TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

QUEZON CITY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Program and for the Completion of the course EE 001 through the Design Experiment entitled: “Identifying
the Correlation of Resistance to the Magnetomotive Force in an Electromagnet”

Submitted by:

Alibosa, Xena P. Nobles, Ireneo Jr. V.

Avenido, Karl Angelo P.
Bernabe, Alain Julius R.
Camasuela, Arvin C.
Erenea, Justine M.
Milo, Clint John A.
Miran, Gerald Rudolph B.
Picardal, Ronnie Jr. P.
Prado, Mark Glo Noelson D.
Realuyo, Gabriel Paul S.
Rillon, Brian Anthony B.
Robles, Rex V.

Submitted to:

Engr. Christine Ann S. Teodoro

Instructor

Engr. Ferdinand D. Milan

Program Chair

October 9, 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Title of the Design Experiment

The Design Experiment is entitled: Identifying the Correlation of Resistance to the

Magnetomotive Force in an Electromagnet.

2. Background of the Design of Experiment

An electromagnet is a type of magnet which harnesses magnetic fields produced as

electrical current flows through a wire. Unlike permanent magnets, electromagnets rely on its
electric connection in order to incur magnetic properties, that is to say, it can be switched on and
off at will. Electromagnetism, therefore, is the phenomenon in which magnetism occurs whenever a
wire is connected to an electric current, a magnetic field emerges. The wire can be further
manipulated into different specifications in order to alter the strength of the magnet.

Current, is the movement of electrons through a path which can be any conductive
material. It is measured in Amperes (A), the number of electrons moving at a point per second.
Voltage, on the other hand, is a force which triggers an electric current to move through a path. It
is otherwise called as the electromotive force (emf), which is measured in volts.

The relationship of a magnet’s strength is determined by the magnetomotive force;

whereas the m.m.f is directly proportional to the Current and the number of turns in the coil. It can
be expressed as: F = Φ R; whereas where Φ is the flux in the material, and R is the magnetic
reluctance of the material.

It is said that the Ohm’s Law is analogous to the Magnetomotive Force. Table 1 presents
the relationships between the two principles.

Table 1: Ohm’s Law Analogy

In order to identity the m.m.f, it is necessary to identify the current of the system, and the
number of turns present at the wire. Theoretically, to obtain the current, the Ohm’s Law can be
used.
3. Statement of the Purpose

The experiment is designed for students to explain the relationship of the Current and the
Magnetomotive force through creating an electromagnet. Particularly, the experiment intends to
ascertain the significant effects of varying the resistance values in the electromagnetic circuit, to its
magnetomotive force. The experiment also aims to investigate how the magnetomotive force
correlates to the number of staples attracted, to express the intensity of the electromagnet.

Thus, the following hypotheses are assumed for the experiment:

1. There is no significant correlation between the resistance value and the

magnetomotive force of the electromagnet.

4. Discussion of Methodology/Strategy

The team has decided to create a simple electromagnet set-up mainly using the following
materials – a DC power source, DC power supply cords, copper wires, a four-inch iron nail, four
resistors, pliers and metal staple clips. With the following materials, it is possible to simulate the
basic principle of an electromagnet which is used in nearly all electronic devices.

The experiment would require to use a set-up of electromagnet, whereas a circuit with a
DC power source, four resistors in varying resistance values, and a solenoid – a coil wrapped
around an iron core, which is all connected in series. This is done in order to draw out the
relationship of varying resistance values, a constant volt supply, and constant number of coils of
the solenoid – to the overall intensity and strength of the electromagnet. It is also done to identify
effect of the MMF value to the number of staples attracted to the electromagnet, at corresponding
values of resistances.

How to Make the Electromagnet:

1. Use the iron nail to serve as the core of your electromagnet. Ensure that there is
enough room for the specified number of coils, and enough space at each end of
the nail.
2. Take one strip of the 2mm Ø stranded copper wire. Before wrapping the wire
around, take at least 4 inches from the end, then place it perpendicular to the
iron nail core.
3. To wrap the wire around the iron nail, use one hand to pinch the head of the nail,
holding the nail parallel to the surface. About half an inch from the head of the
nail, use the other hand to place the copper wire perpendicular to the nail. Press
on it by having the index finger support it from below, and press on the wire
between your thumb and the iron nail.
4. Create the solenoid by wrapping the copper wire around the nail in a single
direction. With the head of the nail, twist it opposite to direction where the longer
part of the wire is pointed. While twisting, press on the wire to ensure each turn
won’t overlap on another. Create 50 turns around the iron nail.
5. From the newer end of the copper wire, measure at least 4 inches and snip of the
excess. Point it to the direction parallel to the end from step 2.
 6. Join one resistor to the wire end made from Step 5. Place the wire from to the
resistor onto the copper wire, at an angle, then twist to secure the connection.
7. Plug in your DC power supply, and with the use of the multimeter, set the volt
output to 15V, and use the voltmeter to measure the output. Turn on the knob as
necessary to reach 15V.
8. Plug the DC power supply connectors, and with the alligator clips at the other end,
clip the positive terminal onto the first end of the copper wire, and the negative
terminal to the other end of the resistor. Follow this electrical circuit diagram on
Figure 1.

