AT-REST AND COMPACTION-INDUCED LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES OF MOIST SOILS by Katsuji Ishihara Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CIVIL ENGINEERING APPROVED: J. M. Duncan, Chairman Sle, Bet (Qual d~ 2d, T. L. Brandon R.D. Kriz V a Hee T. Kuphi J. Martin, IT AUGUST, 1993 Blacksburg, VirginiaAT-REST AND COMPACTION-INDUCED LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES OF MOIST SOILS by Katsuji Ishihara Committee Chairman: J, M. Duncan Civil Engineering (ABSTRACT) ‘An instrumented oedometer was designed and constructed for the purpose of investigating at-rest and compaction-induced earth pressures in moist soils. The device has a split oedometer ring, and horizontal stresses are measured using load cells which support one half of the ring. Rapid cyclic loading was applied to compacted soil specimens, using a digital pressure regulator and a computer-based data acquisition system. The performance of the device was validated by performing tests on silicon rubber and Monterey sand. Instrumented oedometer tests were performed on specimens of compacted Yatesville silty sand, with various values of water content and dry unit weight. The results of the instrumented oedometer tests showed that (1) the value of the total stress earth pressure coefficients at rest, K,", is about 0.4 for specimens compacted one percent or more dry of optimum, (2) that the value of K," increases very rapidly as degree of saturation increases in the neighborhood of optimum water content, and (3) at water contents above optimum, values of K,! are 0.9 to 1.0. Using these results, value of K,?for Yatesville silty sand can be estimated based on degree of saturation and relative compaction. Simplified design diagrams were developed for estimating values of K,T. Filz’s (1992) method for effective stress analysis of compaction-induced earth pressures in partly saturated soils was compared to the results of the instrumented cedometer tests. A method for estimating pore pressures based on the compressibility of the soil and the degree of saturation was used in the analyses. Applying Filz's (1992) modification of Duncan and Seed's (1986) effective stress K, model, both total and effective lateral pressures were estimated. The calculated values of lateral earth pressure were found to be in fairly good agreement with the results of the instrumented oedometer tests. Tests were also performed in which specimens were soaked while loaded for the purpose of evaluating the effects of changes in soil moisture on the Ky behavior. Soaking had the effect of releasing soil suction in specimens compacted dry of optimum and allowing positive pore pressures to dissipate in specimens compacted wet of optimum. Significant decreases in total stress Ky values due to soaking were observed for specimens compacted either wet or dry. Changes in effective stress during soaking were inferred from the test results. The instrumented retaining wall tests on Yatesville silty sand performed by Filz (1992) were analyzed using the proposed models. Total stress analyses provided good agreement with the measured results. Effective stress analyses were also in good agreement with experimental results when a limiting condition was imposed with respect to the ratio between total horizontal and total vertical stress.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Professor J. M. Duncan. His guidance lead the research in the right direction. Without his patient and thorough review of the manuscript, this dissertation would not have been possible. Studying for a doctoral degree under Professor Duncan has deepened my understanding of engineering T would also like to thank the other committee members, Professors T. L. Brandon, R.D. Kriz, T. Kuppusamy, J. R. Martin, II, and a former member, G. W. Clough for their guidance during the course of this study. Professor Brandon helped with the laboratory work. His valuable guidance is gratefully appreciated. I am grateful to Professor G. M. Filz for sharing his research ideas and for providing valuable suggestions for the study. The testing device for this research was constructed by Mr. B. N. Farmer. He was always helpful, and his precise machining is gratefully appreciated. I would also like to thank Professor