LEACHING

Conclusion & Recommendation

In the experiment, the analysis of the experimental data obtain shows the relationship of percent
weight of NaCl and density using Westphal Balance, the density of the liquid increases as the
composition of the NaCl increases. As well as in the determination of densities of Batch
Extraction of two stages, single stage and multistage countercurrent. This comparison of
crosscurrent concluded that the multistage results a higher density of the raffinate compared to
the density of extract.
It is recommended to use other solid materials for leaching other than sand to compare the
effectiveness of other materials.

DIFFUSION
Conclusion & Recommendation
In this experiment, volatile liquids diffuses at any given time of temperature for 50,65 and 80
degree Celsius. The differences of height of each liquids increases as it approaches its
theoretical boiling point. As the liquids continues to diffuse near its boiling point for a very long
time the volatile liquid will be run out.
It is recommended to have a well function equipment to lessen the factors affecting the
experiment.
 LEACHING
APPENDIX 1
Table 1. Construction of Density-Concentration Plot for NaCl solution

Percent Weight of NaCl Density (kg/m^3)

0 1010
4 1015
8 1040
12 1070
16 1110
20 1150
25 1160

Table 2. Preparation of Fresh Feed

Density of Fresh Feed 1180 kg/m^3

Weight % Composition
NaCl 14.28%
Sand 42.86%
Water 42.86%

Mixture Density (kg/m^3)

Beaker 1 1187 kg/m^3)

Beaker 2 1181 km/m^3

Beaker 3 1163 kg/m^3

Table 3. Single-Stage Extraction Operation
Table 4. Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction Operation

 Mixture Portion Density (kg/m^3)

1st 1183
Beaker 4
2nd 1184
  
1st 1227

Beaker 5 2nd 1170

3rd 1170
 
1st 1230

2nd 1202
Beaker 6
3rd 1161

4th 1020

Table 5. Steady State Multistage Countercurrent Extraction Operation

Density of Raffinate 1145 kg/m^3

Density of Extract 1076 kg/m^3

Table 6. Determination of Densities Using Westphal Balance

Density of Raffinate 1145 kg/m^3

Density of Extract 1076 kg/m^3

APPENDIX 2.
 Density-Concentration for NaCl Solution
Figure
1,160
1.
1,140
Mass
1,120
1,100
1,080
1,060
1,040
1,020
1,000
0 4 8 12 16 20 25

% wt NaCl Solution

Fraction of NaCl in water

Figure 2. Preparation of
Steady State Multistage
Countercurrent Extraction
Operation
Figure 3. Measuring of density using westphal balance for the construction of Density-
Concentration plot for NaCl solution

DIFFUSION OF LIQUIDS THROUGH STAGNANT, NON-DIFFUSING AIR

APPENDIX 1
Table 1. Mass Diffusivity of Vapor in Air at T = 50 °C and P = 1 atm

Trial 1  

T= 50 °C P = 1 atm  

Liquid Experimental Lennard-Jones Gilliland Available Data

Acetone 7.314 7.194 7.416  

Isopropyl Alcohol 8.52 8.286 8.64  

Ethanol 7.11 7.2 7.206  

Methanol 6.024 5.97 6.108  

Ethyl Acetate 11.172 10.722 11.328  

Table 2. Mass Diffusivity of Vapor in Air at T = 65 °C and P = 1 atm

Trial 2  

T= 65 °C P = 1 atm  

Liquid Experimental Lennard-Jones Gilliland Available Data

Acetone 7.92 7.842 7.938  

Isopropyl Alcohol 9.222 9.006 9.252  

Ethanol 7.698 7.848 7.716  

Methanol 6.522 6.504 6.54  

Ethyl Acetate 12.096 11.67 12.126  

Table 3. Mass Diffusivity of Vapor in Air at T = 80 °C and P = 1 atm

 Trial 3  

T= 80 °C P = 1 atm  

Liquid Experimental Lennard-Jones Gilliland Available Data

Acetone 8.54 8.574 8.478  

Isopropyl Alcohol 9.954 9.756 9.87  

Ethanol 8.304 8.52 8.238  

Methanol 7.038 7.056 6.978  

Ethyl Acetate 13.05 12.66 12.942  

Table 4. Water bath temp = 50 °C and Atmospheric Pressure = 1 atm

 Trial 1

T= 50 °C P = 1 atm
Initial Height
Liquid Height @ 5 minutes Height @ 10 minutes
(m^2/min)
Acetone 9.8 3.55 2.8

Isopropyl Alcohol 9.8 9.8 9.75

Ethanol 9.85 9.8 9.8

Methanol 9.8 7.2 4.1

Ethyl Acetate 5.9 5.5 4.3

Table 5. Water bath temp = 65 °C and Atmospheric Pressure = 1 atm

Trial 2

T= 65 °C P = 1 atm
Initial Height
Liquid Height @ 5 minutes Height @ 10 minutes
(m^2/min)
Acetone 9.8 8.2 6.85

Isopropyl Alcohol 9.85 8.6 7.9

Ethanol 9.8 9.7 9.6

Methanol 9.8 8.5 6.2

Ethyl Acetate 5.3 4.5 4.1

Table 6. Water bath temp = 80 °C and Atmospheric Pressure = 1 atm

 Trial 3

T= 80 °C P = 1 atm
Initial Height
Liquid Height @ 5 minutes Height @ 10 minutes
(m^2/min)
Acetone 9.8 7.8 5.5

Isopropyl Alcohol 9.85 7.6 7.1

Ethanol 9.8 9.4 8.7

Methanol 9.8 8 7.4

Ethyl Acetate 5.4 4.3 3.4

APPENDIX 2.
Figure 1. Determination of diffusion of liquids at a given time.