
tures of pioneer life, notably the he conditions, fundamental to a proper state of preparedness.
relations of the whites with the Inne the actual
search for gold , are vividly descriljusiness field . Organic Agricultural Chemistry. By Jo
as a text-book for the public schoolhe point of seph Scudder Chamberlain. Macmillan. 319
of Montana" also makes its appeal o from that
reader. the public pp. $ 1.60 .
tors, news- An excellent text-book of general agricultural
A History of the Presidency free chemistry, or elementary bio -chemistry, for use
<, ployers
1916 . By Edward Stanwood. Hough ns. Theof in colleges. A companion volume, " Inorganic
Chemistry — The Chemistry of Soils and Ferti
982 pp. $4.50. 2 v. Femunera lizers," is being prepared by the author's asso
For many years Stanwood's " Histoy versus ciate, Dr. Ernest Anderson , with the definite aim
Presidency" has been regarded as the es. The of giving students of practical agriculture enough
authority in its field . The present edilucation , scientific instruction in chemistry to enable them
tains a chapter of nearly one hundredequate to undertake agricultural practise.
682 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
story of Dr. Washington 's childhood and educa - first wife, and this book relates his love story,
tion was told by himself in “ Up from Slavery," his voyage to America, and his later career.
some years before his death . That part of his
life is therefore not touched upon in the present
volume. The authors intimate that a more ex bethRecollections of a Happy Life. By Eliza
Christophers Hobson . Putnam 's. 258 pp.
haustive biography will appear later. $ 1.25.
Andrew Johnson, Military Governor of These memoirs were first printed for private
Tennessee. By Clifton R . Hall, Ph .D ., Prince circulation only, but after the writer's death the
ton University Press. 234 pp., ill. $ 1.50. consent of her family to publication was obtained .
The opening chapters of the book deal with a
The most important part of Andrew Johnson 's voyage
career, prior to his elevation to the presidency Francisco, in a clipper ship around the Horn to San
after the assassination of Lincoln, was the period Panama inandthea wedding trip to the Isthmus of
during the Civil War in which he served as mili chapters of travelfifties. There are many other
and interesting personal ex
tary governor of Tennessee. Dr. Hall has made periences.
a careful, impartial examination of Johnson 's
record in that office, and this publication of what La Salle. By Louise Seymour Hasbrouck .
he has learned from the official files and other Macmillan . 212 pp., ill. 50 cents.
documentary sources is useful for the light it
throws on the part that his experience in Ten A well-written sketch of La Salle 's career,
nessee had in shaping his atutude as President filled in with details of the scenery and environ
toward the problems of reconstruction in the ment through which he moved .
South . It is probably true that Johnson 's states
manship has never been fairly adjudged , either With Sam Houston in Texas. By Edwin
north or south of Mason and Dixon 's Line. As L. Sabin. Philadelphia : J. B . Lippincott Co. 320
Dr. Hall points out, Johnson's weaknesses were
those of temperament and training. " His claims pp.,A ill. $ 1.25.
boy's story of the Texas revolt from Mexico
to honor are based upon loyalty , self-sacrifice,
and a steadfast devotion to the cause he believed in 1835-36, and the establishment of the republic
to be right, which , considering all that he had under Houston . Under the guise of a boy volun
at stake, can only be described as heroic.” teer's story of the fights for the new republic, a
good deal of Texan documentary history is intro
The Boys' Life of Lord Kitchener. By duced in the volume.
Harold F. B . Wheeler, F, R . S. Thomas Y .
Crowell Co. 288 pp ., ill. $ 1.50 . Charles, the Twelfth, King of Sweden. By
An excellent, well-written sketch of England 's John A . Gade, from the manuscript of Carl Gus.
great field -marshal, which "boys" of all ages will tafson Klingspor. Houghton , Mifflin Co. 371
find readable and entertaining. pp. $3.
A Dreamer of Dreams. By Oliver Huckel. theIn Swedish
this volume Mr. Gade has translated from
the narrative of one of the soldiers
Thomas Y . Crowell Co.: 249 pp., ill. $1.25. of Charles XII, who had been from youth a
" An authentic narrative, freely arranged from member of the king's household . This transla
the supposed journal of the fair Guli Springett, tion makes it possible for English readers to get
as found in an old oaken chest at Worminghurst, for the first time an adequate history of the king's
England." Guli Springett was William Penn's adventurous career.

