UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA

Faculty of Automation, Computers and Electronics

Computer Science Engineering Department

DIPLOMA THESIS

Coordinator:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Dan Mancas

Student:
Dan-Costin Tuşaliu

CRAIOVA
2004
 UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA
Faculty of Automation, Computers and Electronics
Computer Science Engineering Department

INTEGRATED COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM FOR INNER STUDENT
ORGANIZATION

Coordinator:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Dan Mancas

Student:
Dan-Costin Tuşaliu

CRAIOVA
2004

2
 Acknowledgements

I would like to thank to professor Dan Mancas who helped me

throw all these years with all necessary advices and technical
information. Without the help from Dan Mancas and all the ICT team
maybe now the Student Organization did not have a functional and well-
equipped network and a professional web page.

3
 CONTENTS

General Part

I. Introduction 7
II. Computer Networks 8
III. HTML 17
1. What is HTML? 17
2. HTML on the Internnet 18
2.1. The birth of Worl Wide Web 18
2.2. The web explosion 19
2.3. The rise of Corporate Internet 23
2.4. HTML for GUIs 24
IV. Apache Server 27
V. PHP 32
1. About PHP 32
2. Limitations and advantages of PHP 35
VI. MySql 37
1. Introduction to MySql 37
2. Features of MySql 43
VII. Flash 46
1. Why Flash? 46
2. What’s new in Flash MX 49
VIII. Java Script 53

4
 Special Part

I. Computer networks 57
II. The web page 72
III. The Forum 81
IV. Conclusions 87

Bibliography 88
Appendix 89

5
GENERAL
PART

6
 I. INTRODUCTION

The existence of a faculty is based on two necessary parts: the professors and the
students. During the years the last one have not been organized so, to be able to
defend their rights with all the power necessary. In the 2001 a group of young
enthusiastic students took the decision to organize the students from the Faculty of
Automation, Computers and Electronics. So started OSACE, the student
organization. One of the most important parts in a student organization and in fact
in a very large group of people is the information. Having this in mind I decided to
make a student network in the office of the Student Organization (OSACE) and also
a web page containing the information necessary for the students. The web page
also contains a forum for all the discussions needed. Now after a hard work all
these exist. In the OSACE office there are 3 computers with access to Internet
opened to all the students from Faculty of Automation, Computers and Electronics.
One of them is server where it is also the web page with the forum. It also exists a
separate group of discussion where now are enrolled almost 70% of our students.

7
 II. COMPUTER NETWORKS
New business practices are driving changes in enterprise networks. Employees at
corporate headquarters and in worldwide field offices, as well as telecommuters in
home offices, need immediate access to data, regardless of whether the data is on
centralized or departmental servers. Enterprises such as corporations, agencies,
schools, and other organizations that tie together their data communication,
computing, and file servers need:

 interconnected LANs that provide access to computers or file servers in other

locations
 high bandwidth onto the LANs to satisfy the needs of the end users
 efficient WAN(s) to interconnect the LANs

To improve communication with partners, employees, and customers, enterprises

are implementing new applications such as electronic commerce,
videoconferencing, voice over IP, and distance learning. Businesses are merging
their voice, video, and data networks into global enterprise networks as shown in .
These enterprise networks are viewed as critical to the organization's business
success.

Enterprise networks are designed and built to support current and future
applications. To accommodate increasing requirements for bandwidth, scalability,
and reliability, vendors and standards bodies introduce new protocols and
technologies at a rapid rate. Network designers are challenged to develop state-of-
the-art networks, even though what is considered state-of-the-art changes on a
monthly, if not weekly basis.

8
Dividing and organizing the networking tasks into separate layers/functions allows
new applications to be handled without problems. The OSI reference model
organizes network functions into seven categories, called layers. Data flows from
upper-level user applications to lower-level bits that are then transmitted through
network media. The task of most wide area network managers is to configure the
three lowest layers.

There are seven layers in the OSI reference model, each of which has separate
distinct functions. This separation of networking functions is called layering. The
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) models' functions fit into
four layers. Regardless of the number of layers, however, the reasons for the
division of network functions include the following:

 to divide the interrelated aspects of network operations into less complex

elements
 to define standard interfaces for plug-and-play compatibility and multivendor
integration
 to enable engineers to focus design and development efforts on a particular
layer's functions
 to promote symmetry of the different internetwork modular functions for the
purpose of interoperability
 to prevent changes in one area from significantly affecting other areas, so
that each area can evolve more quickly
 to divide the complex operations of internetworking into discrete, more
easily learned operational subsets

Each layer of the seven-layer OSI reference model serves a specific function. The
functions are defined by the OSI and can be used by any network products vendor.

9
The layers are:

 Application -- This layer provides network services to user applications. For

example, a word processing application is serviced by file transfer services at
this layer.
 Presentation -- This layer provides data representation and code formatting.
It ensures that the data arriving from the network can be used by the
application, and it ensures that the information sent by the application can be
transmitted on the network.
 Session -- This layer establishes, maintains, and manages sessions between
applications.
 Transport -- This layer segments and reassembles data into a data stream.
TCP is one of the transport layer protocols used with IP.
 Network -- This layer determines the best way to move data from one place
to another. Routers operate at this layer. You will find the IP (Internet
Protocol) addressing scheme at this layer.
 Data Link -- This layer prepares a datagram (or packet) for physical
transmission across the medium. It handles error notification, network
topology, and flow control. This layer uses Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses.
 Physical -- This layer provides the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and
functional means for activating and maintaining the physical link between
systems. This layer uses physical media such as twisted-pair, coaxial, and
fiber-optic cable.

The major characteristics of LANs are as follows:

 LANS are networks that operate within a building or floor of a building.

10
  LANs provide multiple connected desktop devices (usually PCs) with access
to high-bandwidth media.
 By definition, the LAN connects computers and services to a common Layer
1 medium. There are several different LAN devices:
 Bridges that connect LAN segments and help filter traffic
 Hubs that concentrate LAN connections and allow use of twisted-pair
copper media
 Ethernet switches that offer full-duplex, dedicated bandwidth to
segments or desktop traffic
 Routers that offer many services, including internetworking and
broadcast control traffic

The following three LAN technologies account for virtually all deployed LANs :

 Ethernet -- The first of the major LAN technologies; it is deployed in the

largest number of LANs.
 Token-Ring -- From IBM, it followed Ethernet and is now widely used in a
large number of IBM networks.
 FDDI -- Also uses tokens, and is now a popular campus LAN.

On a LAN, the physical layer provides access to the network media. The most
common Layer 1 media used in networking today: coaxial, fiber-optic, and twisted-
pair cable. The data link layer provides support for communication over several
types of data links, such as Ethernet/IEEE 802.3. Addressing schemes such as
Media Access Control (MAC) at Layer 2, and Internet Protocol (IP) at Layer 3,
provide a very structured method for finding and delivering data to computers or to
other hosts on a LAN.

11
The Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 standards define a bus topology LAN that operates at
a baseband signaling rate of 10 Mbps. The three defined wiring standards:

 10BASE2 (thin Ethernet) -- allows coaxial cable network segments up to 185

meters long
 10BASE5 (thick Ethernet) -- allows coaxial cable network segments up to
500 meters long
 10BASE-T -- allows Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable runs up to 100
meters long

The 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 standards provide access for several stations to the
same LAN segment. Stations are attached to the segment by a cable that runs from
an attachment unit interface (AUI) in the station to a transceiver that is directly
attached to the Ethernet coaxial cable.

Because 10BASE-T provides access for a single station only, stations that are
attached to an Ethernet LAN by 10BASE-T are almost always connected to a hub
or a LAN switch. In this arrangement the hub or LAN switch is the same as an
Ethernet segment.

The Ethernet and 802.3 data links prepare data for transport across the physical link
that joins two devices. The Macintosh on the left and the Intel-based PC in the
middle show MAC addresses used by the data link layer. The router on the right
also uses MAC addresses for each of the LAN side interfaces. The Ethernet/802.3
interface on the router uses the Cisco IOS interface type abbreviation "E" followed
by an interface number.

Broadcasting is a powerful tool that can send a single frame to many stations at the
same time. Broadcasting uses a data link destination address of all 1s
(FFFF.FFFF.FFFF in hexadecimal). When improperly used, broadcasting can

12
seriously affect the performance of stations by unnecessarily interrupting them.
Broadcasts should, therefore, be used only when the MAC address of the
destination is unknown, or when the destination is all stations

On an Ethernet LAN only one transmission is allowed at any given time. An

Ethernet LAN is referred to as a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD) network. This means that one node's transmission traverses
the entire network and is received and examined by every node. When the signal
reaches the end of a segment, terminators absorb it to prevent it from going back
onto the segment.

When a station wishes to transmit a signal, it checks the network to determine

whether another station is currently transmitting. If the network is not being used,
the station proceeds with the transmission. While sending a signal the station
monitors the network to ensure that no other station is transmitting at that time. It is
possible that two stations could both determine that the network is available and
starts transmitting at approximately the same time. If this should occur they would
cause a collision, as is illustrated in the upper part of the graphic.

When a transmitting node recognizes a collision, it transmits a jam signal that

causes the collision to last long enough for all other nodes to recognize it. All
transmitting nodes then stop sending frames for a randomly selected period of time
before attempting to retransmit. If subsequent attempts also result in collisions, the
node backs off for a period and then tries to transmit again. The node will attempt
to transmit fifteen times before it gives up. The clocks indicate various backoff
timers. If the two timers are sufficiently different, one station succeeds in
transmitting on the next try.

13
An essential component of any network system is the process that enables
information to locate specific nodes on a network. Various addressing schemes are
used for this purpose, depending on the protocol family being used. For example,
AppleTalk addressing is different from TCP/IP addressing, which in turn is
different from IPX addressing.

Two important types of addresses are data link layer addresses and network layer
addresses. Data link layer addresses, also called physical addresses, hardware
addresses, or MAC addresses, are typically unique for each network connection. In
fact for most LANs, data link layer addresses are permanently encoded on the NIC
(network interface card). Because a typical computer system has one physical
network connection, it has only a single data link layer address. Routers and other
systems that are connected to multiple physical networks can have multiple data
link layer addresses. As their name implies, data link layer addresses exist at Layer
2 of the OSI reference model.

Network layer addresses (also called logical addresses or IP addresses for the
Internet Protocol suite) exist at Layer 3 of the OSI reference model. Unlike data
link layer addresses, which usually exist within a flat address space, network layer
addresses are usually hierarchical. In other words, they are like postal addresses that
describe a person's location by indicating a country, state, ZIP Code, city, street,
house address, and name. One example of a flat address is a U.S. Social Security
number. Each person has a unique Social Security number. People can move
around the country and obtain new logical addresses depending on their city, street,
or ZIP Code, but their Social Security numbers remain unchanged.

In a TCP/IP environment end stations communicate with servers or other end

stations. This is possible because each node using the TCP/IP protocol suite has a
unique 32 bit logical address, called the IP address. Each company or organization

14
connected to an internetwork is perceived as a single unique network that must be
reached before an individual host within that company can be contacted. Each
company network has an address; the hosts that live on that network share that
same network address, but each host is identified by the unique host address on the
network.

By examining various network requirements, you can select the correct class of
address and define how to establish IP subnets. Each device or interface must have
an IP address that does not have all 0s in the host field. An IP address with all 0s in
the host field means "this network" or "the wire itself" (for example, 172.16.0.0). A
value of all 0s in the host field is also rarely used for IP broadcasts in some early
TCP/IP implementations. An IP address with all 1s in the host field is reserved for
an IP broadcast into the network. While the routing table contains entries for
network or wire addresses, it usually contains no information about hosts.

An IP address and a subnet mask in an IP network host address achieve three

purposes:

 They enable the host to process the receipt and transmission of packets.
 They specify the local IP address of the host.
 They specify a range of IP addresses that share the cable with the host.

Computers, along with being an integral part of a network, also play a vital role in
the world of work. Businesses use their computers for a variety of purposes, but
they also use them in some common ways. They use servers to store important data
and to manage employee accounts. They use spreadsheet software to organize
financial information, word processor software to maintain records and
correspondence, and Web browsers to access company Web sites.

15
Because computers are important building blocks in a network, it is important to be
able to recognize and name the major components of a PC. 
As shown in the figure, a network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board
that provides network communication capabilities to and from a personal computer.
Also called a LAN adapter, it plugs into a motherboard and provides a port for
connecting to the network. This card can be designed as an Ethernet card, a Token
Ring card, or a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) card.
A network card communicates with the network through a serial connection, and
with the computer through a parallel connection. Each card requires an IRQ, an I/O
address, and an upper memory address to work with DOS or Windows 95/98. An
IRQ, or interrupt request line, is a signal informing a CPU that an event that needs
its attention has occurred. An IRQ is sent over a hardware line to the
microprocessor. An example of an interrupt being issued would be when a key is
pressed on a keyboard; the CPU must move the character from the keyboard to
RAM. An I/O address is a location in memory used to enter data or retrieve data
from a computer by an auxiliary device. In DOS-based systems, upper memory
refers to the memory area between the first 640 kilobytes (K) and 1 megabyte (M)
of RAM.

16
 III.HTML
III. 1. What is HTML?

You can't build a monument without bricks, and you can't make bricks without
straw--everyone who has seen the film The Ten Commandments knows that.
Likewise, if you plan to establish your own monumental presence on the World
Wide Web, you have to start with the straw--HTML.

The World Wide Web is built of Web pages, and those pages are themselves
created with HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. Though many folks talk
about HTML Programming with a capital P (particularly recruiters), HTML is
really not a programming language at all. HTML is exactly what it claims to be: a
markup language. You use HTML to mark up a text document, just as you would if
you were an editor using a red pencil. The marks you use indicate which format (or
style) should be used when displaying the marked text.

If you have ever used an old word processing program (remember WordStar?), you
already know how a markup language works. In these old programs, if you wanted
text to appear italicized, you surrounded it with control characters. For example,
you might surround a phrase with control characters that make it appear as bold
text:

/Bthis text appears bold/b

When you printed the document, the first /B caused the word processor to start
using bold characters. It printed all the characters in bold, until it reached /b. The
word processor didn't actually print the /B and /b. These just "marked up" the text
sandwiched between them.

17
HTML works the same way. If you want text to appear on the Web page in bold
characters, mark it up like this:

<b>this text appears bold</b>

The <b> turns on bold characters. The </b> turns off bold characters. These tags
don't actually appear on the screen, they just cause the text sandwiched between
them to display in bold characters.

III.2. HTML on the Internet

III.2.1. The Birth of the World Wide Web

Contrary to what the media would have you believe, the World Wide Web did not
spring into being overnight. Though relatively new in human terms, the Web has a
venerable genealogy for a computing technology. It can trace its roots back over 35
years, which is more than half the distance back to the primordial dawn of the
electronic computing age.

