Express Publishing

..

ej
r'O :~.··· ·•. •. (''() CF.J.•
.. J :.:cf. '\. . . •/(·~(i(.1 ('?.I l .·J··· . •J,
·.:< .. ··. ·. ·····. . .. ; .· ··••·· .. ·....•.

.J~~r~ ag u0U J ·~· ....·····>fJ \! ;

Poziom rozszerzony
l

Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley

~u~
Express Publishing
 p.

p. li

People ...... „ ........ „ „ „ ..................... „ ...................... „ .............................................. „ .. p. 4

Houses & Horn es ............... „ .......... „ ................................................................ „ ...... . p. 14

Singapore: The Lion City „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . p. 24

School „ „ ..... „ ............ „ ....... „ .... „ . „ ........................................................................... . p. 26 J!

Werk ..... „ „ ... „ . „ .. „ ..... „ .......................................................................................... „. p. 36

Family & Social Life ........................................... „ .......................... „ . „ ..... „ ............ „. p. 46

Australia: The Land down under „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . p. 56

Food ........................................ „ ............... „ ............... „ ................... „ . „ . „ „ ............. „.. p. 58

Shops & Services „„„„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„ „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ „„„ p. 68

Travelling & Tourism „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. p. 78

Wales: Land ofcastles „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ p. 88

Module9 Culture ....................... „ ............. „ ...... „ ........................... „ ............... „ .... „.................. p. 90

Module 10 Sports ... „ ......... „ „ „ ...................... „ . „ . „ ....................................... „ ........ „ .... „ . „ .... „... p. 1OO

Module 11 Health „ „ „ ... „ . „ . „ .. „ „ „ ...................................................... „ .. „ ................. „ .... „ .... „ ... p. 110

l@jiii!ijp4~ South Africa .. „ ..... „ „ ..... „ ....... „ .... „ ....... „ ..................... „ . „ . „ ............. „ ... „ ......... „ ... „. p. 120
~?,:~

Science & Technology „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. p. 122

The Natura! World „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ p. 132

State & Society „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. p. 142

lndia .................. „ ..... „ „ .... „ . „ ..................... „ ...•....... „ „ ...... „ .................................. „ „ p. 152

Speaking Bank p. 154

Vocabulary Bank ·' .................................................................................................................................... p. 164

-·""'=!>;r'Ą<~;,,-p~~

Gt'ammar Section ; ................................................................................................................................... p. 193

~.~~,.,~~~~

············································································································ p. 315
"~-.,,,:;ztrH,~="''ri""'i':?X,,,,..,,f.'1"'""'"""'°";:-;-,-z~;,T:",, ---"''~~-'!#

p. 322

3
WSTĘP

EXPRESS PUBLISHING: MATURA - REPETYTOR/UM. POZIOM ROZSZERZONY to publikacja przeznaczona

dla maturzystów przygotowujących się do egzaminu wieńczącego ich pracę w szkole ponadgimnazjalnej. Materiał
zawarty w Repetytorium został opracowany zgodnie ze standardami wymagań egzaminacyjnych oraz Informatorem
o egzaminie maturalnym z języka obcego nowożytnego od roku szkolnego 201112012. Podręcznik zaprojektowano tak,
aby uczniowie w ob1·ębie każdego działu tematycznego mogli w zintegrowany sposób ćwiczyć wszystkie umiejętności
wymagane w części ustnej i pisemnej egzaminu. Dzięki starannie opracowanemu materiałowi ćwiczeniowemu
uczniowie - samodzielnie lub pod kierunkiem nauczyciela - nabędą i utrwalą wiedzę potrzebną do zdania egzaminu
maturalnego zgodnie z zasadami obowiązującymi od 2012 r.

Niewątpliwą zaletą Repetytorium jest przejrzysty podział materiału na poszczególne sekcje:

15 tematów maturalnych szczegółowo opracowanych w czternastu modułach oraz w pięciu sekcjach Culture;
Matura Exam - testy maturalne zawierające zadania zarówno z części ustnej, jak i pisemnej;
Speaking Bank - sekcja umożliwiająca powtó1-zenie funkcji językowych. Zawiera przydatne zwroty i wyrażenia
wraz z ćwiczeniami aktywizującymi, co ułatwia p1-zygotowanie do części ustnej egzaminu według formuły
obowiązującej od 2O12 r.;
Vocabulary Bank - sekcja, w której znajduje się pogrupowane tematycznie słownictwo z polskimi
odpowiednikami oraz liczne ćwiczenia leksykalne;
Grammar Section, w której uczniowie znajdą przystępnie omówione zasady gramatyczne i ćwiczenia z zakresu
wymaganego na egzaminie;
Przykładowy zestaw egzaminacyjny obejmujący część ustną (nie określa się poziomu egzaminu) i pisemną
egzaminu na poziomie rozszerzonym.

Repetytorium może służyć jako:

,/ uzupełnienie ogólnego kursu języka angielskiego w szkole ponadgimnazjalnej, realizowanego np. za pomocą
podręczników Matura Prime Time, Maturo Upload, Upstream lub Enterprise (Repetytorium jako materiał
uzupełniający może być stosowane już od pierwszej klasy szkoły ponadgimnazjalnej);
,/ podręcznik przygotowujący do egzaminu maturalnego w ostatnim roku nauki w szkole ponadgimnazjalnej;
,/ podręcznik, którego adresatami są przyszli maturzyści doskonalący swoje umiejętności na kursac~
przygotowujących do egzaminu maturalnego;
,/ publikacja wyko1-zystywana do samodzielnej pracy ucznia w domu.

Wszystkim korzystającym z niniejszej publikacji życzymy powodzenia na egzaminie maturalnym z języka angielskiego.

Zespół Wydawnictwa Express Publishing i EGIS

PODSTAWOWE INFORMACJE O EGZAMINIE MATURALNYM OD 2012 R.

CZĘŚĆ USTNA (bez określania poziomu) - około 15 minut

• Zgodnie z rozporządzeniem Ministra Edukacji Narodowej z dnia 20 sierpnia 2010 r., począwszy od 2012 r.
uczniowie będą zdawać jeden egzamin ustny, bez określania jego poziomu.
;,
,,
• Egzamin ustny z języka obcego nowożytnego według zmienionej formuły składa się z rozmowy wstępnej oraz
trzech zadań, które muszą być zrealizowane w podanej kolejności.
ii;
• Nie przewidziano dodatkowego czasu na zapoznanie się z treścią całego zestawu zadań przed odpowiedzią.
''
• Za wykonanie wszystkich zadań zdający może otrzymać maksymalnie 30 punktów.

• Zakres wiadomości i umiejętności sprawdzanych w tej części egzaminu jest określony w standardach wymagań
egzaminacyjnych 1.1.a-o, 1.3, 111.1.a-d, IV.1.a-d, V.1.

Egzaminujący zadaje zdającemu kilka pytań związanych z jego życiem

i zainteresowaniami.
Rozmowa
ok. 2 min Lista pytań do wyboru znajduje się wyłącznie w zestawie dla egzaminującego.
wstępna
Celem rozmowy jest umożliwienie zdającemu oswojenia się z sytuacją
egzaminacyjną.

Zdający ma ok. 30 sekund na zapoznanie się z poleceniem.

Zadanie polega na przeprowadzeniu rozmowy, w której zdający i egzaminujący
maks. 3 min
odgrywają wskazane w poleceniu role.
(wliczając czas
Zadanie 1. Role przyjmowane przez zdającego odpowiadają doświadczeniom życiowym
na zapoznanie
Odgrywanie roli osoby nastoletniej lub stawiają go w sytuacjach, w jakich mógłby się znaleźć
się z treścią
zadania)
w przyszłości. ef>
W trakcie rozmowy zdający musi ddnieść się do 4 elementów wskazanych
w poleceniu i rozwinąć swoją wypowiedź w zadowalającym stopniu.
'j
Zdający opisuje ilustrację zamieszczoną w wylosowanym zestawie. '1
Zadanie 2.
W opisie ilustracji zdający powinien określić miejsce, osoby oraz wykonywane I
Opis ilustracji
maks. 4 min przez nie czynności. Następnie odpowiada na 3 pytania postawione przez
i odpowiedzi na
egzaminującego. Pytania związane są z tematyką ilustracji i znajdują się wyłącznie
pytania
w zestawie dla egzaminującego.
"
Zdający ma ok. 1 minuty na zapoznanie się z poleceniem i materiałem
maks. 5 min
Zadanie 3. stymulującym.
(wliczając czas
Wypowiedź na Następnie zdający wybiera element z materiału stymulującego, który - jego
na zapoznanie
podstawie zdaniem - najlepiej spełnia warunki wskazane w poleceniu, uzasadnia swoją
się z treścią
materiału decyzję i wyjaśnia, dlaczego odrzuca pozostałe elementy. Odpowiada na 2
zadania)
stymulującego pytania związane z tematyką materiału stymulującego. Pytania te znajdują się
wylącznie w zestawie dla egzaminującego.

li
 • CZĘŚĆ PISEMNA- Część I 120 minut

Zakres wiadomości określony w standardach wymagań egzaminacyjnych 1.1.a·o, 1.3 „ V.2.a·b

Zakres środków
określony w częściach poświęconych poszczególnym językom
gramatycznych

różne rodzaje tekstów, np. informacyjne, literackie, publicystyczne,

Rodzaje
popularnonaukowe; tematyka określona w standardach wymagań
i tematyka tekstów
egzaminacyjnych 1.1.a·o, 1.3

Żródła tekstów teksty autentyczne lub w minimalnym stopniu adaptowane

zadania otwarte: zadanie z lukami, parafraza zdań, słowotwórstwo, tłumaczenie

Typy zadań
fragmentów zdań na język obcy, układanie fragmentów zdań z podanych
elementów leksykalnych

Punktacja Za każdą poprawną odpowiedź zdający otrzymuje 0,5 punktu.

Liczba zadań 1-3
Udział w wyniku
10%
sumarycznym

Zakres umiejętności określony w standardach wymagań egzaminacyjnych l.2.b, l.3, 111.2.a·f, IV.2.a·c, V.2.a·b

Liczba wypowiedzi

Formy wypowiedzi rozprawka, recenzja, opowiadanie, opis

Długość wypowiedzi 200-250 słów

treśćod O do 5 pkt; kompozycja od O do 4 pkt;

Punktacja
bogactwo językowe od O do 5 pkt; poprawność językowa od Odo 4 pkt

Udziałw wyniku
36%
sumarycznym

Ili
'CZĘŚĆ PISEMNA - Część li 70 minut I

Zakres umiejętności określony w standardach wymagań egzaminacyjnych 11.1.a-g

Rodzaje r·óżnerodzaje tekstów, np. komunikaty, rozmowy, wywiady, dyskusje. debaty, relacje, słuchowiska,
i tematyka tekstów teksty narracyjne; tematyka określona w standardach wymagań egzaminacyjnych I. 1.a-o, 1.3
.::
teksty autentyczne lub w minimalnym stopniu adaptowane, czytane przez rodzimych
Źródła tekstów
użytkowników języka

ok. 25 minut (całe nagranie z dwukrotnie odczytanymi tekstami, poleceniami i prezerwami

Czas trwania
na wykonanie zadań)
Typy zadań zadania zamknięte: wybór wielokrotny, dobieranie, prawda/fałsz

Liczba zadań 3-4

Punktacja Za każdą poprawną odpowiedź zdający otrzymuje 1 punkt.
Udział w wyniku
30%
sumarycznym

określony w standardach wymagań

wiadomości/
egzaminacyjnych 1.1.a-o, 1.3
umiejętności

Zakres środków określony w częściach poświęconych

;(
gramatycznych poszczególnym językom

różne rodzaje tekstów, np. informacyjne, różne rodzaje tekstów, np. informacyjne,
Rodzaje
literackie, publicystyczne, popularnonaukowe; publicystyczne, literackie;
i tematyka
tematyka określona w standardach wymagań tematyka określona w standardach wymagań
tekstów
egzaminacyjnych 1.1.a-o, 1.3 egzaminacyjnych 1.1.a-o, 1.3

Źródła tekstów teksty autentyczne lub w minimalnym stopniu adaptowane

Łączna długość
ok. 2 stron A4
tekstów
zadania zamknięte: wybór wielokrotny, zadania zamknięte: wybór wielokrotny,
Typy zadań
dobieranie dobieranie, prawda/fałsz
Liczba zadań 1-2 3-4
Za każdą poprawną odpowiedź zdający Za każdą poprawną odpowiedź zdający
Punktacja
otrzymuje 0,5 punktu. otrzymuje 1 punkt.
Udziałw wyniku
6% 18%
sumarycznym

Szczegółowy opis egzaminu, punktacja 01-az kryteria oceniania znajdują się w Informatorze o egzaminie maturalnym
z języka obcego nowożytnego od roku szkolnego 201112012, który można pobrać np. ze strony www.egis.com.pl.
IV
MODULE
WJ-1fl@6'11 Facia! features I IFeelings & emotionsl

1 Fili in: ova/, full, fair, puffy, freck/ed, broad, dark, 4 a) Match the feelings (1-5) to the physical
elear, ho/low, pale, thin, spiky, hooked, rosy, sensations (a-e). Then make sentences.
upturned, thick, spotty.
Feelings Physical sensations
1 ....................... nose 5 ............... „ lips
........ D.J1Jembarrassed a tears welling up
2 .......... shoulders 6 ......... „ .... „ ... cheeks m=]anxious b adrenalin rush
3 ............. complexion 7 ..... „ .................. hair CTIJ excited c hot, red face
4 ........... „ ........... eyes 8 ............ „ .......... face [![] nervous d heart pounding
~sorrowful e butterflies in stornach
2 Fili in the gaps with the words crossed, dropped, I was so embarr-assed my face went red.
f/are, purses, raised, shrugged.
b) Label the pictures.
1 Mark's jaw „ ........•.•........... when he heard the
• clench your fists • wink • yawn • bite yo ur na il~:·
shocking news.
• shrug your shoulders • drop your head
2 lf Jane frowns and her nostrils „ ............•.•• , then
• blush • stroke your chin • fold your arms
you know she's angry.
• scratch your head • cross your legs • frown
3 Having your arms .............. „ ........ is supposed to
show that you are being defensive.
4 You can tell that Amy disapproves of something
when she ........................ her lips.
5 I didn't know the answer to the question, so I just
........................ my shoulders.
6 Mr Jones ........ „ .............. his eyebrows in surprise
when I told him I was moving to France.

3 Use the words in the list to complete the

spidergram.
• short • loose • multi-coloured • baggy
• flora! • cotton • large • tight-fitting • smart
• polka-dot • woollen • casual • striped
• formal • denim • small • trendy • checked
• linen • over-sized • plain • knitted • long
• leather • high-heeled • polo-neck
• long/short-sleeved

PATTERN MATERIAL

STYLE
SIZE

12 ············

Use words from the spidergram to describe 5 What possible feelings might someone in your
what your classmates are wearing. country have when they: c/ench their fist? ery?
frown? sweat? tap their fingers? tremble?

4
tcharacter I I Emphasising feelings I
6 Match the words (1-1 O) to the people (a-j) they 8 Replace the words in bold with their emphatic
describe. synonyms: miserable, appalled, furious, exhi/arated,
petrified, devastated.

1 conservative . 5 gullible 8 self-righteous 1 Billy was scared when a big dog appeared ............ .
2 impatient 6 reliable 9 sentimental 2 Joanne felt excited when she rade her new
3 moody 7 self-confident 10 sociable motorbike for the first time .............. .
4 perfectionist 3 Ruth was shocked when she saw the dirty hotel
room ....................... .
[0 George always wants things to be dane without 4 Martin's sad because he failed his exams ............. .
. mistakes. . 5 Harriet's cat is seriously iii and Harriet's upset. ....... .
[@] Katie loves going out and meeting new people. 6 I spilled cola all over the new carpet this morning
[ ] ] Angie is very tender-hearted and likes to and my mum was angry ....................... .
... ·- remember nice moments.
c:::@J Mr Lyons is a trustworthy neighbour. IEthical issues I
lliJ Joe is always in a rush and can never wait for
anything. 9 Fili in: future.free, racia/,freedom, iii, immigration, will,
[]I] lt's easy to play jokes on Elaine; she believes minorities, human, right, death, security, sexes, growth.
everything you tell her.
[]ill Mrs Cook hates the idea of anything changing In the 19th century, you might have said the civilised
in the world. . . countries were those which provided 1) .........................
[Ji2] Chris never has anx doubts about himself or education to their children. In the next century equality of
• . vv9at he is ~apableoL _ _ . _.•·· the 2) ......................... was a big issue, with women
DJ] Mysister is reallytem1Jerament9I ;:- one m.inute fighting for the 3) ......................... to vote and the same
she's happy and trye next she's sad.. • wages as men, for example. In today's globalised world,
[]JJ Sarah iss<? proud ófher belief~ that it ann9ys perhaps a nation's 4) ....................... :. rate is a good
indicator of how well it treats the people within it, as it
everyone who knows her.
shows how many people have chosen to live there. Same
would say, however, that the amount of 5) ........................ .
7 Complete the sentences with the correct form discrimination faced by people from ethnic
of the words in brackets. 6) ......................... is a better measure of a country's
values. There are many mare questions we could ask about
Lucy is a .ef.: ......................... (passion) follower of any modern society. For example, does the state provide
the latest fashion trends. enough social 7) ......................... for the poor, infirm and
2 David is quite shy and lacks ............................. . the unemployed? Is there 8) ......................... of speech
(confident) when speaking in front of crowds. that allows people to protest against the government? Do
3 The boys are so easily ............................ (distract) people who are terminally or mentally 9) ........................ .
that they always get sidetracked from their receive decent healthcare? Is the country taking the right
steps to protect the environment for 10) ........................ .
homework.
generations? In China, for example, the government allows
4 I recognise that boy's face, but l've gat no
people to have only one child to try to control its rapid
.............................. (recollect) of meeting him population 11) .......................... Is this a responsible
before. policy, or an infringement of people's 12) ....................... .
5 Chris is a very kind person whose heart is full of rights? There are people who would say that the abolition
good .............................. (intent). of the 13) ......................... pen alty is the be st indicator of
6 Everyone admired Linda for her ........................... .
(know) of the subject.
Ihow civilised a country is. But what il a democratic country
puts the issue to the vote and people say yes to a system
of state killing for serious criminals? lsn't following the
14) ......................... of the people the mark of a civilised
society?
\
(i.) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 164) 5
lifif·łl§ri•ifMdi Tenses I 0 Lexicogrammatical word transformations
·. 2 \C::omplete the sentences using the word in bold .
....._____Use two to five words.
• l've never met such a friendly girl.
She's the most friendly girl J've ever met.
Karen isn't similar to her mother.
• l've never given a speech before.
AFTER Karen •••i ...Q'.•.a..Y~r.,.\ .. --~- ... :t.-. ~::-!~«-· ....... .
lt's the first time l've ever given a speech. 1
...... :,.\:." •. •:o0.1................... her mother.
• lt's a long time since she wrote to me. 2 I lost touch with Ben after I moved house. ,
She hasn't written to me for a long time. TALKED 1 .... }1.1;~),~S.1>:~~\:1t .... :·.\_
_,, .... /:-~:0: .... ~~;.....
• She carne to England two years ago. .......\L::.L;V.'. .... „ .. since 1moved house.
She has been in England for two years. 3 She didn't start crying until everyone hap left.
'~""·1 :·, '
• The last time I spoke to him was a month ago. BEFORE She waited until everyone ....,,::.r....... .
I haven't spoken to him for a month.
I 11 1 I '·li: . .
.v.-.-.ri.-:-, c... .... ?. ~·,_h ... !-'.l:·:\„.D:1: ~·~~'t. into tears.
• How long ago did he get married? 4 You should have asked for your friends' advice.
What .·.~·····\·c.. :_,, ....1F:... :i::. 1: 1.': ....
1
How long is it since he got married? PITY
• He hasn't found a job yet. ask for your friends' advice.
He stili hasn't found a job. 5 Those trousers are not very fashionable any mare.
• She started dyeing her hair a few months ago. FASHIO N ThBse trousers ..\.>ot•·\
~:\ .. :...\.";:r""'·
1:::-::n: ....1:) •••••••,~:
She's been dyeing her hair for a few months. .. A~u)!v:.:-{';F:'"····· for quite same ti~~~:
6 My parents' 20tJ anniversary is in Septem,~,El.(
' HAVE This Septembęr my p~rents .h:TJ'., ..... .
1 Complete the sentences using the word in
~.:/+.·L .... „\-:-:-.::::: :·~ :~-::~. „ .. ?r·?."/.... 2oyears.
bold. Use two to five words.
7 As he gets older, he b,elomes more ca5ing. J .,,,
THE The ..c•.ld.<...„:.... \·,;..... '\?<b ..;····' ...... .
~~: long time ~~nck~,S,~(~t~:~~ra~~pa~,jr~'.~'f~ caring he becomes.

·················~············ a long time. 8 Jane described the burglar's appearanc_e in detail.

~" ' ·.'--""? """'"' . l . \
DESCRIPTION Jane ···'·-'·\-'. --:::.::!:'c.Y:•. ~ .. ~'.'-'1c·\010 ...
.
2 How long ago did he meet his wife-to-be?
sINCE . c •J_ • w,
How long ...\.: ....<.1 ....0:»!,(.,c............... . ~,ie:: .c::::.}.-1·:'."th'e.burglar's appearance.
............ !'wt ........... his wife-to-be? 9 lt was wrong of her to reveal h~t. ~\
3 She has never been to a funeral before. GIVEN She shouldn't ···°"("WI\.... ~.-~\'.":\:.
EVER lt's the first time .. l)?~ .. .\;·~':? .... ~:,: ......................................... his secret .
.... .l'\'N.YL ..................... to a funeral. 1O He can't decide whether to ac~t the offer or not.
4 The last time he had a haircut was three months ago. MIND He can't ..... Y!:v.<. .. :'.:\, ..... eY.)?. ............. .
HAD He : fx.ut-··: . :\:.... W ....se.. .....\};·;. „~..... g„i,;._,1·i<:-ł.~ .........'................ .
1ln.."·\n_....w1,,,, ........... for three months. whether to accept the offer or not.
5 They gat married last year. 11 He was in his late forties when he decide. d \~ t~k~ ,
BEEN They ..... .\\.-:;:-:\f.·.„ •.\::::..Y.Y:'. ....V'l.Y.'?':-."rx:.~-;;:\ up writing professionally. ' lcCN~lAL
. I
\1·Y~\\;"'c"
·, I ;')--__./
......................................... for a year. BE COME He didn't __ci-"-"'· ··~o•!.
. )w:,,1-/
lVV'
,.1..M. '-'· ,Th . h" I
~""',>.:,•:: .... he was 1n 1s ate fort1es
.
6 l've never met such an argumen_E'tive person befpre.
MOST He is the ... !\-:v.<?.':l....~.,,,,;;r."'·,,~v>j.,;;\yc 12 Considering that she's so young, Mary is very mature.

7 She hasn't lost -~~t';~~~-~~;-'.J... h...,,j__ ever met.

AGE For ...... \-r.:-...,-:';""······························
........................ , Mary is very mature
STILL She.,;(~Lb,,.'L /.,=t .............. . 13 David used to play the guitar, but he doesn't any mare
...................................... any weight. GIVEN David .... J:!Y:~'.......'0r~ .. d:'.! ... ".':"j.?... .
8 He started working for a company three months ago. .... :.'„oe::,;:f:x:~..... .'......... the guitar
He ... !~....6?!?:10.... :::.:c:c((,;.>:~:j'. ..... 14 Laura didn't knowany of'the p~ople at the party.
BEEN
r.~: .. a company for three months. NOBODY There .. J,.)-,.::'. .... .'~i;10~.. Jr"+."".-:-C.
. .. .\.;-:.. „„ .. ,';.. . .......... at the party
9 They are the most devoted parents l've ever seen.
15 You can buy very c~.eap pirt~da~ cards in this shop.
NEVER I ...v.~: .....1~::-:~·: ....$:-~.;;.:-.::.... /X-:-:;-~
NOTHING lt 20st:s· ... :\.~:.',.:'..•.!:-}······ :'. •....':.. ....
..........\"'.-:·~'„''· ..... devoted parents.
. .. birthday gifts in this shop
10 How long is it since you moved house?
AGO How
.... house?
8
 ... - .... .
~

._,I o Lexical multiple choice items

( 3. Fili in the correct form of 4 Choose the correct answer.
\...:::- the words in bold.
\ 1-- My teacher feels . . of my getting good grades in
········-········ ..... ········,] the fina I exams.
· What do Elizabeth
Napoleon, Thomas Jefferson I I, .i
1E
@
A safe ·B confident C secure D definite
and Winston Churchill all i ~ 2 Does she . believe that 1'11 help her after the way
have in common( Weil, apart I " n she spoke to me?
from the fact that they were :_--=e===,;.:: li A seriously C steadily
four of the most renowned leaders in world ~~-[ ! B genuinely (W earnestly
history, they were also all 'redheads'! Red hair is the i ! 3 Peter couldn't utter a(n) . word after he learnt
' ,., 1. . ,-" i . . he had won the award.
!i
rarest 1) (nature) ....... .-:;,,_,,,, .. .-..-.,............ hair colour in
humans and today o_nlY, around 1% of the world's @ single B particular C only D unique
;;r, "p'
2) (populate) „„.„,. :_ .':- -1-, :;i _,,„ .
7„.„„.„,, ....... „.„„„ ..... 1s redheaded. I
I\ 4 I know ..... how John felt when he scored the
Throughout history, artists have always been fascinated
i
Ii winning goal for his team.
by people with red hair. For example, Botticelli depicted '' A distinctly C particularly
I!
the goddess Venus with red hair in his famous painting ! l, B essentially «!:'i
exactly
The Birth of Venus. And in modern times, red hair has II ii 5 Jason felt tired and ..... after working out all
even become a fashion trend, with many people Il 'il afternoon.
choosing to dye their hair red. On the other hand,
I I I
3)(particular) „:l]fv.Cf.!„0\b<l.~:i.c!. in Britain, redheaded · •
Ll ·0J weary B restless C angry D soothed
·-' !~ 6 He treats the ..... customers with respect.
people co~tinu<" to be the victims of 4) (discriminate) ! f A plain (§'1 regular C primary D norma!
J1<;c-d1\'-';.............
.„ ............. i!Cc,L; 0 i' . Re dh eade d se hoo Ic h"Jd 1
1 ren are 1 'r
7 Parents have to ..... a good example for their kids.
often called 5) (offence) „.r.~1g:. '.'.':L!g.„ names and
1
I !_,,·_._

@ set B place C show D put '

even same redheaded adults claim to have suffered · '
8 Karen constantly ..... about her children.
bullying in the workplace. Most people think thatj"oking il
about redheads is harmless fun, but redheaded Britons I.i A annoys B bothers C disturbs@ worries
can sometimes get upset when they are teased about
1
19 We ..... her for her sister.
A misunderstood C confused
their hair. '1
••
·~ ·~:'.< -~.„/''"'=-'--'-'"'~-"'' -,-~"
-
.._~.;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;:;:;;;:;:;::/_--~J @ mistook D misinterpreted
1O His rudeness could .... to him being dismissed.
} Multiple choice cloze A raise B generale
©lead D build
~&ad the te~t and choose the correct answer.

,. , ··•••·
Many people. claim
·.·· .· to be able to know when someone is· ef>.lying. According
1) ·";:.C..• „„. popular belief, all you have to do is look at a person's body language;
vvhen a person is lying he becomes nervous and ftdgety, touches his nose, and
bites his nails. However, a researcher at Portsmouth University, England, has
arrived at an entirely different conclusion. Dr Samantha Mann carried
2) „„.::Q,.„.... research on the behaviour of suspects who had given
3) .„„.,'.b„„„„ statements in police interviews. Mann discovered that liars
actually stay quite stili. This is because they are aware !hat people are looking
for bódy language !hat could suggestthey are lying. Thefefore, liars actually
. touch J:Ąeir nośes 20% less !han _pe~pl'." who tell the truth. The same
4) „ .. „ . .'.. „„„„ for eye contact. Wh1le 11 1s generally
thought !hat liars avoid eye contact and blink rapidly, 1 A from B by ($ho D w"1th
in reality, people who are lying 5) .. „ ..~?..„„„. sure Io 2 A up B down c in ~ out
maintain eye contact and control their blinking. Wilh 3 A wrong '\J)false c mistaken D incorrect
the findings of her research in mind, Mann claims thai 4 A goes B comes c stays D moves
the best way to spot a liar is to look for people who are 5 A keep B make C take D do

IL trying tao hard to 6) ..... :.:: ......... truthful. 6 A view B display C show Q appear
 IQff jrl&J Opis postaci
A descriptive essay about a person is
an essay in which we describe someone.
lt consists of:
• an introduction in which we state
who the person is, as well as when,
where, and how we first met them.
• a main body consisting of three
paragraphs in which we describe
their physical appearance, personal
qualities, and hobbies and interests.
• a conclusion in which we give aur
general comments and express how
we feel about the person. We
mainly use the present simple
tense when describing a person we
know or see. When describing a
person who we do not see any
mare or who is no longer alive, we
use the past simple tense.
Descriptions of people can be found in
narratives, articles, letters, etc and the
writing style depends on the context
and the audience. The style in essays
should be forma!.
Notes:
• When we describe someone's
physical appearance we start with
the general features (i.e. height, bui/d,
age) and move on to the mare
specific ones (e.g. nose, eyes, hair, etc).
Peter is o tall, we/1-bui/t mal/fr.li his late
thirties. He has gat short curly brown
hoir, blue eyes and a small nose.
• When we describe someone's
personal qualities we should
support aur description with
examples or details. When we talk
about a person's negative qualities
we should use mild language (e.g.
seems to, can be „. at times). John's very
friendly. He behaves in a pleasant way
and likes to be with other people. He
can be in1patient at times. For exan1p!e,
he gets really annoyed when he has to
wait for someone.
10
1 Read the rubric and answer the questions.
r--------------------------~
r \'tftttliłlt.r'/ Red akqa
. mIę dzynaro dowego czasopisma
. dla 1
1
1 młodzieży ogłosiła konkurs literacki. Przedmiotem konkursu :
I jest opis postaci (200-250 słów). Opisz osobę. która wywarła I
: na Tobie duże wrażenie lub miała na Ciebie znaczący wpływ. :
1 Uwzględnij jej wygląd, charakter, zainteresowania i hobby. 1
I Wyjaśnij. dlaczego wybrałeś/-aś właśnie tę osobę. I
~--------------------------~
Who is going to read your essay? 5 Which of the following
2 What style should you use? should you use?
3 What tenses should you use? A a variety of adjectives
4 Which of the following people B linking words
should you not write about: C colloquial expressions
a teacher? a relative? a pop star?
2 Read the model essay. Which paragraph:
1 describes the person's character? 4 describes your feelings
2 describes the person's physical for the person?
appearance? 5 describes the person's
3 describes how you met the person? interests?
j:Jlo- I first
met Coach Andrews when I joined the !ocal sports club 1l
when I was only sixieen years ald. He has been an inspiration to me I
ever since.
~ Coach Andrews is tall, well-built and very strong. He is in his
!.
mid-forties with short dark hair and bright blue eyes and he has gót a
very nice smile. Coach Andrews usually wears very casual clothes
such as tracksuits, or jeans and T-shirts and trainers.
~ Coach Andrews is very energetic and outgoing and is always
ruńning around doing various things. He is an excellent coach. He is
hardworking, good-natured and patient and he is very good at
motivating athletes. He is also very friendly and loves meeting new
people and he is great at cheering people up. However, he can be a
bit tough and insensitive at limes. For example, he doesn't hesitate to
criticise athletes when they do something wrong or il he thinks they
are being lazy.
pi.. Il goes without saying thai Coach Andrews is a fan of most
sports and spends most of his time coaching tennis and squash. He
also plays a lot of sport himself. He particularly likes watersports and
often goes windsurfing and kite surfing.
Il>-'In conclusion, I think Mr Andrews is a /.:i•
fantastic person and I am delighted to "·
have him as my coach. He has helped
me become a great basketball
player and continues to inspire
me to work at my game. He is a
great person that I deeply
respect and admire.
(3
Read the essay again. List all the adjectives 6 Fili in with good, we/I or kind. Check in your
used to describe appearance and character. · dictionaries.
..
1
IM..l' • ~·~·~;u ~l~-·v:ft·'} 1 ....... v:C:- '.l ......... -built s .................. ·dressed
Appearance tall, ' 2 ................... ·hearted 6 .............. -mannered
. .,) ... - Ioo k.mg
3 ........0(?.'"L 7 ................ -behaved
4 ... „ ....... „ ..... -natured 8 ..... -humoured
Character
Use the phrases in
.·_·. . ,_
1
sentences of your own. ~ ~·~
"i•)·m····

Match the character adjectives to the My uncfe is well·built. He's very

definitions. Use them to talk about people you strong and has large muscfes. '.
.~~
~ .......
know. 0
Yourturn
7 Read the rubric and answer the questions.
ITIJ cheerful a doesn 't like \<Vorking
r--------------------~
ITI] outgoing b doesn't talk or
act politely I \t,t,tpt11i.f/ Na zadanie domowe masz opisać I
QI] popular c tells people what to do : swojego przyjaciela/swoją przyjaciółkę. I
@I] sensitive d likes to spend time with people 1 Pisząc tekst (200-250 słów), uwzględnij :
rn::J generous e everyone likes them . 1 wygląd, charakter, hobby i zainteresowania 1
!'.
@I] patient f doesn't like to share things I opisywanej osoby oraz
1 stosunek do niej.
przedstaw swój I
h
[1IJ I ,.
,,d"
selfish g is always happy & ehthusiastic
[![] lazy h doesn't mindwaiting ~--------------------~
Who is your best friend?
@I]
~bossy
rude likes to gil/e things to people
can be easily hurt
2 What do they look like? I!"
3 What kind of person are they? i'
4 What are their interests and hobbies?
1!
My friend Jenny is a cheerful person who is afways happy 5 Why do you like them so much?
H
and enthusiastic.
( 8 Use your answers from Ex. 7 and phrases from 1:
\5 Complete the descriptions using the adjectives:
\ ., int~lligent,
the Useful Language box to write your essay.
Follow the plan below. li
/ ambitious, amusing, polite, impatient,
'--kind·hearted, sociable, ta/kative. I
i
1 Mary is so ............ ................ She never stops
(Ęaf:i'.i) f1a/1i!J, wbere/w1J~iz)1ou 1net
(Par~Z) apppara11ce
chatting.
(Pa~a.3) perscmality >
2 Enya is a very ................................ lady. She takes
(I'ara 4) bobbie's!interests
care of the ald people on her street.
(Pa~a 5) }vtirfae_l(11i ~1,14comments abóut biln!ber .
3 David is always .......... ............... and treats
everyone with respect.
4 Diana is extremely .................................... and will
• I first met ... . • ... has been my close friend for ....
do anything to succeed. Appearance
5 Charlie is the most ........................................... guy • ... is quite good-looking/attractive, etc.
I know. He can make anyone laugh. • ... tall and slim with blue eyes and fair hair.
6 I don't think anyone is mare ................................. . Character
than Martin. He gets straight As in all his subjects. • ... is very outgoing. • ... is always friendly and
7 L.1am. .1s very ....... „ ........•.........••.•..• „ an d lk .
1 es go1ng loves ....
out and meeting new people. • ... has a great sense of humour.
8 Mrs Green is very .................................... and loses • ... but can be aggressive/lazy/bossy, etc at times.
Feelings
her temper when she has to wait for something.
• ... is very special to me.
• lt's a pleasure to be with .
•I am glad to have ... as my friend.
-----;.._~~~;.....;;...;_~~-='11
 lff§fi•l[f Dobieranie I
1 Describe your personality to the class. Use as
many adjectives as you can. How many types of
personalities do you think there are? Do the
reading task and find out.
r-------------------~
I \ł?ł®,l!t.f/ Przeczytaj tekst, z którego I
I usunięto cztery zdania. Dobierz brakujące I
: zdania (A-E). tak aby otrzymać spójną :
1 i logiczną całość. W każdą lukę (1--4) wpisz 1
1 literę. którą oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. 1
I Jedno zdanie zostało podane dodatkowo I nie I
I pasuje do tekstu. I
~-------------------~
2 Which words in the missing sentences helped
you choose your answers?

.rt --
·.·.„1e.·.·.
-
- -
i ... :
aurr~" of·.·
~
;::
:1tf - ,_;g·t :+_
':'."<!' -„,,r ·>

lf we are all so unique, why is il thai we are always trying

to sort people by personality type? From the beginning of
; '
'. _ ·__ ;
·.r·
; ' ..
-·.·.··.u.·

Punctuality and order is of prime importance to them. [ID

time, man has been putting people into categories by
analysing their similarities and differences; and the
number and variety of classifications of personality types
is impressive to say the least.
QI] This theory has łts roots in antiquity and is based on the
tour naturel elements, earth, air, fire and water. Over time,
various forms of this basić theory developed. The ancien!
Greek physician Hippocrates believed thathuf11an emątions
were caused by fluids in the body, which he caUed 'hum.ours',
and that these humours were responsibl~ for th~ heaittJ
personality of an individual and made tour groups: choleri~,
sanguine, melancholie and phlegmatic. He suggestecl the
sanguines, for ~ple, had an ., exc~ss of blood, y1ere
~ilx!i:t:i\ieifand madefriends easily, but we re often late, forg~tful,
and sometimes sarcastic. This theory achieved great success
and dominated Western thinking for over tw9 thousand years
until the 1700s, when physicians proposed the .idea thai
people's moods were affecteĆJ by ch~miGaJs in the blood.
Despite the decline in popularity of the theory of ftuids, a
large number of modern-day experts believe in the idea of
tour types of personality. [I[] Nowadays, the sanguines
are known as extroverts, but they actually retain much of
the same characteristics described by Hippocrates. They
are outgóihg and energetic and love to party, but are not
punctual, can be rnessy or ;disdrgarjised, and prane to
carelessness. Another modern-day category !hat many
psychologists use is the analytical type, or what same of us
refer to as the 'gadget-man'. The analytical personality is the
one who likes to have every 'i' dotted and every 't' crossed.
However, they lend to think tao much and can be glf)órily
and irritable at limes. A very common label given to another
group of people is the dominant or pragrnatic type. As the
name suggests, the dominant personality type is self·
confident and authoritarian. They might listen to others'
opinions out of courtesy but they like to do things their own
way. They are hands-on people and like to get the job dane.
Finally, there is the 'ąfiiiilbJ§f type who loves peace and quiet
and will do anything to avoid conflict and arguments. [![]
They are l()yiilHi'Llsfu'(jf!hY:and helpful and find it very hard
and to say no.
Studying personality types may not be a pure science but it
rnay help us appreciate thai while we are different, we all
have various strengths and good qualities and aie valuable
members of society. Putting people into categories may not
always seem very wise but at the same time it does develop
an understanding of different characters and shows thai
everyone should be treated with care and respect.

12
3 Match the words in bold in the text to their
synonyms.
fiM!&j,j@ Dobieranie
• dispositions • put forward • keep 9 O Do the listening task.
• characters • favour • title • types r---------------------~
I \łiSMtl!i.f/ ~s~szysz .dwukrotnie wypowie?zl J
• foremost • liquids • handled I p1ęc1u osob na
temat testow I
I psychologicznych. Przyporządkuj poszczególnym I
4 Match the highlighted words in the text to : osobom nagłówki, wpisując odpowiednie litery :
their antonyms below. 1 (A-F) w kratki. Jeden nagłówek został podany 1
1 dodatkowo i nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. I
• shy • tidy • cheerful • unfriendly
• unfaithful • introvert • unreliable
~---------------------~
A UNITING THE HOME
• organised B FAILING TO SEE THE POINT Speaker 1
c REORGANISING YOUR STAFF Speaker 2
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form D REFUSING TO ACCEPT THE Speaker3
of the verbs in the list affect, avoid, dominate, TRUTH Speaker 4
achieve, propose, retain, know, treat. E BEING RIGHT EVERY TIME Speaker s
F SELECTING TRUTHFUL STAFF
1 Certain personalities will always try ,.
and control others.
2 In the 18'h century, a new theory „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ „ „ . •;r.ml§·'Podgrywanie roli I
a lot of success.
3 The new theory stili „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ same of the 1Oa) Read the rubric, then brainstorm for ideas
old ideas. under the headings in the rubric (e.g. character i
'
4 lt is very important „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . people with strengths: kind, funny etc).
respect, regardless of their weaknesses. r---------------------~
w letniej s:kole językowej I
1 \f.•,ftUl!i.t( Przebyw.':-5z
5 Is it true that chemicals in the blood „ „ „ „ „ „ . 1
w Angl11. Porozmawiaj z kolegą/ 1
people's moods? koleżanką ze szkoły o podziwianej przez Ciebie
6 Amiable people „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ conflicts. gwieździe muzyki - piosenkarzu/piosenkarce
7 Hippocrates „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . the idea that moods lub muzyku. W rozmowie uwzględnij poniższe
were caused by fluids in the body. kwestie:
8 People who put others first are „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ as in<JC:rie ~trony
amiable personality types. ;coaf<l~tefli ·

6 Tell the class three things you have learnt from wygląd powodY, dl~ kigr}'ch
go/ją lubisz
the text.
---------------------
O
b) Listen to two people doing the task.
7 i;ftful Why do you think the study of
personalities is important to so many people?
Which person are they talking about? Have all
the points in the rubric been covered? What
Can you think of any practical uses for it? In objections does the schoolfriend raise and how
three minutes write a few sentences on the are they dealt with?
topie. Tell the class. c) In pairs, use yo ur ideas from Exs. 1Oa and 1Ob
to do the task.
8 IICT IWhich of the four persona lity types are
you? Visit this site and do the quiz: Quota.tions. _ _ _ __
http://www.neoxenos. Character is like a tree and reputation like its
org/temperaments/temperament test.htm. shadow. The shadow is what we think of it, the
tree is the real thing.
Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa
(1994-1999)

13
 MODULE
'1·1§1®6'fl Rooms & furniture j
1 a) Match the furniture from the list to the
correct number. Describe the photographs.
3 a) Complete Anne's description of her dream
home with the correct form of the words in
brackets.

O gilt-framed mirror O bedside cabinet My dream home would be a villa by the sea. lt would be a
O crystal vase O wali cabinet l) (peace) „„„„„„.„„„„„. place where I could relax. The
O glass coffee table O built-in shelves house would be very 2) (space) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ , so l'd
O striped rug O draped curtains have enough room for all my 3) (style) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
O mantelpiece O French windows furniture. lt would also have a fully-4) (fit) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
O blinds O fireplace k1tchen with every 5) (electr1'c) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ apphance
· I
O tiled floor O headboard could ever need. There would be a bright, G) (air)
„„„„„„„„„„„„ living room with a fireplace and a hu •-~
b k ge,;i
oo case. The bedrooms would have ?) (woodtl9
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ floors and French windows. My dream:ł'·

home wou/d never be 8) (mess) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ • 1would~~

also have a huge garden full of flowers, where I cou1d'i:
unwind by doing same gardening. ·

b) Compare Anne's dream house to your

dream house.

lrypes of homes j

4 Fili in: mansion, studio, loh, bedsit, prefab house,

basement, maisonette, mobile home, penthouse.
Mr Stephens is a wealthy man who lives in a huge
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ in the countryside.

2 The most expensive property in the building is the

„ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . because of its spectacular view of

b) Compare your living room to the one in the city.

photograph A. 3 Jeff spends all his holidays at his . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ on
the coast and he plans to live there in his old age.
2 Fili in: fitted, central, double, private, alarm, 4 None of my rooms get much sunlight because I
entrance, spiral. live in a „„. fiat.

1 We have a real fire in the living room, but the rest
of the house has „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . heating installed.
2 There are „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ wardrobes with sliding
doors in both bedrooms.
3 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . glazing in all the windows ensures
the house stays warm and quiet.
5 The kitchen and bedroom in Gemma's fiat used to
be separate but she decided to turn it into a
6 June wanted something bigger than a fiat but
couldn't afford a house, so she bought a
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ in a nice building.

4 Just wait in the „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . hall and 1'11 come
downstairs to help you with your bags.
!j 5 You should install a(n) „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ system to
l improve home security.
6 We don't need a garage as we've got „ „ „ „ .
I parking in our street.
7 There's a(n) staircase that takes
you up to the roof garden.
14
7 Richard likes to tell people his home was built in a
factory and then explain that it's a „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
8 The only place to rent I can find for less than fSO
a week is a tiny „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „
9 In London many old industrial buildings are being
converted into ... „ „ „ „ „ .... apartments.
 5 Fili in: do, get, c/ean, move. lsuying & Selling Property \
1 We'll have to „„„„„„„„. up the mess before the
new tenants arrive. 9 Fili in: rate, offer, detached, form, mortgage, price,
z You can „ „ „ „ „ „ . into your fiat on Sunday. credit.
3 Unfortunately, we don't . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . on with our
neighbours. A: Good morning, Mr Lawrence. How can I help you?
4 our new place is really bare at the moment, but 8: Weil, l'd like to ask same questions about how I can
once we „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . it up it'll become quite cosy. take out a(n) 1) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ for a house I want to buy.
lt's a two-storey 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ . house in Kent Street.
IRenting a fiat\ A: OK. And what price is the property?
8: Weil, it's B00,000, but I hope I can negotiate the
6 Fili in: landlord!landlady, flatmate, estate agent, tenant. 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ and get a better deal.
A: Yes, that's a good idea. I think you should make a(n)
1 I agreed to meet the „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ at the fiat at 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of around f275,000 and see what
3 pm on Tuesday to view it. happens.
2 The „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . is raising the rent by BO 8: And what interest 5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ could you offer me
from next month. for the mortgage?
3 The ad says the „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ can't have pets. A: Weil, you would have to fili in a(n) 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ for
4 I need to speak to my new . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . about us to check your 7) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ history, but generally
the mess he makes in the bathroom every day. we can offer you an interest rate of around 5%.
8: That sounds like a very reasonable offer.
7 Choose the correct preposition. A: I hope so, Mr Lawrence.
1 I live in a lovely place on/at the outskirts of the city.
2 We saw some really nice loft conversions in/on
1Oa) Jane and Greg are trying to sell their
property online. Fili in the gaps with the correct
the heart of the city.
words from the list.
3 She rents a bedsit close from/to the centre.
4 I found an apartment that's within/with walking • suburbs • condition • amenities • centrally
distance of the train station. • off-street • block • central
5 We found a fully-furnished fiat in/on the suburbs.
Useful phrases
8 Complete the exchanges with: give a month's
notice, fal/ behind on the rent, be paid in advance, fet North London - E150,000
the fiat, signed the lease. The fiat is on the second
1 A: The first two months' rent must „„„„„.„„
floor of a modern
1) .„„„„„.„„.„„.„ of flats
•···•······•·•···················· .
B: No problem. Can I write you a cheque? in the northern
2 A: What do you think will happen if I 2) „„.„„.„„„„„„.„„.„. of
.„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „. aga in? London. Although il isn't
B: The landlord might evict you. 3) „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . located, il is close to loca!
3 A: I decided to rent the fiat in Kent Street. 4) „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ , such as a supermarket and a
B: Congratulations! Have you „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ fitness centre. Residents of the building have
5) „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ parking. The fiat includes features

J;
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „. „ .„ yet?

4 A: The landlord won't „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . such as 6) „„„„„.„.„.„„„„.„„ heating and a balcony .

to us for 6 months. .l · with great views of the River Thames. The fiat is in very
B: Yes, most leases are for a 12-month period. ' good 7) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . Should you like to view the •
5 A: You must „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ property, call 097-3232346. -
when you decide to leave the fiat.
""~=---·•::zs::.........,.,~=-.,_,..___=..,~=..__,., , -=:;:,.::;,,_•..,,,_,_ ,..,..~~,,,-·~=.,_.,.,..,f~
8. OK, 1'11 be sure to do that. b) Write an advert for your house similar to the
one in Ex. 1O.
(~)See Vocabulary Bank on p. 166) 15
....
lff§f j,j, Dobieranie
1 Describe your house to the class. Try to be as
detailed as possib\e.
I live in a fiat on the third f/oor of a huge black of flats.
There are ... rooms in my house. The living room is ...
r----------------------
1\t,t,Sii!i.f/ Przeczytaj tekst, z którego usunięto
: cztery zdania. Dobierz brakujące zdania (A-E), tak
1
1 aby otrzymać spójną i logiczną całość. W każdą lukę 1
I (1--4) wpisz literę. którą oznaczone jest brakujące
1 zdanie. Jedno zdanie zostało podane dodatkowo I nie
I pasuje do tekstu.
~
2 Do the reading task. Which words helped you
Jj@.fo,!' Prawda/fałsz
decide? Now, explain the highlighted words. 9 O Do the listening task.

~ Wtfmj1ff.Q Usł;s~;z - - dw:k;o7n~ - -;;1;d ~

3 Find words in the text which mean:
I dotyczący dekoracji wnętrz. Na podstawie I
1 infiuence : informacji w nim zawartych zdecyduj, które zdania :
2 in good and even proportion 1 (1-5) są zgodne z treścią tekstu (TRUE). a które nie 1
3 measure the value of I (FALSE). Zaznacz znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę I
4 not present I w tabeli. I
5 keep at same state or level ~---------------------~
True False
6 stop from doing
1 The interviewer is unfamiliar with
the word 'Zen'.
4 Cfean or elear? Complete the phrases. Check in 2 Zen designers try to make a home
your dictionaries. as quiet as possible.
............. environment 5 „ conscience 3 One important factor in arranging
argument a Zen-style home is the usefulness
2 „ „ „ „ „ „ . sky 6 „ „ ......

voice of objects.
3 „ ....• „ .... break 7 „ „ „ .. „
4 The interviewer says bamboo
4 „ „ „ „ „ „ . air 8 ........ „ ... instructions
furniture is fashionable.
5 Zen style involves the use of bright
5 Choose the correct preposition. colours in the home.

·1 We are surrounded of/by energy.

2 Her life revolves around/about her children. Opis ilustracji
3 The building is divided in/into four sections. i odpowiedzi na pytania
4 The different sections are represented by/of
various symbols.
1Oa) \f~,S 1 ili.f/ Opisz zdjęcie i.odpowiedz
na poniższe pytania.
5 Changing the position of an object can bring
about/up change.
6 The arrangement of certain objects can result
to/in family arguments.

ll!Mlol.!ilii!if Tell the class three things you have

learnt from the text.

7 il!fiti1ij Which feng shui ideas have you -

already put into practice in your home? Which
ones are you planning to use? In three
minutes, write a few sentences. Tell the class.
8 j ICTI In groups collect mare information about
feng shui. Present it to the class.
1 How do you think the people in the picture feel?
2 Would you like to move into a new home? Why/
Why not?
3 What were the good things and bad things about
your first bedroom?

b) O Listen to someone describing the

picture. Compare your description to his.

17
 0 Lexicogrammatical word transformations
lnfinitive/Gerund/
Participles 2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.

• lt is exciting to live in the city centre.

1 The children can't wait to meet their new neighbours.
FORWARD The children „ . „ „ . „ „ . „
Living in the city centre is exciting.
their new neighbours.
• This room is too small to fit a double bed inte.
2 She made him stay in.
This room isn't spacious enough to fit a double
WAS He . „. st ay .in.
bed inte.
3 He earns too little to be able to afford such a big house.
• She made him do the washing-up.
MAKE He doesn't ..
He was made to do the washing-up.
money to be able to afford sucha big
• 1prefer living in the country to living in a city.
house.
1prefer to Jive in the country rather than (in) a city.
4 Could you please help me move this furniture?
• Could you turn the heating on? HAND Could you give „„„„„„.„.

Would you mind turning the heating on? this furniture?

• They were amazed at the luxury of the hotel. 5 1don't think the property owner will accept our offer.
The luxury of the hotel was amazing. LIKELY The property owner .. „ „ „ „ „ .
• She had difficulty (in) paying the rent. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ down our u"'"·<<

She found it difficult to pay the rent. 6 Have you decided whether to rnove yet?
• They let tenants use the common gardens. MIND Have you rnade „ . „„„„.„„„„„„

Tenants are allowed to use the common gardens. „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ rnove yet?

7 Although they own property, they live in rented

accommodation.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. SPITE In „ . „
Use two to five words. they live in rented accommodation.
8 They finally rnanaged to book a holiday in Lapland.
They let residents use the parking spaces free of
SUCCEEDED They finally „„„.„„.„„„.
charge.
a holiday in Lapland.
ALLOWED Residents .
9 Buying this antique sofa must have been very expensive.
the parking spaces free of charge.
FORTUNE lt must have „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
2 Could you change the light bulb?
„ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ this antique sofa.
. MIND Would „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ .. „ . „ „ „ „ .
1O She spent ages sorting out her clothes in the wardrobe.
the light bulb?
TOOK lt „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ .
3 Converting the loft into a studio flat was expensive.
out her clothes in the wardrobe.
CONVERT lt was expensive „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
11 You don't have to cook dinner as I have already
a studio fiat.
I 4 He prefers growing plants to growing trees.
ordered a takeaway.
POINT There . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ dinner
GROW He prefers to „ „ „ „ . „ „ .
as I have already ordered a takeaway.
trees.
12 You'll have no difficulty using this burglar alarm.
5 John's mother makes him tidy up his room.
EASY You'll .
MADE John „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
„„„„„„„ „„. this burglar alarm.
his room by his mother.
13 That five-star hotel is so expensive that we can't stay
6 She found it difficult to pay off the mortgage.
there for even one night.
DIFFICULTY She .
TOO lt is.
the mortgage.
that five-star hotel for even one night.
7 The Skyscraper Museum in New York was fascinating.
14 They are going to demolish the old black of flats
FASClNATED They „ . „ „ .. „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ .
next week.
the Skyscraper Museum in New York.
DOWN The old block of flats is going .
8 This wooden armchair is too uncomfortable to sit in.
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ next week.
ENOUGH This wooden armchair .„
15 I didn't mean to break their expensive crystal vase .
... sit in.
INTENTION I .
............. ~helr expensive crystal vase.

18
 • Word formation o Lexical multiple choice items
3 Fili in the gaps with the right form of the words 4 Choose the correct answer.
in brackets. 1 The lease .. next month, so l'm going to find a
new fiat
Alexander Remizov has two major 1) (object) A cancels B exp1res C closes D finishes
······················· in his architecture. The first aim
2 Their house is in a great overlooking the lake.
is to protect the natura! world from mankind
A post B situation C station D position
and the second is to protect mankind from
·:ii;
extreme 2) (environment) ...................... . 3 Any tenant who fails to comply with the rules and
conditions caused by climate change. His firm, ........ will be evicted.
with support from the Architecture for Disaster A instructions C laws
Relief programme, has designed a futuristic hotel B orders D regulations
called the Ark. lt is an impressive 3) (construct) 4 Do you ........ to know where Peter's house is?
................... of arches and ca bies that looks like A occur B happen C chance D come
a giant shell. lt is almost indestructible as it is 5 The balcony has a great ........ of the sea.
built to withstand phenomena such as A vision B sighting C seeing D view
earthquakes and 4) (tide) .......... „ ........ waves.
6 The holiday cottages have all the ........ of home.
On top of that, power is provided by solar
A advantages C comforts
/panels and water is supplied by a rainwater
B conveniences D utilities
5) (collect) ........................... system. The
7 They were ........ of money, so they couldn't afford
hotel is also designed to have its own
to buy new furniture.
ecosystem, which means it can sustain
A short B limited C poor D small
itself with food, water and power
while also being 6) (resist) 8 You can go to the party, but ....... home by midnight
.......... to natural disasters. A take B make C be D go
9 He won 't leave the fiat, and the owner is
threatening legal ........ .
A force B steps C measures D action
• Multiple choice c/oze 1O She couldn't ...... the noise from next doorany mare.
Read the text and choose the correct word. A survive B carry C bear D manage

i.
11

1 A any 4 A out '\

··· ··· Ask people about their favourite childhood toys and quite a lew will mention B all B through 1iji
Lego. However, same children don't abandon Lego when they grow up. c each c back
I~

I~
Take James May, whose idea to build a life-size Lego house received so D same D off lj
much public interest that, in July 2009, he began construction. Over 1,000 11
p:
A inspiring 5 A Although )
volunteers helped make the bricks, 1) ................ one consisting of 272 Lego J
B indulging B Though l
pieces, and put the two-storey house together. Apart from a 'safety frame' ł

made out of wood, the rest of the structure was made entirely from Lego,
c inserting c Regardless 'l
l
D including D Des pite
2) ················ a staircase, a shower and a toilet! May even stayed overnight
in)he house, though he found 3) ................ far tram comfortable on the
· Lego bed! lnitially, the Lego house was a huge success, but problems arose
A sleeping
B slept
6 A these
B that
Ir
when the landowners where the house was built needed their land back. At c to sleep c those
!"
first, Legoland, a theme park in Berkshire, planned to relocate the house to D sleep D this :r!_
kl~·
its premises, but the deal tell 4) ................... because of the transport costs
involved. 5) ................... further efforts to !ind a private collector to take it,
the house was eventually dismantled and its 3.3 million pieces were
_.-~"---··--·--„,.-.„-~--~„,__„,-.-,,-,.,.-,-.,·-.-~.-··.-·
-i;!~,
'·;
i!4,
""; donated to charity. Nevertheless, the Lego house was a marvellous
-!i '<rchitec•ural
.. ac h.1evement for 6) ..................... ·mvoIve d ·1n 1
•ts cons truc t•1on.

19
 2 Read the model and match each heading to
a paragraph.
Opinion essays are discursive essays in which we
present our personal opinion on a particular topie.
They are normally written in a forma! style. An
opinion essay consists of:
• an introduction in which we introduce the topie
and state our opinion clearly.
• a main body which consists of two or more
paragraphs, each presenting a separate viewpoint
supported by reasons/examples. We can include a
paragraph g1ving the opposing viewpoint
supported by reasons/examples.
• a conclusion in which we restate our opinion
using different words.
We start each main-body paragraph with an
appropriate topie sentence that states the main idea j
of the paragraph. Each topie sentence is followed by
supporting sentences that further explain the main
idea of the paragraph.
We use present tenses in this type of essay. We also use ITD When given the choice of living in a house or
appropriate linking words & phrases to join our ideas. fiat most people would prefer the house. To me,
To list viewpoints: To start with, Firstly, In the first place, however, living in a flat is more appealing.
In additian, Besides, Furthermare, Moreaver, Also, etc 0:J Firstly, fiats are often located in or near the city
To introduce supporting sentences (examples): centre and are therefore very convenient. They are
for example, for instance, in particular, such as!like, etc often in close proximity to shopping and entertainment
To intro duce opposing ideas: On the ather hand, facilities so there is always something to do. Moreover,
However, etc it is easier to access public transport or get around on
To conclude: All in all, Lastly, Taking everything inta
foot.
account, To sum up, All things considered, etc
[I:[] Furthermore, living in a fiat is usually less
Forma! style is characterised by:
expensive than living in a house. For example, rent
• forma! expressions, advanced vocabulary, longer
is often lower for a fiat and some of the bills such as
sentences. First-time buyers need ta consider their
financial circumstances carefully before committing to a maintenance are shared. In addition, living in the
mortgage. same building with others means that if you need
• forma! linking words/phrases. Moreover, steps should help you can easily knock on a neighbour's door.if>
be token to ... [![]On the other hand, some people say that living
• no use of short forms. There is always something ... in a fiat has a number of drawbacks. Flats lend to be
(NOT: There's always something.... ) smaller and often don't have balconies or gardens.
• impersonal tone i.e. use of the passive. Tenants are Moreover, they can sometimes be noisy, especially if
required to con tribute towards the upkeep of the garden. located on a main street. Blocks of fiats also Jack
privacy and any rules imposed by the majority of the
people in the building usually have to be respected.
r--------------------------,
I\1 1.f;'!il!l.Vf
1 Dyskutowaliście
w klasie na temat I następującego ~All in all, I believe that living in a fiat is better
: stwierdzenia: Uving in a house is better than living 1 than living in a house. Although flats are smaller and

1 in a ~at. Napisz rozprawkę (200-250 słów), w której się : have less privacy than houses, they are more
1 do niego ustosunkujesz, I podasz argumenty przemawiające 1 centrally located and cheaper to live in.
I za Twoim poglądem. I
~--------------------------~
1 Who is going to read your essay?
2 Should you use forma! or informal language?
3 Do you prefer living in a house or in a fiat? Why?

20
 What viewpoints does the writer put across? 8 Read the topie sentences and suggest suitable
3 How do they support each viewpoint? supporting ones.

Living in the countryside is mare peaceful.

Find the linking words the writer uses to: list
4 viewpoints, introduce examples, introduce opposing
2 Learning a foreign language can bring people
mare job options. ·~.
ideas, conclude. Replace them with synonymous 3 Volunteering helps you make new friends.
on es.
o Your tum
Replace the words in bold with synonymous 9 Read the rubric and match the reasons (A-D) to
on es. the viewpoints they support (1-4). Use them to
write your essay. Follow the plan below. Use
phrases from the Useful Language box.
having a cat as a pe~ is mare
2) fc)f instance, cats .don't need as r----------------------~
I \ł•'•Mti!i.f/ Dyskutowaliście w klas.I~ na temat n:istę- I
attention as dogs do and can b.e left alone I pującego stwierdzenia: Uvmg on campus rs the 1
easily. Do~s can get very lonely and anxious if : best option for sttidents. Napisz rozprawkę (200-250 :
· · · are away for tao long. 3) What is I słów), w której się do niego ustosunkujesz, i podasz 1 L
;1
cats don't need to be walkedat all; all they I argumenty przemawiające za Twoim poglądem. I
~----------------------~
A share bedroom,
ITD easier to
bathroom; etć
Find the topie sentences in the essay. Replace reach lessons/
B no waste of time and
them with appropriate similar ones. library, etc
money travelling to
better social
l.Jniversity/college ·
life
Think of appropriate topie sentences for the c ineet mor'e peciple to
following.
[II] lackof
make friendswith ·.·
privaq
D irócinis·ar~.5~~ll'sĆJ~ó~>
[![] have limited
• ~aq oply !a~e bęr~. • .
space
es'se'iitiaE/

enerciv from to work properly.

<nrnP'~hu1n simple before going to school,
· llK:e a oar1ana vvrtr a glass of milk or a bowl of cereal,
you mare alert.