HISTORY AND POLITICS

A Political and Social History of Modern · in the era of world discovery and commercial
Europe. By Carlton J. H . Hayes. Macmillan
1344 pp., with maps. $4.50. 2 v.
By way of preparation for a study of the
causes and origin of the great war now raging
in Europe,
English there is probably
so usefulnoassingle work" Poin-
the language this new
litical and Social History of Modern Europe,"
by Professor Hayes. The author 's purpose to
combine social with political history is consistently
maintained throughout the work. That it is dis
tinctly a "modern ” history is indicated by the
fact that 25 per cent more space is given to the
period 1815- 1915 (treated in the second volume)
than to the three centuries leading up to the fall
of Napoleon , but the author finds in the sixteenth ,
seventeenth , and eighteenth centuries the roots of
all the important developments of the nineteenth,
and his aim is to familiarize the student with
Europe's social, economic, and political conditions
revolution in order that the growth of European
nationalism in modern times may be better under
stood .
Our Nation in the Building. By Helen Nico
lay. Century. 521 pp ., ill. $ 2.50 .
To rid herself once for all of the methods of
formal history writing as practised by American
text-book writers from time immemorial seems to
have been the purpose of Miss Nicolay, who be
lieves that most of us take our history too seri
ously. Her book, therefore, does not pretend to
be strictly chronological, and " cares less for dates
than for happenings, less for specific happenings
than for movements and currents of feeling.
When forced to choose between picturesquely
typical incidents and a conscientious narrative of
dry fact, it gravitates shamelessly towards the
picturesque.” She has chosen the period between
 THE NEW BOOKS 685
OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE SEASON
The Arabian Nights' Entertainment. Il
lustrations by Louis Rhead. Harper's. $1.50.
A new holiday edition of " The Arabian
Nights' Entertainment,” supplements the old
magical tales with over one hundred illustra
tions and decorations by Louis Rhead , the noted
illustrator of fairy stories and books of wonder
and adventure. They successfully interpret the
spirit of fantasy in which these tales are con
ceived , and will greatly add to a child 's com
prehension of the Oriental atmosphere of the
stories. They are gracefully executed in pen
and ink.
Talks on Talking. By Grenville Kleiser .
Funk & Wagnalls. 156 pp. 75 cents.
" Talking " sounds humdrum and common as a
subject, but as an art it is neglected and rare.
While it may not be given to everyone to become
a brilliant conversationalist, much improvement
may be gained from the excellent hints in Mr.
Kleiser's book, which also contains good advice
about speaking in public.
Learning to Fly : A Practical Manual for
Beginners. By Claude Grahame-White and
Harry Harper. Macmillan. 110 pp., ill. 75
cents .
With the newly planned increase in our gov
ernment aerial services, as well as the possibili
ties of Aying as a business and a sport, more and
more of our young men will become attracted to ONE OF LOUIS RHEAD'S POWERFUL DRAWINGS IN
this new profession. In this volume by Grahame THE NEW " ARABIAN NIGHTS”
White, the famous English aviator, and his col
laborator, there is much about learning to Ay that pay, friendly treatment and an open door. She
the novice will find interesting reading. describes habits that help and hinder, character
Aerial Russia. By Lieut.-Col. B. Roustam and personality , " freak jobs," and attitudes to
ward work.
Bek. John Lane. 154 pp., ill. $1.
This little volume tells the story of the begin What Every Business Woman Should
nings and progress of aviation in Russia, about Know . By Lillian Cecilia Kearney . Stokes.
which little has thus far been published in 247 247 pp. $ 1 .60.
English -speaking countries. Considerable atten A guide to business usages and requirements,
tion is given to the giant aeroplane of the Sikorsky explanations of business terms and commer
type, in the development of which the Russians with
have specialized , with interesting accounts of Rus- cial forms.
sian aerial activity during the war. Industrial Preparedness. By C . E . Knoeppel.
The Ambitious Woman in Business. By The Engineering Magazine Company. 145 pp. $1.
4 Eleanor Gilbert. Funk & Wagnalls. 393 pp. leafAn out
earnest plea that the United States take a
of Germany's book and emulate her
$ 1. 50 . world -famous organization and scientific manage
In " The Ambitious Woman in Business," ment of industries and resources. The author
Eleanor Gilbert has given us a highly readable
and rather helpful analysis of the conditions, firmly believes such industrial efficiency to be
fundamental to a proper state of preparedness.
habits and tendencies which determine the actual
value of a woman's service in the business field. Organic Agricultural Chemistry. By Jo
The author writes not only from the point of
view of the woman employee, but also from that seph Scudder Chamberlain . Macmillan . 319
of the woman 's employer. She sifts the public pp. $ 1.60 .