The World Wide Web is actually just one of many applications that run on the
Internet, a worldwide network of computer networks (or internetwork) that has
been around in one form or another since 1961.

By the mid-1970s, many government agencies, research facilities, and universities

were on this internetwork (which was then called ARPAnet), but each was running
on its own internal network developed by the lowest bidder for their specific
project. For example, the Army's system was built by DEC, the Air Force's by IBM,

18
and the Navy's by Unisys. All were capable networks, but all spoke different
languages. What was clearly needed to make things work smoothly was a set of
networking protocols that would tie together disparate networks and enable them to
communicate with each other.

In 1974, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn published a paper titled "A Protocol for Packet
Network Internetworking" that detailed a design that would solve the problem. In
1982, this solution was implemented as TCP/IP. TCP stands for Transmission
Control Protocol; IP is the abbreviation for Internet Protocol. With the advent of
TCP/IP, the word Internet--which is a portmanteau word for interconnected
networks--entered the language.

The Department of Defense quickly declared the TCP/IP suite the standard protocol
for internetworking military computers. TCP/IP has been ported to most computer
systems, including personal computers, and has become the new standard in
internetworking. It is the TCP/IP protocol set that provides the infrastructure for the
Internet today.

TCP/IP comprises over 100 different protocols. It includes services for remote
logon, file transfers, and data indexing and retrieval, among others.

III.2.2. The Web Explosion

There were a plethora of different data-indexing and retrieval experiments in the

early days of the Net, but none was all-pervasive until, in 1991, Paul Lindner and
Mark P. McCahill at the University of Minnesota created Gopher. Though it
suffered from an overly cute (but highly descriptive) name, its technique for
organizing files under an intuitive menuing system won it instant acceptance on the
Net. The direct precursor in both concept and function to the World Wide Web,

19
Gopher lacked hypertext links or graphic elements (see Figure 1). Although Gopher
servers sprung up quickly all over the Internet, it was almost immediately apparent
that something more was needed.

FIG. 1
Most Web browsers, like Netscape Navigator, can also display information on
Gopher sites like this.

By the time "Gopherspace" began to establish itself on the Net, the European High-
Energy Particle Physics Lab (CERN) had become the largest Internet site in Europe
and was the driving force in getting the rest of Europe connected to the Net. To help
promote and facilitate the concept of distributed computing via the Internet, Tim
Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web in 1992.

The Web was an extension of the Gopher idea, but with many, many
improvements. Inspired by Ted Nelson's work on Xanadu and the hypertext

20
concept, the World Wide Web incorporated graphics, typographic text styles, and--
most importantly--hypertext links.

The World Wide Web used three new technologies:

 HTML (HyperText Markup Language) used to write Web pages.

 HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) to transmit those pages.

 A Web browser client program to receive the data, interpret it, and display
the results.

Using HTML, almost anyone with a text editor and access to an Internet site can
build visually interesting pages that organize and present information in a way
seldom seen in other online venues. In fact, Web sites are said to be composed of
pages because the information on them looks more like magazine pages than
traditional computer screens.

HTML is a markup language, which means that Web pages can only be viewed by
using a specialized Internet terminal program called a Web browser. In the
beginning, the potential was there for the typical computing "chicken and the egg
problem": no one would create Web pages because no one owned a browser
program to view them with, and no one would get a browser program because there
were no Web pages to view.

Fortunately, this did not happen, because shortly after the Web was invented, a
killer browser program was released to the Internet community--free of charge!

In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the

University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana released Mosaic, a Web browser
designed by Marc Andreessen and developed by a team of students and staff at the

21
University of Illinois (see Figure 2). It spread like wildfire though the Internet
community; within a year, an estimated two million users were on the Web with
Mosaic. Suddenly, everyone was browsing the Web, and everyone else was
creating Web pages. Nothing in the history of computing had grown so fast.

FIG. 2
NCSA Mosaic, the browser that drove the phenomenal growth of the World Wide
Web.

Mosaic's success--and the fact that its source code was distributed for free--
spawned a wave of new browser introductions. Each topped the previous by adding
new HTML commands and features. Marc Andreessen moved on from NCSA and
joined with Jim Clark of Silicon Graphics to found Netscape Communications
Corporation. They took along most of the NCSA Mosaic development team, which
quickly turned out the first version of Netscape Navigator for Windows, Macintosh,
and UNIX platforms. Because of its many new features and free trial preview offer,

22
Netscape Navigator quickly became the most popular browser on the Web. The
Web's incredible growth even attracted Microsoft's attention, and in 1995, they
introduced their Internet Explorer Web browser to coincide with the launch of their
new WWW service, the Microsoft Network (MSN).

III.2.3. The Rise of the Corporate Intranet

The World Wide Web explosion shows no signs of slowing down. It proved so
intuitive and so much fun to use that people almost immediately began to see other
uses for the Web browsing "metaphor."

One of the first and most obvious was to build Webs that didn't communicate over
the Internet at all, but were confined within the computer systems of individual
companies and institutions. A term was quickly coined to distinguish these internal
Webs: intranets.

The major difference between an intranet and a Web site--besides the obvious fact
that the former is constrained to an individual site, while the latter is worldwide--is
the audience. On a Web site, the content is aimed at the public, while an intranet
addresses the needs of an organization's own employees

This means that intranets are more likely to contain company-specific--even

confidential--data, such as sales reports, customer databases, training materials, and
employee manuals.

Though these kinds of data have been available on internal corporate networks for
years, the difference with intranets is in the presentation. HTML and associated
technologies are used to create user interfaces which are as fun and easy to use as
those on most World Wide Web sites. Data which might have previously been

23
locked up in difficult-to-use corporate databases can be made easily accessible to
even computer novices.

Even with only a year or two of real-world usage, the utility of corporate intranets
has already been proved beyond the shadow of a doubt. Netscape Communications
Corporation, a publisher of Web-server and client software and one of the premier
advocates of intranet development, says that a resounding majority of their intranet
customers report substantial cost savings after installing corporate intranets. Some
have claimed 1000% returns on their investments, according to Netscape. In the
world of business, this is a phenomenal rate of return, and a claim which has
grabbed the attention of the majority of Fortune 500 companies--as well as many
that are much, much smaller.

III.2.4. HTML for GUIs

But that's not the end of HTML's potential. Both Microsoft and Netscape are
advocating that HTML be used as the basis for creating stand-alone applications,
too.

That HTML's user interface is friendly and easy-to-use has certainly been well-
established on the Web and corporate intranets. But, because HTML documents can
also incorporate active objects like ActiveX controls, Java applets, and JavaScript
scripts, HTML pages can act as containers for applications. HTML tags can be used
to format text, graphics, interactive buttons, forms, and other objects on-screen
which interact with the user just as any other GUI (Graphical User Interface).
Incorporated into the HTML page are objects such as an ActiveX control or a Java
applet (see Figure 3).

24
 FIG. 3
This JavaScript-based online calculator is just a simple example of using HTML to
create the user interface for an application program.

By using HTML as the GUI-development language, the developer gains a whole

list of advantages:

 GUI development is sped up considerably. Rather than using a high-level

language like C or C++, the GUI is created quickly with simple HTML.

 GUIs can be created by end users, or at least by relatively inexperienced

personnel, which is cheaper and faster than tying up programmers.
 GUIs can be easily debugged and modified, further freeing up development
resources.

25
  GUI development is not tied to application development. Applications can be
of any type, from ActiveX controls to Java applets to JavaScript or VBScript
applications.
 It's easy to develop applications that can access data locally, over a corporate
intranet, and over the Internet without having to change the code.
 User interfaces are naturally easy to use and easy to learn, because they use
the familiar Web metaphor.

Netscape is actively pushing Sun's Java as its development language of choice,

while Microsoft would like to see developers using their ActiveX controls. But each
supports the other and--most importantly--both advocate HTML as the GUI-
development language.

IV. APACHE SERVER

26
A Web server is the server software behind the World Wide Web. It listens for
requests from a client, such as a browser like Netscape or Microsoft's Internet
Explorer. When it gets one, it processes that request and returns some data. This
data usually takes the form of a formatted page with text and graphics. The browser
then renders this data to the best of its ability and presents it to the user. Web
servers are in concept very simple programs. They await for requests and fulfill
them when received.

Web servers communicate with browsers or other clients using the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is a simple protocol that standardizes the way
requests are sent and processed. This allows a variety of clients to communicate
with any vendor's server without compatibility problems.

Most of the documents requested are formatted using Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML). HTML is a small subset of another markup language called Standard
General Markup Language (SGML), which is in wide use by many organizations
and the U.S. Government.

HTML is the lifeblood of the Web. It is a simple markup language used for
formatting text. Browsers interpret the markup information and render its intent to
the best of their abilities. More importantly, HTML allows linking to different
documents and resources; this is the hypertext portion of the Web.

Hypertext allows a user to refer to other documents stored in the same computer or
in a computer located in a different part of the world. It allows information to be
almost tridimensional. Not only can you read sequentially, but you can jump for
more elsewhere.

The information retrieval process is completely transparent to the user; it's easy and
free-form. Navigation through this sea of information is in an ad hoc way. While

27
the results and implications of this new learning process are yet to be seen, it sure is
powerful. It provides a seamless exploration experience of documents and services.
This is what the Web is all about. It allows you to gather information easily and
presents it in a way that it is easy to digest. It's graphic, and it can combine sound
and moving pictures.

You can learn more and find related issues that spark your interest; it's interactive.
Instead of paging through a book (still a good thing), you can use the computer to
remove much of the legwork associated with retrieving related information, and it
allows you to explore the material that fits your needs or mood. It's like TV, but you
get to choose the programming.

The Web server is responsible for fetching you this information. While Web servers
may have been simple at some point, they are not anymore. All Web servers are not
created equal.

If all the sudden you were asked to set up a Web site, you would be confronted with
a variety of issues that you would need to resolve before you code your first HTML
page. The most important issue, and probably the reason why you bought this book,
is deciding which server software to use. Given the myriad of Web servers
available, the choice is undoubtedly difficult.

Apache is freeware; therefore, you invariably have to confront the issue of free
software. Is free software really cheap? After all, who do you go to if you have
problems? What are the odds of the product not being supported? Free software
usually has sparse documentation and no direct technical support. However, there
are a few software packages out there that are superbly documented, supported, and
maintained. In my view, Apache belongs to that list. It is easy to install and
configure, even for people that are not too savvy on the UNIX or Windows ways.

28
Configuring Apache is very easy to do. Apache utilizes three configuration files; all
of which are already preset to safe default behaviors. You just need to specify a few
file locations, and name your server so that Apache can find its configuration files
and the location of the document tree it is serving. To do this, all you need is a good
Windows text editor that you feel comfortable with.

If you are customizing some aspect of the server, you'll love Apache. Its source
code is clearly written but is a little thin on the documentation side. The Apache
server is implemented as a set of software modules. Creating a new module that
modifies the behavior of the server in some way will require less to learn on your
part. There's a growing list of freely available third-party modules. More than likely
you can find a module that implements the functionality you need.

The Apache server implements the same, if not more, features than the equivalent
commercial Web server, and basically every aspect of the Apache server's
functionality is configurable. This makes it easy to get the server to behave the way
you want or need for your site.

Some of the most important features include the following:

 It's a plug-and-play replacement for NCSA Web servers.

 Fixes bugs and security holes found on NCSA 1.3 and 1.4 servers.
 It's very fast, much faster than NCSA servers.
 Compiles better with the current HTTP specifications. By the time you read
this, Apache should be unconditionally compliant with HTTP/1.1
specifications.
 Apache provides several forms of implementing multihomed and virtual
servers. A multihomed server serves requests under various names, such as
http://www.x.com and http://www.y.com. Both of which are resident on the

29
 same computer and are served by the same process. One of these is a non-IP
intensive method that works in conjunction with popular browsers.
 You can customize the error responses with the use of files or scripts. The
server will intercept an error and display the specified file or execute a CGI
that could perform an on-the-fly diagnosis of the problem. This allows your
server to return more meaningful error messages to visitors or to perform
some special action in response to an error condition.
 Apache servers can automatically negotiate content retrieval with a browser
and can serve the most appropriate out of various sets of equivalent
documents. This allows the server to retrieve the document having the best
representation that the client is willing to accept. For example, when serving
documents in English and Spanish, depending on your browser settings,
Apache will automatically retrieve the version most appropriate for you.
 Apache includes an automatic index file selection. You can instruct the
server to return any of several resources for directory requests
(http://www.company.com/). The server will search for a matching index
file(s) and return the first one found to the client. Should none of the
specified files be found, the server can be configured to produce an
automatically generated listing of all the resources available in that directory.
 Apache provides several user authentication—methods ranging from flat-file
user databases, to indexed files and relational database support. Third-party
modules allow Apache to interface with many popular network
authentication systems.

The most important reason to use Apache should be subjective. It should be based
on how Apache fits you. Software evaluation is like test-driving a car. You wouldn't
buy a car just by looking at the brochure. To feel how you like the server, you need
to test-drive it.

30
Luckily, most of the Web servers out there have some sort of demo version
available. Unless you are going to customize some portion of the Apache server,
such as writing a custom module, your commitment is small. Should a better
product for UNIX appear, your HTML documents would migrate effortlessly. So
your risk is minimal. To avoid a crap-shoot, test-drive the software and deploy on
the basis of your experiences with it. Experience is your best guide.

While it is impossible to determine in a few hours if a solution will be the right one
for you, the Internet is a close knit community of software junkies. Make use of the
collective knowledge. Ask questions on Usenet and read the frequently asked
questions (FAQ).

Apache is the choice for a server at accessLINK, Inc. They were NCSA users in the
beginning, but a few features won them over and they have liked Apache ever
since. To gain credibility, I don't have any association with the Apache group, save
that I use their software and like it very much. The reasons why I use Apache are
the subject of this book. Apache provides many features that make it a very
powerful Web server. Its continued development has put pressure on even the high-
powered brands that are currently available, which were complacent until recently.

V. PHP

V.1. About PHP

Web applications are the present and the future. No matter your background,
whether it be Visual Basic or COBOL, or maybe you know just some HTML and
JavaScript, your résumé is only going to improve with some Web applications
development experience.

31
We don’t think there’s a better combination of tools to have under your belt than
PHP and MySQL. The numbers bear us out. PHP and MySQL are becoming
increasingly popular, and the demand for people who can use these tools will only
increase.
But a bit later there will be more details on why you should use PHP and MySQL.
Before we can get into the details of that, we want take a bit of time to go over the
architecture of Web applications. Once we’ve done this, we will be able to explain
in detail why PHP and MySQL should be the centerpieces of your application
development environment. Once we’ve sold you on these tools, we’ll present a very
quick and grossly under-coded application. As you look over this application, you
will see the basic syntax and principles behind PHP and MySQL.