~ ......................................................... .
For one thing, if you take a train you don't have
to deal with traffic jams. Furthermore, travelling
:, ·by train can be much faster than travelling by car.
What is mare, it is possible to work, read and
study on a train, which is not possible if you are
driving a car.
{i>ara i) state the,topic&your oJJ.inion .·•···. •·
(Para 2) firstvieuJpoint& reason!exampfe
{Para3) secoizd viewpoi11t & redso11/exdmp!e
(Para 4) opposingviewpoint & reason!ex:amp!e
:(Para5) ·.·.restateyo11r.ojJini011
~~~~~

• Same people believe that living .„ . •To me, .„ .

• Firstly, living on campus „ . . • Moreover, it is
• In addition, living on campus is „.
a'i • On the other hand, same people say that „ .
i: All in all, I believe that living on campus „ . .
~;.;;.;.;;;;~~~~~~""'=~21
 Wybór wielokrotny j 2 Do the reading task. Justify your
answers. Then explain the words
1 The words/phrases in the list are from the text below. What in bold.
type of dwelling do they describe? Does anyone live there?
Read through to find out.
r-------------------
\ftf,t:l!IJ(,f/ Przeczytaj tekst. Z podanych
1
: możliwości odpowiedzi (1-5) wybierz
• manor-house • simple building • buried deep in a wood
1 właściwą. zgodną z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl
• inconvenient site • iron gates • granite pillars
I literę A. B, C lub D.
• grass-grown track • damp • green decaying walls • portal
~-------------------
• broad gravel'walk • narrow windows • narrow front door

and passing through them, I found myself at once in the

twilight of close-ranked trees. There was a grass-grown
track descending the Forest aisle between wild shrubs and
under branched arches. I followed it, expecting soon to
reach the dwelling; but it stretched on and on, it would far
and farther: no sign of habitation or grounds was visible.
I thought I had taken a wrong direction and lost my
way. The darkness of dusk gathered over me. I looked
round in search of another road. There was none: all

· b Charlotte Bronte
'i
:j
The manor-house of Ferndean was a simple building of
•i considerable age, medium size, and buried deep in a
1 wood. I had heard of it before. Mr Rochester often
I spoke of it, and sometimes went there. His father had
11 purchased the estate for use as a hunting ground. He
l wo uId have !et the house, but could find n~ tena.nt
because of its poor and inconvenient site. "Perndean
1
J
then remained uninhabited and unfurnished, with the
exception of same two or three rooms fitted up for the
accommodation of Mr Rochester when he went there
in the season to shoot.
To this house I carne one dark evening marked by the
characteristics of sad sky, cold gale, and continued rain.
The last mile I performed on foot, having dismissed the
chaise and driver with the double payment I had
semicircle. There were no fiowers, no garden-beds; only a
broad gravel-walk bordering a stretch of grass, and this
set in the heavy frame of the Forest. The house presented
two pointed gables* in its front; the windows were
latticed* and narrow: the front door was narrow too, one
step led up to it. The whole looked, as the host of the
Rochester Arms had said, "quite a desolate spot". lt was
as stili as a church on a week-day: the pattering rain on
the Forest leaves was the only sound.
"Can there be life here?" I asked.
Yes, life of same kind there was; for I heard a
movement „. that narrow front door was unclosing,
and some shape was about to issue from the house.
lt opened slowly: a figure carne out into the twilight

I promised. Even when within a very short distance of the

manor-house, you could see nothing of it, so thick and
ii dark grew the timber of the gloomy wood about it. Iron
gates between granite pillars showed me where to enter,
and stood on the step; a man without a hat: he
stretched forth his hand as if to fee! whether it rained.
Dusk as it was, I had recognised him - it was my
master, Edward Fairfax Rochester, and no other.

* latch: catch for fastening a door or gate.

* gables: the triangular top end of the wali of a building where it meets the slop1ng parts of a roof
* latticed: made from small pieces of glass which are held in place by metal strips
 1 According to the writer, Ferndean manor was
fiii!i.f!.i@ Dobieranie
A quite old. 7 O Do the listening task.
B very big.
c a small house. 1 I( y
r--------------------~
Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedzi 1
D a new house.
11
1 11''® 1i•r pięciu osób na temat problemów I
I związanych z wynajmowaniem mieszkania. I
2 The writer had heard that the house : Przyporządkuj poszczególnym osobom nagłówki, :
A was usually empty.
1 wpisując odpowiednie litery (A-F) w kratki. 1
B never had any occupants. 1 Jeden nagłówek został podany dodatkowo i nie 1
C had a go od location. I pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. I
D was sometimes rented out to tenants. ~--------------------~
A INVADED PRIVACY Speaker 1
When the writer approached Ferndean, it was
B BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS
A easy to find. Speaker 2
B surrounded by fields.
c WAYS TO SAVE MONEY Speaker 3
D UNSATISFACTORY SERVICE
C hidden from view. Speaker 4
E CASH FLOW PROBLEMS
D by a wide roadside. Speaker 5
F LEAVING A MESS BEHIND
The house gave the impression of being
A well-kept.
Wypowiedź na podstawie
B luxurious.
materiału stymulującego
C haunted.
D isolated.
8 Read the rubric and do the task.
When the front door opened, the writer saw
r--------------------~
A a dark shadow. I \ł~+t!JłlJi.f/ Przyj.rzyj się zdj.ęcio~ nr 1. 2
i ~· 1
someone she knew. I Zamierzasz wyjechac na wakaqe I
a frightening figure. I z przyjaciółmi. Musicie wybrać miejsce zakwa· I
an old teacher of hers. : terowania. :
I Wybierz jedno z miejsc przedstawionych 1
I poniżej i uzasadnij swój wybór. I
remained, double, dim, s/owly, hunting, co/d,
Fili in:
: Wyjaśnij, dlaczego odrzuciłeś/·aś pozostałe :
take, dense. propozycje. 1
1
„ .. „ ............ ground 5 .................. the ~--------------------~
wrong direction
uninhabited 6 ··················light
gale
..... „ ... „ ...... 7 ...... „ ....... vegetation
.................. payment 8 opened .... .

Miss or /ose? Complete the phrases.

·············my way 5 ....... „ .... a bus

············· breakfast 6 ............. patience
············· a contest 7 ............. the opportunity
money 8 ..... „ ...... a payment

Use words/phrases from the previous exercises

to describe the manor-house of Ferndean.

5
 Culture
1 Look at the pictures. What kind
of a place do you think Singapore
is? Read to find out.

2 Read the text and for each gap

(1-4) choose the correct sentence
(A-E). There is one extra sentence.

A Of the five million people who
live in Singapore, only three
million are native.
B For example, the Malay verb
'makan' is often used to mean
'eat'.
C In 1834, Singapore officially
belonged to the British East Indian
Company and in 1864 it became a
British Crown Colony.
D Many people come from afar to
get a taste of what it has to offer.
E At the same time, wealthy
merchants built magnificent
private houses and giant
warehouses near the port.
3 Fili in: grew, backgrounds,
immigrants, destination, links,
merchants, prosperity, record, national.
Singapore
Tlae Irian City
The earliest written record of Singapore is a Chinese accouql
dating to the 3rd century AD in which the island is referred to aE
'the is land at the end'. lt is said thai the country gat its currenl
name in the 13th century when a visiting Malay prince thoughl
he saw lions there and founded a settlement called Singa Pura
which means Lion City in Sanskrit. In reality, though, lions havE
never inhabited the island. In time, Singapore became ar
important trading post, and a stopover for ships sailing betweer
China and lndia. Consequently, it was considered a strategie
military outpost and over the centuries carne under the control O'
various powers, including the Buddhist kingdom, the Muslirr
empire of Malacca, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and finally thE
[IO
British.

1 Singapore has experienced a period
of economic „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ in the
last few decades.
2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ from other countries
decided to live in Singapore.
3 People of diverse „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
live in Singapore.
4 The first written „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . of the
island dates to the 3rd century AD.
5 Wealthy „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . used to
own private houses in Singapore.
6 Singapore has become a very
popular tourist „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . .
7 Many Singaporeans have cultural
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ to other Asian countries.
During the second half of the 19th century, Singapore continuec
to prosper and became a very important city. lt developec
industrially and its population grew rapidly as immigrants arrivec
from China, Malaysia and lndonesia. The British erectec
splendid public buildings, including beautiful churches anc
hotels, and the immigrant communities constructed mosques
temples and shrines. [ill By the turn of the 20th century
Singapore had become the biggest trading post in the East. I
continued to prosper until World War li, when it was taken ave
by Japanese forces and then re-occupied by the British
Singapore declared independence from Great Britain in 1963
and briefly joined the Federation of Malaysia. In 1965,

8 Eating out is a „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „
pastime in Singapore.
9 The population . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ quickly
in the second half of the 19th
century.

24
 4 Fili in: public, standards, trading,
a li

tum, national, current, declare,

diverse, harmony, urban.
1 „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ ... „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ name
2 . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ post

3 . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . buildings

4 by the „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ of the century

re became totally independent from the federatiori ańd has
continuous peace and economic prosperity since.
c;;e does not have one unique national identity and Singaporeans
rióus cultural links to countries such as China, lndia, lndonesia,
ia, and Great Britain. Today, the population is made up of 76.8%
e, 13.9% Malays, 7.9% lndians, and 1.4% other. English is the
lśtrative language of Singapore and the medium of instruction in
is. However, the country has four officia! languages: English, Malay,
arin, and Tamil. Many people in Singapore speak 'Singlish'; which is
· on both American and British English but has a number of differences
g borrowed words from Malay and Mandarin. QI] Education is
· portant to Singaporeans and their society is a true meritocracy where
results at school and university mean a good job with a good salary.
· in Singapore sometimes joke about their desire to have the 'live Cs';
inium, car, credit card, club membership and career.
ore enjoys one of the highest standards of living in the world and
'ecome a very popular tourist destination, which is not surprising as it
.„o much to offer the visitor, from beautiful beaches to beautiful
pgs. ft also has a diverse wildlife despite its rapid urban development.
.D:()me to a number of birds, reptiles and mammals, such as the long-
d macaque, the dugong and the dolphin.
·ęare also a lot of things to do in Singapore. Gr] Shopping and
#,)ńg are considered to be national pastimes and many people come from
i~!e~. to get a taste of what Singapore has to offer. Singapore's cuisine is
111'.!pfluenced by both Asian and Western styles, and is an expression of its
?'•c!Jf!ural diversity. Singapore is an interesting example of how people of
diverse backgrounds and culture can live together in harmony.
5 to „ „ „ „ „ „„. „. „ „ „ „. independence
6 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ identity
7 „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . wildlife
8 high „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . of living
9 „ „ „ „. „ „ „ „ „ . „.„. „ „ „. development
10 live in „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
5 Find phrasal verbs in the text
which mean:
1 started being controlled or
managed by
2 taken control of
3 consists of
6 Complete the sentences.
1 Singapore is located „ „ „ „.„ „ „ „ „ . .
2 ft got its name „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ .
3 Singapore became very important
as a „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . .
4 By the turn of the 20th century
5 The population consists of „.„„. „ .
6 Singapore is a popular „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ .
7 The cuisine „ „ „„. „ „ „ . „. „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ef'>

7 1fiii11i1M1 Compare your -

country to Singapore in terms
of: location, history, language,
animals, culture, and attractions.

·- Proverbs ·---------~
I • Where there is a sea, there are I
I . I
1 p1rates. 1
l• ff the mountain goat is in a good ;
: mood, even having no grass is :
I ~e i
I i
1 • The big fish sees the mountain 1
top, the small fish sees the big
fish.
~------------------~
25
MODULE
Wi·lfl@fl@school subjects J • Col/ocations
1 Match the sentences to the subjects. Which are 3 Fili in the gaps with: mock, past, sciences,
arts? Wh1ch are sciences? assembly, entrance, call.
Kelly loves biology and chemistry so she plans te
study life ............................... at university.
2 Our teacher takes roll .............................. ever
day at the beginning of class.
3 In order to get anto the course, you have to pas
a(n) .............................. exam.
4 Our ............................... exams are to practise fe
our fina! exams.
5 We have a school
auditorium every Wednesday morning.
6 look at some ............................... pa pers to
the types of question that usually come up in
exam.

'School life I
o Phrasal verbs
4 Choose the correct particie.

1 You'll fali over/behind with your work if you tak

any more.days off school.
2 After being off school for a month, she had to d
extra work to catch up/out with her classmates.
3 I need to look off/over my class notes before OL
Note: school subjects that look plural are actuall test on Monday.
s1ngular and take a singular verb e phy . . Y
•9 • SICS IS. 4 lf you don't study, how do you expect to kee
out/up with the class?
5 lf you don't know what a word means, look
'Marks & requirements J up/over in the dictionary.
0
Usefu/ phrases 6 Sue's parents told her out/off when they read he
teachers' poor comments on her report card.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct verb.
attract, team, expe/fed, submit, hand, skip, cheating. o Verb phrases
1 We have to · .
2 ·················· in our ass1gnments today. 5 Match the words an essay, an exam, class, late,
He was caught ························ in a test and was online, schoof to the correct groups.
· ·· ······· · ·· · ·· ···· .. from school.
3 You should raise your hand if you want to study for, fail, retake ............................... .
· ·· ···· ·· ···· ··· ·· · ·· ·· · the teacher's attention 2 go to, attend, skip ...................................... .
4 We have to · 3 be, turn up, arrive ................................ .
· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· ·· ......... our essays by email
for our IT class. 4 do research, look sth up, find information ........ .
5 We have to .
. ························ th1s poem by heart
for our English class on Thursday. 5 write, hand in, mark ..... .
6 6 drop out of, leave, start ................ .
lf we ························ a lesson at school we get
detention.

26
 (Education system I 8 Fili in:

6 Fili in the gaps in the blog posts with the words:

fł
Q •higher • secondary • national • form • primary
e. junior • postgraduate • pre-school
• technical • undergraduate
~··
.•...v --9.
l've just finished my A-level exams. Naw, the summer
holidays begin! You know, here in England, we sit ourfirst
1) .„„„„„„„„„. exams at the end of 2) „„„.„„„„„„ school.
That means I started doing exams seven years ago! Also,
9efore we finish 3) „„„„„„„„„„„„. school at sixteen, we
'iake our GCSEs. Many students find jobs after thai, but
'!Tiost students stay on at sixth 4) „„„„„„.„„„„„„ college.
(lnother two years of hard work brings us to where I am
O •terms
•scholarship • tuition fees • internship • loans
• debt
programmes are the idea I way to
2
„. „„„„„„„„.„.„„„.
find out what it's really like working for a company.
British universities can charge „„„„„„„„„„„„ of
up to f9,000 per year.
3 Many university students have to take out
„„„„„„„„ .. „„. in order to finance their studies.
4 Sam was teid that a full sports „„„.„.„„„„„„.
would cover all his university and liv'1ng expenses.
5 Most university students get part-time jobs in
order to avoid getting inte „„„„„„.„„„„„
• breaks • timetable

~ow. But, do you know what? lf l've passed my A-levels,
}'li start my 5) „„„ „ „„„„„„„„. education at university -
Where three mare years of examinations will be waiting!
Kirsty, 18 years, Nottingham
15teresting post, Kirsty! 1'11 tell you what happens
~oland. Here, children can do three years of
;1) „„„.„.„„„„„„„. education, but only the last year of
Q~rsery school is compulsory. Then, pupils attend six
Yearso1p·
"'' , nmary se hoo lb efore begmnmg
· · 2) „„„„„„„„„„„
ł~~on~ary school. At 16, we sit exams to see if we'll go to
$)senior second ary school, a vocational school or a
'•· .„„.„.„„„„.„„„. school. We Sit the Matura exams at 18 1f
ie Want to enter university. At university, most
~ ::·„„.„„„.„„.„„. degrees last for laur years, although
~lny also do a 5) „„„„.„„„„„„.„. course afterwards.
,:,•. · Paula, 19 years, Łódź
Only seniors at my school are allowed outside
school grounds during lunch „„„„„„„„
2 The school year in the UK is generally divided inte
three „.„.„„„„.„.„„„ ..
3 l've just been given my „„„„„„„„„„„„. - I can't
believe l've gat a double maths period on Friday
afternoon!
IHigher education j
9 Complete the instructions on a university's
website with: tuition, lump, appfication, entitled,
student, /ocal, required, submitted.'
. "

How to apply for financial support

Long-distance/First-class/One-to-one tuition
learning is very popular in remote areas of large
countries.
~tudents must pay a regulation/registration/
1.Jrsary fee of €1 OO when they start their course.
Stella's just completed her Bachelor of Arts
Cert·f·1
icate/diploma/degree with honours/marks/
Payment
ę~ints and is thinking about doing a Master's.
·. e survey showed that 80% of adults who did
:ot go on to higher/upper/advanced education
lsh they had.
11 1
• 9et the job in France, !'li probably do a first/
Jun·
=··~ 'vv 10 rlrefresher course in French.
il\ e'll be awarded/appointed/assigned aur degrees
a graduation ceremony.
• Contact your 1) „.„„„.„„„.„ education authority (LEA) lor
a(n) 2) „.„„„„„„„„ form. You can also apply online at
www.financial_support.erg. li
• Complete the application and return it to your LEA by post.
Make sure you provide all the 3) .„„„„.„„„„. details.
Applications are to be 4) „.„„„„„„„„ by 31st August.
• The application form also asks whether you want to take
out a 5) „„„„„„.„„„ loan.
• Your LEA will say if you are 6) „.„„„„„„„„ to financial
support. lf you are not awarded the full amount of your
7) „„„„„„„„„. fees, they will inform you how much you
have to contribute.
• Contributions can either be paid as a(n) 8) „„„„„„„„„.
sum, or you can usually arrange to pay in instalments.
(~) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 16B) 27
 3 Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
r-------------------------~
I \t1•.fy1Uj(.f/ Przeczytaj tekst. z którego usunięto cztery I
1 Why do so many students study : zdania. Dobierz brakujące zdania (A-E). tak aby otrzymać :
abroad these days? Would you like 1 spójną i logiczną całość. W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz literę. 1
1 którą oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. Jedno zdanie 1
to study abroad? Why? I zostało podane dodatkowo i nie pasuje do tekstu. I
~-------------------------~
2 What do the initials E.R.A.S.M.U.S
stand for? How is this related to
Desiderius Erasmus and the EU?
Read through to check.

oday, many teenagers can't wait for the opportunity to by their own university, provided that certain agreed terms ac
T pack their bags and head off on an adventure to a foreign respected. An important aspect of the programme is th~
country. Fortunately, a highly successful European education and students do not have to pay any fees to the Foreign universit
training programme launched in 1987 has so far enabled over and there are also a number of grants available for the les
two million university students to spend time studying and financially privileged scholars. [ill
working abroad. The scheme is named after the Dutch For many young students, the Erasmus experience is their firs1
philosopher Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536), who time living abroad and for same it's their first time away fro
travelled and studied in various European cities including Paris home. lt is undoubtedly an important period in their lives an•
and Cambridge. Called 'Erasmus', it is the EU's fiagship can have a determining effect on their future. ~ In fa
education programme. Erasmus is both an appropriate and studies show that time spent abroad not only enriches studen..
clever name as the letters stand for European Region Action language skills and academic careers but also their intercultur
Scheme for the Mobility of University Students. ·ITI] lt not only skills, their self-confidence and their self-relianc
encourages students to travel abroad and supports them while Therefore, having an Erasmus exchange on your CV increase~
they are there but it also promotes and funds co-operation student's chances of employment in the future. What's moi
between universities and their staffacross Europe. Erasmus is students who have spent time abroad seem to be mare op~
one of the most successful programmes ever put in place by the about their future options and mare prepared to embrace oth
European Community. The vast majority of universities from all cultures. Same respected academics have even suggested th
the European countries take part in the programme. ~ farmer Erasmus students will be the backbone of a future pa
Current figures show that over 200,000 students and 25,000 European identity.
staff members make the move •- · - - - - - -
each year and this number is A Most students find !hat they are eligible fu-~;b-ki- --:-------
constantly growing. Students who. abroad. an oan to pay for lheir studies
decide to sign up for the scheme B lt
either study at a university abroad s principal aim is to toster understanding and innovation across the continent
or do an internship in a foreign through student and staff exchange programmes.
company for three months to a C In all, more.than 4,000 third level institutions in 33 countries participate.
year; this time spent away from D More specrl1cally, 1t can be especially helpful when you want 10 get a J'ob
home is recognised and validated E Same p rt' · ·
. ..... a 1c1pants can also benefit lrom low rent or even free accommodation.

4 Read the text again and answer the questions.

I 1 Why do you think the Erasmus programme is

na med after the Dutch philosopher?
2 What is the aim of the Erasmus programme?
4 What Financial help exists for poorer students?
5 According to the text, how does the programme
enrich a student's life?
3 Who is the programme designed for? 6 What is the author's purpose?
28
5 Fili in: abroad, language, foreign, vast, financially, Jjl1fl1IC@ Dobieranie I
academic, staff.
1Oa) Read the rubric and the headings, Think of
countries
„ ............... 5 ................ skills words and phrases related to each heading.
2 travel ...................... . 6 ................... career
r--------------------~
3 ................ majority 7 ····················· 1 Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedzi I
privileged I \ł 1ł,Mtl!i.J/ pięciu osób na temat studiowania za I
4 ............... members
I granicą, Przyporządkuj poszczególnym osobom :
: nagłówki, wpisując odpowiednie litery (A-F) 1
6 Match the words in bold to their meanings:
1 w kratki. Jeden nagłówek został podany 1
suitable, students, a/ien, amounts of money given for 1 dodatkowo I nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. I
educational purposes, choices, period ofpractical ~--------------------~
training an advanced student has, workers, A NOT GIVING UP Speaker 1
authorised, independence, strongest part, B SWJTCHING DEGREES Speaker 2
programme, mem bers of a university. c RECOMMENDED BY OTHERS
Speaker 3
D A TURNING POINT
7 Complete the sentence with the correct form
E A BIG LET-DOWN
Speaker 4
of the verb: enable, embrace, promote, /aunch, Speaker 5
F HARD TO STAY FOCUSED
validate, enrich, fund.
b) O Do the listening task.
There is no doubt that a year spent abroad
............................................ a student's life.
2 The home university ........................................ the
Opis ilustracji
time abroad, provided certain terms are met.
i odpowiedzi na pytania
3 The Erasmus programme ................................... .
in 1987.
4 So far, the programme .................. .
11 \f1łłt!1iili 1 f/ Opisz zdjęcie.
thousands of students to study abroad.
5 Studying abroad can make you more willing
........ .... ... ... .............. other cultures.
6 The programme ................................ co-operation
between universities.
7 There are a number of organisations that
................................ students who can't afford it.

8 Complete the sentences with: away, for, up, off,

after, back.
Jack is heading ................ to Spain for a three-
month internship next week.
2 A lot of students sign ......... for the program me Odpowiedz na pytania.
each year.
3 What does WHO stand .. ? Do you think the students are enjoying their
4 Would you like to spend six months lesson?
from home? 2 What subjects do you enjoy studying?
5 The university is named ................ its founder. 3 Give an account of something memorable that
6 The program me dates ................ to 1987. happened to you at school.

9 m1 What are the pros and cons of

studying abroad? In three minutes write a few
I
Quotation§·_ _ _ __
Education is tbe ke)' to u n lock the go/den door ofJreedom.
(George Washington Carver, US scientist)
sentences. Tell the class.
'---··-------------
29
 -- ·-~-· ----

/3
Lexicogrammatical word transformations
11f1J·lljri•llQQ Modalsl 0

2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.

• l'm certain he is studying naw. Use two to five words.
He must be studying naw.
Anna can't have been telling the truth about her
• l'm sure she hasn't cheated in the exam.
She can't have cheated in the exam. test score.
• lt's forbidden to use a mobile during lectures. MUST Anna ................................................ .
You mustn't use a mobile during lectures. . ....... about her test score.
You aren't allowed to use a mobile during 2 May I use your computer?
lectures. IF Would .....
• Shall 1 help you finish the project? ... ............. ... used your computer?
Would you like me to help you finish the 3 lt wasn't my fault that you failed the exam.
project? BLAME You can't ........................ .
• lt isn't necessary for you to attend the class. ............................................ the exam.
You don't have to/don't need to/needn't
4 You should have asked for your friends' advice!
attend the class.
PITY What ............................... .
• lt wasn't necessary for her to leave class early.
..................... ask for your friends'
She needn't have left class early.
5 l'm sure she was in my class at school.
• She is likely to get a scholarship.
lt is likely that she will get a scholarship. HAVE She
She'll probably get a scholarship. . ........................ in my class at
• May I use your dictionary? 6 You should be friends again with Jack.
Would you mind if I used your dictionary? UP You ought ..................... .
. Jack.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. 7 Surely Sarah isn't stili in the library!
Use two to five words. BE Sarah ............................................ .
... in the library!
lt is forbidden to eat in the library.
8 lt wasn't necessary for you to do this.
ALLOWED You ... ....... .. . .................. .
HAVE You ........................ .
.. ... ........ ... .... ... ... ..... .... .. in the library.
. this.
2 May I borrow your pen for a moment?
9 l'm sure she didn't cheat in the test.
MINO Would .............................................. .
HAVE She ....................................................... .
................... your pen for a moment?
in the test.
3 l'm sure Richard is doing his homework naw.
1O The teacher made her rewrite her essay.
MUST Richard ............................................. .
WAS She ............................. .
.. ............... ... ...... his homework naw.
............................................. her essay.
4 lt will probably rain tomorrow afternoon.
11 lt was a mistake for Jack to lie to the teacher.

I' LIKELY lt··········~iit ;~i~ra~~;;~~ ~·;;~;~~~~· HAVE Jack ...................................................... .

.. ... ...... .. .......... to the teacher. '
5 lt wasn't necessary for you to prepare a packed
12 Could you help me with my homework?
lynch for me.
HAND Would .....
PREPARED You .................................... .
. with my homework? ·
................... a packed lunch for me.
13 Lucy and Ciara look the same to me.
6 l'm sure Mary didn't take the money from my
TELL I .............................. .
schoolbag.
.............. between Lucy and Ciara.
TAKEN Mary ..... .
14 "You should see a career guidance counsellor," she:
........ the money from my schoolbag.
said to me.
7 You mustn't run inside the school.
ADVISED She ..
FORBIDDEN lt ..................................................... .
.... a career guidance counsellor.
... ......... .............. inside the school.
15 Can you look after my schoolbag for a while?
8 Shall 1 help you carry those books?
EYE Would you mind ............... .
LIKE Would ..................................... .
... my schoolbag for a while?
................ carry those books?
16 The teacher stopped them from talking during the test.
9 !t isn't necessary for <>ttirlents to have their IDs vvith them
ALLOW The teacher.
HAVE Students .
. ... talk during the test.
.. their IDs with them.
30
 ' Lexical multiple choice items
, Word formation
4 Choose the correct answer.

Mr Higgins is one of the best ............ teachers.

Every student knows that A understood B recognised
the key to exam success is C popular D liked
1) (prepare) .. „ .. „ ... „ ....... „
The lecture will be ............ in the auditorium.
but the truth is that most
A held B made C kept D dane
students don't prepare
properly. Reading from a 3 Don't .... „ ..... the opportunity to study abroad.
textbook, for instance, is A fail B miss C lose D drop
not an 2) (effect) ....................... way to study. But a group 4 The university ... „ ..• students from all over the
of psychologists at Purdue University, USA, have come up world.
with a technique thai may help you raise your grades! In an A appeals B brings C attracts D calls
experiment, they divided a class of students of similar
5 There's no ........... that studying abroad is a
3) (intelligent) .......................... into two groups and gave
valuable experience.
them one hour to prepare for an exam. One group simply
A argument B problem C doubt D fear
read a short text for the entire hour while the other group
read the text for 20 minutes, took a small test, and then 6 She isn't ............ to living on her own.
tried to find the answers to their mistakes. At the end of the A familiar B accustomed C common D known
hour, all of the students sat a final exam. The results were 7 He put his bag on the desk and, before he ........... .
4) (amaze) ...................... The students who took the small it, it had disappeared.
testremembered 50% mare information than the students A understood B noticed C knew D saw
whoread for an hour. So, why not try this technique the 8 The student made her ............ to the library.
next time you're preparing for a big exam? Of course it's A direction B move c road D way
5) (possible) ....................... to design a test for yourself;
but design one for a classmate and ask him/her to design 9 To be ............ , she did try very hard.
one for you. You might be very pleased with the results! A just B real c true D fair
1O He decided to get an MA in Finance for the ........... .
of his career.
• Multiple choice cloze B favour C benefit D profit
A gain
5 Read the text and choose the correct answer.

Studies in Star Trek

In Britain, students enter universities to study one subject for three or four years in order 1) .................. a degree. In the
USA, students don't need to choose a 'major' (a subject such as English or History that they want to concentrate on)
until their third or fourth year of college. Thus, American students have the opportunity to take courses from a number
of different academic areas in their early years of college. One way that lecturers try to encourage students to choose
courses in their departments is by offering courses that 2) .................. to students' personal interests. Take for example
a course in the University of Balcimore called 'Zombie Studies' or a course in the University of Wisconsin that explores
'Family and Social Roles in Daytime Serials'. These courses, and many like 3) .................. in colleges around the USA, use
popular culture to help teach academic subjects. As the head of the 'Science of Superheroes' course in the University of
California says,"The course gives me a chance to talk about real science but in a context that is very fumiliar to the
students." And despite 4) .................. their titles might suggest, these courses require serious academic study. For
instance, 'Philosophy and Star Trek' at the University of Alabama challenges students to use che theories of Aristotle and
Kant to 5) .................. the fantasy world of the sci-fi series. On the whole, these courses show that, at least in the USA,
the third·level education 6) .................. is A get
changing and that educators are trying to
B to get c getting D will get
2 A drive B look c draw D appeal
find new ways to make their subjects 3 A they B them C those D that
more interesting for their students. 4 A which B what c when D who
5 A understand B believe c think D realise
6 A technique B method c system D scheme
 Rozprawka „za 2 Read the essay and match the paragraphs to the correct
i przeciw" heading. What arguments for/against does the writer
present? How does he support each argument?
A for-anct-against essay is a discursive
essay in which you discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of a
specific topie. lt consists of:
• an introcjuction in which you
present the topie without giving
your opinion.
• a main body in which you present
the arguments for and the
arguments against with
justifications and/or examples in
separate paragraphs. We start each
paragraph with a topie sentence.
• a conclusion in which you state
your opinion or give a balanced
summary of the topie.
You must not state your opinion or use
opinion words such as I believe or I feel
in the introduction or the main body.
Opinion words can only be used in the y-·~---·-

conclusion where we may state our

opinion.
For-and-against essays are usually
written in a forma! style. We should
therefore avoid colloquial expressions,
idioms, short sentences and strong
language.
1 Read the rubric, underline the key
f i>'-
Die! you know !hat in many countries nowadays over 50% c
j students go on to higher ectucation after completing secondary school
l This is a significant increase from the past when only a few privilege
J children went to university. So what are the advantages an
j disadvantages of a university education?
1 ~ There are clearly a number of actvantages to going to universil)
j First of all, a university education enables a student to broacten the
j outlook on life. For example, you get to meet people from differer
l backgrouncts and learn about different cultures. At the same tim1
; stuctents become more mature and autonomous as they live awa

1:
words, and answer the questions.
r------------------~
\ti
1 1®tl/i.J/ Dyskutowaliście w klasie na I
: temat studiowania. Nauczyciel :
I poprosił Cię, abyś naplsał/-a rozprawkę 1
: (200-250 słów), w której opiszesz zalety I
1 I wady studiowania. : I
~------------------~
What type of essay should you
write?
2 Who is going to read your essay?
3 What style should you use?
:,i from ho~. Furthermore, students tend to specialise in a particulE
. subject at university and consequently become experts in thE
j domain.
I ..... On the other hand, there are arguments against highE
/ education. To begin with, a large number of students have to tak
out bank loans to pay university fees. Consequently, when they sta
i working they end up paying back a large part of their monthly salar
over severa! years. Secondly, many university courses are ver
theoretical and do not prepare stuctents properly for professiorn
careers. As a result, many gractuates have to be trained on the jo
anyway.
~ All things considered, although there are disactvantages t
going on to university, I believe !hat a university education is of th
utmost importance. Most jobs require at least a Bachelor's degre
and postgraduate specialised knowledge in a particular field i
particularly appreciated.

32
 3 Replace the linkers in bold in the essay with 6 Mateh the arguments about home sehooling to
suitable ones from the Linking words box. their eorresponding justifications. Whieh points
are (F) for and which are (A) against?

Arguments Justifications
LINKING WORDS ITD study at your own a could feel bored or
• to list and add points: In the first place, To pace lonely
' spend mare time b not feel any
start/begin with, Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally,
In addition (to this), Furthermore, Moreover,
Im with family pressure or stress
Besides. etc. [IT] no contact with c insufficient
• to introduce or list advantages: The main/first/ other students professional
guidance
most important advantage of „., One/Another/
An additional advantage of „ ., One point of
fill parents not
qualified teachers d save money
no transport costs e feel mare secure
view in favour of „., lt is often suggested/
believed/argued that „., Same/Many people
m.:J or canteen charges and happier
suggest/feel/argue that „., Same/Many people
are in favour of/are convinced that „. etc. 7 Using the arguments and justifications from
• to introduce or list disadvantages: The main/ Ex. 6, eomplete the main body paragraphs with ~i
most important disadvantage/drawback of „ ., appropriate phrases/linking words. i
One/Another/An additional disadvantage of „., There are arguments in favour of home schooling. '
One point/argument against „., Some/Many 1) „ ... „ . „ ••. „ ••.•••... „ ••.•...•..•. „ . „ ..••..••.•..... „ . „ ..... .

· people are against „. , etc. On the other hand, not going to sehool has its
• to introduce examples/reasons/results: for
disadvantages.
example/instance, such as, like, in particular,
~.... . . ..
therefore, for this reason, because, as, since, as ''i

a result, etc. • Yourturn

• to show contrast: On the other hand, However, 8 Read the rubrie and answer the questions.
stili, but, Nonetheless, Nevertheless, Although, r--------------------~
Even though, In spite of/Despite (the fact that), 1 \łt''®iij(.f/ Dyskutowaliście w klasie na temat I
etc : studiowania za pośrednictwem :
• to introduce a conclusion: In conclusion, I Internetu. Nauczyciel poprosił Cię, abyś I
To tonclude/sum up, All in all, All things : napisal/-a rozprawkę (200-250 słów). w której :
considered, Taking everything into account/ 1 opiszesz zalety i wady takiego studiowania. 1
consideration, etc. ·--------------------~
1 What type of essay should you write?
2 Who is going to read it?
4 Underline the correct phrase in the sentenees. 3 What style should you write in?
:1
:1
i
Nevertheless/Even though higher education q
9 O Listen to two students discussing the topie ·,i
costs a lot, it is worth it. lj
and make notes under the headings.
2 An additional advantage/Finally is that it '
broadens one's mind. Arguments for/ Arguments against/
3 Despite/Besides being difficult, it is something Justifications Justifications
that everyone should do.
4 She found it extremely hard. Stili/In spite of, she 1OUse your answers from Ex. 9 to write your ':[
continued to work at it. essay. Follow the plan below. ;i

5 Since/As a result, students are better prepared Ifl

for the real world.
6 In spite of/Despite the fact that studying hard, (Para 1) state tbe topie
he stili failed his exams. (Para 2) arguments /01; justifications!examples h
(Para 3) arguments against,just!fications! I'
'
5 Find and replaee the topie sentenees in the e.m mp/es .
essay with your own ones.
(Para 4) state )'Oli r opi11 ion/ha/aJiced s11111111a1:r )
.,-,-/ 3 3
·J·.j
'.
iff#jf !.l!f Wybór wielokrotny I
1 The photograph shows a classroom
in England in the 19th century. How
does it differ from your classroom?
Tell the class.
Sissy's Progress
"I!said,
would be a fine thing to be you, Miss Louisa!" Sissy
one night, when Louisa tned to make her
perplexities for next day something clearer to her.
"Do you think so?"
"I ~hould know so much, Miss Louisa. All !hat is difficult
to me now, would be so easy then."
"You might not be the better for it, Sissy." Sissy said,
alter a little hesitation, "I should not be the worse,
Miss Louisa." To which Miss Louisa answered, "I don't
know that."
There had been so little communication between
these two - both because life at Stone Lodge went
monotonously round like a piece of machinery which
discouraged human interference, and because of
prohibition relative to Sissy's past career - that
were stili a/most strangers. Sissy was uncertain
whe!h1ar to say more or to remain silent.
are more useful to my mother, and more
with her than I can ever be," Louisa
rei;urr1ed. "You are pleasanter to yourself, than I am
; tó myself."
., "But, il you please, Miss Louisa," Sissy pleaded,
"I. am - O so silly! "'
Louisa, with a brighter laugh than usual, told her
she would be wiser by-and-by.
"You don't know," said Sissy, half crying, "what a
silly girl I am. All through school hours I make
mistakes. Mr and Mrs M'Choakumchild call me
up, over and over again, regularly to make
mistakes. I can'! help them. They seem to come
natura! to me."
"Mr and Mrs M'Choakumchild never make any
:•mistakes themselves, I suppose, Sissy?"
''Oh no!" she eagerly returned. "They know
everything."
2 Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
r-----------------------------------------------•
I l/!{·"~I~\i',;,1/ Przeczytaj tekst. Z podanych możliwości odpowiedzi (1-5) wybierz właściwą. zgodną z treścią tekstu. :
! Zakreśl literę A. B, Club D.
34 ~-----------------------------------------------
adapted frorn Hard Times
by Charles Dickens
"Tell me some of your mistakes."
"I am almost ashamed," said Sissy, with reluctance.
today, for instance, Mr M'Choakumchild was explaining
us about Natura! Prosperity."
"National, I think it mus! have been," observed Louisa.
"Yes, it was. - But isn't it the same?" she timidly asked.
"You had better say, National, as he said so," replied
Louisa, with her dry reserve.
"National Prosperity. And he said, Naw, !his schoolroorri
is a nation. And in !his nation, there are fifty millions of
money. lsn't !his a prosperous nation? Girl number
twenty, isn't !his a prosperous nation, and aren'! you in a
thriving state?"
"What did you say?" asked Louisa.
"Miss Louisa, I said I didn't know. I thought I couldn't
know whether it was a prosperous nation or not, and.
whether I was in a thriving state or not, unless I knew who:
had gat the money, and whether any of it was mine. Buf
!hat had nothing to do with it. lt was not in the figures at,
all," said Sissy, wiping her eyes. ·
"That was a great mistake of yours," observed Louisa .
"Yes, Miss Louisa, I know it was, now. Then Mr',
M'Choakumchild said he would try me again. And he
said, "This schoolroom is an imrnense town, and in it.
there are a million of inhabitants, and only five-and-twenty ·
are starved to death in the streets, in the course of a year.;
What is your rernark on that proportion?" And my remark ·
was - for I couldn't think of a better one - !hat I thought it •
mus! be jus! as hard upon those who were starved, •
whether the others were a million, or a million rnillion. And ;
that was wrong, too."
"Of course it was."
"Then Mr M'Choakumchild said he would try me once
mare. And he said, Here are the stutterings -"
"Statistics," said Louisa.
,
 'Ways of speakingJ
From the text we know the people living in Stone
Lodge 6 Fili in with the verbs in the list in the correct
A had only recently met. tense: whisper, chat, speak, mutter, scream, talk,
did not interact very much. call, mumble.
were rather duli. 1 May I „ „ „ . „ „ „ ... to Sissy, please?
worked in different careers. 2 I don't know what on earth you „ „ . about.

3 He ........ „ ... the boy's name in my ear.

:· When Sissy says she is 'O so silly',
4 She . „ „ „ . . something but I didn't hear.
·A she does so in order to please Louisa. 5 He was so angry, he left the room „ . „ „ „ to

it makes Louisa feel clever. himself.

Louisa tells her this won't always be the case. 6 The children .„. away happily.
,: D Louisa feels sorry for her. 7 He saw the fire and immediately „ .... „ .. „ .. for help.
8 He was so angry, he started „ „ „ „ „ . „ .. at me.
'sissy says she makes mistakes
<A on purpose.
out of embarrassment. Jj!l!;.fo.!' Prawda/fałsz I
to get attention.
without meaning to.
7 O Read the rubric and do the listening task.
'National Prosperity' refers to r-----------------------~
I \ł&Mil!i.f/ U~szysz dwukrotnie wywiad dotyczą:>' I
the wealth of a country. I panicznego strachu przed szkołą. Na podstawie I
the population of a country. : zawartych w nim informacji zdecyduj, które zdania (1-5) są :
the natural resources of a country. 1 zgodne z treścią tekstu (TRUE). a które nie (FALSE). 1
the number of states in a country. I Zaznacz znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. I
:sissy considers 25 people starving to death ~-----------------------~
•. A unacceptable no matter how big a city is. True False
acceptable in a city of a million people. 1 School phobia is now an incorrect
; unacceptable only in small cities. term.
acceptable only in a city of a million million people. 2 Parents often fail to recognise
that their child suffers from school
refusal.
, Match the words in bold to their synonyms.
'.What part of speech is each? 3 Physical symptoms associated with
school refusal are easily relieved.
• huge • went on • unwillingness
4 School refusal in young children
• difficulties • restraint in expression • shyly usually stems from their fear of
• if]tervention • rich • begged • pause being bullied.
• drying • successful • excellent • comment 5 School refusal symptoms usually
ease off after a time.
Fil! in: remain, state, course, elear, natura/, starve,
human, wipe.
. .
•sr·ł'·wttp!t• Odgrywanie roli I
make sth. „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ . 6 to „ .. „ „ . . your 8 a) Read the rubric, then in pairs, do the task.
·················· eyes
r---------------------~
interference 7 to „ „ . . . . . . „ .. „ . to I \łtt,phi!i.f/ Zastana~iasz .. się. co . mógłbyś/ 1
to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . silent death I mogłabys rob1c po zdaniu matury. :
" come „ „ .. „ „ •. „ to me 8 in the „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of a : W rozmowie ze szkolnym doradcą zawodowym I
in a thriving year 1 porusz poniższe kwestie: I
I I
....... „.
1 uriiwersyret praca I
I
przedmioty szkolne osobowość
5~ Think of a day at school where
I
~---------------------~
J ~g went wrong. In three minutes
· write a few sentences. Tell the class.
l b) O Listen to two people doing the task.
Compare their conversation to yours.

35
:'
' j
 MODULE
'Jobs\ 4 Read the forum comments below and choose
the right word.
1 Which of the jobs below: can you take a university
• customer • public • stuck • accounts
degree for? are indoor/outdoor? are skilled/unskilled? • current • personnel • career
• bank manager • lifeguard • miner
• interior designer • refuse collector
• physiotherapist • counsellor ~mreers ~~rum
• fashion designer • auctioneer
Hi everyone. I work in the 1) . „ „ „ „..... „ .... „ „ „ service
• ski instructor • chef • construction worker
department of a software firm and to be honest I need
• air traffic controller • gardener • barrister
a change. lt's not easy dealing with people 's
• porter • civil servant • graphic designer
complaints all day. \'d love to work in
2) „„.„.„.„„.„„„.„. relations. l'm really interested in
• Col/ocations
how companies present themselves to the outside
2 Fili in with: minimum, retail, temporary, pay, world. Has anyone else made a similar
assistant, shift. 3) „ „.„„„.„.„„„ „ „. move or do you think it's better to
r stay in my 4) .. „ .. „„.„.„ ..... „ „. position?
A: Anna, you like working in the
ru Jeffrey, London

B:
1) .„ .. „ .. „ .... „ ........... trade, don't you?
I love it. Why? -----------------------------------------------
Hi Jeffrey! I used to work in the 5) .. „ „ . „ „ .. „ „ „ . „ . „ .
.
A: Because \'ve just been offered a 2) ........ „ .. „ ... „ ..
job as a sales 3) .„ ... „ .... „ .. „ .... „ ......... in a clothes department of a company but I gat sick of working
shop and I don't know whether to take it or not. with numbers all day. Now l'm in sales and I much
B: Congratulation! Why are you hesitating? prefer it. I love being with customers instead of
A: Weil, they said 1'11 only be getting the being 6) „„.„.„ .. „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ behind a desk all day. I
4) .. „ .. „ .. „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ ... wage to start off with.
think you should speak to the 7) „ „ „ „ . „ „ ... „ ... „. „
B: Don't worry about that! You'll soon get a
5) ....... „ ... „ ... „ .. „„.„„. rise if they're happy with manager in your company about moving to a
your performance. different department. Il worked for me!
A: That's true, I guess. But the thing is, it's all Julian, Birmingham
6) „ „ .. „ . „ „ „ „ ..... „ .. „.„ work. My hours will vary
everyweek.
B: I think you should take it. Jobs are really hard to 'Atwork\
come by these days. Besides, I think you'll love
working with the public. 5 Fili in the gaps in the sentences with the verbs
apply, take, work, provide, make, go, give, call in
• Useful phrases their correct form.
3 Complete the sentences with the words human, Kim ................... „ ......• „ .... shifts in a fast food
experience, job, flexible, sick, reference. restaurant.
1 Do you have any previous .......... „ ......... „.„ .... of 2 The factory workers decided to .. „ ........ „ ...... „ .... .

working with children? on strike.

2 l've decided to accept a ............ „ ... „ ... „ .... „ offer 3 Tom . „ ....... „ .....•.•.............. the day off yesterday
from a small insurance company. because he was feeling unwell.
3 The best thing about being self-employed is that 4 Lisa .... „ . „ ......... „ „ . a living as a street magician.
you can have ............... „ .... „ „ .„ .. working hours. 5 I heard that Pamela has . . „ ...... „ . . . . . . . . . . . . for

4 She asked her Maths teacher to give her a job the post.
6 Her boss „ „ ................... her the sack last week.
5 Bob can't work because of his injury, but he 7 They immediately . . . an emergency
receives . . . pay from his employer. meeting to discuss the news.
6 Peter works in resources so 8 The company's goal is to ..................... better
part of his job is to train new employees. customer service.

li 36

'The labour market I o
6 Look at the work-related phrases below and
place them in the correct column.
• paid overtime • fringe benefits
• tough deadlines • maternity leave • pay rise
• workplace discrimination • geod team spirit
• career advancement • training opportunities
• poor working conditions • career goals
•job burnout • work-related stress
Positive Negative
7 a) Fili in with: salary, wage, perks, commission,
pension, increments, promotion, dole, pay slips.
1 l've lost my job so now I have to go on the
2 One of the .. „ . „ . „ ...... „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ . of a job in sales
is that you get a company car.
3 Keep all your „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . because
you'll need them as proof of your earnings.
4 Her basie pay is quite low but she's a good
saleswoman so she earns a lot of „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ .
5 Because he's been in the same job for 40 years,
he'll get a good „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . in his ald age.
6 The national minimum „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ .
in England has risen to fS.93 an hour from fS.80.
7 As managing director, he earns a six-figure
8 While you're a trainee here, your salary will go up
in monthly . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . .
9 His „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ was the result of him working
very hard.
b) Fili in with: /ay off, made redundant, promoted,
resign, retire, be sacked.
Ben was „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ from assistant advertising
manager to advertising manager yesterday.
2 Unfortunately I was . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . when the
company decided to close the office I worked at.
3 There wasn't enough work to keep the factory
open so the manager had to „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .„.
most of the staff.
4 He's always late for work and he's worried that
he's going to . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
5 I don't think it's a good idea to „
from your job before you have a new one.
o Aher 45 years of work, I can't wait to „ „ .
Prepositions
8 Choose the correct preposition.
As the restaurant manager, the only person I have
to report at/to is the owner.
2 Despite his having no experience in/with
journalism, the newspaper offered him the job.
3 He handed in/on his notice.
4 Our law firm specialises in/on business law.
5 Tim is responsible for/by closing up the shop.
6 Phil is able to work in/under pressure.
7 Brian is very skilled with/at woodwork so he
wants to become a carpenter.
o Phrasal verbs
9 Fili in with: across, up, through, out, on, off.
Steve went „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ a very difficult time
aher he lost his job.
2 Paul tried to put „ „ „. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the importance
of customer care to his employees.
3 When Jim was out of work, he had very little
money to live „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
4 He took . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ a loan to start his business.
5 We need to mark „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . our prices if
we want to increase aur profit.
6 Aher a long day at work, I like to go to the gym
to work „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ stress.
• Words often confused
1OChoose the correct word.
1 He resigned/retired/abandoned and is living off
his pension.
2 All companies must declare their profits/earnings/
benefits to the tax office.
3 Please tell the consumer/customer/buyer we've
fixed the problem and his car is ready for him.
4 The lawyer has a meeting with one of his shoppers/
customers/clients this morning.
5 As the chief supervisor/executive/administrator,
he is the most powerful person in the company.
6 He needs to give four weeks' notice/note/
warning before leaving his job.
7 Lucy directs/runs/controls her small company
successfully.
11 What would you like to do for a living? Why?
Which 3 factors from the ones in Ex. 6 would
you consider to be the most important ones
when deciding on a job?
(~) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 170) 37
J
 lmagine being offered E?0,000 to spend six months in a
luxurious $2m villa on a beautiful tropical island in the Pacific
Ocean. lt sounds the stuff of fantasy, but believe il or not, !his
was a real job offered to a lucky young man from Britain,
named Ben Southall. Ben was one of thousands of hopeful
individuals who applied for the fantasy job, which was created
by Tourism Queensland in an attempt to boost tourist numbers
in their state.
Tourism Queensland placed an advertisement on their website
for what they called 'the best job in the world': a carelaker for
the beautiful islands of the Great Barrier Reef, off the north-east
coast of Australia. The caretaker's duties were listed as exploring
the Great Barrier Reef area, making friends with the locals,
enjoying the lifestyle and climate of Queensland, and reporting to
the rest of the world about life in the region. As il that wasn't
enough, the perks of the job included live-star accommodation
and access to a swimming pool. No experience was necessary.
Would-be caretakers were simply asked to forward their CVs
and a 60-second video showcasing their skills and talents.
The international media quickly gol wind of the incredible job,
and details of it appeared in newspapers around the world.
'
. !
People rushed to log on to Tourism Queensland's website.
Within 3 days, mare than a million people had viewed the ad. In
!act, the volume of traffic was so great, the website crashed!
a;;w;1,n+
--~„-·...-:: Wybór wie'o krotny I
1 lf you could have any job in the world, what
would it be and why?
2 a) Look at the picture. What do you think this
I man's job is? Read through to find out.
b) Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
Then, explain the words in bold.
·----------------------~
I \tlf,®il!i.f/Przeczytaj tekst. Z podanych możliwości 1
: odpowiedzi (1-5) wybierz właściwą, zgodną z treścią:
I tekstu. Zakreśl literę A, B, Club D. I C run their advert for more than 3 days.
~----------------------·
According to the text, the job given to Ben Southall was
A so amazing many people thought it wasn't real.
B intended to increase visitors to Queensland.
C only open to people who had visited Queensland.
D worth severa! million dollars.
2 Tourism Queensland wanted would-be caretakers to
A be sociable.
B ha·ve film-making skill5
C be familiar with Queensla1:c
38 D have previous experience.
The people at Tourism Queensland were stunned. Their goal
had been to generale publicity lor Queensland, but the amount
they gol was beyond their wildest dreams. They spent $1.7
million advertising the job but, by the time the job was filled,
had gained mare than $1 OO million worth of free publicity!
From 34,000 applications, a shorllisl of fifty candidates was
drawn up. These fifty were narrowed down to fifteen. Finally,
alter much discussion, Ben was singled out as the best person
for the job.
So, how did Ben !ind life as a caretaker? Weil, it turns out the
job was lar from plain sailing. Ben had hardly any time to relax
on the beach, go snorkelling, or lie beside his swimming pool.
In addition to his everyday tasks, Ben had to follow a gruelling
schedule of press conferences, public talks, promotional
events and meetings. He ended up working long hours, seven
days a week, in order to get everything dane. Ben travelled
around Queensland meeting local politicians and giving
lectures. He gave hundreds of media interviews. And he kepi a
running web commentary about what he was up to. "lt was a
job that needed 18to19 hours' work every day", says Ben.
Yet despite this, Ben loved the work and really enjoyed his six
months. And he wasn't the only one who was happy. Ben's
employers at Tourism Queensland were so satisfied with his
performance !hat they offered him a six-figure contract to
become a PR person and promote Queensland worldwide. Ben
is naw writing a book about his amazing experience. He hopes
il will become a best-seller!
3 Tourism Queensland did not expect to
A spend so much money advertising the job.
B generale so much interes\ in their advert.
D make any money from advertising the job.
4 Ben was surprised the job was so
A problematic. B interesting.
C demanding. D relaxing.
5 Ben 's boss es
A suggested he become an author.
B offered him a home in Queensland
C 9ave hirn a boi 11.1;,
D extenciecl his employme11c
3 Read the text and answer the 8 i!i1tfi!11DlHow do you think Ben's personality has
questions. contributed to the success of the project? In three minutes
write a few sentences. Tell the class.
1 What were the caretaker's

2
responsibilities?
What role did the media play in
Jiil!!.f\,j[@ Wybór wielokrotny I
making the competition a success? 9 O Do the Jistening task. Justify your answers.
3 What may have been Ben's main
r-----------------------~
complaint about the job? I \16Miliiof/ Usłyszysz wywiad z z pewną osobą n~.tem.a~ 1
4 What is the writer's purpose? l jej zawodu. Z podanych mozhwosc1 I
: odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą, zgodną z treścią tekstu. :
1 Zakreśl literę A, B, C lub D. t
4 Fili in: apply, place, forward,
~-----------------------~
advertise, give. 1 Emma became a ballerina because she
1 .................................... interviews A wanted to impress her mother.
B wanted to capy her sister.
2 .......................... an advertisement
C hadn't any other interests.
3 ........................................ for a job
D had the right personality.
4 ................... a job
2 Emma turned professional at
5 .................... a CV
A 16. B 17. C 18. D 19.
3 According to Emma, the first year as a professional is hard because
5 Match the words to form A you don't getto dance much.
collocations. B there is so much to learn.
C your job isn't secure.
IT[] long a conference D others want you to fai I.
CTI::] gruelling b tasks 4 When asked about her schedule, Emma says she rehearses
[ID press c event A in the mornings.
GIJ generate d schedule B only on the days she performs.
~ everyday e ·. hours C never for less than an hour.
~ promotional f publicity D every day except weekends.
5 Emma's retirement plans have to do with the fact that
A fewer people are going to the ballet.
6 Find the underlined words in the B ballet needs young people to publicise it.
text that mean: C ballet audiences are mostly women.
D different kinds of people are starting to like
1 unbelievable 5 chosen the ballet. ef>
2 hurried 6 area
3 found out 7 reduced Opis ilustracji
abo ut 8 doing i odpowiedzi na pytania
4 amount

1O \ł~łMU!i.f/ Opisz zdjęcie, a następnie

7 Choose the correct preposition. odpowiedz na pytania.

1 Ben decided to apply to/for the

1 What do you think the people
fantasy job.
are talking about?
2 Ben's job turned in/out to be very
2 Would you like to be a business
hard work.
person? Why?/Why not?
3 He ended up/off working extremely
3 When you were a child, what
long hours.
kind of work did you want to do
4 Ben's employers were very satisfied
when you grew up and why?
with/by his work.

Relative clauses/
Clauses of reason/result
• That's the place where I worked last year.
That's the place in which I worked last year.
• This is Mr Brown; his daughter is an actress.
This is Mr Brown, whose daughter is an actress.
• Monday is the day when he holds meetings.
Monday is the day on which he holds meetings.
• The manager interviewed some people, but
none of them were suitable for the job.
The manager interviewed same people, none of
whom were suitable for the job.
• No one knows the reason for her resignation.
No one knows (the reason) why she resigned.
• lt was such a hard job that he decided to quit.
The job was so hard that he decided to quit.
• She fe!! behind so needed to do overtime.
She fe!! behind and as a result/consequently/
therefore needed to do overtime.
• The deadline was tao tight for her to meet.
lt was such a tight deadline that she couldn't
meet it.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
That's the building where my father works.
WHICH That's ................................... .
. .. ... .... ... .... ....... ... ... my father works.
2 She invited five workmates to the dinner, but none
of them were able to come.
WHOM She invited five workmates to the
I dinner, ................................ to come.
3 lt was sucha beautiful day that he spent it outdoors.
SO The day ............................................ .
... .. .... ... .... .. ..... he spent it outdoors.
4 Linda broke her leg so she can't come to work.
RESULT Linda broke her leg and .................... .
................... she can't come to work.
5 17th May is the day when I started work.
ON 17th May .. .
. .... .... ... .... ...... .... .... .. . I started work.
6 Nobody knows the reason for her sadness.
WHY Nobody knows ....
7 The suit was tao small for him to wear.
SUCH lt was ........................ .
he couldn't wear it.
8 This is Mrs Adams; her company makes children's toys.
WHOSE This is Mrs Adams, ..
. children 's toys.
40
• Lexicogrammatica/ word transformations
2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
Jack doesn't know what made Lisa leave the company.
WHY Jack has ............................................ .
................................... the company.
2 They postponed the meeting until 3 o'clock.
PUT The meeting was ..... .
.................................. until 3 o' clock.
3 lt was silly of him to forget about the meeting.
WHICH He didn't ..................................... .
........................ was silly of him.
4 The colours of her clothes were so bright that
everyone in the office noticed her.
DRESSED She .......................................................
..................................... bright colours
that everyone in the office noticed her.
5 I had a lot of work. I couldn't go to the party.
BUSY As a result of ................... .
. .............. , I couldn't go to the party.
6 lt was such a long meeting that he began to feel
tired.
SO The meeting went ..
............... that he began to feel tired.
7 The company belongs to Mr Johnson. He is a wealthy
businessman.
OWNS Mr Johnson, ........... .
...... , is a wealthy businessman.
8 Gregory has a bad cold, so he can't come to work.
RESULT As ....................................................... .
bad cold, Gregory can't come to work.
9 They cancelled their trip because of the bad weather.
OFF Their trip .......................................... .
.... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. to the bad weather.
1O They fired him because he accessed confidential
personnel files.
GO They let.. ............. ................ .
accessed confidential personnel files.
11 I don't plan to go into work tomorrow.
TAKE I plan ............. .
.......................... tomorrow.
12 A lot has changed in the office in the past few years .
MANY There. .......................................... .
in the office in the past few years.
13 lt's his duty to deal with customer complaints .
RESPONSIBLE He ........................................... .
. . sad. . ........... .. with customer complaints.
14 lt rained a lot this year.
DEAL We've had ...
........... this year.
15 You'li have no difficulty getting a job.
EASY You'll. a )Ob .
I~·:'
!'word formation ,, Lexical multiple choice items
f§ Fili in the correct form of the words in bold. 4 Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.

~···
forrn any people, meetings
. are part of everyday working
. il
We need to call aur .. „ .„ and order mare stationery.
A supplier B client C agent D buyer
Tff But often, getting a group of people together in one Ę
Are you really sure you want to hand in your ...... ?
',...,orn
tk'fr ·15 easier said than dane. That's why Keith Harris *.;.'
2
iiifF'· red whenisgood.net, a 1) (use) ............................. j A redundancy C recruitment
~~site that helps companies schedule their meetings. d B resignation D retirement
~~ia from Harris's site has revealed an interesting statistic. j 3 Th at company turned a(n) ...... in its first year.
12.)'(apparent) ............................ „ the most suitable time ~ A budget B profit C interest D fund
~o hold a meeting is 3 pm on a Tuesday. But why? Weil, to ~.i 4 The company has launched a(n) ...... drive for Web
!f~rt with, it's not too early in the week or in the day. As , programmers.
Ftl.;?·~rris explains, on Monday mornings, or indeed on any i; A employment C recruitment
:l~rning, the . 3) (major). ········:···················· .of office ?: B induction D appointment
W(;rkers need time to organise the1r day, get a qu1ck cup of 5 Only ...... members of staff can open and lock the
fifffee, and check their emails. And 3 pm is also not too building.
!fiit~. lt seems that most office workers think it's too *i A senior C superior
!ł)·(~lsk) ... ;... ,.............. „„.„ to attend meecings that mightgo "
B authoritative D mature
lónpast five o'clock! But what about Tuesdays? Most likely, 6 Always read the small ...... of a contract before you sign.
lf51j~inEOsS people have a 5) (prefer) ................... ,„„„.. for A print B words C writing D letters
th>· .-
~[uesday meetings because it leaves the end of the week free • 7 He has a fixed-term contract at the moment, but
1fó·'firiish last-minute jobs before the weekend. So from naw ••
W"- he's hoping his job will become ..... .
~8~, if you ever need to call a business person at 3 pm on a A ongoing. C officia!.
l[ui.sday, don't be surprised to hear an 6) (asslst) B full-time. D permanent.
!iJifL.:.;... ,.... ,.... „„ asking you to call back later! 8 He was offered a(n) ...... in the Public Relations
~t·'<. -·· Department.
~:t A employment c position
~,.Mllltiple choice cloze
B occupation D status
~S
'
i'
Read the text and choose the correct answer. 9 Workers we re forced to accept a, wage .......
~~~\: A loss B drop c cut D fali
i!
!'
10 The Accounts Manager was given the sack for
accepting .„.„ .
A bonuses B bribes C bills D rewards
:11ę~ąµąąęsE!ą"r~'of$le'(€pifaga~ work·'
•. t experl:s agree tt1aiactLJlts
lifY:-'>".··_:·:··· .. · :.'. „·: : . , : · . ;
st1ciii1d·-"·ii. ..:.::
:··.·· .
...·.·;-,·;
:..'.V.. ..·\.·.·::-·
:... ,, at·.:··.-
1~ast s. 11ours ofsle~p ·a
~~ght. Hovve~er; in rece~t years, th~ nu111ber ?f ~(Jur~ people.'sleep has ,been ·falling,
~gadily. The conseque~ces ?f ~),: ..... :•·•··:'···'·: ""'" ~~noeseen. in,IN?rkplaces ~round th.~ .•.•.:
łZCi[.ld~IJere.workersrelyó~ cups ?f coffee~o.k~ep a,ctiye and·alett .. But. in Japan,where
w:Je:average adu.lt gets just 7 hours and 5 rriinutes ófsieep a night, workers don't have
łt'ó"str · .· .. · .. · ' ·..... ·..··.•· ,..·...·.. ·' > ·'· • •' ··.· · · " ·. ·· · · ' "
~-····· uggle 3) ..... ,.„„ ....... ,....... thę day w1th heavy.eyehds. lnstead, they can have a short
!~ap! The practice is called 'inemwi' and is an iicceptable part of the Japanese work
(~Qvironment. In fact, instead ofbei~g emb~rras5cedaboutfa1Hhgasleep at work, as most
&lfVesterners would be, the Japanese are actually quite proud of it. lnemuri iś viewed as a
f~l<':·:···:·· „:·········· thatthe i,vorker isexhaustedfrornworking very hard and the practice
...
l~"fo respected that same Japanese wCJrkers pretend to be asleE!p at their desks! There are
j~9rne unwrittenrules· of•inemuri; howe~er.'firstly,· .
B get c getting D hav~ got
,X0 u must sit upright in your chair while napping so 1 A to get
th
. at your workmates can 5) .......................... you up 2 A this B that c these D those
·easily; you shouldn't nap in front of your boss; and 3 A towards B along c through D against &
You must not nap for more than about 20 minutes a 4 A warning B notice c symbol D sign s
day Ali in all, many experts believe the West has 5 A call B wake c look D pul I
6 c many
oc:6C?.„A~"f""a'"r"""''""~"=B"'"lo=t:=•·:.:=•:c:-:•~·„,~.„„„
Dmuch
) · „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ to learn from the practice. ..•„„.„.„.„„„........„.„.„ . . „.
41
J

IQ@!rill@ Rozprawka I
An essay providing solutions to problems is an essay
in which you discuss a problem and its cause(s), and
then present your proposed solutions and the
expected results. lt consists of:
• an introduction in which you state the problem
and its cause(s). · ''*
• a main body consisting of two or three paragraphs.
Each main body paragraph:
- states a separate suggestion.
- develops/clarifies the suggestion with 1 or 2
supporting sentences.
- gives the expected result(s) of the suggestion.
• a conclusion in which you summarise your
opinion.
Essays providing solutions to problems are analytical
pieces of writing and are written in forma! style.
Making suggestions
• One/Another way to ....
• One/Another thing to do ....
• One/Another way of solving/improving the
problem/situation ....
• A useful/Another solution wo u Id be to ....
• Alternatively, ....
• Measures/Steps should/could be taken to ....
Presenting results
• In doing so/By doing so, .... • This/That way, ...
• Then .... • lf .. „ then ....
1.
• The result/effect/consequence of this would be ....
• Consequently, ... :
• lt would fellow that :.: .
1 Read the rubric, underline the key words, then
answer the questions.
r-----------------------~
I \łftt!HIJi,f/ W gazetce wydawanej w języku angielskim
I w Twojej szkole zamieszczono list od
: młodej osoby, proszącej o radę. jak zdobyć
I doświadczenie zawodowe. Napisz rozprawkę
I (200-250 słów), w której przedstawisz swoje
I propozycje.
~-----------------------~
1 What will your essay be about?
2 Who is going to read your essay?
3 What style should your essay be written in?
l~ 42
2
Read the essay and label the paragraphs
with the correct headings (A-E).
~.
ITI] lt's never easy to find your first job,
in difficult economic times. The problem for
applicants is that you usually need work Pw,Pripn,·p
be successful in the job market - but how do you get
werk experience if companies prefer to employ
people who have an employment history?
, [ill First of all, it's important to remember that all
werk experience - including unpaid work experience -
is valuable. One way to gain werk experience,
therefore, is to do some kind of voluntary werk with a
business in the field that interests you, or perhaps a
charity organisation. lf you're interested in working
with animals, for example, you could ask to volunteer
at your !ocal veterinary surgery or dog shelter. By doing
so, you would greatly improve your chances of finding
a job.
II[] Another way to gain experience to acid to your
CV and something to discuss at job interviews is to
help out with a family business. lf you have a relative
who runs a shop, for example, then why not lend a
hand there? Consequently, you will gain a range of
useful skills.
@I] Alternatively, you could get mare involved in
your hobbies and interests. Why not take a mare
leading role in any sports or social dubs you attend?
The n you. can say you have experience of organising
events and being in a leadership role, for example:
@I] In summary, gątting actively .inv()lyęd in. any
organisation will help you to succeed .in today's job
market. ef: .· „. · · ':
I
I
: 3 Read the essay again, and for each main-body
1 paragraph:
I
Underline the sentence that states the main
I
suggestion.
2 Circle the useful language the writer uses to
a) make their suggestions
b) p!-esent expec~ed results.
4 Match the suggestions (1-4) to their results ., Yourturn
(a-d). Then write sentences, as in the example. 6 Read the rubric and underline the key words.
Then, answer the questions.
Ways to reduce stress at work
r-----------------------~
\ti',r;w1@/ Studiujesz wAnglii. Czasopismo wydawane I
I
: na Twoim uniwersytecie zwróciło się :
Suggestions Results
1 z prośbą do studentów, aby przysyłali wypracowania, 1
C!IJ take a short break a avoid forgetting I w których opiszą. jak można skutecznie łączyć pracę I
every hour to do something : ze studiowaniem. Napisz rozprawkę (200-250 słów). :
[1IJ make a list of tasks b maintain your 1 w której przedstawisz swoje propozycje. 1
for the day energy levels ~-----------------------~
~ put plants on your c refresh your mind 1 What type of essay will you write?
desk d make your work 2 Who will read your essay?
[![] eat healthy snacks environment 3 What style should you use?
throughout the day mare pleasant 4 How many paragraphs will you write?
5 What should each main body paragraph contain?

One way of solving the problem is to take a short break every

hour. In doing so, you will refresh your mind. 7 O Listen to two people discussing ways to
combine studying and working successfully.
5 Use the prompts to complete the main body Take notes in the table below.
paragraphs, as in the example.

1 (Problem: Trouble with co-worker)

• approach co-worker/directly
• appreciate/not go/boss
• more Jikely/want to help

One way to salve the problem would be to approach your co-

worker directly. They will appreciate that fact that you did
not go direct/y to the boss. The consequence of this will be
that they will be mare likely to want to help you.

2 (Problem: Meetings going on too long)

• set/maximum time ljęlit/speak for
• force/say/only important things
• meetings/more productive/everyone happier

Steps could be taken to set a maximum time limit

that people can speak for. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ •. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Suggestions Supporting points Expected results

3 (Problem: Can't find work)

• volunteer/companies d
!i
• gain/valuable work experience/imp,rove cy il
I!
• increase/chance/employment

One thing to do would be to volunteer your

services for free at companies .. „. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ 8 Now, use the ideas from Ex. 7 and/or your own
ideas to write your essay (200-250 words).

43
 Dobieranie 3 Do the reading task. Which words helped you
decide on the right sentences?
1 Would you like to start your own business? lf
yes, what kind of business would it be? Why !r--------------------,
\1,ł,Sil!t.J/ Przeczytaj tekst, z którego usunięto 1
would you choose it? lf no, explain why. cztery zdania. Dobierz brakujące I
1 zdania (A-E), tak aby otrzymać spójną I
1 1
2 lmagine someone setting up a business for the 1 I logiczną całość. W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz
I I.1terę, ktorą
. oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. I
1
first time. What mistakes would they be likely I Jedno zdanie zostało podane dodatkowo I nie 1
to make 7 Read through to find out. I pasuje do tekstu. I
~--------------------~

9ęłłinJ! up aDU$ine$S in, they think they've dane enough to make their

Q,jj11l!rn\łłł!Mł,[,]@IEkiijlł,l!ffi!Qj ~~=~~i~gk:~;:~d~;~reth:;dd~~~=! l~ tul ~:~~leoha~~

You may have heard it said that experfencE! i~ the best
teacher. But in· the cornpetitive world of business, you
usually don't have the luxury of trial and error .. You have
to get things right the first time. Here's how to avoid
four common mistakes entrepreneurs make. when
setting up a new business.
Start"UP Mistake .1: As the oldsaying goes, 'Jackof
all trades, master of none;' IJIJ identify your ideal
client and then go out ofyour way to meet their
indi~id~~I needs .. For irst~n~e,.~~ not be a 'g~rden~r',
• This is...t~o gen.eraL. Th~l'e arga' rnillion ga.rdener~ in ~he
! wqrl~ ;~~e. ~he 09ly, ol1es .vvho;rieetwith success are
! ti;)q5c.e "':1:120ff~rsornethirig,spe(iai•. vyhatsets yo~ apart
j fr~rT) !lt7i}go\'ld? Are ~qU,jJ J~n~~fap: g~r9ener,an
to think of your name when they have a problem. lf they
have only seen yo ur name on ce, but yo ur competitor has
just sent them a third flyer, your competitor will get
their business.
Start-up Mistake 3: lf you fail to plan, you ·plan to
fail. An idea is not a business plan, or a marketing plan,
or even just a goal. lt is simply an idea. lf you do. not
have a plan in place and attainable goals, you will never
know when you've reached them or if you're on the
course to success or failure. Remember.. though, that
your plan should guide you, but not constraihyou.The
odgina! plan for your business will NEVER work óut. lt
will .change 50 times before you get things right.ffi]
St~rt-up Mistake 4: Lack of capital. Having suf(icient

1
~\~ ~i~il~ii~l~~li!. t~~~;~~;~;,~~i~rf~~s~~
1
~\.advertising, Butthen the dients roll personal finances strictly separate. Th is may sound
obvious. @I] This leads to a mess at tax time.

"«•" • • - " •

· A But all tao often; business owners mix them.

B This can indicate a lack of understanding.
C Customers prize specialised expertise.
So don't stay static, be flexible.
,,:.:• .. ,T:.h: ~~Xto n,arketing is.repetition.
4
8 ~'iitE(J(f
Match the words/phrases in bold in the text to
What have you learnt from the text?
their meanings below.
Do you think this information will ever be
• arouse interest in • lead in the right direction useful for you? Why/Why not? Tell your partner.
• achievable/realistic • value highly • limit
•
•
adaptable • unchanging/constant
be a sign of • obtain/acquire • leaflet IOi!!•fil•I@ Dobieranie
• experimenting until a solution is found
• a person who starts a business 9 O Do the listening task.
especially one involving risk r--------------------~
• money paid out • reduce
1 lfi!\1
µ • y Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedzi 1
!IH•I . .
I pięciu osob na temat zakładania I
• makes you unique • make a huge effort I własnej firmy. Przyporządkuj poszczególnym I
• a lot of money 1 osobom nagłówki, wpisując odpowiednie litery :
: (A-F) w kratki. Jeden nagłówek został podany 1
1 dodatkowo I nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. 1
5 Match the words to form collocations. Then,
~--------------------·
write sentences using them. A HIT BY THE CRISIS Speaker1
B RUNS IN THE FAMILY
Speaker 2
IT[] individual a plan c MIXED BEGINNINGS
Speaker 3
b finances D CHANCE ENCOUNTER
[IC]old Speaker 4
c funding E ADVICE FROM FAMILY
[I[] competitive F BORN FOR BUSINESS Speaker 5
13.IJbusiness d saying
~personal e needs
f world Wypowiedź na podstawie
[![] secure
materiału stymulującego

6 Fili in: up, out (x2), on.

1ORead the rubric and do the speaking task.
r----------------------~
Money is tight so we must cut back „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
rrn y
1\łu• liH•I Przyjrzyj się zdjęciom nr 1, 2 i 3. Każde I
I z nich przedstawia ofertę tygodniowego I
spending. I stażu dla uczniów Twojej szkoły. I
2 They started „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ spending heavily on office I Wybierz ofertę. która jest dla Ciebie najbardziej :
furniture but soon realised it was a mistake : odpowiednia, i uzasadnij swoją decyzję.
1
3 Mr Jones set „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . his company back in 1972. I , Wyjaśnij, dlaczego odrzuciłeś/-aś pozostałe I
4 James always goes „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ of his way to I propozycje. I
provide good service. ~----------------------·

7 Complete the sentences using the correct form

of the verbs: secure, prize, spend, mix, offer.

1 In order to stand out, we must „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ .

something different.
2 You must avoid „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . your personal
and business finances. 'I
3 Fortunately, we have „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . all the
funding we need from the bank.
Qiiotation§. _____ 11

T7Je best way to appreciate yourjob is to imagine yourse!f

4 I know that their customers really „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
tvithout one. i' ~ :
their expert knowledge. t:'
' i'~
(Oscar Wilde, 7854-7 900, lrish author)
5 We need a lot mare on
marketing this product.

45
 MODULE
pi.!fl®MO stages in life I
'Family I brought, grew, asking, get, look, takes, gets, break.
2 Write the correct word from the list.
• spouse • sibling • offspring • in-laws
• husband-to-be • stepdaughter • godfather
• ex-wife • half-brother • great-grandfather
1 Thomas got married to Ann three years ago but
then he got divorced. Ann is Thomas's
2 Mandy fights with her brother Mark all the time.
Mark is Mandy's ..................... .
3 Jane's grandfather's father, Harry, was 1OO when
ef>he died. Harry is Jane's ..................... .
4 When Sheila and Tom baptised their baby, their
friend Greg promised to be its mora! guide. Greg
is the baby's ..... „ .............. .
5 Edith and Bob lived with Bob's parents for six
months when they first got married. Bob's
parents are Edith's .................... .
6 The Jacksons have got five children. The five
children are the Jacksons' ..................... .
7 Stella is on cloud nine; she's just got engaged to
George. George is Stella's ..................... .
8 When Ellen married Fred, she already had a little
girl, Lilly, from her first marriage. Lilly is Fred's
9 When Rupert's mother remarried, she had another
I. son called David. David is Rupert's ..................... .
1O Mr Smith filled in his wife Rose's details on his tax
form.
46 Rose is Mr Smith's ...
3 Complete the sentences with the words foster,
strict, single-parent, extended, biolagical, adaptive.
1 Living far from all their relatives, their children
were isolated from the .................. family.
2 The boy's .................. parents decided to adopt
him and raise him as their own son.
3 John was brought up in a(n) ............... .
household. His mum raised him all by herself.
4 His uncle and aunt became little Danny's
..................... parents when he lost his own
parents in an accident.
5 Even though he's not his ... .... father, his
stepfather treats him like his own son.
6 Marion had a(n) .................. upbringing and
wasn't allowed to go to parties or stay out late.
• Phrasal verbs
4 Complete the sentences with the words
Jerry was nervous about ................ Paula out on a
date.
2 The couple realised they had many differences so
they decided to ..................... up.
3 My mum always ..................... care of everyone in
the family.
4 They ................... up their children to become
decent citizens.
5 Jenny ................ along with her in-laws very we!!.
6 These days, both parents usually work in order to
..................... by every month.
7 The brothers had a close relationship as
teenagers, but they ................... apart as they got
older.
8 You shouldn't ..................... down on people just
because they don't think the same as you do.
Lifestyle - everyday & leisure activities
5 In 3 minutes, write as many ideas as you can
think of under the headings. Use ideas from
the spidergrams to talk about your daily
routine and free time activities.
morning
f'iRdóCirś •
", -~ ,', '\..
afternoon
outdoors
evening
 6 Fili in with: stress, sports, deve/op, varied, passive, rush, choose,
activities, weekly, positive, glued, workout.
IConflicts & problems I
8 Choose the correct word.

Here at Better Living we cater for people with 1) ................... interests by

offering thern a wicie range of recreational 2) .............. .

lf you're a 3) ................... enthusiast, you can take part in both indoor and
outdoor sports, including squash, badminton, cycling and rowing. Or
take up adventure sports like kayaking and skydiving for thai ultimate

. .
adrenalin 4) ................... .
'
For those who prefer more 5) ................... recreation, why not join our
walking club which organises country walks on a 6) ................... basis?
Keep fit with a lun 7) ................... in our aerobics classes or take up yoga,
WHY?
an effective 8) ................... buster if you've been 9) ................... to an

...
office com~uter s~c~re"'e~n~a~lld~a=!- - - - - - - - - - - - - - '

10) ................... a hobby thai you enjoy - it's the first step towards more
The happiest of families experience conflict
at times. This is because
• family members are emotionally
1) attached/joined to each other through
11) ..................... thinking! 12) ................... interpersonal skills by playing
2) wide/long-term relationships.
against a chess opponent, for example, or get creative in our cookery
• families often 3) resist/insist interference
class es.
or help from outside.
Better Uvi~g is fullof surprising choices. Contactus on 010 663399 to
• there is a 4) lack/shortage of common
l.:..: 12~2!.11„0L~.:.:...:....:_:...;;:..:..:n„;..:..;;:....;:.;.:..:.:..;;;:..;.;;;:..~;.::;..;..;.."":..;..:.._\;_.J sense when dealing with conflict.

lweddings I
Which of these problems 'sound familiar to you?
7 Complete the email with the words below. Husband and wife
• best • traditional • bridesmaid • civil • newlyweds ' 5) financial/economical difficulties
• wedding • groom • memorable • aisle • domestic 6) violence/mugging
• honeymoon • reception ' 7) disappearance/separation due to job
commitments
' 8) communication/speech problems
Dear Chloe, • 9) waste/neglect of family members
Last week, my brother Frank got married to Stacy. lt was a Children
beautiful 1) .................. ceremony. • rebellious 1O) behaviour/activity
All of our family and friends were there to celebrate this • social 11) force/pressure from peers
2) .................. day. The coup le decided to have a 3) ................. . • addiction 12) to/with substances
church wedding rather than a 4) .................. wedding. The • parental 13) divorce/division
5) ......................... man was my brother, George. The • fights 14) through/between siblings
~ 6) chief .................. was Stacy's sister, Victoria. lt was very
I emotional when the father of the bride walked Stacy down the
WHAT?
! 7) .................. towards the 8) ............ „.... . There was a
What can you do to 15) answer/resolve these
conflicts? You don't need to struggle on your
~ marvellous 9) ... „ . „ „ .•.••.•. at a country hotel, with a four-course
own. Marriage 16) therapy/counselling
~ mea!, and dancing afterwards. After the wedding had finished, 111'1
services are now widely available to help you
fi the 10) ......... „ ...•... left for their 11) .. „ .. „ . . . • . . . . . . . I really wish
17) manage/deal your anger and communicate
I:: :
i 11
~
'.':-!
you could have come. 1'11 send you photographs when they are
with your family better. For details of services :'''i'I.i
'' developed.
in your area, see inside this leaflet.
Take care,
Samantha
(tł) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 172) 47
I 1 look at the picture then r
paragraph of the t~xt W ead the title and the first
people in the picture?. Re:~~ the relationship between the
right. e extract to see ifyou
we re
1
2
.r~ -
~:~~ the rubric and do the reading
- ... - - - -
: i~®illi.JI Przec - - - - - - ... - - - . .}
mozliwości odp:~jdt~kst. Z
f •. le ZI (1-5)
.:1

podanycJi
b ·
I w asc1wą. zgodną z t . . wy lerz
! f!.t:;ę_A. B, Club O. resc1ą tekstu. Zakreśl
----- ---------- . . I
I
adapted from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

t is a truth universally acknowledged that a single

I man with a large fortune must be looking for a
wife. And so, when sucha wealthy young man moves
into a neighbourhood, the loca! families hope that
one of their daughters will soon be married to him.
One sunny autumn morning in their home at
Longbourn, Mrs Bennet announced some important
news.
··.· .. «Have you heard that Netherfield Park has
been let at last? It's a wonderful opportunity for
ollr-gfri's.';
.When Mr Bennet made no reply, Mrs Bennet
continued.
;''D6n't you \vant to knO\.V vtho's taken it?u
Mr Bennet smiled ever so slightly as he
· responded to his wife. "Mr Bennet, how can you speakofyourchildren like
. ''Yoll want to tell me and I have no objection that? You so enjoy leasing me and have no concern for
fo hearing it." my nerves!"
· · "A wealthy single man by the name of Bingley Despite what he had said to his wife, Mr Bennet did
)s.mOving in." visit Mr Bingley on the day after Mr Bingley moved in.
~-,-Really? Ho\v does it affect our girls?" That evening he decided to break the news to his family
"Mr Bennet, you must know! I am hoping he in his own way. He noticed Elizabeth repairing a hat.
will marry one of them! You should go and visit "! hope Mr Bingley will like that hat, Lizzy."
Mr Bingley as soon as he moves in," Mrs Bennet responded before Lizzycould say a word.
,· ::r don t think ifs necessary for me to go. You
1
"But, if we aren't going to visit Mr Bingley, how will
and the girls can go, if you like." he ever see Lizzy's hat?n
'''{ou know very well thai we can't. Just think "You're forgetting, Mama, that we'll meet him at the
. of what ~. marriage it would be for one of them. public balls. Mrs Long has promised to introduce us."
Jiven the Lucases are going and, as you know, Mr Bennet played along.
1
· theyhardly ever go to welcome newcomers." ('When is your next ball, Lizzy? '

.· ~·:·.'..'f4o~'t See \Vhyyou can't go instead. I1łl send
'MrBingley a note to give him my permission to
mal'ry whichever of them he chooses, although
I must put in a good word for my little Lizzy."
"You will do no such thing. Lizzy is no better
than the others- she's not as pretty as Jane or
as outgoing as Lydia, and yet you always favour
her.''
"Weil, thcy're all oilly and ignorant. of
nThere's one in Me ryton in two \Veeks' time."
This worried Mrs Bennet.
"But Mrs Long will be away till the day before the
bali. How can she introdrice us, when she won't yet know
bim herself? Oh, l'm sick of Mr Bingley!"
Mr Bennet quite enjoyed the next moment.
'Tm sorry to bear that. lfyou had told me, I wouldn't
have visited hin1 this morning. No\.v, \Ve cannot simply
ignore him."
I
i

48 course, but Lizzy is a litt!e quick.cr to underst<.1nd tvlr~ B~nnet and her daughters' concern turned to /
things than her sisters. '' joy. !Vlr Bingh:'Y w::i~ cc:rtain ID be at the ban in Meryton! ·
 Mrs Bennet tells her husband one day at home that 6 \r~I How important is money in a
A she's found same job opportunities for their marriage? Have people's attitudes to this
ąuestion changed much since Jane Austen's
daughters.
B their daughters have decided to rent a separate novel appeared in 1813? In three minutes,
write a few sentences, then share your ideas
house.
C someone new has arrived in the area. with the class.
D it has taken her a long time to rent Netherfield
Park. Jjl.f j.I' Prawda/fałsz
2 Mr Bennet doesn't seem interested in visiting Mr 7 O Do the listening task.
Bingley because
r----------------------~
A he doesn't know him very well. Im
I ,, tt • tl!l•IV Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedź I
B the Lucases have already paid a visit. I pewnej osoby na temat jej przyjęcia I
C the Bennet girls all want to marry him. : urodzinowego. Na podstawie informacji zawartych I
D he feels it isn't expected of him. 1 w nagraniu zdecyduj, które zdania (1-5) są zgodne :
I z treścią tekstu (fRUE), a które nie (FALSE). Zaznacz 1
3 Mrs Bennet thinks her daughter Lizzy is
I znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. I
A no mare special than the other girls.
B mare sociable than her sister Lydia.
~----------------------~
True False
C the cleverest of all her daughters.
D better-looking than the rest of the family. 1 The speaker was worried that many
people wouldn't turn up to her party.
4 After visiting Mr Bingley, Mr Bennet
2 She was surprised to see people she
A compliments Lizzy on her hat.
didn't know at her party.
B intends to mention it to his family.
3 She has asked the DJ she hired to
C has an argument with his wife.
help her out with another party.
D announces there will be a public bal!.
4 She expected her guests to interact
5 Mrs Long with each other mare.
A is staying out of town until after the bal!.
5 She had not guessed her cousins
B has recently been introduced to Mr Bingley.
from Australia would be at her party.
C was present when Mr Bennet visited Mr Bingley.
D is no longer necessary to the Bennets' plans.
Opis ilustracji
3 Complete the phrases: loca/, break, quick, single, i odpowiedzi na pytania
putin, wonderful, large, welcome, give, autumn.
........ to understand 6 ......... a good word 8 \łt~®!i!ł.f/ Opisz zdjęcie, a następnie odpowiedz~
2 .................. fortune 7 ...... " .... morning
"
na pytania. •
3 ...... „ ...... permission 8 ................... man
4 ........... newcomers 9 . ................... family
5 . . . . . . . . . .. opportunity 10 ............... the news

4 For or to? Fili in the correct preposition.

My parents show equal concern .......... all their
children.
2 Don't forget to put in a good word .......... me
with your sister. ilil
3 Youth clubs are a great opportunity .......... young '

people to make friends.

4 Do your parents have any objection .......... your
bringing friends home?
5 Tommy rarely has the opportunity .
grandparents.
1 Why do you think the man is smilin11;
H
2 Do you think it's important for a mother and father
. . see his to share baby-related chores? Why?NVhy not?
3 What is your earliest memory of being with your

5 Explain the words in bold in the text.

family?
49
u
• Clauses of Time/
Concession/Manner
0

2
Lexicogrammatica/ word transformations
Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words. l
• When he gat the call, he left the house immediately. Farnily tickets for the cinema cost the same as they

•
He left the house as soon as he gat the call.
Mary had been married for 3 years when she had
her first child.
Mary had been married for three years by the
time she had her first child.
• I was leaving the house when Jim turned up.
Jim turned up just as I was leaving the house.
• Gran ny will turn ninety. We will have a big party.
We will have a big party when Granny turns ninety.
2
did last year.
CHANGED Cinema ticket prices for families ...... .
....................................... last year.
My dad picked me up immediately after school.
I
!
AS My dad picked me up ...................... .
. ......................... school had finished.
3 Alan was surprised by his sister's rudeness towards him.
HOW Alan was taken ................................ .
. .......... „ ........... his si ster was to him.

• Even though/Although she tried hard, she 4 I almost missed my own 16th birthday party.
couldn't change her parents' mind. TIME I was just .............................. .
Despite/ln spite of her efforts/trying hard, she my own 16th birthday party.
couldn't change her parents' mind. 5 He has gat a good relationship with his brother.
• However much you complain, we won't let you GITS He ................................... .
stay out late. ..... his brother.

No matter how much you complain, we won't let

6 Fiona's parents were impressed by Harry.
GOOD Harry ................. .
you stay out late.
. ................................ Fiona's parents.
• She isn't their mother but she treats them like she is.
7 The two brothers never agree with each other.
She treats them as if/though she was/were their
EYE The two brothers don't ................... .
mother.
........................... with each other.
8 Your rude behaviour at the party disappointed Mum.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. LET Mum ............................................... .
Use two to five words. . . yo ur rude behaviour at the party.
9 Despite his efforts, he couldn't convince his parents
1 Mary seems to need same help with the children.
to buy a car.
THOUGH Mary looks ....................................... .
HARD Even .............................. , he couldn't
same help with the children.
convince his parents to buy a car.
2 However much you ask, we can't go to the zoo this
1O Although Rose has a good voice, she doesn't like
weekend.
singing at family events.
MATIER No.
WELL Even ..... ...... , she
we can't go to the zoo this weekend.
3 Paul will graduale next year. We will have a party.
ef: doesn't like singing at family events.
11 The wedding reception will be held at the Hilton Hotel. i
WHEN We will have a party .............. „ ........ .
PLACE The wedding reception ................... .
d
next year.
4 When he arrived home, he fed his dog.
........................... at the Hilton Hotel. I
12 I won't talk to Steve until he apologises.
SOON He fed his dog ........................... .
ONLY I will talk to Steve ............................ .
home. .1
. ...................................... apologises.
5 We were approaching Jim's house when he called to
13 He was reprimanded by his dad for being rude to his !
cancel the party.
sister.
JUST Jim called to cancel the party ........... .
OFF His dad ............................................ .
......................................... his house.
............... for being rude to his sister.
6 Although Ben is an only child, he is not spoilt by his
14 They seem to have had another argument.
parents.
SPITE In . ... ... ... ... .... ... ...
child, Ben is not spoilt by his parents.
7 Ian had just turned 20 when he took over the business.
an only
IF They look ..... „ .............. .
............. ....... out again.
15 Although he lives near his family, he rarely sees them.
l!
CLOSE Despite ..
TIME Ian was only 20 ..
........ , he rarely sees them .
..... . ........... he took over the business.

50
 o Word formation ' Lexical multiple choice items
3 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold. 4 Choose the correct word.

Cr:Un~ ~~e-:a~;, :~ ~~; ~~r:;ry~ ~~~l; ~i~e-~~ She ..... as if she were the boss.
A functions B performs C works D acts
and gifts to their loved ones on St Valentine's Day. But
who really was St Valentine? The truth is no one knows for 2 My grandmother has ..... teeth.
sure, and in all 1) (probable) ........ .... .......... any A counterfeit B artificial C false D fake
information we have about him is made up. One of these 3 He continued the family „ „ . by becoming a lawyer.
myths concerns a priest named Valentine. According to A tradition B venture C culture D effort
the story, the Roman Emperor Claudius li refused to let 4 I don't believe what he said. He has „ . „ the whole
members of his army marry because he believed that
story.
married soldiers did not make 2) (effect) ...•.......•.......
A discovered B invented C made D thought
soldiers. However, Valentine took pity on these soldiers
and performed 3) (marry) ....................... ceremonies 5 Children, „ ... yourselves, or you'll be punished.
for them in secret. Valentine was soon arrested and A behave B do C act D keep
thrown in jail to be executed. But while in prison he 6 She gave up amateur photography and turned ....
made friends with the jailer's daughter. And on the 13th A professional B qualified C expert D skilled
February, the day before his execution, he wrote history's 7 Norman and Valerie are a(n) ... „ example of a
first 'valentine' card to her to say goodbye. Most devoted couple.
historians claim that the story has absolutely no A outstanding B principal C leading D major
4) (historyj .......................... accuracy, but, in truth,
8 He didn't „ „ . to hurt your feelings.
does it really matter? This myth, and many mare like it,
has created Valentine's Day, the 5) (romance) A propose B target C arrange D intend
: .................... holiday that we all enjoy 9 She's so incapable she can't perform even ..... tasks.

~a:~~~~:· ___ ------------ A habitual B typical

10 This voice sounds .. „. to me.
A common
C routine D usual

B familiar C known D close

• Multiple choice cloze
5 Read the text and choose the correct
";;-
answer. --
c·-~-=---~- ~·-··--~-~----·---- --

In the past, deciding 1) ............. a name for a baby was a

classmate or neighbour. All
, complicated matter. In cultures around the world, a baby's "name
all, this means that far fewer
was usually cty:Jsen based on the name of a relative or a
Johns and Marys 6) ........... .
religious figuri.'Nowadays, however, particularly in Western
and that school teachers
Europe and North America, parents are ignoring tradition and
around the world will have to
choosing lrom a much wider 2) ............. of names. Laura
get used to the
Watternberg, the author of a baby-naming book, says that
weird and
society is "in the middle of a naming revolution", with baby
wonderful
names becoming mare and mare varied every year. In the USA
names of their
in the 1950s, for example, the top 25 most popular boys' names
students.
3) .•........... up half of all the baby boys barn that year. On the
other hand, it look 134 names to cover half of the boys barn in
201 O. But why are parents choosing so many mare names 3 A made
1 A at
for their babies? Same sociologists think that it is related to B ·added B coUple
B on
the 'lnformation Age' and the fact !hat nowadays parents
C for c formed c several
have mare names to choose from. On the TV or the Internet, D little
D in D counted
for example, we come 4) ............. a far wider variety of names
6 A have raised
in aur daily lives than in previous years. Perhaps the biggest 2 A a\ternative 4 A above
reason, however, is that parents want their babies to have B around B be raised
B sort
unique names. Same parents will even search for names !hat c range c across c are being raised
only a 5) ............. people in the world share and il has almost D among D had been raised .
D option
become embarrassing for a child to share a name with a
ij
 Narracja 2 Read the model narrative and answer the
w pierwszej osobie questions.

A narrative in the first person (I/we) is a text that

relates a series of events, real or imaginary. A first-
person narrative should have:
• an introduction in which we set the scene (e.g.
who was involved, time and place etc) in an
interesting way to make the reader want to
continue reading.
• a main body consisting of at least two paragraphs,
in which we present the events in the order they
happened, leading up to the climax event (the most
important event).
• a conclusion which reveals what happened at the
end of the series of events, as well as people's
feelings, fina! comments or reactions. A surprising
ending can make a long-lasting impression on the
re ad er.
As well as in private correspondence such as emails
and letters, first-person narratives can be found in
Internet blogs, magazines and newspapers. lf our
narrative is for publication, an interesting title can
help to attract the reader's attention.
• We normally use past tenses in first-person
narratives, as well as a variety of adjectives and
adverbs to make our story as interesting to read as
possible. Direct speech can be used, but we shouldn't
overdo it.
• Before we start writing our story, we should decide
on the plot line, i.e. the main events that make up
J;~§p[ay~cI.with mu? fro~ reaą to,to~ip_ proge~~!g;~ •.•·.·.
the story. We should make sure we write these
events in the order that they happened. We can use
linking words and phrases such as as soon as, whi/e,
before, first, next, then, to present the events.
-- - ,;„;- ---:;,,,;::;,~;;,; -„- y>·-~%
1
When my uncle invited me to visit him in
Kenya last summer, I couldn't contain my
excitement. Knowing I Joved elephants, he had
promised to take me on an elephant safari. lt proved to
be the highlight of my stay- in mare ways than one!
l'd been in Kenya for three days when .·my uncle
announced that the day of aur adventure had arrived.
We set off in my uncle's jeep early that morning. A
couple of hours later, we entered the huge game
reserve.
Suddenly, I śaw some elephants. "Look! A herd!" I
shouted excitedly. "Keep your voice dowll, Joe, or you'll
scare them away,'' whispered my uncle.. we drovęonto a
muddy track to get a better view of the herd. At fi~t,
aur jeep moved forward easily. Then, the mlld gat
deeper an,d the next thing we knew, we were.stlJck!
Ju~tas .~e we re ~ondering what t.o do, a ~mall}ru~k
: app~ęred and· a.garrre war.den' gat out "D?n't ll'orrY!"
,.•.n~.B~ia calmly,"l've got.a.rop~!".S~condslate~,~it~th~ .·•
rópe •,attached···· to.• ourjeep, ·•·•the .~araen's~ssistant
. st~rt~dthe\!r1Jck. Wh~els·•,spillri~g, :,o~l';i~t3ę:~hot
,·:i~l'll~r~9lltofthe,rl1.uct,;f,o.rnX:~o,rror,•Jhe~ąrąEi6.•~a.s •.t.i,;. .
me
:' ;The~arąell,whose n~rpe l'lęs Jamesican]!l.ti,óme with .l:i
. i•l1st(). ~ląan .• up .•. an~ • get •. . som~.fresh .• s1oth~~:.J9ct'ai'.'.·· f~
•.·:· Jame's.and I are greatfriends and we, ofteQJau9H aĘóuf . •
the meiisl' wai'\Ve lllet1
··•·· ·•··
''"';•":"';/SC/ ,;;;,-::- -,,• <<:-~·- .~.c;'.c,;;
'i

1·
Read the rubric and answer the questions.
r----------------------~
l\ł&®ll!i.f/ Redakc!a brytyjs~lego czasopis~a
· poprosiła czytelnikow o nadsyłanie I
: opowiadań o przyjaźniach zawartych w niezwykłych :
I
1 ilJ;IJ}flfP
{';/ -~;·-~::.t;;-:;

1 okolicznościach. Napisz opowiadanie (200-250 I

I słów), które spełnia wymagania czasopisma. I
~----------------------~
1 Who is going to read our story?
2 Whose point of view should we tell the story from?
3 How many paragraphs should we write?

52
i
3 Read the story again and number the events in 7 Read the extract and underline the correct
the order they happened. tense.

At first, I 1) wasn't/wasn't being concerned when ~

[EO
[![]
He saw a herd of elephants.
A.game warden arrived on the scene.
Gran 2) answered/hadn't answered the phone. I
3) was thinking/thought she was in her garden ł
l
m He is naw friends with James. and couldn't hear it ringing. But I 4) was panicking/ K
[fil The jeep was pulled out of the road.
m:IJ He went to Kenya to visit his uncle.
panicked when my sister carne home and said she
5) tried/had tried to get through to Gran severa! ,
I
!fil They arrived at the game reserve. times that day. We immediately 6) were deciding/
@]=:J The warden gat same fresh clothes. decided to check up on her in person and 7) drove/
[!![] The jeep gat stuck in the mud. were driving over to her place. When we found
IJI] The warden fastened a rope to the Gran, she was lying/lay on the fioor, unable to get
jeep. up. She told us that she 9) had fallen/was falling
down earlier in the day and 1O) had been/wasn't
QI] The warden was splashed with mud.
unable to get up again. When Mum and Dad
11) heard/had heard about it, they insisted that
Gran come and live with us. Dad told her that she
4 Which adjectives did the writer use to describe:
couldn't be by herself anymore because it
the game reserve, the track, the truck, the clothes, their 12) was/had been tao dangerous.
friendship.

5 Write the adverbs the writer uses in his story to

8 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words.
Then, brainstorm to answer the questions.
describe the following verbs: early, easily, calmly,
r----------------------~
excitedly. I \ł I!!! J/Twój nauczyciel angielskiego poprosił Clę I
\ f • llj(•I
I o napisanie opowiadania na temat I
set off 3 moved forvvard
: niezapomnianej rodzinnej uroczystości, w której
„„„„„„„ „„ „ „ „„ „
:
2 shouted „ „ „ „ „ „ .•
I 4 said „ „ „ „ „ „ „
I uczestnlczyłeś/-aś. Napisz opowiadanie (200-250 I
I słów) dotyczące takiej uroczystości. I
6 Complete the gaps with the lin king words and ~----------------------·
1 What occasion could your family have been
phrases from the list.
celebrating?
2 What could have made this family celebration so
unforgettable?
3 What type of narrative will you write: first person?
I was having skiing lessons in a Swiss holiday third person?

resort. Naw it was time for me to do it olane. b) Use phrases from the Useful Language box
1) „„„. „„„„„. I arrived at the ski slope. I put on my to write your story.
skis and set off. I was gliding smoothly down
the slope when. 2) „„„„„ I saw a huge tree in
my path and swerved to avold il. I flew through Writing stories
the air and landed at the bottom of the slope. Setting the scene
.• lt was a ... day/evening last ... summer/weekend etc.
3) everything went black. 4) I ,.
!was .„.
„„„„„ „„„„ „„„„„. „„„„

woke up I was In hospital! I hod broken my leg

Events
and would be there far severa! days. 5) „„„.„„„.„„.„
• As I/we were„ .. Suddenly, I/we saw/heard „.
another patient was brought in. I couldn' t Then, „ ..
believe my eyes! lt was my ald school friend. Feelings
Jean. She hod hod the same accident while • I felt happy/excited because „ . . I couldn't believe
skiing at the same resort! my eyes when .... To my horror/amazement/
surprise, etc. „

53
 Dobieranie
1 Have you ever bee n on an overseas exchange? Do you
think it is a valuable experience? Why? Tell the class.

2 Read the rubric, then read the first sentence in

each paragraph. What is the text about?
Read through and check.

·---------------.-------
I \ł6f!Ui!i.f/ Przeczytaj .tekst, z któreg~ usunięt.o
I cztery zdania. Dobierz brakujące zdania
: (A-E). tak aby otrzymać spójną i logiczną całość.
1 W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz literę. którą oznaczone
1 jest brakujące zdanie. Jedno zdanie zostało podane
I dodatkowo i nie pasuje do tekstu.
~----------------------

Usually, when you study abroad through your university as

an undergrad, you get asked the big question: homestay
or derm? Loads of the people in my Japanese language
class um-ed and ah-ed* over the choice. But for me it was
a complete non-question. There was no way I was going
to go to Japan and not totally immerse myself in the
culture.
l've been living with my host family lor about three months
naw and already l've learnt so much about Japanese
culture and everyday life. ITI I take ()ff my shoes
whenever I enter a home, use special slipperś whenever I
enter the bathroom, and exclaim 'itadakimasu' before a
mea! and 'gochisosama deshita' ('thank you lor th.e mea!')
alter a meal.
Before coming to Japan, l'd heard worrying stories about
how it's common lor host families to impose curfe\vs on
their International guest; (it's actually i.ust.al fal'IJ's.way of
showing they care about your safety). 2 They've
given me my own key so I can come and go as I please. I
really couldn't have asked for a better host family. They
treat me like a son and my privacy is totally respected.
I think students who live in International dorms don't
realise what they're missing out on by choosing not to
experience Japanese life first-hand. Alter all, it's all the little
things that make an experience richer. For instance, l've
become addicted to my 'Japanese-style' bath every night.
In Japan everyone in a family has a bath at night - and the
whole lamily shares the same bathwater! That's because
A My classmates regularly scoff down burgers.
B Luckily, though, my family is totally relaxed on !hat
front.
C The Japanese are rather traditional thai way.
D l've lamiliarised myself with basie Japanese customs.
E And it was the single best decision 1made in
coming to Japan.
the point of a bath isn't to get clean. The Japanese shower
and wash before they get into a bath. The purpose of a
bath is to relax and unwind alter the day's activities.
And !hen there's the food I get to eat every day. [IC] I,
on the other hand, get to eat home-cooked, traditional
Japanese food. My host iefolher always very sweetly
insists on giving me 'American-size' servings - that is,
servings bigger than everyone else's, - despite my
explaining that 'Japanese-size' portions are quite OK! lt's
things like !his hospitality and warmth !hat make every
day here so amazing.
Choosing to live with a host family wasn 't hard. @:[]
Home stay and life away from native English speakers is
the only way to appreciate what Japanese life is really like!
*to 'um and ah' = to be unable to decide what to do in a situation

3 Do the task. Compare with your partner. Which 4 Match the words in bold to their synonyms.
words helped you decide? Check in yo ur chili out, get involved, fai/ to take advantage of,
dictionaries. timekeeoing rules, extremely fond of, welcoming
treotrnen1 of guests, bef1ove tovvorc/s, '>Prvings, eat
greedily, as far as rhat is conwneci.
54
5 Choose the correct word. • Wypowiedź na podstawie
materiału stymulującego
He familiarised/trained himself with the loca!
customs/habits before he travelled to the Foreign 9 a) Read the rubric, then look at the pictures.
country. What activity does each suggest?
2 We met people from different civilisations/
cultures during aur travels. r----------------------,
1\f~iGJll)(,f/ Przyjrzyj się. z.djęc~om. nr 1, 2 i 3. J
3 In Ja pan it's common/ordinary to eat rice. I · · Przeprowadz1łes/-as siędo nowego I
1 miasta i szukasz sposobu poznania nowych 1
4 While living in Japan, we carne to estimate/
appreciate how important it is to be polite. : przyjaciół. :
5 Peter is a native/loca! speaker of the English 1 Wybierz sposób spędzania wolnego czasu, 1
I który najlepiej sprzyjałby zawieraniu przyjażni, I
language. I I uzasadnij swoją decyzję. I
: Wyjaśnij, dlaczego odrzuclłeś/-aś pozostałe :
6 The writer believes that staying 1 propozycje. 1

with a host family is a unique experience. ~----------------------~

What makes him say so? In three minutes
write a few sentences based on the text. Tell
the class.

7 Would you like to study abroad? lf so, would

you prefer to stay with a host family or in a
student dormitory? Why? Tell your partner.

li!i!!iGI,\@ Dobieranie I
8 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words
in the headings.

b) O Do the listening task. Which words in

the recording helped you decide on your
answers?
r----------------------,
\fi m VUsłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowi>vłzl pięciu I
I
1
v. 1•u•r ·wr-
osób na temat ich rodzin. Przyporządkuj I
1 poszczególnym osobom nagłówki, wpisując I b) Use the Useful Language box below to
: odpowiednie litery (A-F) w kratki. Jeden nagłówek : express your choice, giving reasons. Make sure
1 został podany dodatkowo i nie pasuje do żadnej 1 you explain why you rejected the other two
I wypowiedzi. I options.
~----------------------~

A JOY AFTER A SAD LOSS Speaker 1

B MAKING AN EFFORTTO STAY
CLOSE
c DIVORCE A STRONG
POSSIBILITY
D SUPPORT CLOSE AT HAND
E LESS STRESSED THAN BEFORE
F AFFECTED BY AN AGE GAP
Expressing preferences & giving reasons
Speaker 2 • l'd choose ... because ....
Speaker 3 • ... seems to be the best way of ... because ...
• ... sounds best to me since there ....
Speaker 4
Speaker 5 Rejecting & giving reasons
•I don't think ... is a good idea because .. .
•I would never choose to .„ because ... .
• Although ... could be „„ I wouldn't choose it
as „ • .

55
J
 Culture
1 Look at the pictures. What
impression of Australia do they give
you? Why is Australia ca\led the Land
down under? Read through to find
out.
2 Read the text and for each gap (1-5)
choose the correct sentence (A-F).
There is one extra sentence.
A Nuggets of the precious metal washed
down rivers for anyone to pick up.
B And, of course, Aussie is the colloquia!
term for an Australian.
c Australia is also known for its beautiful
beaches and is a paradise for surfers.
D They were mostly semi-nomads who
hunted and gathered food.
E The last census, or population count,
was held in August, 2011.
F In fact, the British presence in Australia
had a devastating effed on the
indigenous people.
3 Read the text aga in and answer the
questioris.
When did Europeans first reach
Australia?
2 Where did the British set up their first
colony?
3 What/Who was responsible for killing
most natives?
ef>
;+ Why did so many people come to
Australia in the second half of the 19th
century?
5 What happened in
1907?
6 How many beaches
are there in
Australia?
i.
ustralia
2'.he Land down under
European invasion
Over 40,000 years ago Australia and its islands were inhabited by at
least 250 linguistic groups of indigenous Australians. o:IJ After
Dutch explorers discovered Australia in 1606, severa! European
privateers and explorers visited the continent. However, no attempt
was made to settle there until Captain James Cook claimed it for the
British in 1770. Later that decade, the first officia! British colony,
made up mostly of prisoners from Britain, was set up at Fort
Jackson, which is naw known as Sydney Harbour. Over the
following decades, waves of settlers carne to Australia in search of a
new life. The British also shipped large numbers of convicts to
colonies throughout the country.
Story of survival
At first, relations between the newcomers and the indigenous people
were 1riendly. But they quickly deteriorated when the indigenous
people realised that the resources they needed to survive were
gradually being taken away from them. [IT] The British brought
infections diseases such as measles, tuberculosis and smallpox with
them, which wiped out a majority of the natives. Moreover, the battles
for land and other resources led to mutual distrust, and were
;\;
~
responsible for the deaths of many people. Il is estimated that the
indigenous population was at least 750,000 at the time of the arrival of
Europeans. But il was greatly reduced in just a few decades.
Victory of the colonies
During the early 19th century, the country attracted mare
European settlers and the population grew steadily
despite the many hardships people faceci. Around
1850, the nature of Australia's colonies was completely
 4
m
Fili in: distrust, newcomers, privateers,
rebe/lions, shiploads.
In the 19th century, there were
severa I „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . against English
rule.
2 After 1850, „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of
immigrants arrived in search of gold.
3 The „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ found it hard
transformed by the discovery of gold at severa! to survive for the first few years.
sites around the country. II[] Shiploads of new 4 There was a lot of „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
immigrants, including thousands from China, arrived in the between the natives and the
hope of getting rich quickly, and the population in many areas tripled. The Europeans.
search for gold, however, brought many colonies into conftict .with the British 5 In the past, governments gave
rulers, and rebellions broke out at mining towns across the country.Betweem „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . the right to capture

1855 and 1890, the six colonies of Australia gained the right to have their own merchant ships.
government, and finally, in 1907, the Commonwealth of Australia was created.
Stili with the queen 5 Find phrasal verbs in the text
Today, Australia is independent of the UK but is stili a member of the which mean:
Commonwealth and has Queen Elizabeth li as its head of state. About 92% of the created/founded
population is of European origin, and about 7% is Asian. The remaining 1% are 2 destroyed
indigenous Australians. About 78% of Australians speak only English in the home.
3 gather/collect
The next most common languages are Arabic, Hindi, Greek, ltaliań, Vietnamese
4 happened suddenly
and Cantonese. About 12% of the indigenous population speak indigenous
languages at home. Australian English is based on British English but il is heavily
influenced by American and lrish English and has a variety of slang words. For
6 Match the words to form
collocations. Then, use the
example, 'bonzer' means great, 'creek' is a small stream and 'bush' refers to wild
phrases to talk about Australia.
parts of the countryside. [![] Australians also have a very distinctive accent.
Land of Oz
Australia, which lies down under the Equator, is a huge country with a number
of breathtaking geographical features including the prehistorie gorges of
Kakadu National Park and the Great Barrier Reef. lt is home to some of the
most amazing creatures on the planet, many of which are deadly. The
kangaroo, the dingo and the koala are some of the most well-known mammals
to inhabit Australia but the country has a variety of other animals including
crocodiles, venomous snakes, and of course the Great White Shark. [I[] In
fact, it has more than any other country in the world, with over 11,000 of them. 7 Match the words in bold to their
The country has also produced a .number of famous actors and music bands
meanings: native, gat worse, difficulties,
tl•. including Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kidman, and AC/OC.
prisoners, impressive, eradicated, affected,
I! Australia is known throughout the world for the wonderful
l,,i sound of the indigenous instrument, the didgeridoo. With poisonous, lived in.
all !hat Australia has to offer, there is no doubt
!hat it is an amazing country. 8 Say five things you
have Jearnt from the text.
Compare your country to
Australia. In three minutes, write ·..
..
a few sentences. Tell the class. I
Quotatiolł§ __ li
Perhaps it is good to have a beautiful
mind, but an even greater gift is to
:/
I
disco1'er n bea11tijl1! beltrt.
Russell Crowe, Australian actor
. 57
J
MODULE
fi·ifJ:ttlfifł Food products \ 'Cooking methods \

1 Match the foods to the categories in the 5 Use the verbs in box A to list the ways you can
spidergram: beef, cherry, haddock, salmon, fig, cook the foods in box B.
turnip, veal, broccoli, ham, blueberry, tuna, /amb, A • roast • grill B • potatoes • chicken
cucumber, cod, ce/ery, lime. And two more words • bake • boi! • fry • trout • rice •steak
J;; ~- . · , • eggs • beef

„[?ffI:) to each category.