A. L. Sehn for providing useful information for designing the instrumented oedometer. Tam grateful to Dr. Y. Ozawa. Without his support in Nikken Sekkei, I could not have continued my studies. I would also like to express thanks to Mr. S. Sunami and other colleagues who helped me take an academic leave from the company. Financial support from Nikken Sekkei and Virginia Tech are gratefully appreciated. I would like to express my thanks to my wife, Mieko, and my son, Takahisa. Their patience and dedication have made my studies possible. Lastly, this work is dedicated to the memory of my mother who passed away while I was in this course of study.TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION... sth CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES OF AT-REST AND COMPACTION-INDUCED LATERAL EARTH PRESSUREB..........-..4 2.1 Introduction....... 2.2 At-rest Earth Pressures ......... 2.3 Effects of Non-Zero Lateral Strain......... 2.4 Compaction-Induced Lateral Earth Pressures ......... 2.5 Analytical Models for Estimating Compaction-Induced Lateral Earth Pressures............. 45 2.5.1 Broms's (1971) Model.......... 2.5.2 Duncan and Seed's (1986) Model .......cae0 2.5.3 Filz's (1992) Extended Ky Mode... 2.5.4 Method for Estimating the Compaction-Induced Earth Pressures by the Ky model... 2.6 Summary..... CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES OF PARTLY SATURATED SOILS............ 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pore Pressure Measurement Techniques... 87 3.3 Pore Pressure Behavior ..... 89 3.4 Strength and Constitutive Relationship for Partly Saturated Soils .......94 3.5 Earth Pressure Problem............. 983.6 SuMMALY,... scores CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTED OEDOMETER. 102 4.1 Introduction... + 102, 4.2 Instrumented Oedometer............... 103 4.3 Lateral Deformation During the Tests .................. 113 4.4 Preliminary Test Results..... 116 4.5 Results of Tests on Monterey Sand . 118 4.6 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Values of Lateral Pressure for Monterey Sand........ ..129 CHAPTER 5. INSTRUMENTED OEDOMETER TESTS ON YATESVILLE SILTY SAND. 138 $.1 Introduction.......-.seceeresee 138 5.2 Test Procedure and Test Program... 5.3 Results of K, Cyclic Loading Tests 5.4 Simple Method for Estimating the Value of K,? for Yatesville Silty Sand ..161 5.5 Design Diagram for Estimating At-Rest Earth Pressures in Moist Soils...... .. 167 CHAPTER 6. PORE PRESSURE ANALYSES FOR ESTIMATING COMPACTION-INDUCED LATERAL EARTH PRESSUREG............ 172 6.1 Introduction................ 172 6.2 Evaluation of Filz's (1992) Extended Ky Model ..... 6.3 Theoretical Procedure for Estimating Pore Pressure Parameters ....... 184 6.4 Effective Stress Analysis of At-Rest Earth Pressures ............s0:000 187 viCHAPTER 7 - RESULTS OF SOAKING TESTS ON YATESVILLE SILTY SAND. 205 7.1 Introduction...... .. 205 7.2. Test Program and Test Procedure......... 205 73 Test Results. ccccscsctstsnestseente 207 7.4 Summary 223 CHAPTER 8 - ANALYSES OF INSTRUMENTED RETAINING WALL TESTS.....231 8.1 Introduction ..231 8.2 Description of the Instrumented Retaining Wall Tests Conducted by Filz (1992) cscs 231 8.3 Total Stress Analyses .......nnseennsrens 8.4 Effective Stress Analyses....... CHAPTER 9 - CONCLUSION 244 REFERENCES. Appendix A - DATA ACQUISITION AND TEST CONTROL SYSTEM... Appendix B - DATA ACQUISITION AND TEST CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE INSTRUMENTED OEDOMETER. 283 Appendix C - MACHINE DRAWINGS FOR THE INSTRUMENTED OEDOMETER 2 296, Appendix D - PORE PRESSURE PARAMETERS FOR PARTLY SATURATED. SOILS Appendix E - INITIAL PORE PRESSURES..... Appendix F - LABORATORY TESTS ON YATESVILLE SILTY SAND... Appendix G - LABORATORY TESTS ON MONTEREY SAND... 355 VITA..... viiLIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Fig. 2-1. Stress Paths Obtained by Kg Triaxial Tests on Monterey #20 Sand - after Wright (1969)... 