4/25/2020 Here's a Running List of All The Ways Climate Change Has Altered Earth - Science

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Here's a Running List of All The Ways

Climate Change Has Altered Earth

BY MARK KAUFMAN
1 YEAR, 1 MONTH

Earth is now the warmest it's been in some 120,000 years. Eighteen of the last 19 years have
been the warmest on record. And concentrations of carbon dioxide — a potent greenhouse
gas — are likely the highest they've been in 15 million years.

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The consequences of such a globally-disrupted climate are many, and it's understandably
difficult to keep track. To help, here's a list of climate-relevant news that has transpired in
2019, from historically unprecedented disappearances of ice, to flood-ravaged cities. As more
news comes out, the list will be updated.

1. Guess what? U.S. carbon emissions popped back

up in a big way

Image: SHUTTERSTOCK / FRANK_PETERS

In early 2019, the Rhodium Group — a research institution that analyzes global economic and
environmental trends — released a report finding that in 2018 carbon dioxide emissions in the
U.S. rose 3.4 percent from the prior year. That's the second largest gain in the last two
decades.

"It’s trending in the wrong direction — it’s not encouraging," said Robert McGrath, the director
of the University of Colorado Boulder's Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute who had
no role in the report but reviewed it.

2. Antarctica’s once sleepy ice sheets have awoken.

That's bad.

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Image: GETTY IMAGES/FOTOSEARCH RF

Antarctica — home to the greatest ice sheets on Earth — isn't just melting significantly faster
than it was decades ago. Great masses of ice that scientists once presumed were largely
immune to melting are losing ample ice into the sea.

"People are beginning to recognize that East Antarctica might be waking up," said Josh Willis,
an oceanographer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory that visits and measures Earth's
melting glaciers.

"There’s growing evidence that eastern Antarctica is not just going to stay frozen and well-
behaved in the next 50 to 100 years," he explained.

3. 60% of the planet's wild coffee species face

extinction. What that means for your morning
caffeine kick.

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Image: SHUTTERSTOCK / AFRICA STUDIO

A triple whammy of disease, climate change, and deforestation has threatened around 60
percent of the planet's wild coffee species. While this hasn't yet imperiled the world's coffee
supply, it jeopardizes your favorite coffee's resiliency in the face of profound planetary change.

"As farmers are increasingly exposed to new climate conditions and changing pest pressures,
the genetic diversity of wild crop relatives may be essential to breeding new coffee varieties
that can withstand these pressures," Nathan Mueller, an assistant professor of earth system
science at the University of California, Irvine who researches global food security, said over
email.

4. Extreme weather — not politicians — convinces

Americans that climate change is real

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Reds, oranges,
Image: nasa and yellows show 2017 global temperatures warmer than the average.

Americans find today's climate science increasingly convincing, and a damaging mix of
exceptional drought, storms, and record-breaking heat is the reason why.

The results of a new survey — conducted in November 2018 by the University of Chicago's
Energy Policy Institute and the research organization The Associated Press-NORC Center for
Public Affairs Research — found that nearly half of Americans said today's climate science "is
more convincing than five years ago, with extreme weather driving their views."

5. The polar vortex will return, this time with the

coldest temps of the year

Temperature
Image: forecast for OF
UNIVERSITY earlyMAINE/CLIMATE
February 2019. REANALYZER

The polar vortex has become a popular phenomenon for good reason: This weakening of the
polar vortex and the subsequent spillover of frigid air has become more common over the last
two decades.

"We are seeing these events occurring more frequently as of late," said Jeff Weber, a
meteorologist with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.

Although this increase in polar vortex frequency is a hot area of study, one emerging theory
blames significantly diminished Arctic sea ice. The Arctic is warming over twice as fast as the
rest of the globe and sea ice cover is plummeting. As a result, recent climate research
suggests that — without this ice cover — more heat escapes from the oceans. Ultimately,
researchers found that this relatively warmer air interacts with and weakens the winds over
the Arctic, allowing frigid polar air to more easily escape to southerly places like Cleveland
and New York City.

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6. It's damn cold, but heat records in the U.S. still

dominate

Arctic air
Image: flowing south
CLIMATE into the U.S. on January 31, 2019.OF MAINE
REANALYZER/UNIVERSITY

While certain portions of the winter sure felt frigid, overall, the number of daily cold records set
in the U.S. has been consistently dwarfed by the number of warm or high temperature
records. The score isn't even close. High records over the last decade are outpacing low
records by a rate of two to one.

In the past 10 years there have been 21,461 record daily highs and 11,466 lows.

"The trend is in exactly the direction we would expect as a result of a warming planet," said
Michael Mann, a climate scientist at Penn State University.

7. Don’t forget about the colossal Himalayan glaciers.

They’re rapidly vanishing, too.