. -'f" ·-.
,~
r.-,~_,>~"/
• scramble ~ smoke
• beans • vegetables
Potatoes can be roasted, baked, boiled or fried.

What is your favourite way to eat the foods in box B?

\ 'Preparing dishes I
~'fe'V"""'~~\ ~ 6 a) Fili in: cool, preheat, add, bake, weigh, sprinkle,

2 Circle the odd word out:

1 lean - scrambled - red - luncheon meat

2 artificial - strong - steamed - mild flavour ct''ingredients: "\f3
tsp baking powder
3
4
stili - sparkling - mineral - pasteurised water
roasted - iodised - rock - table salt
f 3009 ftour 2 eggs
,, 3009 sugar y, cup water .
5 grain-fed - sugar-coated - breakfast - fortified 3 tbsp cocoa powder Yz cup vegetable Oli
cereal rmsne.1.1.j,M§·A'*ill.1.1.1.1
l!M 1f"'' ·m·e ·
6 granulated - energy - brown - icing sugar
7 wholegrain - wholemeal - rye - loose bread Baking instructions:
. the oven to 180'(, grease and ftour
First 1) „„„„.„„.„... f ft and
• Co/locations ' . ) the amount o aur
a cake t1n and 2 „„„„„.„„.„. b I d
. sugar you ~eed on a set of scales. Then, get a ow an h
3
Fili in: sun-dried, mashed, roast, cottage, dark,
) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the eggs, sugar, oil and water together w1~e
toosted. 3
a wooden spoon. After a few minutes, 4) „„„„„„„„„. t
1 There's same s\iced cheese and ham in the fridge dry ingredients. Continue to stir the m1xture. When the
. it into the cake t1n. Let
if you want to make a . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ sandwich. mixture 1s smooth, 5) „„„„„„„„„. . h
in the oven for 40 minutes, t en
2 You'I\ need same butler and milk to make the 6 )
I he ca ke „.„„„„„„„._. To decorate,
take il out and al\ow 11 to 7) „„„„„„„„.„ ·
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . potatoes.

3 „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . chocolate is healthier than 8) .„.„„„„.„„„ icing sugar on top.

milk choco\ate.
b) What's your favourite sweet? Write the recipe
4 I love „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ beef sandwiches.
for it.
5 Don't forget to buy some olives and a jar of
. „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . tomatoes from the supermarket.

6 Emma loves snacking on

I
Eating out I
cheese and crackers. 7Match the notices to the eateries where you
j

'
would most likely see them: hotel dining room,
4Fili in: square, poor, leafy, functions, unhealthy, canteen, exc/usive restaurant, fast food restaurant, cafe.
cancer, digestive, food, bacterial, energy·giving.
1 .............. substances 6 memory
. ........ „ ........

2 vital ... „ ............ ' ..... '. 7 ················ poisoning

3 ............. .„.„.„ . mea I 8 „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ vegetables

„ infection
4 ····· system 9
5 ......... lifestyle 10 prevention
····································
58
8 Fili in: relaxing, skilled, tempting, family-run, /talion,
0 Words often confused
fresh, he/pfu/, main, reasonable. 11 Choose the correct word.
Dine in sJ}fle at Luigi s 1 There are many health profits/benefits/earnings
to eating unsweetened chocolate.
2 I try to avoid eating processed/developed/
This week, I visited Luigi's, a(n)
improved foods with artificial colours.
1) ............. „............ restaurant in
3 Some vegetarians use vitamin attachments/
Henry Street that serves
additions/supplements to give their body all the
2) .......................... cuisine. Luigi's nutrients it needs.
has a(n) 3) ............... atmosphere
4 Junk food is usually low in nutrients and
and a great selection of food. All
high/extreme/excessive in calories.
the dishes are made with
5 The smell of freshly-baked doughnuts always
4) ................... ingredients and · A- -c;.~ ~· "'! makes my mouth water/moisten/soak.
are prepared by 5) ..... „ ... „.„.... /;'j'j;iJ;:t~' ) },, 6 When dieting, you can control/cope/supervise
chefs. For my starter I chose the \ ł~·i\'T "'~. ·,J· your hunger by eating small meals throughout
soup and for my 6) ................. „ ~-:':'_,,,.'_,,,·~~~~~!!!!:!'! the day.
course I ordered spaghetti in pepper
7 A good way to combat/oppose/defy stress is to
sauce. ft was delicious! There are also a good variety of eat healthily.
7) ................... desserts! And the service is excellent. I got 8 Eat breakfast every day to keep/hold/maintain
my mea! quite quickly and I was impressed by the your energy levels high.
B) ................... staff. Prices are quite 9) ................... .
I highly recommend Luigi's. The quality of the food is top- 12 Fili in: quench, moderation, se1Vings, skip, bum,
notch. Make sure you make a reservation. Opening limes cravings, boosts, intake, refined, inte1Va/s. „,,..l
Tuesday-Sunday 12:00pm-1 :OOam /' I
,,. i
,,.,,. I
" I
IDiets I ~... .; "
--. ........ .,....,..
.-" I
I
I
9 Fili in: crash, detox, low-carb, high-protein, low-fot.
for Healthy Eating :
I

1 Ben's doctor has put him on a ............................ .

~~~[~e1~.f:~~irJ~~.~~r.~~.h~~~\We;~~~!J.~wN~rii~~~~li~~ś
diet in an effort to !ower his cholesterol levels.
2 Juliet is on a .......................... diet; she's drinking
_lots of water to get rid of the toxins in her body. offoóds but ayoia getting to? frlUf.11 Of anfo~e ~ufa~§f.;.
3 Trying to lose weight quickly by going on a ··to o many calories .._.Follow .• tnese h~alt~y ~atingti~sa.n~ ;~
?
~ougo ~·it~et.~~~.~~?.~~!'.~'. bre~k~i~.:;~iic~c {J~·,•• j;~
............................. diet is extremely dangerous. 5
4 A ............................. diet involves eating lots of
protein-rich foods such as meat, fish and beans. • Eat at,, least.„->„.'''
eighL3).;
- .·-.··
.... ; ...• : ....... :.:; .. of fruit 8: ;
·„ "" __ ,;. .",., .·.·:;. - ;,. -- -._ ... ,,,„;;o-„"'<'''··;:,, ·.,
„

. bl d ~
5 I could never go on a ... .... .... ...... diet vegeta __ es_a_._ąy.•••.•-•..• „. / ....•.••••_••._
...• ;·····c.>'.·•-•·•••••.·•· .}c<.>. t~·.
because I love potatoes, bread and pasta too much! • Drink water to 4) .. , .. :.;;; .. ; ..s.:: yolir thirst,nq\soft/

?'.I ·'J"~f]
2

drin.ks, •.__ ·.· ·.···• . ·.·••·••••··•••• ) •: }._;·····

0
Phrasa/ verbs • Eliminate5) ..•. , ••..•....•..•.. carbohydrat~s.fr9.!1)Y9UL~~

···tl~~~~~~~teumg~r~)~~;~(:~~0~;J~~~~f~;~~~i.$
1OFili in the verbs in their correct form: put, keep,
cut, bum. :.
· regular 8) ............ : .. „„(Le. every3-4 hqurs), · •..••. ·
1 Regular exercise helps you .............. off calories.
2 Lisa has ......... on 5 kilos since she started college. Finally, don't forget that a healthy eating plan must be I
3 Jane is trying to ............. her weight down so she accompanied by regular exercise: Aerobic1;xerds_jirio[•
only helps you 9) ... „ ... „ ••....... ;..... calciries, it
.I
can fit into her wedding dress.
4 You'll have to . ........ down your salt intake if
10) ...... : .............. your mood, too! n
I
you want to stay healthy.
(„)SeeVocabularyBankonp.174) 59
J
 2 Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
r-------------------~
I \ł1~f!1il!i.f/ Przeczytaj tekst. Z podanych I
: możliwości odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą. :
1 Look at the pictures. What dn vou think the 1 tak aby otrzymać logiczny i gramatycznie 1
, people are doing? What is t event? Read I poprawny tekst. Zakreśl literę A. B, C lub D. I
.& the text to find out. ~-------------------~
•'l{f: •
A for 4 A hears
8 by B feels
C as C listens
D to D sounds
A be 5 A as much
B take B the most
C have C as many
·1f yci~':likem~lbns, you~ighflik~tó D join D the mare
\head to the small town of Chinchilla in 3 A just A to get
6
Queensl~nd in February .f,~t, it~ bi~nniąl
.. B almost B getting
„ Ił.elan FestivaL Chinchilla~f89uc~~ about ·•· C simply c to be getting I
.. 25% of Australia's melons ·~iJd ·is known • D practically o h · !
1) „. „ „.. .. • the count~'s %et6n capital'. .," •••• . ·~~-~--·= ·--·~ aving gat /
The festival, which firsttook plącein 1994! is f'articipants- ~tick their . feet·•i~7;··;;SJ;tit·····/
held.Fo Prón1Dte the .melor ..industry ~~Cl. encqurag: v;aterrnelori~~R8.·Ski . down ai~l?P.e ·of soap
tourism. i.n. the r~gion:Howeyer,·· loca't~(t~~·. it'•s~l~§ .•..•. an~sq~ash~~·~el/"~'!K~ąfiji(f~lilttodoas •.•••
abOut; lifting• spih~s-and, judging .• bi'Atfi~~~yłl:rn.•ati · it <4) :.'.: .. J~?!•;n;• •aha • flit~'Hólis . ·to .• watch. ··
the feŚtival •. it's e'a.~~·io··se.:that's.thes~f~~'i;~g~~t°'a.$..... A'.!l&tłlei'aa.z.y aC:tivlf~ is'm~J~ri· bullgee'.)·~l~yeref
are attached1:o'ari~l~~t:ic:cbrd and face eachóttier •r
aC:ro~§·~···~li~~e?Ytt8ci~,t6.t~a~:11•••ą··f11~l?n?ffi~1~i•@k ·~
. also••f11el~~ Jroil /,\~n.~ridlrorWo~~9 .c?~t~;l.s,•as~~~ll. i

·!~e~··cg~lfł~Mh.iia.0.~i~@~J~.~~~~~t~#~;~~. fq~~·· (ł 8
no;tiing'b'Qf~heir~ęacl!'Jh~··~łii!l~pilla Melon{e~tiv~l. ~'
is··~ ofA~st.r~liais(~Ą!l\essandcrazie~tfesti'/.al~.~nd
.·•. ·. arlything ·~W rriefrir1sl?;dlle·· you'r~ guar.antęed.t~.s~~.Ye_ a. •.whale o.fa time ifyou '
.· ·· i >cpopul~r' actjvity/is . g~. ·• You're bound 6);·~;'i-i!~··''''"·····•·
skiing'. incredibly. ·sticl<y an~;rr1essy ····· .·.·.
though, so don 't forgeł: to·•••·
bring ' a Ch~HgEl
clóthes!
 li@.fo.ł@wybór wielokrotny
3 a) Read the text again and mark
the sentences T (True), F (False) or 7 O Do the listening task. Compare with your partner.
DS (Doesn't Say). Justify your r-----------------------~
answers. Correct the false y • \IU•Iy Usłyszysz
1\łYt:) wywiad z kucharzem, który 1
I wziął udział
w teleturnieju telewizyjnym. I
statements.
: Z podanych możliwości odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą. :
The Chinchilla Melon 1 zgodną z treścią wypowiedzi. Zakreśl literę A. B, C lub D. 1
Festival happens once ~-----------------------~
a year in February. 1 The TV game show Masterchef
2 A quarter of Australia's A isn't currently showing on TV.
melons come from B has won several awards.
Chinchilla. C is not for professional chefs.
3 All the activities are D makes a lot of money.
free of charge.
2 When asked if he expected the competition to be so tough,
4 Bungee jumping is a
Jamie comments that
popular activity at
A people told him he should have won.
The Chinchilla Festival.
B he was n 't as skilled as the other chefs.
5 Sometimes people get
C the show increased his confidence.
injured doing the
D he was upset he didn't win.
activities.
3 When Jamie got his bag of 1O unusual foods, he
b) In pairs write four T/F A failed to put all of them into his dish.
statements based on the text. B spent tao many minutes trying to figure out what they were. ;!

Swap your questions with C made the four he didn't recognise into a side dish.
another pair and answer them. D took tao long making a dish with them.

4 Match the words in bold to their 4 The problem with Jamie's main course concerned the
meanings: crushed, enjoyyourse/f, A taste. C temperature.
happening every two years, wet or B portion size. D presentation.
greasy, covered in a thick liquid 5 In Jamie's opinion the country with the best chefs is
substance, chaos. A Britain. B Thailand. C France. D China.

5 You are attending the festival in

Il"
Opis ilustracji [''
the text. Write a postcard to your
i odpowiedzi na pytania
English pen f~d. In your
postcard write where you are,
8 \f,•1t!iiilł·ł/ Opisz zdjęcie, a następnie odpowiedz na pytania.
I
what the weather is like, what
you are doing and how you like
the festival. 1 How do you think the
people \ining the street

Grr.mrą Thinkofafood
festival in your country.
Compare and contrast it with
=-1 are enjoying the pa rade?
2 Which is your favourite
national festival? What
happens during it?
Chinchilla Melon Festival. 3 Have you ever
~~~~~~- '
watched/taken part in a
para de? What was it
\ike?

61
J

Clauses of purpose/
Exclamations
• She turned off the oven. She didn't want to burn
the cake.
She turned off the oven for fear she might/so
as not to burn the cake.
She turned off the oven to avoid burning the cake.
• Julianne left the house early. She wanted to be
at the restaurant on time.
Julianne left the house early in order to/so as to
be at the restaurant on tirne.
• Brenda will stay home. Her mother might need
help with the cooking.
Brenda will stay home, in case her mother needs
help with the cooking.
• The cake was so tasty I had a second helping.
0 Lexicogrammatical word transformations
2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
1 Contact Julie to ask her about the recipe she used for
the cake.
TOUCH Get „ .... „ . „ . „ ... „ „ ... „ „ ... „ „ .• to ask her
about the recipe she used for the cake.
2 We cancelled aur pienie because Sue wasn't feeling well.
OFF We „ .. „ . „ „ •. „ ... „ „ ... „ ..... „ „ „ . „ . to the
fact that Sue wasn't feeling well.
3 Alex quit his studies with a view to becoming a chef.
ORDER Alex quit his studies „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ .
a chef.
4 She gat upset when she burnt the cake and burst
into tears.
SO When she burnt the cake she .. „ „ „ ...
„ ... „ „ . „ „ „ . „ ... „ .... „ „ burst in to tears.

lt was such a tasty cake I had a second helping. 5 Chris said we should have Chinese food tonight.
• lt's such a delicious mea!! HAVING Chris „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ .... „ „ ... „ „ „ . „ „ „ „
This mea! is so delicious! „ .... „ . „ . „ „ . Chinese food tonight.

6 Amy will go on a diet so that she can get slim before

summer.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. AS Amy will go on a diet . „ „ ... „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
Use two to five words. „ „ ... before sum mer.

7 There were no eggs left.

Brian put on an apron. He didn't want to get his
RUN We .. „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ eggs.
clothes dirty.
8 She promised she would stop eating so many sweets.
AVOID Brian put on an apron ...................... .
WORD She ... „ „ ..•. „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ .•. „ „ . „ .. „ . „ „ •. „ . „ „ .
. .. •.. . . „ ..•... his clothes dirty.
she would stop eating so many sweets.
2 Bill bought same flour. He wants to make a cake.
9 I threw the bread away as it was mouldy.
AS Bill bought some flour „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ •...
RIO I . „ . „ •. „ „ . „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ •. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ .
„ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ . „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . a cake.
the bread as it was mouldy.
3 She always wears oven gloves. She doesn't want to
1O We found the cooking class really interesting in the
burn her hands.
OUT The cooking class „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ .
NOT She always wears oven gloves .. „ „ „ „ .
„ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ „ . really int•
. „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ . „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ her hands.
ii 11 My doctor advised me to eat fewer sugarv
4 The cook added mare salt to the soup. She wanted
DOWN My doctor told me I „ „ .
to give it more flavour.
·········•····•············•····•··
ORDER The cook added mare salt to the soup
12 I can't believe thatJudith made the'
............................. mare flavour.
DIFFICULT I „ „ „ .... „ „ .. „ „ .. „ „ .
5 The restaurant was so busy I couldn't get a table.
. „. thatJudith m?
SUCH lt. „ .. „ ... „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ .
13 You don't need to cook dinner
I couldn't get a table. -
6 She threw out the ald meat. She didn't want to get us to eat out.
POINT There „ .. „ „
food poisoning.
l've arranr
MIGHT She threw out the ald meat „ „ „ „ „ .. „
14 Jake is proud of his coc
.. „ „ „ „ •. „ food poisoning.
PRIDE Jake .
7 lt's such a tasty dish.
·-r his c
SO This „ „ „ .... . ... „ .. „ „ tasty.
15 I can't wait to go
8 I will make same sandwiches. The children might be
FORWARD I'
hungry.
CASE I will make same sandw1Ches .
„ . hungry.

62
, Word formation ' Lexical multiple choice items
3 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold. 4 Choose the correct answer.

1 "Please sit down at the table everyone. l'm ready

to „ „ . dinner."
A deliver B serve C provide D supply
2 "Do you know what the best foods are to „„.

muscles?"
A form B erect C build D fix
What would you do if you ran out of cleaning products just 3 lt's silly to go to Asia and not try the local „„ ..

as you were about to finish your household chores? Would A servings B dishes C plates D platters
you run to the supermarket to buy mare? You needn't! 1ii 4 Children must not take diet pills as they can „ „ .
Head straight for your kitchen and you'll find il the growing body.
1) ( exact) .......................... what you need! Take peanut il A involve B affect C impress D impact
butter. for example. Everyone knows it makes a great
afternoon snack but did you know that peanut butter can
also be used to remove dirty marks from a leather couch?
You might also be surprised to learn about the cleaning !
I
I
5 So~ drinks are full of . „ „ additives.
A destructive B risky C hurtful
6 My favourite food is „„.
D harmful
tomatoes but my si ster
properties of milk. lf you get an ink stain on your shirt, can't stand them.
2) (simple) ..... „ ....•.. „ ... „ ..... soak your shirt in a bawi of . A crammed B filled C stuffed D packed
milk for an hour. And don't use pepper just to make a meal i! 7 I always „ „ . myself a fresh orange juice in the morning.
3) (taste) ................ „ ... „ ........ Put same in your washing !1 A squeeze B press C squash D crush
machine tao! Adding a teaspoon of pepper to your laundry ij
j 8 How can I „ „ . down on calories without feeling

l
can help to prevent dark-coloured clothes from 4) (fade)
deprived?
.. „ ....•.........•....•......... lt will also leave your clothes smelling ~
A lower B omit C cut D slim
beautiful. These methods might sound 5) (believe)
....••... „.„ .•.....•.... , but they werk! So remember, the best . 9 I really recommend this restaurant. lt serves „ „ •
recipe for a sparkling home might just be in your kitchen · Mexican food.
cupboard! Jl A authentic B valid C factual D accurate
-'-'-"""""'':7-'"==·~==.~-==oo -- -- = -= 1O This cookbook contains a great recipe for Thai-
style noodles in „ „ . sauce.
· Multiple choice cloze
A weighty B thick C heavy D dense
'3 Read the text and choose the correct answer.

Europeans and Americans would never drearń 1) · · : „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. eating

except perhaps to win a bet or as a dare:Yet, for 2) „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ..
insects are an important part ofa. healthy diet. Entomophagy (the 1 A to 4 A on
,, of eating insects) is popular in Asia, Africa, Australia and South B of B at
In all, 1,417 kinds of insects are eaten by. nearly 3,000 ethnic groups c on c for
e world. In Asia, diners can enjoy moths. and dragonflies. Some D about D in
\c. ltures eat crickets and grasshoppers. There's a good reason 2 A many 5 A eat
: „ „ „ „ „ „ . entomophagy is so popular ar6undthe.world .. lnsects are
B much B to eat
...icJs. Caterpillars, for exaniple, c?nt~in.28, gral1/s ?f prot~in per 1OO c lots c eating :11
· inw 4) „ „ „ „ . „ „ .. „ .. „ „ .. fot, and are a great source of B vitamins.
D lot D ate
Iii
3re very cheap to farm. So, why do Europeans and Americans
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ . insects? Some historians think that Europeans 3 A why 6 A right
insects because they had a 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „. cli mate for B how B suitable I

from farm animals, and so started getting their protein this c for c correct
e reason. for the time being, Europeans and Americans will D which D pro per
·avelling abroad if they want to enjoy insect cuisine. -~-~---'--·-"''"_„_,_„ ___,

63
 b) Read the essay beiow and put
IQ@j,I!' Opis wydarzenia I the verbs in the correct tense in the
active or the passive. Then match
A descriptive essay about an event or a the headings to the paragraphs.
celebration consists of:
• an introduction in which we give the name,
place, and reason(s) for the event or
celebration.
• a main body consisting of two separate
paragraphs in which we first describe the
preparations and then the actual event. (We
use the present tense to describe annual
events/festivals and the past tense to describe
a festival we attended in the past.)
• a conclusion in which we describe people's
feelings and make comments or give our final
thoughts about the event.
Essays describing events are usually found in
newspapers, magazines, and brochures and the
style used depends on our intended reader.
QI] The Keene Pumpkin Festival is a food festival with a

• We should use a variety of adjectives and

difference. lt 1) takes place (take place) every year in Keene,
adverbs to make our description more vivid and New Hampshire, USA and it 2) ................ (usually/hold) on a
interesting. Saturday in mid to late October. Duńng the festival, residents and
• We can use the passive tenses to describe visitors 3) ......... „ .. „ . (attempt) to set the world record for
events when the activities are more important amassing the largest number of lit pumpkin lanterns.
than the person who does/did them. m=J When I 4) .. ... .. .. ... ... . ... (arrive) in Keene, I was
absolutely stunned by the preparations going on. All the
residents 5) ........................... (buy) big pumpkins and
1 a) Read the rubric and underline the key
6) . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . . (carve) faces in them. A huge stand
words, then answer the questions.
7) ................ (set up) forthe pumpkins in the town centre and
r---------------------~
1 \ł&Sil!i.f/ Czasopismo turystyczne poprosiło I hundreds of carved pumpkins with candles inside
: czytelników o przysyłanie tekstów : 8) ................... (place) on it. People 9) ..................... .
1 zawierających (prepare) all sorts of delicious pumpkin dishes for the festival.
opis
I festiwalu. Napisz tekst
corocznego lokalnego 1
o festiwalu (200-250 słów), I
: w którym ostatnio brałeś/-aś udział. Twój opis :
ru On the day of the festival, the streets were crowded with
people and there were food tasting stands and st~
t powinien objąć przygotowania do festiwalu 1 everywhere. I 1 O) .................... (take part) in a pie eating
I I wydarzenia mu towarzyszące. I competition but I couldn't eat much and so went and watched
~---------------------~
Which of the following should you not write people participating in a pumpkin seed spitting competition. lt
was hilańous. Later, there were severa! live concerts where
about? Give reasons.
everyone 11) .................. (dance) and having fun. The climax
A a festival held every year in your country
of the evening was the officia! pumpkin count. All the candles in
B a ceremony that takes place every year in
the pumpkins 12) .............. (light) and they 13) ............... .
a Foreign country
(look) amazing. Then, there was a big fireworks display.
C an event held once a week in your town
~At the end of the festival, everyone was thrilled when we
2 Which of the following must you include in beat the record again! I 14) ................ (have) such a great
your essay? time I was really sorry to go home. I can't wait for next year's
A important monuments in your area
festival!
B description of the actual event
C detailed description of the town
D preparation before the event
3 Which tense(s) should you mainly use7 Why7

64
2 a) Fili in the gaps in the paragraphs with
adjectives from the list. Which extract(s)
describe(s) an annual event? Which describes
a past event?
• wonderful • friendly
• sad • fantastic
3 Read the example. Then write paragraphs A and
B, putting the verbs in bold into the passive.
Schooichildren in the UK ceiebrate Harvest Festival in
September or October.
Harvest Festival is ceiebrated by schooichildren in the UK in
September or October

~
When the festival ended I I' They display their traditional foods at stalls and
they offer people samples to taste. They also give
felt a little 1) ......................... I
talks on their techniques and show documentaries
and didn't want to leave. 1had ~
about their work. The public appreciate it greatly.
such a 2) ............... „.„ ........
weekend and would have liked the
events to continue. The people we re < . . •••.· People in the USA celebrate Thanksgiving on the
very 3) ... „....................... and all the pe1ormances were fourth Thursday of November. People hold parades in
4) „„„.„ ... „.„„„„„ .. I was already thinking of reserving most towns in which marching bands play tunes and
my place for my next year. young people perform dances. Floats also carry giant
cartoon characters through the streets. Afterwards,
• coveted • prestigious families all over the country eat a traditional meal of
• lavish • top turkey, mashed potatoes and pumpkin.

Cannes Film Festival is one of • Yourturn

the world's most
1) „„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„ film
4 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words.
r---------------------~
festivals. lt takes place once I \ł&f!tiiii.f/ R~dakcja międzynarodo":'e~o :
a year in May in Cannes ir : czasopisma poprosiła czytelnikow 1
the South of France. This 1 o przysyłanie tekstów opisujących interesujący 1
famous event is attended by all I coroczny festiwal odbywający się w ich kraju. I
the 2) .„.„„ .. „„.„„.„„„ film directors : Napisz tekst (200-250 słów) spełniający :
and actors from around the world. Hig 1 wymagania czasopisma. 1
3) „„„„„„„„.„„„.„.„„ opening ceremonY, where a red ~---------------------·
b) Choose a festival and make notes under the
carpet is rolled out for the stars to walk on, and the handing
out of the highly 4) „„„„„ .. „.„„„„„ .. Palme d'Or film award. headings. Name - Date/place -Events before -
eflvents during - Feelings/comments
• lovely • exciting • delicious 5 Now, use your ideas to write your essay. Use
One or two weeks before the phrases from the Useful Language box.
'Ouanwu', or Dragon Festival, the
yearly preparations begin. People
build or adapt boats to look like
dragons and paint them red, white, •. „.is lield every ;;, in :·.: f • it takes place in ;.; .
yellow, and black in preparation i Preparatidns start „. . • People (make f/oats, c/ean
the bi9 1) .... ,.. „.„„„„„„ .. „„ boat race. their houses, put up decorations etc). .
People also prepare 2) „.. „„„„„ .. „.„ .. „„„ zong 1, • Ontlieactual day (there are pórades in the streets,
peop/e clress up in costumes, peop/e watch f/oats
a pyramid·shaped dumpling made of glutinous riCe wrapped
corrying „. through the streets etc).
in bamboo leaves. Families make 3) .. „„„„„.„„ .. „.„„ .. „ little
• In the evening people (have dinnerwith their friends
Chinese knots and aroma pouches to bring good luck to their and family, have parties, watch fireworks displays etc).
children. • lt's a (greatlamazing etc) festival. Everyone has
a great time. • lt is a day full of surprises.
b) Which paragraph is an introduction, which is a
main body paragraph and which is a conclusion?
65
 Dobieranie I
1 Which fruit/vegetables can you see in the
photograph? Which ones do you like?

2 Why do you think different food is coloured

differently? What do you think you can tell about
food from its colour? Read the text to find out.

3 Do the reading task. Justify your answers. What

is the author's purpose in writing this text?
r--------------------~
I \t •.f!1illi.f/
1 Przeczytaj tekst, z kt~rego usun~ęto I
I cztery zdania. Dobierz brakuiące I
: zdania (A-E). tak aby otrzymać spójną :
1 I logiczną całość. W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz 1
1 literę, którą oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. 1
I Jedno zdanie zostało podane dodatkowo I nie I
I pasuje do tekstu. I
~--------------------~

Think the colour of the food on your plate simply makes it are filled with vitamin C. Vitamin C improves circulation,
pretty to look at but has no real impact on you? Think helps to heal cuts, and prevents inflammation and heart
aga in! Our brains are hard-wired to respond to colour in disease. IT[]
food - so much so in fact, that we usually 'taste' food Avocados, green apples and limes are just same of the
according to its colour, not its actual flavour! In taste · veritable bounty of green foods that are good for us.
tests, when flavourless yellow colouring iś added to Vanilla Green foods are rich in vitamins A, K, and E, as well as
ice-cream, people think they are eating banana or leman fibre and calcium. Eating green foods reduces the risk of
ice-cream. ITIJ Our brains, in other words; reinterpret colon cancer, ensures strong bones and healthy eyes, and
the true flavours present in food in the lightof the colours can speed healing time by 25 percent.
present! Blue/purple food is generally the food that people
But why do we react so strongly to colour? Scientists find the least appealing. ~ Nevertheless, certain
think it's because back when we were hunter-gatherers, blue/purple foods (e.g. aubergines, blueberries) are very
we relied on colour to identify what food waś good to healthy. Blue foods contain flavonoids which redu~the
eat. We learntto avoid food that was blue/black because risk of cancers, stroke and heart disease. Substances in
this colour is usually a sign food is rotten. Conversely, we them also fight the aging process, by improving memory
carne to love brightly-coloured food because vibrant function and skin health.
colours are usually a sign food is fresh and full of So, if you want to fee! as bright and vibrant as a rainbow,
goodness. make sure you eat a selection of foods 'from the rainbow'
Today, doctors know that a diet full of foods 'from the every day!
rainbow' (i.e. red, orange, yellow, green. and blue. foods)
provides the human body with the nutrients it needs to
stay healthy. Red foods like raspberries and pink
grapefruit for instance, have many health benefits. They
are rich in minerals such as potassium and iron, and are
packed full of anthocyanins. fil
Orange-coloured foods like cantaloupes and pumpkins
contain substances which help to keep aur skin and eyes
healthy. They also protect us from infections by boosting
our immune system. Yellow foods like pineapples and corn

66
 Ji@r@!.itf Prawda/fałsz
4 Match the words in bold to their meaning:
reexplain, decayed, soreness, effect, depended, vivid, 1OO Do the listening task. Justify your answers.
attractive, programmed, blood flow, on the contrary, r-----------------------,
\łt'•®ll!i.f/ Usłyszy.sz . dwu~rotnie pewną osobę
I I
guarantees, generous amount, strengthening, rotten. I wypow1ada1ącą się na
temat zdrowego I
: odżywiania. Na podstawie Informacji zawartych :
5 Choose the correct preposition.
1 w nagraniu zdecyduj, które zdania (1-5) są zgodne 1
1 z treścią tekstu (TRUE), a które nie (FALSE). Zaznacz I
1 What we eat has an impact on/at how we feel.
I znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. I
2 The human mind responds in/to colours and ~-----------------------~
turns them into messages. True False
3 Colours are added in/to the food to make it look 1 The speaker believes there's no
attractive. excuse to buy ready-made meals.
4 Red meat and dark leafy greens are rich at/in 2 Our bodies can't tell the difference
iron. between vitamins in natura! and
5 Proteins protect us from/for viruses. processed foods.
6 Broccoli is filled in/with vitamin C. 3 A 100-gram portion of meat is not
sufficient to meet our daily needs.
6 Fili in: healthy, vibrant, benefits, hea/, human, 4 You can meet your daily meat
immune, heart, healing. Make sentences using requirements by eating eggs and
the completed phrases. beans.
1 „ „ „ „ „ . colours 5 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ system 5 A yellow pumpkin has tower levels
2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ body 6 to . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ cuts of nutrients than an orange one.
3 to stay „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 7 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . disease
' - - Odgrywanie roli I
ljE•y4151ml
4 health „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ 8 „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . time
11 a) Read the rubric. Brainstorm for ideas under
lways of eating I each heading. e.g. place: house garden, restaurant etc.
r----------------------,
I 11 I t#\ ą1 Planujesz przyjęcie powitalne dla I
7 Fili in with: munch, chew, gobble, bite, /ick, nibb/e, I \.Ił!. !11'••1 kolegi/koleżanki z Anglii, który/-a I
snack in their correct form. I przyjeżdża do Ciebie w ramach wymiany I
I studenckiej. W rozmowie z nim/nią omów I
1 When my mum bakes a cake, always ask to I poniższe kwestie: I
I I
„ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the bowl!
I I
2 I love it when I „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . into a fresh, I I
crisp apple.
3 My Mum is always reminding me to . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
i: :
my food thoroughly before I swallow it. ~----------------------~
b) Use language from the Useful Language box
4 Ben „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ at the food on his plate to act out your dialogue.
because he didn't have much of an appetite.
5 I tend to „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ down my food when
l'm really hungry. •We could have the party at .„ . • Would you like to
6 lt's so annoying when people „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ hold the party at .„? • There are „ .. people invited,
on crisps really loudly during a film.
including „ . . • I think we
could have (sdndwiches/
pizza etc):<• My mum's going to make :„
7 I try not to . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ . during the day and • We can buy (cake, ice cream etc). froin the
stick to eating just 3 meals. •We can organise a (dancecompetition,treasurehunt etc).

8 Tell the class three things you have learnt from c) OListen to two people doing the task.
the text. Compare their dialogue to yours.

9 !ICT Iin groups, collect more information about

Quotations_ _ _ __
A bo11se is nnt a bn111e 1111fess it cn11tai11s.fond and.fire
the colour of food and its relation to health. ji1r the 111i11d as trefl os !be boc(J'.
Present it to the class. {Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790, US politician) 67
i
.....J
 MODULE
pi.!fl®fil@ Shops & services I 'Complaining I
1 Read the sentences and write which kind of shop or service is 4 Complete the sentences with the
being referred to. words below.

• hairdresser's • estate agent's • bakery • travel agent's • full • complain • exchange

• greengrocer's • clothes shop • bank • toy shop • faulty • refund • return
1 l'd like to apply for a credit card, please. bank This camera doesn't work at all. l'd
2 We're looking for a 3-bedroom fiat in the area. like a full „ „ „ „ . „ . .
3 We'd like to book a beach holiday in Spain. 2 Could I ..... „ „ .. it for a new one?
4 This coat doesn't fit. Do you have it in a bigger size? ............ . 3 l'd like to get my money back in
5 We only sell organie fruit and vegetables. ............ .
6 We can fit you in at 4 pm for a cut and blow-dry. ............ . 4 This CD player is .. „ ... „ . . . 1'11 take it
7 l'm looking for a remote-control car for my nephew. ............ . back to the shop.
;;:
8 l'd like six white bread rolls and a wholemeal loaf, please .......... . 5 lt's the wrong size. 1'11 „ „ „ „ „ . it to
the shop.
'Buying & selling I 6 Is the manager here? I' d like to
.„ ......... about the poor service.
• Col/ocations
2 Fili in the gaps in the text messages. 'Advertisingl
• final • designer • opening • special • gift
...
5 Complete the classified ads with
···.··· the words below. Which ads are
Saw odvertisement about LB Let's go together on not trying to sell something?
Harro ds sale in paper. Scturdcy morning! I have o
They have 1) 3) voucher for • good condition • giving away
off ers on 2) Hcrrcds thet I went to spend. • ultra-fashionable • low prices
labels. !nterested? Tina Cen ycu check the 4)