28 Fig. 22. Relaonship Between Ky and Overcosotidtin Ratio (OCR) for Monterey #20 Sand = after Wright (1969) i adic Fig. 2-3. Recommended Values of «. - after Duncan and Seed (1986)... Fig. 2-4. Results of a Multicycle Ky Test on Monterey #0/30 Sand - from Schn (1990), 133 Fig. 2-5. Result of K Oedometer Test on Compacted Clay by Ofer (1982)... Fig. 2-6. Relationship Between Kg," and Vertical Stress During Primary Loading after Ofer (1982) Fig. 2-7. Relationship Between Kg" and OCR During Unloading - after Ofer (1982)... Fig, 2-8. Compaction - Induced Lateral Earth Pressures Measured in Model Wall Tests Fig. 2-9. Factors Affecting Residual Lateral Pressures Induced by Compaction for Sandy Silty Clay ~ after Sowers et al. (1957). - 4 3 Fig. 2-10. Change in Lateral Stress After Compaction ... Fig. 2-11. Hypothesized Stress Paths for a Clay Backfill Caused by Swelling and Consolidation After Compaction - after Clayton et al. (1991)... 44 46 Fig. 2-12. Stress Paths During Compaction - after Broms (1971) Fig. 2-13. Effective Stress Ky Model by Duncan and Seed (1986) .. Fig. 2- 14. Modification of Effective Stress Ky Model - after Filz (1992)....... Fig. 2-15. Initial Stress of Moist Soils Considering the Effects of Negative Pore Pressures in Extended Kg Model - after Filz (1992)... 7 52 90 Fig. 3-1. Typical Moisture-Capillary Relationship. Fig. 3-2. Pore-Air and Pore-Water Pressure Responses to a Change in Total Stress During Undrained Compression - from Fredlund and Rahardjo (1993)... - soot 92. 93, Fig. 3-3. Tangent and Secant Pore Pressure Parameters - from Fredlund and Rahardjo (1993) Fig. 3-4. Changes in Effective Stress and in Other Components of Bishop's (1959) Equation w with Increasing Total SU1€S6.....1ne 96 viiiFig. 3-5. Void Ratio and Water Content Relationship for an Unsaturated Soil ~ from Ho et al. (1992)...... Fig. 4-1. Assembled Instrumented Oedometer..... Fig. 4-2. Part-I - Plan view and cross-sections of instrumented oedometer... Fig. 4-2. Part-2 - Plan view and cross-sections of instrumented oedometer... Fig, 4-3. Base Module of the Instrumented Oedometer......... Fig. 4-4. Oedometer Ring Module of the Instrumented Ocdometer.... Fig. 4-5. The Fixed Half of Oedometer Ring Equipped to the Base Module of the instrumented Fig. 4-6. Cap Module of the Instrumented Oedometer and Thin Filler Disk... 112 Fig. 4-7. Data Acquisition System..... wll Fig. 4-8, Test Control System............ Hs Fig. 4-9. Preliminary Test Results on Silicon Rubber Specimen, without Settlement Ring...............117 Fig 4-10, Profiminary Test Resuhs on Silicon Ruer Specimen, with Selemen Ring, and 1.00 High Specimen ected 7 19 Fig. 4-11. Preliminary Test Results on Silicon Rubber Specimen, with Settlement Ring, and 1.24 in, High Specimen... Fig, 4-12. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result for Monterey Sand (Test M15). 125 Fig, 4-13. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result for Monterey Sand (Test M16).... Fig, 4-14. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result for Monterey Sand (Test M17). 127 Fig. 4-15, Results of Instrumented Oedometer Tests on Monterey Sand ... 128 Fig. 4-16. Results of Instrumented Oedometer Tests on Monterey Sand valuation of Settlement Ring Effects). 7 130 Fig. 4-17. Comparison Between Ky Model and Experimental Result for Monterey Sand (Test M15). wow 31 Fig. 4-18. Comparison Between Ky Model and Experimental Result for Monterey Sand (PeSt M16) .corerene so Fig. 4-19. Comparison Between Ky Model and Experimental Result for Monterey Sand (Test M17), 7 1.133Fig. 4-20. Comparison Between Kon Model with an an Adjusted a Parameter and Experimental Result for Monterey Sand (Test M15) .. sinrdnsesset 138 Fig. 4-21. Comparison Between Ky Model with an Adjusted a Parameter and Experimental Result for Monterey Sand (Test M17)... 136 Fig. 4-22. Relationship Between Ky and OCR for Monterey #30 Sand........ 2137 Fig. 5-1. Compaction Conditions for Instrumented Oedometer Specimens of Yatesville Silty Sand Tested at 30 psi Maximum Pressure ... 141 Fig. 52, Compaction Condions fer Insiumented Ondometer Specimens of Yatevle Sty Sand Tested at 70 psi or Higher Maximum Pressure 7 7 seed 4D Fig. 5-3. Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y4).... 14S a l47 Fig, 5-4, Instrumented Oedometer Test Result (Test Y24).. Fig, 5-5. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result (Test Y 4)... Fig, 56. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result (Test ¥22)........ Fig. 5-7. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result (Test Y3).. Fig. 5-8. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result (Test Y2I).... Fig. 5-9. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result (Test Y11).. nnnetnnennnnnenessnnnnlSS Fig, 5-10. Instrumented Oedometer Test Result (Test Y28).. Fig. 5-11. Relationship Between Ko" and Initial Dry Unit Weight. Fig. 5-12. Relationship Between Kg" and Initial Water Content... Fig. 5-13. Relationship Between Kyo" and Degree of Saturation... 158 Fig. 5-14. Relationship Between K3o™ and Deviation from Optimum Water Content Fig. 5-15. Total Stress At-rest Earth Pressure Coefficient at Vertical Pressure = 30 psi Fig, 5-16. Total Stress At-rest Earth Pressure Coefficient at Vertical Pressure = 5 psi During Unloading... Fig. 5-17. Ratio of Total Stress At-rest Earth Pressure Coefficient at Vertical Pressure of 5 psi (K,") to that at 30 psi (Kyo").. 163 Fig. 5-18. Variation OFKoT 9 with tn Degree of Saturation Described by the Proposed Equations (5.1)... 16S Fig. 5-19. Relationship Between Kg oc" / Kygnc! and OCR...Fig. 5-20. Relationship Between Unloading Parameter o and Degree of Saturation for Different Values of Relative Compaction Fig. 5-21. Design Diagram for Estimating Ky yc" from Degree of Saturation........ 169 Fig. 5-22. Design Diagram for Estimating a from Degree of Saturation ......00-ne 170 Fig. 6-1. Ko Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y4) - (1) . vo TS Fig. 6-2. Ko Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y12) - [1] .. 16 Fig. 6-3. Ko Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y4) « [2] .n.--0 TB Fig. 6-4. Ko Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y12) = [2]... veel 9 Fig. 6-5. Ko Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y4) - [3] . Fig. 6-6. Ko Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y12) - [3]... Fig, 6-7. Ky Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y4) - [4]... Fig. 6-8. Ky Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y12) - [4] Fig. 6-9. Effects of Dissolving Air in Water on Pore Pressure Parameter. Fig. 6-10. Effects of Values of Modulus on Pore Pressure Parameter. Fig. 6-11. Initial Pore pressure Up Calelated by Fils Method Using Results of High Pressure UU Triaxial Tests... serene 193 Fig. 6-12. Initial Horizontal Stress Measured in the Instrumented Oedometer Tests. Fig. 6-13, Theoretical Values of K3o? Calculated Using the Proposed Method for Estimating Pore Pressure Responses 198 Fig. 6-14. Theoretical Values of Ko, oc! Calculated Using the Proposed Method for Estimating Pore Pressure Responses at OCR = 2. 196 Fig. 6-15. Theoretical Values of Ko, oc™ Calculated Using the Proposed Method for Estimating Pore Pressure Responses at OCR. . 197 Fig. 6-16. Difference Between Theoretical Kj? and Experimental K39', AKT ..........00 198, Fig. 6-17. Ratio of Difference Between Theoretical and Experimental Values s ofa, Divided by Experimental Kg? at OCR = 199 Fig, 6-18, Ratio of Difference Between Theoretical and Experimental Values of Ko", Divided by Experimental Ko? at OCR = 100 Fig. 6-19. Ky Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y4).. xiFig. 6-20. Ky Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y4) Assuming Errors in Measurement of initial Conditions of the Specimen......... 203 204 Fig. 6-21. Ky Model Analysis of Instrumented Oedometer Test (Test Y12) Fig. 7-1. Influence of the Orientation of the Instrumented Oedometer on the Test Results (Test Y31 ‘Compared with Test Y10) sensei 00.206 210 Fig. 7-2. Compaction Conditions of Soaking Test Specimens of Yatesville Silty Sand. Fig. 7-3. Total Stress Path obtained from Soaking Instrumented Odometer Test Test (Y34) 212 Fig. 7-4. Change in Ko with Time Due to Soaking after Loading (Test ¥34) Fig. 7-5. Effective Stress Path During Soaking (Test Y34)... 213 Fig. 7-6. Stress Path Obtained from Soaking Test (Test Y32)... 2S Fig. 7-7. Change in Ky with Time Due to Soaking after Loading (Test Y32)... 216 Fig. 7-8. Effective Stress Path During Soaking (Test Y32) 217 Fig, 7-9. Stress Path Obtained from Soaking Test (Test Y47)... 220 221 Fig. 7-10. Change in Ky with Time Due to Soaking (Test Y47) Fig, 7-11. Effective Stress Path During Soaking (Test Y47)...... 1222 Fig. 7-12. Stress Path Obtained from Soaking (Test Y46) .. Fig. 7-13. Change in Kg with Time Due to Soaking (Test Y46) 225 Fig. 7-14. Effective Stress Path During Soaking (Test Y46)..... 