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A weather
Image: station in the
JITENDRA Hindu Kush Himalaya region.
BAJRACHARYA/ICIMOD

Beyond the continually grim news from the north and south poles is the melting of the "third
pole," known as the Hindu Kush Himalaya region. Spreading over 2,000 miles across eight
nations (from Afghanistan to Myanmar), these mountainous lands are home to the third-
largest stores of ice on the planet and provide water to hundreds of millions of people.

Under the most optimistic conditions, a new report found that over a third of the ice will vanish
by the century's end. But under more extreme climate scenarios — wherein global climate
efforts fail — two-thirds of these mighty glaciers could disappear, with overall ice losses of a
whopping 90 percent.

"Glacier-wise, it's not a great story," Joseph Shea, one of the report's lead authors and an
assistant professor of environmental geomatics at the University of Northern British Columbia,
said in an interview.

8. House lawmakers finally let climate scientists set

the record straight

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The U.S.
Image: Capitol Building in Washington
SHUTTERSTOCK / NICOLASD.C. AGUIAR

The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space and Technology is no

longer under the leadership of the Republican party, which is candidly opposed to globally-
accepted climate science.

Congresswoman Eddie Bernice Johnson, a veteran Democratic lawmaker from Texas, has
become Chairwoman and called a hearing for Feb. 13 entitled "The State of Climate Science
and Why it Matters," inviting four scientists to give testimony about major U.S. climate reports
and the significance of the latest climate science.

"Climate change is real, it's happening now, and humans are responsible for it," Bob Kopp, a
climate scientist at Rutgers University and a coauthor of the congressionally mandated Fourth
National Climate Assessment Kopp said in an interview, outlining critical points he planned to
make to federal lawmakers.

9. Trump fails to block NASA's carbon sleuth from

going to space

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Half theesa
Image: Earth illuminated by the sun.

In early 2017, the Trump Administration tried to ax NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3, or
OCO-3. It didn't work. Then, again in 2018, the White House sought to terminate the earth
science instrument.

Again, the refrigerator-sized space machine persisted.

Now, SpaceX is set to launch OCO-3 to the International Space Station in the coming months,
as early as April 25. Using a long robotic arm, astronauts will attach OCO-3 to the edge of the
space station, allowing the instrument to peer down upon Earth and measure the planet's
amassing concentrations of carbon dioxide — a potent greenhouse gas.

"Carbon dioxide is the most important gas humans are emitting into the atmosphere," said
Annmarie Eldering, the project scientist for OCO-3 at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"Understanding how it will play out in the future is critical."

10. Earth's coldest years on record all happened over

90 years ago

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In 2017NASA
Image: Earth's temperatures were significantly warmer than compared to the average.

Here's a statistic: On Earth, 18 of the last 19 years have been the warmest in recorded history.

The globe's 21st-century heating, however, becomes all the more stark when compared to the
coldest years on record. As climate scientist Simon Donner, who researches human-induced
climate change at The University of British Columbia, underscored via a list posted on Twitter,
the planet's 20 coldest years all occurred nearly a century ago, between 1884 and 1929.

The coldest year on record occurred in 1904.

11. Earth is greener than it was 20 years ago, but not

why you think

Green areas
Image: nasashow increases in areas covered by green leaves.

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Two NASA satellites have watched Earth grow greener over the last 20 years — in large part
because China is hellbent on planting millions of trees.

Earth's greening — meaning the increase in areas covered by green leaves — has made the
greatest gains in China and India since the mid-1990s. "The effect comes mostly from
ambitious tree-planting programs in China and intensive agriculture in both countries," NASA
wrote as it released maps of the planet-wide changes.

China kickstarted its tree-planting mobilizations in the 1990s to combat erosion, climate
change, and air pollution. This dedicated planting — sometimes done by soldiers — equated
to over 40 percent of China's greening, so far.

12. The Green New Deal: Historians weigh in on the

immense scale required to pull it off

A New Deal
Image: project: the Chickamauga
SHUTTERSTOCK Dam. HISTORICAL
/ EVERETT

The scope of a Green New Deal — if such a program ever truly comes to match the scale of
the original New Deal — wouldn’t just put millions of Americans to work, but could very well
transform the mood, culture, and spirit of the United States in the 21st century.

The New Deal wasn’t just paying people to build things. People were doing fulfilling, nation-
improving work. They planted three billion trees. They built many of the nation’s bridges and
roads. Today, we drive under their tunnels and walk through their parks.

“Those men at the end of their lives would take their families back to show them what they
had done — because they were quite proud of it,” said Gray Brechin, a historical geographer
and New Deal scholar.

13. Trump's climate expert is wrong: The world's

plants don't need more CO2
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Higher CO2
Image: nasaconcentrations swirling around Earth (shown by yellows and reds).