and private discussions of investigators, news An excellent text-book of general agricultural
paper discussions, and personal expressions direct chemistry, or elementary bio -chemistry, for use
from women who work and from employers of in colleges. A companion volume, " Inorganic
women , and summarizes their opinions. The Chemistry — The Chemistry of Soils and Ferti
chapters cover business opportunities, remunera - lizers," is being prepared by the author's asso
tion , the marketing of ability, family versus ciate, Dr. Ernest Anderson, with the definite aim
career, and the business woman 's finances. The of giving students of practical agriculture enough
author argues for definite vocational education , scientific instruction in chemistry to enable them
for specific training for specialwork, for adequate to undertake agricultural practise.
 FINANCIAL NEWS
1. - BONDS OF RAILROADS THAT HAVE
BEEN REORGANIZED
NE by one the railroads that became interest is contingent on its being earned.
bankrupt two and three years ago Non -payment, however, does not constitute
under a load of fixed charges out of propor- a basis for legal action on the part of holders.
tion to contingent charges as well as from a The income bond has been the subject of
steadily declining rate for freight and pas- much contention for years. It is not con
senger business , higher taxes, greater cost of sidered good financing. It provides a spec
labor and materials, and improper manage- ulative opportunity for those holders of
ment, are coming out from under the juris- what were in times past regarded as high
diction of the courts. There were over grade bonds to recoup their losses by an ap
40 ,000 miles affected in the latter part of preciation in junior securities. Just now
1916 . Nearly 50 per cent. of this mileage when the speculative chance is the one that
has either been recovered by shareholders or the majority looks for, bonds of this type are
is about to be returned to them under plans no doubt attractive. Some of those that
of reorganization which contain some very have been brought out have already risen in
up- to -date financial ideas. market value between 50 and 60 per cent.
Taking the principal systems that de- When the corporation is making plenty of
faulted on their bonds and for which re- money it can afford to pay the interest and
ceivers had to be appointed , we find that, thereby strengthen its entire credit structure,
with a majority, the proportion of bonds but when the period arrives when it is nec
to total capital was from 75 to 85 per cent. essary to contract in expenditures there is
This meant that every dollar that could be the natural disposition to put funds that for
earned over operation had to be applied to merly went to the bondholders back into the
the payment of interest charges . In contrast property as an equity for shareholders. No
was the proportion of from 40 to 50 per cent. corporation that has in its financial exhibit
of those roads which were able to pay large an income or adjustment bond but has at
dividends on their stocks and still put aside some time to dispute with holders of these
each year a comfortable margin for lean bonds its methods of accounting. There
periods, or which applied the surplus to the were years of war between holders of the
betterment of tracks, cars, or buildings. It old Central of Georgia incomes and the
has been proven that had these bankrupt company. Only recently has the feud be
lines maintained themselves on a proper basis tween New York Railways income bond
they would have been compelled to default holders and the company been settled and the
much sooner. One of the first discoveries receivership last month of the Texas & Pa
following receivership is the wretched physi- cific Railroad was largely instituted by
cal condition of a property . Consequently , holders of the majority of the second-mort
the initial effect of a receivership on net gage or income bonds of that system . A re
earnings is to show a large decrease , while organization that is to be permanent and run
revenues are being applied wholesale to mend a smooth course will avoid the income bond.
and patch up those parts that have run down A preferred stock is a less troublesome in
to the point where efficient or even safe con - strument in the hands of a railroad owner.
duct of traffic is impossible. Two of the five reorganizations referred
In six reorganization plans that have to follow the old lines of procedure, ba
been projected this year the total reduction sing their exchange of securities on the
in bonded indebtedness , or fixed interest debt, strength of the bond or stockholders ' posi
has been nearly $ 300,000, 000, with a cut- tion as to amount of securities controlled ,
ting down of fixed charges by over $ 16 ,000,- etc. The other three have expressed quite
000. A large amount of bonds has been ex different lines, and it is with them that this
changed for stock or else for bonds of the article means to deal in particular. For they
income or adjustment variety in which the represent an effort at placing the value of
686
 FINANCIAL NEWS 687

