Journal of Modern Optics

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A combination of tapered fibre and polarization

controller in generating highly stable and tunable
dual-wavelength C-band laser

H. Ahmad, M. J. Faruki, M. Z. A. Razak, M. F. Jaddoa, S. R. Azzuhri, M. T.

Rahman & M. F. Ismail

To cite this article: H. Ahmad, M. J. Faruki, M. Z. A. Razak, M. F. Jaddoa, S. R. Azzuhri, M. T.

Rahman & M. F. Ismail (2016): A combination of tapered fibre and polarization controller in
generating highly stable and tunable dual-wavelength C-band laser, Journal of Modern Optics,
DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1260172

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2016.1260172

Published online: 23 Nov 2016.

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Journal of Modern Optics, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2016.1260172

A combination of tapered fibre and polarization controller in generating highly

stable and tunable dual-wavelength C-band laser
H. Ahmad, M. J. Faruki, M. Z. A. Razak, M. F. Jaddoa, S. R. Azzuhri, M. T. Rahman and M. F. Ismail
Photonics Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

This paper demonstrates the use of a tapered fibre in generating a highly stable and tunable dual- Received 26 July 2016
wavelength fibre laser. By unique arrangement of polarization controller, adjustable spacing range Accepted 31 October 2016
between 0.94 and 3.32 nm and side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) up to 50 dB were recorded. The KEYWORDS
results were achieved at laser pump power of 94.7 mW. The inter-modal interference is achieved Dual-wavelength fibre laser;
through the use of a non-adiabatic tapered fibre, made by a systematic flame brushing technique. erbium-doped fibre laser;
The tapered fibre suppresses the mode competition in the 3-m erbium-doped fibre (EDF) gain tapered fibre
medium. Over 60 min, the laser exhibited very high stability with acceptable peak power and SMSR.
The proposed EDF laser operates from 1556.71 to 1562.13 nm range.

Introduction large evanescent fields, nonlinearity, configurability and

Laser devices have reshaped the world’s technological
landscape in last 20 years and have been used in many
practical applications such as CD players, laser pointers,
computer chip etching, remote sensing and many more
(1). Currently, dual-wavelength fibre lasers (DWFLs) and
multiple wavelength fibre laser (2–4) have garnered much
research attention since it is useful for many applications
such as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) (5),
microwave generation, high-resolution spectroscopy, fibre
sensing, distance measurements (6), terahertz difference
signal generation (7), frequency mixing (8), differential
absorption lidars (DIALs) (9) and radio over fibre (ROF)
(10). DWFL can produce perfectly synchronized two
wavelength pulses using one laser (9) and this is the rea-
son why DWFLs are very favourable. Meanwhile, DIALs
are used mainly to monitor trace gas (9) and in this case
the DWFL can be used to produce DIALs system with
low cost, rugged, light and compact, alignment free has-
sle, polarization independent, sustainable, highly efficient
and broadly tunable. It is believed that Terahertz radiation
could also be generated using a reaction of DWFL out-
put with external crystal that can be further used in new
industrial process quality control and security monitoring
(11, 12).
Optical microfibres, which are also known as tapered
fibres, have attracted significant research interest because
of their interesting and useful optical properties such as
robustness (13). Microfibres can be integrated easily using
a conventional single-mode fibre (SMF). Using the tran-
sition region of the tapered fibre and by controlling the
adiabatic angle, many useful things can be designed such
as broadband single-mode filters and couplers (13–16),
selective excitation of the fundamental mode in multi-
mode fibres (17), comb-like filters for tunable lasers.
To date, only a few works have been found on the gen-
eration of dual wavelength using tapered fibre (18–20).
An SLM-based erbium doped fibre (EDF) ring laser with
one superimposed FBG and dual-tapered Mach–Zehnder
interferometer (MZI) was demonstrated (18). In another
work, a dual-wavelength EDF laser has been developed
using a tapered fibre (20) as a comb filter with a spacing of
1.6 nm, SNR > 40 dB, operated at 1557.0 and 1558.6 nm. So
far no report has been found about the tunability of DWFL
on 1.5  μm region. A dual-wavelength SLM Ytterbium-
doped fibre laser using dual-tapered MZI for 1 μm region
was reported in (19) where tunability of DWFL was done
by utilizing the dual-tapered MZI and adjustment of cavity
polarization state using a polarization controller (PC).
The focus of this work was to produce tunable DWFL
and the work was motivated by designing a simple yet
effective set-up using tapered fibre. In this paper, a highly
stable and tunable dual wavelength with various spacing
of 0.4, 0.94, 1.1, 2.02, 3.12 and 3.32 nm that operates of
wavelength between 1556.71 and 1562.13 nm is presented.

CONTACT  H. Ahmad  harith@um.edu.my

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2   H. AHMAD ET AL.
In addition, a side-mode suppression ration (SMSR) up
to 50 dB was achieved. The proposed cavity can produce
closely spaced DWFL (0.4 nm) to 3.32-nm spaced DEFL.
From author’s best of knowledge, this is the first demon-
stration of tunable and highly stable dual-wavelength
erbium-doped fibre laser using tapered fibre in C-band
region (21).
Experimental set-up
The experimental set-up for the dual-wavelength EDFL
generation using a tapered fibre is illustrated in Figure 1. A
980-nm laser diode (LD) was used as a pump with output
power of 600 mW (Oclaro model LC96A74P-20R). The
output of the LD was connected to 980/1550 nm WDM.
A 3-m-long EDF was used as a gain medium in the cavity
that was connected to one of the WDM’s output port. An
isolator was connected in the cavity after the EDF output
to make sure that the light circulated only in one direction.
A tapered fibre with total length of 15 cm and a diameter
of 2 μm was used in the cavity. A PC was included after the
tapered fibre to control the polarization state of the cavity.
A 95/5 coupler was connected right after the tapered fibre
where 95% of the light circulated in the cavity and only
5% of the light from the cavity was monitored as output
to the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) and an optical
power meter.
Experimental results and discussions
A tapered fibre was fabricated using our systematic
flame brushing method (22). Firstly, the fibre coating of
around 4 cm length was removed from the SMF. Then it
was loaded on a pulling stage using two fibre holders. The
fibre was heated and softens by a flame of butane–oxygen
mixture and the fibre was pulled until the expected length
and diameter are achieved of approximately 15 cm and
2  μm, respectively. An amplified spontaneous emission
(ASE) source was connected to one end of the fibre and
other end was connected to the OSA where inter-modal
Figure 1. Experimental setup for DWFL (with PC).
interference and insertion loss was observed. Beside fun-
damental modes, many other modes are excited in the
fibre as an effect of tapering process. In the beginning,
core mode or fundamental mode is the only mode prop-
agating in the fibre (20, 23). The refractive index of the
core mode decreases continuously because the diameter
of the core is being reduced during tapering process. The
cladding modes are generated besides fundamental mode
after it reaches to cladding index (20, 23). Spatial fringes
can be observed because of intermodal beating between
core and cladding modes. In order to generate interfer-
ence in higher order modes; the tapered fibre needs to
be fabricated non-adiabatically. Harun et al. reported
that a non-adiabatic tapered fibre with a waist diameter
of less than 5 μm capable of inducing this intermodal
interference (20). As such, in this work, a tapered fibre
with waist diameter of 2 μm was fabricated, based on the
preprogramed settings available on the tapering machine.
However, the attenuation or intersection loss depends on
the diameter of the tapered fibre. The attenuation increases
as the diameter is decreased (20, 23). In this experiment,
the insertion loss measured was less than 5 dB due to the
tapering process. Transmission spectrum of the tapered
fibre with a non-polarized ASE spectrum is demonstrated
in Figure 2. The dotted line represents the ASE spectrum
with non-tapered fibre and black line represents the
ASE spectrum of tapered fibre. The ASE spectrum was
recorded at 7 mW of input power where it was on the
threshold level. It can be seen that there was a significant
interference pattern in the ASE transmission spectrum in
the tapered fibre. When the loop was closed, it will cause
a narrow lasing on the optical spectrum. Normally, the
lasing occurs at peak interference at a certain wavelength.
The lasing peak can be shifted to other peak, or generating
multiple peaks by adjusting polarization through PC.
The tapered fibre generates comb-like intermodal inter-
ference pattern as described in (19). By taking the advan-
tages of this interference pattern, the proposed cavity can
Figure 2.  ASE spectrum of the tapered fibre (black) and non-
tapered fibre (dotted).

generate dual wavelength. Furthermore, the intermodal
interference generated by the non-adiabatic tapered fibre
suppresses the mode competition within the EDF, which
is a result of homogenous broadening, and thus helps sta-
bilize the dual wavelength (20, 24).
The gain of the EDF was large enough to compensate
the insertion loss of the tapered fibre. The output spectrum
of the proposed cavity is shown in Figure 3 (without PC)
Figure 3. Dual wavelength using different pump power (without
using PC).
Figure 4. DWFL laser at 94.7 mW input power (Δλ = 0.94 nm) with
PC.
Figure 5. (a) Dual-wavelength output scan at pump power of 94.7 mW (20 readings for 60-min duration); (b) Peak power fluctuation for
λ1 = 1558.77 nm and λ2 = 1559.71 nm.
JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS   3
and Figure 4 (with PC). As much as 95% of the light cir-
culated and amplified by the EDF inside the ring cavity.
There was a competition among the peaks in the trans-
mission spectrum, as illustrated in Figure 2, and the high-
est intensity peaks demonstrated the most gain. Thus, it
became dominant in the loop ring (20, 23). In this case,
there are two peaks with almost the same intensity and
thus both of the peaks gained higher energy from the EDF.
These peaks are dominant than others in the ring cavity.
Initially, the experiment set-up that shown in Figure 1
was carried out without the inclusion of the PC. The objec-
tive of doing this was to generate a stable dual wavelength
using the tapered fibre interference concept. Then, the PC
is added in the cavity and dual wavelength was tuned by
unique arrangement of the PC.
Without the PC, it was evident from the experiment
that the proposed cavity produced a stable dual wavelength
with different pump powers. When the pump power was
increased, there was increment in the peak power and
SMSR of DWFL, but the increment occurred at the same
wavelength. Graphical result of the proposed dual-wave-
length cavity is shown in Figure 3. The dual-wavelength
threshold was observed at 7.1 mW input power. However,
the dual wavelength in the proposed cavity became stable
when the input power reached 12.3 mW. The pump power
was increased gradually to measure the stability of the
observed dual wavelength. The pump power was increased
firstly to 38.1 mW, secondly 94.7 mW, thirdly to 151.6
mW and lastly to 183.3 mW. The output power (5%) in
OSA is illustrated in Figure 3. It was found that the lasing
occurred at the same wavelength for the all mentioned
pump power.
Next, the PC was added in the cavity, as shown in
Figure 1, to control the spacing between two wavelengths.
By changing the PC orientation, the propagating light’s
polarization state in the cavity can be tuned. The changes
4   H. AHMAD ET AL.

of polarization state in the cavity may induce different
cavity loss and gain compensation in EDF (25–27). The
PC induces high loss inside the cavity and since cavity
loss increases, the net cavity gain profile tends to shift to
shorter wavelength. The laser lases at the highest gain (i.e
at shorter wavelength) across the gain profile. Moreover,
the tapered fibre induces particular interference peaks.
Since interference peaks depends on polarization state,
a slight adjustment of the PC causes the lasing to switch
from one wavelength to other wavelength (19). The loss
for introducing PC in the cavity was measured as 2 dB by
comparing the achieved spectrum with the PC and with-
out the PC. The dual-wavelength lasing output spectrum,
occurred at 94.7 mW input power, is shown in Figure 4.
By setting pump power to 94.7 mW, the dual-wavelength
peaks were found at 1558.77 and 1559.71 nm with a spac-
ing of 0.94 nm. The peak output power was −5.9 and −6.4
dBm at 1558.77 and 1559.71 nm, respectively. The SMSR
obtained was approximately 50 dB.
The stability of the dual wavelength was tested over
60-min time period where the data were taken at every
3-min interval. It was found that the system is stable at
different input power and it showed an acceptable peak
difference and wavelength spacing between two lasing
spectrums. The stability of dual wavelength for 60 min at
95.7 mW input power is shown in Figure 5(a).
Power difference between two peaks was observed in
the range of 0.22–0.56 dB and the wavelength spacing of

Figure 6.  Dual-wavelength lasing spectrums with tunable spacing (with PC). (a) Δλ = 0.4 at λ1 = 1558.79 nm and λ2 = 1559.19 nm
(corresponding to frequency of 49.4 GHz); (b) Δλ = 0.94 at λ1 = 1558.77 nm and λ2 = 1559.71 nm (corresponding to frequency of 116
GHz); (c) Δλ = 1.1 at λ1 = 1558.79 nm and λ2 = 1559.89 nm (corresponding to frequency of 135.7 GHz); (d) Δλ = 2.02 at λ1 = 1556.71 nm
and λ2 = 1558.73 nm (corresponding to frequency of 249.7 GHz); (e) Δλ = 3.12 at λ1 = 1558.77 nm and λ2 = 1561.89 nm (corresponding to
a frequency of 384.5 GHz); (f) Δλ = 3.32 at λ1 = 1558.81 nm and λ2 = 1562.13 nm (corresponding to frequency of 409 GHz).

0.94 nm was recorded. A very minor shifting has been
observed in lasing wavelength where both peak shifting
(fluctuation) was only within 0.02 nm range. Figure 5(a)
displays a stable lasing wavelength and Figure 5(b) dis-
plays power fluctuation of the dual wavelength where the
maximum fluctuation recorded was less than 0.2 dB. This
fluctuation might occur due to the fluctuation of 980 nm
pump power and temperature variant cavity loss (20).
As mentioned earlier, by controlling the cavity polar-
ization state through PC, the dual wavelength can be
shifted to other wavelengths. Six sets of dual wavelength
were achieved between 0.4 and 3.32 nm range (wavelength
of 0.4, 0.94, 1.10, 2.02, 3.12 and 3.32 nm corresponding to
frequencies of 49.4, 116, 135.7, 249.7, 384.5 and 409 GHz,
respectively). Figure 6 shows all the six sets of DWFL. In
the experiment, when the narrowest dual wavelength (0.4
nm) was generated by tuning the PC, no sideband was
generated. Thus, it can be concluded that no four wave
mixing (28) was observed during experiment.
All the measured tunable wavelength of six different
spacing showed very high stability during the observa-
tion period over one hour. The data were taken on every
3-min intervals for every individual spacing to validate
the stability (e.g. the stability of DWFL of 0.40-nm spac-
ing was checked over 1h, same goes five others DWFL
with different spacing). The system showed acceptable
power fluctuation and acceptable peak difference between
two spectrums. For demonstration purposes, the stabil-
ity of the DWFL for 3.32 spacing (λ1 = 1558.81 nm and
λ2 = 1562.13 nm) is given in Figure 7(a). The peak dif-
ference between two peaks was observed in the range
between 0.90 and 2.0 dB and the wavelength spacing
between them was recorded as 3.32 nm. A very minor
shifting has been observed in lasing wavelength where
both peak shifting (fluctuation) was just within 0.02 nm
range. Figure 7(b) displays power fluctuation of the dual
wavelength where the maximum fluctuation recorded was
Figure 7. DWFL λ1 = 1558.81 nm and λ2 = 1562.13 nm at 94.7 mW input power (Δλ = 3.32 nm) (a) DWFL stability test (20 readings for
60-min duration); (b) Peak power fluctuation.
JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS   5
less than 0.5 dB which might occurs from fluctuation of
pump power and temperature variant cavity loss, men-
tioned earlier.
Tan et al. have practically demonstrated a single
longitudinal mode (SLM) EDF ring laser with one
superimposed FBG and dual-tapered Mach–Zehnder
interferometer (MZI) to achieve dual wavelength with
spacing of 8.53 nm operated at 1546.23 and 1554.76 nm
(18), however, it involves complex cavity set-up such
as FBG and MZI fabrication processes. Meanwhile, a
dual-wavelength generation with spacing of 1.6 nm and
SNR > 40 dB, operated at 1557.0 and 1558.6 nm had been
demonstrated by Harun et al. based on tapered fibre tech-
nique (20), however, the proposed method doesn’t present
the tunability of dual-wavelength spacing. In our work,
the dual-wavelength generation is achieved with a low-
cost solution and doesn’t involve complex cavity set up.
Furthermore, the dual wavelength is tunable from 0.4 to
3.32 nm spacing by controlling the polarization state of
light propagation inside the cavity and the laser demon-
strated high stability over a period of 60 min. It shows a
great improvement compare to previous works (18, 20).
The primary application of the proposed laser would be
in the development of high-frequency sources from the
beating of two optical signals. Ahmad et al. had demon-
strated the generation of beating frequencies between 1.4
and 3.2 GHz from a dual-wavelength output at 0.01–0.03
nm (10), while Yao et al. demonstrated the generation of
a frequency at 3.389 GHz from the optical beating of two
lasing signals with a spacing of 27 pm (5). Additionally, the
proposed system would also have significant applications
in the generation of microwave signals for communica-
tions and sensing applications, by exploiting the beating of
two or more optical signals (29, 30). As a point to note, the
individual outputs of this dual-wavelength laser are SLM
in nature. This is being validated in this work whereby
a single wavelength is extracted and measured using an
6   H. AHMAD ET AL.
Figure 8. RFSA spectrum of the SLM wavelength output.
Anritsu MS2683A radio frequency spectrum analyzer
(RFSA) to check for any beating frequencies. Figure 8
shows the spectrum obtained from the RFSA.
It can be seen from Figure 8 that there are no spikes of
peaks present in the spectrum, thus indicating that the
output is operating in the SLM regime. This is the stand-
ard method to verify whether the output is operating in
the SLM regime or not. Further applications can also
be realized by the proposed system, including various
sensing applications such as high-resolution spectros-
copy and even the generation of terahertz signals, DIALs
(7, 9–12).
Conclusion
In this work, it has been demonstrated that a tapered fibre
can be used to generate DWFL where the spacing between
both peaks can be controlled by unique adjustment of PC.
The wavelength spacing is tunable from 0.40 to 3.32 nm
(corresponding to frequency from 49.4 to 409 GHz) and
provides an SMSR of more than 50 dB. Maximum output
power fluctuation recorded was less than 0.5 dB over a
period of 60 min. Since the setup is simple and the result
is highly stable, it promises a significant potential for the
lasing technology in 1.5-μm wavelength region, especially
for dual wavelength based laser application.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This work was supported by the University of Malaya and the
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for the research [grant
number LRGS (2015) NGOD/UM/KPT], [grant number
RU010-2016], [grant number GA010-2014 (ULUNG)], [grant
number BR002-2016].
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