226 Fig, 7-15. Total Stress At-rest Earth Pressure Coefficients Before and After Soaking... 22D Fig, 7-16. Change in Total Stress At-rest Earth Pressure Coefficients Due to Soaking... Fig. 7-17. Effective Stress Path During Soak (Trends of Experimental Results) ... 28S Fig. 8-1. Results of Total Stress Analyses for Instrumented Retaining Wall Tests... Fig. 8-2. Results of Effective Stress Analyses for Instrumented Retaining Wall Tests. Fig. 8-3. Total Stress Path for EP14 Estimated by Total Stress Analysis... Fig. 8-4. Stress Paths for EP14 Estimated by Effective Stress Analysis.. 240 Fig. 8-5. Stress Paths for EP14 Estimated by Effective Stress Analysis Imposing Limiting Line......241 Fig. 8-6. Results of Effective Stress Analyses Imposing Kjjn line in Total Stress Space ....eer-243 xiFig. A-1. Accuracy of Load Cell Measurement with Respect to Electrical Noise.. 265 Fig. A-2. Accuracy of Pressure Measurement with Respect to Electrical Noise... 266 Fig. A-3. Calibration of Load Cells for the High Load Range (0 -180 Ibs)... Fig. A-4. Calibration of the Pressure Transducer for the Low Pressure Range (0-30 psi) ......-...269 270 Fig. A-5. Calibration of the Pressure Transducer for the High Pressure Range (0-70 psi Fig. A-6. Calibration of the Pressure Transducer for the High Pressure Range (0-70 psi) Using nonlinear regression. 2 Fig. A-7. Normalized Error of Ky due to Electrical Noise.......s.e0 Fig. A-8. Normalized Error of Ky due to Combined Error. Fig. A-9. Stabilization of Values of Vertical Pressure, Horizontal Pressure and Ko after Vertical Pressure is Increased from 0 to 30 psi. elnte = Fig. A-10. Stabilization of Values of Vertical Pressure, Horizontal Pressure and Kg after Vertical Pressure is Decreased from 30 to 5 ps 278 Fig. A-11. Stabilization of Values of Vertical Pressure, Horizontal Pressure and Ky after Vertical Pressure is Increased from 0 to 30 psi in 15 Steps. Each step is 4 sec... 7 Fig. A-12. Stabilization of Values of Vertical Pressure, Horizontal Pressure and Ka after Vertical Pressure is Decreased from 30 to 5 psi in 12 Steps. Each step is 4 sec... Fig, A-13. Loading Pattern for the Instrumented Oedometer Tests... Fig. C-l. Cap. Fig. C-2. Retaining Ring...... Fig. C-3. Fixed Half of the Oedometer........ Fig. C-4, Split Half of the Oedometer. Fig. C-5. Base Plate -1 Fig. C-6. Base Plate -2 Fig. C-7. End Wall... Fig. C-8. Side Wall... Fig, C-9. Drainage Insert... Fig, C-10. Plate for Valve and Drainage System...... xiliFig, C-11 Settlement Ring ... Fig. F-1. Gradation Curves for Yatesville Silty Sand.... Fig, F-2. Moisture Density Relationship for Yatesville Silty Sand - after Filz (1992). Fig. F-3. Effective Friction Angle from Consolidated-Undrained Tests for Yatesville Silty Sand + after Filz, (1992)... at Fig. F-4. Total Stress Strength Parameters from Low Pressure UU-Triaxial Tests for Yatesville Silty Sand - after Filz (1992)... 330 Fig, F-5. Initial Tangent Modulus Obtained from UU Triaxial Tests for Yatesville Silty Sand........33 Fig. F-6. Deviator Stress at Failure from UU-Triaxial Tests on Yatesville Silty Sand (Cell Pressure = 10 psi).. Fig. F-7. Deviator Stress at Failure from UU-Triaxial Tests on Yatesville Silty Sand (Cell Pressure = 30 psi)... ae Fig, F-8. Deviator Stress at Failure from UU-Triaxial Tests on Yatesville Silty Sand (Cell Pressure = 50 psi ee 339 Fig. F-9. Deviator Stress at Failure from UU-Triaxial Tests on Yatesville Silty Sand (Cell Pressure = 70 psi)... . Fig. F-10. UU-Triaxial Test Results - Failure Pattern and Type of Stress-Strain Curve (Cell Pressure = 10 psi)... ale 341 Fig. F-11, UU-Triaxial Test Results - Failure Pattern and Type of Stress-Strain Curve (Cell Pressure = 70 psi 342 Fig. F-12. Total Stress Strength Parameters from Unconsolidated-undrained Tests for Yatesville Silty Sand (10< ¢ <70 psi) - Fig. F-13. Contours of Modulus Number K Obtained from High Pressure UU Triaxial Tests for Yatesville Silty Sand... 346 Fig. F-14. Contours of Exponential Number n Obtained from High Pressure UU Triaxial Tests for Yatesville Silty Sand . 1347 Fig. F-15. Total Stress Cohesion Intercepts Interpreted from the Direct Shear Test Results for iste . serene AB ‘Yatesville Silty Sand - from Filz (1992) .... Fig. F-16, Consolidation Test Results for Inundated Yatesville Silty Sand - from Filz (1992) ........ Fig. F-17. Consolidation Test Results for Moist Yatesville Silty Sand - from Filz (1992) ... Fig. F-18. Constrained Modulus Contours - from Filz (1992) ..... xivFig. G-1. Gradation Curves for Monterey Sand #0/30 356 Fig, G-2, Effective Stress Friction Angle for Monterey Sand.... - we sesnancss 360 Fig. G-3. Effective Stress Friction Angle of Monterey Sand #20 - from Marachi et al. (1969)........361LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 2-1. Literature Review on Compaction-Induced Lateral Earth Pressures... 58 Table 3-1. Literature Review on Partly Saturated Soils... Table 3-2. Classification of Partly Saturated Clays - after Barden (1965)... 85 Table 3-3. Definitions of Suctions - after Review Panel (1965)... 86 Table 3-4. Techniques for Suction Measurement. 88 Table 4-1. Instrumented Ocdometer Test Results for Monterey Sand and the Comparison to the Jaky's Empirical Correlation (1944) meted seneeseeed 2D Table 4-2. Values of Ky Obtained by Instrumented Oedometer Tests for Monterey Sand.............123 Table 4-3. Kg Test Results for Monterey Sand Published by Other Researchers... Table 5-1. Conditions of Specimens for Instrumented Oedometer Tests .... Table 5-2. Results of Low Pressure Instrumented Oedometer Tests Table 5-3. Results of High Pressure Instrumented Oedometer Tests ... Table 7-1. Condition of Specimens for Soaking Tests... Table 7-2. Results of Soaking Tests... Table 8-1. Conditions of Instrumented Retaining Wall Tests... Table 8-2. Soil Properties Used in Total Stress Analyses of Retaining Wall Tests. Table 8-3. Soil Properties Used in Effective Stress Analyses of Retaining Wall Tests... Table A-I Instruments Used in the Data Acquisition System and the Test Control System. Table A-2 Characteristics of Load Cells.... Table A-3. Characteristics of Pressure Transducer... 261 Table A-4 Signal Conditioning and Resolution for o, = 70 psi and op, = 30 psi... 297 Table C-1 Specifications for the Instrumented Oedometer. Table E-1 Parameters for Van Genuchten's Model ... 321 Table E-2 Capillary Pressures Estimated by Van Genuchten’s Model (1980) for Specimens of Yatesville Silty Sand....... LtTable F-1. Results of Low Pressure Uncosolidated-Undrained Triaxial Tests Performed by Filz (1992) 329 Table F-2, Summary of UU Triaxial Tests on Yatesville Silty Sand. 333 Table G-1. Index Properties for Monterey #0/30 Sand. 357 xviiCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Stiff retaining walls on non-yielding foundations are usually designed for at-rest earth pressures, equal to 0.4 to 0.6 times the vertical pressure. However, lateral earth pressures induced by compaction of backfill are sometimes much greater than the at-rest pressures. As a result, retaining structures designed to resist only at-rest earth pressures may be damaged, or they may undergo large lateral deflections, when the backfill is compacted. A theory for estimating compaction-induced lateral earth pressures was developed by Duncan and Seed (1986) and modified by Filz (1992). This theory has been successfully applied to dry sand, but earth pressures calculated by Filz (1992) for moist ‘Yatesville silty sand did not agree with values measured in instrumented retaining wall tests. It was surmised that the discrepancy between the calculated and measured earth pressures was caused by inaccurately estimated values of pore pressure in the partly saturated soil during loading. The engineering behavior of partly saturated soils were reviewed during this study to develop improved understanding of pore pressures in partly saturated soils and to devise better methods of estimating earth pressures exerted on walls by compacted moist soils. Within the past thirty years, since Bishop first proposed a rational effective stress equation for partly saturated soils in 1959, progress in the use of effective stress theory for partly saturated soils has been slow. This slow progress is mainly due to the difficulties involved in measuring soil suction. One of the purposes of this research was to develop a method of estimating compaction-induced lateral earth pressures which would not require estimation or measurement of soil suction. INTRODUCTION 1This dissertation consists of nine chapters and seven appendices. Chapter 