Figure 1: Set A Configuration

9. The electromagnet is now complete.

Data Gathering:

1. Measure for the Current across the electromagnet by using four resistors with
different values. Keep the voltage at a constant supply of 15V, and the number of
turns of the solenoid at 50 turns. Use one resistor separately for each set-up, and
do ten trials each.
2. To measure the current, set the Multi-meter as an Ammeter, do this by turning the
main knob and have the arrow point to the symbol A.
3. Place the positive terminal on the right side of solenoid, and the negative terminal
on the left side of the solenoid.
4. Measure the Current for ten trials, and record the results on Table 3 and 4
corresponding to the resistance value.
5. Calculate for the Magnetomotive Force by multiplying the Current measured at
Table 2 to the number of turns in the solenoid of the electromagnet (N = 50 turns).
Record the results on Table 3 and 4 respectively.
6. To measure the intensity of the electromagnet, the staples will be used as
parameter to demonstrate the strength of attraction.
7. Empty the box of ¼ inch staples at a flat surface. Separate each clip from one
another, and lay them all flat onto the surface. Avoid cluttering the clips together,
as it can be carried off without being attracted by the electromagnet due to being
lodged together.
8. For each set-up with one resistor used, bring the tip of the iron nail core across the
staple clips. Dip the tip onto the pile of clips for roughly two seconds, and lift it.
9. Count the number of clips attracted, and record it on Table 4.
10. Repeat ten trials of Steps 8-9 for each resistor used in the circuit.
5. Discuss how the DE team obtained the test results

The following materials are required for this activity:

Table 2: List of Materials

Quantity Item
1 4-inch iron nail
1 4 meters of copper wire, one strip of 2mm Ø stranded wire
1 DC Power Supply Connectors
1 DC Power Supply
1 Long-nose pliers
1 Multimeter
4 Resistors (Different Values)

Figure 2: Iron Nail

The iron nail would serve as the core for the magnetic field in the electromagnet set-up. A
core is responsible for further strengthening the strength of the electromagnet. A ferrous material,
when put inside a coil or a solenoid concentrates the magnetic field, and creates a more intense
magnet. In the activity’s electromagnetic set-up, the iron nail would act as the soft core. A soft core
is a material which can be magnetized and demagnetized at will; it loses its magnetism
immediately as it loses connection to an electrical connection, and does not retain magnetism even
after it loses its electric source.

Figure 3: Box of ¼ inch Staples

 By the Merriam Webster (2019) definition, a staple is a small wire both ends of which are
driven through layers of thin and easily penetrable material (such as paper) and usually clinched to
hold the layers together. Staples are typically made with steel, aluminum or stainless steel. The
experiment considered this property because of its material’s magnetic properties, meaning
magnets are able to attract it. The experiment would need staples as a measure of the
electromagnet’s intensity, the number of staples attracted would be measured to identify the level
of intensity of the electromagnet.

Figure 4: Copper Wire

Copper is a material which is both ductile and malleable. It has specific properties that
allow it to be shaped into various forms without breaking apart and fracturing. It is also a good
conductor due to its low electrical resistance, allowing for current to flow through the material
easily. These properties make it suitable to use for electromagnets which need a wire that can be
easily coiled around a cylinder (a solenoid), and needs to be able to conduct electricity to generate
magnetic fields. The experiment would be requiring to use copper wires as its means of transferring
electric flow in the electromagnet set-up.

Figure 5: DC Power Supply

According to an article from Engineering 360 (2019), DC power supplies are power
supplies which produce an output DC voltage. Power supplies are devices that deliver electric
power to one or several loads. They generate the output power by converting an input signal into
an output signal (in this case, a DC output). The experiment requires the use of this equipment to
steadily provide electricity to the electromagnet circuit.
 Figure 6: DC Power Supply Connectors

As defined by Learn Spark Fun (2019), Connectors are used to join subsections of circuits
together. Usually, a connector is used where it may be desirable to disconnect the subsections at
some future time: power inputs, peripheral connections, or boards which may need to be replaced.
The experiment will use connectors to deliver the electricity directly from the DC power supply to
the electromagnet circuit through clipping it onto the copper wires.

