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Multiple Reactions
The Four Types
What’s New to Our Algorithm
Reactions in Series
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Integral Method
Consider the following reaction that occurs in a constant volume
Batch Reactor: (We will withdraw samples and record the
concentration of A as a function of time.)
A Products
Mole Balance:
Rate Law:
Stochiometry:
Combine:
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Finally we should also use the formula to plot reaction rate data in
terms of conversion vs. time for 0, 1st and 2nd order reactions.
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Finding the Rate law (Integral
Method)
Guess and check for α = 0, 1, 2 and check against
experimental plot
CA
ln(CA0/CA)
1/CA
t
t
t
Differential Method
Taking the natural log of
Slope = α
ln
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Methods for finding the slope of log-log and semi-log graph papers
may be found at
http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/GLP/.
time (s) 0 t1 t2 t3
concentration (moles/dm3) CA0 CA1 CA2 CA3
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Three Ways to determine (-dCA/dt) from Concentration-Time Data
Graphical differentiation
Numerical differentiation formulas
Differentiation of a polynomial fit to the data
1. Graphical
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9 The method accentuates measurement error!
Example - Finding Rate Law
t(min) 0 1 2 3
t
1 2 3
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Example - Finding Rate Law
Find the f(t) of using equal area differentiation
dCA/dt
Slope = α
ln
11 CA
Non-Linear Least-Square Analysis
We want to find the parameter values (α, k, E) for which the
sum of the squares of the differences, the measured rate (rm),
and the calculated rate (rc) is a minimum.
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Non-Linear Least-Square Analysis
For concentration-time data, we can integrate the mole balance
equation for to obtain
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Non-Linear Least-Square Analysis
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Regression Method
Guess values forα and k and solve for measured data points
then sum squared differences:
Cmeas 1 0.7 0.5 0.35
CCalc 1 0.5 0.33 0.25
(Cc-Cm) 0 -0.2 -0.17 -0.10
(Cc-Cm)2 0 0.04 0.029 0.01 0.07
for α= 2, k = 1 → S2 = 0.07
for α = 2, k = 2 → S2 = 0.27
15 etc. until S2 is a minimum
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Residuals
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End of Lecture 11
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