securities where it belongs, viz ., next to earn not to be a fixed charge on the parent com
ing capacity . pany. This happened in Michigan . An
With many investors a bond is a bond . other illustration is drawn from a certain
There is very little discrimination shown as division , let us say, in Oklahoma or Texas,
between a first-mortgage bond on a main which has passed through years of trial and
line of a railroad or one that may be a first now is found to have permanently ceased to
mortgage on a branch line or a specific divi- function in the old way. There may have
sion. It is regarded as an obligation that been a shift in population , or a running out
has to be met, irrespective of whether that of the soil, or the timber, which was the
part of the railroad covered by it is to the source of the original revenue, has been cut,
company's treasury an asset or a liability . leaving lands of little agricultural value. Is
Many such bonds carry a guarantee as to it proper that this branch line or division
principal and interest endorsed by the parent should retain its old status any more than
company. These have sold at a considerable that an individual who has passed the point
premium over bonds intrinsically worth of his best business effort should continue at
much more, but not guaranteed. a maximum salary ? This is the argument of
Now the radical, as he will be called , of the new -style reorganizers.
a railroad reorganization takes a very delib In all such cases a very close examination
erate and cold blooded view of every bond is made of the history of each portion of the
that figures in the capital structure of a re - system covered by the individual bond. The
ceivership railroad. With him it is a ques - traffic it originates is analyzed to determine
tion , not so much as to what the bond covers whether or not it is an essential part of the
or by what collateral it is supported, as to main company. It is studied from the stand
how much the mileage, or the terminals, the point of the effect on the whole property of
bridge, elevator, or what not on which the its segregation . Would the benefit to go to
bond is a lien , produces in net revenue. His some competitor by the independent opera
whole scheme of financial readjustment is tion of the division be sufficient to compel
based on this one factor. In every railroad retention in the system ? Is it valuable for
system there are many different classes of strategic purposes, irrespective of its earn
bonds, mortgages running from the first to ings ? Are there agricultural or industrial
the third, fourth, and fifth degrees. These developments in sight that will justify pa
bonds have been bought in good faith , if not tience on the part of the reorganizers and a
with much intelligence . Many times they grant of participation to the bondholders in
have been sold by bankers who knew as lit- future equities ? These are all aspects of the
tle of their merits as the man or woman who case that have had to be appraised at 100 per
bought them . But they must now go into cent of their merit. When the 40,000 miles
the crucible and be tested for their individual of railroad became bankrupt, between 1913
merits or for the residuum that they show and 1916 , earnings on the average were on
for the company's treasury ." This seems the down grade. Most of the failures came
brutal, but it is the only way that a right just before and just after the war, when
judgment can be arrived at for a reorganiza - credit was hard to obtain and note renewals
tion that must stand the strain of bad times . almost impossible. Those properties that
A reorganization should be built on the min - have been able to bring their bond and
imum rather than on the maximum of earn - stockholders to the point where they have
ing capacity. accepted the exchange of securities offered
In one of these three reorganizations the are fortunate to lift their receiverships in a
holders of first-mortgage divisional bonds period of unrivaled prosperity. Had they
have been compelled to accept stock in ex- foreseen what earnings were to be this cal
change. This at first looks like robbery, and endar year they might have been easier with
has so been characterized . A glance at the their assessments. This makes the future of
traffic situation on that division which the the new securities so much the stronger.
bonds had covered will explain the treat- They were projected on the basis of poor
ment. A decade ago this division was pro- times and issued on the crest of a boom .
ductive, earned more than its interest charges In the last great reorganization period fol
and its proper upkeep . Economic changes in lowing the panic of 1893- 96 , the new bonds
that part of the State where it is located of roads that had just emerged from bank
have permanently, it seems, reduced this di- ruptcy met with almost instant success.
vision to the position of a small feeder , which They were favored with a period of very
cannot earn interest, and therefore ought low interest rates which lasted for some
688 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
years. But rates then were no lower than levels of underlying or first-mortgage bonds