PHP stands for 'Hypertext Pre-Processor' and is a server side HTML

scripting/programming language. PHP is a tool that lets you create dynamic web
pages. PHP-enabled web pages are treated just like regular HTML pages and you
can create and edit them the same way you normally create regular HTML pages.

PHP was kept the "top secret and strictly confidential" computer language by
many companies in the world, but now had become the most well-known and most
widely used scripting language for web, internet, e-commerce and business-to-
business projects. Even today many competing companies keep PHP language as a
highly confidential matter not disclosing to outsiders (competitors).

PHP will storm the entire world and will take the IT industry by surprise!! The
power of PHP is that it is cross-platform and runs everywhere!! It runs on Linux,
Windows 95/98/NT, Windows 2000, Solaris, HPUX and all flavors of unix. PHP is
write once and deploy anywhere and everywhere. It runs on many web-servers like
Apache, Microsoft IIS, etc..

32
PHP runs 5 to 20 times faster than Java!! It is extremely easy to use and you can
develop very complex web/e-commerce applications very rapidly in a very short
period of time.

It has object oriented features and takes the best features from Java, C++, PERL
and "C" langauges. PHP language is a marriage of best features from Java, C++,
PERL and C.

PHP is the real gem of all the scripting/programming languges and will soon
become the "MECCA" for programmers world-wide!! PHP has a huge user base
and a large developer base as it runs on both window95/NT and all flavors of
unixes.

PHP can be compiled and optimized to make it run even faster by using the Zend
Optimizer. Zend optimizer is integrated with PHP in PHP version 4.0.

You would normally use a combination of PHP (70% code) +

HTML/DHTML/XML (25% code) + Javascript (5% code client side validations)
for your e-commerce projects.

PHP is immensely popular on Microsoft Windows platform and is surprisingly

more popular than Microsoft's own ASP web scripting language!! Greatest
advantage of PHP is that you can develop on MS Windows and deploy on Linux or
Unix and vice versa!!

Because there is so much demand for PHP on MS Windows 98/NT/2000, a ready to

install executable is made and you simply double-click on the exe file to
automatically install PHP in just 2 minutes. Download the PHP executable install
file from

33
  MS Windows exe installer for PHP http://php.weblogs.com/easywindows
 Lots of info on PHP on MS Windows platform http://php.weblogs.com

One of the most powerful features of PHP is the way it handles HTML forms. The
basic concept that is important to understand is that any form element in a form will
automatically result in a variable with the same name as the element being created
on the target page.

Many HTML editors are supporting PHP :

 Soyal, a excellent PHP editor http://soyal.free.fr/PHPEd

 Blue Fish http://bluefish.linuxave.net
 Coffee cup http://www.coffeecup.com/linux
 Dreamweaver http://www.dreamweaver.com
 Amaya http://www.w3.org/Amaya
 Homesite http://www.allaire.com/homesite
 Hotdog http://www.hotdog.com
 Zend Optimizers http://www.zend.com
 Zend Compilers http://www.zend.com
 Lots of info on PHP on MS Windows platform http://php.weblogs.com

Tags are extremely valuable and are used for navigation of source code inside the
editors like vi, emacs, CRiSP, NEdit etc... If you had programmed a lot in C, C++
or Java you might have used the ctags program to create tags. To see the online
manual page, type 'man ctags' at linux/unix bash prompt.

The ptags program for PHP is given below, which you can use to create the tags for
PHP source code. Your productivity will improve 3 to 4 times if you use ptags.

34
V.2. Limitations and advantages of PHP

Everything has limitations or disadvantages and PHP is no exception. The

following are the limitations of PHP:

1. PHP is NOT 100 % pure Object Oriented scripting language. PHP is good if
your PHP code size does not exceed 3,00,000 lines. Maintainence of PHP
code greater than 3,00,000 lines becomes more difficult.
2. PHP will NOT give the performance of "C" or "C++" language. Because it is
scripting language and is interpreted it will be a bit slower than the optimized
"C++" programs. For top performance, you should use "C++" and fast-CGI
with database/webserver connection pooling and use C++ compiler optimizer
"-O3" options. Zend optimizer in PHP 4 will speed up the performance of
PHP to certain extent.

On the other hand, PHP has lot of advantages and it's advantages outweigh it's
limitations -

1. You can very rapidly develop web applications in PHP as compile and link is
eliminated in PHP scripting language.
2. PHP applications are very stable and do not depend on the browser
technologies unlike Javascript applications which depend on browsers. PHP
will give you the freedom to select any server platform and browser does not
know that the HTML page is generated by PHP!!
3. PHP has excellent database conectivity to all SQL database servers.
4. PHP has partial support for Object oriented features
5. PHP has C++, Perl, Javascript like syntax features and has programs like
'ptags/ctags' to navigate the source code
6. PHP has Zend optimizer which speeds up the performance

35
 7. PHP runs on all unixes, linux, Windows 95/NT/2000 and is more powerful
than ASP, JSP and others.
8. PHP has a very large user base and developer base.

If you want 100% pure Object Oriented scripting language than you MUST
consider Python. The 'Python' is a object oriented scripting language from ground
up. You would be using the Python Web Application server called 'Zope' which is
available at - http://www.zope.org and python is at http://www.python.org

VI. MySql

VI.1. Introduction to Mysql

Since before the dawn of the computer age, people have been using databases.
Before computers, a database may have been a Rolodex containing phone numbers
of the important people you knew, or it was a filing cabinet that contained all the
personnel records for the company. Today, databases are computer-based and are
found virtually everywhere. From desktop databases of your record collection to
Web-enabled databases that run large corporations, databases come in all shapes

36
and sizes. Because of this fact, the database industry has grown as fast and as large
as the rest of the computer industry.
Until recently, most high-powered databases cost an arm and a leg. They could
provide all the tools and functionality to run a business but at a very high price. So
most companies would use a database that was cheaper and sacrifice functionality.
Additionally, the Internet has spawned a new need for databases that can be
accessed via the Web. This need has led software manufacturers to create products
that can take advantage of this technology. Again, price plays a large role. These
products are generally very expensive and very
platform-dependant, so not all Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or small companies
can take advantage of this technology. Enter the Linux and Open Source revolution.
This cutting-edge idea—to have an operating system and the source code available
free of charge—changed the way the industry looked at how it did business. Now
that the revolution has finally taken a foothold, people are flocking in masses to see
how they can use this newly affordable solution.
MySQL is part of that solution. MySQL was developed by TcX in 1996. They
created it because they needed a relational database that could handle large amounts
of data on relatively cheap hardware. Nothing out there could provide what they
needed, so they created it themselves. MySQL is the fastest relational database on
the market. It outperforms all the leading databases in almost every category. It has
almost all the functionality the leading databases have, but it does not
carry the hefty price tag that its competitors do. This may seem like a lot of hype
and marketing talk, but, after a little time working with MySQL, you will agree.
If MySQL is so good, why hasn't it already caught the attention of the industry?
The answer is that until 1999, Linux and the Open Source movement were
practically unknown. MySQL runs primarily on UNIX-based systems—though
there are ports for almost every platform on the market. Until the Open Source

37
movement and the availability of UNIX-based operating systems at affordable
prices, no one really looked at MySQL as a contender.
MySQL, pronounced "my Ess Que El," is an open source, Enterprise-level, multi-
threaded, relational database management system. That sounds like a lot of sales or
marketing hype, but it truly defines MySQL.
A consulting firm in Sweden called TcX developed MySQL. They were in need of
a database system that was extremely fast and flexible. Unfortunately (or
fortunately, depending on your point of view), they could not find anything on the
market that could do what they wanted. So, they created MySQL, which is loosely
based on another database management system called mSQL. The product they
created is fast, reliable, and extremely flexible. It is used in many places throughout
the world. Universities, Internet service providers and nonprofit organizations are
the main users of MySQL, mainly because of its price (it is mostly free). Lately,
however, it has begun to permeate the business world as a reliable and fast database
system. Some examples of commercial use are available on the CD-ROM that
accompanies this book.
The reason for the growth of MySQL's popularity is the advent of the Open Source
Movement in the computer industry. The Open Source Movement, in case you
haven't heard about it, is the result of several computer software vendors providing
not only a product but the source code as well. This allows consumers to see how
their program operates and modify it where they see fit. This, and the popularity
of Linux, has given rise the use of open source products in the business world.
Because of Linux's skyrocketing popularity, users are looking for products that will
run on this platform. MySQL is one of those products.
MySQL is often confused with SQL, the structured query language developed by
IBM. It is not a form of this language but a database system that uses SQL to
manipulate, create, and show data. MySQL is a program that manages databases,

38
much like Microsoft's Excel manages spreadsheets. SQL is a programming
language that is used by MySQL to accomplish tasks within a database, just as
Excel uses VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) to handle tasks with spreadsheets
and workbooks.
Other programs that manage databases include Microsoft's SQL Server, Sybase
Adaptive Server, and DB2. Now that you know where MySQL came from, look at
what it is. To begin with, start with the term database. What is a database? You
have probably used one in your lifetime. If you've ever bought anything over the
Internet or have a driver's license, you can be assured that you have used one. A
database is a series of structured files on a computer that are organized in a highly
efficient manner.
These files can store tons of information that can be manipulated and called on
when needed. A database is organized in the following hierarchical manner, from
the top down. You start with a database that contains a number of tables. Each table
is made up of a series of columns. Data is stored in rows, and the place where each
row intersects a column is known as a field. For example, at your favorite online
book store there is a database. This database is made up of many tables. Each table
contains specific, common data.
These tables are made up of named columns that tell what data is contained in
them. When a record is inserted into a table, a row of data has been created. Where
a row and a column intersect, a field is created.
MySQL is more than just a database. It is a system that manages databases. It
controls who can use them and how they are manipulated. It logs actions and runs
continuously in the background. This is different from what you may be used to.
Most people think about Microsoft Access or Lotus Approach when they think
about databases. These are databases, but they are not management systems. A
DBMS can contain many databases. Users connect to the database server and issue

39
requests. The database server queries its databases and returns the requests to the
issuers. Databases, such as
Approach and Access, are a step down from this type of system. They share their
files with multiple users, but there is no interface controlling the connections or
answering requests.
There are many uses for a DBMS such as MySQL. Uses can range from help desk
systems to Web site applications. The important thing to remember is that MySQL
is large enough and quick enough to function in almost any situation. Where it finds
itself most comfortable is the Enterprise.

The Enterprise I'm referring to is not a starship or a space shuttle. The Enterprise is
the area in the business world where many large systems interact with one another
to accomplish a common goal. Some applications that are at this level of business
include SAP, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle 8i, and Sybase Adaptive Server.
The computer applications that exist at this level of business tend to have certain
characteristics. They are usually multiuser in nature—many people can use the
same application at the same time. Another characteristic is that they provide some
sort of security mechanism. The final characteristic is that applications at this level
have to be very flexible. The first characteristic of an Enterprise-level application is
that it can be used by more than one person at a time. This is a requirement at this
level of business. More than one person may need to have access to business
information at a given time. This is critical for the business to function successfully.
MySQL meets this requirement. It can have up to 101 simultaneous connections.
This doesn't mean that only 101 people can use this application. It means it can
have 101 connections going on at the same time—which is a little different. A
connection is the time it takes for a user to receive the data that he or she has
requested. In the case of MySQL, this is hardly any time at all. Most database

40
systems in the same class as MySQL allow fewer simultaneous connections.
Currently, the only DBMS to offer more connections is Microsoft SQL Server.

The next characteristic that an Enterprise-level application must have is security.

When dealing with mission-critical information, only people with the need to know
should be allowed to view it. Security keeps malicious people at bay; without it,
disasters can happen. MySQL meets this requirement. The security in MySQL is
unparalleled. Access to a MySQL database can be determined from the remote
machine that can control which user can view a table. The database can be locked
down even further by having the operating system play a role in security as well.
Very few databases in the same class as MySQL can compare to the level of
security that MySQL provides.
One other characteristic of an Enterprise-level application is flexibility. How
flexible is the application? Can it change to meet the ever-changing needs of
business? How deep can you make those changes? How hard is it to change?
MySQL answers these questions very well. It is extremely flexible and easy to use.
MySQL can run on almost any platform. If a new CIO wants to change from
Windows NT to Linux, fine—MySQL can adapt. MySQL also comes with the
source code. If there are any deep-level changes that you need to make, you can edit
the source and make these changes yourself. If MySQL is missing a feature that you
can't live without, just add it yourself. No other database on the market can offer
you that kind of flexibility. MySQL also has several application-level interfaces in a
variety of languages. If yours is mainly a Microsoft shop, you can use ODBC to
interact with MySQL. If your company is a UNIX shop, you can use C, Perl, or
JDBC. There is no end to the flexibility that MySQL has to offer. In addition to the
previously discussed characteristics, databases at the Enterprise level must be able
to work together. Data warehousing is a technique that combines all the data in a

41
business. Because of the flexibility and speed that MySQL has to offer, it can work
well in any situation.
The Internet has also become a piece of the Enterprise pie. No large
corporation is without an Internet presence. These corporations need databases to
sell and compete at this level of business. MySQL works well as an Internet-based
database server. It has been proven in this arena and is the preferred database of
many Internet service providers. Because of its speed and multiple application
interfaces, MySQL is an ideal choice. Enterprise applications are the crucial
component to a business's decision-making power. Information must be timely and
accurate for a business to perform effectively. To do this, applications must work
quickly. An application is much like a car. It can look pretty on the outside, but the
engine is what gives its power. The same applies to an application; If its database
engine is weak, so is the application.

