Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
Scientific Report
University of Technology
Petroleum Technology Department
Mathematics

Matrices

Ali Naseer Ghazi

Stage first /Morning
study A
Dr: Raed Naeem
Introduction:-
A matrix (whose plural is matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or
expressions, arranged in rows and columns.
A matrix with [latex]m[/latex] rows and [latex]n[/latex] columns is called an
[latex]m\times n[/latex] matrix or [latex]m[/latex]-by-[latex]n[/latex] matrix, where
[latex]m[/latex] and [latex]n[/latex] are called the matrix dimensions.
Matrices can be used to compactly write and work with multiple linear equations, that is,
a system of linear equations. Matrices and matrix multiplication reveal their essential
features when related to linear transformations, also known as linear maps.

Key Terms

 element: An individual item in a matrix

 row vector: A matrix with a single row
 column vector: A matrix with a single column
 square matrix: A matrix which has the same number of rows and columns
 matrix: A rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows
and columns

The matrix has a long history of application in solving linear equations. They were
known as arrays until the [latex]1800[/latex]„s. The term “matrix” (Latin for “womb”,
derived from mater—mother) was coined by James Joseph Sylvester in
[latex]1850[/latex], who understood a matrix as an object giving rise to a number of
determinants today called minors, that is to say, determinants of smaller matrices that are
derived from the original one by removing columns and rows. An English mathematician
named Cullis was the first to use modern bracket notation for matrices in
[latex]1913[/latex] and he simultaneously demonstrated the first significant use of the
notation [latex]A=a_{i,j}[/latex] to represent a matrix where [latex]a_{i,j}[/latex] refers
to the element found in the ith row and the jth column. Matrices can be used to
compactly write and work with multiple linear equations, referred to as a system of linear
equations, simultaneously. Matrices and matrix multiplication reveal their essential
features when related to linear transformations, also known as linear maps.
The usefulness of the matrix in our daily life:-
Matrix mathematics plays a major role in life as it is used in many applied fields

This is to facilitate the calculation and avoid inaccuracies and errors.

They are often used in economic aspects to know the calculation of the variables that
arise The economic process, such as calculating expenditures and monthly or annual
costs, as well as knowing the extent of the loss, or The success of the process and
some other variables. Therefore, many factories and production companies prefer the
matrix system to monitor and calculate their productive goods Especially those factories
that consist of groups and units to produce different goods simultaneously, and because
The matrix is made up of rows and columns so it is the best way to represent units or
production groups And its goods.

We also find the role of matrices in physical aspects and applications, such as the
representation of electrical circuits To know and calculate the current, voltage, or any
other physical variable from the circuit and also used in Mechanical applications for the
calculation of forces, and matrices are involved in coding and message transmission.
Encoded to save data, and in many other application areas.

Adding and subtracting matrices:-

Addition and subtraction can be made for matrices of the same rank, i.e.

A, B have the same number of rows and the same number of columns. If it is

Two matrices of the same rank, the sum of these two matrices is defined as equal

Having the same rank and each of its elements is equal to the sum of the matrix C of the
corresponding components A, B

Example: if it is
Each of the two matrices of the same rank is subject to addition and subtraction and is
known as the subtraction of the two matrices

Of the same rank is A, B in the same way as the difference between the two arrays

Also of the same rank, and each of its elements equals the element D of the matrix

For example, in example, B minus the corresponding element in matrix A of matrix

the previous:

From the definition, it can be demonstrated that the sum of the matrices has the following
characteristics:

A+B=B+A
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C
And if matrix B is the sum of a number of m from matrix A, then B = ma and each of the
elements of matrix B is equal to m times the corresponding element in matrix A

Multiply the matrices:-

If there are two matrices A and B, they are multiplicable if the number of columns in the
left matrix A is equal to the number of rows in the right matrix B. For example, matrices
A and B have their ranks (2 ), (2 ), respectively and consist of:

Multiplication C = AB is an array whose rank (2 ) is defined as follows:

That is, the resulting matrix has a number of rows equal to the number of rows of the first
matrix A and the number of columns equal to the number of columns of the second
matrix B and each of the elements of C and let Cik (i.e. located in row number and
column number k) be equal to the sum of the outcomes of multiplying the elements of
row number І In the left matrix A in the elements of column number k of the right matrix
B in its counterpart.

Example: Find the product of the two arrays

Reference:-
1- https://www.alfred-library.com/2019/06/Search-for-Matrices.html
2- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-algebra/chapter/introduction-to-
matrices/
3- https://uoqasim.edu.iq/e_Learning/lec_file/matrices%201.pdf