..
time? Let me know. Jo
f
•. ~-•,A
·l2~,~_-,elri~:~~d~~~s~{~&0 be.
~~~~~i~~:~~~~f~~~~%t
~ Opens et 10 cm. Scturdcy's the
5) dcy of the sale. i ·}
: : : , We con't miss it! Tina
· caliK:l1~ „~·o7/łiiil7i8'4'9
I.
.
·····~·fi>:
• Verb phrases
3 Fili in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs below.
• launch • pay • place • buy • be • look • try • get

1 Look at that amazing blue dress that .. „. „ . „ „ .• on display in the

clothes shop!
2 Peter lost the receipt for his shoes, so he can't „ . . . . „ .... a refund
from the shop. We repair TVs and stereos.
3 The fashion label hired a famous actress .„ ... „ „ .. their new product. 3) .. „ .. „ .. „ „ „ .. „, on all second-hand
electrical goods.
4 I buy my clothes from online catalogues, where I simply
Visit us at 12 Duke Street.
„ . „ „ „ . „ •• a mail order and wait for the post to arrive.

5 I have nothing to wear and very little money, so l'm going IMiscellaneous I
„ „ .....•• „ . for same bargains at the market.
· 1need space, not money. •f
6 Don't you want „ . „ „ •• „ . those jeans on before you buy them? / '.ftw

.~
So, l'm 4) ..... „„ ....... „ ... „.
7 You can „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . for your new car in monthly instalments.
my old books and CDs.
i \ 8 Chain stores can sell clothes cheaply because they . „ . in

bulk directly from the manufacturer. garyparker91@geemail.com

l. I
68
IBanks & money I • Verb phrases
8 Fili in the correct verb in the correct form: change,
o Collocations manage, write, take, transfer, cash, deposit, pay.
6 Fili in the gaps with: cash, PIN, interest, debit, ,-·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------h~--~-~--j
[ 1 lf you show same ID you can ......................... ac q l
traveller's, student, Foreign, insurance.
i at any branch of the bank. ':
You should cover the keypad so that no one sees i: 2 You can eas1·1 y „.„.„.„„„.„„„.„ .. „. any dollars you have i,
your .................. number.
\ on you into euros. \
z lt's safer to use ................ cheques than to change l 3 Internet banking allows you ................................... your [
all your money at once when you go abroad.
! finances from home. \
3 You can buy ............... currency at the airport, but [ 4 Money that is ................................ in your account alter [
it's cheaper to change your money before you travel. \ 3 pm is available to you the next day. . \
4 The ..... ..... ... ... ... ... ... . premium for our home \ 5 When ............................... a cheque, remember to fill 1n [
cover has gone up to BO per month. ! the amount, sign it and date it. !
5 Is it all right if I write you a cheque, or would you i
6 lf you want to start your own business, you can \
prefer me to pay you .in .......................... 7. ! ........................
out a loan. [
6 I always pay my supermarket bill by ..................... . i
7 ........................ money between your accounts \
card. I just key in my number and the amount i is simple using the bank's online service. i
automatically comes out of my account. \ a You can set up monthly payments as a way of :,
7 You can open a(n) ......................... account if
you're going to university.
!.._______:::::::::...~ ...:::~::_~~-~?~~-~:.~:.:._________ __________________!
8 John is looking for a bank with a low .
rate before he decides to take out a loan. • Word formation
9 Fili in the correct word derived from the words
7 Fili in the gaps in the dialogue with the verbs in in bold.
their correct form: key in, make, charge, apply,
elear, shop, open, withdraw. lt's h~r.? t()in]agi~elivin~ ;vithoQt~Mhc~td~~aBq\~fMs ~r ••
A: l'm thinking about 1) .................... for a credit card
for the first time.
8: Really? But you're good with money. Why do you
·:tiTłiliłlf~łilłł·
.. cashier:. t\nd n~waĆfays,.t?ey .can ,?:ńe~'~I~? oeps,e,dl():i)':
need a credit card? c~rryou!()lh~r.~l()r~n~~ct), ... ,.;.... {.~:·"sgq_~~siJayi~ltJ .•.
·_bills.• Howeve~•t~erea;~r1sysiflv61ved]n~,si~fic~sfjc~d-~­
A: l've just begun 2) ..... „ ........ „„. online - but a lot of
site\:fion't accept my debit card. Just yesterday I
and ATM.4) .• (us.~)_.'··•:···········'... ,sllould,tak'e,stepst?:hąep'~'}.··
3) .....'. .............. an account with an online retailer
.their 5J-(save).·... „._„ ..:.. ,, ... secure.firsil)',yqy~l]o,~1dąą,fe~··
that has the MP3 player I want at a good price, only
to discover that I can only 4) .„ .... „.„ ....... . giveautyiJur,f'[~ .• nll~bpr<Jr'15sCi~.nt~~I~Rś-_1f~RP•. :g.;·
purchases by credit card. (represerli) .•... ::.:.,,.:....:... ,, ..... ,,·lfo111your~~~8~~)~Y9~E,' I
8: I have a credit card. lt's true that they're mare widely and asks you for7) (pers~~) ·...•.·· ·. I
accepted online than debit cards. The problem is, .......... ,„ .......... infomfatióri,_n'i~ke
you need to make sure you 5) ................ „ .. your sure they are who they say they
debt every month, otherwise they 6) ....................... . are before you give t~em any ··-········
you interest. details_'.Alsó, bevery careful·,····•·.·
A: I don't think that will be a problem for me. Tell me, is when you use ATMs. Coveithe i
it easy 7) ....... „ ......... cash from ATM machines with keypadwithyourhan? when you
a credit card? enter your PIN (personal .
8: lt's the same procedure as yvith a dębit card - it's just identification number) and look
a case of inserting the card into the cash machine and
out for people acting 8)
8) .................... your PIN number. But there's usually a
(suspicious) ............... „.„ ... „ ••...
charge if you use a credit card, unfortunately.
close by.
, l 8: Oh I see. Weil rll only use my debit card for cash i l
\\ wi;hdrawals then. j) '
! !

iffPJfi,i!' Dobieranie I
1 Why do you think shopping centres are popular
with shoppers? Do you like shopping in shopping
centres? Why I Why not?
2 In which country do you think the world's first
shopping centre opened? Read through to find
out about one of the world's first indoor
shopping centres.
3 Do the reading task. Which words and phrases
helped you to decide on the right sentence?
70
To this day it helps to create the light and airy feel
that is part of The Passage's special appeal.
B Traders who imported their goods liked the fact that
one of the floors of The Passage was used as
warehouse space.
C As in its early years, it's not somewhere for just
anyone to enjoy a spot of retail therapy.
D Before long people were flocking to the centre in such
droves that an admission charge was introduced.
E But one thing that's beyond dispute is that one of the
most beautiful of all the early shopping centres stands
in St Petersburg, Russia.
r-----------------------,
1\1jMrmttl'j/ Przeczytaj te_kst, z któr~go usunię_to cztery1
I zdania. Dobierz braku;ące zdania (A-E), I
I tak aby otrzymać spójną i logiczną całość. W każdą 1
1
lukę (1-4) wpisz literę. którą oznaczone jest brakujące :
zdanie. Jedno zdanie zostało podane dodatkowo i nie ;
pasuje do tekstu. i
-----------------------~
1
4 Match the highlighted words in lill!i•fo•i@wybór wielokrotny I
the text to their synonyms below:
connected, very large, dramatic
9 O Read the rubric and the questions, then do the listening task.
r-----------------------~
changes, high-class, call for action, I \f 1ł1 f!1!1Ji.f/ Usłys:ysz
wywiad na te~a: zan.i~ania 1
improvements to a building, famous, I centrow handlowych w srodmlesctach. I
mem ber of the upper classes, look at : Z podanych możliwości odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą. 1
goods for sale without buying anything, 1 zgodną z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl literę A. B, C lub D. :
people of high social standing. ~-----------------------~
1 Ernie says traditional shopping areas are suffering because
5 Fili in: previous, full, claim, luxury, people naw prefer to
establish, treat, early, survive. Make A use large stores. C spend their time at home.
sentences about The Passage B receive American-style service. D travel to go shopping.
using the completed phrases.
2 Ernie thinks the main reason out-of-town shopping centres are
1 .. „ „ „ „ . to be 6 to „ „ „ „ wars doing well is their
2 „„„„ owners 7 be restored in A opening hours. C big-name stores.
3 „„.„„ goods ...................' B low prices. D free parking.
4 in its „ „ „ „ „ . 8 to „ „ „
3 Ernie predicts that the loss of town centre shops will have a
years yourself to a
negative effect on
5 to „ „ „ „ „ . „ . a co ffee
A people's quality of life. C people's mobility.
reputation as
B town centre architecture. D tourism figures.

6 Choose the correct verb. 4 The presenter goes to his !ocal shops to
A spend time with friends.
The architect was inspired/
B find good-quality food.
influenced by a building in Moscow.
C receive good advice from the staff.
2 The building was released/
D avoid parking problems.
unveiled to the public in 1848.
3 The architect tried to retain/hold 5 Ernie suggests it should be less expensive to
the original design. A travel by taxi.
4 The shopping centre hosts/houses B park in town centres.
150 shops as well as coffee shops, C run a shop in a town centre.
restaurants and cinemas. D buy gift vouchers for town centre shops.
5 The architect established/formed
an international reputation for his
1OLook at the pictures and do the speaking task.
unusual designs. Wypowiedź na podstawie
materiału stymulującego
7 Compare a shopping
r----------------------------~
centre in your country to The I \ł 1f1 !!Hiii·f/ Przyjrzyj się zdjęciom nr 1, 2 I 3. ~bliża. s~ę koniec roku t il! :
i

Passage.
I szkolnego. Chcesz podzlękowac swojej trenerce za I
I całoroczny wysiłek. Zastanawiasz się, jakiego rodzaju bon I
I prezentowy jej podarować. I
8 In groups, design : Wybierz najbardziej odpowiednie miejsce do zrealizowania :
your own shopping centre. What 1 bonu i uzasadnij swoją decyzję. I
shops and facilities would it I , Wyjaśnij, dlaczego odrzuclłeś/'aś pozostałe propozycje. I
house? Give it a name. Present ·----------------------------~
\
your shopping centre to the class.
I I
Quotations _ _ 1
\ri' used to h11ild civifi::atiolls. l'./nu' u·e
b11ild shoppi11g ce11/res.
Bill Bryson
71
J
 0 lexicogrammatical word transformations
~1111 Adjectives/ Adverbs/
Comparisons 2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
• Harrods is mare expensive than Selfridges. As food prices increase, the cost of living becomes
Selfridges isn't as expensive as Harrods. higher.
Selfridges is less expensive than Harrods. UP The.
• Can't you buy cheaper jeans than those? the higher the cost of living becomes.
Are those the cheapest jeans you can buy? 2 Shawn was tired and did not want to go shopping.
• The blue sweater costs the same as the red one. UKE Shawn was tired and did not
The blue sweater costs as much as the red one. ............... shopping.
• l've never seen such an expensive wedding dress. 3 Jack is on good terms with the supermarket manager.
lt's the most expensive wedding dress l've ever seen. WELL Jack . . ........... .
• As he earns mare money, he becomes greedier. ............ the supermarket manager.
The mare money he earns, the greedier he becomes. 4 This MP3 player was the best one that you could
• Those trousers are similar to these ones. have chosen.
Those trousers and these ones are alike. MADE You couldn't ....
• This shop assistant is very rude to customers. than this MP3 player.
This shop assistant behaves very rudely towards 5 The sunglasses cost less than Peter had expected.
customers. AS The sunglasses
. ..................... Peter had expected.
• I prefer shopping in the high street to shopping online.
6 My sister's new kitchen is as big as my entire house!
l'd prefer to shop in the high street rather than shop,
SAME My sister's new kitchen
online.
.............................. my entire house!
l'd rather shop in the high street than shop online.
7 I told Anna she shouldn't have quit her job at the
• She's the most helpful shop assistant of all.
clothes shop.
She's mare helpful than the other shop assistants.
FOOLISH I told Anna it was ..
...... .. up her job at the clothes shop.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
8 The shopping centre was nearer than we thought.
Use two to five words.
NOT The shopping centre „ .

My coat is warmer than my jacket. . ... .. ......... . ...... we thought.

AS My jack et .. ......... my coat. 9 John didn't know anything about the new deal.
2 Can't you find a nicer top than that? UNAWARE John ...... .............. .
NICEST Is that ......................... you can find? ..................... the new deal.
3 The silver necklace costs the same as the gold one. 1O I wish I hadn't lost the receipt.
MUCH The silver necklace ........................ . SHAME lt's .... .......... the receipt.
.................................... the gold one. 11 That dress and this one are alike .
4 l've never seen sucha beautiful handbag. TO That dress .. ......... this one.
MOST lt's the ...... . ........ ever seen. 12 The salesman described the shoplifter to us in detail.
5 As she works more hours, she becomes more tired. FULL The salesman ................... .
THE The more hours . . .............. . ........... of the shoplifter.
she becomes. 13 I can't afford this car.
6 This shirt is similar to that one. TOO This car is .... buy.
AND This shirt . ............................ alike. 14 I advise you to buy it as prices may go up next year.
7 The workers are very polite towards their manager. CASE You ............ .
BEHAVE The workers ... . ......... . .. prices go up next year.
. .. towards their manager. 15 The cotton blouse is cheaper than the silk one .
8 l'd prefer to go home rather than go to the EXPENSIVE The silk blouse .
shopping centre. .............. the cotton one.
RATHER l'd ......................... . 16 Would you post a letter for me, please?
.. ... to the shopping centre. KIND Would you be .
9 This is the most expensive TV we've ever seen. . post a letter for me, plea se'
SUCH We've ..
.......... TV

J
72
l
' Word formation
0 Lexical multiple choice items
3 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold. 4 Choose the correct answer.

What are the shops'. „. hours at weekends?

For some tourists it's
the most exciting A opening C working
thing about shopping B starting D functioning
abroad, white for 2 This laptop comes with a two-year .„ ..
others it's the most A certificate B contract C warranty D bond
dreaded! Haggling is a
3 He puts 10% ofwhat he „„. into a savings account.
way of deciding on
the cost of an item A acquires B earns C achieves D gains
by arguing for a 4 lf you show your student card, you get a . „ „
cheaper pńce. In A discount C deduction
Western Europe and B cut D percentage
North America, it is usually only used to decide on the pńce
5 I tried to sell the ring but they said it was „„ ..
of expensive items such as property or 1) Uewe I)
A priceless C valuable
„„„„„„„„ but in many parts of the world, haggling is
accepted for even the smallest goods or 2) (serve) B invaluable D worthless
„„„„„„„„„„ ... Usually, haggling occurs in market stalls 6 l'm sorry, we don't have any of those phones in
or small shops that are run by one person. For tourists, it „ „ „ but we could order one for you.

can be a 3) (memory) „„„.„„„„„.„„ expeńence! For A availability B supply C range D stock

one thing, it is probably the best way to interact with the 7 The kiosk outside the station does very good „ „ „ .
locals. But be 4) (care) „„„„„„„„„„„! Firstly, don't
A business B trading C dealings D eustom
begin haggling for an item if you're not interested init. lf a
pńce is agreed, it would be 5) (extreme) „.„„„.„„„„„„ 8 The town council has been given „„. to build a
rude not to buy it. Also, a 6) (use) „„.„„„„„„„„. tip is new shopping centre.
to ask the shop owner for a price before you start A funding C investment
negotiating. This will give you some idea of the item's B capital D property
worth; usually around half the trader's first price. 9 Before we buy it, let's „ „ . prices online.
A resemble B contrast C cornpare D identify
o Multiple choice cloze 10 The music store is no longer making a(n) „ „ ..
5 Read the text and choose the correct answer. A profit B gain C value D income

Have you ever wondered why most supermarkets basically look the same? lt's not because supermarket companies
1) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ imagination; the fact is most supermarkets are designed with the same theories in 2) „„.„„„„„„ • Environmental
psychologisls study how people react to their surroundings, and in recent years, retail companies have used this science to
increase sales in their shops. Take a closer look at the common supermarket.
In most supermarkets the first section customers arrive at when they 4 A will visit
go through the entrance is fruit and vegetables. At first glance, it 1 A miss s have visited
doesn't make sense; these items can easily 3) „.„„„„„„„.„„ and B lack c visit
would be mare suitably displayed at the end of the shopping trip. But c lose D will be visiting
environmental psychologists have discovered thai alter customers buy D pass
5 A be
healthy products, they fee! less guilty about buying unhealthy products. 2 A mind
B being
Think about where the milk and bread are kept in your supermarket. B consideration
C to be
These products are examples of 'destination items'; items that most C thought
people buy when they 4) „„.„„„„„„„. a shop. Companies place D having been
D account
destination items at the back to force customers to walk through the 6 A set
shop and see mare products. What can we, as customers, do to avoid 3 A damaged B list
5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the victims of these techniques? The best idea is to B darnage c note
write a 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of the items you need before you go shopping, c are darnaged D piece
whether it is for groceries or clothes, and stick to it as strictly as you can. D get darnaged

J
 IQ@hifiJ Rozprawka I 1
An essay making suggestions for " .
solving problems is a forma! piece of 1··
writing in which we offer solutions to a
problem and explain the expected
results. lt usually consists of:
• an introduction in which we state
the problem and aur opinion on it.
• a main body in which we present
our suggestions and their expected
results in separate paragraphs.
• a conclusion in which we
summarise aur opinion or restate it
in different words.
We link our ideas using appropriate
linkers to help our reader fellow our
piece of writing.
Linkers
• introduce topie- evidently, clearly,
obviously, certainly, by and large, in
general, generally, these days,
undoubtedly
• introduce ideas - in the first place, first
of all, to start with, to begin with, for one
thing, first, firstly, secondly, finally, lastly,
last of all, lost but not least (for fina I
point only)
• add points (can be used at the
beginning of or within a paragraph)
- furthermore, in addition, what is mare,
also, moreover, additionally, likewise, for
another thing
• introduce supporting detail - for
example, for instance, in other words,
that is to say, after all
• indicate result - as a result, consequently,
this!thatway, it follows that, therefore,
accordingly, in tum, then, this will/would
• show contrast - nevertheless, however,
despite!in spite of (the fact that)
• conclude - in short, in conclusion, to
sum up, to conclude, all in all, all things
considered, in the end, taking everything
into account
Note: Linkers are used in a piece of
writing to give it structure and to help
the reader fellow the ideas. However,
incorrect usage of linkers can cause
confusion. Likewise, overuse of linkers
gets in the way of the ideas and can
make a piece of sound repetitive.
li
74
. I'
a) Read the rubric and answer the questions.
r-----------------------,
: \ł\~f!iiłli·V/
Rozmawialiście w klasie na temat tego. jak I
1
reklama zachęca dzieci do kupowania :
1 zbędnych rzeczy, na które rodzice nie mogą sobie 1
I pozwolić. Napisz rozprawkę (200-250 słów), w której I
•.·•.·•.· : zaproponujesz rodzicom sposoby zwalczania 1
·•
; 1 szkodliwego wpływu reklamy. :
·; ~-----------------------~
What will the essay be about?
2 Who is going to read it?
., 3 Can you think of same ways to protect children from advertising?
b) Read the model essay. Are any of your suggestions from
Ex. 1a mentioned in it?
These days we are bombarded
with advertising for toys and
" food products aimed at
children, particularly on TV.
Clearly !his can have a
negative effect on families
struggling to pay their bills.
However, parents can take
steps to reduce the influence
of advertising on children.
First of all, il is a good
idea for parents to limit the
amount of television their children watch. This way, the fewer
ads they see, the less they will ask for treats. They could
record programmes to watch together and skip the
commercials. As a result, children will be less exposed to
advertisements thai make them demand materia! things.
Secondly, parents should make efforts to teach children
the value of money. For example, when a child asks for a new
toy, parents can alfer to buy i! only in exchange for someefl
housework, such as doing the dishes for a week. This will
make children see purchases as rewards. Likewise, children
could receive a set amount of pocket money each week in
return for chores. Th en they won'! ask parents to buy things
for them every time they go shopping with them. In !urn,
youngsters will learn to save money to buy what they want.
In conclusion, I believe there are ways for parents to limit
the effects of advertising on their children. lf they try to limit
I
the time children are exposed to TV and try to teach their kids
a responsible attitude towards money, !hen advertising will
not be a problem anymore.
2 Read the model essay aga in. In pairs, answer the following
questions?
What two suggestions does the ,w1ter make?
2 What expected results does he give for each suggestion?
3 a) Underline the linkers used in the model 4 Match the suggestions (1-5) with their
essay. What is each linker's function? Replace supporting details (a-e) and their results (i-v).
them with other synonymous ones. Then expand the suggestions into full
paragraphs using appropriate useful language.
b) Match the sentences that come from the
same essay, then use appropriate linkers to join Suggestions
them, as in the example.
I1I I Buy your fruit and vegetables from local
IT@] lf you think an item is overpriced, say so and markets.
tell the assistant what you would be willing to
---
,_12_._I_._~I Get rid of an item of clothing whenever
r
pay for it. As a resu/t, you may be offered a discount. you buy a new one. ;
Online banking is far mare convenient than -~I Avoid going to the supermarket when you
-13-I ~
going to the bank in person. _ _ _ are hungry. ~
Keep a box or a large envelope especially for I„4='=1='=='I Take your own drinks with you on days out. !
receipts for anything you buy that could I.Cs:..LI
l _L_JI Join your local library. I
develop a problem. '~
Open a savings account and set up a direct Supporting details "-

debit so that a percentage of your salary goes a Donate something you no longer wear to a
into it every month. charity shop, or take it to a recycling centre.
Ask to see a senior member of staff as soon as b Fili a fiask with tea or coffee, or fili a plastic bottle
you arrive at the shop. w1th tap water or juice.
lt is a good idea to car-share with a colleague c Buy produce when it is in season and therefore at
who lives in your area. 1ts cheapest.
d Borrow books or access the Internet there free of
a You will save money without even trying. charge.
b You will easily be able to provide proof of
e Write a shopping list and stick to it.
purchase if you need to.
c There is no need to queue and it is a service that Results
is available whenever you need it. You will not overshop or buy unhealthy foods on
d You may be offered a discount. impulse.
e Ask for your complaint to be taken seriously from ii You can stop for refreshments wherever you are,
the beginning. without paying high cafe prices.
f Petrol prices are rising fast. 111 You will know you have dane some good and
your wardrobe will be free of clutter.
;('You will never waste money on novels you do not
finish reading and you will save money on your
Making Suggestions electricity bills.
• You should(n't)/could/might • Why not „.?
• You could try • lt might work if • I suggest that
• One way to 0 Another thing to do
• lt's best to • In addition to •As well as 5 a) O Read the rubric. Listen to two people
/ suggest thatyou buy a bicycle to save money on transport. discussing the task and make notes under the
• lntroducing supporting detail by giving examples headings: suggestions expeded results \
'C:TT':·S::~;:'S?>-··.„,,.,_::A?i7S'S'7'
• For example • For instance • In other words
• That is to say • lmperatives r-----------------------,
1\t f!! y Bierzesz
1 udział
w szkolnym projekcie I
Use your bike instead of public transport for loca/ journeys. I q•1iUor I
dotyczącym
robienia zakupów przez 1
1
Result (the outcome of our suggestions) 1 Internet. Napisz rozprawkę (200-250 słów), w której I
• lt follows that 0 In doing so 0 That!This way 1 opiszesz, jak można bezpiecznie robić Internetowe 1
I I
• This would allow 0 Not only „. but also 0 Then zakupy. 1
1
f\fot onlv t1vifl vo11 soend o fot fess n1onev on bus fares, but ,
~-----------------------~
b) Use your notes from Ex. Sa to write your
essay.
75
 Wybór wielokrotny I 3
1 What can you buy in a street market? Why do
people enjoy shopping in such places?
2 London is famous for its mi· ,s. Do you know
·. do there 7 Read
any of them? What can vish
through to find out.
lf you like nothing mare than rummaging through market
stalls, a shopping weekend in London could be your idea of
heaven. lt would be easy to spend a whole day or mare
hunting for bargains at Camden Market alone, such is the
area it covers. So here's aur essential guide to !his hugely
popular attraction.
Camden Market is actually something of a misnomer as
severa! markets, each with a slightly different feel, tum !his
northern, canalside suburb inio a throng of shoppers at the
weekends. The markets first appeared in the 1970s, when
the Regent's Canal was being used for industry less and
less. A motorway was planned for the area in response to the
economic decline of the waterway. As it wasn't worth
building anything on the motorway site, a temporary market
was set up on it. The motorway was in !act never built - but
the market stalls drew big crowds and became a permanent
fixture.
The Stables Market, which is a mix of indoor and
outdoor stalls, is a particularly atmospheric place to
browse. A lot of the market is housed under huge railway
arches. Expect to see plenty of exotic-looking furniture and
household iterns, many of which are unique, handmade
pieces. This isn't the b~ market for antique furniture,
however, Portobello Road Market being the place to go for
vintage pieces. When it comes to clothing, the Stables
Market is very much at the alternative end of the spectrum,
with accessories stalls that cater particularly well for those
with Gath tastes. You certainly won'! !ind any high-street
names, as only independent traders are allowed to set up
shop here.
Il you're into arts and crafts, Camden Lock Market is the
place to head to. As well as original pottery, paintings and
jewellery, you'll !ind a plethora of second-hand books and
clothes here. The original Camden Market, it takes place
right on the canal where warehouses once stood. While its
waterside setting undoubtedly makes it attractive, it can also
make the market very difficult to negotiate, especially on
Saturday and Sunday afternoons. Be prepared to be jostled
a little as you make your way along the narrow walkways. lf it
all becomes tao much, consider taking a boat trip along the
76
Read the rubric and do the reading task. Justify
your answers.
r--------------------~
I \Wł!iHii!ff/ Przeczytaj tekst dotyczący słynnego I
: londyńskiego targu. Z podanych możliwości :
1 odpowiedzi (1-5) wybierz właściwą. zgodną 1
I z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl literę A, B, Club D. I
~--------------------~
canal to London Zoo and back. lt's a surprisingly scenic and
relaxing journey and you'll be back in the mood to shop until
you drop before you know it!
Il the weather is unkind to you, you can take shelter in
the Electric Ballroom nightclub, which houses an indoor
market specialising in all things weird and wonderful on
Saturdays and Sundays. The other Camden Markets have
become seven-day, rather than weekend-only, operations in
recent years, and there are severa! conventional street
markets in the Camden area where you can pick up fresh
produce on any day of the week. Sunday remains the
busiest day for the markets, however, so much so that the
entrances to Camden Town Tube Station are closed on
Sunday afternoons to prevent overcrowding.
Another word of warning before you embark on a
spending spree in London - haggling is not nearly as
common in Britain as it is elsewhere in Europe, even at
markets. lt's
certainly not
expected, so only
attempt to
negotiate a better
deal for an item il
you genuinely
think the price tag
is unreasonable.
Happy shopping!
 According to the article, there is a problem with
fj!!$'6j,j@ Dobieranie j
Camden Market's 7 O Read the rubric, then do the listening task.
A opening hours. C size. Which words helped you decide?
B name. D location.
r----------------------~
2 The original Camden Market was started to
I \V 1Jfrt\• (llf•VVUsłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedzi pięciu 1
I osób na temat tego, jak zazwyczaj robią I
A attract people to Camden. I zakupy: Przyporządkuj poszczególnym osobom I
B revive the canal area. : nagłówki, wpisując odpowiednie litery (A-F) :
C oppose a motorway plan. 1 w kratki. Jeden nagłówek został podany dodatkowo 1
D make use of vacant land. 1 i nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. 1

3 At the Stables Market there's a ban on ~----------------------~

A BUYING ON IMPULSE Speaker 1
A food.
B KEEPING PRICES DOWN Speaker 2
B chain stores.
C factory-made goods.
cHAPPY PAYING LESS Speaker 3
D JUST LOOKING
D designer clothes. Speaker 4
E AVOIDING THE CROWDS
4 The author suggests visiting Camden Lock Speaker 5
F ENJOYING PEACE OF MIND
Market is not a good idea for people who
A are free on weekdays. @;t.paj1§1'1ł Odgrywanie roli
B don't like being on water.
C have mobility problems. 8 Read the rubric, then read sentences 1-1 O.
D feel uncomfortable around animals. Which might the customer say, and which
might the stall-holder say?
5 According to the article, prices at British markets are r---------------------~
A relatively fixed. I \łtftt!l!l!i.f/ Jesteś
w domu towarowym w Anglii. I
B generally reasonable. I Chcesz kupić płaszcz za ok. 80 funtów. I
C surprisingly high. : Podczas rozmowy ze sprzedawcą odnieś się do :
1 poniższych kwestii: 1
D well displayed.
I I
1 cena rozmiar 1
4 Match the words in bold in the text to their
: . styl zasady zwrotów :
synonyms: pushed into by peopfe~ bodies, decrease in
importance, large amount, searching for sth by moving ~---------------------~
other things around, big crowd ofpeopfe, able to create 1 That's a bit mare than I was hoping to pay.
aparticufarmood, classic. 2 What else do you have?
3 What size do you want?
5 Fili
in: spending, name, weird, crafts, fixture, word. 4 I only have two left.
Use the collocations and phrases to make 5 lt's very high-quality materia!.
sentences based on the text. 6 What do you have under f807
7 We can do a 10% discount.
1 high-street ............ . 4 arts and ........... .
8 lf you change your mind, you can exchange it for
2 permanent ........... . 5 .................... spree
something else.
3 .......................... of 6 ...................... and
9 l'm not sure that colour really suits me.
warning wonderful
1O Do you have anything a bit more modern in a
medium?
6~ Think of a market in your country. I
.I ~and contrast it with Camden Market. ! 9 In pairs, use sentences from Ex. 8 to help you to
do the speaking task.

1OO Listen to two people doing the task.

Compare your dialogue with theirs.

77
I
_j
 MODULE
" Words often confllsed
łłi.!fl®HQ Means of transport I 4 Choose the correct word.
1 Match the announcements to the means of transport.
1 l'd like to keep/book three seats to
• coach • train • aeroplane • boat Los Angeles, please.
2 Will that be a one-way or back/
1 'Please ensure your seatbelts are fastened, your tray tables are
return ticket, Sir?
folded away and your seat backs are upright.'
3 He got his luggage from the
2 'Passengers with third class tickets must sit out on deck.'
conveyer/moving belt.
3 'We will be making a one-hour lunch stop here.'
4 Additional pieces over the allowance
4 'The captain has now switched off the seatbelt sign.'
will be subject to airport excess/
5 'The dining car is located in the front carriage.'
extra baggage charges.
6 'There are five lifeboats on board this vessel.'
5 He went through passport control/
7 'We will be pulling into the station in five minutes.'
check.
8 'Please do not talk to the driver whilst the vehicle is in motion.'
6 Prices are steep because you want to
° Col/ocations travel in high/hot season.
7 We stayed at a coastal town last
2 Fili in the gaps with the words below.
winter, but everything was closed as
• anchored • bumpy • ring • express • travel it was the off/high season.
• first-class • rear-view • crossing • turbulent 8 When you book a holiday with a
guide/tour operator, they can
1 lt was such a(n) ...... fiight that the passengers all got
arrange everything from the flights
scared.
to the accommodation.
2 The port was full of. . ships.
9 Let's check the airline's website for
3 We had a really smooth fiight, but we did experience a bit of a(n)
the latest flight!flying offers .
..................... landing.
1O You can find maps and travel/tourist
4 You should always check the ..................... mirror before you
guides for the city at the airport's
reverse the car.
location/information centre.
5 lt was a very rough .................... and many people got sea sick.
6 Take the .................... road north, then at the roundabout take
the 2nd exit onto the M23.
IJobs in tourism I
7 My train ticket was really expensive as they only had seats in the
5 a) Where does each person work?
.................... carriage. flight attendant, air traffic control/er,
8 You can get to the airport quickly if yo;ji;3ke the .................... .
tour operator, customs officer, porter,
bus from the city centre. ground steward, chambermaid.
9 I suffer from ....... . .. sickness so I always take medicine to
prevent it when I go on a trip. b) Which of the people in Sa
would say the following?
o Prepositions
3 Choose the correct word. 1 'You are free to land on runway 6.'
2 'Let me help you with your suitcases,
1'11 meet you on/at deck in five minutes. Sir.'
2 Our flight's boarding at/in gate 25. Let's go before we miss it! 3 'Do you have anything to declare?'
3 I can give you a lift at/to work in the morning. 4 'Good morning, Sir. And where are
4 Is this the right platform to/for the eastbound train? you travelling to today?'
5 The airport has two terminals; which one will we arrive at/from? 5 'Would you like me to replace all
6 The car won't start because you forgot to fili it out/up. your bath towels, Madam?'
7 The passengers got off/from the train when it arrived at the 6 'The captain has now switched on
station. the 'fasten seatbelts' sign.'
8 Although the museum 1s within/between walking distance, it's 7 'Are you interesteci in our all-

.! 78
much easier to hop on a bus. 1nclusive package'!'

j.I
'Accommodation facilities I IAccidents & breakdownsl
6 Fili in the gaps with: basie, bridal, country, full, self- 9 Complete the following news snippets with
catering, twin. these words: jack-knifed, rescue operation, fatalities,
skidded, control, oncoming, emergency landing,
You can book a room with ................ board
brakes, control tower, overtaking, error.
for only an extra f1 O per night.
2 All aur ..................... apartments have new fully- 1 'According to reports, the driver lost ............. „ „ .
fitted kitchens for you to prepare meals in. of his vehicle and ploughed into . ............... .
3 The couple will stay in the ..................... suite at traffic after suffering a heart attack at the wheel.'
the hotel after the reception. 2 'The A249 was blocked for mare than two hours
4 Most youth hostels offer this evening after a lorry ..................... .'
accommodation at low prices. 3 'There were five hospitalisations but no
5 We wo uId like a .... „ .............. . room for two •.••. „ in the 3-car pile-up.'
••.•••••••

nights, please. 4 'A . „ ...••... „ ........ has been launched to evacuate

6 We rented a really nice ................ „.. .... cottage workers from an oil tanker in the North Sea.'
near the Lake District last summer. 5 'Current indications are that the accident was the
result of human ... „ . „ ............ and not a machine
Phrasal verbs
malfunction.'
7 Choose the correct verb. 6 'A fiight carrying 120 passengers made a(n)
.. at Mumbai airport this afternoon.'
1 You must be a guest at the hotel to be able to
7 'The driver who hit the pedestrian claims his
run/work out in the gym for free.
. failed.'
2 Guests must check/look out at the reception by
8 'Despite losing contact with the ................. „ .. for
12 pm on the day of their departure.
mare than 60 seconds, the pilot managed to land
3 I slept/went over at a friend's house when I last
the piane safely.'
carne to London.
9 'The accident occurred when a driver ................. .
4 All the hotels were fully booked, but we found a bed
on an oily surface as he was „ ................. another
and breakfast that placed/put us up for the night.
vehicle.'
8 Fili in: taste and budget, thri/1-seeking, crystal-clear,
inclusive, tropical jungle, nightlife, ruins, relaxation, o Phrasal verbs
special deals.
0 1OChoose the correct particie.
"" ~~~Z!~l&i6J.ęffR~ilJ~!,0z~( ''~
~
2
I was lucky to escape serious injury after I was run
- Fabulous all-1) ............ package
t
i
over/up by a car.
holidays to Cancun - starting from
i 2 We gat stuck in the middle of nowhere when we
just $1 OOO! ' ran down/out of petrol.
Escape the British chili this winter • ~J ' 3 The engine gave away/out just before I could get
by travelling to beautiful Cancun. Cancun's white \ off the motorway.
san dy beaches and 2) ............... waters make it a 4 I pulled through/over anto the hard shoulder
paradise for beach lovers. Add to this a vibrant when I gat a fiat tyre.
3) ................ , proximity to spectacular Mayan t\ 5 I had to walk to the town centre after the bus

'
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. and lush 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. and you • broke up/down on the dual carriageway.
6 The road is very icy. lf you don't slow out/down,
I
have Mexico's most popular tourist spot! 1.
We have deals to suit every 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - we'll crash.
whether you're a luxury traveller just looking for a little 7 I was held up/down in a traffic jam after a truck i,,l
7) ................. „ or a 8) .................. backpacker crashed on the motorway.
in search of your next adrenalin rush. 8 She leaned out of the window and waved
Call one of our agents today on 0492 9432 0002 to goodbye to us as the train pulled out/away of
find out mare about this - and other - 9) ............. . the station.
(~)See Vocabulary Bank on p. 178) 79
J
[]
ii
i
I
Madagascar is a very large island located in the Indian
Ocean off the southeast coast of Africa. Jt offers a
variety of spectacular scenery from mountains,
volcanoes and rainforests to arid deserts and golden
sandy beaches. Jts early separation from the African
continent resulted in its flora and fauna going down a
distinct evolutionary path, so it now has species that
exist nowhere else on Earth. QI] The island has also
got about 5000 km of coastline and the world's fourth
largest coral reef just off the southwest coast, which is
abundant in marine life. The unique biodiversity of
the island has led to it being referred to as 'the land
that time forgot' and is clearly one of the main reasons
why anyone should visit.
Madagascar offers a wicie variety of things to see and
do and has been growing in popularity as a holiday
destination in recent years. [I[]
The Masoala region
in the north of the country is Madagascar's largest
protected area and a must-see for nature lovers and
even researchers. lt is home to a diverse array of
amazing creatures including the red-ruffed lemur, an
~ll impressive subspecies found nowhere else on the
island; the brightly coloured and very cute gold dust
gecko; and a variety of chameleons. For those who like
to get wet, the Masoala region includes a marine park
lff§fi.łt(ł Dobieranie j
1 What do you know about Madagascar? Why
do you think it is called the land that time forgot?
Read and find out.
2 Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
r-------------------------~
'12\:l)iw Przeczytaj tekst. z którego usunięto cztery :
zdania. Dobierz brakujące zdania (A-E). tak aby otrzymac 1
spójną i logiczną całość. W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz literę. 1
1.·rAr... "'""r::i.r::'."'·n~ i~i::r ~r"".k1_!i1r:~ ;:r_l-i.nie
80
with some of the most pristine and interesting marine
environments in the world. [ID Nobody should
leave Madagascar without seeing the towering
national tree of the country, the baobab tree. For this,
a trip south is necessary. Travel through the lush
volcanic region of Ampefy, known for its spectacular
waterfall and geysers and down to the magica!
universe of the baobabs in the Andohahela National
Reserve. These strangely-shaped trees are sure to leave
a lasting impression on you. Likewise, the idyllic
beaches and their crystal-clear waters will take your
breath away. Hit the waves and experience the island's
surf thrills or simply take a dip or laze your day away
at the magnificent lfaty beach, where you can relax to
the sound of the sea.
lf, after all that nature, you feel like getting back to
town, why not try a cultural tour of the capital
Antananarivo, known as the City of Beauty, or check
out its vibrant markets and taste the delicious Malagasy
cuisine? GIJ Visit the World Heritage site of the
Palace of Ambohimanga, home to the Merina dynasty
in the 19th century and built on a much earlier sacred
site. Alternatively, check out the Museum of Ethnology
and Paleonthology in Antananarivo and get a
fascinating glimpse of how Madagascar's ancient
inhabitants lived.
In Madagascar, there is no shortage of things to see and
do. Once you've experienced this incredible island, you'll
probably want to return time and time again.
Jedno zdanie 1
I
1
 " " „.„ .. ·=-----
_.·: ,,,.

!. •; <~··· ;; 1l'1l
< • · '· <s,·. „ ··11!:1:,

3 Read the text again and answer the questions.

8 Would you like to visit Madagascar?
1 What is unique about Madagascar? What would you expect from your trip? How
2 Name one national park of Madagascar. do you think you would fee! there? In five
3 What is special about the baobab tree and where minutes write a few sentences. Tell the class.
can you see it?
4 Where can you go if you like archaeology?
5 What is the author's purpose?
9 I1CT I in groups find out more about
Madagascar and its people. Present the
information to the class.
4 Explain the words in bold. What part of speech
is each?
Jitlt!!&!,!' Dobieranie I
5 Match the words to form collocations. 1OO Read the rubric and the headings. Then do
the listening task.
spectacular a impression
r---------------------~
b lover
: \tM!M(.f/ ~~%~z~:~b n~:~~~~i::kac~y::;~::~ :
arid
sandy c area
nature d tour
1 wania. Przyporządkuj poszczególnym osobom 1
e glimpse : nagłówki, wpisując odpowiednie litery (A-F) :
fascinating
1 w kratki. Jeden nagłówek został podany 1
6 protected f scen ery
I dodatkowo i nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. I
IT] lasting g beaches
~---------------------~
[IT] cultural h deser\ A HAVING A PERFECT HONEYMOON Speaker1
B NEVER GOING BACK
Speaker 2
6 Fili in: in, of(x2), on, out, to. c MAKING A LONG ROAD TRIP
Speaker 3
You should check „ „ the national museum D ENJOYING A WELL-EARNED REST
E VOLUNTEERING YOUR SERVICES Speaker4
while you're there.
2 There is no shortage „. things to see there. F ACHIEVING A LIFETIME GOAL Speaker 5
3 This destination is growing . „ . „ „ . popularity.
4 The country is home . „ „ „ „ same amazing wildlife.
5 The landscape will surely leave a lasting
l§r.j!§.i!' Odgrywanie roli I
impression „ „ „ „ „ . the visitor. 11 Read the rubric. Which of the items in the list
6 The island caters for a diversity . interests. could you use in your conversation? i)
r--------------------~ il,
7 Choose the correct word. I \@iłii•f/ S~ędzasz wakacje _w . sz~ockim I
miasteczku. Wybrałes/-as się do I .1:
They went on a cruise/journey around the centrum informacji turystycznej w celu : ,'
Mediterranean. zaplanowania najbliższego tygodnia. W rozmowie 1 I
2 The sea voyage/trip was rough and few managed z pracowniklem centrum uwzględnij poniższe 1
to avoid getting seasick. informacje: I Id:
I
3 They spent a long time planning their round-the- prognoza pogody zwiedzanie budynków . I
world trip/excursion. •"=~-=-·-.,·~·--„„--„„. I '!
zwiedzanie na wolnym k dostępne środki ; 1
4 Our travel company offers tailor-made trekking eowietrzu I transportu l „I i''
expeditions/voyages in the Sumatra n jungle. ~~~"",;,,;;···;;,;;-·;.;;,; ;;;;=.;::---;;.;'-~~_,,.~.,-.;;;,. ...;-=~==-;;;'";,;;·~~-,:... 1'
I'
5 When you're in New York make sure you do a city • When did your flight arrive? '
walking tour/trip. • What sights would you recommend?
6 That tour company offers daily excursions/ • l'm looking for a travel companion.
• What was the weather like last week?
expeditions to Rome.
• The castle is always worth a visit.
7 How long is the train journey/trip from lstanbul
• Don't miss the Sunday market.
to Athens?
• \J\lhat's Eclinburgh like at this time of year7
3 We had a pleasant clay's journey/outing at the • Can I get there without a car7
wildlife park.
12 Do the speaking tasie 81
J
 Passive voice/ o Lexicogrammatical warci transformations
Causative form 2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
• Thousands of tourists visit the Sphinx every year.
The Sphinx is visited by thousand of tourists every year. 1 The council is going to demolish the ald hotel next week.
• You must show your passport at the check-in desk. PULLED The ald hotel is .
Passports must be shown at the check-in desk. ..„„ ..... next week.
• He insisted that she fasten her seatbelt. 2 She lost her phone on the train.
He made her fasten her seatbelt. MISSING Her .................................. „ ..... „

• They asked Paul to drive them to the airport. . on the train.

They had Paul drive them to the air.port. 3 They cancelled their journey because they were sick.
• She persuaded him to book business-class tickets. CALLED Their journey
She gat him to book business-class tickets. . ................... because they were sick.
• They believe he has left the country. 4 Thick fag meant that flights didn't leave on time.
lt is believed that he has left the country. PREVENTED Flights ....................... .

He is believed to have left the country. ............. on time due to thick fag.

• The boys' mother is packing their clothes for them.

5 They are bound to be tired after the long flight.
DOUBT There is ............. .
The boys are having their clothes packed.
tired after the long flight.
6 Tourists had to leave the hotel because of the fire.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. EVACUATED The hotel had to ...
Use two to five words. .... of the flre.
7 Someone has disconnected the power in the hotel.
Thousands of people celebrate the festival every year.
CUT The power in the hotel .. „ •••

BY The festival ............ .

. ..................... by someone.
„ ...... of people every year.
8 You can receive information on the journey via email.
2 The cleaner is tidying the couple's room for them.
OBTAINED Further information on the journey ...
HAVING The couple . . ....................... „ .. .
. ........................................ via email.
.................................. tidied.
9 His friends said goodbye to him at the airport.
3 The hotel manager insisted that they pay for the
OFF He ............. „ •.•

damage.
......... by his friends at the airport.
MADE The hotel manager ....... „ .. „ .•......•.....
1O lt is forbidden to travel abroad without a passport .
....... „ ............ for the damage.
ALLOWED You ... „ ..............•... „ ..........•. „ •..
4 She asked her brother to collect her piane tickets.
...... abroad without a passport.
HAO She ... „ .......... .
11 People think the airline will go bankrupt soon .
. ...... „ .. „ ........... her piane tickets.
EXPECTED The airline ·····rf'i·····
5 He persuaded them to enter the tourist shop.
..... s'oon.
GITT He ............. .
12 The tour guide advised us to avoid certain areas of
••••• „ ••••••.••••••••••••••• the tourist shop.
the city.
6 They believe she has flown to Madrid.
STAY We.
BELIEVED She ............ „.
.. fr.om certain areas of the city.
......................... to Madrid.
13 Lisa didn't accept Ttna's offer of a free holiday.
7 I will ask the porter to bring our bags to our room.
DOWN Ttna's offer of a free holiday .
HAVE I ...... „ .•...•.................................. „ . „ .
Lisa .
....... our bags to our room.
14 His parents didn't let him pay for the aeroplane
8 They had to check the plane's engine before take-off.
tickets.
CHECKED The plane's engine ..... .
REFUSED His parents
.. „ „ .. „ .. ... . . . before take-off.
for the aeroplane tickets.
. „ . „ ... „ .. „ . .

9 They think that the weather will improve tomorrow. 15 You can go sightseeing on a tour bus free of charge
THOUGHT lt „ •...... on Sundays.
........... will improve tomorrow. CO STS lt
10 Is the porter taking Mary's luggage into the hotel7 on a tour bus on Sundays.
TAKEN Is Mary ...
r ... into the hotel7
11
82
,I
 ' Word formation
0 Lexirnl multiple chcice items
3 Fili in the correct form 4 Choose the correct answer.
of the words in bold. 1 The 5 pm train is always on „ „ „ .
A tirnetable B target C track D schedule
Bubble cars were a variety of small
We flew with the airline with the largest baggage
economical cars thai were first produced in
the 1950s. They were originally built as a
A allowance B space C permit D portion
cheap 1) (allernate) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ to the
3 Let's pick up same holiday „ „ „ at the travel agent's.
larger, mare expensive models of the time and became popular
A catalogues C brochures
with first-time car owners. These litlle cars, with rools shaped
B magazines D booklets
like bubbles, became a symbol of youth and independence, and
were even the subject of a hit pop song in 1958. But over the 4 The weather was so bad, the ferry couldn't .
years, the idea of 'bigger is better' swept the world and people A disembark B dock C connect D park
began to choose larger, taster and mare 2) (comfort) 5 1have no sense of „ „ „

„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ cars. The bubble car was largely forgotlen - A situation c position

until, at an 3) (exhibil) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ in China in 2010, it was B location D direction
reborn in the form of three new models known as EN-Vs 6 l'd like a(n). „„ seat if possible.
(electric networked vehicles). Built through a 4) (partner) A passage B ais le c lane D walkway
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . between an American and a Chinese
7 He can't read in cars or buses - he gets travel „„.
company, EN-Vs run on electricity and have the 5) (able)
A sickness B illness C fatigue D strain
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . to communicate with each other via
8 1need to apply for a new passport - mine has „„„
satellite to avoid accidents. As with the original bubble cars, EN-
Vs are most suitable for travelling short distances within cities. A terminated C elapsed
And with mare than 60% of the world's 6) (populate) B invalidated D expired
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ expected to be living in cities by 2060, 9 Please „ „ „ the !ocal culture and dress conservatively.
EN-Vs could well be the cars of the future! A respect B retain C admire D value
1O Are you sure the car is the best option for such a long „„„.?
., Multiple choice cloze A excursion B travel C voyage D journey
5 Read the text and choose the correct answer.

±Agritourism
±. ·.. ·
.
Are you tired 1) „ „ „ „ „ „ gomg
. recreate farms from other time
" to the same seaside resort every summer? Then why not whether you 5) „ „ „ „ „ „ for a
\j try an agritourism holiday! Agritourism involves visitors chance to herd cattle on a
~ staying on farms and experiencing an agricultural way of ranc~ in Texas or make
~ life. In the last twenty years or so, small family-run farms cheese in an English
.~.;i, around the world have had to compete with large-scale farmhouse, agritourism might
~ industrial farms that employ thousands of people to be an enjoyable alternative for
w produce more goods at less cost. Therefore, a lot of small your summer holiday. Not
farms need extra 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ in order to survive. One way only is it usually good value
• they can earn mare is through agritourism. There are a lot but it 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ supports
• of different forms of agritourism, from visitors picking small farms and the
grapes in a vineyard to milking cows on a dairy farm. In traditional farming way of life.
general, though, most visitors choose agritourism holidays
for educational reasons. Most agritourists are urban 1 A with B by
dwellers, some of whom have never seen farm animals
2 A income B
·~ before. Agritourism gives 3) „„„„„ •• people the chance to D earning
discover where the food they eat comes from and how it is 3 A that B those c this D these
produced. Another reason some tourists choose 4 A who B whose
agritourism is because it gives people 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ parents or
c whom D which
5 A look B are looking c will look D looked
grJndparents \Vere farmers the chance to discover the
:;o:

~ !ifestyles of their forebears. Sorne agritouris1n fanns even 6 A else B too c also
"·,-„,,.,,.,•, „„, •.• , ' '' .-,....,.._,___
D as well ,
;;:,;~~J;~-~~*:::~:TJiG_".?E@;ie'::'@:;~:;;;~E:;_;;77~;;°'$,L,':~;,;~'-'25"EQ'.i1~::s0: ,ff .... Y=-

J
 Narracja w trzeciej osobie 1 Read the rubric, underline the key words
answer the questions.

A third-person narrative is a real or imaginary story r-------------------,

I\f Jf Czasopismo
1 !!) młodzieżowe ogłosiło I
about what happened to someone other than the I u • tlJ(•l . . t
1 konkurs na najlepsze opowiadanie 1
narrator and is written in the third person {he/she/
I kończ'lce się zdaniem: They were both very glod to 1
theyJ. A third-person narrative consists of: 1 be safe and sound. Napisz opowiadanie (200-250 I
• an introduction in which we set the scene in an
: słów) spełnia)'lce wymagania czasopisma. :
appealing and interesting way to help the reader
visualise the scene and want to continue reading. ~-------------------~
We should state who was involved in the story, as What might your story be about?
well as when and where it happened. A A day in the life of a student.
• a main body consisting of two or mare paragraphs B An accident that happened.
in which we develop the story and present the 2 Which of the following could your story be about?
events in the order in which they happened. A You and your friend.
• a conclusion in which we say what happened in B Two teenagers.
the end and describe people's feelings, and make 3 Who is going to read your story?
final comments or reactions. 4 How many paragraphs should your story have?
Notes: 5 What should the last sentence of your story be?
• Before we start writing, we should decide on a
plot line for our story. We write the events in the
2 Read the story and underline the correct tenses.
order that they happened and use lin king words to Then, put the events in the order they happened.
show this sequence (first, then, next, before, while, as [6[J They dived into the sea.
soon as]. [fil] They heard a laud cracking noise.
• To make our narrative mare interesting, we should iIIJ They saw a cove.
use a variety of expressions, adjectives, adverbs [QI] Mike and Dave were standing on the deck of
and verbs. As he had time to kil/, he ambled slowly
their boat.
towards the abandoned cottage.
Techniques to start/end a story
II[] They got out of the sea.

• We start our story with a beginning that will catch

[IT] The boys were rescued by the coastguard.
the reader's attention and make them want to IQ[] Mike shouted to get the radio from the
continue reading. To do this we can: sinking boat.
- use senses to set the scene and describe the !BIJ They dropped anchor.
atmosphere or create mystery and suspense. OIJ They felt cold in the water.
lt was a freezing cold winter's night and fag covered ITIJ They ran to the boat.
the town as w~~/ked along the seafront.
- use direct speech. "Never believe what they tell 3 a) What adjectives does the writer use to
you, "ald Mr Brooke used to tell us. describe the sky, islands, day, water, sound?
- ask a rhetorical question. Have you ever felt so b) Fili in the adverbs the writer uses to describe
terrified that you thought you would faint?
these verbs:
- address the reader directly. You've probably
heard a few scary ghost stories before. 1 squawk ........... „ ..... . 4 said ... .
- refer to feelings. They couldn't believe their eyes. 2 swirl 5 run .. .
• To end our story we can 3 smiie ...................... .
- use direct speech. "/'/lneverforgetyou,"saidthegirl.
- ask a rhetorical question. 4 a) Which techniques has the writer used to
Why did it have to happen to me? start/end his story?
- describe people's feelings or reactions. b) Use another technique to write a beginning/
They were exhausted but were relieved to be alive. ending for the story.

························

l 84
i
1
 The seagulls 1) were 6 Fili in the correct synonym or antonym: disappointed,
squawking/squawked fascinated, stressed, scared, thri//ed, relaxed.
loudly and 2) swirled/
swirling swiftly around in
anxious worried 1) ······················
the bright blue cloudless
frightened 2) ························· unafraid
sky above the mast of the
excited 3) ........... ············ bored
Serena as she 3) had made/made her way along the
delighted overjoyed 4) ... ··········· ..
coast and past tiny uninhabited islands. Mike and Dave
relieved calm 5) ························
4) had been waiting/had waited for weeks for the
impressed 6) ························ unmoved
chance to go on a sailing trip and 5) had stood/were
standing on the deck smiling happily. lt was a perfect • Yourturn
day for sailing.
"Look! Let's stop in that lovely cove over there for
7 Read the rubric and underline the key words.

a swim. lt's ideal for dropping the anchor," said Dave
confidently as he 6) turned/had been turning the
wheel and directed the boat towards the shore. As
soon as they 7) were anchoring/had anchored the
boat, they dived into the beautiful elear turquoise
water for a swim and some snorkelling. After a while
they started to feel slightly cold and decided to swim
to the beach.
As they 8) came/were coming out of the water
onto the beach, they suddenly 9) had heard/heard a
cracking sound and looked around to see that their
sailing boat 1O) had just smashed/had been
smashing into the rocks. "Quick! Getto the radio
before the boat sinks," screamed Mike. They both
11) were running/ran frantically to the boat and
grabbed the radio.
An hour later the two boys were sitting in the
coastguard rescue boat. They were cold and tired but
they were both very glad to be safe and sound.
Put the adjectives in the list in the correct box.
• perfect • pleased • unhappy • idea!
• beautiful • glad • tiny • huge • cheerful
• terrible • great • gigantic • enormous
• thrilled • fabulous • upset • horrible
• depressed
r---------------------,
'\ł•'•t!1ii/l•f/Naplsz opowiadanie (200-250 słów), I
: które . będzie się kończyć zdaniem: :
1 They were so relreved to be back home with their 1
I families. 1
~---------------------~
8 O a) Listen to someone telling the story and
keep notes. Then, answer the questions.
1 Who is/are the main character(s) in the story?
2 How does the story begin?
3 What is the climax event in the story?
4 How does the story end?
5 How does/do the character(s) feel(s) in the end?
b) Now use your notes to write your story.
Follow the plan. Use the phrases in the Useful
Language box.
Introduction
(Para 1) Set tbe scene (lobo, wbere, wben, wbal).
Main body
(Paras 2-4) Develop tbe st01y, including cfescriJ}tion
oftbe events in tbe order tbey bappened. '
End tbe stoi)! describe cbaracters'
feelings, reactions.

good/nice
• lt was a ... day (last year/month etc) and ....
bad • (They) had arranged to spend the (day/weekend
small etc) at/by .... • Now (they) were .... • When
(they) ... , it/they started/began .... • Suddenly,
big .... • For a moment/At first ... , but then ..
happy • (They) immediately . • (Two hours) later, ..
• They felt . • They couldn't believe it was over.
sad • lt had been ..
85 I
! j

1 What do you know about Jules Verne? What types
of novels has he written? Have you read Aroundthe
World in Eighty Days? lf yes, what is it about?
Formerly one was obliged to travel in lndia by the old time-
consuming methods of going on foot or on horseback; now fast
steamboats are found on the Indus and the Ganges, and a great
railway, with branch lines joining the main line at many points on
its route, crosses the peninsula in three days. This railway does
not run in a straight line across lndia. The distance between
Bombay and Galcutta, as the crow flies, is only around one
thousand miles, but the winding of the track increases the
distance by mare than athird.
The passengers of the Mongolia went ashore at 4.30 pm; at
exactly 8 pm the train would leave for Calcutta.
Mr Fogg, alter bidding farewell to his cards partners, lelt the
steamer, gave his servant severa! errands to do, urged him to be.
at the station promptly at eight, and headed for the passport
office. As for the wonders of Bombay - its famous city hall, its
splendid library, its forts and docks, its bazaars, mosques,
synagogues, Armenian churches and the noble. pagoda on
· ,Malabar Hill - he didn't care a bit about seeing them.
Alter completing his business, Phileas Fogg
,, retumed to the railway station for
~ dinner. Among the dishes served
• " up to him, the landlord especially
recommended a certain "native
rabbit', on which he
pńded himself.
Mr Fogg
accordingly
tasted the dish,
but, despite its
spiced sauce,
found it far from
palalable. He
· rang for the
landlord, and
"'•'2''''''-''::z·c,:_,_fe;w words to Mr Fogg, who said coldly: "I hope that this will not
•·
2 a) Read the rubric and the first sentence in
each paragraph. Which country is the extract
about? Which characters appear in it?
b) Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
r-----------------~
: \Wiftfli'ffi'.f/
Przeczytaj tekst. Z poda- :
I nych możliwości odpowiedzi (1-5) I
: wybierz właściwą. zgodną z treścią :
1 tekstu. Zakreśl literę A, B, Club D. 1
~-----------------·
him, fixing his elear eyes upon him, "Is this rabbi!, sir?"
"Yes, my lord," the rogue boldly replied, "rabbi! from the jungles."
"And this rabbit did not mew when he was killed?"
"Mew, my lord? What, a rabbi!, mew? I swear to you."
"Be so good, landlord, as not to swear, but remember this: cats
were formerly considered sacred animals in lndia. That was a
good time."
"For the cats, my lord?"
"Perhaps for the travellers as well!"
Passepartout, meanwhile, having purchased the usual quota of
shirts and shoes, look a leisurely promenade along the streets,
where crowds of people of many nationalities were collected. lt
happened to be the day of a religious carnival, with processions and
shows. Indian dancing girls, clothed in rose-coloured gauze tied
with gold and silver, danced aińly, but with perfect modesty, to the
sound of viols and tambouńnes. lt is needless to say that
Passepartout watched these curious ceremonies with stańng eyes
and a gaping mouth.
Unfortunately, his cuńosity took him unconsciously farther away
than he intended to go. At last, having seen the carnival wind away,
he was turning his steps towards the station, when he happened to
spot the splendid pagoda on Malabar Hill, and was overcome with
an irresislible desire to see its inteńor. He was quite ignorant that it
is forbidden to Ghństians to enter certain Indian temples, and that
even the faithful must not go in without first leaving their shoes
outside the door. Passepartout went in like asimple touńst, and was
soon lost in admiration of the splendid ornamentalion which
everywhere met his eyes. He looked up to behold three enraged
pńests, who leli upon him, tore off his shoes, and began to beat him
with laud, savage exclamations. But the agile Frenchman was soon
upon his feet again, and soon escaped the pńests by mingling with
the crowd in the streets.
At live minutes to eight, Passepartout, hatless, shoeless, and
having in the squabble lost his package of shirts and shoes,
rushed breathlessly into the station. He related his adventures in a
happen again."
Just then the locomotive gave a sharp
screech, and the train set off
into the night.
 According to the narrator, Indian trains do not Ji!i!i•fi•i' Prawda/fałsz J

take the shortest possible route to Calcutta

6 O Read the rubric and do the listening task.
because of the
Compare answers with your partner.
A climate.
B competition from steamboats. r---------------------,
I\V T,Silii.J/ Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedź
1 1
C number of bends in the railway. : dotyczącą tego, jak niegdyś podróżo- 1
D number of places they call at. 1 wano I literatury związanej z podróżami. Na :
2 Fogg's attitude towards the sights of the city is
I podstawie informacji zawartych w nagraniu I
: zdecyduj, które zdania (1-5) są zgodne z treścią 1
A enthusiastic. C respectful.
1 tekstu (TRUE), a które nie (FALSE). Zaznacz:
B cautious. D indifferent.
1 znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. I
3 Fogg suggests the landlord is a ~---------------------~
A liar. C rude person. True False
B good cook. D cat !over. The writings of Homer prove that
4 Passepartout went tao far on his walk because he he was well-travelled.
A was so interested in the festivities. 2 The lecturer states that today's
B couldn't find the pagoda. travellers have a different social
C needed to find clothes to buy. status to ancient travellers.
D became part of a procession. 3 Pausanias wrote books about 1O
different countries.
5 Passepartout nearly missed the train to Calcutta
4 An early example of early
because he
European travel literature
A gat stuck in a crowd.
concerns mountain climbing.
B was attacked.
5 According to the lecturer, in the
C enjoyed visiting the pagoda so much.
1SOOs nearly all important writers
D needed time to try to find the shirts and shoes.
wrote travel literature.

3 Match the words in bold to their synonyms:

tasks, grand, bought, twisting, exact/y, tosty, goodbye, Opis ilustracji
powerful, shyness, angry, fight, share, see, moving i odpowiedzi na pytania
quickly and easily, decoration, wild, mixing.
7 Read the rubric and do the task. Describe the
picture as accurately as possible.
4 Complete the gaps with: spiced, staring, went,
leisurely, gaping, irresistible, mingle, bid, breathlessly, r------------~----~
: \t,+,Stili.f/ Opisz zdjęcie, a ~astępnie :
admiration. Use the phrases to make sentences
1 odpowiedz na pytania. 1
based on the text.
~-----------------~
1 ....... ashore 6 ... mouth
2 ........ farewell 7 ... desire
3 ........ sauce 8 lost in ..
4 take a(n) ............. 9 ············· with the crowd
promenade 10 to rush . .... ........

l
5 ............. eyes
:.c,,„. -:·: ·-: .::.\
5 r•i,JJ,~lJil,~fWhat would you do with three
and a half hours to spend in an Indian city 1 What do yóu think the woman in the dark jacket
like the one described in the novel? Tell the is thinking?
class. In three minutes write a few sentences. 2 Do you have any fear of flying? Why?/Why not?
3 Can you describe the longest journey you've ever
rnade?
87
 l

Culture
1 Look at the pictures. What do they tell
you about Wales? What impression of
Wales do you get from looking at them?

2 Read the text and for each gap (1-4)

choose the correct sentence (A-E).
There is one extra sentence.
A lndeed, the daffodil and leek are the

Wales
national symbols of Wales.
B lt took a long time for this to pass.
c Uke England, Wales was a land of
great minera! wealth.
D lts use is supported by national policy.
E Welsh laws were abolished and the Land of castles
Welsh language was banned.
A Roman province
3 Read the text and mark the sentences Wales is a land of castles and legends. lt has been inhabited for
T (true) or F (False) or DS (doesn't say). thousands of years, although little is known of its history before
Correct any false statements. the Romans showed up in 48 BC. lt took the Romans thirty years
The Silures and Ordovices were to conquer Wales. Their struggle was made difficult because of
the fierce (but ultimately unsuccessful) resistance put up by
the only Welsh tribes to put up any
Welsh tribes, and two in particular: the Silures and the Ordovices.
fight against the Romans.
The Romans enslaved many of the natives and set them to work
2 The majority of Welsh people were
in !ocal mines extracting precious metals like gold, copper and
unhappy with the Roman
occupation.
lead.ITIJ This was well-known to the Romans and was one of
the expected benefits of conquest. Although the Romans
3 Romano-British kingdoms formed
encountered resistance to their presence throughout their
quickly once the Romans left Wales.
occupation, the upper classes of Wales began to consider
4 Today, the Welsh pass their own themselves Roman, particularly alter the ruling of 212 AD that
laws on economic matters. granted Roman citizenship to all free men throughout the e; npi re.
5 Everyone in Wales must take Welsh The last Roman legions pulled out of Wales at the beginning of
classes at same point during their the fifth century AD.
education.
Centuries <JL upheaval
6 The Welsh see themselves as When the'il. Romans left Wales, severa! Romano-British
culturally distinct from the English. kingdoms formed in different parts of the land. Centuries of
interna! conflict and fighting followed until, in the 11th century,
4 Match the words in bold in the text to
Wales finally carne under the rule of one king. However, a
their meaning.
peace was short-lived. For the next two centuries, the Welsh .e
1 to assert 5 to add (territory) by had to defend themselves against Norman and English
ownership of conquest or invaders. In 1282, Edward I of England annexed Wales.
2 a unit of an occupation The Welsh launched a number of revolts against English
army 6 uprising/rebellion rule over the centuries, but all were successfully pul
3 part/ 7 a place where • down by the English. In 1535, Henry VIII united Wales
component minerals are removed
4 the invasion, from the earth
conquest, and 8 a group of persons
control of a gathered together
nation by for a common
foreign armed reason, e.g. for
for ces legislative purposes

~ I 88
I 1
 5 Complete the sentences with the
correct form of the verbs in the
list: ens/ave, extract, /aunch, conquer,
en counter.
1 The conquerors killed the men and
............................. the women and
children.
2 The Aztec and Inca empires in
Mexico ..................... ....... by
with England. ITI] Many Spain in the sixteenth century.
people accepted the union, 3 The army ............................ many
believing that with English law, . obstacles during their long
the country would tum inio a mare peaceful campaign.
and orderly one. Others, however, believed they ·
4 The army decided ......................... .
were giving up their cultural heritage and identity.
its attack at daybreak.
A land at peace 5 Mining engineers deal with
Today, Wales is part of the UK and Queen Elizabeth li is the head of state. discovering, ............................ and
However, Wales has its own national assembly and makes its own decisions processing mineral deposits from
on matters such as health, education, transport and agriculture. Wales is a the earth.
beautiful country with a diverse landscape. Il is a land of mountains, river
valleys, plains and long coastlines. Il is home to a range of mammals and 6 Match the words to form
birds, including foxes, badgers, otters, merlins and puffins. Basking sharks, collocations.
dolphins and seals pay regular visits to its coasts. Wales has a huge variety
of native plant life. @I] Wales also has mare medieval castles !han any
other country, including Britain's first stone castle.
DIJ cultural a confiict
ITI] medieval b subject
A proud nation QI] national c dasses
Despite being a UK country, the Welsh remain fiercely protective of their culture @:[] compulsory d · heritage
and heritage, and maintain a distinct national identity. The Welsh language is [I[] interna! e assembly
an important element of Welsh culture. [![] Welsh is a compulsory subject [ID upper f castle
in schools and, together with English, is an officia! language of Wales. Over
20% of the population speak Welsh. The Welsh are extremely proud of their
achievements in the arts and in sport. Wales can lay claim to same 7 Find phrasal verbs in the text
tremendous acting talent. Anthony Hopkins and Catherine Zeta Jones are which mean:
famous across the WJJild. The poet Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) is recognised 1 offered
as one of the greate~t. poets of the twentieth century. Wales has a tradition of 2 left
producing world·class boxers and snooker players. Rugby union is seen as a was governed by
3
symbol of Welsh national identity. Same of the greatest
4 brought to an end
rugby players in the world
5 become
were trained at Welsh
6 sacrificing
clubs.

Why do you think the

Romans finally left Wales? Discuss.

Why do you think people would

want to visit Wales? Write a
paragraph. Present it to the class.

'Nelsn l!Jro,1erlb
ff you want to be a leader, be a bridge.
--------------------·ag
 MODULE
best, sold, topped, paperback,
łłi.!$1®M@Musicl
b) Fili in with:
published, contributor, book, spanned.
1 In a minute write as many musical instruments Brazos Bookstore proudly presents a 1) ................. .
as you can think of to complete the signing and discussion with 2) .................. -selling
spidergram. Which is your favourite? author James Kloss. Kloss will read from his !atest
percussion string novel, Lightning Five. 3) .................. earlier this
bass drum violin month, Lightning Five immediately 4) ................. .
the New York Times bestseller list. The book has
already 5) .................. 30,000 hardback copies in
the UK, while its 6) .................. version is expected
d

2 Fili in:
piano

O "'"/Y"' -''-''' ,_,,,,_,,,,,,, M'.'°'"'''~''°";XIX

sound, lead, hit, recording, rave, notation,

.

.
.
to sell mare than 100,000 copies. Kloss's prolific
career has 7) .................. mare than laur decades .
He is a regular 8) .................. to the magazine The
Monthly Review. Don'! miss what promises to be an
entertaining evening!
score, industry, sold, composes.
Lady Gaga's first international
4 ldentify the literary device each sentence uses:
hyperbole, rhyme, metaphor, simile, irony, alliteration.
single was 'Just Dance' in 2008.
2 He writes and .......... „ •. „ .... music. 1 l'm so tired I could sleep for a hundred years!
3 She is finding it very difficult to make a career in 2 Her hair is as soft as silk.
the music .... „ 3 He is a lion in battle.
4 The dance club has a state-of-the-art .................. . 4 Wonderful 'express' service - taking seven days to
system with speakers all over the room. arrive!
5 The band's debut album earned them ................. . 5 The woolly walrus waits for when we'll walk by.
reviews from critics. 6 The fat cat with the red hat sat happily on his little mat.
6 Terry's favourite member of the band is the
........................ singer. lrheatrej
7 The musical ........................ for the hit TV show
was composed by Tom Cody.
5 Fili in the correct words: seated, /ast, lead, theatre,
8 The musician's album was produced in a
opening, dress, title.
........................ studio in London.
9
1O
I wish I could read music ........................ .
I wante~o go to that concert but it was
41@\ffi> Superstitions
I ................. ...... out. Batore a play is about to begin on the 1) ............ „ ........
night you might hear someone say, 'break a leg' to one of
ILiterature j the 2) ................. „ ... actors. But don't worry; the person
isn't hoping that the actor will get hurt. In the theatra 'break
3 collections, established, independent,
a) Fili in with: a leg' actually means 'good luck'! Another superstition in
contemporary, extracts, singled. the theatre concerns Shakespeare's play Macbeth. To
avoid bad luck or something bad happening to the actor
Four poems, two by emerging poets and two by in the 3) ...................... role, casts performing Macbeth are
1) .................. poets, have been 2) .................. out not supposed to utter the name of the play. lnstead, they
for praise by the judges of this year's Brooks prize. mus! call it 'the Scottish play'. Also, it is
The purpose of the Brooks prize is to raise the considered bad luck to complete a
profile of 3) .. ... ......... .. .. poetry, says head judge performance of a play without a(n)
Charlotte Bloch. Bloch, who is the author of over 4) .......... „ .. „ ...... audience. Therefore, in
twenty 4) .................. of poetry, will be reading some 5) .„............. „ .... companies,
5) .................. from the four poems tonight at the cast never says the
B/oomsfield Books, the 6) .................. bookstore on 6) .... „ .. „ ............ line of a play
IVlain Street. during a 7) ..................... .
rehearsal.
90
(visual arts I 9 Fili in with: sports show, quiz show, reality show,
chat show, sitcoms, dramas, documentary.
6 Fili in with: 1 I love this „ „ . „ ......... „ „ . because they always
palettes, discuss such interesting topics.
/andscape, 2 „ „ „ „ „ . „ ... „ are shows which try to depict real
up-and- life, but they have mare action than norma! to
coming, · Alice Kowlposky is an exciting artis! who I•
make them mare interesting.
engravings, uses a great variety of colour I'I
1) ............................. in her work. Alice · 3 l'm bored with this „ „ ........ „.„ . . . lt's supposed
canvases. will be exhibiting a series of recently to be about their real lives, but it's all scripted !
completed 2) „ .. „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ .•. „.„. 4 I watched an amazing wildlife .
paintings, painted on huge about lions in the Serengeti last night.
3) „ „ „ ....•. „ ............ Dan Nieuwenheuys 5 Bath contestants on the were
is a(n) 4) ................. „„„.„. artis! whose really good at answering the general knowledge
series of wo od 5) „ •.•.....•.... „ „ „ ........ of questions.
animals will amaze you with their 6 .......... „ .. „ „ „ . are a genre of comedy that feature
precision and detail. recurring characters in a common environment,
lrhe pressl accompanied with jokes as part of the dialogue.
7 I like this „ „ „ „ .... „ ....... because every week they
7 Fili in: weekly, lead, current, colour, re/ease,foreign,
have a top athlete on as a guest.
press, figures, tab/oids, broadsheet.
The ................... correspondent reported that the

2
war had ended.
Today's Evening Post includes a ............ .
IParticipation in culture I
supplement about the Football World Cup. 1OFili in with: opening, live, art, multiplex, concert,
3 Last night's aeroplane crash was the .„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . opera. listings.
story in every national newspaper.
.
4 Dave writes a „ „ .. „. column for his loca I paper. A: Would you like to go out this evening?
5 Jen follows „ „ „ . affairs by reading the B: Yes, why not? What do you have in mind?
news online. A: Weil, I' d like to hear same 1) .„ „ „ ........ .
6 The government issued a press „ „ „ . „. „ ...... to the music. There's an American jazz group playing
newspaper about the election results. at the 2) ... „.„ ......... „.„ hall in Henry Street.
7 .... „ ...... „„. are newspapers with small pages; they're What do you think?
less serious than the larger „.„ ..... „ ..... newspapers. B: No thanks, I don't really like jazz. How about
8 The tabloid „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „„. is always full of going to the 3) ... „ .... „. „ „ „ .. „ house? lt's the
4) „.„ .... „ „ ....... night of Don Giovanni today.
sensationalist headlines.
A: No, l'm not in the mood for that kind of thing.
9 The !atest circulation . „ ....... „ . . . . „ show a 5% drop.
Would you like to see a play?
B: No, I checked the theatre 5) . „ .... „ ...... „ .. earli er
'Film/TV! and there's nothing good on. I know! Let's go
8 Fili in with: played, directed, to the 6) „ „ „ .„ „„. .. ci nem a to see a
set, released, received, based. come dy.
A: That sounds OK, but l'd prefer to go to that
The film Alice in Wo11der/a11d was
7) . „ „ . „ . „ „ ......... house film that's on at the
l) „ ................ in 2010. Tim Burton
2) .„.„„.„„„.„ .. „„. it and Mia Washington Street Theatre. Would you mind?
Wasikowska 3) .. „ ...... „ ......... „ the lead B: No, that's fine. Let's get ready then.
role of Alice. The film, which was
4) „ „ .. „ .. „ ........ „ ..... on Lewis Carroll's
faruous nove! Alice in \Fbnderland,
was 5J ........... „„„„.„„.„ in a fantasy world call ee\
·1 'nderbnd'.Thl' filtn 6) .. ....................... 110.-;iti\·L· rL·,·k:\\·:-;
i 1·( lll1 the critics.

(~) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 180) 91

 lff§f!.!Q Dobieranie ]
1 a) Name six sections in a newspaper. Which
favounte ones? are your
b) What do you think ''"
What do you think mb " 5 a newspaper successful?
can r. 'd down a news ? R
through to find out. paper. ead

2 Readd the rubric and do the reading task then explain th

wor s in bold. ' e
r--------
J 'ł&Mii!,.rJ
Prze - :-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
: zd~~la. :Dobierz C:.~~j:;~~da~lakt!~~go tausunlęto czte"'. :
I sp?Jną I logiczną catość. W każdą(lukJ(1!)aby otrzymac I
: ktorą oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. Je;plsz /~ter~, I
~ :,o:_t~o..!'~d:;_n:_ ~~atkowo I nie pasuje do tekst~.o z anie :
----------------~

With its winning formula of crime, gossip and scandal, the Mahmood managed to get a group of international cricketers

I News of the World was, for mare than a centuiy, as much a part
of British life as tea, football and conversations about the
weather. Every Sunday morning, the paper's racy mix of sport,
scandal and politics was hungrily devoured by its millions of
readers.
John Browne Bell, who establidhad theNoWin 1843, was
elear frorn the beginning about what would shift copies of his
paper. Crirne and scandal were what the public wanted to
read about, Bell believed, so thai was exactly what the NoW
would give them.
ITD By the 1950s, the NoW was the biggest-selling English
language newspaper on the planet. Editions of the paper
regularly sold in excess of 8.5 rnillion copies. No other British
newspaper carne close to rnatching the NoW in influence,
profitability or popularity.
In 1984, the owners of the NoW decided to transforrn it
frorn a broadsheet to a tabloid. As a tabloid, the NoW began to
focus on celebrity scoops. [IO The NoW would send its
to admit they were fixing matches in international
competitions. The story caused a sensation.
In 2006, rumours of phone hacking began to surround the
NoW. Soon, evidence accumulated thai NoW iournalists had, in
order to get stories, illegally listened in on the private voicemail
messages of thousands of Britons. [ID Evidence was also
uncovered that the Naw had paid bribes worth over E100,000
to police oflicers for confidential information.
When the public learnt of these actions, there was a huge
outcry. People were outraged. Soon, businesses began to
pull their advertising from the NoW. In 2011, amid the
withdrawal of advertising and public backlash, the NoW
suddenly- and unexpectedly - announced that it would close.
The king of Britain's Sunday newspapers was dead.
For many people, the decision to shut down the paper
was astonishing. ~ Fifteen percent of British adults read
it: Week in, week out, il au/sold all Britain's other tabloids
combined by mare than a million copies.

11 iournalists out in disguise to trap celebrities. One of the NoW's

most farnous undercover journalists was Mazher Mahmood.
But on 7 July 2011, after 168 years and 8,674 editions,
the NoW really did roll off the presses for the last time. The day
Mahmood would pose as a wealthy arab sheikh. In this marked a humiliating and shameful end to a newspaper

lf I
disguise he successfully exposed the corrupt activities of phenomenon.
92 many people in the public eye. In 2010, posing as the sheikh, :
 Ji!!t$ fo itf Wybór wielokrotny I
1 1

3 Match the words to form collocations, then use

7 O Read the rubric and do the task. Justify your
them to complete the sentences.
answers.

QI] shift r---------------------,

\ł6fyj!IJ(•f/ Usłyszysz wywiad na temat stacji
I 1
0:J phone I BBC World Service. Z podanych I
[1[J public : możliwości odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą. zgodną :
[![] the rich 1 z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl literę A, B, C lub D. 1

~ undercover ~---------------------~
II[] voicemail 1 The BBC World Service's audience
l2IJ winning A is the largest of any radio broadcaster.
[![]pay B numbers same 183 million listeners daily.
C are mostly English speakers.
1 I love reading abo ut the lives of ... „ „ .. „ .. „ „ „ . D are mostly bilingual.
2 There was a huge „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . against
2 In Asia and the Middle East
the politician after it was revealed he had been
A most households listen to the BBC World Service.
involved in the scandal.
B BBC radio presenters are often known by name.
3 I think we're going to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . a
C there are round-the-clock broadcasts in English.
lot of „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of this book.
D there are no English broadcasts.
4 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ is a crime - it's illegal
to listen to somebody else's voicemail if they 3 Many European-language broadcasts stopped because
haven't listened to it themselves. A more Asian language broadcasts were needed.
5 I don't think we should change a thing. We B listener numbers across Europe fell.
already have a „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ C Europeans prefer to listen in English.
6 The „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . posed as a corrupt businessman. D only older Europeans were listening.
7 I left a „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ on yo ur phone 4 The FCO funds the BBC World Service
yesterday- did you pick it up? A together with the UK public.
8 The man agreed to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ B in combination with governments abroad.
of f100,000 to get the business contract. C from the BBC licence fee.
D exclusively at present.
4 Complete the sentences with the verbs outsel/,
5 The BBC's good reputation stems in part from its
announce, shutdown, match, gain in their correct
A association with the UK government.
form.
B independence from the UK government.
In Britain, tabloid newspapers always C talented editorial staff. I
broadsheet newspapers. D refusal to make a profit.
2 I was really sad when I heard they were
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . their business. Opis ilustracji
3 That journalist has „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . a reputation i odpowiedzi na pytania

4
for being a very aggressive interviewer.
Science magazines will never „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
8 \1.•,Sti!i.f/ Opisz zdjęcie, a następnie odpowiedz
na pytania.
gossip magazines in popularity.
5 The newspaper „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . today that its 1 Why do you think
monthly sales were up 10%. the children are
playing music?
5 Summarise the text in about 60 words. Tell the 2 What's your
class. favourite musical

6 (~Ilffil~l Should the press balance freedom

i of expression with respect for privacy7 In five
l instrument and
why?
3 How has your
I
:i,,''
minutes write a few sentences on the topie. musical taste
Tell the class. changed since you
were younger? 93
 - -- ------- --·

.~ 9
0 Lexicogrammatical word transformations
llfij·iljrl•ilrtQ
I
Reported speech
2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Special lntroductory Verbs Use two to five words.

• agree/demand/offer/promise/refuse/ "You mustn't enter the concert hall without tickets,"

threaten/claim + to infinitive he said to us.
• advise/allow/ask/beg/command/encourage/ FORBADE He „„„„„„„„„

forbid/instruct/invite/order/permit/remind/ the concert hall without tickets.

urge/warn/want + sb + to infinitive 2 "I don't like this film," he said.
• accuse sb of/apologise for/admit (to)/ COMPLAINED He „ „ „
boast about/complain (to sb) about/deny/insist „„ .. liking the film.
on/suggest + -ing form 3 "Do try and practise the guitar a bit mare," the
• agree/boast/claim/complain/deny/exclaim/explain/ music teacher said to him.
inform sb/promise/remark/suggest + clause URGED The music teacher .
(ALSO explain to sb + how) . the guitar a bit mare.
• wonder where/what/how/whether + to
4 "OK, why don't I wait outside the cinema?" she said.
infinitive or clause SUGGESTED She
• wonder why + clause „„„„„„„„„„„„ outside the cinema.
5 "No, I can't watch a horror film," he said.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in REFU SED He
bold. Use two to five words. „„„.„„„„ a horror film.

"I won the Best Actress award at the film festival," 6 "Don't worry. 1'11 meet you 15 minutes before the
she said. show starts," he said to me.
BO AS TED She. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . the PROMISED He „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ me

Best Actress Award at the film festival. 15 minutes before the show started.
2 "You're right, it's the best performance we've ever 7 "I didn't steal the painting," he said to the police officer.
attended," he said. DENIED He „„„„„„„. „.„„„„„ „.„„„„„

AGREED He . „ „„„„„.„„.„.„. „„.„ the painting.

performance they'd ever attended. 8 "Do not touch the exhibits," the security guard said
3 "How about going to the theatre on Saturday?" he to us.
asked us. ORDERED The security guard
SUGGESTED He „.„ „.„„„„„„.„ „„„„„„„„ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ hands off the exhibits.

„ to the theatre on Saturday. 9 "Don't be late for your audition," my agent said to
4 "Don't forget to book two tickets for the opera," me.
she said to him. WARNED My agent „„„„„.„„„„„.

REMINDED She . „„„ late for my audition.

two tickets for the opera. 10 "You shouldn't leave your belongings unattended,"
5 ''l'm sorry I didn't turn up for the exhibition," she said. he said.
APOLOGISED She „„„.„.„„„„„„„„„„ .„„„„.„„„„. ADVISED He „. „ „ „ „ „ „ .

for the exhibition. „ „ „„ „ our belongings unattended.

6 "They dance very gracefully!" Kate said. 11 "First you put the CD in the player and then you
REMARKED Kate „.„„ press the play button," he said to her.
very gracefully. EXPLAINED He

7 "Can I afford such an expensive painting?" she asked „„ „.„„„„ „„. to use the CD player.
herself. 12 "You destroyed my dance costume, Brian!" she said.
WONDERED She . ACCUSED She .
such an expensive painting. „„„„.„„„. „„.„ her dance costume.
8 "Rehearse your lines before appearing on stage," 13 "Please, please, give me your autograph," the girl
the director said to the actor. said to the singer.
ORDERED The director . BEGGED The girl .
his Jines before appearing on stage. her his autograph.
94
J
• Word formation ' Lexical multiple choice items
3 Fili in the correct form 4 Choose the correct answer.
of the words in bold.
I didn't like the film; the plot was tao „ . „ . „ „ •

until he was six years ald. all A confused C circulated

Kieron Wiiiiamson cared B complicated D criss-crossed
about was playing football. 2 She's a singer who can always hit the high „ „
He 1l ccertainl „ „ „ ...•. „ .• A notes B vibes C sounds D chords
wasn't devoted to art. That
3 He's been „ „ „ . „ . for lots of awards for his acting.
Is until one day in May 2008.
A honoured B selected C nominated D named
when Kieron and his family visited a harbour in
cornwall. lt was there that Kieron·s artistic talent was 4 The novel is „ . „ „ „ . by one of its minor characters.
awakened. After staring at the boats and the 2l cscenel A expressed B narrated C described D dictated
„ „ he asked for same paper and a pencil, 5 There's hardly any singing on the album; it's mainly
and, accordlng to his mother, he started drawlng for the
first time. When the family returned home. Kieron began A classical B acoustic C instrumental D vocal
drawing and painting all the time. Eventually, a local
6 She loves the Harry Potter stories and wants to read
artist saw same of Kieron·s sketches and was amazed by
all the books in the „ „ „ „ „
his natural artistic 3l Cabie! ... She offered
A serial B series C sequence D cycle
to help Kieron develop his skills. and soon Kieron's
paintings began to be displayed in exhibitions around the 7 Fiona Gleeson plays Elizabeth I very „ „ . „ „ . .
UK. Today, he Is known as 'mini-Monet' and his A certainly B critically C convincingly D truly
4l cexceptionl „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . talent has earned him a 8 The Alm is „„.„ „ on a true story.
considerable sum of money. Like many child prodigies. A based B taken C held D put
he may not always have such Sl Cfamousl „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . 9 The gallery is „ „ „ . „ an exhibition of landscapes
and fortune - he may even decide on a completely
paintings.
different career but his famlly are sure he will always
A displaying B holding C performing D staging
find 6l Cpleasel „ „ „ . „ „ „ . in drawing and painting.

1O Th is sitcom is funny - every „ „ „ „ „ makes me laugh.

A excerpt B episode C production D chapter
o Multiple choice cloze
5 Read the text and choose the correct answer.

Krzysztof Kieślowski - A Master Fiłmmaker

Krzysztof Kieślowski was one of the greatest Polish filmmakers of the 20th century. By the time he died in
1996 at the age of just 54, he 1) „„„.„„. over forty films, many of which are today considered classics of
European cinema. But it was not always Kieślowski's dream to become a filmmaker. As a teen growing
2) „„„„„„ in Warsaw, he struggled to decide on acareer, even attending a fire fighter training school for a
short time. But, while working as a tailor for a theatre company, Kieślowski finally carne into
contact with the world of the arts.After two rejected applications, he was eventually 3) „„„„„„ A was making
by the Łódź Film School and it was there that his talent for filmmaking developed. His first films B was made
were documentaries, most of which explored the everyday lives of Poland's working class, but C had made
D made
in the late 1970s he began writing screenplays for feature films. Kieślowski was a filmmaker
who involved 4) „„„„„„ in all of the creative elements of afilm. Kieślowski not only directed his 2 A in to
films but wrote the screenplays, and worked very 5) „„„„„„ with his cinematographers and B up
C out
composers. lnternationally, Kieślowski is best known for his fina! three films, the Three Colours
O over
Trilogy, based on the colours of the French flag and the qualities they stand for: freedom,
equality and friendship. The three films won numerous awards, including the Best Film at the 3 A agreed
B accepted
Venice Film Festival, and 6) „„„„„„ Kieślowski the international recognition he deserved.
C entered
Today, his influence can stili be seen in European cinema, and his films are studied for their
D hosted
technical skill in film schools around the world.
 IQ@\,j[' Recenzja I 2 Read the film review and
match each heading to
a paragraph.
A review is a short description of a book, film, play,
TV series etc. lt is written to inform readers and
viewers and to give them our opinion/
recommendation about whether or not we think is it
worthwhile seeing a film/play/series/performance or
The King's Speech
reading a book. A review consists of: ITD The King's Speech is a
• an introduction in which we summarise the historical drama film about the
book/film etc (i.e. tit/e, name of author!director, genre, unexpected rise to the throne of
setting, brief reference to plot etc). King George VI of Britain in the 1930s and his relationship
• a main body consisting of two paragraphs. In the with his speech therapist. Directed by Tom Hooper, the
first paragraph of the main body, we present the cast includes a number of talented actors including Colin
points of the plot in chronological order, and in the Firth as King George VI (known as Bertie), Helena Bonham
second paragraph we comment on the plot, the Carter as Queen Elizabeth, and Geoffrey Rush as the
characters, the acting and directing, etc, without speech therapist.
revealing the end of the story to the readers. IIIJ The story begins when Bertie becomes king alter
• a conclusion in which we recommend or do not his brother abdicates. However, Bertie suffers from a
recommend the book/film etc and give reasons to speech impediment and is considered by many to be un!it
support our recommendation. to be king. He decides to employ the services of a speech
Reviews are normally found in newspapers, therapist named Lionel Logue. With Lionel's help and
magazines, or letters and the style can be forma! or somewhat unorthodox techniques, the king is able to
informal, depending on the intended readers. overcome his disability and deliver an inspiring radio
We normally use present tense and a variety of speech alter Britain's declaration of war on Germany in
adjectives to describe the plot and make our 1939.
comments elear and to the point. [I[] The film is based on a true story and is an enjoyable
and sometimes moving true-life drama. The script is
1 Read the rubric, underline the key words, then skilfully written, the cast play their roles with zest, and the
answer the questions. directing is top class. What's mare, a wonderful
r-------------------•
I \t 1!'tj y Czasopismo studenckie I poprosiło
soundtrack of classical pieces brilliantly sets the tone lor
the film.
I Ił• t•u•p . . . I
swoich czytelrnkow o nadsyłanie 1 @I] I highly recommend The King's Speech to anyone
1
1 recenzji niedawno obejrzanego filmu 1 with an interes! in historical drama or simply great acting
I biograficznego. Napisz recenzję (200-250 I but also to anyone wanting to have a great
I 1 słów), w której przedstawisz fabułę filmu :
night out at the
: I podasz powód, dla którego warto go obejrzeć, 1 cinema with their
~-------------------~ lamily or lriends.
1 Who is going to read the review?
2 Which tense should you mostly use?
3 Which of the following should you include?
3 Read the excerpts from reviews below and say
A the name of the whether they are for a book, film or play.
H the main details of
director the plot I thoroughly recommend this informative guide for
B the title of the film whether your friends students, which will also be a fascinating volume for
c the director's have seen it anyone interested in art .....
biography J who the main 2 Will Granger interprets the lead role brilliantly. His
D the film genre characters are stunning performance captivates the audience
E general comments K what your best from the moment the curtain goes up.
F how the film ends friend thinks about it 3 lt's full of action and suspense that will keep vou
G vvhether or not L the leacling actor's glued to the :icreen. What's 1-r101e, the specicJi
you recommend 1t biography effects are amazing.
I 1 96
I
l. I
4 a) Fili in the extracts with the words from the · Yourturn
list. 5 Read the rubric and underline the key words.
Then, answer the questions.
•
•
duli • performances • visual effects
virtuoso • acting • original • melodious r-------------------,
IVt;r.f!l\illf/f
Redakcja . anglojęzycz~ej. gazetki I
• readers • stage • entertaining • audience I wydawanej w Twojej szkole :
• true story • soundtrack • characters • plot : zaproponowała czytelnikom nadsyłanie recenzji 1
• suspense • awful I niedawno obejrzanego filmu historycznego. I
I Napisz recenzję (200-250 słów), w której I
: przedstawisz fabułę filmu i podasz powód, dla
0 1 którego warto lub nie warto go obejrzeć.
:
1
The Jazz Cafe was the perfect venue to showcase
NTB's 1) .„......................... lyrics and ~-------------------~
Think of a film you saw.
2) ................................... voices. The crowd we re a) What genre is it? c) Who stars in it?
treated to some 3) ................................ . b) Who directed it? d) What is the plot?
musicianship, delivered with a(n) 4) ..................... . 2 Who is going to read your review?
presence that is second to none. This band really 3 What tense(s) should you use?
know how to put on a(n) 5) ............................... . 4 What general comments will you make 7
show. 5 Why will you (not) recommend it?
6 Use your ideas from Ex. 5 to write your review
[!] (200-250 words). Follow the plan below and
use language from the Useful Language box.
The film, which is based on a 6) .......................... ,
is the tale of Graham, a medical student whose
life takes a turn for the worse after he finds a
briefcase full of diamonds on a train. He soon Introduction
finds himself suspected of murder and stealing (Para 1) ·. b'i1ckground information (Ut!e, na me Of
the diamonds. There's plenty of 7) ...................... . autbor/director, type'. setting) ·
as Graham is pursued through London and across Mainbody . > <> ·
England. The 8) ............................ are spectacular (Para 2) ·• main pointsoft/Jeplot .
(Para 3) ge1zeral commeizts
enough to make the 9) ............................ jump
Cóhchision ·. •··
at times. The 1O) ............................ is superb,
(Para 4) · recoiilmenclations I

with all the cast giving brilliant 11) ..................... . i

R&B star Jules X provides a lively i
12) ............................ that suits the action well.
Background information i
• The book/novel was written by ... . • The story/
~ film is set in ... . • lt is a fantasy/horror/war film ....
This 13) ............................ book will bore even • lt is directed by ....
the most tolerant of 14) .................................... . Main points of the plot
The author's style is just 15) ................................. . • lt tells the story of ... . • The story is about/
and the 16) ............................ are far from begins .. . . • The plot is intriguing/boring.
original. What is most annoying, however, is the General comments
confusing 17) ............................ , which • lt is cleverly/poorly/badly written. • lt is rather
exasperates the reader no end. long/boring/confusing. •The acting is excellent/
awful. •The script is very clever/dull.
Recommendations
b) What is each extract about? What 11
• lt's a very entertaining read. • I would definitely
recommendation does each writer give? recommend it. • Don't miss it. :I
A negative or a positive one 7 ,. • lt is well worth seeing. 0 I wouldn't really
!iii recommend it because . ~
.~~~~~~~~--~~97
 Describe the man in the portrait.
Read the first 13 Jines in the text. How does Dorian
feel looking at his portrait? Why? Read to find out.
2 Do the reading task. Justify your answers.
r---------------------------,
I \1'fłMi1!i.t/ Przeczytaj fragment powieści Oscara Wilde'a I
: The Picture of Dorian Grey. Z podanych możliwości odpowiedzi :
1 (1-5) wybierz właściwą. zgodną z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl literę 1
I A. B, Club D.
~---------------------------~
. · . adapted from the novel by Oscar Wilde
"Don't you like it?" cried Hallward at last, stung a
little by the lad's silence, not understanding what it
meant.
"Of course he likes it," said Lord Henry. "Who
wouldn't like it? lt is one of the greatest things in
modern art. I will give you anything you like to ask for it.
I must have it. 11
"lt is not my property, Henry."
11
Whose property is it?"
11
Dorian's, of course," answered the painter.
"He is a very lucky fellow."
"How sad it is!" murmured Dorian Gray, with his eyes
stili fixed upon his own portrait. "How sad it is! I shall
grow ald, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture
will remain always young. It will never be older than this
particular day of June ... If it were only the other way! If
it were I who was to be always young, and the picl!'re
that was to grow ald! For that - for that - I woul.fglve
everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I
would not give! I would give my soul for that!"
"You would hardly care for such an arrangement,
Basi!," cried Lord Henry, laughing. "lt would be rather
hard lines on your work."
"I should object very strongly, Henry," said Hallward.
Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. "I believe you
would, Basi!. You like your art better than your friends.
I am no mare to you than a green bronze figure. Hardly
as much, I daresay. 11
The painter stared in amazement. lt was so unlike
Dorian to speak like that. What had happened? He
seemed quite angry. His face was flushed and his cheeks
burning.
"Yes/' he continued, 0 I am less to you than your ivory
Hermes or your silver Faun. You will like them ałways.
I-lo\v long, \Vill you like nie'? Till I havc iny first nTinkle. I
98
>•li
I
suppose. I know, now, that when one łoses one's good
looks, whatever they niay be, one łoses everything. Your
picture has taught me that. Lord Henry Wotton is
perfectly right. Youth is the only thing \VOrth having.
When I find that I am growing ołd, I shalł kil! mysełL"
Halhvard turned pale. and caught his hand. "Dorian!
Dorian!" he cricd, "don't talk łike thaL I havc never had
such a friend as you, and I shall never have such
another. You are not jealous of materiał things, are
you? -you \vho arc finer than any of them!"
"! am jeałous of everything whose beauty does not
die. I am jeałous of the portrait you havc paintcd of me.
Why should it keep what I must łase? Every moment
that passes takes son1ething from me, and gives
something to it. Oh, if it were onły the other way! If the
picture could change, and I coułd be always what I am
now! Why did you paint it" It will mock me some day
mock me horribły!" The hot tears welled in his eyes; he
tore his hand away, and, !linging himsełf on the couch,
he buried his face in the cushions, as though he \Vas
praying.
"This is your doing, Henry," said the painter, bitterły.
Lord Henry shrugged his shoułders. "lt is the real
Dorian Gray- that is all."
ult is not."
nif it is not, \V hat havc I to do \Vith it?!T
"You should have gone i.nvay \vhen I asked you." he
muttered.
11 11
! stayed \vhen you askecl n1e, \vas Lord I-Ienry's
ans\ver.
nHenry, I can'l quarrel \Vith 111y l\VO best friends at
once, but bel:\vecn you bolh you have 111ade me ha te the
finest piece of \VOrk I hnve ever clone. and I \Vili destrov
it. What is it hut canvas and colnur? I \Vili not Jet it cun 1 ~
acruss our thr1:c ll\t.:'> ;·,nd 111:;1r tht:rn."
 Dorian is sad because he
ijil@rforł@oobieranie I
A doesn't like the painting.
B cannot have the painting.
5 () Do the listening task.
C doesn't like the idea of getting old. r----------------------~
D thinks he looks old in the painting. I \\MSrrtltff Us7szysz dwukrotnie :'>'powiedz! pięc~u I
I osob na temat tego, Jakie zakonczen1e I
2 When Lord Henry says Basil "would hardly care I pow1esc1 lubią najbardziej. Przyporządkuj I
for such an arrangement," he means : poszczególnym osobom nagłówki, wpisując :
A Basil doesn't want to give the painting away. odpowiednie litery (A-F) w kratki. Jeden nagłówek 1
został podany dodatkowo i nie pasuje do żadnej 1
B the painting would lose its greatness.
wypowiedzi. I
C Dorian would suffer.
D Basil would And it hard to continue painting.
·----------------------~
What is your favourite type of ending?
3 Basil Hallward's face turns pale because he A A TRAGIC ENDING
Speaker1
A is angry with Dorian. B AN UNEXPECTED ENDING
B is frightened by Dorian words. Speaker 2
c A SUSPENSEFUL ENDING
C feels iii. Speaker 3
D A HUMOUROUS ENDING
D fee Is envious of Dorian. E A HAPPY ENDING Speaker 4
4 Basil believes the cause of Dorian's emotional F AN UNCLEAR ENDING Speaker 5
upset was
A Lord Henry. 1;r.f$i§ril@odgrywanie roli I
B the painting.
C his own attitude.
D a previous argument.
6 a) Read the rubric. Which of the following
sentences might someone use in this task?
5 Basil says he will destroy the painting as
r---------------------~
A he thinks it doesn't portray the real Dorian. I \f t,f!1(i!i.f/ Przebyw~z na waka.cja~ w.Londynie. 1I
1
B the colours aren't successful. I W punkcie sprzedazy b1letow chcesz
C a number of people dislike it. : kupić
bilet na musical :'>'stawiany na West Endzie. :
D he feels it may damage his relationships with 1 W rozmowie ze sprzedawcą uwzględnij poniższe 1
his friends. I kwestie: I
I dostępność I
1 promocje miejsc I
I I
3 Match the words in bold to their meanings. 1
rodzaje miejsc zasady zwrotu biletu 1
What part of speech is each?
·---------------------~
'tmake fun of • ruin • specific • went white 1 I would like a seat in the stalls, please.
• possession • body • argue • mumbled • red 2 I went to an amazing gig at the weekend.
• young man • throwing • creamy-white 3 What musicals do you have tickets for?
• carne to the surface • line in the face 4 Have you bought Lady GaGa's !atest album?
5 There are no refunds on tickets.
6 How close to the stage would you like to be?
7 l'm afraid Cats is sold out this Friday.
4 rf(j lfti1 (9J
Do you think Basi! was right to 8 lt has got excellent reviews.
want to destroy the painting? Why?/Why not? 9 Do you have any deals on seats?
In five minutes write a few sentences. Tell the 1O Have you read his autobiography?
class.
-·- . - ·-.--·-·--·---·------------~
b) Do the task. I
l'I
lii I
'

99
 MODULE
@·1§1@6'tj Extreme sportsl 'Sports venues I
1 a) Label the pictures with sports from the list. 3 Choose the correct word.

• cross-country skiing • skydiving Everyone is getting together at the skating ring/

• white-water rafting • snowboarding
• caving • kite-surfing • bungee jumping
• paragliding • windsurfing
rink to practise rollerblading.
2 International cricket matches are held in a large
ground/court.
3 Do you fancy trying to get a few strikes down at
the bowling course/alley?
4 We all went to the race stadium/track to watch
The International Horse Show.
5 The rugby field/court needed fresh green turf.
6 Cricket and hockey are played on a courtlpitch.

'Basic equipment I
4 Match the sport with the equipment used in it.
Make sentences as in the example.

QI] tennis
~American
football
[ill rock climbing
[ill snowboarding
b) Look at the list in Ex. 1a again and discuss
the following questions in pairs. ew water polo
[ill football
1 Which of the sports would you like to try? Why? l2IJ archery
2 Which ones do you think are the most dangerous?
3 Which are popular in your country? To play tennis you need a racquet and a visor.
Which are not?
'Professional sports I
'Popular sports I
5 Fili in the gaps with: referee, stretching, breaking,
2 Fili in the verbs:beat, catch, kick, hit, pass, race, muscle, umpire, devoted, foul, competitive.
~re, serve, shoot, train in their correct form.
The .......... „ . „ .. „ .. „ asked the tennis player to
1 Ben . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ .... „ „ „ the bali to his team-mate, avoid using bad language or she would be fined.
who then .. „.„ .... „ ..... „.„ ... it into the basket. 2 John could not take part in the weightlifting
I
2 Sally is .................... „ .... hard in order to take part championship because of his „ ......... „ .... „ ... injury.
•I in the London Marathon. 3 The team's strongest player was sent off after the
3 The goalkeeper jumped high into the air and . ......... „ . „ ........ showed him a red card.

..... „ ... „ ......... „ ... the bali. 4 The coach told the team to do same .... „ .. „. „ .
4 l've been playing ice hockey for six months now, exercises to warm up before the game.
but I stili find it extremely difficult .. „ . „ ................ . 5 American football teams have millions of
a goal! . ........ „ .. „ „ .... „ fans who follow every game of

5 Marge „ .. „ .......... „ . „ „ the tennis bali so high over the season.

the net that her opponent couldn't .............. „ „ it.
6 The two brothers hope ............ „ . „ ...... each other
in next year's National Cycling Championship.
7 Tommy loves football and spends hours
...... a bali arouncl the garden.
6 Any .... „ ..... „ .. „ .... play during the football match
will not be tolerated.
7 Professional ice skating is a higly
sport and you need great talent to be successful.
8 The young athl•2Le astounded everyone by

li
8 Celia is sucha fast swimmer it'> hard .... „ . „ her. ········. the world recorcl in the 1OO-met re sprint
100
I
 6 Complete the sentences using the words: fa/se, 'Adjectivesi
tie, disqualified, substituted, finishing, awarded,
banned, competed, host, overtime.
8 Fili in the gaps with the words: steady,
adventurous, graceful, daring, determined, intensive,
Which city will ................... . the next Olympic defensive, cooperative, strong.
Games?
1 Robert proved that he was very .................. .
2 World-class cricketers have .. ........... against
and powerful by winning the wrestling tournament.
each other at this venue.
2 Kyle maintained a high-protein diet and a(n)
3 The athlete was .. „ ............ „..... . from the race
.................................. workout regime to prepare
when he failed the drugs test.
„„„„„., the
for the weightlifting championship.
4 With just 30 seconds left in ..
3 Diana's aim was very ................................. as she
home team manged to win.
practised archery.
5 You can only make one ..... . .. ... . .. start.
4 Motocross riders pe form ................................. .
6 The weightlifter was .......................... from
stunts at this open-air show.
competing for life after he tested positive for
5 The ice-skater held the spectators spellbound
steroids.
with her light .................................. movements.
7 The footballer was ................ ........ a penalty for
6 You need to be .................................. when you
a foul.
are playing a team sport.
8 The coach ......... Jennings for Jones
7 The rock climber was .................................. to
when Jones injured his leg.
reach new heights of the mountain.
9 The game ended in a(n) . .... with a
8 Timothy wanted to be .................................. and
score of 2:2.
decided to try river rafting for the first time with
1O She was severa! metres ahead of the other
his friends.
runners as she crossed the .......................... line.
9 As our team were losing badly, we were forced to
7 Complete the email with: danger, wild, thrilling, ado pt .................................. tactics to try and
cool, physical, risk-takers, tricks. even the score.

9 Fili in the gaps with the words: field, /ongjump,

Maciek. Wow! You should have been here. I used to think regular, legend, sense, sporting, gold medal, pentathlon,
watching the X Games on TV was exciting, but seeing professional, individual.
these extreme sports in the f\esh is even mare
1) .......................... Same of the events are mare .Mirosław Pych is a p0 1·is h Paralympian athlete H h!
dangerous than you can imagine. The competitors are ;s most famous '.or competing in .th: I
definitely big 2) ......................... Every day, they face fi~~·;;~~k··~~d··;;·:: ..~~'.~h is a discipline involving I:
.• 3) .......................... by flying through the air or down takes part in the ······· ······· events. He also Il
' mountainsides, yet they look so 4) .......................... while 3
) ···························· events
doing it. lt's unbelievable! My favourite competitors are the such as the javelin, the 4) .............. and
snowboarders. They perform incredible 5) ......................... . the 1OOm sprint. lncredibly, Mirosi~~-·p;~h has

that make the crowd go ~omf;~ed at ev~ry Para/ympics since Barcelona

6) .......................... but they make 5) 2. That s when he won his first
everything look so easy! I just B .::······:·············· · In his fifth Paralympics in
admire them since their sports eijlng in 2008, this living 6) ............. .
won a bronze medal in the javelin. Miros!~~·p;~h
require exceptional
7) .......................... strength. l'm must feel a great l) ........................ of
ach1evement that many B) ·····
. having such a great time. I wish Olympians have never felt ·N~t···o····l·····:····h·······
. you were here, tao. 9) · ny1s ea
See you soon, ···:························ hero in Poland but h ·
admired by 10) • e 1s '1
•I
Marta round the world. ···························· athletes all

(~) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 182) 1O1

 Dobieranie I
1 How do
e . yau t h'ink it would feel
vent in a desert? What r to do a running
desert runners expe . p oblems do you think
find out. nence? Read through to

Can you imagine wanting to run the equivalent of live and a hall marathons over six
days through same of the most inhospitable terrain on the planet? Believe i\ or not,
plenty of people do. In (act around 700 people take part in the Marathon des Sables
- or Marathon of the Sands - through the Sahara Deser\ in Morocco every spring.
\he race is de!initely not for the faint-hearted. Not only is the 150-mile route
punishing in the extreme, taking in as it does the highest sand dunes on the planet,
but the conditions are also exceedingly basie. ITD Getting to sleep is not usually
a problem, though, since the event invo\ves running an average of 25 miles a day on
ground tha\ is at best uneven and stony. Io make matters worse, participants mus\
carry everything they need tor the whole race on them while they run, barring a tent
and water, which
Would-be is givenareoutalso
competitors IIC\
in rations.
warned, however, that it:s impossible to prepare tor
this unique event - seen as one of the toughest foot races, il not the toughest foot
race, in the world. for one thing, lew people live in places where the temperature
reaches 32'C by 9 am and 51'C by the middle of the day. LI[} Severe blisters can
also binder many runners' progress or put paid to their hopes of finishing. Even il
your body copes with the race's extremes, you may stil\ have to contend with deser\
snakesDay
andfour
scorpions.
of the race is perhaps the most grue\\ing of all. \t:s the
longest stage - 50 miles - and run over an unchanging
wi\demess that many competitors find hard to deal with on a
psychological level. \3'[J Day live is otticially the only rest
day, but many competitors spend we\\ over 24
hours on the preceding section. lt:s no
wonder that many veterans of the
Marathon des Sables say every other
race seems boring in comparison \
3 Choose the correct word. Can you explain why l>i@rflrl@ Dobieranie [
the alternative words are incorrect in these
sentences7 8 Do the listening task. Justify your answers.
r--------------------~
1 Running at 9 am in the Sahara is the equality/ I \ł&fyi!iJt 0 f/ Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedzi I
equivalent of running in the middle of the day on I pięciu osób na temat sportów, które lubią I
a hot beach in Europe. : oglądać. Przyporządkuj poszczególnym :
osobom nagłówki, wpisując odpowiednie litery
2 The Marathon des Sables is a gruelling/grilling 1 1
1 (A-F) w kratki. Jeden nagłówek został podany I
experience even for super-fit people.
1 dodatkowo i nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. 1
3 The runners have to contend/compete with
dangerous animals that live in the desert. ~--------------------~
A ONE-TO-ONE BATILES Speaker1
4 The race's root/route includes the world's largest B DANGEROUS PURSUIT Speaker 2
sand dunes. c PATRIOTIC SUPPORTER Speaker3
s The competitors have to cooperate/cope with D BRILLIANT TEAMWORK
Speaker 4
physical and mental challenges. E PASSIONATE FELLOW FEELING
F TOUGH MANOEUVRES Speaker 5

4 Match the phrases from the text on the left

with their definitions on the right. Wypowiedź na podstawie
materiału stymulującego
[J:I] for one thing a end
9 a) Read the rubric and do the speaking task.
CIT:J put paid to b it's a surprising fact
r-------------------~
[ID to make c it's not surprising
I \ł6®iiii.f/ Przyjrzyj się plakatom nr 1. 2 i 3. I
matters worse d another negative : Podczas pobytu w Anglii pomagasz w organi- :
[![] it's no wonder thing is that
1 zacji dnia sportu. Musisz wybrać plakat, który 1
ITI] believe it e an important reason 1 przyciągnie największą liczbę uczestników. 1
or not is that I Wybierz jeden z plakatów przedstawio- I
I nych poniżej i uzasadnij swój wybór. I
: Wyjaśnij, dlaczego odrzuciłeś/-aś pozo- :
5 Match the adjectives to the nouns, then use 1 stałe propozycje. 1
them to make sentences about the Marathon
~-------------------~
des Sables.

[J:I] basie:
m:::J urieven
[ID pounding
[![] regular
ITI] rest

6 lICT IFind out online how the Marathon des

Sables got started. Present the history of the
event to the class, as well as any interesting
facts you find.

7 [Jiii:li'.fi:!DiWould you take part in this

Marathon 7 Why (not)? In three minues write
l
!. a few sentences. Tell the class. 11

b) ', ,' Listen to someone doing the task.

Which poster do they choose? How do they
justify their choice? 103
 o Lexicogrammatical word transformations
Conditionals/Wishes/
Unreal Past 2 Complete the sentences using the word in
bold. Use two to five words.
• You need to exercise more, otherwise you won 't 1 Considering that Beth is so young, she's an excellent
be fit for the match. ice-skater.
lf you don't exercise mare, you won't be fit for ACCOUNT Taking . ................... young
the match. Beth is, she's an excellent ice-skater.
• She is scared of heights so she doesn't want to go 2 Bryan was late for basketball practice today because
bungee jumping. his bus was delayed.
lf she weren't scared of heights, she would go ARRIVED lf his bus ..
bungee jumping. Bryan wouldn't have been late for
• You'd better avoid cycling for a while. basketball practice today.
lf I were you, I would avoid cycling for a while. 3 lf you see Mark, tell him that the game is on TV
• He didn't take part in the tournament because he tonight.
broke his leg. RUN Should
lf he hadn't broken his leg, he would have tell him that the game is on TV tonight.
4 We can't play football if it rains.
taken part in the tournament.
PROVIDED We can play football ................ .
• l'm not fit so I can't take part in the race.
............. . .............. raining.
I wish I were fit so that I could take part in the race.
5 l'd prefer it if she enrolled on the skydiving course.
• lt's a shame the team lost in the finals.
SIGNED l'd. ............ .
I wish/lf only the team hadn't lost in the finals.
..... for the skydiving course.
• lf it weren't raining, we could go cycling.
6 Catherine asked to borrow my surfing gear at the
I wish it weren't/would stop raining so we could
weekend.
go cycling.
COULD Catherine asked if I .......................... .
...... my surfing gear at the weekend.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. 7 Leave naw or you'll be late for practice.
Use two to five words. HIGH lt's ...................... ; you
don't want to be late for practice.
You'd better practise mare for the competition.
WERE lf .............................................. „ l'd 8 lf Alison doesn't come, we won't be able to compete.
UN LESS We won't be able to compete ......... .
practise mare for the competition.
2 Pam didn't play in the match because she twisted ·············· ................................... up.
her ankle.
9 You should train harder.
WOULD
ef'>
lf Pam hadn't twisted her ankle, she
HAD You .. ............................. harder.
10 We didn't win the match and now we won't go into
.................... in the match.
the next round.
3 You need to arrive on time, or you won't get in.
ARRIVE lf . ... ... ...... .. . on time, LOST ..... the match; then we
I would have gone into the next round.
I you won't get in.
11 I didn't like it when you gave Sam my stopwatch.
4 l'm not tall so I can't be a basketball player.
RATH ER l'd
WISH I ........ ···························.············SO
that I could be a basketball player. ... Sam my stopwatch.
S lt's a pity I can't go to Barcelona with the football team. 12 I hope David won't reject aur offer to join the team.
UP I wish David .............................. .
ON~ lf... . .
Barcelona with the football team. ················ aur offer to join the team.
6 lf it weren't so windy, we could have a game of tennis.
13 You should start a new sport.
SO I wish it weren't so windy ..... . WOULD lfl ........................ up a new sport.
. ...... ... .......... .. ... ... a game of tennis. 14 He lost all his energy and didn't make it to the end .
7 lt's a shame he Fell off the high bar; he was doing so RUN lf he .
well. ....... energy, he would
FALLEN I w1sh . have made 1t to the end.
I' off the high bar; i1e was doing so well.
104
JI
' Word formation ' Lexica/ multiple choice items
3 Fili in the correct form 4 Choose the correct answer.
of the words in bold.
In the 800m, the athletes run twice around the
Can you imagine running against a A truck B trick C track D trek
horse in a 22-mile race? Weil that's 2 Sarah has begun her training „„„„. for next year's
what hundreds of runners do every marathon.
year in the Man versus Horse race in
A regiment B regime C register D region
Llanwrtyd Wells in Wales. This unusual
event attracts hundreds of 1) (compete) 3 Joe has a(n) . „. record in the 1OOm freestyle.
„ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . from all over Europe and A aggressive C impressive
takes participants through some of the most B expressive D suppressive
2) (picture) „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . scenery in
Wales - down country roads, forest footpaths 4 Australia completely „„„„. the match.
and even farm tracks! For 25 years this race never A overpowered C marked
featured a human 3) (win) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . . Then, in B dominated D excelled
2004, an Englishman named Huw Lobb ran the race of 5 lt was a „ „ „ „ „ . defeat for the Tigers, who had never
his life to become the first man to be crowned lost to the Dolphins before.
champion. Crowds of 4) (spectate) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
witnessed Huw cross the finishing line and claim the A humiliating B hurting C disgusting D moving
f25,000 prize. In the end, he finished ahead of 500 6 I don't fee! enough to play for two hours
other runners and more than 40 horses in a tonight.
5) (remark) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ time of 2 hours and 5 A powerful B extreme C energetic D active
minutes. Although Huw was an experienced marathon
runner, it was his first time running in the race and he 7 The city has two „ „ „ „ . football teams.
had never expected to win. And what did he.do with A unfriendly B enemy C opponent D rival
the prize money? 6) (apparent) „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . , he 8 The ski „ „ „ „ . is from December to April.
went straight out and bought a new pair of trainers.
A opportunity B period C season D spell
He has since returned to Llanwrtyd Wells to run the
race many times. 9 Sweden „„„„. first place, with Chile finishing second.
A obtained B caught C accepted D took
0 Multiple choice cloze
10 Hugo has supported the team . „ „ „ „ through all its
5 Read the text and choose the correct answer. ups and downs.
A gradually B loyally C surely D evenly

tłłEITHER FlłłAL A
B
C
walking
going
taking
4 A celebrating
B to celebrate
On the moming of the 30th June 2002, the ~yes of the world were on the c celebrate
International Stadium in Yokohama, Japan. Brazil and Germany, two of the best D making D celebrated
football teams in the world, were prepańng to play in the World Cup final. Over 2 A In
70,000 lans were 1) „„„.„„„„.„„.„„. their way to the stadium and around a billion 5 A announces
8 At 8 announced
people around the world were gathering in front of televisions to watch the sporting
event of the year. But at the same time, in a small stadium high up in the
C On c was announced
Himalayas, another international football match was taking place. The national D By D had announced
team of Montserrat, a volcanic island in the Caribbean, was playing against 3 A who 6 A way
Bhutan, a tiny country in Asia. 2) „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . the time, the two countries had 8 whose 8 met hod
officially the two worst international teams in the world. The match was organised C whom
by Johan Kramer, a filmmaker from Holland, 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . own country did
c system
D which
not reach the World Cup. So, with no team to support in the tournament, he
decided 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the other, less skilful side of world football. The
place in Thimphu, the capital of Bhutan, in front of around 20,000 people including Bhutan's king.
In the end, Bhutan won 4-0 and a school holiday 5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ to mark the country's first
ever victory. But the match was much mare than a sporting event. Two football teams, who
otherwise would probably never heard about each other, gol the opportunity to meet and share
iheir cultures. lt was a marvellous occasion that celebrated the 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ sport can
bring different people together.
 Rozprawka „za
i przeciw"
To make the beginning and ending of
your essay mare effective in
attracting the reader's attention, you
can use the following techniques:
• Address the reader directly.
lf you never get out of breath or fee/
your heart working, you're not doing
enough exercise in your life.
• lnclude a quotation from a
famous person or piece of writing,
mentioning the name of the
person who said/wrote it.
As the great tennis player Bil/ie Jean
King said, "Champions keep playing
until they get it right."
• lnclude a rhetorical question (a
question that expects no answer).
Does faflawing sport truly bring
people together or does it divide them?
Listing/Adding points
• In the first place/Firstly
• Secondly • Lastly • Last but not least
• In addition (to this), etc
Presenting arguments for
•The greatest advantage/One obvious
advantage of ... is ...
• Another important bene fit of ...
• Same/Most people are in favour of ...
because ...
Presenting arguments against
•The main/most important disadvantage
of ... is ... • Another serio us drawback/
major downside of ... is ...
• A further negative aspect to consider ...
• Some/Most people are against ...
because ...
Giving justifications
• For example/instance • In other words
• After all • Therefore • As a result
• Consequently • In this/that way, etc
Concluding
• To conclude/sum up
• All things considered
• I think/feel/believe (that) ...
• lh my opinion, etc
·. 1111 106
.I
1 Read the rubric and the model answer. Which techniques
does the writer use to start and end the essay?
r--------------------------,1
1\W.W1!W/ Obecnie często słyszy się zachęty do aktywności
: fizycznej I uprawiania sportu. Napisz rozprawkę (200-250 słów), :
1 w której rozwafysz zalety i wady uprawiania dyscyplin I
I zespołowych w porównaniu ze sportami indywidualnymi. I
~--------------------------~
Hippocrates, the great physician of ancient Greece, said: "Sport is a
preserver of health." But which is the best option for improving your
wellbeing - an individual sport or a team sport?
Although team sports such as football and basketball require mare
organisation than individual sports like jogging and cycling, there are
many advantages to taking part in them. For one thing, playing sport
with other people develops someone's teamwork skills, which can be
useful in your job. Not only that, team sports provide social
opportunities. Being part of a sports team that plays regularly is a
good way of making friends and maintaining existing friendships.
'! Finally, doing a team sport helps people who want to do mare
exercise but find it hard to motivate themselves. lt is easy to skip
going to a gym, for example, when you are not in the mood. But when
there are teammates relying on you, your only option is to take part.
However, choosing a team sport does have its disadvantages.
Because you can't play sports such as hockey and volleyball on your
own, you may not be able to play as regularly as you would like.
Additionally, same people find team sports tao competitive. Young
people, especially, may become obsessed with winning and go to
unhealthy extremes such as
over~training.
Taking everything inio
consideration, team
sports are a good
option for people who
want to do more
exercise. Wouldn't we
all benefit from a
weekly workout in the
company of friendsl
2 List the advantages and disadvantages the writer presents in
their essay. How is each point justified? Complete the table.
Pros Justifications
I
I
Cons Justifications I
I
 ·..•

3 Read the extracts from essays. Match the b) Match the quotations to the topics in Ex. 4a.
beginnings to the endings and identify the Use the quotations to write appropriate essay
techniques used. endings.

~ "As soon as you take money for playing sport,

Should we force children who aren't sporty to it isn't sport, it's work." formerpresidentofthe
take part in competitive sport at school? International Olympic Committee Avery Brundage
Same schools think not and have decided to [§I] "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing
put an end to competitive sports. at all." writer Helen Keller
[II] Ask same young people who their heroes are 0:J "A life is not important except in the impact it
and you will find many of them will name has on other lives." baseball player Jackie Robinson
sportspeople.
[ill The Olympic Games last for just two weeks " Yourturn
every four years, so can any city justify spending 5 a) Read the rubric and mark arguments 1-6 as
billions of pounds on hosting the event? A (advantages) or D (disadvantages).
a All things considered, if it gives people new sports r--------------------,
facilities and transport services and inspires them : \ł,~ftl1l1i.f/ Dyskutowaliście w klasie na temat :
to get involved in sport, who could argue against I utworzenia szkolnego klubu sportowego 1
I działającego w godzinach pozalekcyjnych. Napisz I
such an investment?
: rozprawkę (200-250 słów), w której omówisz :
b In conclusion, winning and losing are part of life.
I zalety i wady członkostwa w klubie. 1
As American football coach Vince Lombardi said,
"The real glory is being knocked to your knees ~--------------------~
and then coming back. That's real glory." 1 studies may suffer 4 break from study routine
c To sum up, on the whole athletes provide 2 long-term injuries 5 discover hidden talent
positive role models. lmagine the huge amounts 3 avoid bad habits 6 under pressure to win
of dedication and personal sacrifice it took for
b) In pairs, think of justifications for each of
your favourite sports star to succeed in the
the arguments for and against in Ex. Sa.
professional arena.
Compare with another pair.

·· Supporting arguments 6 Use your ideas from Exs. Sa and Sb, and one of
4 a) Read the mai n-body topie sentences from the quotations below, to write your essay.
essays and think of two supporting arguments, Follow the plan.
in addition to the examples given. ef:
There are certain drawbacks to choosing
Quotation§_ _ _ __
]ust play. Have jun. Enjoy the game.
professional sport as a career. Basketball player Michael Jordan
career only lasts as long as the body is capa ble
ft S not lVbetberJ'Ot.1 toin or lose- but tvhetber I toin or lose.
Golfer Sondy Lyle

2 Working as a sports coach certainly has its

advantages.
less stressful than competing
Introduction
(Para 1) state the topie
3 There are many arguments in favour of Main body
participation in extreme sports. (Para 2) argu ments for & justifications
builds character (Para 3) arguments aga inst & justificatians
Conclusion

~~~~J (Para ~---~-~:~ ~~.~~~{~--~~~~~~--~ 1ts ~~~-~~-~~-.~~~~·~~~~:--~~~':!_~~~ ,

107
 G§fi.!Q Wybór wielokrotny I
1 Think of three questions you would
like to ask about the ancient sport of
chariot racing. Then read the text.
Were your questions answered7
2 Read the rubric and do the reading
task. Justify your answers.
r--------------„
\1?,f!liiJ(,f/ p czyt . k z _
I
1 rze aj t e st . po 1I
1 danych możliwości odpowiedzi 1
I (1-5) wybierz właściwą, zgodną z I
: treścią tekstu. Zakreśl literę A, B, :
Club D.
I„ ______________ „I
Chariot
or hundreds of years, chariot racing was the most popular
F spectator sport in ancien! Rome. People carne in droves to
watch the brutal, dangerous and exciting races, which often
ended in both charioteers and horses alike being killed.
The arenas where chariot races were held were known as
'circuses'. Rome's grandest circus of all was the Circus
Maximus, said to have held over 250,000 spectators - a
quarter of Rome's population.
Chariot races normally consisted of seven laps around the
circus, and the first charioteer to complete all seven of them
was the winner. There were no such things as rules to chariot
racing - between the start and finish of a race pretty much
anything was allowed. Consequently, as each race neared itgf'>
end, tactics became increasingly violent. Charioteers would hit
each other in the eyes with their whips and attempt to
'shipwreck' the chariot in front of them by driving their horses
into the back of the chariot. Another favourite tact1c was to
break a chariot by driving directly into its wheels.
There were four different teams in Rome for spectators to
support. These teams were known simply by their colours: the
Reds, the Whites, the Blues and the Greens. Fans supported
their chosen team passionately. Just as at football matches
today, violent clashes between supporters of opposing teams
regularly broke out. There was particular animosity between
supporters of the Greens (who were the most popular team in
Rome) and the Blues. The Emperor Vitellius, a fanat1cal
supporter of the Blues, once had severa! people put to death
just for shouting out rude comments about the Blues.
Because of the dangerous nature of chariot racing, chanoteers
were usua!ly s!aves. However, ir.credible farne '.'!nr! frirtunp
awaited the inost successful charioteers, and slaves rr_, .. 11(i e..:1 11,
ÓS enough money to buy their freedom. The ino'.t f1rianc1aliy
1 "" sesterce:
•
actng
successful charioteer ever was Gaius Appeleius Diocles, who
made over 35 million sesterces' in prize money during his
career - an estimated $1 Sbn in today's money! No modern-
day athlete has ever come close to earning this kind of
fortune.
Charioteers drove standing upright in their chariots. Most
charioteers used very long reins which they wrapped around
their waists. They did this so they could use their body weight
to control the horses. However, this practice was very
dangerous lf the charioteer Fell from his chariot, he was
dragged along the ground and usually killed.
Chariots were typically pulled by two or four horses, but as
many as seven horses were not unheard of. The best horses
carne from North Africa and Spain, and the larger the team of
horses, the greater the driver's expertise needed to be. The
em peror Nero, who was a huge chariot racing fan, and known
for his mad ideas (he once gat charioteers to race with camels
instead of horses) once decided to compete in a chariot race
dnving a 1O-horse chariot - something which had never been
dane, or was ever repeated. All the other competitors in the
race were only allowed two-horse chariots. Nero's
performance was so bad that he didn't even finish the course.
In fact, he crashed several times. Nevertheless, being the
emperor, he was stili proclaimed the win ner.
~hariot races took place in Rome for over a thousand years.
1hey were so popular that at t1mes Romans could see as many
as 24 races a day - and all for free (the government provided
all forms of entertainrnent, from theatre performances to
gladiator matches, free to the public). The last official chariot
race in the Circus fvlax.irrius 1Nas in 550 .l\D. The sport that had
i>.::·:::-: Ci.; v'J1th R(i1r1ans as football 1s vv1th people tocJ.:iv
had ·::o:r:0 tv ar~ t::ncl. ·
co1n
 Chariot races in ancient Rome
A were all held in the Circus Maximus.
B did not have many rules.
C were popular with about 25% of Romans.
D usually ended in bloodshed.
2 According to the text, the Blue team
A was the least popular team.
B had the most violent fans.
C didn't have the support the green team had.
D feared the em peror Vitellius.
3 Charioteers tied their reins around themselves
A for safety reasons.
B for steering purposes.
C because it made the reins shorter.
D because it made the races mare dangerous.
4 The emperor Nero
A was the only person to ever race a 1O-horse
chariot.
B once raced a chariot that was drawn by camels.
C chose the winners when he attended chariot
races.
D was a highly skilled charioteer.
5 According to the last paragraph, chariot races were
A mare popular than football is today.
B held 24 hours a day.
C part of a sponsored entertainment programme.
D the officia! sport of Rome.
3 Match the words/phrases below to the words
in bold in the text.
• contained • erupted • knowledge and skill
• me'kf'Yho are the property of others
• large·crowds • technique • declared
• bitter feeling • methods • sports venue
• uncommon • pulled • rounds • very cruel
• middle of the body • fans
4 Match the words in column B to the words in
column A.
A 7
ITI] violent
ITI] gladiator
[TI] spedator
[![] prize
[IO opposing e supporter
~rude f sport
[2I] fanatical g matches
@I] theatre h clashes
5 Use the phrases in Ex. 4 to complete the sentences.
lt was all going really well for us until the .............. .
.. ... ... .... ............ ... . scored a goal.
2 I don't know how the ancient Romans considered
..................................... a form of entertainment.
3 I heard on the news that the re we re ..................... .
............................. between football hooligans at
yesterday's game.
4 Ancien! Greece was famous for its open-air
5 Claire is a(n) .......................................... of her
school football team.
6 Tom always makes very ....................................... .
about my basketball skills.
7 The athlete won ........................................ of over
ES0,000.
8 Football is the world's most popular team sport, as
well as the world's most popular
Jiij1fl1!tf Prawda/fałsz I
6 Read the rubric and do the listening task.
r--------------------~
I \16Młi!ł,f/ Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedź I
: sprawozdawcy komentującego wyścig wioślarski. :
I Na podstawie zawartych w niej informacji I
I zdecyduj. które zdania (1-5) są zgodne z treścią 1
: tekstu (TRUE), a które nie (FALSE). Zaznacz :
I znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. I
~--------------------~
True False
The commentator says the Dutch
are a popular team.
2 The French row differently in this
race than in the past.
3 A British rower suffers an injury.
4 The ltalians overtake New Zealand.
f---l----l
5 The race is won by the French.
Opis ilustracji
i odpowiedzi na pytania
\łt1®1lii•f/ Opisz zdjęcie
i odpowiedz na pytania.
Why do you think those people.
choose to do this sport?
2 What do you think is the
dangerous sport and why?
3 What did you like best and least
about PE classes at your first
school?
 MODULE
fi·lflfi11fi't'I Healthy living I 'lllnesses/lnjuries I
1 a) Rank the following in order of importance 4 Fill in with:muscle, eye, blood pressure, sickness,
from 1-8, 1 being the most important to you. ankle, heartburn, hearing.

~
eating red meat The doctor says I have high ...... .
leading a stress-free life and need to reduce my salt intake.
exercising regularly 2 My grandfather has very poor ...
sleeping eight hours a night which is why he wears a hearing aid.
D being a healthy weight 3 Yesterday, Sam fell over while he was running and

B
D
eating plenty of fruit/vegetables
drinking eight glasses of water a day
taking vitamin pills
b) Use your list to discuss with a partner what
is most important for a healthy lifestyle.
A: In my opinion, the most important part of a healthy
lifestyle is exercising regularly.
B: Weil, I think eating plenty of fruit/vegetables is the
number one thing a person can do to stoy healthy.
'Human body I for?
2 Match the body parts to their primary roles:
lungs, heart, arteries, stomach, joints, teeth, bon es,
muscles, veins, trachea, intestines, nose.
Bfl.ęflt.8§!Ąlfl.1 DIGE§.Tf()()b
MOVE ~Ql[ćQQ\f§~~C:jotF_
Our lungs help us to breathe air.
'Health ca re professionals I in a plaster „ ... „ „ . „ „ ..... „ .......... .
3 Match the medical professions to the statements.
4
twisted his ... .... ... ............ .
My dad suffers from ............................... so he
takes an antacid pili when he finishes a meal.
5 I think l've pulled a ............................... in my leg.
6 How did you get that black „ „ ... „ ... „ . „ „ „ „ . „ .... ?
7 I hate travelling by sea as I get motion
5 Fili in with: scar, stitches, bruise, sling, cast, graze,
crutches.
How long will your arm be in that
2 lt's only a ......... „. on your leg - you
don't need a bandage.
3 I was on . „ „ . .. .. for three months
after I broke my leg.
4 That's a nasty black .... „ . „ „ „ „ ... „ .... „ . on your leg.
5 I have an ald . „ „ ..... „ „ . „ „ „ ... „ .. „ . on my leg from
a skiing accident when I was young.
6 The bone's broken so we'll need to put your arm
7 The doctor says I need five ........... „ „ . „ •. „ .. „ . „ . in
my cut.

QI]midwife
Ll cardiologist
lfil surgeon
lI:[J paediatrician
"" 'Symptoms & treatment I
.! [fil dentist [!O dermatologist 6 Fill in with:concussion, runny nose, vorniting, itchy
i: @:O paramedic [fil speech therapist eyes, swoi/en glands, b/urry vision.
[}[]porter ITQ[JGP I had mild „ „ „ „ „ ..... . . „ ... after banging my

a "I perform operations on patients." head on the cupboard door.

b "I treat people who have problems with their skin."
c "I treat iii children."
d "I help women to give birth."
e "I treat people's teeth."
f "I treat people who have problems with their heart."
g "I take care of patients in an ambu lance."
h "I move patients and equipment around a hospital."
"l'm a doctor who provides general health ca re."
"I help people who have speech clifficulties."
2 lf I start to get ... „ „ .... „ „ „ „ „ •. „ . . . . „ I know l'm
about to have a migraine headache.
3 The worst thing about a cold is the
. .. . .. .. . .. . ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. !
4 When I had food poisoning, I spent the whole day
5 "The reason you have ... „ ...... „ . . . „ „ „ „ „ ... is that
your body is fighting an infection," said the doctor.
6 f,1latt ge~s hay fever every spring and suffers fron1

11 o
11
7 Fili in the verbs in their correct
form: relieve, heal, apply, wre,
IHealth ca re I
prescribe, treat. 9 Choose the correct word.

Many types of cancer can be 1 The doctor wrote a(n) prescription/recipe for same pills.
.. „ ... „ ........... „ .„ .„. .. if the disease 2 Lisa had to undergo a medical scan/examination before she
is found early enough. could become a pilot.
2 The doctor ...................... a course 3 The patient was under anaesthetic throughout the surgery/clinic.
of antibiotics for his ear infection. 4 They carried the injured football player off the field on a trolley/
3 She took same aspirin to .............. . stretcher.
the pain of her headache. 5 The porter wheeled the patient into the operating/working theatre.
4 This herba! ointment ................... . 6 Greg slept in a ward/carriage that had four other patients.
wounds fast. 7 The ambulance rushed the man from the accident scene to
s The dermatologist told her to casualty/fatality.
.. .. ..... ...... . .. . .. . .. . .. ... the cream to 8 Her leg was in plaster for six weeks after she broke one of her
her face twice a day. bandages/bones.
6 Th at doctor avoids ........ . 9 When are the visiting hours/periods?
his patients with antibiotics. 1O He's allergic/susceptible to nuts. He always gets a rash/rush
when he eats them.
'Disabilities I
0 Word formation
1OMatch the medical fields below to their areas of speciality,
then make sentences.
8 Use the words in bold to form
new words to fili in the gaps. QJ!J neurology a the eyes
CICJ geriatrics b pregnant women
QI] pediatry c X-rays and
ultrasounds
@:[] obstetrics
d the heart
ITI] ophthalmology
e the elderly
The Paralympics are an international sports [![] radiology f the teeth
event for 1) ... „ ... „.„„ ..•. „.„.„.„
(physical) disabled athletes that are held
[ID cardiology g the feet
once every four years. They allow athletes [![] dentistry h the nervous system
with disabilities ranging from
2) .#:;„„„.„„„„„„„. (blind) to
Neurology is the study of the nervous system.
cerebral palsy to compete on the world
stage. 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . IAddictions I
(compete) are placed in different
categories so that athletes with similar 11 Fili in with:behavioura/, rehabilitation, withdrawal, substance,
disabilities compete against each other. For hard, farmer, binge.
example, people who are 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
(visual) impaired do not compete with
people who have had
5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . (amputate). Do you, or someone you love, have a 1) „„.„„„.„„„„„ abuse problem? ls·it
Same of the sports in the Paralympics are ruining your life? Il the answer is yes, you will !ind help at The George Glinie -
6) „ „ „ „ „. „.„ „ „ „„„. (specific) London's premier 2) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„ centre. Our experienced staff are
designed for disabled people, such as experts in helping 3) „„„.„„„„.„„.„„.„ drug users and 4) „„„„.„„„„„„.„„„
wheelchair rugby, but most sports are the drinkers beat their addictions. Our 5) „„.„.„„„.„„.„.„. psychologists use a
same as those in the Olympic Games.
unique method to minimise 6) „„„„„„„„.„.„„.„. symptoms.
Nowadays, the Paralympics are a huge
7) „.„„.„„„„.„„„„ addicts who have been through aur programme
event, with increasing media
recommend us. So call The George Glinie today and take back control of
7) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ (cover) around
your life.
the world. „„„.-·----{~) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 184) 111
 Gł;fi,I@ Wybór wielokrotny I
1 Look at the picture. lmagine you are trapped by an avalanche.
How are you feeling? Tell your partner.
2 Read the title and the first and the last sentence in the text.
What is it about? Read through and check.
yron finished checking his pack for eve. rything
K he'd need in an emergency. He'd been on the
avalanche control team twelve years now and
knew his job inside out. He loved every minute of it too,
feeling thai the task of keeping the public safe was an .
important one. Kyron picked up his mobile and dialled
Connor's number.
"Are you just about ready, Connor?" Kyroll asked his
partner.
"Yeah. I just need a few more minutes to il1spect my gear
and !hen 1'11 make a start." Connor replied.
"OK. 1'11 see you at the base of the north face, !hen" said
Kyron, and hung up the phone. Soon afterwards, the two
men met up at the mountain. The snow pack had
• r;;ipecome unstable over the last few days and il was their
job to stabilise il. The safety of countless skiers depended
on them.
"What method should we use today?" Connor asked.
//
./·.;v "How about the new fuel-air explosives?" Kyron
suggested.
"Hmmm ... let's dig a hole for snow pack observation
first," Connor replied.
"Good idea. We can discuss the plan of action from
there," Kyron agreed. . .. . out hisriam.e. He couldn't move but Kyron was grateful he
The two men made thei.r way up the mountain, adp1iring
the smooth white snow which gliśtened like diafnond~
under the winter sun. When they arrived at the summit,
they attached safety ropes and snow anchors to
themselves, then began to dig a hole in the snow to look
at the snow's layers.
. , Kyron pointed to the thin layers of ice mixed in with the
'd
powdery snow. "lt's pretty unstable," he said.
r-'
3 Read the rubric and do the reading
task. Justify your answers.
r------------------,
: \t&wf!Wf/ Przeczytaj tekst dotyczący I
1 dwóch ratowników górskich. Z podanych :
I możliwości odpowiedzi (1-5) wybierz I
: właściwą. zgodną z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl :
I literę A, B, club D. I
~------------------4
"Let's use the fuel-air explosives, then," Connor replied.
As the men set about their work, Kyron felt his movement
restricted. His safety rope was caught on some rocks
above him. Kyron pulled at the rope but il would not
budge. So he unhooked himself from il for jus! a moment
tofinish his job. The decision nearly cost him .his life. As
he. worked, he moved inio an area of 'sugar snow', a term
used tó describe unstable snow with the consistency of
powdered sugar: lmmediately, the snow gave way
beneath his fee!. Avalanche!
Withol.lt his safety rope to stop him from being carried
away with the snow, Kyron started falling down the
mountainside. Twisting and tumbling, he was dragged
along like a helpless puppet by the huge volume of snow.
The avalanche grew bigger and bigger as it progressed
down the mountainside. Kyron thought of his wife and
daughter. Would he ever see them again? And then all of
a sudden it was over. The final impact wrenched his left
ankle. and wrist, which burned and ached. He knew his
right arm was badly broken because of the intense pain.
Lying in the darkness, Kyron had no idea how deeply he
wa~ bQried. He estimated thai it could not be by much, as
he could hear the sound of his partner, Connor, calling
co~ldbreathe in the small space he'd created by placing
his rands over his mouth when he'd come to a stop. lt
seemed like an eternity before Connor and a rescue
team had dug him out. As he rested in his hospital bed,
with his wife and daughter by his bedside, Kyron reflected
on how lucky he had been to survive the disaster, and
how he wou!d never again make such a reckless safety
decision.