Figure 7: Long-nose Pliers

As stated by Toolpedia Wiki (2019), Long-nose pliers are a pair of pliers with long, tapering
jaws of the same length. The jaws are distinguishable by its narrowing direction toward the end,
and by the fulcrum of the tool is the tapering edge which can be used to snip off material. The
experiment will use this tool in order to round off the wire into coils wrapped around the iron nail
core, as well as snipping off excess copper wire.

Figure 8: Multimeter
 (Rodriguez, 2018), A multimeter, also known as a volt-ohm meter, is a handheld tester
used to measure electrical voltage, current (amperage), resistance, and other values. Multimeters
come in analog and digital versions and are useful for everything from simple tests, like measuring
battery voltage, to detecting faults and complex diagnostics. They are one of the tools preferred by
electricians for troubleshooting electrical problems on motors, appliances, circuits, power supplies,
and wiring systems. In the experiment, the multimeter will be used in order to measure the values
of the resistance, voltage and the present at the electromagnet circuit.

Figure 9: Four Resistors of Different Values

As posited by Techopedia (2019), a resistor is an electrical component with two terminals

that is used to limit or regulate the flow of electrical current in electronic circuits. Its purpose is to
reduce current flow as well as lower the voltage levels in its general vicinity or portion of the circuit.
The experiment would use the resistors to alter the Current of the circuit, and it would serve as an
independent variable to this experiment.

6. Presentation of Data and Test Results (with Picture Evidences)

The table below presents the data gathered upon conducting the experiment. Each set up
has been tabulated, and was further evaluated.

Data and Results:

Table 3: Current and Magnetomotive Force at 98 Ω and 100 Ω

Current Magnetomotive Force

98 Ω 100 Ω 98 Ω 100 Ω
0.1528 A 0.1496 A 7.64 7.48
0.1531 A 0.1497 A 7.655 7.485
0.1529 A 0.1498 A 7.645 7.49
0.1529 A 0.1501 A 7.645 7.505
0.1529 A 0.1500 A 7.645 7.5
0.1530 A 0.1497 A 7.65 7.485
0.1532 A 0.1496 A 7.66 7.48
0.1532 A 0.1497 A 7.66 7.485
 0.1530 A 0.1496 A 7.65 7.48
0.1531 A 0.1495 A 7.655 7.475

Table 2 presents the measured values of the current and the magnetomotive force for ten
trials, using 98 Ω and 100 Ω. The Current value in amperes (A) is attained through the use of the
multi-meter, and the magnetomotive force is calculated by multiplying the current measured at
each trial to the number of turns (50 turns).

The results show that when a 98 Ω resistor is used, at the first trial, the current was
measured at 0.1528 A, which corresponded to a magnetomotive force of 7.64; the second trial had
0.1531 A and 7.655 MMF; the third trial had 0.1529 A and 7.645 MMF; the fourth trial had 0.1529 A
and 7.645 MMF; the fifth trial had 0.1529 A and 7.645 MMF; the sixth trial had 0.1530 A and 7.65
MMF; the seventh trial had 0.1532 A and 7.66 MMF; the eighth trial had 0.1532 A and 7.66 MMF;
the ninth trial had 0.1530 A and 7.65 MMF; and the tenth trial had 0.1531 A and 7.655 MMF.

Consequently, when a 100 Ω resistor was used, the first trial had 0.1496 A and 7.48 MMF;
the second trial had 0.1497 A and 7.485 MMF; the third trial had 0.1498 A and 7.49 MMF; the
fourth trial had 0.1501 A and 7.505 MMF; the fifth trial had 0.1500 A and 7.5 MMF; the sixth trial
had 0.1497 A and 7.485 MMF; the seventh trial had 0.1496 A and 7.48 MMF; the eighth trial had
0.1497 A and 7.485 MMF; the ninth trial had 0.1496 A and 7.48 MMF; and the tenth trial had
0.1495 A and 7.475 MMF.

Upon recording, the data has been tabulated into the following graph to present the
relationship of the Current and the Magnetomotive Force for both resistance values.