VI.2. Features of MySQL

MySQL is a full-featured relational database management system. It is very stable

and has proven itself over time. MySQL has been in production for over 10 years.
MySQL is a multithreaded server. Multithreaded means that every time someone
establishes a connection with the server, the server program creates a thread or
process to handle that client's requests. This makes for an extremely fast server. In
effect, every client who connects to a MySQL server gets his or her own thread.
MySQL is also fully ANSI SQL92-compliant. It adheres to all the standards set
forth by the American National Standards Institute. The developers at TcX take
these standards seriously and have carefully adhered to them. Another valuable
feature of MySQL is its online help system. All commands for MySQL are given at

42
a command prompt. To see which arguments the commands take or what the utility
or command does, all you have to do is type the command and include the -help or
-? switch. This will display a slew of information about the command.
Yet another feature of MySQL is its portability—it has been ported to almost
every platform. This means that you don't have to change your main platform to
take advantage of MySQL. And if you do want to switch, there is probably a
MySQL port for your new platform. MySQL also has many different application
programming interfaces (APIs). They include APIs for Perl, TCL, Python, C/C++,
Java (JDBC), and ODBC. So no matter what your company's expertise is, MySQL
has a way for you to access it.
MySQL is also very cheap. For an unlicensed, full version of MySQL, the
cost is nothing. This is an incredible deal, considering what you are getting for your
money. Database systems that provide half the features that MySQL has can cost
tens of thousands of dollars. MySQL can do what they do better and for less.
As you can see, MySQL is a very robust database server. It can fully function
in the Enterprise. It has the advanced security measures that need to be in place at
that level of business. It also provides speed and flexibility that no other database in
its class can match.
MySQL is a relational database. It uses tables and columns to hold data that
can be related by keys. It is well suited for this role. A relational database, simply
defined, is a database that is made up of tables and columns that relate to one
another. These relationships are based on a key value that is contained in a column.
For example, you could have a table called Orders that contains all the information
that is required to process an order, such as the order number, date the item was
ordered, and the date the item was shipped. You could also have a table called
Customers that contains all the data that pertains to customers, such as a name and

43
address. These two tables could be related to each other. You really couldn't have
an order without a customer, could you?
E.F. Codd developed the relational database model back in the early 1970s. He
proposed that a database should consist of data stored in columns and tables that
could be related to each other. This kind of thinking was very different from the
hierarchical file system that was used at the time. His thinking truly revolutionized
the way databases are created and used.
A relational database is very intuitive. It mimics the way people think. People
tend to group similar objects together and break down complex objects into simpler
ones. Relational databases are true to this nature. Because they mimic the way you
think, they are easy to use and learn. In later days, you will discover how easy a
relational database is to design and learn. Most modern databases use a relational
model to accomplish their tasks. MySQL is no different. It truly conforms to the
relational model. This further adds to the ease of use of MySQL.

It is also very well suited for various architectures. It can be used in a strictly
client/server architecture or as a standalone database. Whatever your needs,
MySQL can suit them.

44
 VII. FLASH
VII.1. Why Flash?

Flash is a hybrid application that is like no other application. On the

immediate surface, it may seem (to some) to be a simple hybrid between a Web-
oriented bitmap handler, and a vector-drawing program, such as Macromedia
Freehand or Adobe llIustrator. But while Flash is indeed such a hybrid, it's also
capable of much, much more. It's also an interactive multimedia-authoring
program. Also, it's a sophisticated animation program suitable for creating a range
of animations from simple Web ornaments to broadcast-quality cartoons. As if that
weren't enough, it's also the host of a scripting language-Flash now supports a
robust, fully featured ActionScript language, grounded in the JavaScript standard.

45
This language enables Flash to couple with XML (Extensible Markup Language),
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), and other content in many ways. So it's also
a scripting language that's capable of communication with other parts of the Web.
So, what's this hybrid we call Flash capable of? That's a question that remains to be
answered by developers such as you. In fact, we're hoping that you will master this
application and show us a thing or two. That's why we've written this book: to
poin1 out the facets of the tool, hoping that you will take the tool in your hands and
amaze us-and the world!
So, if Flash is a hybrid application, and if this application is capable of just
about anything, a good place to start working with this powerhouse is to inquire:
What are the components of this hybrid? And if they were separated out, how might
their capabilities be described?

Generally, Flash movies are played back in one of three ways. The most common
implementation is for Flash movies to be played back within Web browsers - either
as part of an HTML page, or as a 100-percent Flash Web page that contains no visi-
ble content other than the Flash Movie. Flash movies can also be played through a
separate application called the Flash prayer. In addition to the Flash Player, Flash
movies can also be created as Stand Alone Projectors that facilitate playback with-
out the need for either the player or the browser.
There are several other ways in which Flash movies, or their parts, can be played
back or displayed. Since Flash 4, the Publish feature has offered provisions for the
export of movies, or sections of movies, to either the QuickTime digital video for-
mat, the QuickTime Flash layer vector format, or to the Animated GIF format. Parts
of movies can also be exported as a series of individual bitmaps or as vector files.
Single frames can also be exported to these formats. Recently, methods were devel-
oped that enable Flash content to be used as screensavers.

Most multimedia-authoring programs have a component for sequencing content as

46
animation, and Flash is no exception. But in Flash, the animation sequencer is the
core of the application. The organization of sequences, also known as movies, is as
follows:
- The Movie may have any number of scenes, which may be arranged (or rear-
ranged) into a sequence to create a playing order. Scenes play through from first to
last (unless Flash's interactive commands, known as "actions," dictate otherwise).

- Each scene may contain an unlimited number of layers, which are viewed from
front-to-back in the scene. The stacking order of these layers is arranged in the
timeline: The topmost layer in the timeline appears at the front of the scene, while
the bottom layer is at the back.

- Furthermore, each layer may also have a stacking order of the objects within it.
Always at the bottom level are ungrouped vector lines and shapes. Above, in the
overlay level, are bitmaps, text, groups, grouped items, and symbol instances.
Groups are one or more items that have been selected and "grouped." Symbol
instances may be one or more references to an item that resides in the Library.

Macromedia Flash MX movies are graphics, text, animation, and applications

for Web sites. They consist primarily of vector graphics, but they can also contain
imported video, bitmap graphics, and sounds. Flash movies can incorporate
interactivity to permit input from viewers, and you can create nonlinear movies that
can interact with other Web applications. Web designers use Flash to create
navigation controls, animated logos, long-form animations with synchronized
sound, and even complete, sensory-rich Web sites. Flash movies use compact
vector graphics, so they download rapidly and scale to the viewer’s screen size.
You’ve probably watched and interacted with Flash movies on many Web
sites. Millions of Web users have received the Flash Player with their computers,
browsers, or system software; others have downloaded it from the Macromedia

47
Web site. The Flash Player resides on the local computer, where it plays back
movies in browsers or as stand-alone applications. Viewing a Flash movie on the
Flash Player is similar to viewing a DVD on a DVD player—the Flash Player is the
device used to display the movies you create in the Flash authoring application.
Flash documents, which have the .fla filename extension, contain all the
information required to develop, design, and test interactive content. Flash
documents are not the movies the Flash Player displays. Instead, you publish your
FLA documents as Flash movies, which have the .swf filename extension and
contain only the information needed to display the movie.
Flash provides a variety of methods for creating original artwork and importing
artwork from other applications. You can create objects with the drawing and
painting tools, as well as modify the attributes of existing objects.
Using Flash, you can animate objects to make them appear to move across
the Stage and/or
change their shape, size, color, opacity, rotation, and other properties. You can
create frame-by-frame animation, in which you create a separate image for each
frame. You can also create tweened animation, in which you create the first and last
frames of an animation and direct Flash to create the frames in between. Flash lets
you create interactive movies, in which your audience can use the keyboard or the
mouse to jump to different parts of a movie, move objects, enter information in
forms, and perform many other operations. You create interactive movies by
scripting actions using ActionScript. Flash provides movie clips with defined
parameters, called components, to aid in developing rich user experiences in Flash
movies. Each built-in Flash component has its own unique set of ActionScript
methods that allow you to set and change the authoring parameters and additional
options at runtime. By combining the easy drop-in capabilities of the predefined

48
components with the powerful capabilities of ActionScript, you can create fully
functional applications on the Web.

VII.2. What’s new in Flash MX

New features in Flash MX enhance the approachability, creativity, and power

of Flash. Designers who require a higher level of control and integration with
industry-standard design tools now have an unparalleled creative application for
creating media-rich content. Powerful new features build on this creativity, giving
application developers access to new capabilities that make Flash MX a robust and
exciting application development environment.
Developers can work with advanced scripting and debugging tools, built-in
code reference, and predefined components to rapidly deploy rich Web
applications.
For all Flash users
The ability to save Flash MX documents in Flash 5 format lets you upgrade now
and still collaborate with designers who are working on Flash 5 projects. Accessible
content that can be seen and heard by persons with disabilities is now easy to
develop, expanding the audience for Flash movies and applications.
For the designer
Flash MX enhances creativity by providing designers with a higher level of control
and expanded integration capabilities with a rich set of design tools. New features
help designers quickly create a broad range of content. Instead of focusing on how
Flash works, they can give more attention to their designs.
Timeline enhancements such as folders for organizing layers, improved pointer
feedback, and the ability to resize, cut, and paste multiple frames make it easier to
use the Timeline, helping you work faster and with less effort. Enhanced editing of

49
symbols in place makes document creation easier by letting designers work on
symbols in the context of their movies. New controls above the Stage make it easier
than ever to edit symbols in place.

Library improvements eliminate production bottlenecks by simplifying the creation

and manipulation of library symbols. Moving symbols or folders between Flash
documents or creating new library symbols is now as easy as dragging and
dropping. The new Resolve Library Conflict dialog box simplifies adding library
symbols to a document that has an existing library symbol with the same name.
Shared library assets improve Flash movie authoring by letting you share library
assets with other Flash documents, either while authoring, or when a movie is
played with the Flash Player. Shared runtime libraries help you create smaller files
and easily make updates to multiple documents simultaneously by letting your
document show library symbols and shared objects that are stored
on an intranet or the Internet. Shared author-time libraries improve your work pace
by letting you track, update, and swap symbols in any Flash document available on
your computer or network.
Workspace enhancements make the Flash MX workspace more manageable and
easier to understand for new and veteran designers. The most commonly used
features now appear in one context-sensitive Property inspector, eliminating the
need to access many other windows, panels, and dialog boxes.
Other frequently used features now appear in easily collapsible panels that dock and
undock as necessary to conserve screen space. Designers can even save custom
panel layouts to personalize their Flash workspace.
New starter templates included with Flash MX simplify the creation of new
documents by eliminating many of the common tasks required to start a new
document. You can also create your own templates from documents. Color Mixer

50
improvements make creating, editing, and using colors and gradients easier than
ever. The Break Apart feature makes it easy to make creative edits to individual
text characters without having to convert the text to symbols, simplifying the
creation of complex designs and animation.
Movie clip mask layers let you create animated masks by placing a movie
clip on a mask layer. You can also use ActionScript to create an animated mask
with a movie clip. Enhanced sound controls enhance the production quality of your
movies by letting you synchronize movie events with the start or end of sound clips.

For the developer

The powerful Flash MX environment includes enhanced scripting and debugging
tools, built-in code reference, and predefined components you can use to rapidly
develop rich Web applications. Enhanced ActionScript gives you the ability to
dynamically load JPEG and MP3 sound files at runtime, and lets you update your
files at any time without having to republish your movie.
Anchor points enhance navigation in Flash movies by letting users use the Forward
and Back buttons in their browsers to jump from anchor to anchor. The improved
ActionScript editor makes it easier for new and veteran authors to access the full
potential of ActionScript. Flash components accelerate Web application
development by providing reusable drag-and-drop interface elements for Flash
content, such as list boxes, radio buttons, and scroll bars. The improved debugger
combines the debugging capabilities already in existence with an ActionScript
debugger by allowing you to set breakpoints and single-step through the code as it
executes. The object model integrates movie clips, buttons, and text fields into the
ActionScript object-oriented scripting language. The event model makes
ActionScript event handling more powerful and easier to understand. The event

51
model now allows for more sophisticated control over user events, such as mouse
movement and keyboard input.
The new drawing API enhances the object-oriented programming power of
ActionScript by offering a set of shape-drawing capabilities through the MovieClip
object, allowing for programmatic control over the Flash rendering engine.
SetInterval and clearInterval functions allow designers to set up a generic routine
that will be called at periodic intervals throughout the lifetime of a movie.

VIII. JAVA SCRIPT

JavaScript is Netscape’s cross-platform, object-oriented scripting language. Core

JavaScript contains a core set of objects, such as Array, Date, and Math, and a core
set of language elements such as operators, control structures, and statements. Core
JavaScript can be extended for a variety of purposes by supplementing it with
additional objects; for example:
• Client-side JavaScript extends the core language by supplying objects to
control a browser (Navigator or another web browser) and its Document Object
Model (DOM). For example, client-side extensions allow an application to place
elements on an HTML form and respond to user events such as mouse clicks, form
input, and page navigation.

52
• Server-side JavaScript extends the core language by supplying objects relevant to
running JavaScript on a server. For example, server-side extensions allow an
application to communicate with a relational database, provide continuity of
information from one invocation to another of the application, or perform file
manipulations on a server. JavaScript lets you create applications that run over the
Internet. Client applications run in a browser, such as Netscape Navigator, and
server applications run on a server, such as Netscape Enterprise Server. Using
JavaScript, you can create dynamic HTML pages that process user input and
maintain persistent data using special objects, files, and relational databases.

Through JavaScript’s LiveConnect functionality, you can let Java and JavaScript
code communicate with each other. From JavaScript, you can instantiate Java
objects and access their public methods and fields. From Java, you can access
JavaScript objects, properties, and methods. Netscape invented JavaScript, and
JavaScript was first used in Netscape browsers.
Web browsers such as Navigator (2.0 and later versions) can interpret clientside
JavaScript statements embedded in an HTML page. When the browser (or client)
requests such a page, the server sends the full content of the document, including
HTML and JavaScript statements, over the network to the client. The browser reads
the page from top to bottom, displaying the results of the HTML and executing
JavaScript statements as they are encountered.

Client-side JavaScript statements embedded in an HTML page can respond to user

events such as mouse clicks, form input, and page navigation. For example, you can
write a JavaScript function to verify that users enter valid information into a form
requesting a telephone number or zip code. Without any network transmission, the

53
embedded JavaScript on the HTML page can check the entered data and display a
dialog box if the user enters invalid data.

On the server, you also embed JavaScript in HTML pages. The server-side
statements can connect to relational databases from different vendors, share
information across users of an application, access the file system on the server, or
communicate with other applications through LiveConnect and Java. HTML pages
with server-side JavaScript can also include client-side JavaScript.
In contrast to pure client-side JavaScript pages, HTML pages that use server-side
JavaScript are compiled into bytecode executable files. These application
executables are run by a web server that contains the JavaScript runtimeengine. For
this reason, creating JavaScript applications is a two-stage process.

In contrast to standard Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs, all JavaScript

source is integrated directly into HTML pages, facilitating rapid development and
easy maintenance. Server-side JavaScript’s Session Management Service contains
objects you can use to maintain data that persists across client requests, multiple
clients, and multiple applications. Server-side JavaScript’s LiveWire Database
Service provides objects for database access that serve as an interface to Structured
Query Language (SQL) database servers.