Kyron liked his job on the avalanche control team
because it
A was full of danger and excitement.
B carried a lot of responsibility with it.
C had given him many years' invaluable experience.
D allowed him to meet members of the public.
2 When Kyron and Connor met on the north face
of the mountain, they
A noticed a large hole had formed in the snow.
B couldn't agree what avalanche control method
to use.
C immediately used explosives to prevent an
avalanche.
D decided to carry out a preliminary check.
3 Kyron removed his safety rope so that he could
A move his body about more freely.
B inspect the snow more closely.
C communicate better with Con nor.
D finish his work more quickly.
4 As Kyron was swept along by the avalanche, he
A was sure he wouldn't survive.
B got twisted up in his safety rope.
C wondered about his family.
D nearly passed out with the pain.
5 Lying buried in the snow, Kyron
A kept warm by moving his hands.
B was able to shout to Connor.
C was in complete silence.
D managed to maintain an oxygen supply.
4 Explain the words in bold.
5 rescue, impact, ached, broken, intense,
Fili in:
tumbled, wrist, wrenched.
The ............................. team managed to pull
the climber out of the avalanche alive.
2 The doctor took my pulse by placing his hand on my
3 Tom ....... . his hand
letterbox where it had got stuck.
4 James .............................. down the stairs.
5 His leg muscles ..................... after the long hike.
6 I had to wear a plaster ca st on my ......... .
arm for six weeks.
7 Tracy went to the dentist because of the
............................. pai n in her mouth.
8 He 'vVJS b.:id!y injurcd duc to the; sudden
........... of his fali.
1:1
., !I,
I' r1
[iJft~~~~ f::g;~~(~~i~;:;~~:r.
6 Describe J
E®•Fi•i\j Wybór wielokrotny j
7 O Read the rubric and do the task. Justify your
answers.
r---------------------,
I \1li.'(fi\ffttf/ Usłyszysz wypo":'iedź eksperta 1
I dotyczącą nadwagi. Z podanych I
I możliwości odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą, zgodną I
I z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl literę A, B, C lub D. I
~---------------------~
Dr Ling
A specialises in men's health issues.
B is visiting from overseas.
C was once overvveight.
D is the world's youngest obesity expert.
2 Carrying waist fat is more serious
A than carrying it elsewhere on the body.
B for skinny people than for fat people.
C than having diabetes.
D for men than for women.
3 The best way to determine if you have too much
fat around your waist is to
A see if your waist measures over 40 inches.
B compare your waist and hip measurements.
C check your risk of developing diabetes.
D see if you are carrying fat on your hips.
4 Whether a man puls on waist fat depends mostly on
A his genes.
B how physically active he was when young.
C the strength of his stornach muscles.
D his lifestyle choices.
5 When it comes to weight gain around the waist, beer
A is the worst type of alcohol.
B is probably less harmful than wine.
C is no worse than most other forms of alcohol.
D does not directly affect the stornach area.
l§f.@!§vcJ Odgrywanie roli
from the 8 Read the rubric and do the task.
r---------------------,
I ~il~,~.,.,~~~fl/ Jesteś
pracownikiem londyńskiego I
11
I \i.!lH!.!" •'1 biura.
. · powiadom1c
Mus15z · · · przełozo-
· I
: nego, że nie pojawisz się w pracy z powodu : I
1 choroby. W rozmowie uwzględnij następujące 1
I kwestie: 1 I.
I przypuszczalny okres I
I
I
objawy choroby dochodzenia do zdrowia I
I I
i
diagnoza lekarska leczenie
~~~~~----------------~2
113
 0
Lexicogrammatical word transformations
lilAiiMiilill Emphatic structures/
lnversion 2 Complete the sentences using the word in
bold. Use two to five words.

• Doctor Evans examined Mary. Janice didn't take my advice and had an accident.
lt was Doctor Evans who/that examined Mary. IGNORED Had . ........................... my advice,
• She needs to have surgery. she may not have had an accident.
What she needs is to have surgery. 2 lf you dislike the therapy, we'll try another kind.
• When are you going to see the dentist? NOT Should you
... , we'll try another kind.
When is it that you are going to see the dentist?
3 You must not gain mare weight on any account.
• He said he wasn't feeling very well.
PUT On . ............. . ........... .
He did say he wasn't feeling very well.
on more weight.
• She had no idea that Lucy was in hospital.
4 lf you want to keep fit, you need to exercise mare.
Little did she know that Lucy was in hospital.
OUT Only by ... .. keep fit.
• When/lf you see him, you'll realise how sick he is.
5 The doctor had just entered the room when his
You'll only realise how sick he is if/when you see
phone rang.
him.
WALKED No.
• You shouldn't stop exercising under any
into the room than his phone rang.
circumstances.
6 Erica visits me so often that the nurses think she is
Under no circumstances should you stop exercising. my sister.
DROP So often
1 Complete the sentences using the word in that the nurses think she is my sister.
bold. Use two to five words. 7 I wasn't aware that Maggie was in a serious condition.
DID Little ....... .
Luisa had no idea that her condition was so serious. Maggie was in a serious condition.
KNOW Little 8 The doctor promised Tom that the operation would
that her condition was so serious. succeed.
2 Mr Johnson said he felt tao dizzy to walk to the DID The doctor ........ word
doctor's. that the operation would succeed.
DID Mr Johnson .. 9 lf you are left with no medication, call your doctor.
... . dizzy to walk to the doctor's. RUN Should .. ....... ,
3 The first aid course should not be missed under any call your doctor.
circumstances. 1O He hardly ever participates in discussions.
NO Und er TAKE Hardly ever
........ first aid course be missed. in discussions.
4 When are you taking Grandma to the dermatologist? 11 She only started exercising because her friend~
IT When ..................................... taking encouraged her.
Grandma to the dermatologist? UP Had it not been for her friends, she
5 lf you get same rest, you'll feel better. . regular exercise.
j ONLY You'll . 12 He was in so much pain that he was taken to hospital.
1.
get same rest. BAD The pai n ................ .
6 The patient needs a prosthetic limb. that he was taken to hospital.
IS What ............. a prosthetic limb. 13 Gary never suspected the doctor had lied to him.
7 The nurse called Lee to tell him the good news. TIME M. ............ .
WHO lt ........... „ „ ................ . . the doctor had lied to him.
. Lee to tell him the good news. 14 Alex suggested joining a health club.
8 Little did Marcia know that the snake was poisonous. FORWARD lt was ............... .
IDEA Marcia the idea of joining a health club.
.. the snake was poisonous. 15 You should never take antibiotics without a
9 Only when you see Pete will you realise how much prescription from the doctor.
weight he has lost. NO Under .
SEE When ...... take antibiotics without
realise how much weight he has lost. a prescription from the doctor.
114
j
, Word formation , Lexical multiple choice items
3 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold. 4 Choose the correct answer.

Experts agree that a healthy diet can help to

There were very few things that Indiana Jones, the many kinds of cancer.
famous film character, was afraid of, but even he had a A prevent B halt C avoid D protect
fear of snakes! And with very good reason. Around 650
2 He was badly injured in the crash, but hopefully he
species of snake in the world are 1) (poison)
will „„.„. full use of his arms.
.... .. .. ..... .. .. ... . ... .. These snakes have the ab ility to
A restore B win C reach D regain
inject venom into their victim's body which can cause
2) (dead) ., ....... „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . within seconds. Amazingly, 3 Don't worry, this operation is a very
however, recent research has discovered that toxins straightforward .„„ ..•.

from snake venom can help alleviate pain and even A procedure B method C routine D technique
treat diseases. To date around a dozen 3) (effect) 4 My doctor has been ..... „ medicine for mare than
.. „ •........•.......••.•. drugs have been developed from 40 years .
snake venom. For example, a patient's blood pressure A performing C rehearsing
can be 4) (significant) . „ „ .. „ .....• „ „ „ „ „ . lowered by B applying D practising
using a chemical taken from the venom of a Brazilian 5 They can't make a .. „ ... until they test her blood.
snake. And venom from the southern copperhead viper A declaration C diagnosis
has been proved to slow down the 5) (grow) B detection D discovery
...... „ „ „ „ „ .• „ „ „ „ of cancerous tumours. The
6 Disease . . . faster in dirty environments.
same goes for the venom of other creatures. The
A expands B widens C grows D spreads
venom of the yellow lsraeli scorpion, for
example, is being used in the cure of brain 7 He was taken to hospital to receive medical ........ .
cancer. Unlikely as it seems, medical A treatment B care C cure D therapy
c
6) (science) . „ .....•. „ •.•.• „ „ .. „ are 8 l'm sorry to say she's in a .„ .... condition and may
using the deadliest creatures not survive.
on the planet to keep A fundamental B acute C major D critical
us healthy! 9 The doctor says all my wounds will .... „ .. in time.
A relieve B cure C heal D repair
i

o Multiple choice cloze 1O Drinking tea has same health ...... „ .

A advantages B benefits C results D bonuses
5 Read the text and choose the correct answer.

Having needles pushed into your skin might not seem like the best Wa.y 1) .. „ ..... „ an illness, but
acupuncture has been an important part of Eastern medicine for over 4,000 years. And, 2) .......... .
the practice becomes mare and mare popular in the West, recent scientific research suggests that
it actually works. According to Eastern philosophy, energy, or 'qi', continuously flows along twelve
pathways in the body. But sometimes qi can get blocked, causing a per·son to get an illness.
Acupuncture works by pushing needles into a person's skin to unblock the qi. This allows the body
to become balanced again. Usually the needles don't go very deep, only around half an inch, and
most people say that you 3) ........... used to the pain. In traditional Chinese acupuncture there are
2,000 points on a person's body 4) ... :....... needles can be placed. Korean acupuncture, however,
only uses points on the hands, while a French type of acupuncture uses the ears. lndeed, it was a
French man, George Soulie de Marant, who first 5) ........... acupuncture to the West in the early
20th century. Since then, mare and mare people 1 A treating
B to treat
around the world have benefited from the practice. 2 A once
B as C when
6) ........... much mare research needs to be dane, 3 A get
B take C have D find
there is a lot of evidence to suggest that 4 A when B who C where
acupuncture helps reduce pain. lt can therefore be D which
5 A advised B promoted
very effective on people with conditions such as C suggested D introduced
6 A However B Although
migraines and back pain. . - ---„" -- "" ----- C Despite D Even

Essays providing solutions to a problem are
discursive essays in which we discuss a problem
and its causes as well as the expected results or
consequences of aur suggestions. An essay
providing solutions to a problem consists of:
• an introduction in which we state the problem
and reason(s) it arose.
• a main body which consists of two or mare
paragraphs, presenting aur suggestions and
their expected results/conseąuences. We
should start a new paragraph for each
suggestion and its results/consequences.
• a conclusion in which we summarise our
opinion.
We start each main body paragraph with an
appropriate topie sentence which states the main
idea in the paragraph. Each topie sentence is
followed by supporting sentences that further
explain the main idea of the paragraph. We
normally write such essays in forma! style.
1 Read the rubric and answer the questions.
r-----------------------~
I \ł f!!!
I
y
tt • u1<•p
Rozmawialiście w klasie na temat opieki
zdrowotnej I presji, której poddawani są
: lekarze. Napisz rozprawkę (200-250 słów), w której
1 zaproponujesz sposoby zmniejszenia liczby pacjentów
I konsultujących się z lekarzami w przychodniach.
~-----------------------~
1 Who is going to read your essay?
2 Which of the f~wing should you include in the
essay? • [![]
• what it's like to work in a doctor's surgery
• reasons why doctors' surgeries are so busy
• why you dislike visiting the doctor
• a brief history of your country's health care
system
• suggestions on how to ease doctors' workloads
• how to make an appointment to see the
doctor
• the expected outcome of your suggestions
• the advantages of having regular health checks
i
•I
I 116
I
2 Read the model and match the headings (A·E)
to the paragraphs (1-5).
ITD Doctors' surgeries are busy places these days,
with patients seeking advice on all kind of health issues,
even minor ones. In the interests of doctors and patients
alike, something needs to be done to reduce the number
of patients a doctor has to see in any one day.
[I[] The situation could be improved if the
government were to make more funding available for
national health care services. lnjecting extra money into
the health budget would mean that more doctors could
be employed. In this way, the number of patients in an
area would be shared, relieving individual doctors'
I
I
workloads.
[I[] Another solution could be to develop more
: Internet websites where patients can look up their
1 condition and receive an online diagnosis and suggested
I course of treatment. This would mean that, for minor
problems at least, a visit to the doctor would be
unnecessary, and people could be helped in the comfort
of their own homes.
lt would also be a good idea to step up
government health education campaigns. Many people
are simply not aware of the importance of a healthy
lifestyle. lf they were better informed about following a
balanced diet and exercising regularly, the result would
be that fewer people need to go to the doctor.
[I[] In short, there are a number of practical
solutions to the problem of crowded doctors' surgeries. I
firmly believe that if such suggestions were put into
practice, the health care system would run mare
smoothly and both patients and doctors would benefit.
~
A third suggestion and expected results 1
B conclusion summarising the writer's opinion '
.J
C first suggestion and expected results 1
D inlroduction to the topie
E second suggestion and expected results
3 Which of the phrases in the Useful Language · Yo ur tum
box does the writer use in the essay in Ex. 2 to 5 Read the rubric, then match the results (a-d) to
make suggestions? present results? the suggestions (1-4).
r-----------------------,
I\:tV.!11\l@f/~ozmawia!i~cie w klasie o t>'.m· jak trudn_o
I
I iest znalezc czas na dbanie o zdrowie I
Making suggestions : i kondycję, kiedy jest się osobą aktywną zawodowo. :
• A useful suggestion would be to .... I Napisz rozprawkę (200-250 słów). w której 1
• lt would be a good idea to .... I zaproponujesz, jak dbać o siebie. I
• lt would (also) help if .... ~-----------------------~
• Another solution could/would be ... .
• The situation co uId be improved it ... .
Presenting results/consequences ~~
Cut down on non-active leisure adivities
• This would mean (that) .... • Then, like watching TV and surfing the Net.
• By doing this, we could/would .... CIT:] Work out what time is best for you to
• The effect of ... would be .... • In this way, exercise and stick to your schedule.
• lf ... , the result would be ... . [ill Avoid using sports clubs/gyms that are
far away - use facilities in your own area
or create your own informal group with
friends.
4 a) Match the results (a-d) to the suggestions [IT] Persuade your employer to provide gym
(1-4). facilities at work.

IT:[] Do warm-ups and a They will be less

stretching stressed and more
exercises before productive in their job.
you play a sport. b Your muscles will be
CIT:] Arrange to go to relaxed and there will
the gym with a be less risk of injury.
friend. c Children will not get
[ill Encourage office bored with the meals
employees to take and go back to eating
regular breaks. junk food.
6 Use your answers from Ex. 5 to write your
[IT] Vary school dinner d You will be less
essay. Follow the plan and use Janguage from
menus every tempted to skip
the Useful Language box.
week. exercise sessions.

b) Use phrases from the Useful Language box (Para 1) state tbe problem & its cause
to write complete sentences, as in the example. (Para 2) first suggestion & expected resu!ts
(Para 3) second suggestion & expectec/ resu!ts
ft would be a good idea to do worm-ups and stretching
~- ""'' (Para 4) tbird suggestion & expected res11/ts
exercises before you play a sport. Then, your muscles
(Para 5) summarise opinion
will be relaxed and the re will be less risk of injury.
2 .............................. .

117
 Mh#!•i!' Dobieranie I 3
1 Have you got a mobile phone? W hat do you
use it for?
2 How many text messages do you send each
day? How many do you think a mobile phone
addict sends? Read through to find out.
Teenager Brittney Bali, 16, estimates she sends around
600 tex! messages a day. Alice Cody, 13, admits she
sends text messages to her friends even when they
are sitting next to her. Paige Home, 15, says
she sends an average of 15,000 text
, messages a month. IT] All three teens
"""
\ agree thai they become anxious or angry if
they are separated from their mobiles.
Does such behaviour strike a chord with you?
Do you feel lost without your mobile or check
your phone obsessively for messages? lf so,
you may have the beginnings of an increasingly
common addiction:
contact addiction!
'Contact addiction' is
·;,y the new addiction of
the 21st century.
According to
psychologists, contact
addicts develop the same
kind of attachment to their
mobile phones !hat drug addicts
do to narcotics. Contact addicts
exhibit withdrawal symptoms such
as tension and anger when they are not
allowed to send text messages.
4 Read the text again and answer the questions.
Then, explain the words in bold.
1 How are contact addicts similar to other addicts?
2 What do doctors believe drives text addiction?
3 What physical and emotional symptoms can text
addicts exhibit?
,I 4 Why did Josh Dhaliwal say that text message
' I
addiction was "an accident waiting to happen"
(line 44J'
i'
118
l
Read the rubric and do the reading task.
r---------------------,
I\1j!Jt';jti!(•Vf Przeczytaj tekst, z kt.órego usun!ęto 1
I cztery zdania. Dobierz brakuiące I
1
zdania (A-E), tak aby otrzymać spójną i logiczną :
: całość. W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz literę, którą 1
I oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. Jedno zdanie 1
I zostało podane dodatkowo i nie pasuje do tekstu. I
~---------------------~
[fil Personal relationships, schooling and jobs - all are
secondary in importance to the contact addict.
Psychiatrists believe the root of the problem is the texter's
desire to escape from emotional difficulties such as
depression, stress or anxiety. In other words, text addicts
focus on the pleasure-inducing activity of texting to keep
IKJ
their minds off their real-life problems. Text addicts
often sufler from sleep deprivation because of their need
to keep their phones on 24 hours a day. They sufler from
eye strain from peering at their mobile screen. Denied
access to their mobile, they become moody, irritable, and
in same cases even iii. Their personal relationships and
working life can sufler. The most extreme tex! addicts
spend up to seven hours a day texting. Their thumb joints
are damaged from their non-stop texting. [![]
Josh Dhaliwal, head of research at mobileYouth, a firm that
studies mobile usage in young people, isn't surprised. Text
message addiction among young people was "an accident 44
waiting to happen", he says.
Do you think you might have an unhealthy relationship with
your mobile? Is your work suffering because of your need
to text? Do you feel depressed il no one texts you for an
hour. lf so, perhaps it's time to think about putting yourself
in control of your mobile, instead of letling it control you!
A Their compulsion to text k
8 ~~;~r~~~~l~te/y everything ;l~e ~~ ;;:i~~i~:~ce
in si o recent research, as many as one
mob~l~~~:~~:ople could be addicted to their
C Regarding her t h .
ee niąue, she says " 1 d ,
even look. l've had m , on t
I just k Yphone a long time and
D Th now where the buttons are "
ey frequently borrowed money from f . d
and relative 1 f nen s
E 8 • s o oot their mobile bills.
ut unrortunatel .
. y, compulsrve texting b
rts own set of nngs
5 Fili in the gaps with the correct word: exhibit, 8 f1]t~f;DJ What advice might you give to
non-stop, secondary, compulsive, lost, usage, numb. someone with contact addiction? Spend a few
1 After five minutes in the freezing cold, his hands minutes writing down same ideas, then share
were ............................ . them with the class.
2 Children can often ........................ „ ..... rebellious
behaviour as part of the growing up process.
3 That man is a .......... „ ........ „ .... liar - don't believe
iill!!.Sj,j@ Dobieranie J

a word he says!
9 O Read the rubric and the headings. Do the
listening task. Which words helped you decide?
4 J'd be .„ .. „ ...... „ .. „„. without my iPod. I just can't
live without music! r---------------------~
5 Money is of . „ ..........•.. „ „ „ ...... importance to me
1\fYf!! y Usłyszysz
V • tl!l•I
dwukrotnie wypowiedzi 1
I pięciuosób na temat wpływu alergii na I
when it comes to a career. I ich życie. Przyporządkuj poszczególnym osobom I
6 There has been a dramatic increase in Internet : nagłówki, wpisując odpowiednie litery (A-F) :
..... „ ....................... „ .... „ rates among ald people.
1 w kratki. Jeden nagłówek został podany 1
7 lt rained ............................ yesterday. 1 dodatkowo i nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. 1

~---------------------~
6 Match the words to form collocations, then use
the collocations to make sentences about A CLEANLINESS A MUST Speaker1
contact addiction. B POTENTIALLY DEADLY Speaker 2
c DRUGS DANGER
Speaker 3
D DAILY PAIN
OIJ strike E HAPPY TO SUFFER
Speaker 4
ITI] drug F SEASONAL PROBLEM Speaker 5
[ID withdrawal
@I] secondary
Opis ilustracji
m=:J sleep
i odpowiedzi na pytania
(!:[] eye
[2IJ personal
@:[] thumb 1O\ł?fSiiii.f/ Opisz zdjęcie, a następnie odpowiedz
na pytania.

7 Choose the correct preposition.

1 James is irritable because he's suffering from/with

lack of sleep
2 "lt's time to put yourself in control over/of the
situation," he advised.
3 One in ten people in the survey admitted they
were addicted with/to exercise.
4 At the moment, training for the marathon takes
precedence above/over everything else in my life.
5 "Focus at/on the positive things in your life, not
the negative," she said.
6 Mum said denying me access with/to my mobile
was for my own geod.
7 Never borrow money from/over a friend unless 1 What do you think the woman is thinking?
you can pay it back. 2 Would you rather play video games than exercise?
8 "Try to keep your mind off/from your worries," Why?/Why not?
she said. 3 What did you do to make yourself feel better the
last time you were iii?
119
 Culture
1 Look at the pictures. What do you
infer about South Africa from them?

2 Read the text and fili the gaps (1-4)

with the sentences (A-E). There is one
extra sentence.
A lts national team, the Springboks, are
held in high regard all over the world.
B Consequently, many of them had no
chcice but to work as virtual slaves for
the colonists.
C Nevertheless, a number of distinct
social changes are forecast.
D On the other hand, it does have its own
South Alrica
Modern humans have lived in South Africa for over 100,000 years
and their ancestors for over 3.3 million years. In fact, South Africa
unique characteristics. was one of the first regions in the world to be inhabited by human
E In fact, experts consider the whole area to beings. OIJ Early inhabitants were hunter-gatherers who
be one of the first cradles of civilisation. wandered the land in search of food. Sometime alter 500 BC,
groups of Bantu-speaking peoples from central Africa started
3 Read the text and mark the sentences migrating to southern Africa. Gradually, these peoples conquered
T (true) or F (False) or DS (doesn't say). and absorbed the original inhabitants of the region. The Bantu
''I
i' Correct the false statements. speakers had an advanced Iron Age culture. They lived in huts in
small villages, kept domesticated animals and practised
!. 1 Humans as we now know them agriculture. They made iron tools, were skilled potters and
first appeared 3 million years ago. developed trade with other regions. Bantu-speaking peoples are
i 2 Many South Africans can trace their the ancestors of many modern-day South African peoples,
origins back to the Bantu-speaking including the Zulus.
ii.11I peoples of central Africa. Europeans didn't reach South Africa until the late 15th century
'I
!, 3 The native South African peoples when the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias sailed past what
il did not give up their land easily to is now known as the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. The first
the European settlers. permanent European settlement was established by the Dutch in
4 'Whites' are the second largest Cape Town in 1652, and served as a supply station for ships. In
racial group in South Africa. the late 17th century, settlers from France, Germany and Holland
arrived in South Africa and developed what
5 English is the officia! language of
l1 we know as the Afrikaner culture. ~ost
i; the South African government.
immediately the European colonist~ carne
j, 6 J.R.R. Tolkien wrote stories about
! ~ into conflict with the
his native land. native Bantu peoples,
fi
and a series of wars
4

OIJ domesticated a language

m=:J high b origins
[IOdiverse c player
GI:Jiron d potter
.. [IO officia! e settlement
[I[] permanent f regard
[21] skilled g teol
[![] talented h ani mal

'

J
I
 m
. '

im ~ J;1. :'
~i. '
1~'I
fllt!
'
5 Find words in the text which
mea n:

highly developed (para 1)

2 a place of origin; a birthplace (para 1)
3 to adopt/use as one's own (para 3)
4 cause to become one with (para 1)
5 to move about without a definite
destination or purpose (paras 1 & 4)
6 people from whom we are directly
were fought to gain control of the land. The Europeans eventually drove descended (para 1)
the native South African peoples from their land. fil 7 respect/esteem (para 4)
Today, South Africa is a nation of same 50 million people of diverse origins 8 acknowledged (para 4)
and backgrounds. About 80% of the population is Black African, about 10%
is white, and the remaining 10% are of various other origins. South Africa
has eleven officia! languages including English, Afrikaans and Zulu. Even
6 Complete the phrases with as,
from, into, of (x2), or with (x2).
though English is recognised as the officia! language of business and
science, it is only spoken as a first language by about 8% of South Africans. 1 in search ............
South African English is similar to British English. QI] For example, its 2 to serve ............
vocabulary includes many words borrowed !ram Dutch, Flemish and 3 to develop trade ............
Alrican languages. 'Ja' means yes in South Alrica and comes lrom Dutch, 4 to drive them ............ the land
'gaga' means grandmother and comes lrom Zulu, and 'choomie' means 5 to gai n control ............
friend and comes from the English word 'chum'.
6 to come ............ conflict ............
South Africa is an enormous country, rich in biodiversity. lt has a vast
savannah where animals like lions, leopards, elephants, hyenas and
springboks (the national anima! of South Africa and the name of the
national rugby team) roam. Likewise, the country has an exceptional 7 fo:Ml Why do you think
variety of rare and beautiful plants. South Africa is strong in the arts, music Europeans wanted to settle in
and sport. The country is known lor producing talented rugby players. South Africa?
[I[] Same of the oldest art in the world has been discovered in South
African caves, and many South African artists are recognised today for 8 Make notes under the headings;
their work. One of the most creative authors of aur time, J.R.R. Tolkien, then use your notes to present
was bom in South Alrica. With no shortage of creativity, a long history, a South Africa to the class.
spectacularly beautiful landscape and majestic wildlife, South Alrica is
surely one of the greatest countries on the planet.
Na me

Flora/Fauna

Population

Art~/F~motls p~clple I

Quotations. _ _
Education is the most powe!ful weapon
which you can use to change the world.
Nelson Mandela, President afSauth
..rr· Africa (1994-1999)

121
 MODULE
'Science I
1 Fili in the gaps with the words: uncovered,
published, conducting, provide, announced, invented.
1 lt is important to do thorough research on a topie
before . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . . „ „ . „ . „ „ an experiment.
2 Scientists have „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ new evidence
that life could exist beyond Earth.
3 Yesterday, scientists „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ a major
breakthrough in the fight against malaria.
4 The scientist was asked to „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ .
evidence to support his hypothesis.
5 The archaeologists „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . their
findings in the journal.
6 Who „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ . the microwave?
4 Fili in with: editing, back-up, delete, drive, folder,
graphics.
A: Sam, have you finished 1) „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ that
PowerPoint file yet?
B: No, not yet. l'm dane with the text but l'm stili
working on the 2) „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
A: You're remembering to 3) „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . all
the pictures in which aur ald company logo
appears, aren't you?
B: Of course.
A: Good. Please make a 4) „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ copy
of the file when you're finished and put it in the
5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . labelled 'Presentations' in
my shared 6) „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „

2
Word formation
Complete the sentences with the correct form
IMobile phones I
of the words in the brackets.
5 Choose the correct word.

1 I have to upgrade/re-do my handset. lt's old.

1 Galileo was the first „ „ .. „ . „ „ . „ .
2 Give/Send me a missed call and 1'11 call you back.
{astronomy) to use a telescope to view the stars
3 I use a hands-free/remote headset when l'm
and moon.
talking on the phone.
2 We wanted to study the „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
4 After someone calls you on your mobile, you can
(relation) between atoms and molecules.
save their number to your contacts/connections
3 The „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . (science) evidence for
list.
biological evolution is overwhelming.
5 You can transfer/download free ringtones from
4 The research indicates that drinking coffee in
this website.
„ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ .. „ .. „ „ „ .. „ „ .. „ . . . (moderate) co uId
6 1'11 message/text Jack the picture so he can see
have beneficial effects.
the place himself.
5 After successfully booking my piane ticket online,
I received a „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ (confirm) email.
~User guidesi
'Computers I · 6 Fili in with: charge, connect, insta//, set,
synchronise, disconnect.
3 Complete the sentences with the words attach,
disconnect, insta//, keep, specia/ise. Have a new iPod? This handy guide will help you
Can you help me „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ . „ „ . . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ this 1) „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ it up and use it.
new software, please? • Download and 2) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . the !atest version
2 You should „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ backups of of iTunes from www.itunes.com/download.
all your important files. • 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . yo ur iPod to the USB port on
3 l'm studying computer science at university, but I your computer, using the cabie.
„ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ in programming.
• Follow the onscreen instructions to 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ .
i~ 4 You should click ' . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ ' on
your iPod with songs from your iTunes library.
I
the 'Safely Remove Hardware' icon. • Leave your iPod connected to your computer to
5 Can you please show me how to fully 5) „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . the battery.
iI, „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . photos to an email?
• 6) „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ . the cabie from your iPod when
you are ready to use it.
'II
I 'i
122
I
 (rhe Internet I 'Success
7 Complete the quiz questions with wi-fi, online,
surf, purchase, write, skip, /ooking. Then, answer
the questions for you.
~ Are you ~n
( ,@@;iilli~~~} Internet addict'l'
Do you usually have your meals whilst
for information online?
......... „ ............ „ ......
2 Have you ever chosen holiday accommodation
simply because it had .......................... access?
3 Do you con ta et .............................. friends more ;
often than people you actually see in real life?
4 Do you .............................. products online that
you could buy in shops in person?
5 Do you o ft en ............................... mea Is
because you get carried away on the Internet?
6 Do you read or ....................... blogs while doing
your homework?
7 Do you ............................. the Internet for more
than four hours a day?
o 1/1/ords often confused
8 Choose the correct word.
Facebook and Skype make it much easier to keep/
' research materia! thoroughly.
hold in touch with friends in other countries.
2 I posted/sent a video clip on YouTube for you.
3 He uploaded/loaded pictures from the party onto
Facebook.
4 Send all your friends an email to update/upgrade
them on your news.
5 lt's quicker to research/search a project online.
6 Be careful not to contaminate/get a·virus on your
computer when you're downloading/taking files
from the Internet.
a
7 I use touchscreen on my personal organ1ser to
input/put data.
I
9 Choose the appropriate word.
Tanya couldn't believe she had accomplished/
succeeded her goal of passing all her final exams.
2 Diana finally managed/achieved her ambition of
becoming a marine biologist.
3 Terry had triumphed/earned over the other
entrants in the design contest.
4 He has won/gained a reputation as a brilliant
scientist.
5 Scientists claim they have managed/succeeded in
detecting life on other planets.
6 She fulfilled/won her lifelong dream of winning
the Nobel Prize in Physics.
' Prepositions
1OChoose the correct word.
1 You need to plug the USB cord into/onto the
computer to transfer your files.
2 I rely of/on my personal organiser to organise my
life.
3 Does the radiation emitted from mobile phones
have an effect on/of people's brainsi
4 He shows a lot of interest in/for marine biology.
5 This resource can be of great help to/of those
who want to learn ·about computer science.
, Phrasal verbs
11 Choose the correct word.
1 lt turns up/out that Nicole cheated in the
chemistry test. I
2 Scientists want to find out/of mare about Mars. I
3 You need to slow down/up and read all the
I:I
4 Bill needed to come down/up with a new idea for
his biology assignment.
5 I had to turn off/down my friend's invitation
because I wanted to finish my project.
6 He carried away/out an experiment on dolphins.
7 The presentation went off/out as planned.
8 My computer broke off/down and now I have to
take it to a specialist to be repaired.
[~) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 186) 123

When 18-year-old Richard O'Shea from County
Cork, Ireland, won top prize at the BT Young
Scientist & Technology Exhibition 2010 for his project
entitled 'A biomass-fired cooking stove for
developing countries', he couldn't contain his
.I
'11
excitement. Richard had designed a stove that
burned hot using no more than scraps of wood and
that produced almost.no smoke. QI]
As Richard explained to the judges: "Every day more
than two billion people in the world have to cook
their food without electricity, on stoves that use wood
as fuel. And every year, thousands of people in
lfffjf j,j@oobieranie I
1 Read the title and the first sentence in each paragraph. What
do you think Richard has invented? Who is his invention useful
to? Read through to find out.
2 Read the rubric, then do the reading task. Which words
helped you do the task? Compare with your partner.
r--------------------------~
I \f.Y,®,IU.f/ Przeczytaj tekst, z którego usunięto cztery 1
: zdania. Dobierz brakujące zdania (A-E). tak aby otrzymać :
1 spójną i logiczną całość. W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz literę. 1
1 którą oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. Jedno zdanie zostało I
1 podane dodatkowo i nie pasuje do tekstu.
"
~--------------------------~
124
developing countries die from smoke inhalation
from cooking on these stoves in poorly-ventilated
homes. My design makes it possible to build highly
efficient, almost smoke-free stoves from everyday
items. [2IJ"
Richard' s pro ud mother Helen O'Shea, who is from
Malaysia, said that her son had grown up in a
household where there had always been a lot of
conversation about the challenges facing people in the
poorer countries of the world. She added that she and
Richard' s father, Michael, had met while they were
both working in Africa on overseas development
projects. "Charity work and volunteering are a way of
life for our farnily," she said.
As the winner of the competition, Richard received a
trophy and a €5,000 prize, together with a €5,000
travel bursary to visit Africa to test his stove. [IO
The competition judges said Richard had made a
very strong impression on them for corning up with
a design that used simple materials (tin cans and
nails) that are very easy to find in third-world
countries.
Richard now wants to get his stoves to developing
countries as quickly as possible. WAsked if he
ever considered commercialising his design,
Richard said: "This is not about making money. I
don't want to market my product. I just want to get
the stove into the hands of the people who need it as
soon as possible." Richard' s selflessness and
enthusiasm make him a true role model for the youth
of today!
A H~is cNr;~tlyVJorkingwith
B··. ·c.h~ri~ie.;t8 J1}ą~~ lhish~ppen .
. H;}f50 1'/a,~9i.yen ~hib~nourof
•\~pre~?~ting '(ęland . ir(i:h~ an nu al
E~..Yol{~gScientistcompetiti(Jn•
•c •. ~ppefully, .tfiey.can irnprovethe
·fives ar eo Ie ·1 • • •. .
.•. •·woiic1. 9 P.• ~t~~·?~Y~'?Prng·
· ·. 9<•. ~ecfoietb.er~bgVef~l'.~ct<Óri······•. ·
••pu,rniną [Tlat~fials; likeWood,.•duhg
and plants to cook their food.
'I
E Not only i:hat, it cou/d be buiit
frorn old tin cańs arid nailś ·using ··.·.:.·
-J•.l:
I I
JUSt a Swiss army knife.
3 Fili in the gaps with the words in their correct
form: challenge, market, honour, role, contain, come
up.
Katie is a positive „ . „ ....... .
aspiring young scientists.
2 They couldn't „.. . .... „ „ „ their laughter
when they saw Bill's crazy invention.
3 Researchers are invited
inventive ideas for conserving energy.
4 We decided that „ „ „ „. „ .............. „. „. the product
was a good idea because it would be profitable.
5 They discussed the many technological
„ ...... „ „ .. „ .......... „.„. facing developing countries.
6 "lt's a real „ „ ... „ . „ . „ ............... to be representing
my country," he said.
4 Choose the correct prepositions.
The scientist's brilliant lecture made a strong
impression to/on the students.
2 We should get it at/into the hands of our
customers as soon as possible.
3 Not everyone has the luxury of cooking by/on
electric stoves.
4 "l'm relying at/on you to come up with a great
idea," he said.
5 Please explain to/for the judges your reasons for
entering this competition.
6 Many smokers die from/by lung cancer.
5 Match the words in bold in the text to their
synony~. What part of speech is each?
• depended • cooker
• prize such as a cup or statue • presently
• substance burned to provide heat or power
• developing • control • Foreign
• thought about • discussion • effective
• organisations that help people in need
• putting on the market • impact
• putting other people's interests first • aired
• money given to sb to assist them to study
• small pieces • process of breathing in
··-.-
... ''fil
6 r[li(fil]J. Do you think Richard's decision notl
I to market his invention but offer it to charities
was the right one? In three minutes write a
few sentences. Read them to the class.
7 I 1cTI In groups, find out about other teenage
inventions that have improved people's lives.
Present the information to the class.
model for
Jjltt!.fi!,!' Prawda/fałsz I
8 O Read the rubric and the sentences, then do
the listening task.
„ „ . „ ... with r--------------------,
:\Mm/ Usłyszysz dwukrotnie rozmowę dwóch 1
I przyjaciół na temat nowego wynalazku. Na :
I podstawie zawartych w niej informacji zdecyduj, I
1 które zdania (1-5) są zgodne z treścią tekstu I
: (fRUE). a które nie (FALSE). Zaznacz znakiem X :
1 odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. 1
~--------------------~
True False
1 Jimmy and Mark thought that the
referee's decision was unfair.
2 The intelligent football takes the
place of the referee.
3 During the game a central
computer sends information about
the gameto the referee.
4 The intelligent football is currently
on the market.
5 The design of the football was
changed because of a problem with
an electrical switch.
Opis ilustracji
i odpowiedzi na pytania
9 \łt1 Mil!i.J/ Opisz zdjęcie Iodpowiedz na pytania.
Why do you think the woman is using both her
phone and her laptop?
2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
using a laptop computer, in your opinion?
3 Why did you first get a mobile phone?
125
J
 lifij·llj•i·l®.0 Determiners/Pronouns I Lexicogrammatical word transformations
2 Complete the sentences using the word in bold.
Use two to five words.
• Kate is a chemist and so is Ryan.
Both Kate and Ryan are chemists. 1 Everyone brought their laptops except John.
WHO The only .. .. . ................. .
Kate is a che mdist ahnd Ryan is as we11 • D .h _ ~
...................... their laptop was John.
• 0 r Brown w1 11 o t e expenment or e1se r 5mit w1 11 . rz
Either Dr Brown or Dr Smith will do the experiment. ~ 2 lt is a three-day journey to the moon.
• Bill hasn't studied science and Jill hasn't either. TRAVEL lt ..................... . to the moon.
Neither Bill nor Jill has studied science. 3 He doesn't know much about computers.
• Ruth, Jenny and Karen don't like computer games. UTILE He ....... ......... of computers.
None of them like/likes computer games. 4 May 1lower the volume of the music?
; i
• He is the best data analyst of all. DOWN Would you
No one analyses data as well as he does. ... the music?
• Einstein, Darwin and Newton were scientists. 5 Jane dislikes chatting online and so does Linda.
All three of them were scientists. FOND Neither Jane .. .... . ........... .
• There isn't anything in the test tube. ....... of chatting online.
There is nothing in the test tube. 6 Jack, Chloe and Fay participated in the study.
• No one can find the solution. PART All . ............ . ................ .
There isn't anyone who can find the solution. . ....... in the study.
7 George helped me with my science homework,

I 1 Complete the sentences using the word in which was kind of him.
bold. Use two to five words. GIVE lt was kind .
a hand with my science homework.
My sister is studying to be a doctor and so is my cousin. 8 This issue has nothing to do with you. Mary!
AND Bath my .......................................... . NONE This issue ............................... .
·.1 .. studying to be doctors. . business, Mary!
:11 2 You can ask Dr Watson or the receptionist about 9 I can't find my lab coat anywhere.
:1 your appointment. ACROSS I stili .............................. my lab coat.
·I EITHER You can ... ..... the 1O lf anyone feels they can't stay, tell me naw.
receptionist about your appointment. FEELS lf ...................................... .
3 I don't go to university and neither does my sister. . .........................staying, tell me naw.
I Neither ............................................ . 11 Not many people attended the science exhibition .
... to university. HARDLY There .......................................... .
4 Bob, Sally and Cath don't like the new science teacher. . ........ at the scieJil\fu exhibition.
OF None ... . .............................. . 12 Each child who went to the camp had a good time .
. ... the new science teacher. ENJOYED All .................................... .
5 Terry Tao is the best mathematician in Australia. at the camp.
AS No one . . ............. . 13 The scientist built the robot on his own.
Terry Tao is at maths in Australia. TOGETHER The scientist ···············
6 There isn't anything we can do about it naw. .. himself.
IS There .............. . 14 lt was my duty to delete the files.
about it naw. RESPONSIBLE I ... ................. the files.
7 No one is in the lab to carry out the experiment. 15 Nobody understands me when I speak ltalian.
WHO There isn't anyone in the lab ............ . MYSELF I can't
......... the experiment.
........................ when I speak ltalian.

I 8 Julie and James didn't take part in the experiment.

NOR Neither Julie ....... ................ .
16 Ben, Lucy and Tom don't like science.
KEEN None . ............. science .

I WELL
... ... ..... . .. the experiment.
9 Both Larry and Pete are good at algebra.
Larry is goocl at algebra
17 An experiment was performed by students today.
OUT The students ...
''
I ................ today.

126
lI
 o Word fonnation ., Lexical multiple choice items
3 Fili in the correct 4 Choose the correct answer.
form of the words
1 Life on other planets stili „„ ... „„ a mystery.
in bold.
A maintain B remains C keeps D proves
Whether there is life on
other planets has always \ 2 You should always .„„„„.„ new files on your PC.
been one -of the greatest '> A support B back up C justify D hold
questions in science but it • ., 3 Genes help us. „„.„.„ with illnesses.
remains difficult to prove. In 2010, A fight B win C face D cope
group of NASA scientists made a discovery thai aroused
a lot Of 1) {excite) „„.„„„„„„„„„„ .. Using the Kepler, a 4 How many planets comprise aur solar „„„„„„?
telescope that is mounted on a satellite in space, they A system B circle C panel D way
spotted a planet that is very similar to Earth. They called 5 The company „„.„ a new cell phone on the market.
it Kepler 1Ob. Alter eight months of 2) {observe) A presented B launched C revealed D started
„„„„„„„„„„„„„, scientists were able to estimate the
6 Who „„„. in winning a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964?
size of the planet and concluded that Kepler 10b is the
A succeeded C achieved
3) {small) „„„„„„„„„„„„„ known plant outside aur solar
system and the only one that is rocky. This means that B managed D accomplished
Kepler 1Ob is like Mars or Earth; it has a solid surface as 7 That was a great breakthrough in scientific „„„„„ ..
opposed to one formed 4) {entire) „„„„„„„„„„„„„ of A investigation B process C research D trial
gases. However, scientists think that Kepler 1Ob is
8 Check your PC's recycle .„„„.„ for the lost document.
5) {like) „„.„.„„„„„ .. „„ to support any form of life. They
A basket B bin C box D bag
carne to this 6) {disappoint) „„.„.„„„„.„„„„„.„.
conclusion because temperatures on its surface can rise 9 The Internet is a rich „.„.„.„. of information.
to around 1,300 degrees Celsius. Nevertheless, its A model B power C source D link
discovery can be described as an important scientific 10 Mobile phones may adversely .„„„.„. aur brains.
breakthrough. A influence B control C injure D affect

0 Multiple choice c/oze

5 Read the text and choose the correct answer.

·. Most scientists dream of 1) „„.„.„.„.„ a Nobel Prize. lt is.

(J~!i;;;;~~ . the greatest award a scientist can be honoured with , /
"""""""""' ;;> ;,:;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.· „ •• ·· and often comes alter decades of ca reful research. f7 I '
Most often, winners are scientists who have answered important questions about existence or
'
2) „.„.„„.„„. discoveries that have helped advance the human race. But not every scientist
works on research projects that, for instance, try to cure dise~s or discover life on other
planets. There are also scientists who spend their time on the simpler, mare mundane
questions of science. Take, for example, the group of scientists from Newcastle, UK,
~
,
who worked 3) .„„„„„„„. the fact that cows with pet names produce mare milk '
,;':
than cows without pet names; or the team of Australian mathematicians who \iii
studied how many times you have to take a group photograph to make sure winning 4 A all
4) .„„.„„„„„ has their eyes open. Bath of these research projects were
awarded not Nobel Prizes, but lg Nobel Prizes. The lg Noble Prizes began in
1991 to honour scientists who first make people laugh and then make them
! , B gaining
C earning
D acquiring
B either
c everyone
D each
think. They are organised by a magazine called lmprobable Research and, 2 A did 5 A present
since 1995, the awards 5) „„„„„.„„. at a ceremony in Harvard University,
B found B are presented
USA. The committee that chooses the winners often includes farmer Nobel
Prize winners as well as university lecturers and sci·fi writers. And
C learnt c were presented
D made D have been presented
6) „„„„„„„.: the fact that the ceremony often involves a lot of lun and
laughter (including the tradition of throwing paper aeroplanes anto the 3 A out 6 A although
stage), the organisers always emphasise that the prizes are not meant to B off B even
make lun of the winners. In fact, most winners thoroughly enjoy the occasion c around c despite
.ind fly across the world just to collect their awards. D towards D though
127
 IQ@j,11, Opis postaci historycznej
A descriptive essay about a famous historical
person requires us to describe a famous person
from the past and to explain something about
them, e.g. why we admire them, how they have changed
our!others' lives etc. lt consists of:
• an introduction in which we mention the name
of the person, when and where they were barn
and what they are famous for.
• a first main body paragraph in which we briefiy
describe the person (appearance/character) and
talk about their earlyAate years and achievements
etc.
• a second main body paragraph in which we
explain the reasons for their success, how they
have influenced other people's lives etc.
• a conclusion where we write our comments
and/or feelings about this person.
Notes:
• Essays describing historical persons should be
written using past tenses.
• Each main body paragraph should begin with a
topie sentence that summarises the main idea of
that paragraph.
• When including information on physical
appearance or personality/character, ensure
that it is relevant to the task. For example, it is
highly unlikely that a description of a famous
scientist would require any reference to their
physical appearance, whereas a description of a
film star probably would.
• A variety of adject'1ves should be used to
describe the ~on and their achievements, as
well as linking devices to join shorter sentences
and make the essay flow.
2 Read the model and match the headings to the
paragraphs.
I
[TIJ Johannes Gutenberg was born around the year
1398 in Mainz, Germany. His revolutionary new printing
press was arguably the single most important invention I
of the second millennium.
[1IJ A hardworking and determined man, Gutenberg
enabled books to be produced mare quickly and easily.
Until Gutenberg's time, books were laboriously copied out
by hand. Gutenberg, who had trained as a goldsmith in his
youth, was the first person who thought of using movable
metal letters in printing. These could be set in a frame to
spell words and then clearly printed on paper. Gutenberg
spent many years perfecting his machine. Then, around
1450, the first major book was printed using this new
method - the Gutenberg 42-line Bibie, so called because it
had 42 lines per page. Despite the success of his invention,
Gutenberg never became rich. He had borrowed money to
advance his work and eventually had to sell his printing
press to pay his debts.
[ID The invention of the printing press has had far-
reaching effects on people's lives. lt was successful
because it initiated an information revolution and
brought knowledge to a wider reading public, not just
the wealthy few. Furthermore, the printing press was
absolutely crucial for the advance of science and
technology. Without it, the Cultural, Scientific and
Industrial Revolutions would not have taken place.
@I] I admire Gutenberg for coming up with the
invention that changed the lives of poorly-educated
people. He put knowledge into the hands of everyone
and can be considered
an early pioneer of a cCJrnments/feelings
modern technology. b reasons they ilie iJ'l'\portanti
c who the person Ts · :
d description ofappearance/'J
~-- character/achievenients
• .
i
V

1 Read the rubric and underline the key words.

3 Complete with information from the model.
Then answer the questions.

r--------------------~ Character/
I \ł&M 11 1i•f/ Opisz znaną postać historyczną. : Personality
: którą podziwiasz za jej wkład w rozwój 1
1 technologii. Wyjaśnij, w jaki sposób jej .dokonania I
Achievements „ „„. „„„„„„
I mają wpływ na nasze życie (200--250 słów). I
~--------------------·
How many paragraphs will you write? Reasons for 1)
2 What tense(s) will you mainly use? success/
3 Will you include a physical ciescription of the Influence on
2)
person 7 Why (not) 7 people's lives
. .. .. . . .. I

128
J
' Adjectives 9 Your turn
4 Fili in the gaps with the correct adjective: impatient, shy, 6 Read the rubric. Think of a person
cheerful, bossy, seffish, persistent. and make notes under the
headings: Name - Occupatian - Barn
1 She talked in a low voice because she was rather „ ......... .
- Famous for - Oescription of person
2 He was very .................... „ .... and always told people what to
and achievements - Effecton our
do.
fives/Justification.
3 Marilyn was ..... . . .... She was always in a good mood
and smiled a lot. r--------------~
1\'i{ir.!'!ltllW// .
Opisz znaną postac 1
.I
4 Todd was so . . „ . „ „ „ . . . „ ..... ; he only cared about himself. 1
I z historii Polski, która miała I
5 He was .. „ . „ •. „ . „ „ „ and couldn't wait for anything.
1 istotny wkład w rozwój nauki. 1
6 Paul was very ... „ . „ . „ ...... „ ........ and refused to give up trying
: Wyjaśnij.
w jaki sposób dokona- :
to prove his theory.
I nia tej osoby wpłynęły na życie I
: współczesnych ludzi I dlaczego ją :
5 Match the topie sentences to the paragraphs. Which main
1 podziwiasz (200-250 słów). 1
body paragraph is each?
'"--------------„
[ID She had a fiery passionate personality which always carne
7 Use your notes from Ex. 6, the
plan and the language from the
across in her roles. In her fifty-year film career, Elizabeth proved she had
Useful Language box to write
a very versatile talent. From being a child star in the film National Velvet
your composition.
in 1944, she went on to play parts as various as the Queen of Egypt in
C/eopatra to a university professor's wile in Who's Afraid of Virginia
Woolf? Her co-star Richard Burton, who she married lwice, appeared in
11 films with her, and they gave sparkling performances together. (Para 1) wbo tbe person is
. (Para 2) description of person &
acbievements
>(Para 3) effect on our lives &
m::J He could always predlct what new mobile devices people justificdtion .
would want in a couple of years' time. before they even realised lt (Para 4) con1ments/feelings
themselves. Thls was the key to his success. He would then find
ways of producing and marketing the new technology before any
other manufacturer hod even thought of il. He not only corhered
the market on mobile technology In the early 2000s but lntroducing a person
revolutlonised people's lives wlth il. • One of the greatest (scientists) of all
time was ....
• X was barn in „. on „ . .
~ She had to fight her father, who wanted her to be a social worker Describing a person & their
and not study chemistry, but eventually she got a research place at achievements
King's College, London. There she did pioneer work on the DNA • What was most striking about X was
molecule from 1951-53 and was the first person to actually photograph • X was a .„ person with ....
the structure. Although she was on the verge of making her findings • X will chiefiy be remembered for „ . .
public, she died in 1958 at the early age of 37. Her colleague Watson • One of X's main achievements was
and his friend Crick went on to take the credit for discovering DNA and .„ . • X is most notable for „ . .

were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962. Explaining and justifying

• The key factor in/main reason for X's
success is . • The result of this has
A Rosalind Franklin's career did not exactly run smoothly. been .„ . • For this reason, „ ..
B With her dark sweeping eyebrows and stunning violet eyes, Expressing feelings
Elizabeth Taylor had a great screen presence. • What I most admire about X is .„ .
" • I fee I extremelv „ . .
C Not only was Steve Jobs an imaginative designer but he was
also a practical and far-sighted businessman. l; X richly deser~es to be .

129
lffĄ!lfj.!Qll Wybór wielokrotny I
1 Read the definition. Do you think it is possible to change aur
genes? Read through to find out.
gene /d3i:n/ (C n) part of a cell in a living thing which controls its
physical characteristics, growth and development
2R~~dtłle r~b·~;.:-the'~ ctoHiet~~I<. whi~łl';eńte~~;;i~·~he
text justify your answers? Compare your answers in pairs.
Then, explain the words in bold.
r------------------------
1\ł•'•®tl!(.f/ Przeczytaj tekst. Z podanych możliwości i
: odpowiedzi (1-5) wybierz właściwą, zgodną
I tekstu. Zakreśl literę A, B, Club D.
~-----------------------
Our genes help to determine everything about us.
from aur physicol appeorance. to how we behove, to
what diseoses we ore likely to get.
In 1990, scientists embarked on on ambitious project:
to identify every single one of the 25,000 or so genes
that make up the human genome". This project
known os the Human Genome Project - is naw
complete. Scientists naw know the identity of all of aur
genes (olthough they hove yet to figure out who!
most do). Scientists soy !his knowledge brings them
much closer to developing effective treotments for
hundreds of illnesses. The reoson why? Defects in
genes can cause diseose in humans.
Toke the gene thot scientists call 'Hn'. When o person
has o defect in !his gene. they develop o terrible.
incuroble diseose when they hit middle age. This
diseose - known os 'Huntington's diseose' - ultimotely
leaves sufferers unoble to walk. talk and even swaltow.
People who don't carry a defect in the HTI gene (the
majority of the populotion) never develop Huntington's
diseose.
Scientists ore confident thot one doy they will be oble
to cure diseoses like Huntington's diseose by
introducing heolthy copies of genes into the bodies of
people who hove faulty genes. This is colled 'gene
lheropy'.
So for about 10,000 diseoses have been identified thot
ore coused by foulty genes. With luck. mony of these
diseoses will one doy be cured using gene theropy.
However. this doy is stili a long way off. os tremendous
technicol difficulties must be overcome before gene
* genome: all the DNA in an organism, including its genes
z treścią :
theropy becomes a reality. In the meontime. doctors
will hove to continue treoting diseoses with
conventional medicines.
lnterestingly, this is where the Human Genome Project
comes in agoin. Why? Becouse aur genes not only
determine aur susceptibility to vorious diseoses. They
olso determine how we respond to medicines!
Doctors hove long known thot different potients
respond differently to the same medicine. A porticulor
drug moy couse sicie effects in same people. not work
for others. while with yet others. it moy even make the
illness worse! Naw scientists know the reoson why:
people respond to medicines differently becouse of
variations in their genes. Todoy. on overoge, any
given medicine on the market only works for about
half of the people who toke it! Among cancer
potients. the ro te of ineffectiveness jumps to 75
percent. Even worse. every yeor over I OO.OOO people
die from the adverse effects of medicines. and
another 2.2 million experience serious reoctions.
Doctors wish they could be certoin how a potient
would respond to o medicine before they give it to
them. Weil, one doy they moy be oble to. Scientists
soy thai once they understond how specific gene
voriotions respond differently to medicines, doctors will
be oble to prescribe medicines bosed on on
individuol's unique genetic profile.
Whot does this octuolly mean for you? lt means you
would never have to worry about a doctor giving you
a medicine that would not work on you. or worse.
could do you horm!
 After the 1990 study, scientists stili
don't know
A the relationship between genes
and disease.
B the functions of all our genes.
C the approximate number of
genes we have.
D when they will finish identifying
all our genes.
2 Huntington's disease
A is unlikely ever to be cured.
B does not affect children.
c is not uncommon.
D causes defects in the HTI gene.
3 According to the article, gene
therapy
A is now being used to treat
thousands of diseases.
B is a technique for finding faulty
genes.
is only in the early stages of
c
development.
D won't ever be as effective as
conventional medicine.
4 People who take the same drug
A may experience a variety of
reactions.
B usually suffer from a number of
sicie effects.
c have a 75 percent chance of
being cured.
D all recover, but at differing
rates.
5 lt is possible that doctors in the
future will
A no longer need to write
prescriptions.
B have one medicine that is
effective for everyone.
C use medicines to change
patients' genetic profiles.
D be able to assess patients' drug
needs precisely.
3 Fili in: effective, incurable, gene, conventional, genetic, middle, hot,
side, ambitious, physical.
1 ....................... age 6 .............. effect
2 ....................... treatment 7 ....................... therapy
3 ............ project 8 ................. topie
4 .... .............. disease 9 ...................... medicine
5 ....................... appearance 1O ....................... profile
4 a} What are the two main points the text makes about
genes? Write a summary of about 60 words.
I I
b} 1cT in what other ways can the study of genes affect our
lives? In groups, collect information and present your findings
to the class.
5 59 lmagine you could take a genetic test to see if
you were susceptible to a serious disease. Would you want
to find out or not? In three minutes write a few sentences.
Tell the class.
liil!ijrflrl@ Dobieranie
6 O Read the rubric and the headings. Do the task.
r--------------------------~
I \f1~M1l!i.f/ Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedzi pięciu osób na I
1 temat wynalazków, które wpłynęły na poprawę Ich życia. :
: Przyporządkuj poszczególnym osobom nagłówki, wpisując 1
1 odpowiednie litery (A-F) w kratki. .Jeden nagłówek został 1
1 podany dodatkowo i nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. I
~--------------------------~
A MY MOBILE LIBRARY
Speaker 1
B HIDDEN BUT EFFECTIVE
Speaker 2
c COMPUTERISED SOCIALISING
D STAYING CONNECTED Speaker3
E NOT IMMUNE FROM HUMAN ERROR :?j3eaker 4
F GREAT FOR MY CREATIVE SIDE Speaker 5
l§t·'1'Jl§.!p Odgrywanie roli I
7 Read the rubric.
O Listen to someone doing the task. Give two reasons why
his answer is not appropriate. Then, do the speaking task.
r---------------------------~
I r„' m J
I \!.Ł'.!)'lt•r,
Przebywasz z wizytą u brata, I który studiuje I
I
w Anglii. Zamierzasz kupić tam telefon komórkowy.
1
: Jesteś w poleconym Ci przez brata sklepie elektronicznym 1
1 I rozmawiasz ze sprzedawcą. W rozmowie uwzględnij poniższe 1
I kwestie: I
I I
dodatkowe funkcje, które 1
I gwarancja cena
1 powinien posiadać telefon 1
w jakim celu korzystałeś/·aś dotychczas z telefonu
·---------------------------"131
 MODULE
Qi·lfl@He1 Weather I
' Col/ocations
1 Fili in: frost, breeze, gust, winds, s/eet, soar, wave,
drizz/e, mist, downpour, fag, humidity.
I Forecasters say the heat „„„„„„ „.„„„„„ will
! continue well into next week.
li 2
3
lt isn't easy sailing in strong . „„.„„„„.„„„„„„„.
Sam was caught in a heavy „„„„„.„.„„„„„„.
I'I on the way home and got soaked to the bone!
4 During the monsoon, there's a lot of .„ .. „.„„„„„ ..
in the air, which makes things hot and sticky.
5 Last night it was so cold, the windows were
covered in „„„„„„„„.„ .. „„.„.„„ this morning.
6 You must take extreme care when driving in thick
7 A sudden „„„„„„„.„„„„.„„„„. of wind almost
blew his hat off his head.
8 Temperatures are forecasted to „„„„„„„„„.„.„.„.
,,' I above 40 degrees today.
9 The next morning, the hills were veiled in a fine
1O Although the day was hot, a gentle sea
„„.„.„.„„„.„„„.„„„„ cooled it down somewhat.
11 As the day grew colder, the rain turned into
12 You don't need an umbrella - it's only a light
.„„„„„„„„„„„ outside.
• ldioms
2 Choose the correct word.
1 Mark was on cloud/wind nine after he passef.his
driving test.
2 Jane isn't well. She's feeling a little under the
"i' weather/climate.
I;
3 He had a face like lightning/thunder after I
admitted cheating on the test.
4 Thanks for the gift. lt really brightened/shined up
my day.
5 In the warm/cold light of day, you'll realise you
made the right decision.
6 Don't chase raindrops/rainbows, Brian. You'll
never get that job.
7 Jim was just a pleasant/fair-weather friend; he
just disappeared when we needed him.
8 We couldn't go out; it was raining/blowing cats
and dogs all day !
132
'Natura! disasters I
3 Read the news reports and fili in the gaps with:
numerous, extreme, active, loca/, major, emergency,
violent, temporary.
.i'Aount Merapl Ready to IB!ovv
=-~ --==--===..-""-'=·=·======= '"=
An evacuation of people living around Mount
Merapi, a(n) 1) „„„.„„.„„„„„. volcano in lndonesia,
has begun in the last few hours. Experts fear a
2) „„.„„„„„„. eruption may take place in the next
few days. 3) „„.„„„„„„„„„ casualties could result if
people remain in the area. Authorities have set up .lii :~
4) „„„„.„„„„„„„ shelters for locals 20 kilometres .',~·
away from the volcano. ';[
""'"'=:'.,.,.,.~"""'"'""..,.;,;,,.,.,;=="""'"="""'"""""""'"""'"'=~_,,.J·::1Jjf
~ •'SK
Bli'.Lctt<!l~i'Cć!:\:,:Jtlll1\DililultllWfil f 2
People in the English town of Kendhom experienced i
another night of 5) „.„„„„„„ .. „„. weather yesterday. I
6) „„„„„.„.„„„.„ gales coming in from the west
coast continue to cause damage to 7) .„„.„„„„.„„„„
property. Blizzards and bitter cold have forced a
number of families to leave the area.
8) .„„„.„.„„„.„. services are on standby to evacuate
others if necessary.
Even though life originated in the
·sea, today the biodiversity on land is
much greater. An estimated 95% of all
species live on land; only 5% live in the sea.
IPlantsl
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the words: leaf, needle, root, trunk, deciduous,
bark, branch, chiorophy/I.
1 The main part of a tree is called the „„„„.„„„.
2 Trees that lose their leaves in autumn are called
„„„„„„ .. „„„. trees.
3 The „„„.„„„„„„„ of a tree absorb sunlight and
help make glucose for the tree.
4 „„„„„„„„„.„ is the pigment that gives trees their
green colour and is necessary for photosynthesis.
5 The „„.„„„„„„„„ of a tree absorb water from the
ground.
6 Birds like to sit on the „ „ „ „.„„ oftrees.
7 The trunk of a tree is covered in ..
8 Pine trees have. .„„-shaped leaves.
'Animals I 7 Match the habitats (a-f) to the animals (1-6).

5 Complete the spidergram with three more

examples in each category. [JI]lion a sett
[I[] rabbit b den

bird
QI] bee c nest
fish
/Jeron, shark,
CD::] badger d warren
[ID ant e hive
[![]wasp f hill

0 Prepositions
8 Choose the correct preposition.
reptile amphibian
crocodi/e, The pink river dolphin is in/at great danger of
frag,
extinction.
2 The group is concerned of/with the conservation of
ANIMALS
the Siberian tiger.
3 This treaty forb'1ds the hunting for/of endangered
species.
4 The rnotorvvay has caused a lot of damage to/at the
natura! habitat of badgers.
mammal invertebrate 5 There is naw a ban of/on fox hunting in England.
lion, octopus, 6 Most of the anima Is in the zoo were barn in/with
captivity.

I space I
° Col/ocations
6 Fili in with the correct form of: breed, hatch,
9 Choose the correct word.

habitat, lay, mate, feed, species, predator, lifespan.
~o you know how many .. „ . „ .. „ „ „ „ .. „
there are on the planet?
2 The „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . of a particular animal is the
number of years it can live.
3 Collies and poodles are just two of the many
different „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ of dog.
4 Do hens „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ eggs every day?
5 Tigers are among the fiercest „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ in the
world.
6 Wolves „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . on ce a year and the female
gives birth to three or four pups.
7 What do you usually „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ your dog?
Fresh or tinned meat?
8 Eggs need to be kept in a warm place in order to
9 The natural „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of crocodiles is freshwater
rivers, lakes or swamps.
1 A sun/solar system is a group of planets and the
sun that they orbit.
of animals
2 One bright/light year is the distance light travels
in a year.
3 A black/dark hole is a region in space from which
nothing, not even light, can escape.
4 Exterior/Outer space is so big that it would take
years to travel to the closest star, Alpha Centauri.
5 The cratered surface of the Moon shows the effect
of cosmic collisions/crashes.
6 According to the Big Bang/Break theory, the
universe began by expanding from an unimaginably
tiny point.
7 Light, X-rays, TV and radio transm·1ssions are all
kinds of electromagnetic waves/walls.
8 Solar flares/spots are violent eruptions of gas on
the Sun's surface.
(~) See Vocabulary Bank on p. 188) 133
J.
 Tomohiko reached into the bulging
bag of com and withdrew a large
handful, spreading it evenly on the
ground for the hungry chickens at his
feet. Then he stood up, and looked out across the land
to the blue ocean which lay not half a mile in the
distance. Ever since he was five years ald, feeding the
chickens had been Tomohiko's preferred daily chore.
He looked forward to the birds running excitedly
towards him each aftemoon, clucking noisily for the
tasty meal he had brought. Sometimes he carried com
in his bag, sometimes worms, and occasionly their
favourite treat of table scraps. Tomohiko knew he did a
good job of keeping the chickens happy. After all, didn't
everyone who tried their eggs agree that they were by
far the tastiest in the village?
Tomohiko turned his face towards the sun. The air was
remarkably stili for a mid-winter's day and the yard
unusually quiet. His thoughts wandered to his family.
Today was his parents' wedding anniversary and tonight
there would be a celebration. His father had gone into
town to buy food for the evening's festivities and his
mother had taken his little sister to pick up Tomohiko's
grandparents. Tomohiko knew he had to hurry himself
because soon everyone would be home and he had
promised his mother he would sweep the garden path
and pick same flowers for the table before she returned.
Just then, a familiar and unwelcome sound broke the
silence. Earthquake siren! For a moment, Tomohiko
st~ frozen to the spot. Then, he remembered what
his iather had always told him: get to higher ground!
Oropping the corn bag, he started running.
The earth rolled violently beneath Tomohiko's feet as he
made his way up the steep slope behind his house.
Earthquakes were a part of life in the region where
Tomohiko lived, but he had never experienced one as
B§f\,i@ Wybór wielokrotny )
1 In one minute, list as many natura! disasters as
you can think of.
2 Read the title of the text. Which natura I
disaster(s) do you think the text is about? Read
through and check.
134
forceful as this before. This time, the ground shook so
much, he was unable to keep his balance and slipped
again and again. Then, all of a sudden and without
knowing why, Tomohiko stopped and tumed back to
look at the shore. The sight that confronted him made
him ery out in terror. An angry mass of thick, black water
was racing inland. Tsunami!
Tomohiko watched in horror as the wali of water swept
through his village. Bicycles, trees, cars, houses - the
wave picked up objects large and small as if they were
matchsticks. Tomohiko began shaking uncontrollably.
Were his family down there in amongst the waves? Or
had they managed, like him, to getto higher ground?
Alter what seemed to be an eternity, and with a huge
roar, the black wave retreated back into the sea.
Tomohiko raced towards the village. Running through
the streets, he screamed out his rnother's, father's and
sister's narnes again and aga in. All around him, people
were doing the same. The sounds of human despair
filled the air.
Hours passed and Tomohiko's sense of hopelessness
increased. His village was unrecognisable. Mud and the
shattered remains of houses filled the streets. How
many people had been swept away? Tomohiko
wondered. And then he saw thern. Huddled together,
with his grandparents by their sicie, his mother, father,
and sister. All, by same miracle, were safe. Tomohiko
ran sobbing into his mother's arms.
That fateful day carne to be known amongst villagers as
'the day the sea rose up in fury'. But Tomohiko would
forever refer to it as the luckiest day of his life. So many
in his village had lost their loved ones. lt was always a
miracle to Tomohiko why his family had been spared.
3 Read the rubric and underline the key words
in the questions 1-5. Do the task, then justify
your answers. Explain the words in bold.
r------------------,
:\l~/ Przeczytaj opowiadanie zaty- :
1 tułowane T/!e Day tlle Sea Rose Up in Fury. 1
1 Z podanych możliwości odpowiedzi (1-5) !
wybierz właściwą, zgodną z treścią tekstu. :
1
Zakreśl literę A, B, Club D.
L------------------~
 Tomohiko viewed feeding the chickens as 6 Choose the correct word.
A a necessity. C a responsibility.
B a pleasure. D an amusement. 1 The noise broke/froze the silence.
2 We feed aur chickens table pieces/scraps.
2 Just before the earthquake siren went off, 3 He withdrew/retreated his hand from the bag.
Tomohiko 4 He refers/recalls that day as the happiest in his
A remembered he had to buy a present for his life.
mother. 5 Laughter filled/rolled the air.
B wondered why the day was so unusually hot. 6 The water level rose/swept quickly.
C thought about some chores he stili had to do. 7 The earthquake caused the ground to shake/
D regretted not going into town to eat with his slope for mare than 30 seconds.
father. cc-·;-;-;-ci:'il
7 :,!i:[if@!J lmagine you are Tomohiko's father.
3 From the text, we know that earthquakes were
Describe the experience from your point of
A often accompanied by tsunamis in the region
view. How did you feel when you saw
where Tomohiko lived.
Tomohiko? In three minutes write a few
B normally strong in the area where Tomohiko
sentences. Tell the class.
lived.
C something Tomohiko had received instruction
about.
Ji@.fi,i!@ Prawda/fałsz
D something Tomohiko had little experience of. 8 O Read the rubric, then do the task. Compare
4 Watching the tsunami, Tomohiko your answers with your partner's.
A believed his family had been killed. r----------------------~
B tried to move further uphill.
I \'łi!/®
• \IU•V
yUsłyszysz dwukrotnie raport o otworach I
I odpływowych. Na podstawie zawartych I
C saw his house being swept away.
: w nim informacji zdecyduj, które zdania (1-5) są :
D reacted physically. 1 zgodne z treścią tekstu (TRUE). a które nie (FALSE). I
5 As Tomohiko searched for his family, he I Zaznacz znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. I
A asked others if they had seen them. ~----------------------~
B found it difficult to remain positive. True False
C lost his way many times. Sinkholes are holes in the ground
D helped other people search for their families. which always form suddenly.
2 The sinkhole in the Sichuan province
4 Fili in: bulging, s/ope, confronted, wondered, swallowed up a family home.
huddled, shottered, bolonce. 3 Severa! drivers have driven into
sinkholes on motorways.
1 They .............. . .. together in an attempt to
4 Sinkholes can result from man-
keep warm.
made or natura! causes.
2 A spectacular sight .... .......... ........ them: a
5 Before a sinkhole opens up, water
500-metre high waterfall.
may appear on the land.
3 The ........................... was so steep he had to
stop and rest many times. Mówienie Opis ilustracji
4 The bag was . .. ............ .... with sweets.
i odpowiedzi
5 The glass ...... ............... completely when it
na pytania
hit the ground.
6 He lost his ... .. ............ and Fell over.
9 \1~1!#11111.Vf Opisz zdjęcie, a następnie
7 He tried to concentrate but his mind
odpowiedz na pytania.
1 What do you think the rescuer is feeling?
2 What natura! disasters are most
5 Explain the words in bold in the text.
common in your country'
3 Have you heard about a natura! disaster in the news
that has made a lasting impression on you7 Why?
135
 15 No one knows why she is sad.
REASON No one knows
sadness.
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. 16 Despite being neighbours, they have never spoken
Use two to five words. to each other.
FACT In spite ............................. „ .
They say that he is very good at his job.
they are neighbours, they have never
BE He ............. .
spoken to each other.
very good at his job.
17 He isn't aur boss but he treats us like one.
2 I haven't seen Bob since secondary school.
THOUGH He treats us ...... „ „ ...... .
LAST The ... . ............ .
aur boss.
Bob was in secondary school.
„ „ „ .. „ ..
18 He installed an alarm system. He didn't want to get
3 lt wasn't necessary for you to buy the children gifts.
burgled.
BOUGHT You „ . ..„ „. „„„.
FEAR He installed an alarm system
the children gifts.
• •••••••••• „ ..••••••••. burgled.
4 lt was very difflcult to answer all the questions on the
19 Steve called the restaurant. He wanted to book a
test.
table.
DIFFICULTY
ORDER Steve called the restaurant .
.... all the questions on the test.
..... „ ..... a table.
5 Samantha wants to travel around Asia instead of going
20 The teacher is very patient with her students.
to university.
SHOWS The teacher .. „ .... „ ..•.••••

RATH ER Samantha .............................. . with her students.

around Asia than go to university.
21 Mark prefers walking to driving.
6 All the students went to the planetarium apart from
'! THAN Mark prefers .......... „ .„ ............. .
Laura.
............... drive.
ONE Laura was the only
22 "Don't forget to collect the tickets from the travel
.... to the planetarium.
agent's," he said to her.
7 Malcolm learned how to skate when he was 15.
REMINDED He
WHEN Malcolm was
the tickets from the travel agent's.
how to skate.
23 He didn't go out because he was feeling iii.
8 Oliver had the smallest car that Simon had ever seen.
WOULD lf he hadn't been feeling iii, he ...
SMALL Simon had never seen such .......... .
out.
......................... Oliver's before.
24 He had just woken up when the phone rang.
9 You can use my laptop but don't spili your coffee on it.
THAN No sooner .
LONG You can use my laptop .............. „ .••••
. . the phone rang .
. .... don't spili your coffee on it.
25 When you go outside, you'll realise how cold it is.
10 Peter is the best basketball player of all.
WILL Only when you go outside ....... ef> ..
WELL No one ...... .
.. how cold.it is.
Peter does.
26 No one could answer Steve's question.
11 l'm sure Jane hasn't forgotten about the meeting.
ANYONE There .. . ... „ „ „ „ ........ „ „ ....... .
WON'T Jane.................. .................. .
.... answer Steve's question.
about the meeting.
27 Frank earns the same as Paula.
12 Shall 1help you do the washing up?
MUCH Frank ............ .
HELP Would you like
. „ ... „ ..... „ ..... „ ... Paula.
the washing up?
28 Debra gave me that present.
13 "Let's collect money for a charity," she said.
WHO lt ............... .
SUGGESTED She . ........... „ ..... .
.... that present.
for a charity.
29 lt's a shame that Steven can't come to the party.
14 The couch was too big for them to fit through the
COULD lf ...... „ ................. .
door.
. „ „ . „ . „ „ „ .... „ .. to the party.
THAT lt was such a large couch ..
30 "I didn't take the money," he said.
it through the door.
DENIED He ..... „ „ .............. „ . „
......................... the money
J
''
I
·1!

li
136
j
• Word formation ' Lexical multiple choice items
2 Fili in the correct form 3 Choose the correct word.
of the words in bold.
1 Temperatures are expected to .„ in the next
Most water parks around few days.
the world include shows of A !ower B drop C sink D dip
dolphins performing tricks. But 2 Our recycling efforts have already had a positive
in 2008, a group of wild dolphins „„ ... on the environment.
living along Australia's southern coast were observed j A impression B feeling C impact D mark
performing tricks similar to those performed by
dolphins in 1) (captive) „„„„„„„„„„„„„! Australian [ 3 We've .„„„.„„ the point where we can no longer
f ignore the problem.
beachgoers were stunned to see a group of dolphins
walk on the water with their tails, an action serving no A arrived B got C reached D come
2) (appear) „„„„„„„„„„„„„ purpose. So why did these 4 As soon as the fog „„„ „„„ it started raining heavily.
dolphins start 'tail-walking'? Scientists believe the A raised B rose C drew up D lifted
most likely 3) (explain) „„„„„„„„„„„„„ is they picked
up the behaviour from a member of their group that 5 Global warming is . wildlife with extinction.
had spent time in a dolphinarium. In the 1980s, Billie, A daring C warning
one of the females in the group, spent a lew weeks in B threatening D risking
a dolphinarium recovering from malnutrition. She 6 Nature „„. „„„ us with all we need to survive.
received no training there, but 4) (doubt) A lends B provides C caters D stocks
„„.„„„„„„„.„„„ saw others tail-walking. Billie must have
7 We need to .„„„.„„ a greater sense of responsibility.
taught her group the trick when she was returned to
A develop B produce C form D grow
them. Scientists say it's no surprise that dolphins learn
from each other. What is surprising, however, is that 8 Never buy products that come from „.„„„„. animals.
dolphins seem to have 'cultural' 5) (transmit) A risky C extinct
„.„„„„„„„.„.„„. of ideas and skills, just like humans and B endangered D threatening
apes. Dolphins have always been considered 9 They joined WWF, the world's „„„„„„ environmental
intelligent. But it seems we are only now beginning to
organisation.
realise just how 6) (brain) .. „.„„„ ... „.. „„„„ these animals
A important B leading C unique D head
really are!
1O Explore the Forest and discover what animals „„„„
there.
• Multiple choice cloze A inhabit B occupy C exist D locate
4 Read the text and choose the correct answer.
łB..~~.?4".j'.j;;.-..,~"'Sl.'--~m1J·~c:

Animal Communication ef> ~' 1 A ma king 4 A guide

Human beings communicate with each other in a variety of ways. And in this ~.;' .·."
B arriving B aim
c position
'Age of Communication' in which we naw live, we are constantly ~li c coming
1) „„„.„„„ ..... „„„„ up with even mare ways to connect with family and ~ D turning D indicate
friends. Animals, tao, communicate in a wealth of different ways. Cats, for ~1 2 A with 5 A as
example, use three primary channels of communication: vocal and auditory, ~
B when
visual, and olfactory. An example of olfactory communication ~
B to
2) „„„„„„„„„„„„„ felines is the production of chemicals called 'pheromones', ~ c by c while
which smell. Cats use pheromones to mark their territory. In !act, when a cal ,:~, D in D how
rub s up agamst
· a person 1t· 3) „„„„„„„„„„„„„ 1ts · scent to s1gna
· I to ot her cats 3 A had left 6 A border
that the person is theirs ! Ants also use pheromones, which they leave on the B is leaving B frame
ground to 4) „„„„„„„„„„„„„ other ants to sources of food. Peacocks and C left c surround
chameleons communicate by means of spectacular visual signs. The peacock D will be leaving D edge
uses its magnificent tail to attract females, 5) „„„„„.„„„„„„„. the chameleon
changes its skin colour to show different emotions. Birds use beautiful songs
to communicate. lnterestingly, scientists have discovered that, just like
humilns, species of birds have different languages in different regions. And
some birds that live on the 6) .„„„.„„„„„.„„.„ of two regions even become
bilinyual!

-~~_),~'fHM4'.'i%~~~
Z""~~~~:.·.::~~~'"-~ J
 IQ@!.lkł Recenzja wydarzenia
Reviews of events are brief accounts of the
things that take place there. Their purpose is to
inform readers about the event while also giving
an opinion and a possible recommendation.
A review of an event usually consists of:
• an introduction in which we write the name,
date and type of event as well as any
background information about it leg. when it
first started etc).
• a main body in which we describe the
principal features of the event, make general
comments and give our opinion leg.
performances, acting etc) in separate paragraphs.
• a conclusion in which we write our
recommendation.
Reviews of an event are usually found in
' newspapers, magazines, or as part of a letter. The
; 1
style used depends on the publication and the
intended reader so it can be either formal or semi-
formal. We use present tenses to review an annual
event and past tenses to review an event we have
1 I attended. We also use a variety of adjectives to
'I
make the review more interesting and appealing to
the reader.
iii'
11
,,
.!j 1 Read the rubric and underline the key words,
' then answer the questions.
r--------------------~
1 \ł 1+,m,1U.f/ Wczoraj odbyły się obchody Dnia 1
: Ziemi. Redakcja gazetki wydawanej w Twojej :
1 szkole poprosiła uczniów o przysyłanie recenzji 1
I tego wydarzenia. Twój tekst (200-250 słów) I
: powinien zawierać jego opis i rekomendację. : everyone enjoys.
~--------------------~
1 Who is going to read your review?
2 Which of the following should you include? Tick.
a where it took place „ „ •. „ „ „
b what people did there .. „ . „ „ „ .
c what the school is planning for next year's
event .....
d number of people who attended „ „ „ „ „ „
e how your class prepared for the event . „ „ „ „ „ .
f anything special that happened .. „ „ „ „ „
!I
•lI 1 •
138
2 a) Read the model and match the paragraphs
I
to the headings. I
-~i
[I[] Last Friday was Earth Day and my school
organised a tree-planting party in a park in our town.
The aim of Earth Day is to inspire people to take action
to protect the environment.
[fil Hundreds of people, both young and old, carne
to the park to participate in this worthwhile event. The
Mayor started the proceedings by giving an inspiring
speech about the environment and planting a tree in
the centre of the park. Then, other members of the
community planted trees and ftowers in various areas
of the park. After this, local actors gave a number of
clever and humorous performances all based on the
theme of trees. Local chefs and other people presented
a variety of cakes, tarts and jams made with local fruit
and farmers from the surrounding area gave people
samples of their fruit crops to taste. In the evening
there was a big fruit feast followed by a fantastic rock
con cert.
[I[] At the end of the evening I felt very happy. I was
delighted that so many people carne to the event and
everyone had such a great time. The food was delicious
and the bands that played were brilliant. As well as
that, there was a warm, caring atmosphere and you
really felt people wanted to be there.
rn=J I highly recommend the school's Earth Day event
as every year we do •. i;f~n~f~i&e~C::fiption
a
something fun and ;b·: . . ··· . ····.·.. ·.. · · . . · ·.
exciting to help the ha[l1~,pla<::~;l'~11son
;Ć f~c6rilm~ncłatioit ·,·'
i
:~::to~;;i~y\v~nt i~ha~ .. cl Zci~fd~'R1:s,&~ihior1
b) What tenses does the writer use? Why?
c) What adjectives does the writer use to
describe the following?
• the people who attended the party
• the tree-planting event
• the Mayor's speech
• the actors' performances
• the rock concert
• how the writer felt at the end of the evening
the food/bands
• the atmosphere
• the yearly Earth Day event
3 a) Read the extract from a film festival review ' Yourturn
and replace the words in bold with antonyms 5 a) Read the rubric. What do you have to write?
from the list. What tenses should you use?

• basie • noisy • unenthusiastic • boring r---------------------~

• insignificant • long-winded • serious
• traditional
The festival is held in 1) Juxurious surroundings and
I \ti!jEJtm;/ Redakcja czasopisma wydawanego I
: w języku angielskim poprosiła swoich :
czytelników o nadsyłanie recenzji corocznego
1 1
I festiwalu odbywającego się w Polsce. Napisz I

is attended by some of Hollywood's most

1 recenzję (200-250 słów), w której opiszesz, co 1
: dzieje się podczas festiwalu, I określisz, czy warto :
2) celebrated stars. The festival kicks off with a
I brać w nim udział. I
3) Jight-hearted speech by the master of
ceremonies, followed by a screening of some of the ~---------------------~
year's most 4) interesting films, exploring, as they b) O Listen to someone talking about an
do, the social problems facing 5) modern society. environmental festival in their country and
After the screening comes the awards cerem9ny. The make notes under the headings.
atmosphere becomes very 6) quiet in the seconds
before the winners are announced. Then, the actors ~ame
step up to accept their prizes and deliver a 7) short
speech, followed by the audience's 8) rapturous
applause.
Itime

tickets
1 '"''"'"

b) Read the extract from a street carnival

review and fili in the gaps with adjectives from j recommendations. j

the list.

• colourful • huge • spectacular • annual
• loca! • great • talented
During this 1) ..................... festival, the town comes
alive. People build 2) ..................... floats and paracie
through the town centre. 3) ..................... musicians
from all over the world come to perform on the
numerous stages around the town. 4) ..................... .
people and tourists dress in 5) ....................... .
costumes and sing and dance in the streets. In the
evening, there are always 6) ........................ rock
concerts followed by 7) ..................... fireworks.
Comments & opinion
4 Which of the following could you use to
recommend a music festival in a review. Tick.
6 Use your notes from Ex. 6b to write your
review of the event. Use phrases from the
Useful Language box.
• lt is held every year ... .
• The festival celebrates .... / lts aim is to ....
• There are concert$rformances/parades for
everyone to attend.
• Children can take part in special workshops.
• All ages are catered for.
• Visitors can hear live music/ride to the festival on
their bicycles. • The atmosphere is ....
• I don't hesitate to recommend this festival
because ... . • lt's a festival not to be missed.

lt is/was a great opportunity to see the work of so

many talented new directors ............ . (Para 1) name, place, time, reaso11
2 The bands were simply amazing ......... . ~""' (Para 2) genem! descnption qf event (activilies,
3 The script ·was really interesting/rather duli. ........... . •-. etc)
4 Everything was well organised . ...... :.... . "'· · (Para 3) commentslopinion
5 Tickets are/were quite expensive. (Para 4) recommendation
6 There were a lot of things to do there.

139
 Have you ever witnessed a bright light streaking
across the sky on a dark, starry night? lf so, the
chances are you were witnessing a rock from outer
space falling through the earth's atmosphere!
0::0 Rocks as small as grains of sand and as large as
huge boulders orbit the sun in their billions. Every
single day, as the Earth travels on its path around the
sun, it ploughs through millions of these rocks, or
'meteoroids' as they are called.
When meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere, they
fall through the air with such speed that they heat up
and bum, leaving a bright trail in the sky behind them.
This bright trail of light is known as a 'meteor'. Every
single day, millions of meteors occur in the Earth's
atmosphere. m::J Meteors are mare commonly
called 'shooting stars' or 'falling stars' in colloquial
language. They are one of the most exciting spectacles
in the night sky, especially when hundreds of them
appear seconds or minutes apart. When many meteors
occur together, the phenomenon is called a 'meteor
shower'. Meteor showers occur hundreds of times
during the year and are predictable events. Look on
any astronomy website and you will get details of
when the next meteor shower is taking place. To get
the best out of observing a meteor shower, drive to a
dark spot well away from any city lights. Also, observe
the shower in the early hours of the morning as mare
meteors can be seen after midnight.
Almost every meteoroid that enters the Earth 's
atmosphere is tiny - just a millimetre or so in size.
li:C] Meteoroids that are small disintegrate
completely in the air and never hit the ground. But
meteoroids larger than a pebble are big enough to
survive their fiery passage through the atmosphere
lffJ!Jf!,!tf Dobieranie I
1 Do you know the difference between a meteor, a
meteoroid and a meteorite? Read the text, then
match the terms (1-3) to their definitions (a-c).
0::0 meteor a a rock from outer space found
'I I
i, [3IJ meteorite
on the ground
b a piece of rock floating in outer
I oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. Jedno :
space (and orbiting the sun)
CTI=:J meteoroid c a streak of light you see in the
140 sky
and land on the surface of the Earth. When a
meteoroid lands on the Earth it is called a
'meteorite'. Throughout history, meteorites ranging
in size from the size of pebbles to the size of huge,
life-destroying boulders have struck the earth.
When very large meteoroids strike the planet they
produce craters. In the USA, the most famous crater
caused by a meteoroid is the misnamed 'Meteor
Crater'. lt's in Arizona, and it's huge! The rim rises
150 feet from the surrounding plain, and the hole is
600 feet deep and nearly a mile wide. Meteor Crater
was formed about 50,000 years ago when a
meteorite of 70 metres hit the Earth at a speed of
nearly 60,000 km/h. @I] You needn't worry about
being hit on the head by one. There is not one
confirmed case of a human being ever having been
killed by a meteorite.
A This means the meteors you see in the night sky
are .caused by rocks that are smal/er than a gra
of rrce. 1n
B Hovvever, meteorites larger than the size of
a marble are extremely rare.
C The only di fferenc.e between them was the si ze.
D Our Solar System is littered with rocky debr
E In fact, look up at the sky on any elear nigl~t and
you should be able to see about 1O I .
per iour.
2 Read the rubric. Do the task. Which words
helped you decide? Then explain the words in
bold.
r----------------~
1 \1!,t'!111Hi'/ Przeczytaj tekst, z którego 1
I .
1 usunięto cztery zdania.. Dob'1erz I
1
1 brakujące zdania (A-E). tak aby 1
otrzymać spójną i logiczną całość. I
W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz literę. którą I
zdanie zostalo podane dodatkowo i nie 1
l pasuje do tekstu. I
·----------------·
 Jili!i•fil•ll@ Wybór wielokrotny j
3 Fili in with: spectac/es, disintegrate,
7 O Read the rubric and do the task. Justify your answers.
passage, misnamed, witnessed, debris,
era ter.
r---------------------„
\f; @if@/ Usłyszysz wywiad na temat zakwi;~
I 1
1 1 wody. Z podanych mozhwosc1 I
We the event : odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą, zgodną z treścią :
completely by chance - we just 1 tekstu. Zakreśl literę A. B, C lub D. 1
happened to be in the right place at ~---------------------„
Red tides are
the right time.
A one-coloured. C never red.
2 The tsunami washed tons of B usually multi-coloured. D always colourless .
.. „ „ „ .. „ .. „ . „ „ „ „ .... into the ocean.
2 High levels of nitrates and phosphates in the ocean
3 One of the most amazing „ „ „ „ „ „ „ A kill algae.
l've ever seen is a volcano erupting. B encourage the growth of algae.
4 "We need to find the safest C are common in unpolluted waters.
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ down the D never occur.
mountain," the hiker said. 3 Red tides that produce toxins
5 Scientists believe the „ „ „ A kil! off fish. C can cause death in humans.
B must not be fished. D are very common.
was formed when an asteroid hit
4 The term 'alga! bloom'
the earth.
A is unpopular with scientists. C refers to red tides.
6 Plastic bags in landfill sites take a
B is popular with the public. D refers to a tidal movement.
long time to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
5 When asked where red tides occur, Dr Samuel says they are
completely. A rare in freshwater bodies.
7 The lrish Elk is „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ B usual in the middle of the ocean.
because it was neither exclusively C common near shorelines.
lrish nor was it an elk - it was a deer. D an exclusively marine phenomenon.

4 Fili in with the verbs in their Mówienie Wypowiedź

correct form: enter, strike, orbit, na podstawie
travel, land. materiału

The tree was by stymulującego

lightning and burst into flames.
2 The Earth „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . the sun
8 Read the situation. Do the task.
Use the language below.
every 365 days.
3 Ash from the volcanic eruption r-------------„
• \t,Y,f!1t1U.f/ Przyjrzyj się ~la-
„„„„„„„„„„„„„ on the farmer's l · . katom nr 1, 2 1 3.
crops, destroying them. Twoja szkoła organizuje
wykład o astronomii. Uczniowie
4 Light takes about eight minutes to
z Twojej klasy stworzyli
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ from the sun to
plakaty informujące o wyda-
the earth. rzeniu.
5 Every day, millions of tiny dust Wybierz najbardziej odpo-
particles from outer space wiedni plakat i uzasadnij
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the Earth's atmosphere. swoją decyzję.
Wyjaśnij, dlaczego odrzu-
5 ''.l-.__, What did you learn I ciłeś/-aś pozostałe propo- 1

from the text? In three minutes I zycje.

_____________ „1 ~'.
write a few sentences. Tell the
class.

6 j ICT J
1n groups collect mare c· •
,,-1
To me, the most suitable poster is „. because • I find poster .
information about meteors. lw, the most appealing because .. • I don't think poster „ . is ~
Present your findings to the class. suitable because „ • Poster „ . doesn't appeal to me because „.

14 1
 MODULE
ri.1+'®6'•1 State & politics I
1 Fili in the sentences about British politics with
the words: Lord, Prime, Labour, House, High,
Member, Libera/, Secretary.
1 The „ „ ... „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . of Commons is the part of
Parliament whose members are elected by the
people.
2 The „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Party is a political party
that tries to improve the conditions of ordinary
working-class people.
3 The „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Chancellor is the head of
the !egal system in Britain.
4 A „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of State is the head of a
ministeria! department such as finance or
education.
5 The Deputy „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . Minister is the
second most powerful member of the parliament.
6 The „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Democrats are a British
political party which supports the protection of
individual rights.
7 A „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of Parliament sits in the
British parliament as a representative of the
people they were elected by.
8 The „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Court is one of the
senior courts of law in the UK.
0
Verb phrases
2 Fili in the gaps with the verbs: gave, passed, won,
cut, voted, ran, outlined, carne.
The political party made a promise to „ „ „ „ „ „ „
taxes if elected.
2 Three candidates „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ for the position of
town mayor.
3 George „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ for the Conservative Party in
the election.
4 The Prime Minister „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ a speech
encouraging the public to keep him in power.
5 The new Minister of Finance „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . a plan to
strengthen the economy.
6 The ruling party . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the election by a huge
majority.
7 He „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . to power in 2002 and has been the
country's president ever since.
8 The government „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . a law that made fox
hunting illegal.
• and was put on probation/trial for three years.
,j:'
I
142
11
ILaw I
0
ldioms
3 Fili in: arm, eyes, side, hands.
1 The judge warned him never to get on the wrong
„ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . of the law again.
2 You can't take the law into your own „„„.,
Brian; you have to let the police deal with this.
3 The drug dealer escaped this time but the long
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of the law will catch him in the end.
4 In the „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . of the law, it is illegal to sell
on the streets without a licence.
lcrime & punishment I
4 Fili in: mugger, car thief, vanda/, kidnapper, burglar,
arsonist. Then write the abstract nouns.
1 A(n) kidnapper abducts a person and demands a
ransom for his/her return. kidnapping
2 A(n) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . deliberately sets fire to
something, a building etc. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
3 A(n) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . steals vehicles. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ .
4 A(n) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ deliberately damages
buildings and property. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ .
5 A(n) „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . attacks people in public
places and robs them. „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „
6 A(n) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . breaks into a person's
home and steals their belongings. „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
5 Choose the correct word.
1 Trespassing is a minor offence/defence.
2 The police investigated the crime scene/stage.
3 We should never crack/break the law.
4 The police decided not to give/press charges and
gave her a warning/notice instead.
5 They were accused/sentenced of murder.
6 The accused had nothing to say in his defence/
verdict but insisted he was innocent/suspected.
7 The jury found him guilty and he was sent/charged
to prison.
8 He was the only witness/victim to Ann's murder.
9 She was sentenced/charged to six months'
community service/help.
1O The death punishment/penalty has been abolished
in many countries.
11 The young boy admitted having stolen two car s
{§cial policy I 'International organisations I

6 Match the social issu.es terrorism, enviro,nmenta/ ., Acronyms/Abbreviations

protection, poverty, ammal nghts, chi/dren s nghts 9 Choose the correct word to complete the names.
to the statements. What does each work on?

1 The students have started a campaign against the EU - European Unity/Union/United

testing of cosmetics on rabbits. „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ 2 NATO North Atlanta/Atlas/Atlantic Treaty
2 She has devoted her life to helping abused Organisation
youngsters ......... „ ... „ . „ ..... „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . 3 IOC - International Olympic Committee/Council/
3 lt's been estimated that a sixth of the world's Cooperation
population lacks running water. „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . 4 WHO - World Habitat/Health/Humane Organisation
4 we need to raise awareness of the damage being 5 WWF - World Wild life Fund/Finance/Fortune
dane to the natura! world. „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ 6 IMF - International Money/Monetary/Market Fund
s A bomb was detected at the embassy but was
detonated without causing any injuries. 'Religions & places of worshipl
1OMatch the places of worship to the religions.
• Word formation Make sentences as in the example.
7 Use the words in bold to form new words to fili
in the gaps. (Jm Islam (Muslims) a stupa

1 The government is trying to promote racial [ [ [ ] Judaism (Jews) b church

„ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . (equal) in the workplace. [I[] Christianity (Christians) c synagogue
2 The law prohibits any form of „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ [ill Hinduism (Hindus) d mosque
(discriminate) against minorities. [IO Buddhism (Buddhists) e gurdwara
3 The USA often prides itself on the ethnic @I] Sikhism (Sikhs) f · mandir
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ (diverse) of its population.

4 The !egal system has a „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ (responsible) Muslims go to o mosque.

to protect citizens' human rights.
s The „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ (employ) was accused of IEconomy I
hiring only men for executive positions.
6 The „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . (violate) of human rights
° Collocations
in the country's prisons is a serious issue. 11 Complete the sentences with the words:
family-run, cost, unit, worldwide, business, income, ef:
'Domestic & international conflicts I intemational, standards.
8 Fili in: sign, hold, reach, take, resolve, bring in their The government voted not to rai se .. „ . „ . „ „
correct form. tax for another year.
2 In the future overpopulation may become a(n)
1 C itizens „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . a rally outside the city hall .. „ . „ .. „ . „ .. „ .. „ . „ .. „ .. problem.

yesterday because of the rise in unemployment 3 Our wildlife organisation is opposed to the
2 The police need „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . action against „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . trade in rare species.

the rioters in the town centre. 4 They had to close their small, „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
3 The two prime ministers must „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
business during the recession.
an agreement to end disputes between their 5 The . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . of living is going up all the time.
countries. 6 The pound is the „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ of currency in the UK.
4 Thousands of people have „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ the petition 7 People in Scandinavian countries generally enjoy
against the new gun law. high „ „ . . of living.
5 The UN sent diplomats to the county in order to 8 The company became bankrupt after a failed
. „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . the conflict.
................ venture in Asia.
5 The peace agreement . „ „ „ „ an end to the war.
(~)See Vocabulary Bank on p. 190) 143
 During tlze 19tlz and early 20th century the United
States govemment offered US citizens a wzique
opportwzity when tlzey passed a law called 'the
H omestead Act'; u n der tlzis law, citizens could set
up a new home way out West and be offered the
chance to own a share of tlze land for free.
The Homestead Act was the result of an ongoing
political campaign. During the !840s and 1850s, the
'free soi! party' demanded free 'homesteads' for
small independent farmers. They believed the vast
undeveloped land in the West of the nation should be
opened up for widespread agricultural use.
However, it took 20 years for the Act to become law
because the Southern states of the US remained
deeply opposed to it. The wealthy landowners of the
South forced slaves to work their large estates. The
landowners feared the Homestead Act would create
.1
free states that would create a błock vote against
slavery and abolish it. Additionally, debates over
land use and rights often made it difficult to grant
land claims.
But, eventually, on May 20th, 1862, the Homestead Act
was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln to
encourage Western migration. Anyone over 21 who bad
never taken up arms against the US government,
including immigrants, unmanied women and former
slaves, could fJle a claim for up to 160 acres of land.
However, app!icants had to prove themselves first.
They were required to build a home on their chosen
site, farm the land successfully and live off it for five
I
years before their claim could be recognised. Then, if
the authorities were satisfied, the applicant paid a total
of $18 dollars in filing fees, and received a certificate
stating the land was now legally theirs.
Just how success ful was the Homestead Act? Some
people argue that it brought prosperity to the US.
Linda Soukup, a descendant of a homestead family
e;:tf\,\@Wybór wielokrotny I
1 Read the introduction to the text. What would
you like to know about this act? Write three
questions. Read through. Does the text
answer your questions?
144
!
Ii 1'·
i
I ~------------------~
..!... I
stili farming in Dakota today says, "land was the
opportunity for life in this country." And, indeed, the
Act gave many poor people a rea!istic chance of
becoming landowners. Eventually, about 10% of the
land in the US was claimed and settłed under it. The ·
Act also aided the economic development of the
Western states, encouraging self-sufficiency as well
as industry.
However, the Act resulted in the widespread
displacement of Native Americans who were pushed
out from their homes on the land. The new influx of
farmers ałso caused massive land erosion.
Furthermore, same applicants claimed exclusive rights
to wa ter sources, which forced other people out of the
region. Historians say that the Act was of more benefit
to large concerns, like railroad companies, who bought
the best land, pushing farmers out into remote areas.
This meant that many homesteads failed with farmers
abandoning their homes, often retuming East or
migrating to new urban centres in the West.
By 1900, only about 52% of the applicants who filed
·a claim actually received !egal rights to land. In 1976,
the government ended the Homestead Act, as little
available land remained, but allowed it to continue in
Alaska until 1986. Some people fee! that thifl
principle ofland and freedom lies at the very heart of
the 'American dream'. But the wider cost of the
Homestead Act was great and the results mixed.
Nevertheless, the Homestead Act played a significant
part in developing the United States as we know it
today.
2 Do the reading task. Compare with your
partner. Justify your answers. Then, explain
the words in bold.
r------------------~
: \\l~.t!1111i0Jf
Przeczytaj tekst dotyczący :
1 amerykańskiej ustawy o gospodarstwach 1
; rolnych. Z podanych możliwości odpo- I
; wiedzi (1-5) wybierz właściwą. zgodną:
1 z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl A. B, Club D. 1
literę
 The Homestead Act took a long time to become Jjlfflrij!rl' Prawda/fałsz I
law because
A there was a lot of political activity.
6 a) Read the rubric and the statements. Where
could the interview be taking place? What
B those who owned land were afraid they would
could it be about?
lose their land.
C the rich didn't want the slaves to become free
b) () Do the listening task. Justify your
citizens and landowners.
answers.
D the land in the West belonged to the rich.
2 According to the Act, to own part of the land
r--------------------,
I\W!JOl\tfffi/ Usłyszysz dwukrotnie rozmowę I
legally, applicants : oficera policji z ofiarą włamania. Na :
A had to be mem bers of the US governrnent. I podstawie informacji zawartych w nagraniu 1
B should pay a huge amount of money. : zdecyduj, które zdania (1-5) są zgodne z treścią I
C shouldn't be married. 1 tekstu (TRUE), a które nie (FALSE). Zaznacz :
D had to stay and work on the piece of land for a I znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. I
certa in amount of time. ~--------------------~
3 The Act was successful in the sense that True False
A all those filing a claim became landowners. Mr James first realised he had
B same people managed to have a better life. been burgled when he saw the
C the Western states gained popularity. broken window.
D it increased farming productivity by 10%. 2 Mr James informs Officer Rhodes
4 One result of the Act was that he had no intention of entering
A the West suffered environmental problems. his house.
B water supplies started to dry up. 3 Mr James' neighbour learnt
C Native Americans had to find jobs on the of the burglary from Mr James.
railroads. 4 Mr James found his laptop
D towns in the East became poorer. covered in fingerprints.
5 Officer Rhodes doubts Mr
5 The Act was ended by the government because
James' insurance company will
A over half the applicants decided to go back East.
cover the burglary.
B people now preferred to settle in Alaska.
C there wasn't much land left.
D the scheme proved too expensive. Opis ilustracji
i odpowiedzi na pytania
3 Fili in: undeveloped, reafistic, political, grant, remain,
prove, urban, rights, play, remote.
7
m.... ............ 6 m ....... .
a part a claim
2 ... centre 7 to .......................... .
3 oneself
campaign 8 ·············
4 ...... land chance
5 to ... 9 ............... areas
opposed to 10 receive !egal

4 Write a summary of the text in 60 words and

present it to the class. What do you think the man is hoping to find?
2 Why does a person decide to break into another
5 ~ITi'.fIT[~fJl lmagine you were a 'homestead' -, person's house?
3 Have you taken any measures at your home to try
farmer going to your new home. How would
to prevent possible burglaries? Which ones?
. you feel? What would you expect to find there?
145
 16 The bank clerk described the robber in detail.
iifił·lljrl•llłlfd
I
Revision j
. DESCRIPTION The bank clerk „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ .
„ . . . . . . „ .... of the robber.
0
Lexicogrammatical word transformations
17 Laura failed to persuade her sister to join the gym
1 Complete the sentences using the word in bold. with her.
Use two to five words. SUCCEED Laura ... „.„ ........... .

Pamela has always dane well in maths. her sister to join the gym with her.
GOOD Pamela has 18 You should really have a holiday soon.
HIGH lt's. . ......... .
maths.
2 I can't attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon. . „ .. „ ... „ . „ „ „ .. a holiday.
PRESENT I won't be „ .............. „ „ „ „ „ . „ .
19 Unfortunately, I cannot play the piano very well.
the meeting tomorrow afternoon. GOOD Unfortunately, l'm not very .....
3 The actor became famous after he appeared in the film. „. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . the piano.
FOLLOWING The actor became famous . 20 I totally agree with Mr Smith.
in the film. TOTAL I.
4 At the end of the concert, the singer thanked the „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ . „ .. „ with Mr Smith.
audience for their support. 21 Julia had never seen a shooting star before.
ENDED The singer FIRST lt was the
„ „ „ .. „ ......... „ . a shooting star.
„ „ „ ... the audience for their support.

5 There's no chance of us going abroad this summer. 22 She was so tired that she couldn't continue walking.
POSSIBLE lt won't be . „ .... „ ....•.. „ . TOO She
abroad this summer. on walking.
1: 6 Lisa finds it difficult to remember people's names. 23 The teachers talked about the exam results.
·,1
EASY lt DISCUSSION The teachers .
to remember people's names.
. „ ... „ .
. „ „ „ „ „ „. . .... the exam results .
7 These two cars look the same to me. 24 ''l'm sorry I didn't help you with your homework,"
TELL I cannot she said to me.
these two cars. HELPING She
8 "You broke my mobile phone!" he said to me. .. me with my homework.
ACCUSED He .......... „ ... „ „ „ „ „ „ ..
25 The celebrity never takes any notice of the gossip in
„ „ „ „ „ .... „ ... his mobile phone. the newspapers.
9 What a shame that they cancelled the football match ! ATTENTION The celebrity never
ONLY lf ..... „ . „ „ .... „ „ ......•. „ ......... „ „ „ „
... „. the gossip in the newspapers.

„ „ .. „ . „ „ .... „ „ . off the football match ! 26 "Let's postpone the meeting until later in the day,"
i' the boss said.
! 10 David would rather not come to the theatre with us.
u FEEL pavid „ . „ „ „ . „ „ .......•... SUGGESTED The boss . „
·to the theatre with us. off the meeting until later in the day.
11 Jane's mother didn't allow her to go out last night. 27 Only a few people visit the island during the winter
MADE Jane's mother .„ months.
NUMBER There .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ..
in last night.
12 John asked if he might borrow my computer. of visitors to the island during the
WOULD John asked if 1 . „ . „ . winter months.
my computer. 28 "You should eat less fast food," the doctor said to
13 Lisa is better at volleyball than Christina. Alan.
DOWN Alan was advised
WELL Christina doesn't „„.„.

„ „ ... amount of fast food he eats.

Lisa.
29 She didn't know that Henry had bought her an
14 She was about to leave when she remembered to
engagement ring.
turn off the oven.
POINT She was . „ .. „ IDEA She „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ... „ „ „ „ . „ .. „ . „ „ „ . Henry
when she remembered to turn off the had bought her an engagement ring.
30 Sandra always gets angry with her workmates.
oven.
15 You should brush your teeth so as not to get cavities. TEMPER Sandra is always .

''
I
AVOID You should brush your teeth ····· ... . . . „ .. with her workmatb.
.... „ cavities.

146
lt
J
 ' Word formation • Lexica/ multiple choice items
3 Choose the correct word.

1 Those accused of crime have the right to a fair „ „ „ .

A hearing B meeting C audition D trial

2 The „ „ „ was not enough to press charges against
them.
A statement B indication C evidence D proof
3 Everyone should have the „ „ . to express their
opinion freely.
A permission B right C licence D duty
4 The new law was „ „ „ after much debate.
A validated B qualified C allowed D passed
5 70% of the people „ „ „ aga inst the new measure.
A chose B voted C elected D cast
6 Police officers who disobey the law will „ „ „

consequences.
A experience B meet C face D deal
7 Police ought to . „ „ the law mare strictly.
A authorise B force C enable D enforce
8 Most people believe that „ „ „ punishment does not
compensate for the cri me committed.
A principal B capital C major D head
9 Having rules doesn't stop people from „ „ „ them,
A violating C destroying
B disturbing D suspending
10 He was „ „ „ from jail after he served his sentence.
o Multiple choice cloze
A released B set C issued D let
4 Read the text and choose the correct answers.

~··.·\~..;
·.-t'l<l)c?. a~:-:.\·..
\:_ ....~.,, ~ --~.;:-.
,----\~ ' .,.
. ~ '· - ..~f}~:·: -
Same people really enjoy being their own boss and get a great 1) „ „ . „ „ „ .. of satisfaction from running a'·<_ ··.~ \
successful business. But in order to start up a business most entrepreneurs need money. This requires"·,. '
taking out a loan from a bank; but what il banks don'! want to risk 2) „,„„.„„, you a loan? In poorer regions o/\
the world !his is often a problem. People with little or no savings, property or werk experience often struggle to get
the money required to become entrepreneurs. However, an economic concept known as microlending is making a
difference for these people. In 1976, Muhammad Yunus, an economist from Bangladesh, founded Grameen Bank
with the aim of lending money with low interes! rates to the types of people usually 3) .„„ .. „ „ „ by the established
banks, To !his end, Grameen bank started giving loans to the poor, the unemployed, and the illiterate; what
mattered was thai they had a geod business idea and the will to succeed, In most cases, these loans are very
small. For example, a Bangladeshi villager might only
4) .„„.„„„, for the money !hat it would cost him to buy some A feel B sense C meaning D
baskets so thai he could carry his vegetables to the market B giving C to give D to giving
2 A give
But 5) .„„„.„„. the smallest loans make a huge difference and
over the years Grameen Bank has become a wonderful 3 A turned B ignored C rejected D denied
success. So far, it 6) „.„„„.„. over $6.5bn to over 8 million 4 A request B apply C order D demand
borrowers and in 2006 Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank 5 A also B C stili D even
were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. is lent

J
 ;1 --
,(I.~?'
IQ@!.!!' Opis miejsca/budynku I 1
An essay describing a place or a ~
building usually consists of:
• an introduction in which we write
I I
the name and location of the place/
building and use(s), where ~
appropriate.
I What are you going to write?
• a main body in which we describe
the main aspects of the place (what
you can see and do there), the
building (its interior and exterior), as
well as giving historical fads about it.
• a conclusion in which we write our ,>
comments or feelings and our
recommendation.
Essays describing places or buildings
can be found in travel brochures,
tourist magazines, and on websites etc.
'! We normally write them in a forma! or
semi-formal style. We use present
tenses to describe a place/building and
past tenses to write about the historical
facts or narrate our visit there.
When we describe a place we can use
our senses (i.e. sight, hearing, smell. touch
and taste) to make the description more
·li interesting.
You can see all three levels at once due to
the gloss floors. (sight)
Visitors can listen to an audio description of
eoch masterpiece in their own language.
(hearing) ef:
The deficious aroma of homemade cakes in
the core was irresistible. (smell)
The smooth marble sculptures are hard and
cold, but beautiful. (touch)
Afterwards, you can enjoy a delicious lunch
in the museum cafe. (taste)
I
I
I.
:p
li
Read the rubric, underline the key words, then answer the
questions.
r---------------------~
I \fSmi!frff/ Nauczyciel poprosił Cię o napisanie I
1
tekstu (200-250 słów), zawierającego I
opis budynku o znaczeniu historycznym. :
I b .
1 W opisie uwzględnij, co można w nim ze aczyc I
1 i robić, oraz opisz pokrótce historię budynku. I
~---------------------~
2 Who is going to read it?
3 Which of the following points should you include?
• name • how to get there • when it was built/opened
• how often you have visited it
• what it looks like from the outside • what you can see there
• what it may have been used for in the past
• why you recommend visiting it
2 Read the model and match the paragraphs to the headings.
A comments/feelings/recommendation
B description of the outside (what to do/see there)
C name, location, type of building/what used for
D historical facts
E description of the inside (what to do/see there)
t:lie T
Jl ower
of Loniclon
CD Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, mare commonly known as the
Tower of London, is a historie castle located on the bank of the River Thames 1n
Lóndon, England. With a history spanning almost 1000 years, the Tower of
London has been many things, including a royal residence, a prison, an arrnoury
and a treasury. Today, it is one of England's most popular tourist attractions.
CD The castle is made up of several courtyards and buildings, and is
surrounded by a series of massive defence walls and a dry moat. You can take a
free one-hour guided tour around the castle's grounds. The tours are led by
wardens called 'Beefeaters', who, dressed in historie clothes, are also
responsible for guarding the tower.
CD lnside the various buildings, you can see, among other things, a
collection of medieval arms and armour, and the Tower's greatest attraction: the
Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. These are same of the most precious
jewels in the world, set into swords, robes, and of course crowns and which are
stili used on special state occasions by the Queen of England, Elizabeth li.
CD The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history.
Many important historical figures were held prisoner there or executed there,
including Henry VI and two of Henry Vlll's queens.
~I really recommend visiting the Tower of London. lt is a fascinating day
out and a great opportunity to learn all about England's intriguing past.
3 Read the three extracts (A-C). Which senses ·' Your tum
have the writers used in their descriptions? 5 Read the rubric, underline the key words, then
Underline the words/phrases that tell you. answer the questions.
0 The architectural beauty of the Taj Mahal in
r--------------------,
I ~'l!..,WSJ.•it-1/
Twój nauczyciel angielskiego poprosił I
Jndia has leci it to be regarded by many people as the : Cię o napisanie tekstu (200-250 :
eighth wonder of the world. Built entirely of white 1 słów), zawierającego opis słynnego budynku 1
marble, the Taj Mahal seems to shimmer si\ver in the I w Twoim mieście lub państwie. W tekście I
moon light, glow softly pink in the light of dawn and I uwzględnij fakty historyczne dotyczące 1
at the close of day, reflects the fiery tints of the : budynku, jak i opis jego wnętrz i terenów :
setting sun. I przyległych. I
~--------------------~
[!] The Acropolis in Athens is Greece's most 1 Who is going to read your essay? What style
famous tourist attraction. Set atop a small hill in should you use?
the middle of the city, the monument is visited by 2 What is the most famous building in your town/
thousands of tourists every day during the high country? What is it famous for?
season. As you stand admiring the beautiful 3 What kind of building is it? When was it built?
marble columns, the murmurings of the crowd Did someone important live there/build it?
mix with the sounds of the chaotic city below, 4 What is it used for today?
creating a wonderful atmosphere. 5 What does it look like from the outside?
6 What has it got inside?
~ The Trevi Fountain is arguably the most 7 Is it worth visiting?
beautiful fountain in Rome, and on a hot su1n1ner's
day, dipping your hands into the fountain's
6 Use the plan below and language from the
Useful Language box to write your essay.
refreshing waters is a great way to cool clown. But
take care! White it's fine to put your hands in the
water, policen1en are on constant guard blowing
their whistles 24 hours a clay at tourists silly enough Introduction
to think they can climb inro the fountain. (Para 1) name and /ocation, use(s)
Main Body
4 Read the two descriptions and fili in the (Para 2) exterior c/etails
adjectives. Which description refers to a visit to (Para 3) interior detai/s
a place? (Para 4) historical detai/s
• extraordinary • light • world • magnificent Conclusion
(Para 5) comme11ts!recommendation
0 Our one-hour tour of the Sydney Opera House
included an account of its 1) „„„„„„. history, views
of its 2) „ „ „ „ „ „. external and interna\ architecture,
and took us behind the scenes to stand on the stage
of the 3) „„„„„„„-famous Concert Hall. We then
• lt is the most famous (church, museum etc) in „ ..
enjoyed a 4) „ „ „„ „ „. break fast in the Green Room. • lt is located in „ . .
• lt was built in „. by „ . . • lt is surrounded by „ . .
• gleaming • panoramie • familiar • bronze • On the inside/outside of the building, „ ..
• lt is certainly an amazing/impressive etc sight.
[!] The Sacre-Coeur is a 1) „„ „ „ „ „. land mark in b • lt has a breathtaking/charming etc view over/of „ . .
Paris, shimmering on the skyline and visible from ff • There is plenty to see/do there.
many parts of the city. Built from 2) . „ „ „ „ „ „. white f • lt is well worth a visit.
stone, the main door has grand 3) „ „„ „ „„ „ doors. 1
You can enjoy 4) „. „ „ views of Paris from the
Sacre-Coeur's bell tower.
149
 1 The picture shows Port Arthur in
Tasmania. What kind of place do you
think it is? Why would a prison be built
there? Read through to find out.

2 Read the rubric and do the task. Justify

your answers. Then explain the words in
bold.
r--------------------~
nll,.,, tekst, z którego usunięto
qJ Przer7Vta1·
\_łł~llU•i/ -1
I
I cztery zdania. Dobierz brakujące I
I zdania (A-E). tak aby otrzymać spójną i logiczną I
: całość. W każdą Jukę (1-4) wpisz literę. którą :
1 oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. Jedno zdanie 1
1 zostało podane dodatkowo i nie pasuje do 1
I tekstu. I
~--------------------~

:.

,,i1 T he Tasman Peninsula in the south-east of Tasmania was a

hard-to-reach part of thai Australian island in the 19th
century. lts isolated setting, surrounded by water and rugged
landscapes, made it the idea! setting for a penal colony.
Although the settlement of Port Arthur was established there in
1830 as a timber centre, in 1833 it became a prison for men who
had been sent to Australia from Britain and lreland for
committing crimes and had then re-offended.
Port Arthur was innovative in two ways. Firstly, the emphasis
was on psychological, rather than physical, punishment. For
example, particularly troublesome prisoners were hooded and
made to stay silent rather than receiving corporal punishment.
They might also be given only bread and water, while mare
well·behaved inmates received extra portions of mare satisfying
meals. Secondly, there was a belief !hat the prisoners, then
called convicts, could be rehabilitated while serving their
sentences. Tasmania's governor, George Arthur, after whom
! the place was named, designed a system !hat incorporated
!: education, training in trades and religious and maral instruction.
QI]
Although thai may suggest !hat Port Arthur convicts were men
with no sense of right or wrong who had committed terrible
acts, many of the prisoners were young boys who had been
imprisoned for 'crimes' as pelty as stealing toys. There were
certainly same vicious criminals among the prison population,
but they were in the minority.
The government wanted Port Arthur to be a self-sufficient
settlement and to !his end a range of workshops were
constructed. [ID As well as giving the men something
I I constructive to do, they provided training in useful trades.
I i
Blacksmiths, shoemakers and tailors all emerged from Port
I Arthur. Convicts who did particularly well in the workshops
,,''
·i'
150
I il
received privileges like tea and sugar, and an added
incentive was exemption from hazardous or physically
demanding work like ploughing fields manually.
The precautions taken by the prison authorities coupled with the
remote Jocation made escape almost unthinkable. A line of dogs
maintained a constant watch. fil Even so, there were
resourceful and desperate men who undertook the challenge ol
trying to get out of Port Arthur. The legendary Martin Cash
managed to get past the guards undetected lwice. On the
second occasion he escaped with two companions. They had
secretly been putting aside food supplies for days. They then
circurnvented the line of dogs by swimming across the bay at
night.@:[]
Transportation of convicts to Port Arthur ceased in 1853. lt had
becorne exorbitant to maintain the penal establishment and
the authorities closed it in 1877. Today an important economic
activity for Port Arthur is tourism. Visitors can tour the
irnposing ruin of the prison and visit the museum to gain an
insight inio what daily life at the settlement was like.
A They played a pivotal role in the success of the
pnson.
B They remained at large for severa! months before
they were caught.
C Port Arthur needed staff to keep records, soldiers to
ensure thai no one attempted to escape and
tradesmen to teach their skills.
O This combination, at least in theory would .d
the convicts with opportunities to b~tter th prov11 e
d · emse ves
an ultJmately rejoin society.
E They weren't there to attack the escapi·ng
b t ·
. t
conv1c s
u to ra1se the alarm by barking
 fj@.fj,j@oobieranie I
r
l~

3 Fili in the sentences with these words: offender,

rehabilitate, precautions, established, large, insight. 8 Read the rubric and underline the key words in
each heading.
The Pilgrims .„ .................................. a settlement
in Massachusetts in 1628.
O Do the listening task.
2 A lot of people argue that prisons really r---------------------,
1 ~„ Usłyszysz
dwukrotnie wypowiedzi 1
„ .. „ .... „ .... „ „ .... „ . „ ..•.. „. criminals. I \t\'~ pięciu osób na temat bezprawnego I
3 Despite the . „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . taken, the I wejścia na prywatną posesję. Przyporządkuj I
I poszczególnym osobom nagtówki, wpisując 1
prisoner escaped.
4 Manny was let off with a warning as he was a : odpowiednie litery (A-F) w kratki. Jeden :
first-time „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . 1 nagtówek zostat podany dodatkowo i nie pasuje 1
I do żadnej wypowiedzi. 1
5 The escaped prisoners are stili at „ . „ „ „ „ „ „
and police are conducting further investigations. ~---------------------~
6 Our teacher helped us gain a(n) „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ A A QUESTION OF HEALTH
Speaker 1
into the causes of World War li. B FREEING TRAPPED VICTIMS
Speaker 2
c VIOLENCE CHANGES
4 Fili in the gaps with: innovative, exorbitant, EVERYTHING Speaker 3
resourceful, rugged, demanding, imposing. D ASSISTJNG THE POLICE Speaker4
E NO EXCUSE FOR TRESPASSING Speaker 5
1 We couldn't afford to rent a house in the suburbs
F BY MUTUAL AGREEMENT
as prices were „ „. „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „
2 The castle, with its tall towers, was a most
... „ •.. „ .... „ .... „ .• „ . „ .. „ „ •. building.
1;r ll§ ip Odgrywanie roli I
0 1

3 She is a(n) „ „ „ . „. „. „ . „ .„. „. „ „ . „ „ „ . person who 9 Read the rubric, then brainstorm for ideas
can find ways to deal with problems. under the headings in the rubric. Use your
4 My school has a(n) . „ „. „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „.
ideas to do the speaking task.
approach to language learning and makes use of
hi-tech equipment.
r--------------------
1\f1~$1i!i.f/ Jesteś zalnteresowany/-a dwiema
5 We travelled through „.„„„.„.„.„„„„.„„„„.„„„„ I ofertami wolontariatu za granicą. Masz do
1
mountain areas and admired the breathtaking wyboru pracę z dziećmi lub zwierzętami,
views. W rozmowie z doradcą uwzględnij poniższe
6 My new job is very „ „ „ „ „ „ „. „. „ „ „ „. „ „ „ . „ „ „ and kwestie:
needs a lot of concentration.

obowiązki rif' .
5 Summarise the text in 80 words. Tell your zakwaterowanie
partner.
koszt czas pracy f okres
przebywania
na wolontariacie
6" Do you believe serving a prison
sentence can rehabilitate a criminal? Write --------------------~
a few sentences. Tell the class.

7 IICT IFind another example of a historie prison

that is nowa muselim. Make notes on its
history and what you can see/do there today.
Present your findings to the class.

151
Culture
1 What do you know about lndia?
What would you like to know?
Think of three questions. Read the
text. Does it answer your questions?

2 Read the text and answer the

questions.

1 How do we know that the Indus

Valley civilisation was an advanced
culture? Indus Valley Civilisation
lndia is a large country - as big as western Europe - with a long
2 What was the Raj?
history. Evidence suggests modern human beings reached the Indian
3 What did the British ban in lndia?
subcontinent at least 75,000 years ago. Agriculture was well All
4 Why is Gandhi considered the
established in lndia by 7000 BC and by 3000 BC a highly complex ~
father of the Indian natio n? civilisation was flourishing along the Indus River in north-western
5 What is meant by non-cooperation? lndia. Known as the Indus Valley civilisation, it was one of the world's
6 What does 'out of station' mean to first urban civilisations. At its peak, it may have had a population of
lndians? well over five million. lnhabitants of the ancien! Indus river valley built
7 What is the most popular sport in lndia? well-organised cities out of brick, sophisticated drainage and water
storage systems and multi-storey houses. They developed writing
3 What do the words in bold in the text systems, were skilled craftsmen and carried out international trade.
refer to? The Indus Valley civilisation was technologically advanced and had a
sophisticated culture. After its decline, lndia was controlled by a
1 it number of different emperors. Then, in the 19th century, the British
2 they .. „ .. „ „ „ .... „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . took control of the vast country.
3 few „ . „ „„„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„ „„„„„„„
The British Raj
4 him „ „ . „„„„„„„„„„
The British presence in lndia dates from the beginning of the 17th
5 ~ ............................ . century when Queen Elizabeth I set up a trading company - the East
lndia Company. At first the company's aim was merely to trade with
lndia. But il ended up becoming an occupying force. Naturally, the
various Mughal Emperors were not keen on having the British in their
country. But by the middle of the 18th century, the occupiers had
imposed their rule in what is known as the Raj. The British moved
lndia's capital from Calcutta to New Delhi, where they built a series of
public )#iildings aimed at reflecting imperial splendour. They also
imposed· their language and laws, banned certain traditional
practices thai they considered 'uncivilised', and attempted to
educate the lndians as English. The English claimed that they would
create a more just society. However, during their presence the
country experienced some of its worst famines and epidemics in
which millions of people died.

• With the end of the First World War, a nationwide non-violent

movement against British rule
emerged. li was led by a small, frail
old man by the name of Mohandas
Gandhi. Few imagined Gandhi
would e entually overthrow the
British and earn hirnąęlf) ..
~~ .~~~~;~:"';:;~„
"~:~~,-~·
 4 Find words in the text which
mea n:

1 point of greatest development

(para 1)
2 very great in size (para 1)
3 fair (para 2)
4 outbreaks of disease that spread
rapidly (para 2)
5 bring about the downfall (para 3)
6 certain to happen in the future
,-~fie of 'father of the Indian nation'. Gandhi and his followers believed in (para 3)
~ooperation, which meant boycotting everything English, including 7 developed gradually (para 4)
~ols, clothing, jobs, industry and law courts. The British imprisoned
8 grand/magnificent (para 5)
'dhi but when he was released he continued his struggle. In 1942, 'Quit
[~' became Gandhi's slogan and Britain started to realise thai Indian
t)pendence was inevitable so they entered into negotiations with him. On 5 Match the words to form
t[August 1947, lndia finally gained independence from Great Britain. collocations.
e'flepublic of lndia
iiay, lndia is the world's most populous democracy with over one billion ITD international a company
'iens as well as one of the world's largest economies. lndia is one of the [IO national b advanced
iist culturally diverse societies on the planet, with people practising a variety c society
QI]just
.:feligions and languages. Hindu and English are the two officia! languages
Jndia but every state within lndia has its own additional officia! language.
[fil occupying d trade

l\ough a high proportion of lndians speak English, less than a quarter of a ~skilled e force
'ihion speak it as their first language. Indian English comprises severa! @I] technologically f system
[2IJ trading g craftsmen
·'lfeties of English which evolved during the period of British colonial rule. lt
•iii} vocabulary/idioms that are unique to it. For example, to 'shift' house @I] culturally h diverse
Óans to move house; to 'pass out' of university means to graduale from Lidrainage beauty
~iversity, and 'out of station' means to be out of town. Indian accents vary l!Q[] natura! i sport
~atly. Same lndians speak English with an accent very close to a standard

l
rltish accent. Others speak it with a more 'native-tinted' accent. 6 Find phrasal verbs in the text which
Ć~Jouńul lndia mean:
ńdia is one of the most geographically diverse countries in the world. lt has
,q)ountains, plains, deserts, rainforests, grasslands, swamplands, and more. 1 did (a task)
llJ!ch in biodiversWi it is home to same of the world's rarest and most majestic 2 has existed since a particular time
!'fuiimals,
&:;
including the Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, great Indian one-horned 3 started/established (a business)
[_ihinoceros, Asiatic lion and snow leopard. lndia has a thriving arts scene. lts 4 became eventually
[Tilm industry, Bollywood, is the largest in the world. Although lndia's officia!
!national sport is field hockey, cricket is far more popular. Jndia's best cricket
fplayers are considered national heroes. Not surprisingly, lndia is one of the
7 1filjiłl?\? How is lndia different
. !most visited countries in the world. lts natura! beauty, long history, exciting to your country? Discuss .
· [culture and friendly people make
}ff one of the world's most 8 Why would people want to visit
;fascinating countries. lndia? Make notes. Tell the class.

Quotation§ _ _
0 Be tbe change !hat you u·ant to see in
tbe world.
Mohandas K. Gandhi
• }bu can never enter the sa111e
rh'<'I' tu·ice.
Indian proverb

153 I
...I
 Asking for and giving personal information 'Talking about experiences I
Asking for personal information I- Asking about experiences
• Have you gat any brothers or sisters? 1· • Have you ever (been to) „.?
• Where do you live? • How long have you ... ?
• Do you work or are you stili at school? ,1., • When did you last „.? What was it like? How was .„?
• What do you do in your spa re time? Responding
,~~~~_:._~~_;_~-'~~~~~~~~~--i

I Giving personal information '• Yes, I have. I „ . ./
I• Yes, l've gat „. brothers/sisters./No, l'm an only child.
I No, !'ve never .
• I live in a house/fiat in the suburbs/on the 1 • !'ve bee n ... since/for „
outskirts/near the city centre/in a small town etc. • The last time I „ . was .
• Actually, l'm a Year ... school student.li finished school It was grea t/funI
Actually, l've never been
I
1• to „., but I hope I will,
.. same day./Yes, I have.
I went ... and it was
fantast1'c/b onng et c.

•
... years ago and naw I .
When I have same time off, I usually .„ ./In my spare
L disappointing etc
·-
I.
.
lj
time I really like to „.
...
.

'Criticising and apologising I

Asking about and expressing likes and dislikes Criticising

• You should have • Why didn't you tell me „.? 1•

Asking about likes & dislikes told me you'd be • I wish you would/wouldn't.
• What do you think • Are you interested in ... , at all? (late/have to leave • Couldn't you have „.? I
of „.? • Do you enjoyAike/prefer „. (·ing)? earlier/about the • I can't stand it when you .
cost) etc.
Expressing dislikes ,
• I just hate/can't • lt's not my cup of tea. I Apologising Making excuses
stand . • I find „. really bo ring/ • l'm so/really/ • I completely forgot that „. !
I
• To be honest, it's awful etc. terribly sorry. • I simply didn't realise that .
i.I •
'11
not really my thing. I don't like „ . at all. • Oh, no! I feel • I just didn't have the time
.·
")!' Expressing likes ), awful/terrible. to. k
.
.
:i • Accepting an apology
'!I I think it's amazing/ • I really like/love . „ (·ing). .
! fantastic/really cool! • l'm crazy about it. • Never mind. What's • Don't worry about it.
.
Being neutral
dane is dane. • Never mind. lt doesn't matter.

. • I suppose it wasn't • Oh, OK/all right. Let's forget

• lt's OK, I suppose . • l'm easy either way. really your fault. about it.
' • I don't mind. • Weil, I don't know, really. .. . „

~ . .
!1
i
:;
'Giving and reacting to news j
'Talking about others I
,l: Asking about someone
Giving good news Reading to good news
jj I • Guess what! l've (passed • That's fantastidgreat!
i' • Who's your best friend?
! my driving test) etc Weil dane!
• What's your brother/sister/best friend etc like?
• l've got same great • Wow! Really? I•
• Tell me about your brother/sister/best friend etc. news. • Wow! That's brilliant!
• What sort of person is ... ? > You won't believe this! •
li • How well do you get on with „.? I
I.
Congratulations! l'm
really happy for you' ,,
Responding .
Giving bad news .
•
Reacting to bad news
• My best friend is „ .. We've grown up together./
• l'm afraid l've got same • Oh, no! How awful/
li We've been friends forever! We've known each other
bad news. l've (been terrible/sad!
I
11 •
for/since ... .
He/She is really great/cool/amazing etc. We get on very I •
robbed.) etc
Something terrible has I
I· Oh dear! How did it
happen?
'I well together. . . i
I' 1•
I
He/She is really great, but can be a bit d1fficult/mean/ !
•
happened. I „. .
lt's bad news, l'm afraid.,
1• That's a shame/a pity/
tao bad.
'
!
I grumpy/stubborn etc at times.
' • Poor you! I can't believe it!
I • f\Jot very well/at all
I
i
I 154
II
1 Match the exchanges.

Speaker A Speaker B
QI] What do you think ofwater sports? A I went two weeks ago and it was great.
[II] What sort of person is your new neighbour? B I find it really boring.
0:=J Do you like this video game? C Never mind.
GIJ When did you last go to the theatre? What D I think they're amazing!
was it like? E He's cool.
fil lt's bad news, l'm afraid. Tom has been in an F Actually, l've never been anywhere outside
accident. my country, but l'm hoping I will, same day.
[fil I just didn't have time to post the invitations. G She's really great, but can be a bit noisy at
l2IJ Have you ever wanted to travel abroad? times.
l!IJ What's your brother like? H Oh, no! How did it happen?

2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.

A: Do you like cooking? 9 A: Who's your best friend?

B: To be honest, it's not really my ................ . B: Tom. We've known .
for a very long time.