Figure 10: Current and MMF at 98 Ω

The graph presents the relationship of the Current to the Magnetomotive Force with a
resistor value of 98 Ω. At 0.1528 A, the MMF is at 7.64; at 0.1529 A, the MMF is at 7.645; at
0.1530 A, the MMF is at 7.65; at 0.1531 A, the MMF is at 7.655; at 0.1532 A, the MMF is at 7.66.
The scatter points creates a line pointing upward, which detemines that there is a proportional
relationship among the two variables.
 Figure 11: Current and MMF at 100 Ω
The graph presents the relationship of the Current to the Magnetomotive Force with a
resistor value of 100 Ω. At 0.1495 A, the MMF is at 7.475; at 0.1496 A, the MMF is at 7.48; at
0.1497 A, the MMF is at 7.485; at 0.1498 A, the MMF is at 7.49; at 0.1500 A, the MMF is at 7.5,
and at 0.1501 A, the MMF is at 7.505. The scatter points created a line pointing upward, which
detemined that there was a proportional relationship among the two variables.

Table 4: Current and Magnetomotive Force at 120 Ω and 150 Ω

Current Magnetomotive Force

120 Ω 150 Ω 120 Ω 150 Ω
0.124 A 0.11 A 6.2 5.5
0.123 A 0.11 A 6.15 5.5
0.126 A 0.10 A 6.3 5
0.126 A 0.11 A 6.3 5.5
0.123 A 0.12 A 6.15 6
0.126 A 0.11 A 6.3 5.5
0.124 A 0.10 A 6.2 5
0.126 A 0.12 A 6.3 6
0.127 A 0.10 A 6.35 5
0.126 A 0.11 A 6.3 5.5

Table 3 presents the measured values of the current and the magnetomotive force for ten
trials, using 120 Ω and 150 Ω. The Current value in amperes (A) is attained through the use of the
multi-meter, and the magnetomotive force is calculated by multiplying the current measured at
each trial to the number of turns (50 turns).

The results show that when a 120 Ω resistor is used, at the first trial, the current was
measured at 0.124 A, which corresponded to a magnetomotive force of 6.2; the second trial had
0.123 A and 6.15 MMF; the third trial had 0.126 A and 6.3 MMF; the fourth trial had 0.126 A and
6.3 MMF; the fifth trial had 0.123 A and 6.15 MMF; the sixth trial had 0.126 A and 6.3 MMF; the
seventh trial had 0.124 A and 6.2 MMF; the eighth trial had 0.126 A and 6.3 MMF; the ninth trial
had 0.127 A and 6.35 MMF; and the tenth trial had 0.126A and 6.3 MMF.

Consequently, when a 150 Ω resistor was used, the first trial had 0.11 A and 5.5 MMF; the
second trial had 0.11 A and 5.5 MMF; the third trial had 0.10 A and 5 MMF; the fourth trial had 0.11
A and 5.5 MMF; the fifth trial had 0.12 A and 6 MMF; the sixth trial had 0.11 A and 5.5 MMF; the
seventh trial had 0.10 A and 5 MMF; the eighth trial had 0.12 A and 6 MMF; the ninth trial had 0.10
A and 5 MMF; and the tenth trial had 0.11 A and 5.5 MMF.

Upon recording, the data has been tabulated into the following graph to present the
relationship of the Current and the Magnetomotive Force for both resistance values.

Figure 12: Current and MMF at 120 Ω

The graph presents the relationship of the Current to the Magnetomotive Force with a
resistor value of 120 Ω. At 0.123 A, the MMF is at 6.15; at 0.124 A, the MMF is at 6.2; at 0.126 A,
the MMF is at 6.3, and at 0.127 A, the MMF is at 6.35. The scatter points created a line pointing
upward, which detemined that there was a proportional relationship among the two variables.

Figure 13: Current and MMF at 150 Ω

The graph presents the relationship of the Current to the Magnetomotive Force with a
resistor value of 150 Ω. At 0.1 A, the MMF is at 5; at 0.11 A, the MMF is at 5.5, and at 0.12 A, the
MMF is at 6. The scatter points created a line pointing upward, which detemined that there was a
proportional relationship among the two variables.

7. Computation: use of Engineering Theories and Principles

The experiment utilized the following Engineering Theories and Principles:

 • Magnetomotive Force
o F = Φℜ
o Wherein, F is the Electromagnetic Force, Φ is the Magnetic Flux, and ℜ is the
Reluctance.
o Also expressed as F = NI
o Wherein, F is the Electromagnetic Force, N is the number of turns and I is the
current.