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55
 SPECIAL
PART

IX. COMPUTER NETWORK

A LAN is a group of PCs that communicate with each other by message

packets, with each packet containing sender and receiver address information for
routing purposes. A LAN always has one or more file servers. Most of the
processing occurs on the local PC, not on the file servers. Furthermore, in LAN
environment software mechanisms are provided so that a PC can share files, lock
records obtain its unique workstation name and send messages to other computers.
Less formally, a LAN is a group of PCs connected to one another by cables.
Each PC contains network adapter card and network support software. Each PC has

56
an unique address on the network and is known as a node or workstation. The
network support software in each workstation typically occurs into layers. The layer
at the lowest level talks directly to the network adapter card, the layer at the highest
level talks to your application program and provides a programmatic interface at
your application can use to access the network. Each layer implements a well-
defined method of communication across the network (a protocol). Among other
things, the LAN protocol specifies the maximum allowed cable length and the type
of cable to be used. By networking several PCs together, costly peripheral devices
such as plotters can be shared among several users. LANs are used to interconnect
computers (workstations, servers and so on). There are physically distributed
around a single office or building or group of buildings that all belong to the same
organization. In some instances just a simple LAN is used, while in others multiple
interconnected LANs are used. In the latter case the LANs are used interconnected
either by bridges if all the LANs are of the same type, or by routers is a mix of
LAN types is involved.
The protocol suite used with the internet is known as Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). It includes both network-oriented protocols
and application-support protocols. Because TCP/IP has been in wide spread use
with an existing internet, many of the TCP/IP protocols have been used as the basis
for ISO standards.
The CSMA/CD standard is defined in the IEEE 802.3. The general interconnection
structures are:

57
 Repeater electronics
Rx/Tx
circuits

Multiway
Interconnecting
(Telco) connector

CSMA/D transmission media

For historical reasons a CSMA/CD bus network is also known as a Ethernet.

Normally, it is implemented also a 10Mbps are supported in the standard
documents. These include twisted pair and optical fiber, this being in the form of
drop cables from a central hub.
Although different media are used, they all operate using the same medium access
control method. All the stations are connected directly to the same cable which is
used therefore for transmitting all data between stations. The cable is thus say to
operate in a multiple access mode. All data is transmitted by the sending station
first encapsulating the data in a frame with the required destination address at the
head of the frame. The frame is then transmitted on the cable. All stations
connected to the cable detect when a frame is being transmitted and when the
required destination detect, that the frame currently being transmitted has its own
address at the head of the frame, it continues reading the data contained within the
frame and responses according to the defined link protocol.
Planning entails the preparation of all future steps of network development. Most
important is to acquire and evaluate information on the current situation and trends.

58
Planning is a continual task starting with the first ideas on network design and
accompanying the whole life cycle of a system.
Network management comprises monitoring, evaluation and control during
network installation and its operation. Consequently, there is a strong relationship
between both the planning process and network management.
We put emphasis on different issues, depending on the purpose and the
overall objectives of a network.
Any planning process comprises the following typical phases:
1) problem identification;

2) conceptual design phase;

3) detailed design including configuration, installation strategy, test and

management;
4) realization (installation and test);

5) operation including network analysis and tuning;

6) network analysis and enlargement;

7) upgrading.

In almost all stages of the planning process we are faced with the problems
of:
 identifying the characteristics of the workload;
 determining the quality of the system behavior;
 detecting and removing critical bottlenecks;
 developing optimal (hardware and software) modules, components and overall
strategies.
The documents on Network security services, define seven security services:
1. Access control;
2. Authentications
3. Confidentiality;

59
 4. Integrity
5. Non-repudiation
6. Availability
7. Accountability

1). Access Control: ability for users to precisely control who should have the right
to access which targets in what ways. Access control in a network environment has
two aspects:
 Control of access to resources located within individual
computers attached to the network. This aspect of the service relies entirely on
access control mechanisms within the operating systems of the responsible
computers.
 Control of access to network resources such as the attached
computers themselves, switching nodes, links, or abstract resources are not
protected by the operating system of any individual computer by rather by the
network as a whole2).
2). Authentication: ability for the system to correlate the identity of end users and
other subjects (processes, applications, network entities) with the requests they
make to access targets inside the system; exhibits two aspects:
a) Origin authentication: the ability to identify the sender of a message or
originator of a communication sometimes referred to as one-way
authentication
b) Peer authentication: the ability for two communicating parties to
mutually authenticate one another sometimes referred to as two-way
authentication.
3). Confidentiality: services to protect information against the threat of disclosure to
unauthorized users. This confidentiality requirement also comes in two flavors:

60
 a) Data confidentiality: ability to protect against disclosure of the content of
data traveling through the network (or stored within attached computers)
b) Traffic confidentiality: the ability to protect against disclosure of the
origin, destination, volume and, indeed, the very existence of data
traveling through the network (or by extension stored within the attached
computers).
4). Integrity: the services to protect the information against the threat of
modification by unauthorized users.
5). Non-repudiation. The counter repudiation threads the system must provide so-
called non-repudiation services with two aspects:
a) Non-repudiation of origin: is a stronger form of origin authentication. Origin
authentication means that the recipient of a message or of a communication must
be able to convince himself of the identity of the sender or originator. Non-
repudiation of origin means that that the recipient must, in addition, to be able to
convince a third party of the origin’s identity thus preventing the origin from
denying that he or she sent the information.
b) Non-repudiation of destination or receipt: is, somehow, the dual of the previous
one. It gives the originator of a message or communication the ability to prove
to a third party that the message or communication was indeed received by an
identifiable recipient, thus preventing the recipient from denying that he or she
ever received the information.
Ethernet is the most widely used local area network (LAN) technology. Ethernet
was designed to fill the middle ground between long-distance, low-speed networks
and specialized, computer-room networks carrying data at high speeds for very
limited distances. Ethernet is well suited to applications where a local
communication medium must carry sporadic, occasionally heavy traffic at high
peak data rates.

61
Ethernet is a broadcast transmission medium. This means that all devices on a
network can see all data that passes along the networking media. However, not all
the devices on the network will process the data. Only the device whose MAC
address and IP address matches the destination MAC address and destination IP
address carried by the data will copy the data.

Once a device has verified the destination MAC and IP addresses carried by the
data, it then checks the data packet for errors. If the device detects errors, the data
packet is discarded. The destination device will not notify the source device
regardless of whether the packet arrived successfully or not. Ethernet is a
connectionless network architecture and is referred to as a best-effort delivery
system.

In a LAN, where the star topology is used, the networking media is run from a
central hub out to each device attached to the network. The physical layout of the
star topology resembles spokes radiating from the hub of a wheel. A central point of
control is used in a star topology. When a star topology is used, communication
between devices attached to the local area network is via point-to-point wiring to
the central link or hub. All network traffic in a star topology passes through the hub.

62
The hub receives frames on a port, then copies and transmits (repeats) the frame to
all of the other ports. The hub can be either active or passive. An active hub
connects the networking media as well as regenerates the signal. In Ethernet where
hubs act as multiport repeaters, they are sometimes referred to as concentrators. By
regenerating the signal, active hubs enable data to travel over greater distances. A
passive hub is a device used to connect networking media and does not regenerate a
signal.

The TIA/EIA-568-A specification, for the maximum length of horizontal cabling

for unshielded twisted pair cable, is 90 m. The maximum length for patch cords at
the telecommunications outlet/connector is 3 m, and the maximum length for patch

63
cords/jumpers at the horizontal cross-connect is 6 m. The maximum distance for a
run of horizontal cabling, that extends from the hub to any workstation, is 100 m.
(actually 99 m. but it is commonly rounded up to 100 m.) This figure includes the
90 meters for the horizontal cabling, the 3 meters for the patch cords, and the 6
meters for the jumpers at the horizontal cross-connect. Horizontal cabling runs in a
star topology radiate out from the hub, much like the spokes of a wheel. This means
that a LAN that uses this type of topology could cover an area of a circle with a
radius of 100 m.

If a star topology cannot provide enough coverage for an area to be networked, the
network can be extended through the use of internetworking devices that do not
result in attenuation of the signal. This resulting topology is designated as an
extended star topology.

64
A network interface card (NIC) plugs into a motherboard and provides ports for
network connection. This card can be designed as an Ethernet card, a Token Ring
card, or an FDDI card. Network cards communicate with the network through serial
connections, and with the computer through parallel connections. They are the
physical connections from workstations to the network. Network cards all require
an IRQ, an I/O address, and upper memory addresses for DOS and Windows 95/98.

Switching is a technology that alleviates congestion, in Ethernet LANs, by reducing

traffic and increasing bandwidth. Switches, also referred to as LAN switches,
often replace shared hubs and work with existing cable infrastructures to ensure
they are installed with minimal disruption of existing networks.

Today, in data communications, all switching and routing equipment perform two
basic operations:

65
 1. switching data frames -- This is a store-and-forward operation in which a
frame arrives on an input media and is transmitted to an output media.
2. maintenance of switching operations -- Switches build and maintain
switching tables and search for loops. Routers build and maintain both
routing tables and service tables.

Like bridges, switches connect LAN segments, use a table of MAC addresses to
determine the segment on which a datagram needs to be transmitted, and reduce
traffic. Switches operate at much higher speeds than bridges, and can support new
functionality, such as virtual LANs.

An Ethernet switch has many benefits, such as allowing many users to

communicate in parallel through the use of virtual circuits and dedicated network
segments in a collision-free environment. This maximizes the bandwidth available
on the shared medium. Another benefit is that moving to a switched LAN
environment is very cost effective because existing hardware and cabling can be
reused. Finally, network administrators have great flexibility in managing the
network through the power of the switch and the software to configure the LAN

66
I realized in the student organization office a network with 3 computers; one of
them is the server. It is connected on a distance less then 100 m to a switch. The
server has a public IP address, so it was easier for us with the web page. The server
has 2 NICs. One is for the link with the switch and one is for the link with the other
computer who has access to the Internet. The same link is with the third computer. I
adopted such a solution because we did not have enough money for a hub or switch.
So I made a NAT.
The following list I had when I crated the design for the network:
 engineering journal
 logical topology
 physical topology
 cut sheets

67
  problem-solving matrices
 labeled outlets
 labeled cable runs
 summary of outlets and cable runs
 summary of devices, MAC addresses, and IP addresses

The backbone from the switch is a 100W UTP (four-pair) cable as specified at the
Cisco courses (TIA/EIA-568-A Standard). To ensure that my project is done
thoroughly, accurately, and on time, I created a flowchart that includes each of the
tasks that must be completed, and the order in which they should be tackled. The
flowchart also included a timeline for each of these tasks.

The flowchart included the following tasks:

1. installing outlets
2. installing jacks
3. running cables
4. punching cables into patch panels
5. testing cables
6. documenting cables
7. installing NICs
8. installing hubs, switches, bridges, and routers
9. configuring routers
10.installing and configuring PCs

As defined by TIA/EIA-568-A, is the networking media that connect the

telecommunications outlet to the horizontal cross-connect. TIA/EIA-568-A
specifies that, in a horizontal cabling scheme, you must use an RJ-45 jack for

68
making the connection to a CAT 5 UTP cable, at the telecommunications outlet.
One side of the RJ-45 jack contains eight color-coded slots. The individual Cat5
wires are punched down into the slots according to color. A firm punch down is
required in order to make a good electrical connection. The other side of the jack is
a female plug, which looks like a standard phone jack, except that the RJ-45 jack is
larger and has eight pins. Unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP) is a four-pair wire
medium - composed of pairs of wires - used in a variety of networks. Each pair of
wires is insulated from the others. This type of cable relies solely on the
cancellation effect, produced by the twisted wire pairs, to limit signal degradation
caused by EMI and RFI. To further reduce crosstalk between the pairs in UTP
cable, the number of twists in the wire pairs varies. When used as a networking
medium, UTP cable has four pairs of either 22 or 24 gauge copper wire. UTP used
as a networking medium has an impedance of 100 ohms. This differentiates it from
other types of twisted-pair wiring such as that used for telephone wiring. Because
UTP has an external diameter of approximately .43 cm, its small size can be
advantageous during installation. Since UTP can be used with most of the major
networking architectures, it continues to grow in popularity.

69
A LANs performance is closely linked to the quality of its connections. When you
use RJ-45 jacks at the telecommunications outlet in a horizontal cabling scheme,
the wiring sequence is critical to ensure the best possible network performance.
Sequencing refers to the process of matching the wires of a cable to the proper
terminals on the jack. To understand how this works, examine an RJ-45 jack,
closely. Notice that the jack is color coded. The colors - blue, green, orange, and
brown - correspond to the colors of the wires in each of the twisted pairs of CAT 5
UTP. You have also learned that a network is only as reliable as its cabling. In fact,
many experts consider it the most important component of any network. It is

70
important, therefore, that after you install the networking media, you determine the
quality of the installation.

In spite of the fact that it may have been built with the best quality cable,
connectors, patch panels, and other equipment, poor installation practices can
prevent a network from operating at its best. Once it is in place, the entire
installation should be tested.

Cable tester is a hand held device that can certify that cable meets the required
IEEE and TIA/EIA standards. Cable testers vary in the types of testing functions
they provide. Some can provide printouts, others can be attached to a PC to create a
data file.

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 X. THE WEB PAGE

The web page of the student organization came as a serious need of information.
The students demand a very big quantity of information and every one starting with
the secretary, continuing with the professors and finishing with the students from
the head of the organizations had to answer to a lot of questions so many times (for
each students). Also I wanted to make something useful for the other and not any
application. From the start I must say that the main concern designing these 2 pages
(the old one and the new one) was the information. I wanted to put there as many
information as needed.
The web page came in two stages; first I developed a page in a hurry just to have a
way of informing the students.

72
I will not insist on this page. It was a precursor of the actual one.

The actual web page is completely different and runs on an Apache server. As
many know Apache is the most used server for web pages and very easy to
administrate and configure. It is secure and free. A Web server is the server
software behind the World Wide Web. It listens for requests from a client, such as a
browser like Netscape or Microsoft's Internet Explorer. When it gets one, it
processes that request and returns some data. This data usually takes the form of a
formatted page with text and graphics. The browser then renders this data to the
best of its ability and presents it to the user. Web servers are in concept very simple
programs. They await for requests and fulfill them when received.

Web servers communicate with browsers or other clients using the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is a simple protocol that standardizes the way
requests are sent and processed. This allows a variety of clients to communicate
with any vendor's server without compatibility problems.

Most of the documents requested are formatted using Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML). HTML is a small subset of another markup language called Standard
General Markup Language (SGML). HTML is the lifeblood of the Web. It is a
simple markup language used for formatting text. Browsers interpret the markup
information and render its intent to the best of their abilities. More importantly,
HTML allows linking to different documents and resources; this is the hypertext
portion of the Web. Hypertext allows a user to refer to other documents stored in
the same computer or in a computer located in a different part of the world. It
allows information to be almost tridimensional. Not only can you read sequentially,
but you can jump for more elsewhere.

73
 The information retrieval process is completely transparent to the user; it's easy
and free-form. Navigation through this sea of information is in an ad hoc way.
While the results and implications of this new learning process are yet to be seen, it
sure is powerful. It provides a seamless exploration experience of documents and
services. This is what the Web is all about. It allows you to gather information
easily and presents it in a way that it is easy to digest. It's graphic, and it can
combine sound and moving pictures.

Apache is freeware; therefore, you invariably have to confront the issue of free
software. Is free software really cheap? After all, who do you go to if you have
problems? What are the odds of the product not being supported? Free software
usually has sparse documentation and no direct technical support. However, there
are a few software packages out there that are superbly documented, supported, and
maintained. In my view, Apache belongs to that list.

After installing the apache server another big problem was the design of the web
page. Here took a lot of work. The design had also to include my idea of
information. He basic idea was to have a lot on information and a very pleasant
design. Also the components of the web page had to be easy to access from any part
of it. The final result can be seen here:

74
75
76
 Now let’s say a little about it. In the header it can be seen the flash banner. It
is animated and contains our slogan throw years: ”We care!”. It was developed
because I think that flash is one of the most important software for creating
animated movies. Flash is an authoring environment that gives the developers the
power to create high-impact, fully interactive, animated web pages. It's also an
interactive multimedia-authoring program. Also, it's a sophisticated animation
program suitable for creating a range of animations from simple Web ornaments to
broadcast-quality cartoons. As if that weren't enough, it's also the host of a scripting
language-Flash now supports a robust, fully featured ActionScript language,
grounded in the JavaScript standard. This language enables Flash to couple with
XML (Extensible Markup Language), HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), and

77
other content in many ways. So it's also a scripting language that's capable of
communication with other parts of the Web.

The web page is made of: this flash banner, a quick menu (horizontal), a left
menu which changes when the information of a chapter is very big and divided in
other subchapters. On the left side I have putted a pop up menu if I can say that. It
is in fact a calendar with the events taking place in the current month. Of course this
events are of interests for the students. Under this calendar it is a box where the
students specify their options regarding receiving information from the student
organization through e-mail. They specify their e-mail address and if they want to
be added or deleted from OSACE group of discussion. Their address is added in a
table in our database. The connection is realized with php and the database is made
with mysql.

The table as can be seen is made of two fields: address - for the e-mail address
and int – for their option: 1 if they want to be added to the discussion group and 0 if
they want to be deleted from the group.

After this registration, there are several useful information concerning financial
aspects and also the weather for out city, all of them being exactly and updated all
the time through Internet.

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 The Home page is full of updated information for students. This information can
be accessed later while navigating through the web page, because this information
will be displayed on summary on the right side of the each displayed page. In these
pages students can find information concerning:

 General aspects concerning the student organization (historic, status)

 The members and also the members that represent them at the Professorial
Council, University Senate, the head of the organization, the honorifically
members.

 OSACE activities and the activities of each department.

 International aspects (conferences, workshops, grants aso.).

 Educational and professional aspects as: scholarships, conditions for

receiving these scholarships, information about the bachelor thesis and the
exam for entering in the faculty. Also the student status is put here on the
web page.

 Links to other places of interest: universities, student organization, and

technical publication aso.

The styles used for this web page have been putted in a special file just to can be
easy accessed and unitary for all the web page. So the modifications are easy to
make.

In the base of each page there is a menu with quick access to all the information
desired.

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 Navigating through the pages can be found movies from OSACE activities and
also a Flash Player for the pictures. This can be seen here:

Using this player it can be seen that it has many facilities: there can be seen each
picture one at a time, one album at a time, or all the pictures in a movie. Also there
are the options to zoom in or zoom out in a specific picture, to stop the movie, to
rotate the pictures or to save the pictures to the computer.

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 XI. FORUM

Also for a good communication between the students I developed a forum. It is

implemented in php and mysql. I have chosen these because they are easy to use
and change and very stable. The main page of the forum is:

As can be seen from here the visitor can access the forum in 2 ways:
1. Restricted user – just for reading the messages

81
 2. Full user – it has a user name and password given by the organization; He
can login and here has many facilities.
The restricted user can read all the messages from all the topics and all days. He can
choose this as in the picture:

The full user can login at a specific theme. He receives the user and the password
from the student organization. The interface looks like:

82
After a user is logged he can see all the messages from the specific topic. Also he
has the right to replay to any message but also if he puts a message he can delete
the message. The full user has also the right to put another message at the current
topic.

83
The full users are of 2 types depend on what the administrator of the forum decides:
1. Can POST/REPLY
2. Can Only Reply

All the settings are done in the administrator frame:

84
From here a user is added to a specific theme, there assigns their rights, a user can
be deleted from a theme, a theme can be added or deleted.
Behind all these interfaces there is a database. The database in mysql has the
following structure:

85
The connection through php with the database is made. As can be seen there are
three tables:
 Channel – for the themes of the discussion;
 Postings - for the messages (contain all the fields necessary: subject,
message, if it is reply, who is the parent message, data of the post, when it
was last read, who posted the message, the name of the attached file). This is
another feature of the forum: a message can have an attach;
 Users – for the user who can login. This table also contains all the
information necessary: full name, username, password, admin and channel.

86
 XII. CONCLUSION

The need for information and communication is increasing day by day. Students
need to be informed and the student organization must have this role. This must be
done taking in consideration the new technologies, which will make the work done
easier, and 24h/day. So the student network and the student organization web page
was a must. The technologies used are easy to use and configure so during the years
the network and the web page can be administrated with no big problems. All these
can be improved adding more computers to the network (but having in mind all the
problems generating from this) and adding new features to the web page as: chat,
login to see the marks database, virtual lab tours.

87
Bibliografie

1. Honneycutt, J., Brown, M. – Special Edition Using HTML 4. Ed.

Macmillan Computer Publishing.
2. Kerman, P. – Action Scripting in Flash. Ed. Teora, 2002
3. Rey, C. – Macromedia Flash MX. Ed. Teora, 2002
4. McCarty, B. – PHP 4. Ed. Teora, 2001
5. Cisco Network Academy Program, Cisco Certified Network Associate.
2002
6. Ricardo, M.A. – Apache server Survival Guide. 2000
7. Maslakowski, M. – Sam’s teach yourself mysql in 21 days. Sam’s. 2000
8. Netscape Communications Corporation – Server side Java Script Guide.
Netscape communications corporation. 1998
9. Vasudevan, A. – PHP How-to. 2001
10. Lazar, C., Dolinescu, C., Strat, V., Chifan, M., Luchian, St., Boingeanu,
Al. – Anomaliile convergentei biliare. Consideratii tehnico-tactice. Rev.Med-
Chir., Iasi, 83, 1979
11.Welling, L., Thomson, L. – PHP and MySql web development. Ed. Sams,
2001

88
 Appendix

Code for www.osace.ucv.ro/index.html

<!-- NAME: main.tpl -->
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<html>
<head>
<title>OSACE </title>
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css"
href="includes/style.css">
<meta name="generator" content="Namo WebEditor v5.0(Trial)">
</head>

<body leftmargin="0" topmargin="0" rightmargin="0"

bottommargin="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="760"
align="center">
<tr>
<td><embed src="osace.swf" quality=high
pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.c
gi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash" type="application/x-shockwave-
flash" width="780" height="142" border="0">
</embed>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="mainmenu"><a href='index.html'>Home</a> | <a
href='generalitati.htm'>Generalitati</a> |
<a href='Membrii.html'>Membrii</a> | <a
href='Activitati.htm'>Activitati</a> | <a

89
href='International.htm'>Relatii internationale</a> | <a
href='Invatamant.htm'>Invatamant</a> | <a
href='Linkuri.htm'>Link-uri</a> | <a
href='Contact.htm'>Contact</a> | <a href='forum/index.html'
target="_blank">Forum</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="760"
align="center">
<tr><td><img src="img/spacer.gif" width="10" height="10"
alt="" border="0"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="200">
<!-- NAME: box.tpl -->
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%"
style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<tr>
<td class="boxtitle"><img src="images/utils/bullet.gif"
width="24" height="18" alt="" border="0"></td>
<td width="100%" class="boxtitle">Meniu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2"><table cellpadding=2
cellspacing=0 border=0><tr><td><li type=square></li></td><td><a
href='generalitati.htm'>Generalitati</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><li type=square></li></td><td><a
href='Membrii.html'>Membrii</a></td></tr><tr><td><li

90
type=square></li></td><td><a
href='Activitati.htm'>Activitati</a></td></tr><tr><td><li
type=square></li></td>
<td><a href='International.htm'>Relatii
internationale</a></td></tr><tr><td><li
type=square></li></td><td><a
href='Invatamant.htm'>Invatamant</a></td></tr><tr><td><li
type=square></li></td><td><a href='Linkuri.htm'>Link-
uri</a></td></tr><tr><td><li type=square></li></td><td><a
href='Contact.htm'>Contact</a></td></tr></table></td>
</tr>
</table>

<!-- END: box.tpl -->

<!-- NAME: box.tpl -->
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%"
style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<tr>
<td class="boxtitle"><img src="images/utils/bullet.gif"
width="24" height="18" alt="" border="0"></td>
<td width="100%" class="boxtitle">Calendar
evenimente</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2"><div
class=cal><table width=100%>
<tr>
<td colspan='7' align=center>

91
 <table width='100%' border=0 cellpadding=0
cellspacing=0>
<tr>
<td><a href='/index.php?
month=4&year=2004' class=''>&lt;&lt;</a></td>
<td align='center' class='caldate'>Mai.
2004</td>
<td align=right><a href='/index.php?
month=6&year=2004' class=''>&gt;&gt;</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr><tr
class=''><td>L</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>V</td><td>S<
/td><td>D</td></tr> <tr class=''>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'

92
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=1&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">1</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=2&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">2</a></td>
<tr class=''>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=3&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">3</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=4&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">4</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=5&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">5</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=6&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">6</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=7&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">7</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=8&month=05&year=2004'

93
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">8</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=9&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">9</a></td>
<tr class=''>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=10&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">10</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=11&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">11</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=12&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">12</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=13&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">13</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=14&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">14</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=15&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">15</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=16&month=05&year=2004'

94
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">16</a></td>
<tr class=''>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=17&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">17</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=18&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">18</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=19&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">19</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=20&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">20</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=21&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">21</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=22&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">22</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=23&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">23</a></td>
<tr class=''>

95
 <td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=24&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">24</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=25&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">25</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=26&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">26</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=27&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">27</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=28&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">28</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=29&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">29</a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=30&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">30</a></td>
<tr class=''>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=31&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'">31</a></td>

96
 <td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
<td><a class='' href='events.php?
day=&month=05&year=2004'
onClick="window.open('','events','width=400, height=400,
scrollbars=yes');this.target='events'"></a></td>
</tr>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
</table>

<!-- END: box.tpl -->

<!-- NAME: box.tpl -->
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%"
style="margin-bottom: 5px;">

97
 <tr>
<td class="boxtitle"><img src="bullet.gif"
tppabs="http://www.osace.ucv.ro/images/utils/bullet.gif"
width="24" height="18" alt="" border="0"></td>
<td width="100%" class="boxtitle">Noutati pe email</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<div align=center>
Inscrie adresa ta de email pentru a fi la curent cu ultimele
noutati ale OSACE<form action="newsletter.php" method="POST"
target="_blank" targe="blank">
<input onclick='this.value=""' type='text' name='email'
value='adresa ta de mail' style='text-align:center'><br>
<input type='radio' class='radio' name='admin' value='1'
CHECKED>Abonare
<input type='radio' class='radio' name='admin'
value='0'>Dezabonare<br>
<input type='submit' class='submit' value='Abonare'>
</form>

</div>
<?php

$chann=$_POST["email"];
$admin=(int)$_POST["admin"];

require "dbconn.php";

$link=connectmysqldb();

98
if($chann=="") exit(1);

$result=querymysql("select * from email where

adresa=\"{$chann}\"");
$num = mysql_num_rows($result);
if($num!=0) {exit(1);}

querymysql("insert into email

values(\"{$chann}\",\"{$admin}\")");
echo "Tema \"$chann\" a fost adaugata la baza de date";

?>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- END: box.tpl -->

<div align="center">
<br>
<!-- // statistici.ro v4.1 b08042004 // -->
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">var
uid="0NKN", no = "0", v="4.0";</script>
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"
src="http://js.statistici.ro/count.js"></script>
<noscript><a href="http://www.statistici.ro/?uid=0NKN&no=0"
target="_blank"><img border="0"
src="http://log.statistici.ro/s/rmcounter?uid=0NKN&no=0"
alt="statistici.ro"></a></noscript>
<!-- // Copyright (c)2000-2004 Realmedia Romania SRL // -->
</div>
<br>

99
<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
vanguard_cc='000000';
vanguard_c1='FFFFFF';
vanguard_c2='FBFBD0';
</script>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"
width="100%" valign="top">
<tr>
<td height="112"><script language="JavaScript"
type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.vanguard.ro/diverse/cursuri2.js"></script></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="./images/pixel.gif" width="100%"
height="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="70"><script language="JavaScript"
type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.vanguard.ro/diverse/indici_s.js"></script>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="./images/pixel.gif" width="100%"
height="5"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="center"><a
href="http://romanian.wunderground.com/global/stations/15450.html
" target="_blank" title="Vremea in Craiova..."><img
src="http://banners.wunderground.com/banner/infobox_metric/global
/stations/15450.gif" width="144" height="108" border="1"
style="border-color:#000000;"></a>

100
</p>
</td>
<td width="10"><img src="img/spacer.gif" width="10"
height="10" alt="" border="0"></td>
<td width="570" align="center">

<table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="0" width=100%>

<tr>
<td width=50%>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%"
style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<tr>
<td width="100%" class="boxtitle">Ultimele noutati</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="index.html"><strong>Student
Party</strong></a>
<br>
( <em>25/04/04</em> )
<br>
In fiecare joi seara OSACE impreuna cu organizatiile
studentesti de la Facultatea de Drept, Facultatea de Farmacie si
Facultatea de Litere va invita la discoteca in Casa Studetilor,
in Club Alien. Intrarea este gratuita si se face pe baza
carnetului de student.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a
href="index.html"><strong>Restaurant</strong></a>
<br>