2 A: Tell me about your new colleague. 1O A: Have you heard the good news? l'm getting
B: She's great. We .... „ •••••••••••••• „ .•.•••••••••••••••••• married!
...••.....................•..•..•............•.. „ .... together. B: Congratulations! That's .............................. !
3 A: I know I should have asked you before inviting 11 A: Are you interested in physics?
Sarah to the party, but I didn't think you'd B: lt's not my ....... „ ........................................ .

mind.
12 A: I completely forgot that we had arranged to
B: Never mind. What's done ............ „ •••••••••••••••
meet yesterday.
B: Never mind, don't .
4 A: Have you got any brothers or sisters?
13 A: I went to that new Chinese restaurant last
B: No, l'm an ................................. „ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
night.
5 A: Have you ever been abroad7 B: Oh, what .. „ . . . . . . . . . . . „ ••.• „ .................... like?
B: No, not yet, but I ...... „ . . . . . . . . . • . „ „ ............... .
14 A: l'm afraid l've got same bad news. My car has
......... some day.
been stolen.
6 A: l'm so sorry about this. B: Oh dear. How did .... „ ... „ •••••••••••••••.• „ .... ?
B: lt doesn't ............. .
15 A: How long have you been studying English?
7 A: Guess what! l've won tickets to the B: l've been „..................... .„ .... five years.
Glastonbury festival !
16 A: Why didn't you tell me you were going to be
B: Congratulations! l'm really happy ...... „. „ •••.

this late?
B: l'm so sorry. I simply ............................ .
8 A: I simply didn't realise that it would take us so it would take meso long to get here.
long to get here.
17 A: Do you prefer Chinese or Indian food?
B: I suppose it wasn't really your
B: l'm easy .. „ ...
18 A: Do you like comedies7
8: They're OK.

155
 I
Making and responding to a request Asking for and giving/refusing permission
for information
j Asking for permission
Requesting information I• May/Could/Can I···' I• Would it be alright if I ... ?
j • May I ask you something? \_:_ ls it OK/alright if I .„? • Do you mind if I ... ?
!• Excuse me, can/could you tell me ... ?
I Giving permission Refusing permission
,• Could you please tell me where/how/what time etc ... ?
I• l'd like same information on ... , please. • Of course./Sure. Go i• No, l'm afraid you can't.
I I• I was wondering if you could tell me/give me same
•
ahead.
Yes. go ahead.
1. • l'd rather/l'd prefer you
didn't.

'r
information about .
li I• Do you happen to know ... ? I• All right, but make sure I • Sorry, no.
I i 1· l'm afraid 1'11 have to say
I
Responding to a request for information i • Not at all. no.
• Certainly/Of course. • l'm not sure, l'm afraid. '------------'-------------
• Gladly. You'd be better off

1
• Hmm, let me think. asking someone e!se/at

1
• l'm afraid I can't help you.
L:__l'm sorry, I don't know.
the information desk/the [
assistant etc. _ _ ___,
'Po lite requests and offers I
I
Requesting ! Agreeing
• Do you think you would .. • Yes, of course. Here you
• Could I have ... ?I are.

!
Offering, accepting and refusing assistance

Offering assistance I
•
l'd like ... please.
Excuse me. Could you
tell me (where ... is),
•
•
Of course, it's ... .
Would you like anything
(else) ... ?
1
I
• Would you like me to • Can I help you?
' please? • Yes, of course./Yes, OK. I
help you ... ? • Why don't I help you . ,I • Could you do me a • Sure. Go ahead/
I
;' !
•
I favour? Certainly.
Let me give you a hand • Do you need any help i
• I was wondering if • No, not at all.i
:11
i• I
with.
Accepting assistance
with ... ?
Refusing assistance
you'd .. No problem. i
!!111
• Would you mind „.?
• l'd appreciate it, thanks. • No, l'm OK/alright, ,•
Making indirect requests Refusing (with reasons) i
'I
• Yes, thank you. That's thanks. '
•iii very kind of you. • No, thanks. I can • Could you tell ... (that) ... ? • l'm sorry, but .. I
• Can/Could you ask ... if/ • l'm afraid I can't. l'm . I
• Yes, please. I could do manage. I
whether ... ? • Sorry, but l've promised I
with same help. • I can do it myself,
• Yes, please. Thanks for thanks . • (Person/name) asked/ to/not to .. !
told me to .. ./said to . • l'd like to, but ... i
offering. • No, don't bother. I ''
. .•
-·--'

'Talking about plans I

'Telephoning J
As king
Making a call Answering a call • Have you made any p!ans for ... ?
• Hello, this is .. • Just a moment./Hold on. • What would you like to do ... ?
Could I speak to ... ? • Yes, one moment, please. • What are you doing/going to do ... '
I, • l'd like to speak to • Speaking. • How will you be spending your weekend/summer/
... , please. • l'm afraid he/she is not in .
I Hello, is ... there? Can I take a message? I 1 bi_rt_h_da_y_e_tc_?------------

• Hi, „ . . Can you ask

„. to come to the
phone'
•

•
He/She is out. Would you
like to leave a message?
Hold on, please. 1'11 connect
1.· I:
1 Responding
l'm going to ... ./1'11 .
l'd like to ... ./I hope ..
• Hello, can you put you./His/Her line is busy at • I am about to/hoping to/planning to .
me through to the moment. • I think 1'11 ...
please? • Weil, l've always wanted to ... , so I might do that.
.„---.--·····-„„-.----------·--·-' •• I don't know.il haven't decided yet.
0
I haven't planned anything, really
''
'
156
li
1 Match the exchanges.

Speaker A Speaker B
[IO What would you like to do after university? A All right, but make sure you don't stay out
[I[] Hello, is Jessica there? late.

cm
[IT]
Do you need any help with yo ur homework?
Would it be alright if I went to the cinema c
B Not at all. Here you are.
Would you like anything else?
with Judy, mum? D Weil, l've always wanted to volunteer
[ITJ Do you mind handing me that dictionary? abroad, so I might do that.
[ITJ What are you going to do on your day off? E l'm sorry, I don't know.
[ill l'd like a cup of black coffee, please. F I haven't planned anything, really.
.'Il
fil Excuse me, could you tell me what time the
last bus leaves?
G Yes, please. Thanks for offering.
H Speaking.
-~
~

2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.

A: Can I open a savings account here? 11 A: I was wondering if you could give me same
B: You'd be ...................................... . information about train schedules to London.
asking someone at the information desk. B: l'm sorry, I ...... ... „ .......•....
2 A: Why don't I help you open that?
B: Thank you. I could .......... „ •..•...••..••..•.•.. 12 A: Excuse me. Could you please tell me where
.................................................... same help. the National Gallery is?
B: Yes, .............................................................. .
3 A: Hello, can you put me through to Ms Smith,
Take the second turning on the left and it's
please?
opposite the post office.
B: Hold on please, 1'11 ............... . ......... you.
13 A: Have you made any plans for the long
4 A: Is it OK if I use your car tonight?
weekend?
B: All right, but ...................................... .
B: Weil, l've ...
........... ... ............... there's enough petrol in it.
go paragliding, so I might do that.
5 A: Do you need any help with moving that sofa?
14 A: Could you do me a favour and open the
B: Yes, please. That's very ........................... .
wif®:iw?
........................................................ you.
B: No .............................................................. .
6 A: Would you mind if 1left my bag here?
15 A: Would it be alright if I parked my car here?
B: No problem, go ................................... .
B: No, l'm afraid ............................................... .
7 A: l'd like to speak to Mr Snowdon, please.
16 A: l'd like same information on tropical forests.
B: His line ................................ at the moment.
B: Hmm, ............................................ .
8 A: Would you like me to help you with your
17 A: Why don't I help you?
suitcases?
B: No, thanks. I ........ .
B: l'd ························· ......... it, thanks.
9 A: Do you happen to know where the closest 18 A: Hello, Can you put me through to Ms
Patterson, please?
tube station is?
B: Yes, ............ „ .............. . ..... , please.
B: Hmm, ··········· ......... think.
10 A: Hi, Patrick. Can you ask Michael to come to
the phone?
B: l'm afraid he is not in. Can I
....... message'
157
 Making, accepting and rejecting invitations 'Talking about feelings I
I lnviting Asking someone how they feel
• Do you fancy coming/going/visiting ... ? • How are you?/How are things?
I• Are you free/doing anything tonight/this weekend? • How is it going?
I I thought we might go .. • You look happy! What's the good news?
• l'm/we're going to ... on .... Would you !ike to come ·• You're in a good mood. What happened?
I with me/us? l ' ·. Wow, you look happy/pleased !
I•
!•
I was wondering if you wanted to go to .. with me?
l'm/We're off to Do you want to join me/us'
r'
;
I
'' •
I heard you weren't feeling tao well. Are you alright?
You don't look tao happy. Is something wrong?
I 1

i ·, What's the matter? Is everything OK?

Accepting i'
Are you all right? You look a bit angry/upset/sad etc
• l'd love to. • Yeahl Count me in! Ir 1
Describing positive Describing negative
• That sounds great/ • That would be brilliant/ L feelings feelings
fantastic! fun/amazing! b
E
• l'm fine/good, thanks. • Actually, l'm having a bit
Rejecting r' • l'm/I feel/l'm feeling of a hard time at worki
f;
• Sorry, l've already got plans. E excited/happy/relaxed home/school at the
• Thanks, but l'm afraid I can't, l'm busy. f etc. moment.
.I
; ·1
I
• l'd love to, but . fF • l'm feeling very well, • Not so great, l'm afraid.
• Actually, ... is not really my thing!~'m not tao keen on „.
F thanks. • Could be better.
• Sorry, I can't. Maybe another time. 1·'• • Much better than the last • I don't feel very well today.
Expressing uncertainty ~ •
time I saw you, thanks.
!'min a great mood! I ....
• I am a bit/really nervous/ ·
fed up/tired/stressed
• l'm not sure. Can 1let you know?
• Not too bad! etc.
• Yes, if I „
Showing Sympathy
• I don't know if I will be free . 1'11 call you at/on „. and let
you know. • That's terrible, l'm sorry. • I hope things get better.1.·.•
• I don't know. lt depends on .. • That's a shame/pity. • Poor you ! Th at happens .
. ... ... .. .. .. .... • Poor you! to me sometimes.
• l'm sorry to hear that.
"'=~~7"7~~77~ÓCC~~~=c~~ .J.
'Asking for and giving directions I
'Ma king suggestions I
11 •
•
Excuse me, could you :~lk::
Is this the way to (the) ... ?
where ... IS? ~
• . , ;.' •.·'•·. Suggesting .

• Excuse me, is the re a(n) ~ear he re? R • How about „.? • Perhaps we should/could .„
•
•
How do I getto (the) ... . • f.
How do you get there from the main station/my house ~.
etc? f.
•
•
•
We could always .
Why don'twe ...
We could try „.
'
•
•
I suggest that .
I think it would be a good
idea to . I
I
-J;
r:'
•
•
Is it c!ose to the ... ?
Is the .. far? !
Agreeing . .
f
r-~~~~~~~-Re_s_p_o_n_d_i_n_g~.~-.~~~~--;K
~ • That's true./You're
right.
• Yes, if we do that we will/
can ....
Ir
• Yes. lt's over there./lt's in .„ Street. F •
•
Good idea/plan. •
•
I suppose that might work. f
I• Go up/down th1s street/stra1ght ahead/on unt1I you get
to the traffic lights/park/roundabout etc.
f:
[
Weil, it's worth a try. Yes, I suppose we could.

Disagreeing ..
--·f
I'
.-.L
• Go straight ahead/on and turn left/right. ~. • I don't really like ... How about . . instead?
r
1;
• Go past the supermarket/takeaway etc and take the ''i·. • Actually, I would prefer not to .
first/second etc street on the left/nght. i I• l've gat someA have my doubts about that, because ... f,
• You'll see it/lt is right in front of/next to/after /behind · • l'm not sure that's a good idea.
etc the. • I don't see how that could work.
• No, it's quite near/it's a 1O-minute walk. • No, we need to think of something else.
• Yes, it's a long way/far, maybe you should take the bus.

'
'

li 158
1 Match the exchanges.

Speaker A Speaker B
QI] How's it going? A Yes, it's over there.
Im Excuse me, is there a pet shop near here? B Thanks, but l'm afraid I can't, I busy.
[}:[] We could always spend the weekend C l'm in a great mood. l'm going on holiday
white-water rafting. tomorrow!
[fil Are you doing anything tomorrow night? D Go straight ahead and turn right.
I thought we might go to a ballet. E Actually, l'm having a bit of a hard time at
m:::J You look happy! What's the good news! school at the moment.
~ How do I getto the train station? F I suppose that might work.
czr:::J Why don't we try sending them an G I don't really like water sports. How about
email? hiking instead?
[!Cl We're off to the park. Do you want to H l'm not sure. Can 1 let you know tomorrow
join us? morning?

2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.

1 A: Do you fancy coming to the dance festival 11 A: Are you free this afternoon? l'm going to the
with me? Mall.
B: Actually, dancing . „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ .. thing. B: Yeah! „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ in!
2 A: What's the matter? Is everything OK? 12 A: We could try leaving the house a bit earlier.
B: Not so „„„.„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„.„.„„„„. afraid. B: Yes, if „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ . ,
we will have plenty of time to get our tickets.
3 A: How about ordering same Chinese food?
B: Good „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „„ . ! 13 A: I suggest that we cut out sugar from our diet.
B: Yes, .„„„„„.„„.„„„„.„„„„„„„„„.„ we could.
4 A: Is the swimming pool far?
B: No, it's „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ 14 A: l'm off to the stadium for the match. Do you
want to join me?
5 A: I was wondering if you wanted to go bowling
B: That „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „„ brilliant!
with me.
B: Sorry, I can't. Maybe „.„„„„„.„.„„„.„„.„„.„ . 15 A: Excuse me, is there a chemist's near here?
8: Turn right at the corner and you . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
6 A: We could try travelling by train.
it. lt is right next to the bank.
B: l've got same „„„„„.„„„„„„„ „„„.„„„.

that because it would take too long. 16 A: I heard you weren't feeling tao well. Are you
alright?
7 A: I don't feel very well today.
B: Much better . „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ . „„„„.„.„.„.„.„.„.„„„
B: l'm . „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ that.
time I saw you, thanks.
8 A: You don't look too happy. Is something
17 A: How are things?
wrong?
B: I „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „„„.„„„„. thanks.
B: l'm a „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ .„.„„„„.„ „„„„„„ about
my Psychology exam. 18 A: I think it would be a good idea to do same
filing this week.
9 A: Is this the way to post office?
B: Actually, I would
B: Yes, it's „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „ Bagel Street.

1O A: Perhaps we should postpone the meeting.

B: I don't see . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ work.

159
 Making a complaint and requesting action 'Talking about the future I
Complaining Predicting
• I hate/can't stand it I• I expected much • lt's likely that . • l'm sure it's (not) going
when „. better ... • I expect/am certain . to .
• lt really bothers me i• !'m afraid l've gat a '• I predict/expect/hope • In „. years. people
that . complaint. (that) . might/may/will .
!• l'm very disappointed I• l'd like to complain i• lt's probable/possible . I•
In (the) future, .
about . 1 about . „ Responding with-----,--RespondingwTtll-
·-·--·----------~' ·------- certainty ______,___ uncertainty___ _
Requesting action
1--------'---=---------- i• You're right about that! I• l'm not sure that .
1• Could you please change it/give me a refund etc?
i • l'm sure you/it/I etc will.
,,
I
Perhaps/I wonder .
I• Can you do something about it?
I• l'd like a replacement, please. There's no doubt that „ . • I don't think so.

I Responding positively
I: I think so/believe so. • I doubt that!
i• Definitely/Certainly. • Weil, I hope not!
I• Me too, it's awful/ horrible/disgusting.
i• Oh dear! I don't know what to say!
i• Oh, l'm so sorry. We'll/l'll make sure it doesn't happen again.
'I ;• I really apologise. Would you like a refund/to exchange it?
;i
i• Of course I can „ . . I apologise again for the mistake.
'Going clothes shopping I
Responding negatively
I Shop Assistant Customer
1• l'm sorry, it's not our policy to give a refund/exchange
items etc. '
1 • Hi, do you need any i• No, thanks. l'm just
!• l'm sorry but we don't ... help? : looking/browsing.
!• l'm sorry. I can't do that. We are not al!owed to .. • Are you all right j • Yes, p!ease. l'm
i' • l'm afraid there's nothing I can do about it. there? 1 looking for .„
• How about this one? i• Actually, I want
• The changing rooms l something .„
are. I• Could I try this on,
please?
' Speculating I I, • Where are the
changing rooms?
lnviting speculation I ·-:
• 1wonder if/ • Could it be that „. 7
I • Is it/Are they any good? I • Great thanks. 1'11 take

whether. I• Do you think/believe that 7 i • What size would you I this one.

Il E •
like? • I think I need a
1 Speculating smaller/bigger size. '
Is that any better?
I• Perhaps it's Iq> Weil, it could (mean) .... 1 o • Yes. hold on and 1'11 1' • l'm not sure about the I
i because . • • What may have happened is „.
'O
j ~ get it for you. I colour.
I• The explanation 1' • You/They etc might/must i.S: I' I think it looks great. j• Have you got a
I could be that. . have .„ ; g' • Maybe you need a I lighter/darker colour?
1. • I can't say for sure, I• What might have happened i-6 different size. i• What do you think of
but it might „ . i is „ i OJ • !t's on sale for . it?/Do you think it
1
--'--------------4
Agreeing i-S 1• The till is over there./ 1
1

suits me?
r--------"--=---~----t
! .S I lf you could fellow me ,1 • Yes, it fits perfectly.
i• That could well be true. I also think that . I I j the checkout is over :• How much is it?
i• Yes. that's a thought! 1
I I here. [.
Where's the till/
!• That's true.
!• That sounds right.
! i checkout?
- - - - ; !__________ ,~

L:. . „ I agree, and I mu st also acid that „ '• Of course./l'm afraid • Can I pay by credit i
I
'
•
D1sagreemg
•

.„ I not, we don't take card?

credit cards . • Can I have the receipt,
'• That can't be right. QJ •
• I doubt that (very much). -;:; The receipt is in the please?
' ..... ;
bag. ·• Thanks for your help,
• That can't be the reason. The explanation has to be . <(

l • Surely n?t! T_~~~_e __f!!_U.~t„~e another answer!

• Thanks very much, vve
hope to see you again.
byel

'
I
I

160
I'
1 Match the exchanges.

Speaker A Speaker B
QI] Do you have any idea why this camera is so A I think it looks great.
cheap? B Yes, it fits perfectly.
[ID l'm afraid l've got a complaint. You've run out of C Perhaps because they are so slow and
low-fat milk for the third time this week. crowded.
[ID What do you think happened to that sweet old D There's no doubt that prices are dropping
man who used to live across the street? all the time.
m::J I expected much better quality from your shop. E Weil, it could be second-hand.
l've been sold a faulty phone. F Oh, l'm so sorry. 1'11 make sure it doesn't
CB:] l'm sure it's going to be cheaper to travel by happen again.
piane in the future. G I really apologise. Would you like to
~ What do you think of it? exchange it?
[I[] Is that any better? H He must have sold his house and gone to
[![] I wonder why people are so angry on buses. live with his daughter.

2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.

1 A: Why do you think the concert finished early? 9 A: How much is it?
B: I can't say ........... „ ...•...... „ ...... „ ......... „ . „ . „ .. „ B: lt's on „ „ . „ „ „ .• „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ f20.
but it looked like there was a problem with
1O A: Thanks for your help.
the sound equipment.
B: Thanks very much, we hope
2 A: Can you please give me a refund? . „ •. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .• „ . „ „ . you agam.
B: l'm sorry, it's not our .......... „ ... „ . . . . . „ „ „ •• „ •..
11 A: l'd like a replacement, please.
to give refunds.
B: l'm sorry . „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ .
3 A: lf you could follow me to the checkout. exchange goods without a receipt.
B: Can I pay „ „ •............• „ . „ •...........•. „ .. „ . card?
12 A: Are you all right?
4 A: lt's possible that one day, people will get bored B: Actually, „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .• „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

of reading about celebrities. for my mum. lt's her birthday this Sunday.
B: I „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ . that. Celebrities
13 A: lt's likely that more people will turn to organie
will always be in the news.
fruit and vegetables.
5 A: l'd like a replacement, please. B: You are „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . . „ „ . that.

B: l'm afraid there's . „ „ „ „ „ „ .

14 A: I can't say for sure, but it might rain tomorrow.
about it.
B: I „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ very much.
6 A: What could have caused the delay? Do you
15 A: I am certain that you will do very well in your
think the train has broken down?
exam.
B: Yes, that could . „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „. true.
B: I „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . so, too.

7 A: l'm very disappointed with this hostel. lt's

16 A: Could I try this on, please?
really dirty.
B: Yes, of course. The „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ are over there.
B: Me too, it's „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „
17 A: I think I need a smaller size.
8 A: They might have stopped selling chips because
B: Yes, „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ and 1'11 get you one.
they're so unhealthy.
B: Surely not! There must be . „ „ „ „ . „ „ . 18 A: l'd like to complain about the service here. l've
been waiting to order for 40 minutes.
B: Oh, l'm sorry. We'll .
it doesn·t happen again.
161
J
 'Exchanging Opinions / 'Asking for and giving advice J

Giving an opinion Asking for advice

• ln my opinion, ... • lt's (not} true that „. • I have a bit of a problem , • I can't seem to ... What
'. •• lt seems to me that . • /l5 far as l'm concerned, I with .„ . Can you give would you do if you
To be honest, I don't [
I
'•
think . '•
I.·
Personally, I find „. .• me same advice?
What's the best way
I
.. •
we re me?
What do you th1nk I .

I
I definitely (don't} think/
(can't} believe
I feel that „ ..
People should/shouldn't
l I to „.?
·~---·~--~~---~-~---
1
should do abo ut „.?
1
Il
d J
1 Giving advice l
I )• l'm sure .„
.1
• Exactly!
Agreeing
• That's a good point
•

•
Have you considered/
thought about „.?
Have you tried ... ?
•
•
I think it's important to „
Perhaps the best thing
would be to.
I
• I feel the same way. • Sodo I! • lf I were you, I would .. • lt might be a good idea
• I couldn't agree mare. • That makes sense. • You could/should . to .„
1

• I totally agree .
Accepting Rejecting
Disagreeing '

• That's a good/great idea. • l've already tried that

• l'm totally against „ .
• Definitely not.
• I see your point, but „.
• That's not true .
Being Neutral
l'm not sure.~ don't know.
I: Not really./Not exactly.
• I see what you mean,
• Thanks. I would never and it didn't work.
but „ ..
have thought of that • I don't think that will help.
• I simply can't agree to this.
myself. • l'm not sure that's a
• That's ridiculous!
• OK, 1'11 give it a try. good/the best idea/
'
• That sounds like good solution/suggestion.
• You may be right, but „. advice! • No, I can't/don't want to
• Perhaps.
,--,„ ....,-,- „, -,---·:-·; , ...
• lt can't do any harm!
'--~--------. _____ ':"" __________
do that.

1 Match the exchanges.

Speaker A Speaker B
[IT] 1 have a bit of a problem with my roommate A OK. 1'11 give it a try. That way my grades will
at college. Can you give me some advice? improve.
[IO Personally, 1 find soap operas boring. B 1 fee I the same way. \' d rath er watch a musical
[}L] l'm totally against hunting animals for their C No, I don't want to do that. l'd prefer a !ocal
skin. college.
@I] Have you considered becoming an exchange D lt might be a good idea to talk to her abr
student? sharing the chores.
w=J Perhaps the best thing to do would be to E 1 couldn't agree more. They have the
revise systematically for exams. right to life as us.

i
2 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.
I,
1 A: lf 1 were you l'd buy an exercise bike. 4 A: lt seems to me that
I B: l've already ....................... and it didn't work. optional subjects at'
B: You
I 2 A: To be honest, I don't think you should meet up
but I like the schr
with Todd after school.
11 B: That's ......................... „„„„: r Why ever not? 5 A: I can't seem
l'il', I 3 A: What's the best way to improve my listening
B:
would you fr
lf
skills?
'
B: You . „„.watching
'
i !' 1
•
films in English and listening to English songs.

111
162
I I;
(Revision )
1 Complete the missing part of the exchanges.
1 A: Do you work or are you stili at school?
B: Actually, l'm ................ 3 high school student.
2 A: What sort of person is your brother?
B: He is ............................................... .
We get on very well with each other.
3 A: l'm afraid l've gat same bad news. I lost my
wallet and ID card.
B: Oh dear! How ............................... „ ?
4 A: Let me give you a hand with those shopping
bags.
B: l'd ..................... .......................... , thanks.
5 A: Would it be alright if I borrowed your car
tomorrow?
B: l'm afraid 1'11 .•..............•.... „ .. „ ...
6 A: Do you lancy coming to my party next
weekend?
B: l'd ............................................. „
7 A: Guess what? I passed all my exams!
B: Congratulations! l'm ......................... for you.
8 A: I think it would be a good idea to put up a
concert to raise money for charity.
B: Weil, ...................................................... a try.
9 A: There's a hole in my jeans.
B: Oh dear! I don't know ............................ say!
A: You must have left your car keys at the library.
B: That can't ................................................ .
We drove to the gym alter that.
2 Choose the correct response.
A: I expected much mare professional behaviour
from that sales assistant.
B: a) I really apologise. Would you like to
exchange it?
b) Oh, l'm sorry. We'll make sure it doesn't
happen again.
2 A: I wonder whether we could search the
Internet for information for aur project.
B: a) Yes, that's a thought!
b) Surely not! There must be another answer!
3 A: What sort of person is your brother?
B: a) He's a bit grumpy at times.
b) We get on very well together.
4 A: I think it's important to encourage young
... no.
people to recycle.
B: a) Oh dear! I don't know what to say!
b) That sounds like good advice.
.... . .. to.
5 A: You should have informed me that you had to
leave earlier yesterday.
B: a) I completely forget that I hadn't told you.
b) I suppose it wasn't really your fault.
6 A: Have you ever been to Spain?
B: a) I haven't been in Spain since last year.
b) Yes, I have. I went to Barcelona last year
and it was fantastic.
7 A: What do you think of boxing?
B: a) l'm easy either way.
b) I don't like it at all.
8 A: Do you happen to know what the capital of
Finland is?
B: a) l'm sorry, I don't.
b) Gladly.
9 A: Do you mind if I sit here?
B: a) Yes, of course. Here you are.
b) Not at all.
1O A: How will you be spending your summer?
B: a) I am planning to go camping.
b) l'd prefer not to.
163
 Appearance tight-fitting =przylegający, upset = zmartwiony, Useful phroses
Bui/d obcisły przygnębiony freedom of speech = wolność
broad shou!ders ::::: szerokie trendy = modny słowa

ramiona woollen = wełniany Character put an issue to vote = poddać

Hair
dark = ciemny
spiky = nastroszony
thick = gęsty
Eyes
puffy= podpuchnięty
Face
elear complexion = gładka cera
eyebrows = brwi
freckled = piegowaty
full lips = pełne usta
hollow cheeks = zapadnięte
policzki
hooked nose ::::: orli nos
nostrils = nozdrza
oval = owalny
pale= blady
rosy cheeks = rumiane policzki
spotty = pryszczaty
thin =chudy
upturned nose ::::: zadarty nos
Nouns (clothes)
materia! = materiał
pattern ::::: wzór
Adjectives (clothes)
confident = pewny siebie coś pod głosowanie
Verbs conservative = konserwatywny take the right steps = podjąć
to bite (your nails) = obgryzać defensive = czuły na krytykę: odpowiednie kroki
(paznokcie) z nastawieniem obronnym the right to vote = prawo do
to blush ::::: czerwienić się gullible =łatwowierny głosowania
to cross your legs = założyć impatient = niecierpliwy the will of the people = wola
ludu
nogę na nogę moody = łatwo ulegający
to drop (your head) = spuścić zmianom nastroju,
(głowę) zmienny
to fałd your arms = passionate = namiętny,
skrzyżować ramiona zapalczywy porywczy
to frown = zmarszczyć brwi perfectionist = perfekcyjny
to purse (your lips) = zacisnąć reliable = rzetelny
(usta) self-confident = pewny siebie
to scratch = drapać self-righteous =przekonany
to stroke (your chin) = gładzić o własnej wyższości,
(podbródek) zadufany w sobie
to sweat = pocić się sentimental = sentymentalny
to tap (your fingers) = stukać sociable = towarzyski
(palcami) temperamental = zmienny,
to trembłe = drżeć, trząść się pobudliwy
to well up (with tears) = tender-hearted = tkliwy, czuły
wypełnić się (łzami) trustworthy = godny zaufania
to wink =mrugnąć (do kogoś)
to yawn ::::: ziewać Ethical lssues
abolition = zniesienie
Useful phroses death penalty = kara śmierci
adrenalin rush = napływ equallty = równość
adrenaliny ethnic minorities =
buttermes in stornach = mniejszości etniczne

baggy = workowaty motyle w brzuchu (objaw future generations = przyszłe

casual ::::: nieformalny, zdenerwowania) pokolenia
heart pounding = mocno human rights = prawa
codzienny
checked = w kratę bijące serce człowieka

cotton = bawełniany to clench one's fists = zacisnąć immigration = imigracja

denim = dżinsowy pięści indicator = wskaźnik
fioral = w kwiatki
to cross one's arms = infirm = niedołężny,
skrzyżować ramiona schorowany
formal = oficjalny
high-heeled = na wysokim to raise one's eyebrows = infringement (on rights)=
podnieść brwi naruszenie (praw)
i' obcasie
knitted = dziany, robiony na
to shrug one's shoulders = minority = mniejszość
l; drutach wzruszyć ramionami policy = polityka
large= duży population growth = wzrost
Feelings populacji
leather = skórzany
linen = lniany anxious =zaniepokojony racial discrimination =
long= długi appalled = zbulwersowany dyskryminacja rasowa
longlshort-sleeved = confident =pewny siebie social security= opieka
devastated = zdruzgotany społeczna
z długim/krótkim rękawem
loose = luźny embarrassed ::::: zażenowany
excited = podniecony Verbs
multi-coloured = wielobarwny
over-sized = w zbyt dużym exhilarated =w doskonałym provide (free education) =
rozmiarze nastroju zapewniać (darmową
plain = gładki, niekolorowany furious = wściekły edukację)
polka dot = w groszki miserable = nieszczęśliwy protest = protestować
polo-neck = z golfem nervous ::::: zdenerwowany treat (people) = traktować
I short = krótki petrified ::::: przerażony (ludzi)
.I !,
small= mały scared = przestraszony
'i:
I smart::::: c!eg<lncki shocked ::::: zszokowany
striped::::: w p<1sk1 ::.orro1,ivful ::::: srnutny, z.gnębiony
I
I

164
Jil i
1 Choose the odd word out.
1 striped - checked - polka dot -
woollen pattern
2 drop - shrug - scratch - stroke your
head
3 puffy - upturned - pale - freckled
face
4 long-sleeved - loose - high-heeled
- plain shirt
5 spotty - full - fair - dark comp/exion
6 gullible - passionate - adrenalin -
moody girl
7 linen - trendy - plain - forma I style
8 nervous - exhilarated - devastated
- over-sized feeling
9 crossed - pursed - thin - full /ips
10 embarrassed - sociable - anxious -
excited expression
VVords often co11fused
2 Fili in: fit, suit, pattern, style, match.
1 Do you think this skirt and blouse
···················· . ?
2 That's a really nice . „
that materia!.
3 Do you think this ..................... of
dress looks good on me?
4 This top doesn't ...................... me
- it's not stylish at all!
5 I can't ................... ... into these
jeans - they' re too small.
3 Use the verbs in their correct
form to complete the sentences:
take, treat, purse, top.
1 When Sam finds a comment
distasteful, he .......... his
lips.
2 Please stop .. „.........
fingers on your desk - it's very
annoying!
3 We need to ............ „
right steps to curb population
growth.
4 Alex ..................... everyone the
same. He is very fair.
4 Choose the correct preposition.
1 The government decided to put the issue on/to the vote.
2 How embarrassing ! I have absolutely no recollection of/with
meeting him.
3 Alice raised her eyebrows on/in surprise.
4 What level of discrimination is faceci from/by ethnic minorities in
this country?
5 She never has any doubts with/about her capabilities.
6 This law is an infringement for/of basie human rights.
7 In Europe, people are allowed to protest against/at the
government.
8 Do you get butterflies in/at your stornach when you are
nervous?
· Co/Jocai"ions
5 Complete the collocations with the words below, then use
them to complete the sentences: human, tears, growth,
minorities, freedom, cheeks, people, fists, eyebrows, adrenalin.
1 rai se your „ ............... 6 ................. of speech
2 clench your ... 7 rosy ........................
3 .................. rush 8 well up with ........ „ ..
4 will of the ················ 9 ethnic .................. „ ..
5 ................. „. rights 10 population ···············
..•...•... on
1 ........................................ is a basie human right.
2 London is a city full of ............................. .
3 I always ..... „ ........................... „ when watch
documentaries about factory farming.
4 ............................ is placing huge pressure on the Earth's
resources and natural environment.
6 Look at th~hotograph and complete the description with:
exhilarated, broad, sweating, short-sleeved, baggy, complexion,
casual, pale.
This photograph shows two adults dressed in
1) ........................... clothes jogging in
your pleasant surroundings. Bath are wearing
2) .................... tops and 3) ....... .
tracksuit pants, and look rather
... the 4) ..................... The man has
5) .......... shoulders and, like the
woman, a rosy 6) ..................... Neither the
man nor the woman is 7) .................... so I think they have
probably just started their run. Also, neither look at all
B) . . ......... , so I would guess it is the end of summer.
165
 Types of homes rug; dywan
basement (fiat); (mieszkanie) shelves ; półki Fall behind on the rent ;
w suterenie vase = flakon, wazon zalegać z czynszem
bedsit; kawalerka (o niskim get on with your neighbours
standardzie) Special Features ; być w dobrych
black of fiats ; blok alarm system = system stosunkach z sasiadami
mieszkalny give (a month's) n~tice; dać
alarmowy
detached ; dom jedno- (miesięczne)
central heating = centralne
rodzinny wolno stojący wypowiedzenie
ogrzewanie
loft (conversion) ; (adaptacja) in good condition ;
double glazing ; podwójne
poddasza w dobrym stanie
szyby
mansion ;: : : pałac, rezydencja let a fiat ; wynająć (komuś)
maisonette = mieszkanie mieszkanie
Adjectives (fumiture)
z osobnym wejściem make an offer ; złożyć ofertę
bedside ; przy łóżku move into (a house/fiat etc.);
(często dwupoziomowe)
built-in; wbudowany wprowadzić się do
mobile home ; dom
centra! = centralny (domu/mieszkania itp.)
na kółkach
crystal ; kryształowy negotiate a deal ;
penthouse;;::; apartament
double ; podwójny negocjować umowę
na najwyższym piętrze
(fully-) fitted; (w pełni)
prefab house ; budynek pay in advance ; zapłacić
wyposażony
z elementów z góry
gilt-framed; z pozłacaną sign a lease ; podpisać
prefabrykowanych
ramą
studio = kawalerka umowę najmu
private ; prywatny take out a mortgage ;
villa ; willa
spiral (staircase) ; (schody) uzyskać hipotekę
Adjectives (homes) kręte
tiled ; wyłożony płytkami
airy = przestronny
wooden ;;:; drewniany
central ; centralny
centrally (located) ; centralnie
Renting
(położony)
messy ; brudny, zabałaganiony estate agent ; agent(ka)
off-street (parking) ; nieruchomości
(parkowanie) nie na ulicy fiatmate ; współlokator(ka)
peaceful ; spokojny landlord/landlady ;
private (parking) ; prywatny właściciel(ka)
(parking) wynajmowanego domu/
spacious ;;:; przestronny mieszkania
two-storey ; dwupiętrowy resident :;;; mieszkaniec,
lokator
Parts of a house tenant = lokator
balcony; balkon
Buying & Selling
bedroom ; sypialnia
entrance ~ejście credit ; kredyt
fioor ; po'lilóga; piętro credit history ; historia
kredytowa
,I garage ; garaż
interest rate ;;;: stopa
garden ; ogród
roof; dach procentowa
!: window = okno mortgage ; hipoteka
price =cena
Furniture, Furnishings rate =stopa
& Household objects (reasonable) offer;
(rozsądna) propozycja,
blinds ; żaluzje
oferta
bookcase ; regał na książki
cabinet ; gablotka, szafka
Location
coffee table ; niski stolik
curtains = zasłony suburbs ;:;: przedmieścia
electrical appliances ; outskirts (of town) ;
urządzenia elektryczne peryferie, obrzeża (miasta)
fireplace ; kominek
headboard = rama szczytowa Useful phrases
łóżka close to amenities = blisko
mantelpiece = obramowanie udogodnień
kon1ink2 do up (a house) = odnav:iać,
' ' mirror::: lustro rernontować (doni)
166
i 1t
.l l 1
 !JVo;·cJs often confus2cl
1 Choose the odd word out.
,l

1 wooden - spiral - glass - crystal

5 Choose the correct word.

2 rent - mortgage - landlord - tenant
3 blinds - windows - entrance - curtains
4 detached house - mobile home - black of flats -
villa
5 fireplace - built-in shelves - fitted wardrobe -
bedside cabinet
6 centre - city outskirts - conversion - countryside
1 The bank needs to check our credit/interest
history before they will agree to giving us a loan.
2 I plan to let/offer out my fiat while I am away
overseas.
3 My bedroom has a fitted/built-in wardrobe.
4 The vendors are willing to negotiate/give a deal.
5 What interes! rate/offer is the bank giving you?

2 Complete the sentences with: parking, 6 Fili in the correct warci: clean, residents, reasonable,
conversion, appliances, double, fully fitted, spiral. spacious, features.
They've got a ...................... kitchen in their new 1 The house .......................... „ .• a large master
house. bedroom with en-suite bathroom.
2 We've gat ....................... „ ..... glazing on all our 2 You'd better ......................... up before your
„ ••••

windows which saves us a lot of money on flatmate gets home.

heating bills in winter. 3 The kitchen isn't very . „ ..... „ but it

3 lt's important to switch off all electrical ... „ ••••••••••

is very bright and airy.
in your house when you go away on holiday. 4 Make me a .„ ......... . offer and you
4 l've always wanted a home with a .............. „ •.
may just have a deal.
staircase. 5 Are the ..... „ •• „ •• „ ••••.•••• of this building
5 We're very lucky because we have off-street friendly?

6 We're thinking of buying a loft ....... „ ••.••••••••••• in

the city.
o Prepositions
3 Choose the correct preposition.
1 We have an alarm system in/on our house.
2 Can we pay aur rent in/by advance?
3 Luckily, our fiat is close with/to all local amenities.
4 We've always made sure we've never fallen behind
from/on the rent.
5 We're hoping to buy a house in/on the centre of
town.
6 We've been ready to move into/at the fiat for
weeks.
7 Fili in the notice with: condition, tenant, landlord,
lease, move, rent, notice.
1am an easy-going 1) ...................... who has a beautiful
one-bedroom apartment to let in the centre of town. The
apartment is in an excellent 2) ...................... and is
available to 3) ...................... into immediately. I would
prefer a professional 4) ...................... , but mature students
are also welcome to call me. Terms of renta!: you will have
to sign a 12-month 5) ....................... The first three
months' 6) ...................... will need to be paid in advance.
A month's 7) ...................... will be required should you
wish to move out.

" Phrasal verbs

4 Choose the correct word.

They have just taken up/out a mortgage.

2 We need to fili up/in this loan application form.
3 I don't really get on/by with the people in my
apartment black.
4 We spent months doing out/up our fiat when we
first moved in.

167
 School subjects get in to (debt) =wpaść w timetable = rozkład zajęć,
art = wychowanie plastyczne (długi) harmonogram
biology = biologia hand in (an assignment) = tuition = czesne, opłata za
business studies= zarządzanie oddać (pracę) studia
i administracja keep up (with schoolwork) =
chemistry = chemia być na bieżąco (z nauką Verbs
citizenship = obywatelstwo w szkole) award (a degree) = przyznać
drama = zajęcia teatralne look over (notes) = przejrzeć (tytuł)
English literature = literatura (notatki) charge (fees) = naliczyć
I angielska look sth up = sprawdzić col (opłaty)
I history = historia take out (a loan) = uzyskać finance (studies) = finansować
! (pożyczkę)
ltalian = język wioski (studia)
!i maths = matematyka tell (sb) off= upomnieć
11 physics = fizyka (kogoś) Adjectives
PSHE = edukacja turn up ;;:;: pojawić się
'I entitled (to sth) =
osobowościowa, społeczna
upoważniony (do czegoś)
i zdrowotna Education system
Primary/Secondary Useful phrases
School Rooms/areas education
learn (sth) by heart = nauczyć
auditorium = audytorium, pre-school = przedszkolny się (czegoś) na pamięć
aula, sala primary school =szkoła provide the required details =
school grounds = teren szkoly podstawowa udzielić potrzebnych
secondary school = szkola informacji
At School średnia
Nouns
assignment = zadanie Higher education
detention = kara zatrzymania postgraduate = podyplomowy
po lekcjach undergraduate =licencjacki
entrance exam = egzamin university/tertiary education:;::
wstępny szkolnictwo W[Ższe
mock exam = egzamin próbny Nouns
roll (call) = sprawdzanie
certificate =certyfikat
obecności
(Bachelor of Arts) degree =
school assembly = zebranie
tytuł (licencjata)
szkolne
diploma = dyplom
expenses = wydatki
Verbs
fees = opłaty, czesne
attend (class) = brać udział financial support = wsparcie
(w zajęciach) finansowe
attract (sb's attention) = graduation ceremony =
przyciągać (czyjąś uwagę) uroczystość wręczenia
cheat = oszukiwać, ściągać świadectw/dyplomów
(na egzaminie) honours = wyróżnienie
fail = nie zdać, oblać instalments = raty
resit = poprawiać, powtarzać internship = staż
(egzamin) long-distance learning =
retake =powtarzać (egzamin) nauka na odległość
skip (a lesson) = opuścić lump sum = jednorazowa
(zajęcia) wpłata lub wypłata
study (for an exam) = (większej sumy pieniędzy)
przygotowywać się Master's = tytuł magistra
(do egzaminu) period = okres
submit (an essay) = oddać refresher course = kurs
(wypracowanie) dokształcający
registration fee= opłata
Phrasa/ verbs wpisowa
catch up (with sth/sb) = scholarship = stypendium
nadążać (z czymś) senior = student(ka)
drop out (of school) = rzucić ostatniego roku
(szkolę) student loan = pożyczka
fali behind (with schoolwork) = studencka
n1ii::ć 2J.!·2gl0Sci (szkoln'2J tern1 = si.::n1estr

I.'
i, 168
lI 1
'.) VVords often confused
1 Choose the correct word.
I have Maths next period/study.
What do you have?
2 I did well in my mock/fake exams,
so hopefully 1'11 do well in my real
on es.
3 Mrs Samuels enjoys teaching/
learning children.
4 Can I pay my tuition fees/
expenses in instalments?
5 I don't understand how Chloe has
managed to submit/get herself
into so much debt.
6 Charlotte was entitled/awarded a
Bachelor's degree from London
University.
7 I have detention/punishment after
school today.
8 He's not sure how he's going to
supportlfinance his studies.
Phrasa/ verbs
2 Choose the correct preposition.
When do we have to hand on/in
aur assignments?
2 Do you know the reason why
James dropped out from/of
university?
3 l'm finding it difficult to keep
by/up with my schoolwork at the
moment.
4 Whenever I don't know the answer
to something, I look it up/through
on the Internet.
5 I try never to fali behind/under
with my schoolwork.
6 Katie was told off/out by Mrs
Jones for being late.
7 l'm afraid l've gat a lot of work to
catch in/up on.
8 lf George doesn't turn down/up
soon, we'll have to leave without
him.
9 Dennis dropped off/out of
university half way through his
course.
· Collocations
3 Fili in: financial, refresher, lump, heart, graduation, registration,
required.
We would prefer if you paid your fees in one . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „.
sum.
2 The government offers students „ „ „ „ „ „ . support in the
form of loans.
3 All my family and friends we re at my . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . ceremony.
4 l'm considering doing a „ „ „ course in ltalian as l've
forgotten so much of it.
5 Go to the Sth Aoor of the student union to pay your „ . . „ „ „ . „ .
fee.
6 Have you filled in all the . „ „ „ „ „„. deta'ils on your
application form?
7 We have to learn this poem by „ „ „ „. for aur class
tomorrow.
4 Choose the odd word(s) out.
1 write - take - read - fai I notes
2 postgraduate - registration - university - honours degree
3 leave - retake - go to - skip class
4 national - upper - entrance - mock examinations
5 hand in - re-sit - fail - attend an exam
,. Prepositions
5 Choose the correct preposition.
1 Sam was caught cheating on/with a test, and expelled.
2 Ten divided with/by two equals five.
3 The comments on/at his report card were all excellent.
4 l've decided to take out/up a student loan.
5 The school year is divided at/into three terms.
ef' ..
6 Complete the description with:
re-sit, submit, term, secondary,
studied, sitting, cheats.
This photograph shows same students 1) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . exam in a
classroom. They look like 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ school pupils. A teacher is
supervising them to ensure that no one 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . Hopefully, they
all will have 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ hard for the exam, so they won't fail and have
to 5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ it. Perhaps it is an end of 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
examination. Hopefully, when they 7) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ their papers, everyone
will feel as though they have dane a good job.
169
 Jobs Verbs fiexible working hours=
air traffic controller = close up shop= zamknąć (np. elastyczne godziny pracy
kontroler(ka) ruchu sklep) fringe benefits = dodatkowe
powietrznego declare (profits) = korzyści/świadczenia

auctioneer = licytator(ka) zadeklarować (zyski) go on strike = rozpocząć

bank manager = dyrektor(ka) mark up/down (prices) = strajk
banku podwyższyć/obniżyć (ceny) hard/easy to come by =
barrister =adwokat run (a company) = prowadz1c trudny/łatwy do zdobycia
chef = kucharz/kucharka (firmę) job burnout= wypalenie
civi! servant ; :;:. urzędnik zawodowe
administracji państwowej Useful phrases job reference = referencje
construction worker = poor working conditions :;:::
make a living =zarobić
na życie
I
pracownik budowlany niedobre warunki pracy
counsellor =terapeuta, maternity leave = urlop
provide (good) customer
doradca macierzyński
service :;::: zapewniać
fashion designer = paid overtime =płacony
(dobrą) obsługę klienta
projektant(ka) mody za nadgodziny
training opportunities =
gardener = ogrodnik previous experience =
możliwość odbycia szkoleń
graphic designer = dotychczasowe
workplace discrimination :;:::
grafik/graficzka doświadczenie
dyskryminacja w miejscu
interior designer ;:: sick pay = wyplata za czas
pracy
projektant(ka) wnętrz choroby
lifeguard = ratownik/ stuck behind a desk =
working life
ratowniczka przykuty do biurka
commission :;;: prowizja take the day off= wziąć dzień
miner ;::: górnik
increments :;;: przyrost wolny od pracy
personnel manager =
job offer = oferta pracy team spirit =duch zespołu
kadrowy/kadrowa
minimum wage = płaca work shifts = pracować
physiotherapist =
minimalna na zmiany
fizjoterapeut(k)a
pay rise = podwyżka work-related stress= stres
porter = portier,
pay slip = dowód wpłaty .. związany z pracą
recepcjonist(k)a
perks = dodacimwe korzysc1,
refuse co!lector :; : : pracownik
dodatkowe świadczenia Out of work/Retired
·1!I
I
zakładu oczyszczania
l1i promotion :;;: awans
sales assistant :::: dole =zasiłek dla
Jl
'·I sprzedawca/sprzedawczyni
salary = pensja .
bezrobotnych
shift work :;;: praca w systemie
• 1 ski instructor = instruktor(ka) pension :;;: emerytura/renta
•<1 zmianowym
'! narciarski/~a
temporary job = praca
Verbs
tymczasowa
Career areas give sb the sack = wyrzucić
wage = płaca (zwykle
accounts = księgowość tygodniowa) kogoś z pracy
customer services = obsługa lay sb off= zwolnić kogoś
klienta Verbs z pracy
human resources = zasoby make sb redundant =
promote/be p~oted =
ludzkie, kadry zwolnić kogoś w związku
awansować/zostać
public relations =public z redukcją etatów
awansowanym
relations resign :;;: zrezygnować
report (to sb) = przekazywać
retail trade = handel detaliczny ze stanowiska
informacje (komuś),
retire = przejść na emeryturę
zgłaszać (komuś)
Companies/businesses
buyer = kupujący Phrasa/ verbs
Useful phrases
client = klient go through (a difficult time) =
apply for the post = aplikować
consumer = konsument przechodzić (trudny okres)
na stanowisko
customer = klient hand in (your notice) =
call a meeting =zwołać
earnings =zarobki wręczyć (wypowiedzenie)
zebranie
profits =zyski live on =żyć z
career advancement = rozwój
put across (the importance) =
Zawodowy
Positions in companies zakomunikować, przekazać
career goals = cele zawodowe
chief executive = dyrektor (znaczenie)
career move = postęp
naczelny take out (a loan) =dostać
w karierze
manager = kierownik, (pożyczkę)
current position :;;: obecne
dyrektor stanowisko werk off (stress) = wyładować
supervisor= n2.d:o1·c2. (stres)
deudline :;::: nicprzek1\J.C:::i.!ny
kierownik :·2rn1in

i
li 170
li i
 ' Words often confus2d Useful phrases
1 Choose the correct word. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the following verbs: c/ose, apply, call, take,
They worked through the night in order to meet make, go.
the deadline/overtime.
2 I work for a famous human/public relations firm 1 The manager's just . .... a last-minute
in London. meeting so make sure you're back from lunch on
3 Unemployed people are allowed to claim the time.
dole/pension. 2 I don't like gardening but it's the only way I know
4 I get a wage/salary of f2,000 a month. how to ................ a decent living.
5 Katie took the job because it carne with good 3 My boss told me I could „ „ .. „ . . . „ . the day off
„

perks/offers. tomorrow as a reward for all the hard work l've

6 The great thing about being self-employed is I been doing lately.
have flexible/shift working hours. 4 As far as l'm aware, all public sector employees
are . „ „ „ . „ .••.•. on strike tomorrow.
Phrasa/ Verbs 5 Do you know who's responsible for . „ „ . . . . „ . . . . .
2 Choose the correct word. up shop every day?
6 You should consider .. „ „ „ „ ... for the post, as
„

Prices are being dropped/marked down 20% for

you're exactly the type of person they're looking
the sale.
for.
2 George went/passed through a tough period
when his colleague gat the sack. Prepositions
3 Emma's going back to work because she and Joe
can't be/live on Joe's salary alone.
5 Choose the correct word.

4 lt's important that aur team's recommendations
are put/given across clearly.
5 l've been thinking of handing/putting in my
notice for a while naw.
6 My employer has advised me to take/withdraw
out private health insurance.
7 Going out with friends is a good way to
work/beat off stress after a hard day at work.
'' Col/ocations
<tf: 3 Complete the sentences with: rise, slips, position,
/eave, wage.
We get our pay ..................... sent to us by
post every month.
2 Charlottte is going on maternity ................. next
month so we need to find a temporary replacement.
3 I haven't had a pay ............... for severa I years.
4 We pay all our young employees the minimum
5 l'm dissatisfied with my current . . ......... , SO
I have started looking for a new job.
Sam has never been able to work well in/under
pressure.
2 l've gat a decade's worth of experience at/in
sales, so I am confident I can do the job.
3 Make sure you report with/to the manager on
your first day.
4 That company specialises in/at media relations for
technology-related companies.
5 lt helps to be skilled with/at public speaking if
you want to become a successful politician.
6 We ·need to declare aur earnings by/within the
end of the month.
7 I can't say it's easy dealing to/with unsatisfied
clients all day.
0 Verb phrases
6 Choose the correct word: ran, declared, made,
given.
1 Alice's father . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ ... the company for
mare than 25 years.
2 My boss has just informed me that l'm being
. . „ .. „ . „ ...• „ „ „ „ .. redundant.

3 The oil company has just „ „ „ „ „ profits

of mare than $8 billion.
4 He's been . „ „. „ ..
„ the sack - that's why
„ „

he's so upset.

171
 Stages in Life
adolescent = nastolatek,
nastolatka
adult = osoba dorosła
baby = dziecko, niemowlę
child = dziecko
elderly = starszy
grown-up = dorosły
infant;::: niemowlę
juvenile ::;: osoba nieletnia
middle-aged = osoba
w średnim wieku
newborn ;:;;; noworodek
pensioner = emeryt(ka)
school-age child = dziecko
w wieku szkolnym
senior citizen = emeryt(ka)
teenager = nastolatek,
nastolatka
toddler = dziecko uczące się
chodzić
youngster = młoda osoba
Family
adoptive (parents) = przybrani
(rodzice)
biologica! (parents) =
biologiczni (rodzice)
ex-wife = była żona
extended family = rodzina
wielopokoleniowa
Foster child = dziecko
wychowywane w rodzinie
zastępczej
godfather = ojciec chrzestny
great-grandfather =
pradziadek
half-brother =brat przyrodni
husband-to-be =przyszły mąż
in-laws = teściowie
offspring = potomstwo
sibling = brat/siostra
single parent = rodzic
samotnie wychowujący
dziecko
spouse = małżonelJmałżonka
stepdaughter = pasierbica
Verbs
baptise = ochrzcić
raise = wychować
treat = traktować
Phrasa/ verbs
ask out (on a date) =
zaproponować wyjście
randkę)
break up = zerwać
bring up = wychować
get along =być (w dobrych)
stosunkach
get by = rb.ć ::c,bir:·
look dovvn = p.1crzyc z gc·1·y 11;i
172
Usefuf phrases
grow apart =oddalać się
(od siebie)
strict upbringing = surowe
wychowanie
take care of (sb) = opiekować
się (kimś)
Lifestyle
adrenalin rush = przypływ
adrenaliny
everyday activities =
codzienne czynności
indoors =wewnątrz (budynku)
!eisure activities :;;;: czynności
wykonywane w czasie
wolnym
outdoors :;;;: na zewnątrz
(budynku)
sports enthusiast :;;;: entuzjasta
sportu
stress buster:;;;: „pogromca
stresu" (sposób na
zrelaksowanie się)
workout :;;;: trening
Adjectives (/eis ure activities)
recreationa! :;;;: rekreacyjny
varied (interests) =
zróżnicowane
(zainteresowania)
weekly = cotygodniowy
Phrasa/ verbs
take up (a sport) = zacząć
uprawiać (sport)
Useful phrases
glued to a computer screen =
przyklejony do komputera
positive thinking = pozytywne
myślenie
Weddings
aisle:;;;: nawa
best man = drużba
chief bridesmaid = druhna
church wedding = ślub
kościelny
civil wedding = ślub cywilny
groom = pan młody
honeymoon podróż =
poślubna
newlyweds = nowożeńcy
reception = przyjęcie
(na
wedding ceremony =
ceremonia zaślubin
Adjectives (weddings}
memorable (day) = pamiętny
(dzieli)
traditional ::::: ~r:!·-:i/C/jny
Conflicts
addiction (to substances) =
uzależnienie (od substancji)
communication problems :;: ;:
problemy
z porozumieniem się
counselling services =usługi
doradcze
divorce = rozwód
domestic violence :::: przemoc
w rodzinie
economic difficulties =
trudności natury
ekonomicznej
emotionally attached =
przywiązany emocjonalnie
financial difficulties =
problemy finansowe
neglect = zaniedbać
rebellious behaviour =
buntownicze zachowanie
separation :;;;: separacja
social pressure = nacisk
społeczny
Adjectives (conflicts}
long-term (relationship) =
długotrwały (związek)
Verbs (conflicts)
deal = radzić sobie
manage = dawać radę
resist :;;;: odpierać
reso!ve = rozwiązywać
strUggle = mieć trudności
Useful phrases
lack of common sense = brak
rozsądku
sound familiar = brzmieć
znajomo
' Words often confvsed
1 Choose the correct word.
Fortunately, I am on very good terms with my ex-
wife/past-wife.
2 My brother has a lot of common/positive sense.
3 I have a wonderful relationship with my half-/step-
daughters.
4 Alice and Emma spent most of their adolescence/
teenage years in France.
5 The bride looked so beautiful when she walked
down the path/aisle.
6 I wish my parents had had another baby because l'd
have loved to have a spouse/sibling.
7 My graduation was a really memorable/
remembered day.
8 How many long-term/long-time relationships have
you had?
9 They decided to go to a marriage counsellor to salve
their communication/talking problems.
Phrasal verbs
2 Choose the correct word.
1 My sister and I didn't get by/along very well when
we were little.
2 lt took Alex a long time to build up the courage
to ask Katie off/out on a date.
3 I really dislike how James looks off/down on
everyone.
4 There were times when I thought we would break
up/out, but naw we' re engaged.
5 Before I got married, I barely got after/by on my
lowwages.
6 Our parents brought us along/up to be polite to
everyone.
7 Natalie and Joe made sure they didn't grow
away/apart while Natalie was overseas.
8 l'm thinking about taking up/on yoga next
month.
Phrasal verbs
3 Choose the correct preposition.
1 Arguments between/against siblings are
common.
2 Sadly, my daughter is addided to/on cigarettes
3 She really has a Jack in/of common sense.
4 Mum, can I stay out/away late tonight?
' Collocations
4 Fili in: positive, extended, best, chief, adrenalin, senior,
domestic, strict, emotiona/ly.
My „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . family doesn't get together
very often, but when we do, it means a lot to all
of us.
2 Emma was honoured when Jo asked her to be her
„„„„„„„„„ „ bridesmaid.
3 I volunteer twice a week at a home for „ „ „ „ „ „
citizens.
4 Pradice „ „ . thinking and you will fee!
„
happier.
5 lt's impossible not to be come „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
attached to pets.
6 In my opinion, skydiving is the ultimate „ „ „ „ „ „ „
rush!
7 lf you are a victim of „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ violence,
there are organisations you can turn to for help.
8 The „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . man at a wedding is supposed
to give a speech.
9 I wouldn 't say I had a particularly „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „
upbringing - my parents were pretty relaxed.
0 Useful phrases
5 Complete the sentences with the following
words: opart, sound, token, g/ued.
1 My brother has always „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . good ca re of
me.
2 My son spends most of his day „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . to
his computer screen.
3 Surveys indicate one in four mothers don't have
time for leisure activ'1ties. Does this „ „ „ „ .
familiar?
4 Natalie and Joe made sure they didn't grow
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . while Joe was overseas.
6 Choose the odd word(s) out.
1 foster - bring up - resolve - raise a child
2 extended - recreational - everyday - leisure
activities
3 adopted - biologica! - foster - offspring son
4 civil - church - honeymoon - traditional wedding
5 resolve - struggle - experience - manage conflict
173
 Food fast food restaurant = unhealthy lifestyle =
beef::::; wołowina restauracja szybkiej obsługi niezdrowy tryb życia
b!ueberry = czarna borówka fresh ingredients ;;:; świeże vital functions = funkcje
broccoli = brokuły składniki życiowe
celery = seler helpful staff = pomocni vitamin supp!ements =
cherry :; : : wiśnia, czereśnia pracownicy suplementy witaminowe
cod= dorsz hotel dining room = jadalnia
cottage cheese = biały ser hotelowa Adjectives (diets)
cucumber ;;: ogórek ltalian cuisine ;;:; kuchnia crash :;::; ostry
:I fig = figa wioska detox = detoksykujący,
haddock = łupacz main course = danie główne oczyszczający
ham =szynka reasonable prices ;;;: rozsądne
11 high-protein =
i !amb = baranina ceny wysokobiałkowy
lime = limetka relaxing atmosphere = low-carb = ubogi
salmon = łosoś relaksująca atmosfera
I tuna : ;: ; tuńczyk skilled chefs =
w węglowodany
!ow-fat = niskotłuszczowy
turnip = rzepa wykwalifikowani kucharze
veal ;;:; cielęcina tempting desserts = kuszace Verbs
desery •
boost (mood) = poprawić
Adjectives (food) (nastrój)
Adjectives (eating out)
artificial = sztuczny burn (calories) = spalić
dark = gorzki top-notch = pierwszorzędny (kalorie)
energy-giving :::: energetyczny lose (weight) =stracić (na
freshly-baked = świeżo Verbs wadze)
upieczony dine = jeść obiad/kolację put (sb) on a diet=
gra_nulated =granulowany recommend ;;;; rekomendować zalecić/nakazać (komuś)
! 1od1sed = jodowany
lean =chudy
serve :;::; podawać dietę
quench (thirst) = ugasić
loose = niepakowany, na wagę Cooking (pragnienie)
mashed : : ; rozgnieciony skip (a mea!) = nie jeść
Verbs
mild = łagodny (posiłku)
minera! :;::; mineralny add =dodać
·11
pasteurised ::: pasteryzowany bake = piec Phrasa/ verbs
,,I' processed = przecworzony boi! = gotować
iJ burn off (calories) = spalić
protein-rich = bogaty w białko cool = chłodzić
:;, (kalorie)
refined = rafinowany fry =smażyć
cut down :; :;:. zredukować
roast = pieczony grill = grillować
keep down (weight) =
roasted :::: pieczony mix ;;;: mieszać
utrzymywać niską (wagę)
rye =żytni pour = lać
put on (weight) = przybrać
scrambled (eggs) = jajecznica preheat :;::: rozgrzać, nagrzać
(na wadze)
sparkling = gazowany roast = upiec
steamed = gotowany na parze scramble = zrobić (jajecznicę)
Useful phrases
strong = mocny, silny smoke =wędzić
sugar-coated = obtoczony sprinkle = posypać combat stress = zwalczać stres
w cukrze weigh = ważyć control your hunger =
kontrolować glód
=
sun-dried suszony na słońcu
health benefits = korzyści
toasted = opiekany, zapieczony Diet
wholegrain = pełnoziarnisty
zdrowotne
bacterial infection = infekcja
wholemeal = razowy healthy eating plan = program
bakteryjna
cancer prevention = . z~rowego odżywiania się
Verbs high in calories =
zapobieganie
zachorowaniom na raka wysokokaloryczny
prepare = przygotować keep energy levels high =
snack on = podjadać (coś) cravings ;: : zachcianki
utrzymywać wysoki
digestive system = układ
trawienny poziom energii
Eating Out
food poisoning = zatrucie
makes your mouth water =
cafe =kawiarnia sprawia, że cieknie ślinka
pokarmowe
canteen = stołówka regular intervals:::: regularne
intake = spożycie
exclusive restaurant::: odstępy czasu
leafy vegetables = warzywa
ekskluzywna restauracja square mea! = pełny posiłek
liściowe
family-run restaurant :::;
moderation = umiarkovvanie
restauracja prowadzona
przez czlonków ierfnej poor memory = słaba pamięć
servings = porcje
I 0J,::i1 I/

174
1 Choose the odd word(s) out.
1 crash - strong - low-fat - high-protein diet
2 prepare - serve - dine - choose a mea/
3 fresh - processed - pasteurised - lean ingredients
4 cucumber - ham - granulated - toasted sandwich
5 top-notch - family-run - exclusive - canteen
restaurant
6 steamed - scrambled - grilled - baked vegetables
liVords often confused
2 Choose the correct word.
1 A new vegetarian/vegetable restaurant has
opened in town.
2 Do you have anything in the fridge we can
pick/snack on?
3 Dairy foods/products are usually high in fat.
4 Eat at common/regular intervals throughout the
day.
5 I avoid buying ready-made meals because they're
often full of fake/artificial additives.
6 For my main course/meal, l'd like the pasta with
sun-dried tomatoes, please.
7 I skipped/jumped lunch today so l'm starving
right now.
8 Would you like scrambled/mixed eggs on toast
for dinner?
9 Don't drop/lose too much weight or you'll look
awful.
1O I prefer dark/brown chocolate over milk
chocolate.
Useful phrases
3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in their
correct form: boost, put, quench, make, control.
The smell of freshly-baked bread always ................ .
my mouth water.
2 My doctor has ................. me on a diet.
3 Water is the best liquid to drink when you really
need to ................. your thirst.
4 I usually go for a jog when I need to ................. my
mood.
5 The ha rdest thing about dieting is ................. your
hunger between meals.
'. Phrasa! verbs
4 Choose the correct word.
Alex has stopped eating junk food in order to
keep/remain his weight down.
2 Aerobic exercise is the best way to burn/heat off
calories.
3 l'm trying to cut/reduce down on the amount of
sugar I eat.
4 Do you think l've taken/put on weight since you
last saw me?
Prepositions
5 Choose the correct preposition.
She is trying to reduce her intake of/from food.
2 Preheat the oven to/at 175'(.
3 I always get cravings at/for sweet things late at
night.
4 Sprinkle some herbs on/to the top.
5 Sake at/with 200'( for half an hour.
6 How many servings of/from potatoes would you
like?
7 French fries are extremely high with/in calories.
' Collocations
6 Fili in: square, digestive, bacteria/, poor, energy, food,
eating, supplements, fast food, processed.
1 Once, I gat terrible ..................... poisoning
from eating out-of-date shellfish.
2 lf you don't want to have a .................... .
memory in ald age, eat a healthy diet.
3 I don't know one child who doesn't love eating in
..................... restaurants. """'
4 My ..................... levels are really low at the
moment.
5 lf you have a good diet, there is no need to take
vitamin ..................... .
6 Sam was in bed for a week with a ................ .
infection.
7 I always make sure I eat three ................. meals
a day.
8 My dietician devised a healthy .................... .
plan for me.
9 I must have a very sensitive .................... .
system because I frequently get upset stomachs.
1O The problem is that .................. foods are
usually much cheaper than fresh foods.
175
 Shops
bakery = piekarnia
bank= bank
clothes shop = sklep
odzieżowy
estate agent's = agencja
nieruchomości
greengrocer's = sklep
owocowo-warzyv.tny
hairdresser's = f1yzjer(ka)
toy shop = sklep z zabawkami
travel agent's = biuro podróży
Buying & selling
bargain prices = ceny okazyjne debit card = karta debetowa
be on display = być
na wystawie
buy in bulk = kupować
w dużych ilościach
designer label = metka
znanego producenta
fina! day = ostatni dzień
get a refund = otrzymać
zwrot pieniędzy
gift voucher = bon towarowy
good condition = dobry stan
goods = produkty
launch a new product =
wprowadzić na rynek nowy
produkt
look for bargains = szukać
okazji
..
·I·.
:1: low prices = niskie ceny
:.1 opening time= czas otwarcia Useful phrases (banking)
pay for something =zapłacić
za coś
place an order = złożyć
zamówienie
special offer = specjalna oferta
ultra-fashionable =
supermodny
Phrasa/ verbs (buying)
give away (sth) = dać za
darmo
try on (sth) = przymierzyć
(coś)
Complaining
faulty = wadliwy
full refund = pełny zwrot
pieniędzy
poor service ;:;: zła obsługa
verbs (Comp/oining)
complain (about service) =
I zarządzać (swoimi
złożyć zażalenie (dotyczące
!II obsługi)
exchange = wymienić
return (sth) = zwrócić
:,[I
I'
176
..:'1.'I
1
Usefu/ phrases withdraw (money) = podjąć
get my money back in full = (pieniądze)
dostać zwrot całej sumy
pieniędzy Phrosa/ verbs (banking)
carry out (a transaction) =
Banks and Money dokonać (transakcji)
assistance = pomoc give out (your PIN number) =
ATM = bankomat podać (swój numer PIN)
bank representative = key in (PIN number) =
przedsr.awlciet banku wprowadzić (numer PIN)
cash machine ;:;:: bankomat pay off (debt) =spłacić (dług)
cash withdrawal = podjęcie set up (monthly payments) =
gotówki ustanowić (miesięczne
cashier = kasjer(ka) spłaty)
take out (a loan) = wziąć
Foreign currency ;;;: obca (pożyczkę)
waluta
insurance premium = składka
ubezpieczeniowa
interest rate =stopa
procentowa
keypad = klawiatura
loan = pożyczka
personal information =
informacje osobiste
PIN number = numer PIN
sav1ngs = oszczędności
student account = rachunek
studencki
transaction = transakcja
traveller's cheques = czeki
podróżnicze
apply for a credit card =
złożyć podanie o kartę
kredytową
cash a cheque = zrealizować
czek
elear (your) debt = spłacić
(swój) dług
make a purchase =zakupić
open an acco~ = otworzyć
konto „
pay in cash = zapłacić gotówką
shop online = robić zakupy
w Internecie
write a cheque = wypisać czek
Verbs (banking)
deposit (money into account) =
złożyć (pieniądze
na koncie)
exchange (dollars into euros) =
wymienić (dolary na euro)
manage (your finances) =
finansami)
pay (bills) = płacić (rachunki)
transfer (money between
accounts) = przelać
(pieniądze z konta
nJ koni:ol
 Words often confused
1 Choose the correct word.
"Hello, I need to exchange/refund same pounds
for euros, please."
2 That shop won't accept cards -you have to pay in
notes/cash.
3 Supermarkets buy merchandise in mass/bulk
which is how they keep their prices low.
4 The customer expects her money to be refunded
in total/full.
5 They will launch/start the new product next
month.
6 The shop owner said I have one month to
clean/clear my debt.
7 "Good morning, I would like to deposit/drop one
hundred euros into my account, please".
8 l've just put/placed an online order for a book l've
been wanting to read for ages.
9 I transfer/carry money from my current account
to my savings account every month.
1O lf I need to return this for any reason, will I
take/get a refund?
· Collocations
2 Fili in: bargain, agents, condition, interest, gift,
representative, foreign, cash, traveller's, special.
How much ..................... currency shall we take
with us overseas?
2 That shop sells second-hand electronic goods at
................ prices.
3 l'm looking for a used car in good ..................... .
4 I think we should get James a ................... .
voucher for his birthday.
5 I don't really go to travel .................... - I prefer
to book my holidays online, myself.
6 That supermarket chain has loads of items on
.................... offer every week.
7 "A bank ................... will be with you shortly,
Sir".
8 I don't really like using ......... cheques
when I travel. I prefer using my cash card.
9 We need to find the bank that is offering the best
................... rate.
1O That machine has run out of
money- we'll have to find another one.
Pre:oosjtions
3 Choose the correct preposition.
1 I want to return this item to/at the shop.
2 Am I able to exchange this blue top I bought here
yesterday for/by a red one?
3 I wish to complain to the manager about/for the
poor customer service in this stare.
4 Katie has applied about/for a credit card.
5 lt's the final day with/of the sales tomorrow.
6 Can you withdraw same money off/from your
account for me? I promise I will pay you back next
week.
Phrasa/ verbs
4 Choose the correct preposition.
Alex needs to figure out how he's going to pay
out/off his debt.
2 You really should try that top over/on before you
buy it - it mightn't suit you.
3 l'm considering taking out/over a bank loan to
pay for my cou rse.
4 "Remember - cover the keypad when you're
keying in/off your PIN!"
5 lt's so convenient that we can naw carry
through/out banking transactions online.
6 I never throw out my designer clothes - I give
them away/over to friends when I don't want
them anymore.
7 My phone bill is always paid on time as l've set
up/down a monthly payment that automatically
charges my debit card.
,. Usefu/ phrases
5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in their
correct form: make, write, open, manage.
1 My wife . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aur finances because
she's better than me with figures.
2 Let me ........................ you a cheque.
3 l'm addicted to shopping - I always get such a thrill
whenever I ........................ a purchase.
4 "Good morning. l'd like to ....................... an
account, please."
177
 Means of transport
aeroplane = samolot
boat =łódź
car = samochód
coach = autokar
lifeboat = szalupa ratunkowa
lorry :; : : ciężarówka
oil tanker = tankowiec,
zbiornikowiec
I ship = statek, okręt
train :;::; pociąg
! truck =ciężarówka
I I
Jobs in tourism
I air traffic controller =
kontroler ruchu lotniczego
captain (of a ship) = kapitan
(statku)
chambermaid = pokojówka
customs officer = celnik,
celniczka
ftight attendant =
steward(essa)
ground steward = członek
obsługi naziemnej
pilot = pilot
porter= portier
(tourist) guide = przewodnik
(turystyczny)
tour operator;;; organizator
wycieczki
travel agent = agent(ka) biura
podróży
Accommodation facilities
basie (room) = skromny
(pokój)
bed and breakfast = nocleg
ze śniadaniem
bridal (suite) = apartament
dla nowożeńców
(country) cottage = (wiejska)
chata
five-star = pięciogwiazdkowy
full board = pełne wyżywienie
hotel = hotel
rented (accommodation) =
wynajmowane
(zakwaterowanie)
self-catering= własne
wyżywienie
youth hostel = schronisko
młodzieżowe
Accidents & breakdowns
brakes = hamulce
emergency landing =
lądowanie awaryjne
error= błąd
fatallties = ofiary śmiertelne
. "I heart attack = atak serca
178
Phrasalverbs
be held up (in a traffic jam) =
utknąć (w korku)
break down (car) = zepsuć się
(o samochodzie)
check out (of a hotel) =
zameldować się (w hotelu)
fili up (with petrol) =
zatankować (benzynę)
get off (a train) = wysiąść
(z pociągu)
give out (engine) = przestać
działać (o silniku)
hold up (in a traffic jam) =
zatrzymać (w korku)
pull away (from a station) =
ruszyć (samochodem
ze stacji)
pull over (anto the hard
shoulder) = zatrzymać się
(na utwardzonym
poboczu)
put up (for the night)=
przenocować (kogos)
run out (of petrol) = skończyć
się (o benzynie)
run over (by a car) = potrącić,
przejechać
see sb off= odprowadzić
kogoś
sleep over = nocować
(u kogoś)
slow down = zwolnić
switch on (the sign) = włączyć
(znak)
work out (in a gym) = ćwiczyć
(na siłowni)
Flying
airline = linia lotnicza
airport = lotnisko
allowance (baggage) = limit
bagażu
control tower :::: wieża
kontrolna
conveyor belt = przenośnik
taśmowy
excess baggage = dodatkowy
bagaż
flight =lot
landing = lądowanie
one-way (ticket) = (bilet)
w jedną stronę
passenger = pasażer
passport control = kontrola
paszportowa
return (ticket) = (bilet)
powrotny
runway :; :;: pas startowy
seatbelt:;;:;: pas bezpieczeństwa
smooth (flight) =
bezproblemowy (lot)
suitcase = "',1(1.\izk::
tray table= scolik skbd<lny
turbulent (flight) = burzliwy, information centre= centrum
niespokojny (lot) informacyjne
website = witryna internetowa low prices ::::: niskie ceny
luxury travel!er = podróżni
Verbs (f/ying) nastawieni na luksus
board (aeroplane) = wejść museum :; :;: muzeum
na pokład (samolotu) nightlife =życie nocne
book (seats) = zarezerwować off season = poza sezonem
(miejsca) package holiday = wczasy
carry (passengers) = mieć zorganizowane
na pokładzie (pasażerów) relaxation ::::: relaks
fasten (seatbelt) = zapiąć (pasy ruins = ruiny
bezpieczeństwa) travel = podróż, podróżować
go through (passport control)= tropical jungle= dżungla
przejść {kontrolę tropikalna
paszportowę)
Travelling at sea
Travelling by train anchored :; :;: zakotwiczone
crossing = przepłynięcie
carriage = wagon
(przez morze)
dining car = wagon
deck = pokład
restauracyjny
lifeboat =szalupa ratunkowa
station = stacja, dworzec
port= port
first class = pierwszej klasy
sea sick :; :;: cierpiący na
chorobę morską
Travelling by car
brakes = hamulce
driver = kierowca
dual carriageway = droga
szybkiego ruchu
fiat tyre =flak (o oponie)
icy (road) =oblodzona (droga)
motorway = autostrada
oily (surface) = śliska
(nawierzchnia)
oncoming (car) =
nadjeżdżający (samochód)
pedestrian = pieszy
petrol = benzyna
pile-up = karambol
rear-view mirror :; :;: lusterko
wsteczne
ring road = obwodnica
roundabout = rondo
tra ffic = ruch uliczny
Verbs (travelling by car)
hit (pedestrian) = potrącić
(pieszego)
overtake = wyprzedzić
skid = wpasć w poślizg
Tourism
all-inclusive (package) = pal<iet
a/J-indusive
backpacker = turysta pieszy,
turystka piesza
beach = plaża
budget = budżet (zasoby
finansowe)
crystal elear (water) ;
krystalicznie czysta (woda)
high season ~,_·..... · ·-· ·'"''"'
 !JVords oft,zn confused Coliorntions
1 Choose the correct word. 3 Fili in: cottage, tyre, excess, crysta/-c/ear, rear-view, emergency, brida/,
operator.
This airplane can carry/board 1OO
Your suitcase looks very heavy; I think we'll need to pay for
passengers.
.„.„„.„„. baggage.
2 That hotel by the beach is very
2 lf this storm keeps getting worse we may have to make
cheap/budget.
a(n)„ „ „„ „ landing.
3 Kate travelled all over the world
3 Jenny has never had a fiat „ „„„. „ „ so she doesn't know how
when she was a flight attendant/
to change one.
officer.
4 We' re on honeymoon so we're staying in the .. suite.
4 This train has two carriage/dining
5 When overtaking, you should always look in your . „ .„ „ „ „
cars.
mirror first.
5 For a hassle free holiday, we booked
6 I can't decide whether to book the holiday myself online or use a
a full board/catering hotel.
tour .„.„.„„„.
6 We always try to travel 1n the
7 I think it will be cheaper to stay in a holdiay „ „ „ than in a
off/bad season because it's cheaper.
hotel.
7 Always check your rear-/back-view
8 The sand on this beach is perfect, and look at the amazing
mirror when reversing.
„ „„.„„. water!
8 Thankfully, the flight was very
smooth/soft - there was no
Phrasal verbs
turbulence at all.
9 l'm late because I was stuck in a 4 Choose the correct word.
car/traffic jam.
1 We' re going to be late for the meeting; I didn't think we'd be held
1O lt was a serious crash but luckily
up/on by traffc for this long.
there were no fatalities/errors.
2 Petrol is cheap at this station; let's fili in/up the tank.
3 "We have to get off/down the train at the next stop."
Prepositions
4 That's a police car behind us and they're flashing their lights. I think
2 Choose the correct preposition. they want us to pull across/over.
The captain of the ship is out on/to 5 lt's only ten thirty. We have another half an hour before we have to
deck. check off/out of the hotel.
2 We had a great holiday last year
Usefu/ Phrases
at/in lndia.
3 Hurry up! I think the piane is nearly 5 Complete the sentences with the words: dec/are, oncoming,
ready to take away/off. control, suit, book. ef'>
4 There was an accident on the
1 We offer a wicie range of leisure activities to „. „ „ „ „ „. all tastes
motorway last night when a car
and budgets.
crashed on/into a lorry.
2 Max lost „ „„„ „ „ „ of his car while driving in the snow.
5 Who is James going to Australia
3 The lorry driver braked just time to avoid hitting a(n) . „„„ „ „ „
with/for?
car.
6 Before landing, please fili up/in
4 I told the customs officer I had nothing to . „„.„ „ „ ..
your landing cards.
5 Can I „ „ „ a one-way ticket? l'm not sure when l'm
7 lf I had the money, l'd travel
coming back.
over/around the world for a year
and see every continent.
8 They collected their tickets for the
6 Choose the odd word out.
boat trip at/on the reservations 1 relaxing - budget - travel - package holiday
desk. 2 bumpy - turbulent - smooth - emergency flight
3 oily - traffic - icy - blocked road
4 basie luxury self-catering - inclusive accommodation

179
 Music
concert ::;: koncert
hit single = przebój, hit
lead singer = główny wokalista
live (music) = (muzyka)
na żywo
music industry ::;: przemysł
muzyczny
musical score = ścieżka
muzyczna
notation ::;: nuty
opera house ::;: opera
rave reviews ::;: entuzjastyczne
recenzje
recording studio = studio
nagrań
sound system = system
dżwiękowy
Verbs
compose (music) =
komponować (muzykę)
Phrasa/ verbs
be sold out (concert) =
wyprzedać bilety
! (na koncen:)
Literature
a!literation ::;: aliteracja
best-selling (author) =
(o autorze) najlepiej
sprzedający się
book signing = podpisywanie
książek
collections (poetry) = zbiory
(wierszy)
contemporary = współczesny
established = znany.
o ustalonej pozycji
extracts (poems) = fragmenty
(wierszy)
hyperbole = hiperbola
independent = niezależny
irony :::: ironia
=
metaphor metafora
paperback (book) = (książka)
w miękkiej oprawie
rhyme =rym
simile = porównanie
Verbs
publish (a book) =
opublikować (książkę)
self = sprzedać
span (a time period) =
obejmować (okr-es)
top (a list) = znajdować się
na szczycie (listy)
Phrasal verbs
be singled out = zos[J(
'"')Tó±nionyn1/wybranyn1
180
Theatre/Cinema be set (in) = rozgrywać się (w)
art house = dom sztuki direct = reżyserować
dress rehearsal = próba play (a role)= odgrywać (rolę)
generalna receive (reviews) = otrzymać
lead actor = główny aktor (recenzje)
Jistings = ru: repertuar release = wypuszczać na rynek
multiplex (cinema) =(kino)
multipleksowe
opening (line) = pierwsza
(linijka tekstu)
opening (night)= premiera
seated audience = siedząca
widownia
theatre company ;:: teatr
title role = rola tytułowa
up-and-coming (actor) =
obiecujący (aktor)
Visual arts
canvas :;:;:. płótno
exhibition = wystawa
landscape (paintings) =
pejzaże
palette = paleta
Verbs
engrave = wygrawerować
The press
broadsheet = gazeta dużego
formatu
circulation figures :::;; dane
dotyczące nakładu
colour supplement =
kolorowy dodatek
current affairs :::: bieżące
sprawy
Foreign correspondent =
zagraniczny korespondent
lead story = główny temat
press release :;;:; oświadczenie
prasowe
tabloid = gazeta brukowa,
tabloid
the press = prasa
weekly column =
cotygodniowy felieton
Film/TV
chat show = talk show
drama = (fabularyzowany)
dramat
documentary = film
dokumentalny
quiz show = teleturniej
reality show= reality show
sitcom = serial kon1ediowy
sports show = program
sportowy
Verbs
base (on somethingJ =
nci podstawie (czegoS)
 Words often confused
1 Choose the correct word.
Tonight is our last costume/dress rehearsal. The
play opens tomorrow.
2 Our press/foreign correspondent in Kenya reports
that the situation there is growing serious.
3 I gat that author's autograph when I went to his
book signing/release.
4 I love that chat show/series. The presenter is so
fu nny.
5 A correspondent/contemporary writer is someone
who is publishing at the moment.
6 The company issued a press/newspaper release
today stating that it will announce its earnings for
2011 by the end of the week
7 I do my best to keep up with current affairs/
stories.
8 I write a weekly column/story for The Gazette
newspaper.
g Have you read his new extract/collection of
poetry?
10 That film was published/released in 2010.
o Verb phrases
2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in their
correct form: self, receive, sign, set, span, top.
1 The author Marion Scrubbs „ „ „ „ „ „ 1500 copies
of her book at our bookshop last Saturday.
2 Rihanna's single Umbrel/a „ . „ „ „ „ the UK charts
for ten weeks in 2007.
3 The actor's career „. „ more than three
decades.
4 The play „ „ „ „ . „ „ . bad reviews from the critics.
5 Harry Potter and the Death/y Hallows has ........... .
mare than 40 million copies worldwide.
6 The Lord of the Rings trilogy is „ „ . „ . „ in the
fantasy world of Middle-earth.
iDrepositions
3 Choose the correct preposition.
Lauren's new book has been singled down/out
for praise.
2 I have to be in/on the right mood to enjoy heavy
rock music.
3 Is there anything good in/on television tonight'
4 He is famous for his documentaries for/about
social problems.
5 Barry was so bored with/at the play that he left
before it ended.
6 The film The Dark Knight is based on/over the
character of Batman in the old comic strips.
4 Choose the odd word out.
1 chat - quiz - sitcom reality show
2 string - keyboard - multiplex - percussion
instruments
3 compose - record - exhibit - read music
4 paperback - weekly - tabloid - broadsheet
newspo per
Col/ocations
5 Fili in with: opening, up-and-coming, lead, rave, live,
opera, dress, theatre, titfe.
Ebony Taylor, the 1) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ singer of The Taylors.' is
playing the 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ role of Alice in the new musical
of that name. Taylor has performed in 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
concerts all over the world, but has said that she was
extremely nervous about playing with the prestigious
Upstage 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Company in New Yfll!i· The show
opened to 5} „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ reviews there last month and is
naw moving to London's theatre land. July 10~ is set as the
6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ night of the show and a last minute
7) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ rehearsal will take place on that morrnng.
The show's director Gavin Hook is a(n} 8) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
name on the London theatre scene. Tickets are on sale at the
box office of the 9) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ house where Alice is due
to be performed.
181
J
 Extreme sports shin pads = ochraniacze na thrilling =ekscytujący
bungee jumping = skoki na łydki wild = tu: szalony
bungee studs = kolce
caving = wspinaczka swimsuit = kostium pływacki Useful phrases
jaskiniowa visor = osłona oczu
break a record = pobić rekord
cross-country skiing = waterproof jacket = kurtka false start = falstart
narciarstwo biegowe nieprzemakalna foul play = nieczysta gra
kite-surfing :;:; kitesurfing,
get a strike = tu: wykonać rzut
surfowanie z latawcem Verbs
high-protein diet = dieta
paragliding :::: paralotniarstwo award = przyznać (np. rzut wysokobiałkowa
skydiving = akrobacje karny) intensive workout regime ;::
spadochronowe ban = zabronić, wykluczyć intensywny reżim
snowboarding = snowboard break= tu: pobić (rekord) treningowy
white-water rafting = spływ compete = rywalizować =
score a goal strzelić bramkę
kajakowy górskimi rzekami disqualify =zdyskwalifikować sense of achievement =
windsurfing = windsurfing host = go.Scić, organizować Swiadomo.Sć sukcesu
(np. igrzyska)
Popular sports
substitute = zmienić
American football = football (zawodnika)
I amerykański
cricket = krykiet Nouns
I football = piłka nożna
danger ;:: niebezpieczeństwo
tennis = tenis
gold medal = złoty medal
legend = legenda
Professional sports
long-jump = skok w dal
Verbs overtime = dogrywka
beat = pokonać pentathlon = pięciobój
catch = zlapać referee ;:: sędzia
kick = kopnąć risk-taker =ryzykant
hit = uderzyć sense ;:: odczucie
pass = tu: podać (piłkę) (np. satysfakcji)
·li
''
,'
race = ścigać się
score = tu: strzelić (bramkę)
tactics = taktyka
tie;:: remis
J serve =serwować tricks = triki, sztuczki
shoot =tu: rzucić (do kosza) umpire = sędzia
test positive :;:;: mieć
pozytywny wynik testu Adjectives
tra.in = trenować adventurous = Smiały,
zuchwały
Sports venues competitive = ambitny,
alley =tor (np. do kręgli) zmuszający do rywalizacji
course = pole (golfowe), cool = opanowany, spokojny
bieżnia, tor (wyścigowy) cooperative = skłonny elit'
court =kort (np. tenisowy), wspólpracy •
boisko (np. baseballowe) daring = śmiały
field = boisko defensive = defensywny
ground = boisko determined ;::
ring ;:;;; ring, arena zdeterminowany,
rink = lodowisko zdecydowany
stadium :;:;: stadion devoted = wierny
li track = bieżnia false = tu: przedwczesny
I, (start)
Equipment field = boisko
arrow = strzała finishing = końcowy
baw= łuk graceful = pełen wdzięku,
cap= czapka elegancki
goggles = gogle intensive = intensywny
harness ::: uprząż musc!e = mięsień
helmet = kask physical = fizyczny
mouth guard = ochraniacz regular = regularny
zębów sporting = sportowy
racquet = 1·~ki :::.:::
steady =tu: pewny (cel)
rope =lin.: stretching ;:: ro:ci0gający

182
1 Fil I in: daring, sporting, thrilling, stretching, finishing. 5 Choose the correct preposition.

Regular ................ exercises will help make your body mare Muhammad Ali was very fast in/at
supple. the boxing ring.
2 The ... con test between the top two teams had us 2 He gat tired with/of doing so much
on the edge of aur seats .. training.
3 Brian has become a . . ............. legend in his country. 3 Same people don't realise the
4 She threw her body forwards as she crossed the dangers for/of snowboarding.
line. 4 Helen has been windsurfing since/
5 The biker performed a .............. „ manoeuvre to overtake his from she was a teenager.
rival. 5 The player was disqualified from/off
the game.
2 Complete the description with: steady, graceful, devoted, proud, 6 The game ended at/in a tie with a
adventurous, competitive. score of 1:1.

My sister is a snowboarding world champion. She was always Collocatlons

1) ...................... as a teenager, so I was sure she wou\d end up domg
something exciting with her life. She is very 2) ...................... and hates 6 Fill in: positive, physicai, tactics, foul,
fa/se, hosts.
to \ose at anything. A 3) ...................... athlete, she spends every
weekend training. She really deserves to be the world champion. Her 1 The team realised the moment had
balance on the board is amazingly 4) ...................... and she \ooks so come to adopt defensive
5) ...................... as she moves down the mountain slopes. She really is
a joy to watch and the whole family is very 6) ...................... of her. 2 Any players found guilty of
. . . . . . . . . . . . „ . . play will be sent off.

3 Wimbledon in London ............. .

3 Choose the odd word out: the world tennis championships
every year.
football - hockey - caving - rugby pitch 4 Athletes who test ................ for
2 windsurfing - football - hockey - rugby stadium performance-enhancing drugs will
3 kick - pass - race - catch the bal/ be banned from the tournament.
4 silver - bronze - iron - gołd medal 5 lf you make a ................. start,
don't worry - you are allowed
·• Words often confused another chance.
41ifl=hoose the correct word. 6 A sport like professional
weightlifting requires exceptional
1 I hope my team beat/win aur opponents.
. . „ ... strength.
2 He hopes to break/crack the world record.
3 The player was awarded/rewarded a free kick after he was
fouled.
4 Shall we go ice-skating at the rink/ring this evening?
5 The umpire/referee blew the finał whistle to bring the football
match to an end.
6 We were late home because the ice hockey game went to
overtime/tie.
7 The Olympics are a(n) professiona\/amateur event.
8 The long jump and the javelin are track/field events.

183
 Body parts headache ; ból glowy cure = wyleczyć
ankle ; kostka itchy eyes ; szczypiące oczy heal ; wyleczyć
arm =ramię rash ; wysypka help; pomóc
arteries :;::: tętnice runny nose :;:;: karar perform (operations) ;
bones = kości swollen glands ; powiększone przeprowadzać (operacje)
feet; stopy węzły chłonne prescribe ; przepisywać,
head; głowa vomiting = wymiotowanie zalecać
heart = serce relieve (pain) ; uśmierzyć (ból)
intestines :;;: wnętrzności, jelita Health care professionals treat ; leczyć
joints ; srawy cardiologist ; kardiolog
leg; noga dentist = stomatolog Nouns
,, lungs ; pluca dermatologist ; dermatolog casua!ty :;:: ofiara
!i muscles :;::: mięśnie doctor ; lekarz clinic ; poradnia, przychodnia
nervous system = system GP;;;: lekarz ogólny. internista fatality ;;: ofiara śmiertelna
nerwowy midwife ; położna operating theatre ; sala
trachea : ;: : tchawica paramedic = sanitariusz operacyjna
veins; żyły paediatrician = pediatra stretcher = nosze
porter= portier, recepcjonista surgery ; operacja; gabinet
Acti ans psychologist ; psycholog lekarski
breathe (air) ; oddychać speech therapist ; logopeda ward ; oddział
(powietrzem) surgeon :::: chirurg
circulate (blood) ; krążyć Useful phrases
(o krwi) Medical fields be allergic to ; mieć alergię na
digest (food) ; trawić cardiology ; kardiologia (healthy) lifestyle ; zdrowy
(jedzenie) dentistry = stomatologia (styl życia)
drink; pić geriatrics = geriatria give birth (to a baby) ;
l eat:::::: jeść neurology ; neurologia urodzić (dziecko)
exercise ::::: ćwiczyć obstetrics = położnictwo take care of (patients);
move (musdes) =poruszać ophthalmology ; okulistyka opiekować się (pacjentami)
(mięśniami) pediatry; pediatria (dział
sleep; spać medycyny zajmujący się Disabilities
take (pills); zażywać (tabletki) schorzeniami stóp) amputation = amputacja
,,I surgery = chirurgia blindness ; ślepota
'I lllnesses
visually impaired ;
i "I cancer = nowotwó1~ rak Treatment niedowidzący
:: cold ; przeziębienie anaesthetic ; środek wheelchair ; wózek inwalidzki
li food poisoning = zatrucie znieczulający
'' pokarmowe antacid (pil!) ; (środek) Addictions
11
hay fever; katar sienny zobojętniający kwas behavioural psychologist ;
11 heartburn ; zgaga antibiotics ; antybiotyk behawiorysta
high blood pressure ; wysokie aspirin = aspiryna
''':
'' ciśnienie
binge drinker ; osoba w ciągu
:,i bandage ; bandaż alkoholowym
": i~ion ; infekcja cast; gips hard drug user ; osoba
I' mi-graine ::;; migrena crutches ; kule uzaleinlona od twardych
motion sickness = choroba examination = badanie narkotyków
lokomocyjna hearing aid ; aparat słuchowy rehabilitation centre =
herba! ointment ; maść centrum leczenia
lnjuries ziołowa uzależnień
'',I black eye ; podbite oko operation = operacja substance abuse ;
I1 ,1 broken bone :;;; złamana kość pili ; rabletka nadużyvvanie substancji
bruise ::::: siniak plaster ; gips withdrawal symptoms ;
cut = rana prescription ;;:;: recepta zespół abstynencji
1 ·111
graze = obtarcie ultrasound ; badanie USG
pulled muscle ; naciągnięty rehabilitation ; rehabilitacja Paralympics
mięsień scan =skan
Ii scar; blizna sling ; temblak
amputee =osoba, która
11 twisted ankle = skręconJ stitches ; szwy
przeszła amputację

!I X~ray = prześwietlenie media coverage = rozgłos

kostka
w mediach
'i sports event = wydarzenie
' Symptoms Verbs
sportowe
, ':I i blurry vision = zamglone apply (cream) ;
v1id:cnit:: S~OSC.!\•V2ć/na.khd2C (krern)
concussion = vvsu·ząs 1no:gu carry (injured person) = nieść
{raru1ą osobę)
184
" Words often confused 4 Choose the odd word out:
1 Choose the correct warci.
1 foot - leg - cold - muscle - pain
Molly doesn't have carpets in her home as she is
2 radiology - therapist - cardiology -
allergic/susceptible to dust.
neurology - department
2 I had a bad eye infection but I gat better after the doctor
3 treat - heal - cure - prescribe
prescribed me anaesthetidantibiotics.
patients
3 I had to stop running the race because I pulled a joint/muscle in
4 ointment - antacid - aspirin -
my leg.
vitamin - pil/
4 Ann broke her arm and it was in plaster/bandage for eight
weeks. Col!ocations
s A runny nose and a concussion/headache are symptoms of a
5 Complete the sentences with the
cold. following words: theatre, lifestyle,
6 My brother used to have a problem with binge/substance
binge, symptoms, examination.
abuse, but now he's doing well.
7 John has a big scar/graze on his leg from a motorcycle accident 1 Diet and exercise are both
he was in years ago. important for a healthy
8 When my daughter had an itchy rash, we brought her to the
paediatrician/dermatologist for treatment. 2 Dave had to undergo a strict
9 A midwife/paramedic helps women to give birth. medical before he
1O The heart helps the blood to circle/circulate through our veins. joined the army.
3 You will experience some
Prepositions withdrawal ... „ ............ when you
2 Choose the correct preposition. come off the drug.
4 The surgeon has been in the
1 The doctor said he would need to operate in/on the patient operating „ ....... „. for the
immediately. past six hours.
2 Athletes from all over the world compete against/toward each 5 Unfortunately, ........ „ ..• „ ........... .
other at the Paralympics. drinking is on the increase amongst
3 You've sprained your wrist so you'll need to keep your arm young people.
with/in a sling for a few days.
4 Apply this cream regularly to/at the infected areas of the skin. 6 Match the correct medical field to
5 Tim's been suffering from/for a bad cold for a week now. people's comments about their
6 We hi red a night nurse to take ca re for/of my grandmother. health: ophthalmology, cardiology,
7 The injured footballer was carried off the pitch in/on a stretcher. obstetrics, geriatrics, podiatry.
8 James had a nasty fali and needed six stitches on/in his hand.
1 ''l'm going to have a baby and
9 Patients in olden times were treated by/with herbat remedies.
would like advice about prenatal
Verb phrases classes to help me prepare for it."

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in their correct form: 2 "Sometimes I get a terrible pai n in
heal, write, provide, twist, reduce. my chest." „ „ ... „ . . „ ..... „ ...... „
The doctor ....... me a prescription for some strong 3 "l've got an ingrown toenail, which
painkillers. is really painful."
2 You'll have . „ ... „ . „ . „ .. your calorie intake if you want to lose
weight. 4 "I can't see very well and I really
3 Th is cream is great for . „ .............. wounds. need to get my eyes tested."
4 I believe governments have a du ty ...... „ . . . „ ... a free health
ca re service. 5 "Now l've reached eighty, I can't
5 My aunt . „ ... „ .. her an kle when she fell down some steps. get about so easily anymore."

185
 Science hands-free = (zestaw) Verbs
archaeologist = archeolog słuchawkowy accomplish = osiągnąć, zdobyć
astronomer = astronom headset ;;::: zestaw achieve ;: osiągnąć
atom= atom (słuchawkowy) fulfil = spełnić
breakthrough = przełom missed call = nieodebrane gain (a reputation) = zyskać
evidence ;::;: dowód połączenie (reputację)
evolution = ewolucja personal organiser = succeed = osiągnąć sukces
experiment = eksperyment terminarz triumph = triumfować
hypothesis = hipoteza ringtone = sygnał telefonu,
journal = czasopismo, dzwonek Useful phrases
periodyk touchscreen ;: : : ekran be/get carried away = dać się
molecule = cząsteczka dotykowy ponieść (emocjom)
research = badania (naukowe) go off as planned = udać się
telescope = teleskop Verbs zgodnie z planem
upgrade ;: : : zmodernizować, keep in touch =
Verbs wprowadzić nową wersję podtrzymywać kontakt
announce :;;; ogłosić
conduct (an experiment) = User guides Phrasalverbs
przeprowadzić handy = poręczny break down = zepsuć się
eksperyment instructions ;: : : instrukcje carry out (an experiment) =
invent = wynaleźć onscreen ;: : : ekranowy, przeprowadzić
provide (evidence) = pojawiający się na ekranie (eksperyment)
dostarczyć (dowodów) version ;: : : wersja come up (with sth) = wpaść na
publish (findings) = (pomysł)
opublikować (wyniki) Verbs find out (sth) = dowiedzieć się
uncover (evidence) = odkryć (czegoś)
charge (a battery) =
(dowody) go off= wypaść, udać się
naładować (baterię)
connect = podłączyć slow down = zwolnić
Computers turn down ;: odrzucić
instal! ;: : : zainstalować
back-up= zapasowy (plik) set (sth) up = ustawić turn out = okazać się
file= plik synchronise =
computer science = zsynchronizować
informatyka
confirmation email ;;; e-mal! z The Internet
potwierdzeniem
blog= blog
folder= katalog, folder
online ;: za poSrednictwem
graphics = grafika, pliki
Internetu
graficzne
video clip = filmik
icon =ikona
wi-fi ;: wi-fi
logo= logo
programming =
Verbs
programowanie
shared drive ::::: udostępniony bounce = odbić, odesłać do
dysk nadawcy (wiadomość)
software :;: ; oprogramowanie download = ściągnąć
input = wprowadzać dane
Verbs post (a video clip) = tu:
zamieścić (np. na portalu
attach = tu: zalączyć
internetowym)
click (on sth) =kliknąć (na coś)
purchase = nabyć
delete = usunąć
skip = opuScić
disconnect =odłączyć
surf= suńować (w Internecie)
I 1, edit = edytować
update = aktualizować
,I insta!I = zainstalować upload= przesłać (dane)
keep (a back-up) = trzymać
'I'I (kopię zapasową)
write ;: pisać

specialise (in sth) =

1 I specjalizować się Success
ii (w czymś) ambition = ambicja
''
I entrant = kandydat
l Mobile phones goal =cel
,, I' contacts list = lista kontaktów
reputation = reputacja
I I
handset ::::: :dudE1'Nkc1
(:. n1ikrofo1101111

186
 1 Choose the odd word out:
1 headset - telescope - hands-free - touchscreen
2 experiment - onscreen - breakthrough -
hypothesis
3 file - evolution - folder - drive
4 atom - blog - internet - online
5 succeed - accomplish - upgrade - triumph
2 Choose the correct preposition.
1 l'm really interested in/about astronomy.
2 l'm relying on/by you to help me choose a new
mobile.
3 I downloaded those files at/from severa! different
websites.
4 He triumphed above/over all the other entrants.
5 Plug the cord onto/into your computer.
6 Click on/to that flashing green icon.
7 He fulfilled his ambition to/of becoming a
scientist.
8 Ensure you make back-ups of/from all your
important files.
9 Coffee has a negative effect over/on me - it gives
me a headache.
1O He has been a great help to/for me.
0 Phrasa/ verbs
3 Choose the correct word.
1 The archaeologist told the students to slow
up/down and not rush.
2 You can find out/over what you need to know by
looking in that journal.
3 l've come up/through with a great new idea for
my resea rch.
4 lt turns out/around that those scientists
plagiarised someone else's work.
5 Luckily, the presentation went over/off as
I planned.
6 That piece of equipment broke out/down over a
week ago.
7 We plan to carry out/on the experiment
tomorrow.
8 That scientist turned off/down the chance to
work overseas.
9 The children gat carried away/along with
excitement as they played the video games.
1JVords often confused
4 Choose the correct word.
1 She succeeded/managed in installing the
software on her computer.
2 When will that company announce/uncover the
launch date of its new product?
3 l'm having trouble connecting/installing to the
Internet.
4 He gained/won a brilliant reputation over the
course of his career.
5 Do you have Sam's number in your contacts/
connections list?
6 The Internet makes it easy to keep in touch/hand
with overseas friends.
7 He emailed me to upgrade/update me on his
news.
8 Whenever you don't have credit, give/do me a
missed call and 1'11 call you right back.
9 Did you receive a confirmation/specialisation
email after you made the booking?
5 Fili in: purchase, folder, conduct, publish, provided,
achieved, re/ationship, graphics.
1 Which „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ did you put that Word file in?
2 We hope to „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . our findings in a leading
scientific journal.
3 The article discusses the „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ between
science and technology.
4 l'm not happy with the „„„„„ on this
presentation.
5 The students learnt the correct way to
„ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . a scientific experiment.
ef>6 Why did you „ „ „ . „ „ „ such an expensive
piece of equipment?
7 The evidence „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ by the scientist was
not very compelling.
8 He has „ . „ everything he set out to do.
187
 branch = gahiż electromagnetic waves = fale
breeze = wietrzyk chlorophyll = chlorofil elektromagnetyczne
dimate = klimat deciduous = zrzucający liście light year = rok świeciny
downpour = ulewa leaf =liść outer space :;;: przestrzen
drizzle = mżawka needle = igła kosmiczna
fog =mgła photosynthesis = fotosynteza solar flares = rozbłysk
forecaster = dziennikarz pigment = pigment, barwnik słoneczny
zapowiadający pogodę root :;;: korzeń solar system = układ słoneczny
frost:;;: mróz trunk =pień (dr-zewa)
gust = powiew Verbs
heat wave = fala upałów Animals orbit = krążyć wokół
humidity = wilgotność ant:;;: mrówka
lightning =błyskawica amphibian = płaz
mist =mgła badger = borsuk
monsoon :;;: monsun bee = pszczoła
raindrop = kropla deszczu breed =rasa
sleet :;;: deszcz ze śniegiem captivity = niewola
soar =gwałtownie rosnąć conservation :;;: ochrona
wind= wiatr środowiska
crocodile = krokodyl
ldioms den = nora, jaskinia
be a fair-weather friend = endangered =zagrożony
być fałszywym przyjacielem extinction =wyginięcie,
be on cloud nine = wymarcie
być w siódmym niebie fish =ryba
brighten up one's day = frag= żaba
wprawić kogoś w dobry habitat = naturalne
nastrój środowisko
chase rainbows = myśleć heron = czapla
o niebieskich migdałach hive:;;: rój
feel under the weather = hill = wzgórze
czuć się źle invertebrate = bezkręgowiec
get/be soaked to the bone = lifespan =okres życia
być przemokniętym lion= lew
do suchej nitki mamma! =ssak
in the cold light of day = nest = gniazdo
na trzeźwo octopus :;;: ośmiornica
raining cats and dogs = predator = drapieżnik
lać z cebra rabbit = królik
to have a face like thunder = reptile = gad
mieć twarz pociemniałą sett = nora borsucza
z gniewu shark = rekin
species :;;: gatunek
Natural disasters ef> warren :;;: nory dzikich
active volcano = aktywny królików
wulkan wasp =osa
emergency services = służby
ratownicze Verbs
extreme weather = feed (an animal) = karmić
ekstremalne warunki (zwierzę)
pogodowe give birth = urodzić
local property = lokalna hatch = wylęgać, wykluwać,
własność/nieruchomość wysiadywać
major eruption = większa hunt = polować
erupcja lay (eggs) = składać (jaja)
numerous casualties = liczne mate = parzyć się
ofiary
temporary shelter = Space
tymczasowe schronienie Big Bang =Wielki Wybuch
violent gales = silna wichura black hole = czarna dziura
cosmic collision =zderzenie
Plants w kosmosie
crater = krater

188
1 Choose the odd word out.
1 hippopotamus - mamma! - polar bear - cheetah
2 mate - lay - hatch - orbit
3 frost - sleet - eruption - downpour
4 chlorophyll - monsoon - leaf- photosynthesis
5 fag - gust - wind - gale
6 galaxy - space - rainbow - light year
7 species - branch - deciduous - mist
2 Choose the correct preposition.
1 Widespread deforestation is putting the species
in/to great danger of extinction.
2 The Universe may have begun from/by expanding
from a tiny point.
3 Currently, there is a ban on/at fishing for shellfish
in this part of the ocean.
4 This lion was barn· from/in the wild, not captivity.
5 The bad weather caused damage to/for many
properties.
6 The hunting of/on whales is forbidden in those
waters.
7 There is a lot of humidity in/on the air today.
8 The organisation is concerned to/with the
protection of water resources.
Collocations
3 Fili in: so/ar, e/ectromagnetic, light, black, nest, Big,
outer.
The . . .. ..................... Bang theory is one of
severa! scientific theories that seek to explain how
the universe began.
2 The gravity field of a ......................... hole is so
strong that nothing can escape it.
3 lt wo uId take about four ......................... years
to travel to the nearest star.
4 Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun in aur
......................... system.
5 Light is a(n) ......................... wave.
6 Many children dream of becoming astronauts and
travelling into ......................... space.
7 Don't go near the wasps' ......................... or
you might get stung!
YYor,::Js oft2n confusecl
4 Choose the correct word.
Tigers are extreme/fierce predators.
2 The eggs should hatch/lay in the next few days.
3 The giant tortoise has a long lifespan/age and can
live to be 150 years ald.
4 That country has a warm climate/weather.
5 What breed/species of dog is that?
6 In a mature tree, the roots extend far from the
branch/trunk.
7 Emergency services/authorities are evacuating the
area.
8 At first there was just a light downpour/drizzle, but
then it began to rain really hard.
9 We drove very slowly as it was difficult to see
through the thick Frost/fag in the air.
1O Temporary shelters/habitats have been set up for
evacuees.
Jcliorns
5 Choose the correct word.
lt's raining pups/cats and dogs today!
2 He's just a fair-climate/weather friend.
3 The rescuers were on cloud ten/nine after
successfully rescuing the little boy.
4 James is at home - he is feeling a bit
under/below the weather.
5 "What great news! You've really brightened/lit
up my day."
6 Fili in: bark, active, humidity,forecast, soar, wind.
1 There is high ...................... during the monsoon
season.
2 ................ is the protective outer layer on
trees.
3 Temperatures will probably ........... . above
40°C today.
4 Mt Vesuvius is a(n) ........................ volcano in
southern ltaly.
5 The ........................ is really strong today so it's a
perfect day for windsurfing.
6 The weather ........................ is for showers and
cool breezes today.
189
 State & politics
Deputy Prime Minister =
wicepremier
High Court = Sąd Najwyższy
House of Commons = Izba
i Gmin
I Labour Party = Partia Pracy
Liberal Democrats = Liberalni
Demokraci
Lord Chancellor = Lord
Kanclerz
i Member of Parliament =
członek parlamentu,
H
parlamentarzysta
Secretary of State = sekretarz
stanu
Verbs
come (into power)= dojść (do
władzy)
cut (taxes) = ciąć (podatki)
give (a speech) = wygłosić
(przemówienie)
outline (a plan)= nakreślić
(plan)
pass (a law) = uchwalić
(ustawę)
run (for a position) = ubiegać
się (o stanowisko)
vote (for sb) =glosować (na
kogoś)
win (an election) = wygrać
(wybory)
Law
ldioms
be on the wrong/right side of
the law= być na bakier/
w zgodzie z prawem
in the eyes of the law =
wobec prawa
take the law into one's own
hands = wziąć prawo w
swoje ręce
the long arm of the law =
długie ramię
sprawiedliwości
Crime & punishment
accused :;:;: oskarżony
arsonist = podpalacz
burglar = włamywacz
car thief = złodziej
samochodów
community service ;;:;: prace
społeczne
;I crime scene :;:;: miejsce zbrodni
death penalty = kara śmierci
:.I innocent = niewinny
jury = ława przysięgłych
'·I·
''
i I
i kidnapper = porywacz
rnugger = bantlyta
offence = przestępstwu
190
probation = nadzór kuratorski
trial = proces
vandal = wandal
verdict = werdykt
warning = ostrzeżenie
witness :;;: świadek
Verbs
abduct :::: uprowadzić
investigate = prowadzić
dochodzenie
sentence :;:;: wyrok
steal = kraść
trespass = wtargnięcie,
naruszenie własności
Phrasol verbs
break into (a building) =
włamać się (do budynku)
Useful phrases
break the law = złamać prawo
find (sb) guilty (oD = uznać
(kogoś) winnym (czegoś)
press charges = oskarżyć
kogoś o coś
put on probationltrial =
wyznaITjć komuś kuratora I
postawić kogoś przed
sądem
send to prison = wysiać do
więzienia
set fire to = podłożyć ogień
Social policy
animal rights = prawa
zwierząt
campaign = kampania
children's rights = prawa dzieci
discrimination :;;::
dyskryminacja
environmental protection ;:;
ochrona środowiska
ethnic diversity =
różnorodność etniczna
human rights = prawa
człowieka
legal system = system prawny
poverty :;;:: ubóstwo
racial equality:;;:: równość
rasowa
terrorism ;:; terroryzm
Verbs
detonate (a bomb) =
zdetonować (bombę)
prohibit ;:; zabronić
raise (awareness) ;:; podnieść
(świadomość)
Domestic & international
conflicts
conflict = konflikt
diplomat = dyplomata
dispute = spór
rally= wiec
rioters = uczestnicy zamieszek
Verbs
hold (a demonstration) =
organizować
(demonstrację)
reach (an agreement) =
osiągnąć (porozumienie)
resolve (a conflict) =
(konflikt)
rozwiązać
sign (a petition) = podpisać
(petycję)
take (action) = podjąć
(działania)
Useful phrases
bring an end (to sth) =
zakończyć
International organisations
EU (European Union)= UE
(Unia Europejska)
!MF (International Monetary
Fund)= MFW
(Międzynarodowy Fundusz
Walutowy)
IO( (International Olympic
Committee) = Ml<OI
(Międzynarodowy Komitet
Olimpijski)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation) = Pakt
Północnoatlantycki
WHO (World Health
Organisation) = Światowa
Organizacja Zdrowia
WWF (World Wildlife Fund for
Nature) = Światowy
Fundusz na Rzecz
Środowiska Naturalnego
Religions & places of
worship
Buddhists = buddyści
Buddism = buddyzm
Christianity = chrześcijaństwo
Christians ;:; chrześcijanie
church = kościół
gurdwara = gurudwara
(świątynia sikhijska)
Hinduism:::: hinduizm
Hindus;:; hinduiści
Islam = islam
Jews =żydzi
Judaism = judaizm
mandir = mandir (świątynia
hinduistyczna)
mosque = meczet
Muslims ;:; muzułmanie
Sikhism = sikhizm
Sikhs = sikhowie
stupa = stupa (buddyjska
budowla sakralna)
synagogue = synagoga
Eco nomy
business venture =
przedsięwzięcie biznesowe
cost of living ;:; koszt życia
fami!y~run business = interes
rodzinny
income tax ;:; podatek
dochodowy
international trade = handel
międzynarodowy
rate =kurs
standard of living = standard
życia
unit of currency = jednostka
monetarna
worldwide problem =
ogólnoświatowy problem
1 Choose the odd word out.
arsonist - vandal - chancellor - mugger
2 jury - rally - accused - witness
3 Mandar - Sikhism - Gurdwara - Stupa
" Collocations
4 Fili in: unit, income, lega/, business, cost, living,
children's, ethnic.
1 ............... standards are high in the UK.

4 trespass - steal - abduct - sentence

2 They're hopeful their new ................... venture
will be more successful than their last.
5 election - terrorism - speech - candidate
6 rights - venture - equality - discrimination
3 According to the report, Australia has the third
lowest ................ of living in the developed
world.
Yi!ords often confused
4 The Singapore dollar (SGD) is Singapore's officia!
2 Choose the correct word. . .................. of currency.
5 lt is illegal not to pay ...... „ ....... tax.
1 They hope to reach/resolve an agreement today.
6 For historie reasons, the ................. system in
2 The police have confirmed that they are going to
Scotland differs from that of the rest of the UK.
press/hold charges.
7 He is a „ „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ „ rights lawyer.
3 The judge sentenced/accused the thief to two
8 We want to promote „ „ „ „ „ „„ „. diversity in aur
years in prison.
workplace.
4 He was warned to stay on the right side/arm of
the law.
5 Stealing is a criminal offence/defence.
5 Fili in with: Commons, petition, cut, synogogue,
community, detonate, pass, probation.
6 Were there any witnesses/victims to the crime?
7 Police have cordoned off the cri me stage/scene. 1 They worship at the „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ every week.
8 He is Secretary of State/Parliament for Foreign 2 Experts were called in to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . the bomb
and Commonwealth Affairs. in a controlled explosion.
9 lt's time we took/raised action. 3 He was sentenced to 1OO hours of „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
1O The government wants to lower tax rates/units. service.
4 The UK public elects 650 MPs to represent their
interests in the House of „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . .
'" Prepositions
5 They managed to get over a million signatures on
3 Choose the correct preposition. their „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . .
6 He is currently on . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . while awaiting
1 He broke into/onto the car by smashing a window.
trial.
2 They were sent at/to prison for their crime.
7 The government has backtracked on their
3 When did he come of/into power?
promise to „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ ... „ . taxes.
4 She has decided to run up/for president in the next
8 They hope to .. „ „ „ „ •.. „ •. „ „ the law in the neę{:
election.
few days.
5 He was caught attempting to set fire in/to the
house.
6 They want to bring an end over/to the confiict.
7 I haven't decided who I am going to vote for/on
yet.
8 She decided to take the law into/through her own
hands.
9 He has been accused of/with the crime and will
stand trial.

191
 ~

J
·-,· ••
..•. •.

1i
i

II
I

I
.I

I
I

JI~
 Grammar Seetion

O Present Tenses (present simple, present continuous, stative verbs, adverbs of frequency, present
perfect, present perfect continuous) ..... „ ........... „............. . .. „ .............................. „.„ ... „.„ ........ . p. 194
fJ Past Tenses (past simple, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, used to!wou/d,) .. . p. 198
1U Future Tenses (future simple, be going to, future continuous, future perfect, future perfect
continuous, will/won't- sho/O ................ „ ................ „ .................... . ................................................... . p. 202
O lnfinitive/-ing form (tenses of the infinitive, active, passive, tenses ofthe-ing form, infinitive,
-ing form, verbs taking the to infinitive or the -ing form with a change in meaning, too!enough, participles) .... „. p. 206 -~

1:1 Moda Is (use, present/future, past, continuous and simple forms with modals) .... „ .............. „ .... „ .... „ ............ . p. 212 -~
O Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons (adjectives, order of adjectives, adverbs, formation of adverbs,
order of adverbs, points to consider, quite/rather/fairly/pretty, comparatives and superlatives) .......................... . p.217
O Clauses: Relative Clauses (relative clauses, prepositions in relative clauses, identifying and non-identifying
relative clauses), Time Clauses, Clauses of Purpose, Clauses of Reason, Clauses of Result,
Clauses of Concession, Exclamations, Clauses of Manner, Clauses of Place, Linking Words .„ ... „ .. „.„.... p. 224
O The Passive (the passive, personalflmpersonal constructions) ................................................. „ .... „ ............ p. 236
O Causative Form .... „... ..„.„ ..... „ ... „............ ...................... . .................................................. p. 240
mJ Reported Speech (reported speech, reported statements, reported questions, indirect questions,
reported orders, moda Is in reported speech, reported comr.... ;1ds/requests/suggestionsflnstructions, etc,
reporting a dialogue or a conversation, exclamations - Yes/No short answers - question tags, the subjunctive) .. p. 242
W Conditionals (types 0111213, mixed conditionals) ........................ „ „ ............ „ ....... „ .......................... „ .... „„. p. 248
ifJ Wishes/Unreal Past (wishes, unreal past, had better, wautd ratherJ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ ... „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . p. 252
W Nouns (nouns, the plural of nouns, countable/uncountable nouns, plural nouns, group nouns, nouns used
in singular and pl ural with a different meaning) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ p. 257
llJ Articles lthe indefinite article a/an, alnJ!one, one!ones, the definite article the! „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. p. 261
[0 Emphasis/lnversion „ ..... „ .. „ ............ „ „ „ ................. „ ...... „ „ ...... „ „ .......... „ ........................ „ ...... „ ... „ ...... p. 265
mJ Pronouns (demonstlft?ves, a lotoflmany!much!loJ fewllaJ little, some!any!no!every, other structures,
all/none!both!either „. neither/every- each, subject/object pronouns, reftexive pronouns, possessive
adjectives/pronouns, possessive case, there/it) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ ........ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ p. 269
mPrepositions of Place/Movement/Time „ „„„„. „ .. „ „„ . „ .. „ „ „ „ . . ........ „ .. „ „ „ .. „ p. 280
mJ Questions & Answers (questions with Yes/No answers, wh- questions, subject/object questions,
indirect questions, so - neither/nor, question tags, intonation) „. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ..... „ „ ... „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ p. 284

Word Formation .............. „ ....................................................... „ ........ „ .................................... „ .................. . p. 290

Phrasal Verbs ...................... „ ........ „ .............. „ „ ..................................... „.„„ ............................................. „ ... . p. 298
Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions ........ „ .... „ „ .. „ ..... „.„.„„.„„„ ............................. „ ..... „ .. p. 304

193
j
 1

I!
'D Present Tenses

Present Simple Present Continuous

We use the present simple for: We use the present continuous (to be+ verb -ing):
• facts and permanent states. • for actions taking place at or around the moment of
Heather and Pat live in the centre o( the city. speaking. Tracy is making a lot o( noise at the moment.
• general truths and laws of nature. • for temporary situations.
The earth goes round the sun. Ted is learning to play the drums.
• habits and routines (with always, usually, etc). • for fixed arrangements in the near future.
Bob ahvays vva/:\s to schoo!. JunJJi/ion Linei Iure going bovvling 011 Sorurdoy.
• timetables and programmes (in the future). • for currently changing and developing situations.
Our piane arrives at midnight. More and mare people are exercising these days.
• sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations. • with adverbs such as always to express anger or
Christopher Reeves p/ays the role o( Superman in this mm. irritation at a repeated action.
o feelings and thoughts. You're always (orgetting to tidy your room.
I /ike James Bond (ifms. They're (ul/ or action.
The time expressions we use with the present
The time expressions we use with the present continuous are: naw, at the moment, at present, these
simple are: usually, o(ten, always, every day/week! days, nowadays, stili, today, tonight, etc.
month/year, etc, in the morning/a(ternoonlevening, at
night/the weekend, on Fridays, etc.
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action, and so do not usually have a continuous tense.
These verbs are:
• verbs of the senses (see, hear, smel/, taste, fee/, look, sound, seem, appear, etc). David /ooks tired.
• verbs of perception (know, be/ieve, understand, rea/ise, remember, forget, etc). I think History is interesting.
• verbs which express feelings and emotions (/ike, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want, etc). Barbara doesn't /ike
heavy metal music.
• same other verbs (agree, be, be/ang, contain, continue, cost, fit, have, include, keep, matter, need, owe, own, possess,
require, seem, suppose, understand, want, weigh, wish, etc). Terry has a new laptop.
Same of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses, but with a difference in meaning.

Present Simple Present Coni:inuous :

THINK: '
I thinkournew Science teacheris very nice.(= believe) Mum and Dad are thinking ofbuying a new car. (= are considering)
They are having (un ice-skating. (= are experiencing)
HAVE: He hasa pet iguana. (= own, possess) She is having a bath. (= is ta king)
I am having cereal for break(ast. (=am eating)
SEE: I can see John and Tina in the park. (= are visible) /'m seeing Patrick outside the cinema tonight. (= am meeting)
Do you see what I mean? (= understand)
TASTE: The meattastes very softy.(= it is, has the flavour of) Harry is tasting the new Chinese dish. (= is testing)
SMELL: These Howers sme/I great. (- have the aroma of) Why are you smelling the milk?(= are sniffing)
APPEAR:Anna appears to be iii.(= seems to) He is appearing at the theatre this week. (= is performing)
FIT: These jeans are com(ortable and fit me perfectly. My dad is fitting security locks on the windows. (= is attaching)
(= are the right size)
LOOK: Julia /ooks very pleased. (= appears) Stephen is /ooking at an advert in the newspaper (= is taking a
I
' look at)
I
Rernernber!
I'
The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to express a specific preference. My brother really enjoys';\
skateboarding. (general preference) BUT They are rea/ly enjoying the concert. (specific preference)
Fee/ (experience a particular emotion), and hurt can be used in simple or continuous tenses with no
difference in meaning. /fee/ tired. =I am feeling tired.1\1/y leg hurts. =My leg is hurting.
Listen, look, and watch express deliberate actions and can be used in continuous tenses.

·l
a""5o1~-„&-ses• s~ J

1. 194
11
~
 Present Tenses ·\a·.·.·
'
\
.
'

bs of Frequency Adverbs of Frequency

r::Z~f frequency show us how often something happens.
~. the question How often ... ? We often use adverbs of
nswer .
,;:: with the present s1mple .
.'ifc does nm go to football practice?"
wF:~goes an Mondays and Fridays."
•aciverbs of frequency: . . .
'"""'·'~Te
the ma in verb. G2c;r9e (::...:r2!y /Jster1s to c!oss1cof n1us1c.
:;:'łle auxiliary verbs be, have and do, and moda! verbs such
'will, must, etc.
6esn't usually tidy up her clesk.
is a/ways polite in class.
ta/ways eat fruit and vegetables.

·l'adverbs rarely, seidom and never have a negative meaning and they are never used with the word not'j
f{iy never swims in winter. (NOT: Cathy~ never swim ...) I
'f'śeldom goes to sc/100/ byca1: (NOT: Phil~se/domgo ... ) ~
;;t-r~· - ==~'""==-.,,,..,,.==-·=~--='"'=-' " -=- ,,.._,,,.._-.=...==...=---==~:~

Present Perfect Continuous

· present perfect (have + past participle) for:
f1 that happened at an unstated time in the
. e emphasis is on the action, the time when
red is unimportant or unknown.
one all my homewark. T!'udy has been to the Alps.
"n which started in the past and continues
.he present, especially with stative verbs (see
„94) such as be, have, /ike, know, etc.
{ved in this town for years.
fitly completed action.
y has just left.
qr)al experiences or changes.
{you ever f/own in a piane?
<:,tion which has happened within a specific
%__
'ilf(period which is not over at the moment of
~.~.ing. We use words and expressions such as
ój/this morningleveninglweeklmonth, etc.
m:i.vritten three emails this morning. (=the time period
We use the present perfect continuous (have + been +
verb -ing):
e to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
started in the past and continues up to the present.
I have been writing this essay for two hours.
e for an action which started in the past and lasted for
some time. lt may stili be continuing or has finished
al ready, but the result is visible in the present.
John's liair is wet. He has been swimming for hours.
e to express anger, irritation or annoyance.
Why has Andrew been using my computer without
asking me first?
The time expressions we use with the present
perfect continuous are: for, since, how long, all
day/morninglmonth etc, lately, recently.

1
1§.~;~orning - is not over yet. We may write more.) (Remem ber!)
IJ;le expressions we use with the present
ecs.~re: for, Since, a/ready, a/ways, just, ever, never, SO
I -"''"""'"' ''"""""' """•-•"•·=---~ ·"""' ""'""~"~- ··-··"·"="''7""·-""..,_~

With the verbs live, work, teach and fee/ we can use
the present perfect simple or the present perfect
~."'a·.·.·.}· ."'. t.his week/month, etc, how long, /ately, recently, continuous with no difference in meaning .
.• egations), yet, by now, etc.
Gregory has lived!has been living in the countryside
;Jor the last five years.
"~
w;• -··· -~--·--= ·-·-„~------
lfi?,f gone to the post office. (She's on her way the~
·,hes there naw. She hasn't come back yet.)
r~ ?5 been to Australia. (He has visited Australia, but
~/':::n.t there now. He has come back.)
)~fine has been in Rome for 2 years. (She lives in
~ e naw.)
---·-~

J
 'Dl
\
1
.·· Present Tenses

1 Choose the correct item. 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

n~kota Fanni~9' Ri~ing*

present tense.

A Dear Penny,
How are you? l'm finally in New York on the student
Over the last decade. teen actress Dakota Fanning 1) C to exchange programme and I 1) am !wving (have) a
wonderful time. I 2) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ (not/have) time
make a name for herself in Hollywood. She has been in over
to write because we 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . (be) busy every day.
21 films. mostly as a child. and has received severa! awards I 4) „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ (meet) a lot of fascinating
and nominations. Her roles 2) „ „ „ „ her to work next to people so far! I 5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . (even/make)
some of Hollywood's greatest actors such as Robert some friends, Jared and Antonia. New York is very different L
from Swansea. People 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . , ]
DeNiro. Tom Cruise and Denzel Washington. Most
(always/rush) around and the streets are
people 3) „ „ .• „ Dakota from her excellent performance crowded. I 7) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ (not/like) i
in I am Sam along with Sean Penn in 2001. Since then. the noise much because it 8) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ '
she 4) „ „ „ „ hard. As a teenage actress. her talent and (keep) me up at night. We 9) „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
(not/do) much sightseeing yet, but we
beauly 5) „.„„. as we can see in the films The Runaways
10) „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . (go) out every night
and Eclipse. Dakota 6) „„.„. some other talents as we!!. since we arrived.
She can also play the violin and 7) „ „ „ „ to knit. Actually. Tomorrow, the school 11) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
she has knitted scarves for Tom Cruise, Oprah Winfrey and (take) us to the Statue of Liberty.
112) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ (look) forward
Steven Spielberg. 8) „ „ „ . „ she is learning to speak French
to it!
',1 and is dreaming of going to the Oscars one dayl Talk soon.
i' When people ask Dakota how she feels about acting. the Liza
answer comes easily. 'Tve 9) ... „„. wanted to be an actress
and it's great lun to know that's what 11 O) „ „ „ „ !''
3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
present tense.
A ma nag es © has managed J: John T: Tom
B is managing D don't manage
J: Hi, Tom. You 1) look (look) upset. What's wrong?
2 A have allowed c don't allow T: Oh hi, John. Weil. I 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „
B al low D are allowing (have) problems at work lately and I 3) „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ .
„ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ (not/know) what to do.
3 A have remembered C remember
B a,re remembering D have been remembering They 4) . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . (hire) a new
manager recently and I 5) „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „
:; 4 A does work c works (not/think) he likes me very much. He
B 's been working D 's working 6) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ (always/put) extra work
!
!r on my desk and 7) „ „ „ .„ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ . „ (ask) me to
5 A are stili growing c have stili grown
B stili grow D have stili been growing work on Saturdays.
J: lt 8) „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ (sound) to me
6 A has had c has like you are the one he 9) .„ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „
B has been having D hasn't (depend) on.
7 A loves c has loved T: Huh? 10) „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . (you/not/be)
B is loving D has been loving serious. are you?
i. 8 A Stili c Lately
J: Yes. Actually 111) „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ Qust/finish)
a seminar on working relations. Basically. he
B Usually D At present 12) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ (believe) that you
9 A always c ever are qualified and responsible to take on the work.
B never D al ready T: Weil, if that's true. I 13) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .„ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „.
(fee!) awful.
10 A achieve c has achieved J: lt's OK. Maybe he 14) .
B 've achieved D 've been achieving (train) you to become the new manager one day!
196

4 Complete the letter. Put the verbs into the
correct present tense.
Dear Carla,
I i) 'm writing (write) to you from
Sydney, Australia. 2) ........ .
.....•........................ (you/ever/be)
here? I 3) ........................... .
(have) a great time.
14J ................................... ca1ready/ćio)somarly"
exciting things.
Right naw, I am having lunch next to the Sydney Opera
House, which is a beautiful white building that
5) ...•.•..... „ .......... „ ..... (look) like the sails of many ships.
One of the best things in Sydney is the food. Everything
I 6) .............................. (eat) here so far is delicious. I
7) ......•.................. (ride) a bike to get around the city,
which is fun. l've also been spending a lot of time lying
on the beaches; there are so many nice ones.
Later today I 8) ......................... (visit) the Museum of
Contemporary Art and then l'm going to Oxford Street
to do a bit of shopping. Before we leave, I 9) ................. .
(want) to climb the Sydney Harbour Bridge; l've heard
that it's a really great experience. I iO) ........................... .
(notjsee) any kangaroos or koalas yet, so I am
planning to take a trip to Taronga Zoo. You have to take
a ferry boat to get there!
I hope you are doing well! See you soon!
Danielle
5 Fili in the gaps with a suitable time expression:
ago, since, for, a/ready, yet, how long.
1 A: Did you know that there are mare women at
university than men nowadays?
B: Yes, nearly 70% of university students were
małe 30 years ago.
2 A: ..................... have you been living in Germany?
B: ....... „ ................... nearly three years.
3 A: Have you found any new information for aur
project?
B: I have ............................ looked at same sites,
but haven't come across anything interesting.
4 A: You're a very talented tennis player Kate. Have
you been playing long?
B: Actually, I haven't played tennis .............. .
I left school.
5 A: This is a very beautiful place for camping!
B: Yes, and tourists haven't discovered it .......... „
either.
Present Tenses D
6 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
Do you have any plans for this Friday?
PLANNING What are you planning to do this
Friday?
2 Lisa never forgets to feed the cat.
ALWAYS Lisa ................................. „ .......... .
................ „ ............... feed the cat.
3 This is the most delicious mea! l've ever eaten.
NEVER I ................................................... .
................... such a delicious mea I.
4 He's stili writing his story.
FINISHED He ............. „ ................................. .
.. „ ............... „ writing his story yet.
5 Jim has an appointment with the doctor on Monday.
IS Jim ............................................... .
................. the doctor on Monday.
6 How many times a week do you visit your
grandparents?
OFTEN How „ ... „ ..................................... .
visit your grandparents each week?
7 Terry doesn't play golf very often.
RARELY Terry „ .................... „ ..................... .
....... „ ............................. „ „ „ .. golf.
8 I can't find my keys. Have you seen them?
AM 1 ................................................... .
my keys. Have you seen them?
9 This cake is delicious.
TASTES This .............................................. .
....................................... delicious.
1O We are enjoying ourselves a lot here in Malaga.
HAVING We ............................................... .
...............l{f).......... here in Malaga.
11 She hasn't finished typing the letters yet.
STILL She „ ............................................ .
the letters.
12 She is seriously considering studying medicine.
THINKING She ............ „ ................................ .
...................................... medicine.
13 I haven't driven a jeep before.
FIRST lt's the ......................................... .
....... „ .................................. a jeep.
14 Emma goes to the gym every day after work.
ALWAYS Emma .......................................... .
„ .................................. after work.
15 Mark isn't here because he is at the bank.
GONE Mark ...................... .
. .. the bank.
197
j
 D Past Tenses
Past Simple
We use the past simple (verb + -ed) for:
• an action that occurred at a definite time (stated
or implied) in the past.
Tim bought a new campu ter game last week.
• actions that happened immediately one after the
other in the past.
Shc puton hercoat, open2d the doorand le ft the house.
11
111 • habits or states which are naw finished.
I 11 When Tina was young she played the guitar.
i' II Note: Used to can also be used instead of the past
I,
simple for habits/repeated actions in the past.
e past actions which won't take place again.
I Walt Disney created many brilliant cartoons.
For irregular forms see list of lrregular Verbs.
The time expressions we use with the past simple
are: yesterday, then, when, How long ago „.?, last night!
I week!month/year/Friday!October, etc, three days!weeks,
etc ago, in 2005, etc.
Past Continuous
We use the past continuous (was/were + main verb +
-ing):
e for an action which was in progress when another
action interrupted it. We use the past continuous
for the action in progress (the longer action), and
the past simple for the action which interrupted it
(shorter action). White aur teacher was giving us aur
homework, the bell rang.
• for two or mare simultaneous actions in the past.
John was playing the keyboard whi/e Penny was
walking the dog.
• for an action which was in progress at a stated time
in the past. We don't mention when the action
started or finished.
I was watching my favourite 7V pro!fb3mme at 9:00 last
night.
• to describe the atmosphere, setting, etc and to give
background information to a story.
The wind was blowing and it was stil/ raining when
I woke up that morning.
Note: When there are two past continuous forms in a
sentence with the same subject, we can avoid
repetition by just using the present participle (-ing form)
and leaving out the subject as well as the verb to be.
He was singing while he was having a shower. = He was
singing t,vhile having a shotver
The time expressions we use with the past continuous
are: while, when, as, all day/night!morning, all dayyesterday.
198
Rernernber!
j ___ _:;_:::;_;:;;~=:==-:::::=--.:.::::===::~:;;;:;.:=::::;;::::::....-::;;~,--
I The past continuous is not used for repeated ~
i actions in the past. The past simple is used instead. j
I''\.(NOT:
When we were young we walked to school every day. l.!j
We "'~'il '"a'kiQg to school„.) :'
""'·---„-------~-·----·-·J
Past Perfect
We use the past perfect (hod+ past participle) for:
a an action which happened before another past
action or before a stated time in the past.
The film hod started by the time we gat there.
• an action which finished in the past and whose
result was visible in the past.
Joe had broken his leg, so he couldn't play football.
The time expressions we use with the past perfect
are: before, after, a/ready,just, for, since, till!until, when,
by the time, never, etc.
Past Perfect Continuous
We use the past perfect continuous (hod been + main
verb + -ing):
o to put emphasis on the duration of an action which
started and finished in the past, before another
action or stated time in the past, usually with for or
Since. I hod been waiting for hours before my tra in arrived.
o for an action which lasted for same time in the past
and whose result was visible in the past. Tania fett
very tired because she hod been studying all afternoon.
The time expressions we use with the past perfect
continuous are: for, since, how long, before, unti/, etc.
The past perfect is the past equivalent of the '
present perfect.
Compare: He was happy. He hod won rhe race. (The ·
action had won happened in the past. The result ,1
was happy was visible in the past.) He is happy. He '
has won the race. (The action has won finished in the
past. The result is happy is stili visible in the present. ·
Compare: He was tired. He had been working since
moming. (The action hod been working lasted for .
same time in the past. lts result was tired was
visible in the past.) He is tired. He has been working ~
since morning. (The action has been working started i
in the past and lasted for same time. lt may stili be
going on or have finished, but its result is tired is
in the present
 Past Tenses ·e
Used to - Would 3 Circle the correct item.
• Used to is used to talk about past habits, repeated
actions or routines in the past which no longer Nicole Kidman ... an Oscar in 2003.
happen. He used to go climbing when he was young. i A was winning ©won
didn't use to eat fish, but naw i do. What did you use to B used to win D had won
do when you were younger?
• We use would!used to for repeated actions or 2 A: Who ........ to outside school this morning?
routines in the past. We do not use wou/d with B: Kelly. She's the new girl in my class.
stative verbs because they describe states and not A was talking C you talked
actions. They wou/d/used to eat out on Sundays. BUT B would you talk D were you talking
She used to have a dog. (NOT: She wguta OQ"@ a dog.)
3 As she entered the room, her hands ....... .
A were shaking C had shaken
1 Fill in: used to or would. B had been shaking D used to shake
When I was 10, I 1) used to live (live) in a big 4 Last night I was tired because I .. „ .... for six hours.
house in the suburbs. My sister and I 2) ............ . A used to study C had been studying
...................................... (have) our own rooms, but B would study D am studying
sometimes we 3) ................................ „ .........•.......
(sleep) in the same room. There 4) ...................... . 5 A: Do you remember the go-kart we ....... when
........................................ (be) a big swimming pool we were ten?
in the garden. At weekends, we 5) ......................... . B: Yes, it's in the shed and it stili works.
................................... (invite) friends over to swim. A were building C had been building
We 6) .......................... „....................... (spend) all B built D had built
afternoon playing football with our friends. Mum
6 A: I ...... they were moving.
7) ........................................ (make) us sandwiches
B: They only decided two weeks ago.
and lemonade. We B) ............................................. .
A wouldn't know C didn't know
(go) back home only alter the sun set. We
B wasn't known D didn't use to know
9) ................................................... (have) a lot of
lun together. Now, we're much older with families 7 lt was late. She turned off her PC, ........ her bag
of our own and have no time to play. and left the office.
A grabbed C was grabbing
B used to grab D had been grabbing
2 Choose the correct item.
8 By the time I woke up, Sarah ........ breakfast
Pro skateboarder Ryan Sheckler 1) used to start/ ~ A was made C used to make
started skating at a very early age. When he 2) was/ V' B made D had made
used to be 18 months ald, he 3) was finding/found his ~
9 A: Why are you wet?
dad's ald skateboard. He 4) used to ride/was riding it ~
B: I was walking the dog when it ........ raining.
around the house. When he 5) used to be/was four, !•' A was starting C had started
he 6) did/was doing 'ollies'. Ryan 7) used to hang [
B had been starting D started
out/hanging out with older skateboarders and do t
!;.~
tricks when he was just five. His moves 8) were/were ? 1O We were both busy. Sam was cooking while
being just as good or even better than the older kids'. I I ........ .
A had cleaned C would clean
At the age of seven, he 9) used to skate/was skating [•
every day on his mini-ramp in his back garden. As
soon as he l O) was beingiwas old enough, his mum :
!.·• ·.' 11
B was cleaning D had been cleaning

The snow ........ all night and in the morning

11) took/was taking him to skateboarding events. 1± everything was white.
Between 1999 and 2002 he 12) was cntering/ i; A was fallen C had been falling
entered many compctitions and then in 2003 he r
r B was falling D would fali
ki
13) was turning/turned pro. Throughout his teens he
14) used to win/won many championships and
medals.
199
 l

\fJ Past Tenses

·~!i;
4 Read the news report and fili in t .
the gaps with the past forms of [~ ·
the verbs in brackets. lfI: f
'I
I
~~~11~;.>.;~.,.,·~:
'-'r~·'"'.~'ł
..-.
~ • • • ł • • • } ~ \~'.~;.
Coincidence or trick of fate?
I in Bristol, our summers were warm and sunny, but the
When Charles McManus, 30, 1) wall<ed (walk) into his
111
home on the evening of 19 February, 2010, he
II 2) ................................. (not;expect) to find the man
he 3) ................................. (just;rob) standing in his
living room talking on the phone.
According to the victim, David Zar, he 4) .................... .
.......................... (make) a delivery for Domino's Pizza
at around 10:00pm when McManus and another man
5) ..................................... (approach) him. McManus
6) ....................................................... (hold) a knife
and 7) .......................................... ( demand) that he
hand over the food, his mobile phone and the money he
8) ....................................... (make) earlier that night.
They 9) .............................. (also/take) his motorbike
keys and his motorbike before they drove away.
'1'
:.: After the first shock, David Zar 10) ............................ .
'!
(walk) as fast as he could till he 11) .......................... .
! !
(see) a house with a light. He 12) .............................. .
(explain) to the lady who 13) ....................... (answer)
the door what 14) ...................................... (happen)
and 15) ...................... ( ask) to use her phone to call
the police. At the time, he 16) ................................... .
(not/know) it, but he 17) ....................................... .
(call) from the McManus household after McManus's
mother let him in!
Charles McManus is out on bail and awaiting trial.
5 Circle the correct item, as in the example.
By the time we gat to the theatre, the play had started.
a First we gat to the theatre. Then, the play started.
@ First the play started. Then, we got to the theatre.
6 Choose the correct item.
.
The summer heat 1) A since early June. As newcomers to
•', ~·.i Greece, we had heard of the intense summer temperatures,
but we had never imagined it would be so bad. Back home,
temperature rarely went above the mid-twenties. We had
moved to Crete to enjoy the climate, but alter a week of
suffering, we 2) ....... thai the heat 3) ....... unbearable.
Thai was when Tom and I decided to buy a ceiling fan. We
went inio the town and alter hours of looking, we 4) ...... .
across a beautiful wooden fan which we bought on the
spot. The shop assistant offered to send an electrician to
install il, but my husband relused. You see, he 5) ....... lor
an electrician doing odd jobs when he was a student
years ago, so he believed he could do il himself.
As soon as we gol home, Tom 6) ....... working on the fan
and I went to the kitchen to prepare dinner. I had jus! pul
the food on the table when he called me. We looked up
and saw thai the fan 7) ....... overhead and blowing cool
air inio the bedroom. We sat down to eat, but a lew
minutes later we heard a terrible noise. We rushed inio
the bedroom and saw thai the fan 8) ....... onto the lloor.
My poor husband 9) ....... as white as a sheet.
When we 10) ....... from the shock, we picked up the
pieces and Tom promised me thai we could go back and
get another one. We went the next day and !his time we
agreed to have an electrician come and install il!
1 ® had started c were starting
B start D use to start
2 A were realising c had been realising
B had realised D realised
3 A became c had become
B had been becoming D used to become