now . In the period between 1896 -98 and
1902-05 ten newly created mortgages of such
roads as the Atchison , Northern Pacific,
Reading, Union Pacific, Frisco, and Colo -
rado Southern advanced an average of over
35 points. This does not take into account
the additional profit that holders of these
bonds secured from the stocks that were
given as part payment or as bonus for what
had been deposited. There were also large
profits made from the purchase at their low teen points.
II. - INVESTORS' QUERIES AND ANSWERS
NO . 796 - A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY
I should like to have you let me know how you would
consider the investment of a few thousand dollars ind
Alaska 6 per cent. bonds. I notice they are selling at
about 90 per cent. on the New York Stock Exchange.
Also please give me the population of Alaska and its total
indebtedness , and let me know how long the bonds in
question have to run .
You have apparently mistaken your bonds. The
1910 census gave the Territory of Alaska a popu
lation of 64,356, but statistics do not show that
the Territory has any bonded indebtedness.
What you probably have in mind are the bonds
listed in the New York Stock Exchange transac-
tions as “ Alaska Gold 6's." These are the ten -
year, convertible, gold debenture bonds of the
Alaska Gold Mines Company. There are two
series of the bonds, A and B , each outstanding to
the amount of $ 1,500,000. They are issued in
denominations of $100, $ 500 , and $ 1000, and are
redeemable at 110 and interest on March 1, 1918,
for Series A , and March 1, 1919, for Series B,
or on any interest date thereafter. They are con
vertible at any time prior to redemption at par
into the capital stock of the company at $ 30 per
share. They are a direct obligation of the com
pany, but are not secured by mortgage on physical
property of any kind . The company, however,
agrees not to mortgage or otherwise encumber
any of its assets while any of the debentures in
question are outstanding.
The Alaska Gold Mines Company was incor
porated in August, 1912, and owns or controls
under option approximately 2487 acres of claims
and lands in the vicinity of Juneau , Alaska. It
reported for the year ended December 31, 1915,
total income of $ 1,073,027 and total deductions
from income of $ 794,256, leaving net income of
$278,771, which was the equivalent of about 37
cents per share on the 75,006 shares of stock
outstanding.
It is probably not amiss for us to add in a
general way that the bonds we have been de
scribing, the unsecured credit obligations of a
mining company not yet established on the basis utility of a good deal of merit.
which were undisturbed in reorganizations,
but which reflected in their price the gener
ally low credit of the company. An invest
ment in a group of such bonds netted nearly
100 per cent. gain within ten years. Even
now comparatively good profits have been
made by those who have bought and held the
undisturbed bonds of roads in receivership.
A dozen such issues show an average ad
vance from the low of 1915 of about thir
of full productive capacity, must be given a
speculative rating for securities of that type.
NO. 797 — PHILADELPHIA COMPANY COMMON
Having some funds to invest, and wishing as large an
income return as possible with safety, I desire your opin
ion on the enclosed clipping (referring to Philadelphia
Company common stock as " a consistent earner and divi.
dend payer" whose yield " seems out of line . . . due to
the fact that the stock's possibilities have not as yet
gained general recognition " ) .
We are inclined to think that the opinion ex
pressed in the clipping may not be far from the
truth of the situation . As far as one can see,
the franchise situation of the company in ques
tion - or, more properly speaking, the franchise
situation of the various subsidiary companies
under its control - is a satisfactory one.
To be sure, there is a pretty large amount of
outstanding stock - for example, $ 2,033,400 old
preferred ; $ 6, 171,600 new preferred ; and
$42,943,000 common, paying dividends at the
rates of 5, 6, and 7 per cent., respectively. But
these dividend requirements appear to be cor
ered in earnings by quite a satisfactory margin .
For the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916, the
company had left after the payment of both pre
ferred and common dividends a surplus amount
ing to $ 1,022,053.
The consistency of the common stock of the
company as a dividend -payer is shown by the
fact that cash dividends have been paid on it
regularly each year since 1898. The record is :
4 per cent. in 1898 ; 434 per cent. in 1899 ; 5 per
cent. in 1900 ; 534 per cent. in 1901 ; 6 per cent.
from 1902 to 1909, inclusive ; 7 per cent. in 1910
and 1911; 672 per cent, in 1912 ; 7 per cent. in
1913 and 1914, including 134 per cent. in scrip
in 1914, and 6 per cent. in 1915. The dividend
was increased from the 6 to the 7 per cent. an
nual basis again in the early part of the current
year.
While the position of this stock is such that
probably ought not to be regarded as a striy
conservative investment issue, we think it i
THE AMERICAN
OS