101
 ( <em>20/04/04</em> )
<br>
S-a deschis restaurantul in cadrul facultatii noastre.
La preturi foarte mici studentii si profesorii pot servi masa in
restaurantul situat la parterul aripii noi. Programul este: 08 -
18.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="index.html"><strong>Zilele
Cosului</strong></a>
<br>
( <em>20/04/04</em> )
<br>
Conventia Organizatiilor Studentesti desfasoara in
perioada 1 -11 mai actiunea "Zilele COS-ului". Programul cuprinde
mai multe actiuni, printre care amintim zilele ecologistului,
bursa locurilor de munca pentru studenti, campionat de fotbal,
Balul Balurilor.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="index.html"><strong>Licenta
2004</strong></a>
<br>
( <em>20/04/04</em> )
<br>
S-au stabilit comisiile de licenta pentru studentii de
la zi cat si cei de la colegiu. Cei interesati de acestea se pot
adresa secretariatului facultatii sau la sediul OSACE.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="index.html"><strong>Admitere
2004</strong></a>
<br>

102
 ( <em>20/04/04</em> )
<br>
S-a stabilit comisia de admitere la facultate.
informatii se obtin de la secretariatul facultatii.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="index.html"><strong>Licenta
2004</strong></a>
<br>
( <em>20/04/04</em> )
<br>
S-au stabilit datele examenelor de licenta. Acestea se
vor desfasura in perioada 14-20 iunie 2004. Informatii
suplimentare se gasesc la secretariatele fiecarei catedre.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="index.html"><strong>Zilele
Tehnicii Studentesti</strong></a>
<br>
( <em>19/04/04</em> )
<br>
In perioada 26-29 aprilie 2004 vor avea loc Zilele
Tehnicii Studentesti. Manifestarea cuprinde prezentare de lucrari
stiintifice studentesti, vizite la intreprinderi si vizite
culturale.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="index.html"><strong>Consiliul
National al Studentilor</strong></a>
<br>
( <em>19/04/04</em> )
<br>

103
 In perioada 23-25 aprilie 2004 va avea loc la Craiova
Consiliul National al Studentilor. La aceasta intrunire participa
cate un student reprezentant al fiecarei Universitati din tara,
de stat.
</td>

</table>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ededed" width=50%>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%"
style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<tr>
<td width="100%" class="boxtitle">Recomandari</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Piesa
saptamanii</strong></a>
<br>
&nbsp;OSACE va propune piesa de teatru: Casa cu Toape
la Teatrul National.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Legea
practicii</strong></a>
<br>
La Ministerul Educatiei si Cercetarii se discuta legea
practicii. Sugestii sunt asteptate la sediul OSACE.
</td>
</tr><tr>

104
 <td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Legea
calitatii</strong></a>
<br>
La Ministerul Educatiei si Cercetarii se discuta cu
reprezentantii studentilor "Legea calitatii invatamantului
superior din Romania". Proiectul il gasiti si <a
href="legeacalit.zip">AICI</a>
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Craiova Spring
Fashion</strong></a>
<br>
Vineri 7 mai se desfasoara la Teatrul Liric din Craiova
spectacolul "Craiova Spring Fashion".
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Spectacol umanitar pe Ion
Oblemenco</strong></a>
<br>
Marti 18 mai se va desfasura pe stadionul Ion Oblemenco
un meci umanitar la care sunt asteptati mari fotbalisti din lumea
intreaga. Meciul va fi precedat de concert de muzica sustinut de
Iris, Holograf si Directia 5.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Campionat de
fotbal</strong></a>
<br>

105
 Cei care doresc sa participe la campionatul de fotbal
organizat de Conventia Organizatiilor Studentesti sunt astptati
la sediul OSACE sau sa ia direct legatura cu Bogdan Baleanu.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Concert
Filarmonica</strong></a>
<br>
Saptamana aceasta se desfasoara la Filarmonica
concertul.....
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Filmul Saptamanii
</strong></a>
<br>
OSACE va recomanda filmul saptamanii ...
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="boxcontent" colspan="2">
<a href="index.html"><strong>Grup Discutii
</strong></a>
<br>
OSACE a realizat un grup de discutii unde sunt
bineveniti toti studentii facultatii noastre. Daca vreti sa
faceti parte din acest grup de discutii va rugam sa ne scrieti un
e-mail.
</td>

</tr></table>
</td>

106
 </tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="760"
align="center">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#5d5d5d"><img src="img/spacer.gif"
width="10" height="10" alt="" border="0"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#b8b8b8" class="mainmenubottom"><a
href='index.html'>Home</a> | <a
href='Generalitati.htm'>Generalitati</a> | <a
href='Membrii.html'>Membrii</a> |
<a href='Activitati.htm'>Activitati</a> | <a
href='International.htm'>Relatii internationale</a> | <a
href='Invatamant.htm'>Invatamant</a> | <a
href='Linkuri.htm'>Link-uri</a> | <a
href='Contact.htm'>Contact</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#5d5d5d" class="footnotes">
&copy; OSACE Craiova 2004<br>
Pentru orice observatii adresati-va <a
href="mailto:osace2001@yahoo.com">webmaster-ului</a><br>
<br><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>

107
</html>
<!-- END: main.tpl -->

Newsletter code:
<html>
<head><title>Adauga o noua adresa la groupul de discutii</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">

</head>
<body background="brickwall.gif">
<h2>Iti multumim!</h2>
<?php

$chann=$_POST["email"];
$admin=(int)$_POST["admin"];

require "dbconn.php";

$link=connectmysqldb();

if($chann=="") exit(1);

$result=querymysql("select * from email where

adresa=\"{$chann}\"");
$num = mysql_num_rows($result);
if($num!=0) {exit(1);}

querymysql("insert into email

values(\"{$chann}\",\"{$admin}\")");
echo "Adresa \"$chann\" a fost luata in considerare";
?>

108
</body>
</html>

Style code:
form{
margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;
padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;
}
input{
font-size: 11px;
font-family: Verdana;
border: solid black 1px;
background: #B7CFE8;
}
.submit{
background: #8fbc8f;
color: white;
font-weight: bold;
}
.radio{
border: none;
}
td{
font-size: 12px;
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, sans-serif;
vertical-align: top;
}
body{
font-size: 11px;
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, sans-serif;
}

109
a{
color: black;
}
a:hover{
color: red;
}
.boxtitle{
font-size: 12px;
font-weight: bold;
color: #030303;
background: #CAD7B9;
}
.boxtitle A{
color: #3c3c3c;
}
.boxcontent{
background: #eeeeee;
padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px;
}
.cal TD{
text-align:center;
}
.caldate{
font-weight: bold;
}
.caldaysel{
font-weight: bold;
color: red;
}
.sitetree{
font-weight: bold;
padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px;
border-bottom: solid black 1px;

110
 margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.mainmenu{
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 12px;
background: #c9c9c9;
padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px;
}
.mainmenu A{
text-decoration:none;
}
.mainmenu A:hover{
text-decoration:underline;
color: white;
}
.mainmenubottom{
font-size: 12px;
text-align: center;
padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px;
font-weight: bold;
color: #4b4b4b;
}
.mainmenubottom A{
color: #4b4b4b;
text-decoration: none;
}
.footnotes{
padding-top: 5px;
text-align: center;
color: white;
}
.footnotes A{
color: white;

111
 }
.headline{
color: blue;
font-weight: bold;
}

DBCONN.php code:
<?php

function connectmysqldb()
{
$link = mysql_connect("localhost","root","root")
or die("<br>Nu s-a putut
conecta");
//echo "<br>Conectare reusita";
mysql_select_db("myforum") or die("<br>Nu a putut selecta
baza de date");
return $link;
}

function querymysql($query)
{
$result = @mysql_query($query);
return $result;
}
?>

Forum code:
Anonymous.html code:
<html>

112
<title>Teme</title>
<frameset rows="22%,*">
<frame src="select.php" frameborder="0" framescpacing="0"
border="0">
<frame src="anonymous.php" name=anonymous
frameborder="0" framescpacing="0" border="0">
</frameset>

Anonumous.php code:

<html>
<head><title>Citeste mesaje,Raspunde</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">

</head>
<body background="brickwall.gif">

<?php

require "dbconn.php";

$link=connectmysqldb();

$channels=$_POST["channels"];
echo "<h2>Postat pentru Tema Discutiei $channels :</h2>";

//if recently posted(say in last 1 day)

//0xffffffff;
$days=(int)$_POST["recent"];

if($days==0) $time=0;
else {$time=time()-$days*86400;}

113
$result=querymysql("select * from Postings where
Channel=\"{$channels}\" and isReply=0 and Posted>$time ORDER BY
Posted DESC");
//$ms=1;
while($line = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC))
{
$subject=$line["Subject"];
$posted=date("d M Y/H:i:s",$line["Posted"]);
$postedby=$line["PostedBy"];
$post=$line["Posted"];
$mess="<img src=message.gif>";
//if recently posted(say in last 1 day
if(time()-$line["Posted"]< 86400) $mess="<img
src=hotmess.gif>";
echo "<hr><br><br>$mess<b>Topic </b><i> Subiect:
$subject&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp";
echo "<a href=\"readmess.php?
posted=$line[Posted]\" target=_blank>Citeste
mesaj</a><br><br></i>";
echo "&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbspDepus la:
$posted de $postedby<br>";

$result2=querymysql("select * from Postings where

Channel=\"{$channels}\" and isReply=1 and Parent=\"{$post}\"
ORDER BY Posted");
$i=1;
while($line2 =
mysql_fetch_array($result2, MYSQL_ASSOC))
{
$subject=$line2["Subject"];
$posted=date("d M Y/H:i:s",
$line2["Posted"]);

114
 $postedby=$line2["PostedBy"];
//$post=urlencode($line2["Posted"]);
echo
"<br>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp<img
src=reply.gif><b>Raspuns $i</b><i> Subject:
$subject&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp";
echo "<a href=\"readmess.php?
posted=$line2[Posted]\" target=_blank>Citeste
mesaj</a><br><br></i>";
$i++;
echo
"&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbs
p&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp
Depus la:$posted by
$postedby<br>";
}

// $ms++;
}

?>

</body>

DBConn.php code:
<?php
function connectmysqldb()
{
$link = mysql_connect("localhost","root","root")

115
 or die("<br>Nu s-a putut
conecta");
//echo "<br>Conectare reusita";
mysql_select_db("myforum") or die("<br>Nu a putut selecta
baza de date");
return $link;
}

function querymysql($query)
{
$result = @mysql_query($query);
return $result;
}
?>

Deletemess.php:

<?php
require "dbconn.php";

if($_COOKIE[OKIDOKI]!="")
{
connectmysqldb();

$uploaddir = 'downloads/';
$post=$_GET["posted"];

//echo $post;

116
$result=querymysql("select Filename from Postings where
Posted=\"{$post}\"");
$line = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC);

if($line["Filename"]!="") unlink($uploaddir.$line["Filename"]);

querymysql("delete from Postings where Posted=\"{$post}\" or

Parent=\"{$post}\"");

echo "Mesaj sters";

echo "<SCRIPT TYPE=\"text/javascript\" LANGUAGE=\"JavaScript\">
<!--
//opener.document.location.reload();
window.close();

// -->
</SCRIPT>";
}
?>

Index.html code:
<html>
<head><title>Bine ati venit la OSACE Forum</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<body background="brickwall.gif">
<h1><i>OSACE Forum</i></h1>
<a href="anonymous.html" target="_blank">Citeste mesajele</a><br>
<a href="login.php" target="_blank">Depune mesaje/Raspunde</a>

</body>

117
</html>

Login.php code:
<html>
<head><title>Logheaza-te la tema discutiei</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">
</head>

<body background="brickwall.gif">
<h2>User Login</h2>

<form action="verify.php" method="POST">

<p align=left>Username:<input type=text name="Username"><br><br>
<p align=left>Password:<input type=password
name="Password"><br><br>

<h3>Selecteaza tema discutiei:</h3>

<SELECT NAME=channels>
<?php
require "dbconn.php";

connectmysqldb();

$result=querymysql("select Channel from Channel ORDER BY

Channel");

while($line = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC))

{
$channel=$line["Channel"];
echo "<OPTION>$channel</OPTION>";
}

118
?>
</SELECT>

<p align=left><input type=submit name="submit" value="Login">

</form>
</body>

</html>

Post.php Code:

<html>
<head><title>Depune topic la tema discutiei</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">
</head>

<body background="brickwall.gif">
<h2>Depune un mesaj nou la tema discutiei <?php echo
$_GET["channel"]; ?></h2>

<form enctype="multipart/form-data" action="post.php"

method="POST">
<p align=left>Subiect:<input type=text name="Subject" size=50
maxlength=100><br><br>
<input type=hidden name=channel value="<?php echo
$_GET["channel"]; ?>" >
<input type=hidden name=Fullname value="<?php echo
$_GET["Fullname"]; ?>" >
<input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="500000">

119
<p align=left>Mesaj:
<p>
<textarea name="Message" rows=15 cols=50>

</textarea>
</p>
<br><br>
Ataseaza un fisier:<input type=file name="myfile">

<p align=left><input type=submit name="submit" value="Depune

subiect">

</form>

<?php
require "dbconn.php" ;
$subj=$_POST["Subject"];
$mesg=$_POST["Message"];
$name=$_POST["Fullname"];
$chann=$_POST["channel"];

$uploaddir = 'downloads/';
$filename="";
if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES['myfile']['tmp_name'],
$uploaddir . $_FILES['myfile']['name']))
$filename=$_FILES['myfile']['name'];

echo "<br>De la: ";echo $_GET["Fullname"];echo "<br><br>";

if($_COOKIE[OKIDOKI]==$name)
{

120
if($subj=="" || $mesg=="" || $name=="" || $chann=="") exit(1);

$posted=time();
connectmysqldb();
querymysql("insert into Postings
values(\"{$subj}\",\"{$mesg}\",0,0,\"{$chann}\",\"{$posted}\"
,
\"{$posted}\",\"{$name}\",\"{$filename}\")");

echo "<SCRIPT TYPE=\"text/javascript\" LANGUAGE=\"JavaScript\">

<!--
//opener.document.location.reload();
window.close();

// -->
</SCRIPT>";

}
?>
</body>
</html>

Readmess.php:

<html>
<head><title>Citeste mesaje</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">
</head>

<body background="brickwall.gif">

121
<?php
require "dbconn.php";

$post=$_GET["posted"];

$link=connectmysqldb();
$result=querymysql("select * from Postings where
Posted={$post}");

$num = mysql_num_rows($result);
if($num==0) {echo "Nici un mesaj depus";exit(1);}
$line = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC);

