Case:Obesity is a known and well established risk factor for osteoporosis.

What are the possible

mechanisms by which obesity increases the risk of osteoporosis?

intro : this case has many contradictions between past and present studies. As past researchers
claim that obesity is a real factor of inhabiting osteoporotic conditions while recent studies showed
the opposite.

Present studies arguments:

In genetic histology, both adipose cells (fat cells ) and osteoblasts are derived from the same
bone mesenchymal stromal cells.

Approved studies on aging, that changes of composition of bone marrow is a result of

increasing adipocytes, osteoclast activity, and decreasing osteoblast activity, resulting into
osteoporosis.

Now, increasing of fat entering body met by increasing the adipocytes for storing, that’s why
obese found with higher amounts of adipocytes.

As seen, increasing adipocytes is a factor of osteoporosis , as those cells secrete many

controling compounds like leptin, adiponectin, and adipsin, that contribute in pathogenesis of
osteoporosis as they affect bone remodeling . This supports the hypothesis that there is connection
between weight and body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD). Thus, bone marrow
fat deposition (adipogenesis) seen in obese is detrimental to bone health.

Locally, bone marrow adipocytes have been shown to secrete leptin, at amounts dictated
primarily by the number of adipocytes and, thus, the mass of body fat and hence represent
obesity. Leptin plays a significant function in bone synthesis and in neuroendocrine regulation.
However, bone tissue replacement in mice lacking a functionial leptin receptor (db / db) raises
bone mass.

Adiponectin has been found to improve the development of osteoclast and has an detrimental
effect on osteoporosis. This activity is mediated by inducing the development of the nuclear factor
kappa-B ligand (RANKL) receptor activator, which induces differentiation of osteoclast. Someold
studies shows that this substance is found in higher amounts in slim people and it has a
osteoprotictive functions. However
Recent studies have shown signs of adiponectin denying osteoprotective function among 

Adipsin has been shown to have a negative effect on osteoporosis, particularly diabetes
mellitus and obese patients and it has been shown to decrease bone formation by affecting
osteoblasts
 In addition to these causes is obesity and vitamin D insufficiency decreasing bioavailability
of vitamin D3 due to the fact that cutaneous body fat was documented in some studies that may
have a negative impact on long-term osteoporosis.

An article discusses the result of a trial done by The Harvard Medical School team in
Boston published in the journal Radiology that the obesity is a risk factor of osteoporosis.

The results shows that those people storage excess fat in the body . in addition to their belly,
hips and thigh they store fats in muscles, liver and bone marrow .

Dr.Miriam Bredella (the team leader ) stated that whenever the fat takes over more of the
marrow it's osteoblast cells (bone forming cells ) lose their function.

Bone marrow fat has been found in higher-than-normal levels in people who have
osteoporosis.