2 describes and summarizes previous studies of at-rest and compaction-induced lateral earth pressures. The effective stress Ky model developed by Duncan and Seed (1986) and extended by Filz (1992) are described in Chapter 2. The behavior of partly saturated soils was a very important aspect of this research. Chapter 3 describes and summarizes previous studies of the behavior of partly saturated soils. Chapter 4 describes the instrumented oedometer that was designed and constructed. during this study. Tests performed on silicon rubber and dry Monterey sand to validate the operation of the apparatus are also described in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 presents the results of the instrumented oedometer tests performed on specimens of moist Yatesville silty sand, and their interpretation with respect to total stresses. Relationships between the value of total stress K, and compaction density, and water content are discussed. Based on the test results, a method for estimating the total stress value of K, is proposed. Filz's (1992) extension of Duncan and Seed's (1986) Ky model is evaluated in Chapter 6 by analyzing the results of the instrumented oedometer tests. The Ky behavior of partly saturated soils is discussed in terms of the concept of effective stress, and a method for estimating pore pressures during one-dimensional compression is presented. Applying the proposed method to Filz’s (1992) effective stress Ky model, both total stress behavior and pore pressures during one-dimensional loading can be estimated It has been reported that changes in moisture content affect the value of K, after compaction. The results of tests in which specimens were soaked after compaction to examine the effects of changes in moisture content are described in Chapter 7. INTRODUCTION 2Comparison between calculated earth pressures and the results of Filz's (1992) instrumented retaining wall tests on Yatesville silty sand are presented in Chapter 8 The findings of this research are summarized in chapter 9. Possible future studies are also discussed. Appendix A describes the data acquisition and test control system used for the instrumented oedometer tests. The computer program used for data acquisition and test control is described in Appendix B. Shop drawings for the instrumented oedometer are shown in Appendix C. Appendix D presents some mathematical forms for pore pressure parameters for partly saturated soils, and discusses the assumptions and the mechanical basis for the expressions. Appendix E describes VanGenuchten's model, which is used to relate soil suction to degree of saturation. The results of conventional laboratory tests on Yatesville silty sand and Monterey sand are summarized in Appendix F and Appendix G. INTRODUCTION 3CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES OF AT-REST AND COMPACTION-INDUCED LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES 2.1 Introduction Sehn's (1990) review of earth pressures has been brought up to date during the course of this research. Table 2-1 contains a summary of the studies reviewed. For each reference, the nature of the study and the findings and conclusions are summarized. A clear picture of the mechanics of at-rest earth pressures and compaction-induced earth pressures emerges from the information in Table 2-1. The most important facts relating to these issues are summarized in following sections. 2.2 At-rest Earth Pressures Almost all of the experimental studies that have been performed to investigate at- rest pressures have resulted in essentially the same picture of the behavior of soils under condition of no lateral strain (Kjellman and Jacobson, 1955; Bishop and Henkel, 1957; Hendron, 1963; Brooker and Ireland, 1965; Wright, 1969; Campanella and Vaid, 1972; Ofer, 1982; Senneset, 1989; Sehn, 1990) The essential aspects of this behavior are illustrated, for example, by the results of tests performed by Wright (1969) which are shown in Fig. 2-1. The tests were performed on specimens of Monterey sand in a triaxial apparatus with a sensitive strain indicator band around the specimen. As the axial stress increased, the lateral stress was adjusted to maintain zero lateral strain to a high degree of accuracy. 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