$subj=$line["Subject"];
$posted=date("d M Y/h:i:s",$line["Posted"]);
$body=$line["Message"];
$postedby=$line["PostedBy"];
$isreply=$line["isReply"];
$parent=$line["Parent"];
$filename=$line["Filename"];
$result2=querymysql("select Subject from Postings where
Posted={$parent}");
$line2 = mysql_fetch_array($result2, MYSQL_ASSOC);
$parent=$line2["Subject"];

$chann=$line["Channel"];

if($isreply) echo "<h3>Raspunde la mesaj:\"{$parent}\"</h3>";

echo "<h5>Tema discutiei: $chann</h4>";
echo "<h5>Depus la $posted de $postedby</h4>";
echo "<p>Subiect: $subj</p>";
echo "<p>Mesaj:<br> <b>$body</b></p><br><br>";

122
if($filename!="") echo "<a
href=\"downloads/{$filename}\"><i><h5>Download/view
attachment</h5></i></a>";

?>
</body>
</html>

reply.php code:
<html>
<head><title>Raspunde la tema dicutiei</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">
</head>

<body background="brickwall.gif">
<h2>Tema discutiei <?php echo $_GET["channel"]; ?></h2>
<h2>Raspunde la mesaj:<br>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp<?php echo
$_GET["msgsubject"]; ?></h2>

<form action="reply.php" method="POST">

<p align=left>Subiect:<input type=text name="Subject" size=50
maxlength=100
value="<?php echo "RE:
{$_GET["msgsubject"]}"; ?>" ><br><br>
<input type=hidden name=channel value="<?php echo
$_GET["channel"]; ?>" >
<input type=hidden name=Fullname value="<?php echo
$_GET["Fullname"]; ?>" >
<input type=hidden name=msgsubject value="<?php echo
$_GET["msgsubject"]; ?>" >

123
<input type=hidden name=posted value="<?php echo $_GET["posted"];
?>" >

<p align=left>Mesaj:
<p>
<textarea name="Message" rows=15 cols=50>

</textarea>
</p>
<br><br>

<p align=left><input type=submit name="submit" value="Reply">

</form>

<?php
require "dbconn.php";

$msgsubj=$_POST["msgsubject"];
$post=$_POST["posted"];
$subj=$_POST["Subject"];
$mesg=$_POST["Message"];
$name=$_POST["Fullname"];
$chann=$_POST["channel"];
echo "<br>De la: ";echo $_GET["Fullname"];echo "<br><br>";

if($_COOKIE[OKIDOKI]==$name)
{
if($msgsubj=="" || $subj=="" || $mesg=="" || $name=="" ||
$chann=="") exit(1);

$posted=time();

124
$link=connectmysqldb();
$result=querymysql("insert into
Postings(Subject,Message,isReply,Parent,Channel,Posted,Last_Read,
PostedBy)

values(\"{$subj}\",\"{$mesg}\",1,\"$post\",\"{$chann}\",\"{$poste
d}\",\"{$posted}\",\"{$name}\")");

echo "<SCRIPT TYPE=\"text/javascript\" LANGUAGE=\"JavaScript\">

<!--
//opener.document.location.reload();
window.close();

// -->
</SCRIPT>";

}
?>
</body>
</html>

Select.php code:
<html>
<head><title>Selecteaza tema dicutiei</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">

</head>
<body background="brickwall.gif">

125
<form action="anonymous.php" method="POST" target=anonymous>

<h3>Selecteaza tema discutiei <SELECT NAME=channels>

<?php
require "dbconn.php";

$link=connectmysqldb();

$result=querymysql("select Channel from Channel where Secret=0

ORDER BY Channel ");

while($line = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC))

{
$channel=$line["Channel"];
echo "<OPTION>$channel</OPTION>";
}
?>
</SELECT>

&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp
&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp<br>
Topicele din:&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp
<select NAME=recent>
<OPTION>Toate Topicele</OPTION>
<OPTION>1 zi</OPTION>
<OPTION>7 zile</OPTION>
<OPTION>30 zile</OPTION>
</select></h3>

126
<!--<h6 align=left>Cele mai recente topice:<input type=checkbox
checked name=recent value=ischecked></h6>-->
<p align=left><input type=submit name="submit" value="Vezi
Topice">

</form>
</body>
</html>

Verify.php code:
<?php
require "dbconn.php";

$username=$_POST["Username"];
//echo "$username";
$password=$_POST["Password"];
$password=md5($password);
//echo "$password";
$channel=$_POST["channels"];
//echo "$channel";

$link=connectmysqldb();
$result=querymysql("select * from Users where
Username=\"{$username}\" and Password=\"{$password}\" and
Channel=\"{$channel}\" ");
$num = mysql_num_rows($result);

$line = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC);

$name=$line["Full_Name"];

if($num!=0) setcookie("OKIDOKI",$name,time()+600);

127
//else setcookie("OKIDOKI","no");
//print_r($_COOKIE);

?>

<html>
<head><title>Cont utilizator</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="styles.css" type="text/css">

</head>

<body background="brickwall.gif">

<?php
if($num==0) {echo "Cont utilizator negasit";exit(1);}

$chn=$channel;
$channel=rawurlencode($channel);
$fullname=$name;
$name=rawurlencode($name);
echo "<h4 align=left>Contul lui $fullname//Tema discutiei:
$chn</h4><br><br>";
if($line["Admin"]) echo "<a href=\"post.php?
channel=$channel&Fullname=$name\" target=_blank><p><i>Depune
topic nou</i></p></a> ";

echo "<h2>Depuneri din Tema discutiei $chn :</h2>";

128
$channel=$chn;

$result=querymysql("select * from Postings where

Channel=\"{$channel}\" and isReply=0 ORDER BY Posted DESC");
$ms=1;
while($line = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC))
{
$subject=$line["Subject"];
$posted=date("d M Y/H:i:s",$line["Posted"]);
$body=$line["Message"];
$postedby=$line["PostedBy"];
$sbj=rawurlencode($subject);
$post=rawurlencode($line["Posted"]);

$mess="<img src=message.gif>";
//if recently posted(say in last 1 day
if(time()-$line["Posted"]< 86400) $mess="<img
src=hotmess.gif>";
echo "<br><br><hr>$mess<b>Topic </b> <i>Subiect:
$subject &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp
<a href=\"reply.php?
channel=$channel&Fullname=$name&msgsubject=$sbj&posted=$post\"
target=_blank>Raspunde</a>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp";
echo "<a href=\"readmess.php?posted=$post\"
target=_blank>Citeste mesaj</a>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp";
if($fullname==$postedby) echo "<a
href=\"deletemess.php?posted=$post\" target=_blank>Sterge
mesaj</a>";
echo "<br><br></i>";
echo "&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbspDepus la:
$posted dey $postedby<br>";

129
 $result2=querymysql("select * from Postings where
Channel=\"{$channel}\" and isReply=1 and Parent=\"{$post}\" ORDER
BY Posted");
$i=1;
while($line2 =
mysql_fetch_array($result2, MYSQL_ASSOC))
{
$subject=$line2["Subject"];
$sbj=rawurlencode($subject);
$posted=date("d M Y/H:i:s",
$line2["Posted"]);
$postedby=$line2["PostedBy"];
$post=urlencode($line2["Posted"]);
echo
"<br>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp<img
src=reply.gif><b>Raspuns $i </b><i>Subiect:
$subject&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp";
echo "<a href=\"readmess.php?
posted=$post\" target=_blank>Citeste
mesaj</a>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp";
if($fullname==$postedby) echo "<a
href=\"deletemess.php?posted=$post\" target=_blank>Sterge
mesaj</a>";
echo "<br><br></i>";
$i++;
echo
"&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbs
p&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp
Depus la:$posted de $postedby<br>";

$ms++;

130
 }

?>

</body>

</html>

Style code:
/*
The original subSilver Theme for phpBB version 2+
Created by subBlue design
http://www.subBlue.com
*/

/* General page style. The scroll bar colours only visible in

IE5.5+ */
body {
background-color: #E5E5E5;
scrollbar-face-color: #DEE3E7;
scrollbar-highlight-color: #FFFFFF;
scrollbar-shadow-color: #DEE3E7;
scrollbar-3dlight-color: #D1D7DC;
scrollbar-arrow-color: #006699;
scrollbar-track-color: #EFEFEF;
scrollbar-darkshadow-color: #98AAB1;
}

/* General font families for common tags */

font,th,td,p { font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif
}

131
a:link,a:active,a:visited { color : #006699; }
a:hover { text-decoration: underline; color : #DD6900; }
hr { height: 0px; border: solid #D1D7DC 0px; border-top-width:
1px;}

/* This is the border line & background colour round the entire
page */
.bodyline { background-color: #FFFFFF; border: 1px #98AAB1 solid;
}

/* This is the outline round the main forum tables */

.forumline { background-color: #FFFFFF; border: 2px #006699
solid; }

/* Main table cell colours and backgrounds */

td.row1 { background-color: #EFEFEF; }
td.row2 { background-color: #DEE3E7; }
td.row3 { background-color: #D1D7DC; }

/*
This is for the table cell above the Topics, Post & Last posts
on the index.php page
By default this is the fading out gradiated silver background.
However, you could replace this with a bitmap specific for each
forum
*/
td.rowpic {
background-color: #FFFFFF;
background-image: url(images/cellpic2.jpg);
background-repeat: repeat-y;

132
}

/* Header cells - the blue and silver gradient backgrounds */

th {
color: #FFA34F; font-size: 11px; font-weight : bold;
background-color: #006699; height: 25px;
background-image: url(images/cellpic3.gif);
}

td.cat,td.catHead,td.catSides,td.catLeft,td.catRight,td.catBottom
{
background-image: url(images/cellpic1.gif);
background-color:#D1D7DC; border: #FFFFFF; border-style:
solid; height: 28px;
}

/*
Setting additional nice inner borders for the main table cells.
The names indicate which sides the border will be on.
Don't worry if you don't understand this, just ignore it :-)
*/
td.cat,td.catHead,td.catBottom {
height: 29px;
border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;
}
th.thHead,th.thSides,th.thTop,th.thLeft,th.thRight,th.thBottom,th
.thCornerL,th.thCornerR {
font-weight: bold; border: #FFFFFF; border-style: solid;
height: 28px; }
td.row3Right,td.spaceRow {
background-color: #D1D7DC; border: #FFFFFF; border-style:
solid; }

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th.thHead,td.catHead { font-size: 12px; border-width: 1px 1px 0px
1px; }
th.thSides,td.catSides,td.spaceRow { border-width: 0px 1px 0px
1px; }
th.thRight,td.catRight,td.row3Right { border-width: 0px 1px 0px
0px; }
th.thLeft,td.catLeft { border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px; }
th.thBottom,td.catBottom { border-width: 0px 1px 1px 1px; }
th.thTop { border-width: 1px 0px 0px 0px; }
th.thCornerL { border-width: 1px 0px 0px 1px; }
th.thCornerR { border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px; }

/* The largest text used in the index page title and toptic title
etc. */
.maintitle,h1,h2 {
font-weight: bold; font-size: 22px; font-family:
"Trebuchet MS",Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
text-decoration: none; line-height : 120%; color :
#000000;
}

/* General text */
.gen { font-size : 12px; }
.genmed { font-size : 11px; }
.gensmall { font-size : 10px; }
.gen,.genmed,.gensmall { color : #000000; }
a.gen,a.genmed,a.gensmall { color: #006699; text-decoration:
none; }
a.gen:hover,a.genmed:hover,a.gensmall:hover { color: #DD6900;
text-decoration: underline; }

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/* The register, login, search etc links at the top of the page
*/
.mainmenu { font-size : 11px; color : #000000 }
a.mainmenu { text-decoration: none; color : #006699; }
a.mainmenu:hover{ text-decoration: underline; color : #DD6900; }

/* Forum category titles */

.cattitle { font-weight: bold; font-size: 12px ; letter-
spacing: 1px; color : #006699}
a.cattitle { text-decoration: none; color : #006699; }
a.cattitle:hover{ text-decoration: underline; }

/* Forum title: Text and link to the forums used in: index.php */
.forumlink { font-weight: bold; font-size: 12px; color :
#006699; }
a.forumlink { text-decoration: none; color : #006699; }
a.forumlink:hover{ text-decoration: underline; color : #DD6900; }

/* Used for the navigation text, (Page 1,2,3 etc) and the
navigation bar when in a forum */
.nav { font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; color : #000000;}
a.nav { text-decoration: none; color : #006699; }
a.nav:hover { text-decoration: underline; }

/* titles for the topics: could specify viewed link colour too */
.topictitle { font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; color :
#000000; }

135
a.topictitle:link { text-decoration: none; color : #006699; }
a.topictitle:visited { text-decoration: none; color : #5493B4; }
a.topictitle:hover { text-decoration: underline; color :
#DD6900; }

/* Name of poster in viewmsg.php and viewtopic.php and other

places */
.name { font-size : 11px; color : #000000;}

/* Location, number of posts, post date etc */

.postdetails { font-size : 10px; color : #000000; }

/* The content of the posts (body of text) */

.postbody { font-size : 12px;}
a.postlink:link { text-decoration: none; color : #006699 }
a.postlink:visited { text-decoration: none; color : #5493B4; }
a.postlink:hover { text-decoration: underline; color : #DD6900}

/* Quote & Code blocks */

.code {
font-family: Courier, 'Courier New', sans-serif; font-size:
11px; color: #006600;
background-color: #FAFAFA; border: #D1D7DC; border-style:
solid;
border-left-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-
width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px
}

.quote {

136
 font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:
11px; color: #444444; line-height: 125%;
background-color: #FAFAFA; border: #D1D7DC; border-style:
solid;
border-left-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-
width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px
}

/* Copyright and bottom info */

.copyright { font-size: 10px; font-family: Verdana, Arial,
Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #444444; letter-spacing: -1px;}
a.copyright { color: #444444; text-decoration: none;}
a.copyright:hover { color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;}

/* Form elements */
input,textarea, select {
color : #000000;
font: normal 11px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
border-color : #000000;
}

/* The text input fields background colour */

input.post, textarea.post, select {
background-color : #FFFFFF;
}

input { text-indent : 2px; }

/* The buttons used for bbCode styling in message post */

input.button {
background-color : #EFEFEF;

137
 color : #000000;
font-size: 11px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-
serif;
}

/* The main submit button option */

input.mainoption {
background-color : #FAFAFA;
font-weight : bold;
}

/* None-bold submit button */

input.liteoption {
background-color : #FAFAFA;
font-weight : normal;
}

/* This is the line in the posting page which shows the rollover
help line. This is actually a text box, but if set to be the
same
colour as the background no one will know ;)
*/
.helpline { background-color: #DEE3E7; border-style: none; }

/* Import the fancy styles for IE only (NS4.x doesn't use the
@import function) */
@import url("formIE.css");

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