Computations:

98 Ω 120 Ω
0.1528 A x 50 = 7.64 0.123 A x 50 = 6.15
0.1529 A x 50 = 7.645 0.124 A x 50 = 6.2
0.1530 A x 50 = 7.65 0.126 A x 50 = 6.3
0.1531 A x 50 = 7.655 0.127 A x 50 = 6.35
0.1532 A x 50 = 7.66

100 Ω 150 Ω
0.1495 A x 50 = 7.475 0.10 A x 50 = 5
0.1496 A x 50 = 7.48 0.11 A x 50 = 5.5
0.1497 A x 50 = 7.485 0.12 A x 50 = 6
0.1498 A x 50 = 7.49
0.1500 A x 50 = 7.5
0.1501 A x 50 = 7.505

Statistical Treatment:

With the gathered results, is necessary to test whether the data is statisitcally significant or
not. The statistical treatment used was the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, or Pearson
Correlation coefficient for short. According to Laerd Statistics (2019), a Pearson product-moment
correlation attempts to draw a line of best fit through the data of two variables, and the Pearson
correlation coefficient, r, indicates how far away all these data points are to this line of best fit (i.e.,
how well the data points fit this new model/line of best fit). The experiment made use of the
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation in order to identify the strength of association between the
value of the resistance in ohms, to the magnetomotive force of the electromagnet.

Figure 14: Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Formula

Computation:

The researchers made use of Microsoft Excel to solve for the Pearson Coefficient
through the data analysis function. The results are as follows:

Table 5: Pearson Coefficient at 98 Ω

Current at 98 Ω Magnetomotive Force

Current at 98 Ω 1 1
Magnetomotive Force 1 1

Table 6: Pearson Coefficient at 100 Ω

Current at 100 Ω Magnetomotive Force

Current at 100 Ω 1 1
Magnetomotive Force 1 1

Table 7: Pearson Coefficient at 120 Ω

Current at 120 Ω Magnetomotive Force

Current at 120 Ω 1 1
Magnetomotive Force 1 1

Table 8: Pearson Coefficient at 150 Ω

Current at 150 Ω Magnetomotive Force

Current at 150 Ω 1 1
Magnetomotive Force 1 1

Analysis for Statistcal Significance:

Note:
• α = 0.5
• df = N – 2, n = 10;
df = 8
Table 9: Table of Critical Values for Pearson’s r

Referring to the table and the identified df, the critical value is 0.666 (where α = 0.5;
df = 8)

Figure 15: Correlation Significance for r = 1; 98 Ω

Upon using the Pearson’s Coefficient formula to assess the strength of association
between the resistance and the magnetomotive force. With the 98 Ω resistor set-up , the Pearson
coefficient was found to be 1, in contrast to the critical value of 0.666. The coefficient value is found
beyond the boundaries of the critical values, thus the Ho is rejected.

Figure 16: Correlation Significance for r = 1; 100 Ω

 Upon using the Pearson’s Coefficient formula to assess the strength of association
between the resistance and the magnetomotive force. With the 100 Ω resistor set-up , the Pearson
coefficient was found to be 1, in contrast to the critical value of 0.666. The coefficient value is found
beyond the boundaries of the critical values, thus the Ho is rejected.

Figure 17: Correlation Significance for r = 1; 120 Ω

Upon using the Pearson’s Coefficient formula to assess the strength of association
between the resistance and the magnetomotive force. With the 120 Ω resistor set-up , the Pearson
coefficient was found to be 1, in contrast to the critical value of 0.666. The coefficient value is found
beyond the boundaries of the critical values, thus the Ho is rejected.

Figure 18: Correlation Significance for r = 1; 150 Ω

Upon using the Pearson’s Coefficient formula to assess the strength of association
between the resistance and the magnetomotive force. With the 120 Ω resistor set-up , the Pearson
coefficient was found to be 1, in contrast to the critical value of 0.666. The coefficient value is found
beyond the boundaries of the critical values, thus the Ho is rejected.

8. Conclusion

Through the experiment, provided with statistical basis, the initial hypothesis has been
disapproved, and therefore it was concluded that – Resistance and the Magnetomotive Force
are statistically significant to one another. It is possible to directly influence the overall
magnetomotive force of an electromagnet through modifying the circuit, particularly with
altering the resistance values.
9. Synthesis

The experiment conducted was to create an electromagnet with the use of copper wires, a
DC power supply, four resistors of different values, and an iron nail. Conducting the experiment
was done for the purpose of identifying the relative effect of resistance to the magnetomotive force
of the electromagnet. With regards to the resistance – the Resistance inversely influences the
value of the Current. Although, the Current is said to be directly proportional to the number of turns,
in computing for the magnetomotive force. The results show a positive trend of resistance-
magnetomotive force relationship, whereas the two variables are observed to be unproportionally
influence each other. There are several uncertainties faced in the experiment – it is unknown how
the magnetomotive force influences the intensity of the electromagnet. Despite the uncertainty,
conducting the experiment has provided valid results to prove that the resistance holds a significant
influence on the magnetomotive force.
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10. DE Team’s information/vitae
11. Rubrics: