Contents

9 Social Impact Assessment.................................................................................................................2

9.1 Description of Project..................................................................................................................2
9.2 Project Categorization..................................................................................................................2
9.3 Impact Identification and Assessment..........................................................................................3
9.3.1 Impact on Land....................................................................................................................3
9.3.2 Impact on Households and Land..........................................................................................5
9.3.3 Impact on Structures............................................................................................................5
9.3.4 Impact on Standing Crops....................................................................................................5
9.3.5 Impact on Private Trees.......................................................................................................6
9.3.6 Impact on Income and Livelihood.......................................................................................6
9.3.7 Impact on Vulnerable/Indigenous People Households.........................................................6
9.3.8 Gender Issues.......................................................................................................................7
9.4 Social Impact Checklist...............................................................................................................8
9.5 Anticipated Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Design Stage...............................11
9.5.1 Beneficial and Adverse Impact due to Intervention of the project.....................................11
9.6 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure.......................................................................13
9.7 Conclusion and Recommendations............................................................................................13
8. Social Impact Assessment

8.1 Description of Project

This is a Social Safeguard feasibility study report summary of Jaljale-Lalpatta-Bojhe-Kalakhola Jho.pu

road which provides some glimpse of situations of the road with regard to social safeguard and economic
aspects of the road. Jaljale-Lalpatta-Bojhe-Kalakhola Jho.pu road is strategically one of the most
important roads that serve thousands of people of north-belt of Udayapur district linking to Sagarmatha
highway. The alignment of proposed road runs through the hilly terrain. As per its initial vision, its ultimate
destination was to adjoin Dharan-Chatra highway at Triyuga municipality-7 Kawai.

The Proposed road start from (Ch 0+000 to Ch 6+600) Triyuga Municipality-7 jaljale settlement and
Passes through Motipur, Sunaulotole, Bojhe of ward no 6 and Chakalghat,Kurthibari, Aapchauri and end at
Tribeni of ward no. 7 near bazaar area. Jaljale and Tribeni are the small market centre of road alignment.
The existing width of proposed road varies from 6 to7 meters.

The purposed road directly serves 8 major settlements of Triyuga Municipality ward no-6 and 7
approximately covering 1,380 households and 8,970 Populations. The road serves for social services like
education, market facilities, health services and communication and for increasing economic opportunities.
Beside, the project provides uncountable benefits to develop the livelihoods of local people as it is only one
road which access transportation facility to thousands of north-belt peoples of Udayapur district. If the road is
upgraded/widened It would be milestone to uplift the socio-economic condition of local people in particular
and district as a whole in general through promotion of organic farming and tourism development.

8.2 Project Categorization

The resettlement impacts in the proposed sub-project road has been screened and classified by using OP
4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement classification system as follows:

If the proposed subproject is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts to 200 or more
persons will be physically displaced from home, 200 or more persons lose 10% or more of their productive or
income generating assets or 200 or more persons experience a combination of both has been categorized
under A category. Considering the extent of impact, the proposed subproject road also falls under the
category A because 762 people of 127 HHs likely to impact due to land acquisition and structure dismantle.
Hence the full resettlement plan is mandatory requirement for this road subproject.

8.3 Impact Identification and Assessment

8.3.1 Impact on Land
Land acquisition is the crucial component of social safeguard including sub project screening. The proposed
road alignment passes mainly through cultivated private and Ailani land as well as community forest and
government land. As sub-project is proposed only for upgrading in the existing road alignment that has 6-7m
width already.

The RoW for the proposed subproject road has not been officially declared but the local road users
committee has informally announced 10 to 12 meters, but the land acquisition process has not been
undertaken. All the construction activities will not be limited within the existing road width for the upgrading
purpose. Therefore, additional land acquisition is required for this option.

Based on the consultation meeting with ward representatives and transect walk survey, the proposed
subproject road needs approximately 6.6 ha land. Out of 6.6 ha land, 3.268 ha government land, 2.40 ha
ailani and 0.93 ha private land to be required for acquisition, however, 0.552 ha is already occupied by
existing road alignment and additional fresh land is required only 0.378 ha from 194 parcels. Due to
acquisition of fresh land, it is estimated that 762 populations of 127 households likely to be affected.
Consultation with likely displaced people, deed transfer process has been completed about 2 km length of
alignment of the road. The land owners of remaining sections also expressed their commitment to donate the
land for their better road access.

The public consultation meetings regarding the land to be acquired for the upgrading of proposed road
subproject was jointly carried out with representatives from all wards of the road alignment. As consultation
meeting with the local road users committee, the survey team has calculated the required land for upgrading
of road as given in below Table 8.1.

Table 8.1 Required Land for Proposed Upgrading

Total Required Land Government Ailani Land Land under private ownership
land
6.6 ha. 3.268 ha. 2.40 ha. 0.93 ha.

100% 49.53% 36.37% 14.10%

Source: - Field level Consultation meeting, 2018

8.3.1.1 Category of Required Private Land

The relevancy of the prevailed practices of land administration of Nepal is being narrow; the categorization of
land into four types, i.e. Abal, Doyam, Sim and Chahar is in practice to collect the revenue of land from
people. From the time being the price valuation of land is being depended on its use, availability of
infrastructures, intended use of land etc.

Land administration has differentiated land base on productivity, irrigation facility, plain, terrain etc. The
details of land category could be examined after cadastral survey report. Based on the consultation with local
people of proposed road site, elected members of municipality and representatives of political parties,
members of road user committee; The table presented below illustrates the percentage of different type of
land.
Project Quality of land (Sqm)
Component
Aabal Chahar Doyam Sim Total
Road 0 0 5520 3780 9300

Table 8.2: Category of Required Private Land

Source: - Field level Consultation meeting, 2018

8.3.1.2 Category of Required Private Land According to Use

The type of ownership of land is another variable for assessing the vulnerability and socio-economic
condition of any groups and communities.

For the upgrading of existing road, there is need of additional land to be acquired. All the construction
activities will be limited within 10-12 meter acquired right of way. However, significant amount of additional
private ownership land need to be acquired for the two lanes road. Table 9.3 shows the land acquisition
status of this option.

Most of the proposed road alignment sections pass close to settlements area. Its impact to residential land,
low land (Khet) and upland (bari). Total 61 Private plots of land will be affected by proposed road subproject.
Out of total affected plots, 33 plots have been used as a homestead and 28 low land (Khet). The required
land and its type is presented as below table.
Table 8.3 Category of Required Private Land According to Use
Project Homestead Land Low Land Upland Total
Component
No. of Affected No. of Affected No. of Affected No. of Affected
Plot Area (ha) Plot Area Plot Area(ha) Plot Area (ha)
(ha)

Road 33 5520 28 3780 0 0 61 9300

Source: - Feasibility Study, 2018

8.3.2 Impact on Households and Land

Preliminary survey shows that about 60 households having 61plots of land were identified as affected
households and land plots along the Jaljale-Lalpatta-Bojhe-Kalakhola Jho.pu sub project road. The
approximately likely affected population from these households is 354. The project affected households and
population is presented in the below Table 8.4.

Table 8.4 Affected Households and Population

Total affected HHs Affected Land Plots Population
60 61 354
Source: - Feasibility Study, 2018

8.3.3 Impact on Structures

Consideration of 6 to 7 m. formation with of proposed road, total 60 houses will be affected during road
upgrading. Out of 6 structures, 3 (including Toilet/chicken form) will be fully affected and remaining 3
balconies of the houses will be partially affected during the upgrading works, which have been used for
residential purpose except on poultry farming.

Table 8.5 Type of the Structures

Loss Category Type of Structures
Traditional Semi Modern Modern Toilet/Tati Shed
Fully Damage 0 1 0 2 0
Partially Damage 3 0 0 0 0
Source: Feasibility Study, 2018

Table 8.6 Present use of the Structures

Loss Category Type of use
Residential Trade Trade + Residential
Fully Damage 2 1 0
Partially Damage 3 0 0
Source: Feasibility Study, 2018

8.3.4 Impact on Standing Crops

The standing crops along the alignment may varies depending on season of road construction and most of
the area likely impact is found homestead land and low land (khet).Yield of different crops and price value
also differs. Major cropping pattern is paddy followed by wheat and maize and off season vegetables. The
estimated loss of standing crops is calculated based on the likely presence of crops in different seasons.
This calculation is made in assumption of standing of paddy in low land and standing of maize in upland.
This calculation is established for whole required private and Ailani land needed for sub project upgrading.
 Table 8.7: Estimated Loss of Standing Crops
Project Land to be Acquired Affected Agricultural Estimated Production (kg)
Component
(Sqm) Land Area (Sqm)
Ward No
Road 9300 3780 0.4 (crops Cycle: Paddy, wheat,
Maize)
Source: Yield Calculation based on the Report of Ministry of Agriculture , Monitoring , Evaluation and statistics Division

8.3.5 Impact on Private Trees

The figure of likely cutting trees of different varieties is illustrated in table below .

Table 8.8: Number of affected Trees (Impact corridor=10 m.)

Project Component Timber and Fuel Fodder Fruit Bamboo Total
Wood
Road 0 14 20 100 134
Source: Feasibility Study, 2018

8.3.6 Impact on Income and Livelihood

The table presented below illustrates the income and livelihood loss during road upgrading and widening
works. To examine the extent and magnitude of income loss, it needs socio economic survey and cadastral
survey.

Table 8.9: Loss of Income and Livelihood due to Impact on Land and Structures
Type of Loss Households Population
Loss of Income due to Loss of Agriculture NA NA
Crops
Loss of Income due to Loss of Fruit Trees NA NA
Loss of Income /business due to affected NA NA
Structures
Loss of Business Premises NA NA
Source: Feasibility Study, 2018

8.3.7 Impact on Vulnerable/Indigenous People Households

8.3.7.1 Impact on Vulnerable People's Households
In the Nepalese context, the term vulnerable community defines as the communities who are commonly
landless, marginal farmers living below subsistence level. Moreover, these groups have no or limited access
to public resources. Formal and informal studies reveal that most of the Adhibasi, Janajati, and Dalit fall
under the category of vulnerable group/persons in Nepal. This is also reflected in the Government’s Tenth
Five Year Plan, which recognizes women, disabled, ethnic minorities and Dalit groups as the prominent
poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups.

Dalits, ethnic minorities, women headed households, below poverty level income households and aged
membered households are categorized under vulnerable category. Some special support and assistance is
prerequisite to enhance their livelihood and to uplift the socio-economic condition of project affected
vulnerable group/people during implementation of the road subproject. Please refer the Table 8.10: for detail
of Impact on Vulnerable Households due to implementation of road subproject.
 Table 8.10: Impact on Vulnerable Households
Vulnerable category HHs Remarks
The Women Headed HHs 8
Household with Disable Members -
Elderly Member Headed HHs 1
Below Poverty Level -
Number of IP Households Impact on Land 9
Source: Feasibility Study, 2018

8.3.7.2 Impact on Indigenous People's Households

The indigenous/ethnic people (IP) along the road corridor have been found integrated with the main social
stream sharing common social and cultural values, norms, and having similar economic opportunities.
Although some of the indigenous/ethnic groups have their own language and cultural traits they use Nepali
language as the common tongue and share the similar national and social sentiments with the other
mainstreamed groups. They do not maintain distinct way of life different from the normal social lifestyle and
neither depended on typical traditional sources of earning for their merely livelihood (like, fishing, hunting,
collecting herbal plants) for their livelihood. Rather they are involved in different occupations including
overseas employment as the other groups do. As the socioeconomic information reveals, the total number of
displaced households (61 HHs), among them 11 indigenous households have impact only on land and 1
household has impact on both land and structures.

Table 8.11: Impact on Indigenous People Households

Number of IP Households Impact on Land Number of IP Households Impact on Land &
Structures
11 1
Source: Feasibility Study, 2018

8.3.8 Gender Issues

8.3.8.1 Impact on Woman Headed Household
Nine out of 60 affected land HHs and structures belongs to different type of gender specific impact due to
land acquisition and impact on structures. 9 belong to women headed households, followed by 1 household
with ownership over impacted land and structure by women. Details of gender specific impact on their and
structure is included in the Table 8.12:.

Discrimination against women is deeply ingrained in the Nepalese society. However, the status of gender
has found mixed situation from the behavior pattern of household and communities. Most of the children
have sent school without any discrimination between daughter and son even in dalit. Most of the male have
supported women in household work, farm work, business, services and properties in the high caste and
ethnic caste.

Table 8.12: Gender Specific Impact

Category Affected HHs Affected Population
Women Headed households having land ownership 8
Ownership over Impacted Land and Structure by Women 1
Source: Feasibility Study, 2018
8.4 Social Impact Checklist
Social Safeguards Checklist
Option 1 Option 21
Level of Expl
Level of
Checklist parameter Impact anat
Explanatory Note Impact
(High/Low ory
(High/Low)
) Note
a) Social impact of the project Options not
based on About 6.6 ha land to be required available for
1. Land acquisition Low for upgrading (within the 10-12 Jaljale-
resulting in loss of meter road corridor). Out of total Lalpatta-
income from required land 3.268 ha. (49.53.%) Bojhe-
agricultural land, government, 2.40 ha. (36.37%) Kalakhola
plantation or other Ailaini and 0.93 ha (14.10.%) Jho.pu
existing land-use. private land.

Total 6 houses will be affected

2. Land acquisition Low during road upgrading. Out of total
resulting in structures, 3(including 3 Toilet/Tati
relocation of will fully affected and 3 balcony of
households or other residential houses will be partially
economic affected.
displacements.

3. Any reduction of The typical traditional source of

access to traditional earning for merely livelihood is not
and river dependent found around the proposed project
communities (to area. No Impact on typical
river and areas traditional sources of earning by
where they earn for proposed project.
their primary or
substantial Low
livelihood) / access
to means of
livelihoods / key
services / traditional
culture activities

4. Possible conflicts Possible conflict between workers

with and / or Low and local people is likely during
disruption to local the time of construction as there
community could be a struggle between local
people and labour workers for
same commodity and natural
resources. Such impacts are likely
during the time of construction,
especially at market places i.e.
where workers and local will be

1
if there are multiple options to do a project, this format will be filled for all options
 interacted directly.

Influx of people is anticipated

during the time of construction.
Pressure upon existing natural
resources such as water, existing
food availability, existing
educational facilities are likely to
be affected with the increase in
the number of outside workers and
Low the utilization of such resources
5. Level of expected and increase in the number of
influx of labor student in the existing educational
workforce facilities. Such impacts are likely
at the existing market and
settlement, area.

About 11 HHs belongs to IPs will

be affected in proposed project
area.

9 HHs will adverse impact to

woman headed household in
proposed project area.

There are vulnerable groups in

every social setting and these
include, women, Children, the
elderly and people with disabilities.
Low However the preliminary finding
6. Any adverse impact noted that no adverse impact on
on indigenous vulnerable groups in proposed
settlements / project area.
communities
There is no slum area within the
Low proposed road project.
7. Any gender-specific
impacts
Substantial population along the
Low Jaljale-Lalpatta-Bojhe-
8. Impacts on Kalakhola Jho.pu road alignment
vulnerable groups is considered as medium-income.
Their major livelihood depends on
service, agricultural production,
livestock and small shop business.
It is further anticipated that
temporary shades and small
shops along the proposed
NA subproject road area during the
9. Slum population in implementation and
the project area and implementation works will be
any specific affected and will lead to loss of
proposal for slums their business due to excavation
Low
 and construction activities.
10. Adverse impact on
livelihoods of local
communities

Active user communities and
b) types of services they are
currently responsible for;
User Committee support
c) envisaged for the Project.
Irrigation Users Committee, Road Users Group, Forestry Users Group,
and Women groups are actively functioning in project area.
The existing user committee is profoundly supporting for road
construction related works to office of municipality and other agencies.
Members of user committee are found eager and committed for
development works.

Overall Impact Summary

Summary Option 1 Option 2

What are the main potential
environmental issues / risks /
impacts / concerns and / or
potential positive impacts;
What is the level of assessment
needed in next steps;
recommendations based on initial
screening for technical planning
and design
Expected positive impacts /
benefits to the local communities
The major positive aspects of road improvement
project include easy transportation facility,
decrease travel time, decrease travel cost,
increase employment opportunity, increasing the
land value and fostering the community based
tourism industry.
Considering the extent of impact, the proposed
subproject road also falls under the category A
because 762 people of 127 HHs likely to impact
due to land acquisition and structure dismantle.
Hence the full resettlement plan is mandatory
requirement for this road subproject.
The road project brings both positive and
negative impacts, but there is no other way than
to cope with the problem minimizing negative
impacts and augment positive impacts. The
envisaged negative impacts will be minimized
and mitigated during project implementation.
Easy road access, travel time saving, travel and
transportation cost saving, employment
generation, easy access to social service
facilities, market creation for local product,
increase of land value are beneficial impact
related with road improvement project. These
positive impacts have to be enhanced adopting
appropriate benefit augmentation measures.

8.5 Anticipated Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Design Stage

8.5.1 Beneficial and Adverse Impact due to Intervention of the project

As mentioned above the road would provide direct to those Triyuga Municipality ward no 6 and 7 and other
Rural Municipalities. The road provides the enormous benefits developed the livelihood of local people as it
is only one road which provides transportation facility to Udayapur district. It is quite obvious that improved
roads provide better access to different economic pocket area of the district and adjoining district. And also
access to markets, education, health commercial and administrative facilities. Improving road enlarge the
scope of economic activities along the alignment and increase in the scope of developing other infrastructure
facilities and economic activities in the subproject locations. Increase the value of land, economic
diversification; employment opportunities to the local people during the construction phase. Increase use of
road, availability of all-weather road connectivity, and lower cost of transportation of goods and services,
Increase income and productivity of urban households from various sources of income. Due to
improved access to financial services and higher access to institutional services, trend of in migration
expected to be increased and decreased the trend of out migration.

The local people have cooperated to field survey team during field survey. Local people have no experience
of negative role to project team and stakeholders since the date. The local people supported in field activities
i.e. consultation meeting, assists to solve the disputes that may happen during road widening, clearance of
impact corridor, acquisition of land, topographic survey, cadastral survey and verification, land ownership
transformation etc.

8.5.1.1 Positive Impacts of Road

During consultation and household survey, different positive aspects were noted. There are different logics of
accepting road project. During field study, it was identified that almost all of the project area people are
conscious and aware of the importance of road upgrading project. The major positive aspects of road
improvement project include easy transportation facility, decrease travel time and decrease travel cost.

During the interaction with local community express that the project assist to materialize following impact in
project area.

 It increases the inflow of new entrepreneurs, investor and business persons.

 It provides wide space to increase employment opportunity
 It contributes for the minimization in transportation cost of all types of goods as well travel cost, time
and assists to minimize living cost.
 Support for Increased in accessibility of villagers to market centers and major cities of the province.
 It stimulates to farmers to Increase agriculture production, livestock t commodities.
 It contributes for increasing the land value and fostering the community based tourism industry.
 The price value of agriculture land will be augmented
 People can harness the benefits of development activities getting employment and selling theirs’
skill.
 The chances of upgrading skill (ie. Skill of weaving gabion box, construction of gabion wall, dry wall
and masonry wall, RCC structure works etc.)

8.5.1.2 Negative Impacts of Road

Apart from the positive impacts, the households have envisaged probable negative impacts of the road
project. The major issues raised by project area people include loss of land and assets, environmental
pollution like dust and noise, and landslide.

As people opined on their own experience and knowledge, the road project brings both positive and negative
impacts, but there is no other way than to cope with the problem minimizing negative impacts and augment
positive impacts. The envisaged negative impacts will be minimized or mitigated during project
implementation.

8.6 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

Public Consultations were conducted across sections of stakeholders at Municipality, ward, village and
community levels. Among key issues raised in these consultations also included positive and negative
impacts of the project; issues relating to compensation; resettlements; and employment opportunities during
the project implementation. The output of the meetings and interviews was identification of major issues and
impacts. A total of 4 public consultation meetings (informal) were held along the project road area. Further
detail public consultation will be carried out during the time of detail design stage.

8.7 Conclusion and Recommendations

If the proposed road sub project will be implemented, people will have access all weather transportation
facilities and improve their socio-economic condition. The sub project will support the community to enhance
their access on health facilities in low cost, increase attendance of students and teachers in the school and
also increase in communication to other people, support to the poor, Dalit and other marginalized people
because of employment generation during construction period, Initiation income generating activities like e.g.
small business, groceries shop, and commercial agriculture production and off farm activities, increase in
land price by using the improved transportation facilities.

The proposed road sub project shows limited adverse social impacts in comparison to the benefits that the
people have been able to realize at large. Jaljale-Lalpatta-Bojhe-Kalakhola Jho.pu does not need large
deed transfer problem but few structures and plots of land likely to be affected. The Jaljale-Lalpatta-Bojhe-
Kalakhola Jho.pu is exactly the backbone of the development of district. Therefore, the most prosperity for
the development of this hill site of the entire district and adjoining areas depends on this corridor. At the
same time, the proposed road corridor will bring social justice for the balance development of the entire
municipality.