REVIE W
TI
OF S

REVIEWS
EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW

JULY 1916

The United States and Mexico

By the Editor

The Candidates :
Wilson and His Administration
The Career of Hughes
Sketches of Marshall and Fairbanks
The Conventions and the Platforms
Russia Comes Back
By Frank H . Simonds

The Re-Birth of the Country School

Kitchener of Khartoum Armenia Under Russia
China' s New President The Simmer Balkans
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These two layers of giant CORD , — with a layer of live
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more strength than had the 5 to 7 layers of Thread
(or Thread- Fabric) we formerly used in our “ Palmer
Web " Auto Tires of 1906 to 1913.
That “ Thread -Fabric " Tire we abandoned
in 1913.
Because Silvertown CORDS so far outclassed
" Thread-Fabric ” Tires in Strength and ENDUR
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No other Tires in America have these
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So, if you would give to your Car the
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with 17 % more Net-power to your Motor, -
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See that the double -diamond Trade
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row above) is on your Tires, and
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Silvertown

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 A VISION
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ou have neglected to put on Weed Chains. You
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THE AMERICAN

REVIEW
OF

REVIEWS
EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW

.
mi .
gT
Inerr MeaninS
CLONS
By the Editor
Germany's Fight to Win
Peace Terms
By Frank H. Simonds
The Boy Scouts : Training for Citizenship
By James E. Wes
Westt

| The Grant Memorial at Washington

Sculpture of Henry Merwin Shrady
By Ernest Knaufft
V . Everit Macy , New Head of Botha of South Africa
the National Civic Federation Army Hospital Trains
Beveridge ' s Life of John Cartoons on the Elections
Marshall and the War
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 Real Help M13

for Tired Feet

A busy day and on your feet most of the time
- a long, tiresome trip or a hike in the country
new shoes to break in - all these mean tired feet.
Soothe and rest them by applying a few drops of
Absorbine, Jr.
Or, if you are very tired and your feet burn ,
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THE ANTISE PTIG LINIMENT
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Absorbine , u Modestuc
ANALGESIC of
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ANTIPHLSTIMULA
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LEIL-STARZIERITELTASCORDSOCK
CHARLES FRANCIS PREMS, NEW YORK
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 THE ER The 3
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and what the Reviewers say about them
The Powder -The Stick The Cream - -
“ Rapid action throughout, leading " Clean cut and smooth - no hack " Flows smoothly on to a Jengl al
to a wholly satisfactory solution work here . All the stubborn char. conclusion - leaving a 1: 21. *
of the problem involved." acters are mollified and gracefully genuine satisfaction .
removed at the end . " Harry TONS Pr JO"
Tom Beard in the Daily Task Dick Knoburn in theMorning Blade
" An everyday problem , treated as " Plenty of quick autin a
a real man likes it. " " I'nordinary in its treatment of an start, well sustaired hroug 11
ordinary subject. " and ending smoothl
Professor Barber Editor of Amer . Irl. of Sharelore

It speaks volumes for superior quality — the fact that so many

men find complete satisfaction and comfort in the use

COLGATE 'S
SHAVING LATHER
STICK - POWDER - CREAM
Whichever method you prefer the result is the same - a rich , quic). I ati
lather that stays moist and leaves the face without smart or burn . Pia
needs no mussy “ rubbing in ” with the fingers , but softens the beard as ..
up the lather on the face with the brush .
Sold everywhere or a trial size of any one sent for 4c in stamps
COLGATEMukers
& ofCOCashmere
., Established 1806 , Dept. 32, 199 Fulton Street, New io
Bouquet Soap -- luxurious, lasting, refined. A new size at 10c a cake

After the shave, Colgate 's Lilac Ir ater - refreshing and delightful
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STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

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