j:
2 Bob was playing football when he sprained his ankle. 4 A were coming c had come
a Bob sprained his ankle before he started playing B carne D had been coming
football. 5 A would be working c would work
b Bob started playing football before he sprained B used to work D was working
his ankle. 6 A had started c started
3 Sue had been digging in the garden before she B was starting D had been starting
stopped for lunch. 7 A had been working c worked
a Sue was digging in the garden. Then, she B was working D had worked
stopped for lunch. 8 A had crashed c had been crashing
b Sue had lunch before she started digging in the B was crashing D crash
garden.
4 Jimmy had breakfast and then went to school.
9 A was going c had been going
B went D used to go
a Jimmy had breakfast at school.
b Jimmy had breakfast at home.
10 A were recovenng c would recover
B had recovered
200 D had been recovering
 Past Tenses B
7 Complete the gaps with the correct form of the 8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
verbs in brackets. Use the past simp/e, past meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous or in bold.
wou/d.
1 Tony was playing the drums and Sandy was reading.
WHILE Sandy was reading while Tony was
playing the drums.
2 How long has it been since you finished school?
DID When .......................................... .
......................................... school?
3 Jo hasn't visited me for three weeks.
Jack Harris is a pensioner with a passion for puzzles. In WAS The last time Jo ............................ .
2002 his daughter-in-law 1) gave (give) him the biggest .......................... three weeks ago.
jigsaw she could find; it had 5,000 pieces. Jack's family 4 lt was years since Chris had been sailing.
had always given him a large jigsaw puzzle for Christmas NOT Chris ............................................ .
each year and he and his wife 2) ....... „ ....................... . ............................ sailing for years.
(werk) on it together. But his daughter-in-law's puzzle 5 I didn't turn off the computer until after the game
was the biggest jigsaw of all. had uploaded.
Jack and his wife 3) .............................................. (try) BEFORE I had uploaded the game ............. .
to fit together the 5,000 pieces for two years when, ............................... the computer.
sadly, his wife 4) ............................................... (die) in 6 He was hot and tired from digging in the garden
2004. Without her help, he 5) ..................................... . all day.
(continue) the project slowly. By May 201 O, Jack Harris BEEN He ................................................ .
6) ................................................. (complete) the huge .................... in the garden all day;
jigsaw puzzle. lt 7) .............................................. (take) that's why he was hot and tired.
him over seven years to piece it together. The picture 7 When did you move house?
8) ........................................ (be) of a 19th cen tury oil AGO How ............................................. .
painting by James Tissot called The Return of the Prodigal .......................... you move house?
Son. However, the puzzle 9) ............................. (have) a 8 She started working as soon as he left.
little hole in the middle because a piece UNTIL She .............................................. .
1O) ............................................ (miss)! ................................... he had left.
Jack 11) ....... ,.......................... (look) everywhere in his 9 How long has it been since they moved to ltaly?
house in Shepton Mallet, England for the missing piece, DID When ........................................... .
but he couldn't find it anywhere. His family even to ltaly?
12) ........................... (contact) Falcon Games to ask for 1O They didn't go to bed until the film oef;v had
a replacement piece, but they 13) ................................ . finished.
(not/have) one. However, after hearing the story, the WHEN They ............................. .
company's managing director 14) ................................ . ................. the film on TV finished.
(instruct) a team of designers to make a piece especially 11 I haven't been to the gym for a week.
for Jack's puzzle. WENT The last ........................................ .
A few weeks la ter, the little piece 15) ........................... . ......... to the gym was a week ago.
(arrive) and Jack was able to place it into position. Jack 12 He has been learning Dutch for six months.
16) ......................................... (feel) very satisfied, just STARTED He ................................................ .
like he had always felt after he and his wife .............................................. ago.
17) .............................................. (complete) the other 13 On his way home, Roger met an old friend.
jigsaw puzzles. Falcon Games were very generous and WALKING Roger ........................................... .
18) .................... (give) Jack plenty of other puzzles to .................... he met an old friend.
complete, so he could continue to enjoy his favourite 14 They started cleaning after all the guests had left.
pastime. UNTIL They ................................ .
. all the guests had left.

