6.

THREE CSTR’s IN SERIES – OPEN LOOP

AIM:

Write a program to calculate output concentration for three CSTRs connected in

series for various time intervals- Open loop system.

Theory:

Considered a three CSTR’s in series in which A B first order reaction takes place.
Product B is produced, and reactant A is consumed in each of the three perfectly
mixed reactors by a first-order reaction occurring in the liquid. For the moment let us
assume that the temperatures and holdups (volumes) of the three tanks can be
different, but both temperatures and the liquid volumes are assumed to be constant
(isothermal and constant holdup). Density is assumed constant throughout the
system, which is a binary mixture of A and B.

Thus, the total continuity equation for the first reactor is

Likewise, total mass balances on tanks 2 and 3 give

where F is defined as the throughput (m3/min).

Component A continuity equation

The equations describing the dynamic changes in the amounts of reactant A in each
tank are (with units of kg - mol of A/min) (Component A continuity equation)

The specific reaction rates kn are given by the Arrhenius equation

If the temperatures in the reactors are different, the k’s are different. The n refers to
the stage number.
If the throughput F is constant and the holdups and temperatures are the same in all
three tanks, Equations become
where τ = V/F with units of minutes.
There is only one forcing function or input variable, CA0

three unknowns or dependent variables: CA1, CA2, and CA3.

Data:

CA0 = 1.8 kg mol of component A/m3

Time = 0

CA1 = 0.4 kg mol of component A/m3,

CA2 = 0.2 kg mol of component A/m3

CA3=0.1 kg mol of component A/m3

Parameters:

τ= 2.0min Rate constant k= 0.5 min-1

Euler’s Integration algorithm
If we have two simultaneous, I order ODEs

The Euler’s integration algorithm would be

For n=0, calculate

1
C A 1(n+ 1)=C A 1 ,n + ∆t [ (C A 0−C A 1 , n)−k C A 1, n ]
τ

1
C A 2(n+ 1)=C A 2 ,n + ∆ t[ (C A 1 , n−C A 2 ,n )−k C A 2 ,n ]
τ

1
C A 3(n +1)=C A 3 ,n + ∆ t [ (C A 2 , n−C A 3 ,n )−k C A 3 , n ]
τ

∆t=0.1 min

tn+1 = tn + ∆t

Result:
Matlab Program:

Create cstreuler.m file using Euler method

% CSTR in series open-loop

clear;clc;
ca0=1.8; ca1= 0.4; ca2= 0.2; ca3= 0.1; t=0; k= 0.5; tav= 2.0;
n=1;
a1(n)=ca1; a2(n)=ca2; a3(n)=ca3; time(n)=t;
delta=0.1;
disp('TIME CA1 CA2 CA3')
for i=1:100
dca1 = ((ca0-ca1)/tav) - (k*ca1);
dca2 = ((ca1-ca2)/tav) - (k*ca2);
dca3 = ((ca2-ca3)/tav) - (k*ca3);
ca1 = ca1 + (delta*dca1);
ca2 = ca2 + (delta*dca2);
ca3 = ca3 + (delta*dca3);
t = t+delta;
fprintf('%d \t %d \t %d \t %d\n', time, ca1, ca2, ca3);
n=n+1;
a1(n)=ca1;
a2(n)=ca2;
a3(n)=ca3;
time(n)= t;
end
plot (time,a1,'ro', time, a2,'b+', time, a3,'g*')
legend ('CA1','CA2','CA3')
title('Three CSTR s in series-open loop')
xlabel('time(min)')
ylabel('concentration (kmol/m^3)')
 Create cstr3.m function file

function caprime = cstr3(t,ca)

caprime = zeros(3,1);
caprime(1)= (1.8-ca(1))/2-0.5*ca(1);
caprime(2) = (ca(1)-ca(2))/2-0.5*ca(2);
caprime(3) = (ca(2)-ca(3))/2-0.5*ca(3);

Edit another script File with any name like cstrode

ca0= [0.4 0.2 0.1];

[t,ca]= ode45(@cstr3, [1,10], ca0);
plot(t,ca(:,1),'+r', t,ca(:,2),'*k',t,ca(:,3),'.-b');
legend ('CA1','CA2','CA3');
xlabel ('Time');
ylabel ('Concentration');
title ('CSTR in Series');