Princeton physicist and carbon dioxide-advocate William Happer has been selected to head
the brand new Presidential Committee on Climate Security, reports The Washington Post.
Happer maintains that the planet's atmosphere needs significantly more CO2, the potent
greenhouse gas that U.S. government scientists — and a bevy of independent scientists —
have repeatedly underscored is stoking accelerating climate change.

Because plants use carbon dioxide to live, Happer has said "more CO2 is actually a benefit to
the Earth," asserted that Earth is experiencing a "CO2 famine," and concluded that "If plants
could vote, they would vote for coal."

Earth and plant scientists disagree.

"The idea that increased CO2 is universally beneficial [to plants] is very misguided," said Jill
Anderson, an evolutionary ecologist specializing in plant populations at the University of
Georgia.

14. A powerful atmospheric river pummeled

California, and the pictures look unreal

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Rich Willson
Image: KARL paddles through the miniature golf GROUP/THE
MONDON/MEDIANEWS course after the flooding
MERCURY in in Guerneville,
NEWS VIA California.
GETTY IMAGES

A potent atmospheric river — a long band of water vapor that often transports ample amounts
of moisture to the western U.S. like "rivers in the sky" — deluged portions of Northern
California in late February. The Russian River, which winds through the Sonoma County town
of Guerneville, reached over 45-feet high and swamped the area, prompting the Sheriff to
announce on Twitter that the town had been surrounded by water — with no way in or out.

While California relies heavily on these wintertime atmospheric rivers for its water, scientists
expect these storms to grow dramatically wetter as Earth's climate heats up.

"We're likely to see rain in increasingly intense bursts," said Daniel Swain, a climate scientist
at the National Center for Atmospheric Research.

15. The Bering Strait should be covered in ice, but it's

nearly all gone

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SatelliteSENTINEL
Image: imagery of theHUB
mostly
EOice-free Bering Strait on Feb. 28. 32019.
BROWSER/SENTINEL

During winter, the Bering Strait has historically been blanketed in ice. But this year, the ice has
nearly vanished [by late February].

"The usually ice-covered Bering Strait is almost completely open water," said Zack Labe, a
climate scientist and Ph.D. candidate at the University of California at Irvine.

"There should be ice here until May," added Lars Kaleschke, a climate scientist at the Alfred
Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research.

16. Geoengineering might not be as ludicrous if we

gave Earth the right dose

Sunlightnasa
Image: reflecting off the Earth.

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Solar geoengineering is widely viewed as risky business.

The somewhat sci-fi concept — to use blimps, planes, or other means to load Earth's
atmosphere with particles or droplets that reflect sunlight and cool the planet — has crept into
the mainstream conversation as a means of reversing relentless climate change, should our
efforts to slash carbon emissions fail or sputter. But geoengineering schemes come with a
slew of hazards. A number of studies have cited the ill consequences of messing with Earth's
sun intake, including big falls in crop production, the likelihood of unforeseen adverse side
effects, and critically, a weakened water cycle that could trigger drops in precipitation and
widespread drought.

Yet new research, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, acknowledges these
problems but finds a potential fix: only deploying enough reflective specks in the atmosphere
to reduce about half of Earth's warming, rather than relying on geoengineering to completely
return Earth to the cooler, milder climate of the 19th century. In other words, giving Earth a
geoengineering dose that would reverse a significant portion of the warming, but not enough
to stoke the problematic side effects.

"Solar engineering might not be a good choice in an emergency," said David Keith, a solar
engineering researcher at Harvard University and study coauthor. "If it makes any sense at all,
it makes sense to gradually ramp it up."

17. The ocean keeps gulping up a colossal amount of

CO2 from the air, but will it last?

Image: Getty Images/WIN-Initiative RM

With no benefit to itself, Earth's vast sea has gulped up around 30 percent of the carbon
dioxide humans emitted into Earth's atmosphere over the last century. Critically, scientists

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have now confirmed that the ocean in recent decades has continued its steadfast rate of CO2
absorption, rather than letting the potent greenhouse gas further saturate the skies.

But a weighty question still looms: How much longer can we rely on the ocean to so effectively
store away carbon dioxide, and stave off considerably more global warming?

"At some point the ability of the ocean to absorb carbon will start to diminish," said Jeremy
Mathis, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climate scientist who
coauthored the study. "It means atmospheric CO2 levels could go up faster than they already
are."

"That's a big deal," Mathis emphasized.

More to come as 2019 unfolds....

TOPICS: SCIENCE, SCIENCE, CLIMATE ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE & ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL
WARMING, GENESIS BY MASHABLE INDIA, TRENDING CATEGORIES, TRENDING, EARTH DAY 2011

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