Lecture No.

GE 103: THEORY OF ERRORS

AND ADJUSTMENTS
LECTURE NO. 1
Introduction to Matrices
ENGR. ARTURO G. CAUBA JR.
Instructor I
College of Engineering and Geosciences
Caraga State University
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Outline:
 Introduction
 Definition of a Matrix
 Size or Dimensions of a Matrix
 Types of Matrices
 Matrix Equality
 Addition or Subtraction of Matrices
 Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix
 Matrix Multiplication
 Solutions of Equations by Matrix Method
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Expected Outcomes:
At the end of the lecture, the students would be able
to:
 Identify the basic concepts of matrices
 Define Matrices and explain its size and types
 Describe the Algebra of Matrices
 Discuss Matrix Methods of Linear Systems
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INTRODUCTION
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Matrix algebra provides at least two important

advantages:
 It enables reducing complicated systems of
equations to simple expressions that can be
visualized and manipulated more easily, and
 It provides a systematic, mathematical method
for solving problems that is well adapted to
computers.
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Definition of a Matrix
 A matrix is a set of numbers or symbols arranged
in a square or rectangular array of m rows and n
columns.
 The arrangement is such that certain defined
mathematical operations can be performed in a
systematic and efficient manner.
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Definition of a Matrix
As an example of a matrix representation,
consider the following system of three
linear equations involving three unknowns:
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Definition of a Matrix
It can also be represented in matrix form as
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Size or Dimensions of a Matrix

The size or dimension of a matrix is
specified by its number of rows m and its
number of columns n. For example,
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Types of Matrices
 Column matrix- The number of rows can be any positive
integer, but the number of columns is 1.
 Row matrix- The number of columns can be any positive
integer, but the number of rows is 1.
 Rectangular matrix- The number of rows and columns
are m and n, respectively, where m and n are any
positive integers.
 Square matrix- The number of rows equals the number of
columns.
 Symmetric matrix- The matrix is mirrored about the main
diagonal going from top left to bottom right (i.e., element
aij= element aji). A symmetric matrix is always a square
matrix
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Types of Matrices
 Diagonal matrix- Only the elements on the main diagonal
are not zero. The diagonal matrix is always a square
matrix.
 Unit matrix. This is a diagonal matrix with 1’s along the
main diagonal. It is also called an identity matrix and is
usually identified by the symbol I.
 Transpose of a matrix- This is obtained by interchanging
rows and columns .Thus, the
dimensions of AT are the reverse of the dimensions of A.
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Matrix Equality
Two matrices are said to be equal only when they are
equal element by element. Thus, the two matrices must be
the same size or have the same dimensions.
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Addition or Subtraction of Matrices

Matrices can be added or subtracted, but to do so,
they must have the same dimensions. If two
matrices have equal dimensions, they are said to
be conformable for addition or subtraction.
In adding or subtracting matrices, elements from
each unique row/column position of the two
matrices are added or subtracted systematically
and the sum or difference is placed in the same
unique row/column location of the resulting matrix.
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Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix

Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (i.e., a
constant). Let k be any scalar quantity; then
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Matrix Multiplication
If matrix A is to be multiplied by matrix B, the
number of columns in matrix A must equal the
number of rows in matrix B. When this condition is
satisfied, A and B are said to be conformable for
multiplication. The product C will have the same
number of rows as A and the same number of
columns as B.
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Matrix Multiplication
To demonstrate the process of matrix
multiplication, consider the following example:
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Matrix Multiplication
Assuming that matrices A, B, and C are conformable for
multiplication and in the order indicated, the following are
true:
A(B+C)= AB+AC (first distributive law)
(A+B)C= AC+BC (second distributive law)
A(BC)= (AB)C (associative law)
(AB)T =BTAT
AB is not generally equal to BA, and BA may not even be
conformable.
If AB= 0, neither A nor B necessarily = 0.
If AB= AC, B does not necessarily = C.
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Matrix Multiplication
A(B+C)= AB+AC (first distributive law)
(A+B)C= AC+BC (second distributive law)
A(BC)= (AB)C (associative law)
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Matrix Multiplication
(AB)T =BTAT
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Matrix Multiplication
AB is not generally equal to BA, and BA may not even be
conformable.
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Matrix Multiplication
If AB= 0, neither A nor B necessarily = 0.
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Matrix Multiplication
If AB= AC, B does not necessarily = C.
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Matrix Multiplication
If AB= AC, B does not necessarily = C.
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Inverse Matrix
If a square matrix is nonsingular (its determinant is not
zero), it possesses an inverse matrix. When a system of
simultaneous linear equations consisting of n equations
and involving n unknowns is expressed as AX=B, the
coefficient matrix (A) is a square matrix of dimensions n x
n.
Consider the system of linear equations:
AX= B
The inverse of matrix A, symbolized as A-1, is defined as
A-1A= I
where I is the identity matrix.
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Inverse Matrix
The inverse is used to find the matrix of unknowns, X. The
following points should be emphasized regarding matrix
inversions:
Square matrices have inverses, with the exception noted
below.
2. When the determinant of a matrix is zero, the matrix is
said to be singular and its inverse cannot be found.
3. The inversion of even a small matrix is a tedious and
time-consuming operation when done by hand. However,
when done by a computer, the inverse can be found
quickly and easily.
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Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix

For any 2x2 matrix composed of the elements , its
inverse is simply

-c -c
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Problems:
Compute the inverses of the following matrices.
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Questions?

Department of Geodetic Engineering

College of Engineering and Geosciences
Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City