201
J

\~Future
IE.I Tenses
Future Simple
We use the future simple (will+ bare infinitive) for:
• decisions made at the moment of speaking.
This is the T-shirt I want! I'// buy it.
• predictions about the future, based on what we
think, believe or imagine, using the verbs think,
believe, expect, etc; the expressions be sure, be afraid,
etc; and the adverbs probably, certainly, perhaps, etc.
In the future peaple will probably live on other planets.
• promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and
offers. Will you open the windo'v, please?
• actions, events and situations which will definitely
happen in the future and which we can't control.
/'ff be 18 next week.
Be going to
We use be going to for:
• plans, intentions or ambitions for the future.
Teresa is going to travel all around the world.
• actions we have already decided to do. l'm going to
write to my pen-friend next week.
• predictions when there is evidence that something will
happen. He is driving tao fast. He's going to crash.
The time expressions we use with the future simple
and be going to are: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,
tonight, soon, next week!month/yeor!summer, etc, in a
week!month, etc.
Future Continuous
We use the future continuous (will be+ main verb + -ing):
• for actions which will be in progress at a stated
future time. This time next week, we'// be lying on the
beach in Hawaii.
• for actions which will definitely happen in the future
as the result of a routine or arrangement.
Christina will be waiting for us at the theatre at six o'clock.
• when we ask politely about someone's plans for
the near future. "Will you be going out today?" "Yes,
why?" "Can you take this letter to the post office, please?"
Fu tu re Perfect
We use the future perfect (will have + past participle)
for actions that will have finished before a stated time in
the future. By June we will have finished this English course.
i;
The time expressions we · use with the future
i perfect are: before, by, by then, by the time, until!till
(only in negative sentences).
I.
I Rernernber!
' Will can be used to express a situation we
confident about in the present or the past.
"Someone's at the dooi:" "Yes, that'lf be my brother."
I (simple future) "lt's seven o'clock. Their piane will
(future perfect)
202
l
Future Perfect Continuous
We use the future perfect continuous (will have been +
main verb + -ing) to emphasise the duration of an action
up to a certain time in the future. The future perfect
continuous is used with: by ... for. By the end of the month,
Fiona will have been working here for two years.
Time clauses when talking about the future:
When we use words and expressions such as whUe,
before, after, untU!till, as, when, whenever, once, as soon
as, as fang as, by the time, etc to introduce time
clauses, we use the present simple or present perfect,
NOT future forms. We will have prepared dinner before
the guests arrive. (NOT: .„ b@4'"1 tlle guests wj!! a"i"e.)
We also use the present simple and present perfect,
NOT future forms, after words and expressions such as
unless, if, suppose/supposing, in case, etc. Take an
umbrel/a with you in case it rains. (NOT: ... in mse i[wjl/ r:ain)
Rernernber!
• We use future forms with: ,
- when when it is used as a question word. '
When will we leave? (Compare: She'll meet us in
town when she finishes work. (time word)
- if!whether after expressions which show
uncertainty~gnorance etc, such as I don't
know, I doubt, I wander, l'm not sure, etc.
I doubt whether I will get the job.
• We use the present simple to refer to
timetables/programmes. The piane /eaves at 7:00.
• We use the present continuous for fixed
arrangements in the near future. /'m having
a party at the weekend.
Wi/l!Won't- Shall
rt!We use:
• Will you ... ?to give an order or make a request.
Will you help me, please? (= Please help me.)
• won't to express unwillingness or an emphatic refusal,
even when the subject is not a person. Tony won't /isten
to myadvice. (=He refuses to fisten.) Mycomputerwon'tstart.
We use wouldn'tto refer to the past. I asked my brother
to help me with my homework but he wouldn't. (=He was
unwilling to help me.)
• Sha/I I/we ... ?
a) to make an offer (instead of wun. Sha/f I do the
washing-up? (=Do yau want me to do the washing-up'!
b) to make a suggestion (instead of wUn. Sfio!/ '.'.'2 JO
skiing this weekend' (= Why don't we go skiing this
1;veekend?)
c) to ask for suggestions or instructions.
"\11/hcr.:i c:hnl/ / 1111t 1N11 n· hn„1(-c?'' ·1nn 11111 tfpc!·"

1 Match column A to column B, as in the example.
Jane is going to be a photographer.
l'm sure Larry will call us before the
night is over.
[TI] He will be thirty soon.
m By the end of June, we will have
been living in this house for 20 years.
[IT] Will you be going to the supermarket
today? Can I come with you?
[IO lt's too loud. !'li turn it down.
[TI] This time tomorrow, she will be
sitting her exams.
[![] Patty will have completed her course
by the end of this year.
[IT] The ship sails at 1O o'clock.
ru We' re having a dinner for friends this
weekend.
2 Choose the correct item.
1 I am taking/take the 4 o'clock
train to Bristol tomorrow.
2 This time tomorrow, I will be hiking/
will hike in the Lake District.
3 Jeff will have thought!thinks of a
solution by the time we see him.
4 They can't say exactly when, but
they will have been finishing/will
have finished the job by Thursday.
5 By August, they are working/will
have been working on the new
road for two years.
6 Liam won't have been writing/
won't"\\ilve written his report until
after lunch.
7 Chris thinks she will be earning/will
have earned more money soon.
8 Do you go/Will you be going to the
supermarket later? Could you pick
up some rice for dinner, please?
9 Beth and I watch/will be watching
a film this evening.
10 We're having/have a party at the
weekend. Come along!
11 I wonder if he will talk/talks to me
again.
12 The football match starts/will be
starting at 1O o'clock.
future Tenses D
A for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time
B for timetables/programmes
C for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in
the future and which we cannot control
D for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future
E when we ask politely about somebody's plans for the near future
(what we want to know is if our wishes fit in with their plans)
F to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time
in the future
G for fixed arrangements in the near future
H for an action which will have been completed by a certain
time in the future
for predictions about the future usually with the verbs think,
believe, expect, etc; the expressions be sure, be afraid, etc; and
the adverbs probably, perhaps, certainly, etc
J for on-the-spot decisions
3 Write a word or short phrase in each gap.
This )une, 1'111) be finishing my studies in college.
By the time l'm ready to go back home, 1'11
2) .......................... living here in Toronto for 5
years. I can't wait to come back to all the comforts
of home again, but l'm sure I 3) ......................... .
miss college life a lot. As soon as I return home, my
fńends 4) .......................... probably throw a party
for me. I 5) .......................... looking forward to it.
4 Complete the exchanges with the correct form of the verbs in
brackets to express the future.
1 A: Can you come skating this evening?
8: Unfortunately not. I will be working (work) until 10 o'clock
tonight.
2 A: Have you finished all the arrangements?
B: Not yet, but I .......... „ ..................... „ ....... „............. (finish)
everything by the weekend.
3 A: How long have they been living in ltaly?
B: By the end of this year, they .......... ....... (live)
there for exactly ten years.
4 A: Karl is really late. Maybe he missed the train.
B: Oh no! By the time he ....................... ..... „ .... (arrive).
the film ......... „ ........................... (start).
5 A: Hurry up, Sue! We'll miss the flight!
B: Don't worry. The piane ....... . ... (leave) in three hours.
6 A: Naw that you have a job in Manchester,
(you/move) there?
B: Of course! I .............. (start) looking
for a fiat immediately.
203
J
 1

\IJ/ Future Tenses

5 Circle the correct item. 6 Complete the gaps using the appropriate future
form of the verbs in brackets.
A: Why are you peeling so many apples?
B: I ...... an apple pie.
A going to make C 'li have made
@ 'm going to make D make
2 A: I can't open this jar!
B: I ...... it.
A 'm going to do C 'li be doing
B 'li have been doing D 'li do
1) Are you looking (you/look) for on exciting way t
0
3 A: Do you think we ...... all these leaflets by 5 spend the holidoys? The city of Bath 2)
o'clock today? (hold) its Christmos Market belween 2S No·v·.. · ··b···············
em erand
B: I hope SO. 12 December. The orgonisers 3) ..... ···················
A will be delivering ~fronsform) the city inio a Christmas shopper's P~;~·~;;~
B will have delivered y then. l 29 traditional wooden chalets full of .
91·ff · unrque
C will have been delivering ide~s 4l ··································· (line) the streets.
D are delivering Along w1th aur carol singers and children's entert .
there 5) OJners
4 A: What are you doing tonight? ... ··························· (be) three performance
stages set up around the market to add to the festive
B: I think I ...... a DVD. atmosphere.
A am renting C 'li have rent
B 'li rent D going to rent

5 A: Do you want to join us for dinner tonight?

B: I can't. I ...... my nephew. ~ This year we 1) ...................................... (have) the
A will have babysat C am babysitting Friendly-Community workshop at the Sheraton
B going to babysit D babysit Hotel from 20 to 22 November. We hope that all
6 A: You'll miss the train unless you leave naw. participants 2) ...................................... (register) to
B: Don't worry. lt ...... every 20 minutes. I have attend before 5 November. For a change this year,
plenty of time. fees 3) .................................... (include) all workshops
A will be coming C is going to come and meals. When you 4) .................................... (visit)
B will have come D comes aur registration site online, you 5) .............................. .
(have) the opportunity to choose how you want to
7 A: Will you visit yo ur aunt while you ...... there? pay. Once you have completed your form and
B: Yes, I think 1'11 have time to drop by. clicked on submit, you 6) ..................................... .
A will have been C will be (receive) an email to confirm your registration.
B are to be D are

8 A: Any plans for the weekend?

8: Yes. I ...... bungee jumping with my friends. Heale"s one-day sale 1) ································ (begin)
A am going C will have gone this Friday. Our doors 2) ································· (open)
B will have been going D go at 8 am sharp and close at 10 pm. To avo1d any
confusion. we 3) ·· ···································· (have)
9 A: Has Isabella left?
extra staff on call to assist you in every department.
B: No. She ...... until late this afternoon.
A is going to leave You 4) .. ·································· (be ~ble to) find great
bargains on items ranging from k1tchenware to aur
B isn't leaving
stylish modern fumiture. We 5) ···················:·············
C won't have been leaving
D will leave ····························· (also/announce) great g1veaways
!I, throughout the day. so stick around. We are sure that
I
you G) ············································· (find) what you
are looking for.

if
_11
204

7 Choose the correct item.
Dear Sally,
You won 't believe where I 1) D next month. This
time next month I 2) ....... to southern california
for a one-month student exchange trip. By the
time I get to california, I 3) ....... for 11 hours,
but I have a feeling I 4) ....... borecl on the piane
with all the great films they show.
I 5) ....... forward to meeting my host family.
16) ....... at their home in Sherman oal<s which is
not far from the beach. So, I 7) ....... my
afternoons either swimming, snorl<elling or
surfing. The boys go to a nearby state school,
which I 8) ....... cluring my time there. By the enci
of the month, I 9) ....... many of their theme
parks, museums and aqua parks. 110) ....... on
visiting Disneyland and Universal stuclios.
Anyway, I certainly clon't know what it'll be like
until I get there. So, I promise to write to you
the n.
Bye for naw,
Ann
1 A go C will have been going
B will have gone @am going
2 A will fly C will be flying
B will have flown D will have
3 A will travel C will be travelling
Future Tenses IJ
8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
Jake has arranged to go to the cinema tonight.
GOING Jake is going to the cinema tonight.
2 Victoria plans to be away from school tomorrow.
NOT Victoria ............................ .
... „ .. „ . at school tomorrow.
3 She promises to visit her friends on Saturday.
WILL She promises ... „ . „ •... „ .......... „ . „
. „ . „ „ ... „ „ .. friends on Saturday.
4 The Browns plan to have a barbecue on Sunday.
GOING The Browns ..... „ .. „ . „ „ ..•.•..•• „ .....
... „ ... „ „ ... a barbecue on Sunday.
.J
5 She refuses to lend me her CD player.
NOT She says she . „ •........ „ . „ .... „ ••.• „ •.
. „ „ „ .• „ .• „ „ „ . me her CD player.
6 I promise I will be on time for the meeting tomorrow.
NOT I promise I . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
late for the meeting tomorrow.
7 The horse race takes place tomorrow.
IS The horse race „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ .• „ place tomorrow.
8 My Maths exam starts at 9 o'clock tomorrow
morning.
TAKING At 9:30 tomorrow morning,
my Maths exam.
9 1'11 finish doing my homework and then 1'11 watch TV.
SOON 1'11 watch TV „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . doing my homework.

B will have been travelling D will be 1O 1'11 post the letters before lunchtime.
HAVE By lunchtime, . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ .
4 A won't be C am not being
„ „ .• „ „ .• „ . „ •• „ . „ . „ „ „ „ the letters.
B won't have been D am not
11 She'll start doing the housework when her son
5 A will look C am looking leaves for school.
B will have been looking D going to look AS She'll start doing the housework as
6 A will be staying C going to stay
B will have stayed D stay „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ for school.

12 My intention is to study Art in Florence.

7 A spend C will be spending
AM I „„„„„„„„„.„„.„„„„.„„„„ „.„„
B will have spent D going to spend
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Art in Florence.

8 A attend C will be attending 13 They expect him to finish the project within a week.
B will have attended D will have been WILL They expect that he „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „
9 A will have been visiting C will have visited within a week.
„

B visit D am visiting 14 Tony plans to graduale next year.

GOJNG Tony „
1O A will also plan C also going to plan
„ „ „ . next year.
B will also have planned D am also planning

205
 a lnfinitive/-ing form
The infinitive is the basie form of all verbs. There are two types of infinitives:
a) to infinitive (infinitive with to). She wants to become a scientist.
b) bare infinitive (infinitive without to). She'll study Chemistry.
The -ing form is the form of the verb that ends in -ing. walking, driving, he/ping

Tenses of the lnfinitive

The infinitive has four tenses in the active and two in the passive.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Present (to) play (to) be played
Present Continuous (to) be playing
Perfect (to) have played (to) have been played
Perfect Continuous (to) have been playing

Active
• The present infinitive refers to the present or future. I hope to see you tomorrow.
• The present continuous infinitive expresses an action happening now.
He appears to be suffering from a cold.
• The perfect infinitive is used to show that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb.
lt is used with verbs such as: seem, appear, believe, know, claim, expect and moda! verbs.
He claims to have won the lottery.
• The perfect continuous infinitive is used to emphasise the duration of the action of the infinitive, which
happened before the action of the main verb. She seems to have been working very hard. All the work is finished.

Passive
• present infinitive: (to) be + past participle Ian hopes to be chosen forcloss president.
• perfect infinitive: (to) have been + past participle Sue appearsto liave been seen breaking in to the house.

Forms of the lnfinitive corresponding to verb tenses

• Present Simple/Future Simple • Present lnfinitive
he works!he will work • (to) work
• Present Continuous/Future Continuous • Present Continuous lnfinitive
he is working/he will be working • (to) be working
• Past Simple/Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Future Perfect • Perfect lnfinitive
he worked!he has worked/he hod worked!he will have worked • (to) have worked
• Past Cont./Present Perfect Cont.!Past Perfect Cont./Future Perfect Cont. • Perfect Cont. lnfinitive
he was working/he has been warking!he had been working/he will have been working • (to) have been working

Tenses of the -ing form

Active Voice Passive Voice
Present playmg being played
Present Continuous
Perfect having played having been played
Perfect Continuous

The simple -ing form refers to the present or future.

Stealing is wrong.
The perfect -ing form shows that the action of the -ing form happened before the action of the verb.
He admitted having lied to his wife.
We can use the sim ple -ing form instead of the perfect -ing form with no difference in meaning.

206
 lnfinitive/-ing form a
lnfinitive -ing form
The to infinitive is used: The -ing form is used:
• to express purpose. • as a noun. Eating chocolate isn't good for your teeth.
She went to the butcher's to buy same chicken. 0 after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, continue,
• after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, deny, fancy, go (for activities), imagine, mind, miss,
hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc). quit, save, suggest, practise, consider, prevent.
They've decided to recycle the /ittei: Leo suggested walking in the park.
• after would like, wou/d prefer, wou/d love, etc to 0 after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express
express a specific preference. general preference. Christine /oves making crafts.
I would love to go out for dinner with you Ted. BUT for a specific preference (would /ike!wou/d
• after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions prefer/would love) we use to infinitive. She'd love to
(happy, sad, g/ad, etc); express willingness/ go to a peaceful holiday resort.
unwillingness (willing, eager, re/uctant, etc); refer to • after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no)
a person's character (clever, kind, etc) and the good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help,
1
adjectives lucky and fortunate. there's no point in, can't stand, have difficu/ty (in), ~
I was glad to be home. He's eager to help us. have trouble, etc. There's no point in complaining
She's fortunate to have found a new job. when we have no other choice.
Note: With adjectives that refer to character we • after spend, waste or lose (time, money, etc).
can also use an impersonal structure. Joseph spends all his free time drawing.
lt was kind of you to invite us for lunch.
0 after the preposition to with verbs and expressions
• after too/enough. such as look forward to, be!get used to, in addition
lt was tao noisy to work. She's not fit enough to run the to, object to, prefer (doing sth to sth else).
marathon. Harry is looking forward to spending the weekend in the
• to talk about an unexpected event, usually with only. mountains.
He arrived at the office only to find that it was closed. o after other prepositions.
• with it + be + adjective/noun. ft was difficult to explain She is interested in acting at the theatre.
the problem. • after the verbs hear, listen to, notice, see, watch
• after be + first/second/next/last etc. and fee/ to describe an incomplete action.
She was the fast person to leave the classroom. I watched them rehearsing for the play.
• after verbs and expressions such as ask, team, (I only watched part of the rehearsal.)
explain, decide, find out, want, want to know, etc, BUT we use the infinitive without to with hear,
when they are followed by a question word. listen to, notice, see, watch and fee/ to describe the
John didn't explain how to in stall the program. complete action. I watched them rehearse for the play.
Note: why is followed by subject + verb, NOT an (I watched the whole rehearsal.)
infinitive. I wonder why Fred left the company.
·.o~rfll
ftę:;;·~ be ; o 7 i = ; : ; : ; e ·~
• in the expressions to tell you the truth, to be honest, (i •-·
to sum up, to begin with, etc. to
To tell you the truth, I didn't agree with the proposal. infinitive or the infinitive without to .
..................................................•....•..•••.••.......•.•.......•................•.•.••.•„ •..•.....•

The infinitive without to is used: They helped me (to) write the invitations.
• after modal verbs. Bill can repair the bicycle. • lf two to infinitives are linked by and or or,
o after the verbs fet, make, see, hear and fee/. the to of the second infinitive can be omitted.
They made me work on Saturday. I would prefer to stayat home and revise for my
BUT we use the to infinitive after be made, be test.
heard, be seen, etc. (passive form). He was made to • lf a verb is followed by a preposition, the
work on Soturday. preposition will appear at the end of the
Note: When see, hear and watch are followed by sentence.
an -ing form, there is no change in the passive. I used a fountain pen to write my article with.
A1nr.l: sal-V me hiding the surprise birthday present. • We can use to in order to avoid repeating
I was seen hiding the surprise birthday present. a verb clause.
0 after had better and would rather. l've never eaten sushi, but l'd love to.
You had better take notes during the lecture.
• in the expressions used to and be supposed to.

207
 ~

a lnfinitive/-ing form
I
i
!

The subject of the infinitive:

• is omitted when it is the same as the subject of the main verb. They want to go to New Zealand. (The subject of the
main verb (want) and the infinitive (go) is the same (they).)
• is not omitted when it is different from the subject of the main verb. The subject of the infinitive comes before the
infinitive and can be an object pronoun (me, you, them, etc), a name (Cathy) or a noun (the man). He wants her to
clean up the mess. (The subject of the main verb (want) is he, whereas the subject of the infinitive (clean up) is her.)
..................................•.... „ ............. , ................... „ ...•....................................................•..•...•.....•................•...........„ ... „ .•.......................•.....•........................ „ ........ .
The subject of the -ing form can be an object pronoun, a possessive adjective, a name or a possessive case
when it is different from the subject of the main verb. I remember him!his!Sam/Sam's graduating from medica/ selwo/.

Verbs taking either the to infinitive or the -ing form with a change of meaping · . __ i;:
• forget + to infinitive = (not) remember - He forgot to lock his car.
·-
forget + -ing form = not recall - She'll never forget meeting the President.
• remember + to infinitive = not forget - I hope you remember to bring your tennis racquet with you.
remember + -ing form = recall - / remember te/ling you about the accident last night.
• mean + to infinitive = intend to - I meant to call Pete lost night, but I forgot.
mean + -ing form = involve - My new job will mean travelling abroad every month.
• regret + to infinitive = be sorry to (normally used in the present simple with verbs such as say, tell, inform)
We regret to inform you that your flight has been delayed.
regret + -ing form = feel sorry about - I regret not going to university.
o try+ to infinitive =do one's best, attempt - He must try to organise his time.
try + -ing form = do something as an experiment - You should try taking same vitamins.
o stop + to infinitive =stop briefiy to do something else - He stopped to buy same batteries for his MP4 player
stop + -ing form = finish, give up - We must stop wasting aur earth's natura/ resources.

1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the infinitive. 2 Rephrase the following sentences,
as in the example.
A: Have you talked to them?
B: No. They refuse to talk (talk) about it. You must finish all the exercises.
I want you to finish all the exercises.
2 A: Do you like London?
2 We mustn't make a lot of noise.
B: Yes, we are happy „ „ . „„„„„„„„„„ .„ (live) here.
They don't want „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
3 A: Have you finished the report? 3 Sam has to wash the dishes.
B: Not yet. Mr James expects it „. „„„„„„„„„ „ (finish) by Mary wants „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Friday. 4 lt shouldn't be tao close to the fire.
4 A: You will miss him, wor1'1tou? We don'\ want . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
B: Yes, but he promised „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „. (write) every day.
5 A: You must „ „ „ (wait) a long time. l'm so sorry 5 The students must put all the books
l'm late! back on the shelf.
B: Don't worry. I read the newspaper while I was waiting. Mr Brown wants „

6 A: Have you heard from your cousins?

B: Yes. They seem „ „ „ „ „ „ . (have) a good time in Jamaica
6 Dad has to paint the house.
Mum wants „„
at the moment.
7 A: l'm glad „„„„„„ „„„„. (see) you.
7 Harry performed in the school play.
B: lt's been a long time, hasn't it?
I will always remember that.
8 A: Wow, that was an amazing performance' I will always remember „ „ „ „ „ „
B: Yes. The audience seemed „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . (enjoy) it immensely!
9 A: The air conditioner is working again. 8 lt's my turn to do the washing-up.
B: Yes, it appears . „ „ „ „ „ . „ (fix). Mum insists.
10 A. is Peter stii! pairitin~ the house I fviurn insists on
B: ~Jo. He seemed . . (finish) the work when I
208
L
 lnfinitive/-ing form a
3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 5 Choose the correct item.
infinitive or ·ing form.
1 Our company is fortunate ...... some of the best
There used to be (be) a huge wali that divided employees on staff.
East and West Berlin. A having © to have
2 Please remind Peter .......... . (give) back my B have D to have had
dictionary.
2 He worked all day without ..... for a lunch break.
3 As soon as I have finished ............... „ . (type) up
A stopping C stop
my essay, you can use the computer.
B to stop D to be stopping
4 Do you feel like .. „ .. „ .... „ ...... (invite) a couple of
3 She admitted to ...... the money.
friends for dinner?
A steal C have stolen
5 Nick refused ..... „ ......... „ .. (work) on Sundays.
B be stealing D having stolen
6 They aren't used to .................... (walk) long
distances, so they're very tired. 4 A: Hey, what happened to Carroll?
7 I am not interested in ......... „ . „ ... „. (watch) films B: OK. 1'11 tell you as long as you promise ..... it a
with violence. sec ret.
8 My doctor strongly advised me A keeping C to be keeping
(take up) exercising. B to keep D keep
9 My mum makes me .. . .. „ ... (tidy) my room 5 A: What are your plans once you finish school?
every weekend. B: Weil, first l'd like ...... through Europe for
1O lt took me severa! weeks to get used to maybe a month or two .
.................... (drive) on the left sicie of the road. A travelling C travel
11 We were pleased .................... (see) our friends B to travel D to have travelled
after the sum mer holidays. 6 Megan would rather ..... on a beach now instead
12 Are you getting used to ................ (work) shifts? of having to type letters.
13 Let me .................... (do) the exercise by myself A lying C to have lied
now, Todd. B to lie D be lying
14 I feel strange having my own room because I
7 A: Would you like to go to the .cinema with me
used to ................... (share) a room with my
tonight?
si ster.
B: Actually, l'd rather ..... at home. I don't feel well.

4 Choose the correct item.

A to stay C staying
B have stayed D stay
1 We forgot to pack/packing a blanket to sit on at 8 A: How did the job interview go?
the pienie. B: lt went well. l'm hoping ...... from them soon.
2 Paul will never forget meeting/to meet his aunt A hearing C having heard
for the first time. B to hear D hear
3 We regret informing/to inform you that you have
9 In addition to ...... a new gym, the company plans
failed your exams.
to expand the canteen as well.
4 Pam regrets moving/to move to the countryside.
A building C have built
5 Sorry, I didn't mean to upset/upsetting you.
B to build D build
6 I won't apply for the job if it means working/to
10 A: I can't go to the pool today, Ann. I feel so tired.
work at the weekend.
B: Take some rest then. I don't mind .. „. on my
7 Why don't you try to take/taking some vitamins?
own.
8 He tried to climb/climbing the mountain, but it
A go C to have gone
was impossible because of the weather conditions.
B to be going D going
9 Let's stop eating/to eat something. l'm hungry.
1O We must stop polluting/to pollute the 11 Sharon appears . on her essay for hours.
environment. A working
11 Did you remember to pay/paying the bills? B to work
12 I remember to tell/telling him to turn off the lights. C to have been workin9
D work
209
 \li lnfinitive/-ing form

6 Choose the correct item.

Polar bears appear 1) Cfrom brown bears over 200,000 years ago.
During a cooling period, they were slowly surrounded by 1ce only
2) „„„. themselves trapped in the cold north. As it wasn't easy
3) .. „„. in their new frozen environment, they went through a qu1ck
evolution. 4) .... „. with, they developed white-yellow fur that made
them 5) „„„. into the landscape. They also grew catlike claws
6) „.„„ catch their prey in the water. Polar bears can 7) .. „„. long
distances 8) „.„„ food. However, as sea ice melts because of global
warming, it is becoming difficult for them 9) .. „„. around. They naw
have to spend mare time 10) .. „„. for food and sometimes they
even 11) „„„. into contact with humans as they do so. Sc1entlsts
expect 12) .. „„. more of this happening. They also predict that the
polar bear is unlikely 13) .. „„. extinction if this continues.
Too/Enough
• Too has a negative meaning and shows that sometr
is mare than enough or necessary. lt appears before
adjectives or adverbs and is followed by a full infiniti
This exercise is tao difficult for the students to solve.
(NOT: „. to salve U.)
• Enough has a positive meaning and shows that tr
is as much of something as is wanted or needec
appears before nouns but after adjectives or adw
and is followed by a full infinitive. There are eno
leaflets to give out to everyone. She is experienced eno.
to lead the group.
<Re:m~tfi~,"'eiiiii/0:··=======~
' - - ·-·~ - -- ~-,., sdO:Ei&J!w::''""'&~-·~~--s-.4'C!:'.\: I
Enough also appears in negative sentences to s~
that mare of something is wanted or needed.
I don't have enough apples to make an apple pie.
.
(= I need mare apples.)
lt is never used before an adjective. lnstead we use
,_ quite or fairly. She's quite active.

7 Answer the questions using tao or enough, as ir

the example.
A evolving © to have evolved Are you going to buy the latest smartphone
B to evolve D evolve
(money)
2 A finding C to finding Yes, l've gat enough money to buy it.
B to find D find 2 Did you read the whole article? (long)
3 A surviving C to survive No, .. „ .. „ „ ..... „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ .. „ .. „ . . . . „ . „ „ .• „ .

B to be surviving D survive 3 Can she become a model? (tall)

4 A To begin C To be beginning Yes, „ .• „ . „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ .. „ . „ ... „ •• „ .... „ . „ ..... „ .

B Beginning D Begin 4 Did you like the oriental dish? (spicy)

5 A blending C to be blending No, „ •. „ . „ . „ .• „ „ . „ .. „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ .• „

B to blend D blend 5 Can Timothy stay out late? (ald)

Yes, „„„„„„„„„.„ „„„„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„„.„„„„
6 A being able to C to have been able to
B to be able to D be able to 6 Do you think he can win the song competition
(talented)
7 A travelling C to be travelling
Yes, „„„„„„„„„„. „„„„„„„. „„„„„„„„ „.„„„„.
B to travel D travel
7 Can Meagan reach the top shelf? (short)
8 A finding C to find
No, „„„„„„„„„.„„.„„„„ „„„„„„„„„„„.
B to have found D find
8 Do you think we can salve the Physics problem
9 A moving C to have moved (clever)
B to move D move Yes,
1O A searching C to have searched 9 Can Jimmy drive? (young)
B to search D search No, „„„„„„.„„„„.„„„„„ „„„„„„. „„„„„„.

11 A coming C to be coming 1O Can they go sailing? (windy)

B to come D come Yes, „„„„„„.„.„„„„„„

12 A seeing C to have seen 11 Are you going for a walk in the park today? (cold)
B to see D see No, „„„„.„„„„ .„„„„„„ „„„„

13 A to avoid C to have avoided ·12 Do you think he can win the race? (fast)
B avoiding D avoid Yes, .
210
 lnfinitive/-ing form łi
8 Fili in the gaps using the adjectives in brackets 1OChoose the correct item.
and too or enough.
Amanda stopped to talk/talking to Joe when she
Dear Sir I Madam,
met him at the bus stop.
I am writing to complain about the service I received at your
2 Everyone in the class is looking forward to go/to
Southampton shop on May 1Sth.
going on the excursion.
Firstly, your sales assistants were chatting and I had to wait
1) too long (long) to get served. Moreover, they were very 3 The car needs to service/to be serviced on
rude. Not only did they rush me to decide on a jumper that Monday.
was 2) . . (tight) for my liking, but they talked 4 I was not strong enough lift/to lift the filing
back to me. They said that the jumper was 3) „ cabinet on my own.
(large) and that they didn't have 4) „ „ „ „ . (time) to
5 Harry found the students' silly behaviour
go in to the backroom to look for something slightly bigger. annoyed/annoying.
To make things worse, it was 5) „ „ (noisy) in 6 Mary was surprised/surprising that she won the
the shop. The music was turned up far 6) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . competition.
(laud). I could hardly think. 7 We thanked our neighbour for water/watering
As you can imagine, I am stili very upset. I expect a full our plants.
refund as well as an explanation for the bad service 8 John pretended to not hear/not to have heard
I received. what I said.
Yours faithfully, 9 I am too tired to take/taking the dog for a walk.
Laura Daniels Could you do it for me, John?

Participles 11 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar

• Present participles (verb + -ing) describe what
someone or something is. lt was an exciting story.
(How was the story? Exciting.)
• Past participles describe how somebody feels.
The chi/dren are excited about aur trip to Disneyland.
(How do they feel? Excited.)
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
1 Could you open the window please?
MINO Would you mindopening the window,
please?
2 I had difficulty finding the address.

B1i~fii~~~!2
DIFFICUCT I~~ ..................................... .
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ the address.

The participle and the rest of the sentence must 3 lt's a pity we didn't book earlier.
refer to the same subject. While playing a game on REGRET We „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „
my computer, I heard a laud knock at the door.
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „. earlier.
(NOT: W"1i'ep 1G1>/09 GI f}@'1€ gą Q:lj'CG!+1pl'rn; Q IQb'G
4 lt was so noisy that I couldn't sleep.
,)
TOO lt was „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
„„„.„„„„.„„.„„„„„„ „„„. sleep.
9 Fili in the correct participle. 5 lt was a boring lecture.
BY The students „„„„„„„„„„„„„„.

L: Laura H: Henrv „„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„. the lecture .

. L: You must be so 1) thri//ed (thrill) ! Studying at : 6 lt's no use talking to Greg. He won't change his mind.
Humboldt University is such a great opportunity! POINT There's „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
And Berlin is such an 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . (interest) city. Greg. He won't change his mind.
H: True and there are so many 3) „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ :. 7 Walking to school takes her half an hour.
(entertain) things to do! Berlin has 4) „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ ·• TO lt takes her „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
(excite) festivals and great nightlife. l'm sure I ,
„ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . to school.
won't be 5) „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ (bore).
8 He'd rather play tennis than do athletics.
L: Henry. l'm starting to get a bit 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „
PLAYING He prefers
(worry). Don't forget the reason you're going
„ „ „. „ athletics.
there - to study.
9 They can't wait to move to a bigger house.
H: OF course! But that doesn't mean I can't have an
7) „ „ „ (amaze) time tao!
FORWARD They are looking
.. a bigger house.
211
l
 1

;g Modals

Present I Future '

ability I lack He canlcan't draw. She could!was oble to draw when she was three.
of ability (He's able to/He isn't able to ... ) (past repeated action - ability in the past)

She is able to work quickly. She ~vas able to finish her Science project.
(managed to do - past single action)

The.ii can't si::i ver\' vvell.

(past repeated action)
They couldn't/1Neren't oble to salve the rnyster\'.
(past single action)

possibility She can find the so/ution to the problem. (90% certa in; it's
very possible)
ft cou/d be serious. (50% certa in; it's possible) He could have lost his job. (thankfully he didn't)

He may be iii. They may have gone on holiday.

(50% certain; it's possible that he's iii) (perhaps they did)

We might need same help. We might have needed to as!: for help.
(40% certain; perhaps we need same help) (perhaps we needed to)

ft is likefy that /v/i/;e will pass the exam. (lt's possible)
Mike is likely to pass the exam. (Mike will possibly pass)
11!
ft was fikely that Mike would pass the exam.
(There was a possibility)
Mike was fikely to pass the exam.
(lt was possible but we don't know if he passed)

probability Robert should be home soon. He shou/d have finished the report by no1•v.
(90% certain; future only; it's probable) (He has probably finished)
They ought to win the Champion's League. They ought to have sent the parcel by naw.
(90% certain; they will probably win) (They have probably sent it by now)

logical He must be rich. He musi have broken his leg.

assumption (90% certain - l'm sure he is rich)
They can 't be tired. They've just wok en up.
(negative; l'm sure they aren't tired)
She couldn't possibly be a pilot. She can't fly a piane.
(negative; l'm sure she isn't a pilot)
(positive; l'm sure he has broken his leg)
You can't have lostyour book. ft's in your bag.
(negative; l'm sure you haven't lost it)
ft couldn't have been David you saw. He's in Brazil.
(negative; l'm sure it wasn't him)

permission We can!are allowed to use a dictionary in class. We could!were allowed to carry one item of
(informal; general permission) /uggage on the piane. (general permission)
You can't/are not allowed to bring mobile phones inro She was al/owed to go camping in the forest.
class. (informal; refusing permission) (permission for one particular action;
NOT: She '°"ld90 ... )
We couldn'tlweren't allowed to /eave school
without permission. (no difference in meaning)
Could f open the window, pfease? (polite; asking for
permission; Would it be OK if I opened ... ?)
Might I play the lead role'
(more forma I; asking for permission - Could I ... ?)
You may take a seat.
(forma!; giving permission; You are allowed to)
/'rn ofraid you can't/mustn't 1,vrite in pencil. (Informal;
refusing permission - You aren't allowed to)
Visitors may not rouch the exhibits. (forma I; refusing
permission - lt's forbidden - written notice)

212
1JiI
I
I!
 Modals Q
necessity Imust leave now. l(s late. (I' m obliged to, I say so)
Philip has to hand in his assignment tomorrow. I hod to pay /JlY sc/100/ fees. (I was obliged to)
(necessity coming from outside the speaker; he's
obliged to)
Tracy has gat to train harcler She's unfit. Su2 /Jod to locf: the 1vincfo\-VS before she left.
(informal; needs to) (She needed to)
lv/y bedroorn needs painting/neecls to be painted. 1V1'y bedroorn needed painting/to be painted.
(it's necessary) (it was necessary)

You don't have to!clon't neecl to!needn't pay: /-le clicln't have to!didn't need to pay; it was free.
it's free. (it isn't necessary - absence of necessity) (it wasn't necessary for him to pay and he
didn't - absence of necessity)
He needn't have brought his laptop with him after all.
(it wasn't necessary for him to bring his laptop,
but he did)
adv ice You should!ought to stoy in bee/; you're iii. You shou/d have/ought to have stayed in bee/.
(general advice; I advise you) (but you didn't)
You hod better tidy up your bedroom. lt would have been better if you hadn't got angry
(advice on a specific situation; it is a good idea) (but you did)
Shal/ I apply for the job' What do you think? Should I have applied for the job'
(asking for advice; Is it OK if ... ?)
criticism She could at least /et us l:nocv. (it is the right thing to do) She cou/d at least have apologised to us. (but she didn't)
She shou/d be mare friendly. (but she isn't) She shou/d have been mare friendly. (but she wasn't)
)'ou real/y ought to be mare sensitive. You rea//y ought to have been mare sensitive.
(it's the right thing to do) (it was the right thing to do, but you didn't do it)
obligation/ You must pay a membership fee to join the club. He had to have a passport to travel abroad.
du ty (it's the law)
We ought to support a charity. (it's the right thing to They ought to have been mare he/pfu/.
do, but we don't always do it) (it was the right thing to do, but they didn't do it)
requests Can Iuse yourcomputer, please? (informal - Is it OK „. ?)
Caule/ Ihave same paper, please?
(polite - Would it be OK if I used „. ?)
May~e you in private?(formal - Could I „. ?)
Mighrl see you in private?
(very forma I - Is it possible that „. ?)
Will you help with the cleaning up later?
(very friendly) (Can you ... ?)
Would you mind waiting outside'
(polite) (Could you „. ?)

offers Can //we explain this to you? (informal)

Shal/ //we exp/ain this to you? (informal)
Wo uid you like me to carry the se bags for you i
suggestions Shal/ we go to the cinema tonight?(Let's „.)
//We can revise for the test on Monday, if you like.

prohibition Y'ou con't spea!: c!uring the exorn. V\!e couldn't spea.1: during i11e exo111.
(you aren't allowed to) (we weren't allowed to)
YOu rnustn't leave iitter on the beuch. (it's forbidden)
i.
I (formal - it's not allowed) IM
213

UModals
• Be able to can be used for other tenses, too.
l've been able to play the piano since I was five.
(present perfect)
• In questions, we use can, could or might, but
not may. Could they be on their way home?
(NOT: May thęy l;>ę aą thęir way haq:ie/)
• Could and might are not used to give permission.
"Cou/d I go home now?" "Yes, you canlmay."
(NOT: Yes, )'GU muld)
• We usually use be allowed to to talk about
permission for one particular action in the
past. We were allowed to work together on our
History project. (NOT: Wę rnu'd "'O'~ taget'w aą
Ob'' Hist-Orypro}ect.)
• We often use could to talk about permission in
the past in reported speech. "You can/are al/owed
to work togetheron your History project,"the teacher
said. The teacher said we could work together on our
History project.
• Had to is the past form of both must and have to.
She must go to the dentist's today. (present) She had
to go to the dentist's yesterday. (past)
• Must and have to have different meanings in
questions. Must I eat alf my vegetables? (Do you
insist that I eat all my vegetables?) Do I have to
eatal/ myvegetables? (Is it necessary for me to eat
all my vegetables?)
• Must is never used as an infinitive. In this case, we
use to have to. i'd hate to have to move from this city.
(NOT: l'd hate =wmove from this city.)
• We use should!ought to to give advice, but we
use must to give strong advice. "You should!
ought to go out more oft en," my friend said to me.
(advice which may or may not be followed)
"You must take vitamin C," the doctor said to me.
(advice that is likely to be obeyed)
1 ldentify the use of each verb in bold in the
sentence.
1 She doesn't have to fili in the form. absence of
li: necessity
11 2 They could have drowned.
I 3 I must go to bed now.
I 4 We ought to inform her about the change in plans.
l 5 He might come later.
6 You had better apologise for what you did.
7 You should have called me.
li
I 8 That can't be Simon. He's away on business.
9 Ann had to wear a uniform when she was in school.
! 10 Were you able to reach them on the phone?
i
I: 214
11
"'--
-:ą
1
2 I
Fili in the gaps with must, mustn't, can or needn't.
I
"As you are new to our publishing company, I would
like to tell you some of our rules. First of all, you 1) must
stay at your desk and avoid socialising around your
noor. Of course, you 2) ...................... speak with each
other, but only if it relates to work. You 3) ................... .
text or email your friends; that is not allowed.
Whenever you enter or leave the building, you
4) ................. swipe your card and you 5) .................. .
forget to inform the front desk if you are going to be
late or absent. Now, as far as supplies are concerned,
employees 6) ................ buy anything; we have a full
supply section on the third noor. Also, if you need
supplies we don't have, you 7) ...................... ask the
secretary to order them for you."
Continuous & Simple forms with Modals
• Moda! + be + -ing expresses an action in progress
now. She may be sleeping.
• Moda! + have been + -ing expresses an action in
progress in the past. He may have been working.
• Moda! + have + past participle expresses a
complete action in the past. She shouldn't have
shouted at Tim yesterday.
3 Fili in: should, must, may, might, can't or could and
the appropriate form of the verbs.
......... „ „ ........... „ .. „ .• „ •..•.... „ .............• )
L: Usa J: Jason ;
L: I can't find the report I was working on last night. ~
I 1) must have /eft (leave) it in the car. i
J: I don't think so. l've just cleaned the car and I :
didn't find anything in there. lt 2) ........................ j
(still/lie) on your desk. :
L: I thought I 3) ........................ (leave) it there, but it i
wasn't there when 1 looked.
· J: You 4) ........................ (put) it in your bag as soon i
as you finished, you know. :
L: Th anks for the advice ! Weil, that's w hat I thoug ht I i
did. I 5) ........................ (think) of something else ~
when I got up to put it away. Now I don 't know i
w he re it is! i
J: What about the gift bag we took over to Mary's :
yesterday? You 6) ........................ (place) it in
there.
:
i·
L: Oh my! What if I did? l'm so absent-minded at :
times. Mary 7) ........ ..... (sleep). 1'11 call her ;
right away and ask her. How 8) .
(I/be) so careless?
 4 Circle the correct item. 6 Choose the correct item.

He has been studying all night.

@ He must be tired.
B He can't be tired.
2 Oh no! My credit card isn't in my purse.
A I must have left it in the ATM.
B I can't have left it in the ATM.
3 Everything is wet outside.
A lt must have rained overnight.
B lt can't have rained overnight. Although bad eating habits are hard to break, it can be done. First of
4 There's a moving van outside the all, you 1) B rid your fridge and cupboards of all junk food. You
house. 2) ....... replace it with healtl1y snacks like carrot sticks, fresh fruit or
A The new neighbours can't be whole-~rheat crackers, for those unbearable hungry mon1ents.

moving in. Secondly, you 3) ....... plan your meals ahead of time. This way, you
B The new neighbours may be 4) ....... avoid poor last-minute decisions. One thing you 5) ....... do is
moving in. go shopping hungry. Avoid that at all costs; it can lead to disaster!
Lastly, you 6) ....... increase the amount of water you drink, as it helps
5 Choose the correct item. your body work properly. Of course, you 7) ....... take extreme
measures; just take things one step at a tin1e and before you know it,
/: Irena O: Otto you will be eating and feeling healthier.
: /: l'm planning to continue my studies :
in England. What do I 1) need/ '. - - prog"r~nfme-
Adding exerciseto yol!r<laiiy ---
should to do before I get there? : If you want to be healthy and live longer, you 8) ....... start exercising.
; O: Weil, first you will need your student ~ You 9) ....... begin with something tiring at first. A daily walk in your
visa. You 2) shouldn't/can't have a ; I
%
neighbourhood is all that you need to get started. Don't forget that a
problem after the school has : ~ life witl1out exercise 10) ....... lead to many serious health issues, like
accepted your application. : s strokes, heart attacks and even high cholesterol. Once you have put
: /: 3) Would/Should I rent my own fiat? ; f:
walking into the programme and are feeling better, you 11) ....... mke
~ O: Weil, you 4) had better/must stay ~ it a step furtl1er and join a gym.
in a Hall of Residence the first year '. By adding a proper diet and exercise to your daily routine, you
because it's cheaper. 5) Must/Can ;
12) ....... maintain your body's good condition. In fact, if you give
you get a student Joan? ~
your body the rest that it needs to renew lost energy, you 13) ...... .
: /: Yes, I think so. I also 6) need/may ;
to fee! better while leading a healthier lifestyle.
to find a part-time job when I get '.
there because my parents 7) don't :
have to/can't support me at all.
'. O: Weil, just remember that with a : 1 A might @ should c are able D would
student visa you 8) will be able/ : 2 A might B will c wo uId D can
ought to work ten hours a week ; 3 A ought to B would c able to D shall
at the most. 4 A can B must c ought D should
. /: lt used to be 20 hours before, I think. ; 5 A mightn't B mustn't c wouldn't D needn't
Oh well, then I 9) might/need look :
6 A shall B have to c might D may
into babysitting jobs for extra cash. ; ~·-~
-;

. O: l'm sure you will be all right Life in :

7 A can't B ought not c needn't D may not ·4

London 1O) can/would be expensive. : 8 A might B ought c have to D shall

However, the minimum wage is decent · 9 A won't B don't have to c mightn't D may not
and shopping for food 11) can/must · 10 A ought B may c would D should
be cheap if you know where to go. ! 11 A can B would c ought D might
/: OK. Thanks. I 12) had better/might 12 A could B wo uId c should D will be able to
get started on my application then. 13 A must B ought c can D would

5
 \D Modals

7 Complete the sentences using the words in 9 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
bold. Use between two and five words. meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
Perhaps you will receive that parcel today.
MAY You may receive that parcel today. 1 Let's watch a DVD tonight.
2 l'm sure she forgot to check her messages. WE Shall we warch a DVD tonight?
HAVE She .. „.„ ....... „ „ ... „ ..... „ ....... „ . „ .. . 2 There's no sign of them; l'm sure they're out.
. .. „ .... „. „ ..... to check her messages. BE They „ ........... „. . ...... „ .. .

3 l'm sure they aren't sleeping right naw. .... out.

BE They „ . „ „ ....... „ ..... „ .... „ .. 3 Stopping on a motorway is forbidden.
.... „ „ . „ ................... „ .... „. right naw. NOT Drivers ...................... „ .... „ ..... „ .... .
4 Perhaps Timothy has left already. . ....... „ ........... „ ............... motorway.

HAVE Timothy .................. „ .. „ ............. . 4 The doctor advised her to stay home for a few days.
.. „ .. „ . „ ........................... „ .. al ready. SHOULD She ... „ ..... „ ... „ ........... „ ........ „ .. „ . „ ..
5 l'm sure they moved house. . .. . ... . „ „ .......... „ .... „ .. for a few days.

MUST They „ ............. „ .......... „ ... „ ...... „ „ .. 5 lt was very unkind of them to ignore her. ·
...... „ ...................... „ ............ house. HAVE They „ .... , ...... „ .. „ ....... „ .......... „ „ „ .. .
6 She is probably tao shy to run for class president. ........ „ ......... „ .......... „ .. „ ............ her.

BE She .. „ ..... „ .............. „ .. „ ........... „ „ .. . 6 lt wasn't necessary for you to bring an umbrella.
.. . „ . „ „ ... „ to run for class president. HAVE You .. „ „ ....... „ „ ..... „ „ .. „ ............ „ .... .
7 l'm sure Angela wasn't lying to her parents. . .. „ .. „ ..... „ „ .......... an umbrella.

BEEN Angela .... „ .................. „ ........... „ .... . 7 They'll probably go on holiday to Cornwall.
..... „ .. „ ..................... to her parents. UKE~ lt~ ...................................... .
8 lt's possible Gwen missed the last train. .... „ .. „ . „ ..... on holiday to Cornwall.

HAVE Gwen .. „ „ „ ........... „ .... „ ........... „ .... . 8 Now she lives nearby, so she's able to walk to school.
..... „ .. „ ..... „ ..... missed the last train. CAN She .. „ „ ....... „ „ .... „.„ .. „ .......... „ „ . „ „
.. „ .... „ ..... naw that she lives nearby.

9 lt's possible that Pete left it behind earlier.

8 Rephrase the following sentences in as many
MIGHT Pete . „ „ ...... „ ....... „ ...... „ ........... „ .... .
ways as possible.
.„ ................. „ ........... „ .......... earlier.

Would you like me to help you carry those boxes? 1O They were obliged to go through the body scanner
Shall!Can Ihelp you carry those boxes? at Manchester Airport.
2 We aren't allowed to talk during the lesson. HAD They „ ...................... „.„ ............ „ „ ..
body scanner at Manchester Airport.
3 lt is possible that Alex will be at the gym this 11 You mustn't.talk during the exam. ~
afternoon. ALLOWED You .. „ „ ...... „ ............ „ „ .......... „ ..
.......... „ ...... „. „ ..... during the exam.

4 Benjamin managed to pass his final exams. 12 l'm sure she lied to you.
UED She .. „ „ ........................ „ ... .
5 lt's forbidden to cross the border without a passport. ..„ ..... „ ... „ ...... „ „ ......... „ „ .... to you.

13 lt wasn't necessary for him to drive me to the

6 You are obliged to pay your rent. station as I took a taxi.
I\ NEED He . „ „ ...... .

l 7 l'm certain the girls went to cheerleading practice.

14 Janet managed to win the race.
„„. me to the station.

8 lt isn't necessary for them to send thank-you cards. ABLE Janet

l"i 9 I advise you to see a dentist.

........... „ ............ „ .... the race.

15 I advise you not to let her go.

·11! HAD You ... „ ........... „ ....... „
1'
10 How about taking a walk through the park' ... „ ................... her go.

,,
216
llli·
 Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons ;(:I
Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form in the singular and plural. They go before nouns (a friendly boy) but
after the verbs be, look, sme//, sound, fee/, taste, seem, appear, become, get, stoy, etc. She is clever. They seem fit.
o There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. Opinion adjectives (boring, exciting, etc) show what a person
thinks of somebody or something. Fact adjectives (tall, thin, new, etc) give us factual information about age,
size, colour, origin, materia!, etc.
o There are also compound adjectives which are formed with:
a) present participles. Ci hcu/t-/Jro::L.1ki11y ::.1u1y
b) past participles. a fine-tuned piano
c) cardinal numbers + nouns. a four-hour i/ight (NOT: four,flours-flight)
d) an adjective + noun + -ed. o blue-eyed girl (instead of saying a girl with blue eyes)
e) we//, badly + past participle. we/I-paid job
• We can also use nouns as adjectives before other nouns. In this case the nouns have no plural form.
weather report- weather reports
• The following adjectives have a difference in meaning:
a) Her gold ring was exquisite. (= ring made of gold)
They we re playing on a beach of go/den sond. (= sand the colour of gold)
b) She bought a silk blouse. (=a blouse made of silk) Her long silky /wir looked lovely. (= hair which feels like silk)
c) The stone houses in the vi/lage were all painted white.(= houses made of stone)
She was angry and looked at him with stany eyes. (= a cold look - like stone)

Order of Adjectives
When there are two or mare adjectives in a sentence, they normally go in the following order:

lt's a

• Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc) go before cardinal numbers (one, two, three, etc).
The first two days. (NOT: #l~l44fo/-SJ
• The adjedives afraid, a/ike, alive, a/one, ashamed, asleep, awake, content, glad, iii, p/eased, etc are never
followed by a noun. The man was alive. /am pleased with my test resu/ts.
• The adjectives chief, e/der, e/dest, farmer, indoor, inner, main, only, outdoor, outer, principal, upper are always
followed by nouns. Mr Thomson was my farmer boss.
o We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single noun. A noun is usually described by one, two or
three adjectives at the most. a pretty, tall, French dancer
• Certain adjectives are used with 'the' as nouns to refer to groups of iw;iple in general. These are: elder/y, middle-
aged, old, young, blind, dead, deaf, disab/ed, living, sick, homeless, hungry, poor, rich, strong, unemployed, weak, etc.
The government must support the unemployed. (= unemployed people need support - unemployed people in general)
BUT The unemp/oyed people in my town are at a demonstration today. (We refer to a specific group of unemployed people.).
When we talk abo ut one person we say A/The poor man/woman, A/The deaf boy/girl, etc. The young man who lives
next door is a law student. (We refer to a specific young man.)

Adverbs
• Adverbs describe verbs and past participles, adjectives or other adverbs.
She works quicldy. The sto1y was we/I written. She is a highly ta/ented artist. He runs incredibly fast.
• An adverb can be one word (sleepily) or a phrase (before dinner). Adverbs can describe manner (how), place
(where), time (when), frequency (how often), degree (to what extent), etc.
! /.o:'"'"'' h.on"';full:' (How does he pa int? Beautifully. >adverb of man ner)
TheCDisoverthere. (Where is the CD? There. >adverb of place)
She has a job interview this afternoon. (When does she have a job interview? Th is afternoon. >adverb of time)
He usually goes shopping at the weekend. (How often does he go shopping? Usually. >adverb of frequency)

217
 I·I Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons

Formation of Adverbs
• We usually form an adverb by adding -/y to the adjective. slow - slowly
• Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y. comfortab/e- comfortably
• Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop the -y and take -i/y. tidy- tidily
• Adjectives ending in -/ take -/y. careful - carefully
• Adjectives ending in -ie usu all~· · ' e -a//y. historie- historical/y BUT public- publicly
• Some adverbs do not follow t , rules.
II
i' go od fast hard early late
,i
iill well fast hard early late

:i
li
Order of Adverbs
• Adverbs of frequency go after the auxiliary verb (be, have, do), but before the main verb.
She has always liked ice cream. Fred is always on time. Jack often travels abroad.
I • Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after the auxiliary verb or at the end of the sentence.
The chi/dren slow/y wa/ked to school. They are entlwsiastical/y waiting for the play to begin. Please speak softly.
I • Adverbs of degree (absolutely, complete/y, totally, extremely, very, quite, rather, etc) go before an adjective, an adverb or
the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb. They are very grateful. He drives quite dangerously. He total/y ignored my advice.
• Adverbs of place and time usually go at the end of the sentence. Have you bought anything new recently?
• Adverbs of time, such as soon, now, nowandthen, go before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb.
',,I~ She now knows how to salve the problem. His new CD is soon coming out.
,I • We can put an adverb at the beginning of a sentence if we want to emphasise it
i
Excitedly, they swam in the sea. (manner)
In France, we met the most friendly people ever. (place)
Yesterday, I took part in a fund raiser for charity. (time)
• When there are two or more adverbs in the same sentence, they usually go in the following order:
manner - place - time. He was studying hard in his room all day.
• lf there is a verb of movement, such as go, come and leave, in the sentence, the adverbs usually go in the
following order: place - manner - time. They carne to work hurriedly this morning.

Points to consider
• Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives. These include: deep, ear/y, fast, hard, high, late, long, low, near,
right, straight, wrong. Lucy drives in the fast lane. (adjective) Ted runs fast. (adverb)
e There is a difference in meaning between the following pairs of adverbs:

The chi/dren are working hard on their project. (hard =with effort)
-
There wa?'hardly any milk left. (hardly =scarcely)
John lives near me. (near =close to) I have nearly finished my essay. (nearly =al most)
=
He gat to school late this morning. (late not early) I haven't been feeling well lately. (lately =recently)
His illness cut short his musical career. (short= before the
expected time)
Mr Bell will be with you shortly. (shortly =soon)
=
We were deep in a tropical rain forest. (deep a long way) =
I am deeply grateful to you. (deeply greatly)
I osked Jill about the most direct route to London. (direct - by All students were directly invo/ved in the preparations.
the shortest route) =
(directly immediately)
The eagle flew high above the mountains. (high = at a high level) She is a highly respected professor. (highly = very)
Chi/dren under six can travel on the ferry free. (free = without The cast on his leg prevented him from moving freely. (freely
charge) =without restriction)
,li • The following words end in -/y, but they are adjectives: coward/y, deadly, elderly, friendly, like/y, lively, lonely,
love/y, si//y, ug/y.That is a /ove/y poem. We use the phrase in a „. way/manner to form their adverbs.
She talked in a friendly manner. (NOT: $he-u;ifk@d.f1:i@diy.)
0 The adverbs cheap(/y), /oud(fy), quick(ly) and s/ow(ly) are often used without -/yin everyday English.

'llL 218
r
Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons
Quite/Rather/Fair/y/Pretty
• Quite (= fairly, to some degree) is usually used in
favourable comments. She is quite good at Science.
Quite is used before a/an. She's quite a ski/lful artist.
Quite (= completely) is used with adverbs, some
verbs and adjectives such as: amazing, brilliant,
certain, dreadful, different, exhausted, horrible,
impossible, perfect, right, sure, true, useless, etc. Tom
is quite sure his brother will win.
G Rather is used in unfavourable comments. I was
rather surprised to see John there. lt can also be used in
favourable comments meaning "to an unusual
degree". Mike is rather good at chess. (better than we
expected). Rather is also used with comparative
degree. This new program is rather mare difficult than
theold one. Rather is also used before or after a/an. lt's
a rath er difficult test. or lt's rath er a difficult test.
• Fairly!Pretty are synonymous with quite and rather.
They are used after a. Florence is a fairlylpretty clever
young lady.
1 Put the adjectives in the correct order.
Hi Chloe,
lt's brilliant here in Cornwall. We are staying in a !
1) picturesque, little, fishing (little, picturesque, fishing)
I village called Mousehole with my aunt and uncle. They
are artists and everything in their house is handmade. '
They live up the hill from the harbour. A 2) „„„ 1··
1 7
„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„ (stone, long, winding) path leads
; ~~n;o ~~err„c.°.tt·a·g~.~~~ t~~~ ~~~~.~~~·e· a ~~~a~~i~~~
I wooden, old) wheel.
lnside, there is a cosy k~en full of 4) „ „ .. „„„„„„„„„.
i „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. (pottery, hand-painted, colourful)
I pieces that my aunt has made. In the living room there
I are lots of 5) „ „ „„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ (interesting,
1
water-colour) pictures on the walls that my uncle has
done. On the sofa there are severa! 6) „„„„„„„„„„„„
„„„„„„„„„„„„„. (round, soft, velvet) cushions and
their cat Prince loves to make himself comfortable
there! He's a(n) 7) „ ... „„„„„„„„.„.„„„„„„„„ .. „„„„„„„.
(big, adorable, Persian, fluffy) cat and he rules the
cottage!
l've got loads of pictures to show you when I get back.
Hope you're enjoying your holiday.
Love,
Lisa
[I
2 Fili in the gaps with the adjectives in the correct
order.
Mary is wearing a modern, red, woal/en (woollen/
modern/red) dress.
2 The children all arrived for their first day of school
with „„.„„„„.„„.„„„ (black/leather/new) shoes.
3 The „„„.„„„„„„„„„.„„.„.„„„„„„„ (yellow/soft)
light from the fire was very comforting.
4 There was a „„„„.„„„„ „„„„„„„„„„„„„. (large/
fierce-looking/black) dog guarding the entrance.
5 Last night we ate at a(n) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„,„.
. „ „ .. „ ..... „ ... „„ (little/ltalian/friendly) restaurant.
6 We found a bag of .„„„.„„„„„„„.„.„„,„ „ ...... ,.„
(dirty/cotton/old) clothes in the attic.
7 We met a(n) „„.„„.„„„.„„.„„„„.„„„„„„„
(old/Dutch/interesting) man in the town.
3 Choose the correct word(s).
Every month I make a donation to a charity for
homeless/the homeless.
2 That's Peter - he's Martin's elder/older son.
3 lt felt strange/strangely to be back after such a
long time.
i 4 They have a very healthy/healthily lifestyle since
they moved to the country.
·1.·
5 There are special facilities for disabled/the disabled
at our loca! sports centre.
6 lt's a badly-written/bad-written essay, Mark. You
have to rewrite it.
Dad gave Mum a gold/golden ring for her birthday.
Ii 8 Janet was wearing high heels shoes/high-heeled
shoes.
4 Choose the correct word.
.,
' 1 Workers are digging deep/deeply to build the tunnel.
i 2 The piane flew high/highly above the city.
3 They travelled deep/deeply into the jungle collecting
seeds.
4 1'11 be there short/shortly. Wait by the exit!
5 He arrived late/lately for work again.
6 The supermarket is quite near/nearly our house.
7 She is high/highly experienced in her field.
8 You can fly direct/directly to Exeter now, which is
much more convenient.
,1
9 lt's hard/hardly surprising that he failed; he didn't
try very hard/hardly.
10 We went near/nearly the waterfall and felt the spray
on our faces.
11 l've noticed a change in his behaviour late/lately.
12 They got in free/freely, because James knew the
owner. 219
 \B Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons

5 Rewrite the sentences putting the adverbs in the
correct place.
I have seen a dolphin. (never/in the sea)
I have never seen a dolphin in the sea.
2 We were surprised because Mary turned up.
(unexpectedly/at the house)
3 My neighbour gave me a lift. (very kindly/this
morning)
8 Rewrite the text putting the adverbs into the
correct place.
r0-;;;-~11h~-;~~i-~~1t;d-h;1id;~-d~~i1~~ti~~~1~-1h~--,1 ł
i world, is the Costa del Sol in the south of Spain. l !?
l (frequently/today) lt attracts over two million i!
I I Wi

i tourists who arrive to lie under the sun along its i

4 They go for a long walk. (usually/every weekend)
5 The dog barked. (excitedly/in the garden)
6 He ran to open the door. (down the stairs/quickly)
6 Choose the correct item.
She is a fairly/fairly a interesting person.
2 lt was quite a/rather difficult to find her house.
3 This old espresso machine will take pretty/rather
a long time to warm up.
4 This exercise is quite/rather mare difficult than the
previous one.
5 This is a pretty/quite challenging exercise.
6 Babysitting is quite/pretty an easy job for teenagers.
7 I am rather/pretty sure he stole the money.
8 lt's fairly/rather colder today than it was yesterday.
7 Circle the correct item.
! 300 km coastline. (eagerly/yearly) This popular i
:' tourist attraction can satisfy all tastes. (easily) i'
!' Ho\idaymakers can go wild with the nightlife or i'
:' enjoy their time away from all the fuss. !'
!' (peacefully) The resort town of Torremolinos i'
i' caters for families with plenty of entertainment i'
!' options such as a theme park, water park, zoo and '
1
i' many water sports. (nearby/largely) lt is also !'
! famous for its evening entertainment which 1
i' includes flamenco shows and open-air discos. l'
i' (moreover/mostly) The towns of Marbella and i'
i' Malaga are popular with younger travellers seeking i'
i' late night clubbing. (meanwhile/hungrily/very) i'
i' There are also excursions to all the traditional 'i
i' towns located on the surrounding hillsides. i'
i' (magnificently/finally) l'
'..„ ___________________________________________________ ,../
One of the most frequently visited holiday destinations in the
world today, .. „ ........................•..... „. „ ......... „. „ ......... „ ..

1 Taking a coach is cheaper than taking the

tra in.
A quite @ rather
2 This was ...... an emotional film.
A fairly B quite
3 They spent „.... a long time on solving that
problem.
A rather B pretty
4 The boys were ..... satisfied with their marks.
A a pretty B quite
5 I have a „ .... good idea what he's going to do.
A rather B pretty
6 The house has a .. „ .. large garden.
A fairly B quite

li: 220
J...
.....

Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons O
-··---
comparatives and Superlatives
we use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another. We use the superlative to compare one
person or thing with mare than one person or thing of the same group. We often use than after a comparative and
the before a superlative. f-!ofly is \·alfer than n12. She is rhe ter Il:::.; i' gir/ in di~ .j,_1;;~.

of one syllable add -(er}r/-{e)st to form tall taller (than) the tallest (of/in)
their comparative and superlative simple simpler (than) the simplest (of/in)
forms thin thinner (than) the thinnest (of/in)
of two syllables ending in -/y, -y, -w easy easier (than) the easiest (of/in)
also add -er/-est or -ier/-iest narrow narrower (than) the narrowest (of/in)
of two or more syllables take powerful more powerful (than) the most powerful (of/in)
mare/most intelligent mare intelligent (than) the most intelligent (of/in)
o We normally use than with the comparative form. ,<;evin's car is fas ter than Tom's ca1: We normally use the ... of/in
("in" refers to places, groups, etc) with the superlative form. lt's the easiestofoll.
• Certain adjectives form their comparative and superlative either with -erl-est or more/most. These are: clever,
common, cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow, p/easant, po/ite, shallow, simpfe, stupid, quiet. simpfe - simpler - simµlest
ALSO simp!e - mare simple - most simp!e

adverbs having the same form as their adjectives add -erl-est fast faster the fastest
early drops -y and adds -ier/-iest early earlier the earliest
two syllable or compound adverbs take more/most (Compound often mare often the most often
adverbs are adjectives +-ty. usefu! - usefully) quickly mare quickly the most quickly

.. - .
lrregular Forms - o elder/e/dest (+noun) (adj) =for members of a family

..- - • .- . _ Superlative
My elder sister is a doctor BUT My sister is o/der than
me. (NOT: @ld@r than)
good /well better be st 0 further/farther (adv)= longer (in distance)
bad I badly worse worst My schoof is further/farther away from aur new house
much mare most lhan aur old one.
many I a lot of mare most further (adj) = more
little less least Visit the website for further derails.
far farther farthest • very + positive degree - Tracy is o very thoughtful
far further furthest girl.

;fypes of comparisons _ - _ - ·· __ ~ -_ :: -=- -- _ _

e as + adjective + as (to show that two people or things are similar/ This story is as imaginative as that one.
different in same way). In negative sentences we use notas/so ... as. Howard isn't as tall as James.
<> less+ adjective + than (expresses the difference between two people or This magazine is less exp2nsive rho n thoi
things). The opposite is mare „. than. one.
" the least+ adjective +of/in (compares one person or thing to two or mare Theo 9ot the !eost aiten:-io11 in class.
people or things in the same group). The opposite is the most „. of/in.
" even/muchla lot/far/a litt/e/a bit/s/ightly + comparative (expresses the 'Jk°'.J ''·'rites slightly hs,cr chon 111·'.
degree of difference between two people or things).
o comparative + and + comparative (to show that something is increasing People are buying mare and mor2
or decreasing).
'" . i!
o the+ comparative „. , the + comparative (shows that two things ii1?i.' 1.i1 ',/.'

change together, or that one thing depends on another thing). :,, 1.1 • ' '·
0 by far + the + superlative (emphasises the difference between one : f: ·

person or thing and two or mare people or things in the same group).
. -----·-- - .„.

221
.J
 a Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons
9 Complete the interview. Use the positive,
comparative or superlative forms of the
adjectives below.
I A No one is as successful as Fred.
I'
!
!I
1... 1
I,
'i
!
11'
! B Yesterday was warmer.
How many times have you climbed Mount
Everest?
Seven times. The first time 1 climbed
without oxygen, but every other time 1
used oxygen and it was so much 1} better.
The oxygen makes a big difference. 1
:I enjoyed the whole experience so much
mare using oxygen. To begin with, 1 felt
: i much 2) ............................. ; my feet and
'1' hands didn't get so cold. Then, 1 was able
to stay at the top and enjoy the summit.
lt's one of the 3) ..... .. .... .... ... ..... ...
experiences you can imagine - words
cannot express the feeling. Without the
oxygen, 1 just had to keep moving and
couldn't stop to take it all in.
lsn't that what mountaineering is all about -
reaching the summit?
Yes and no. The summit is the goal, but
the process of getting there is as
4) ............................. as being there. lMPORTANT
Is the icefa/I as bad as people say on the way
to the south ridge?
Definitely ! You never know when
something will give way. lt is without a
doubt the 5) ............................. part of DANGEROUS
the mountain. l've travelled it over a
hundred times and it always terrifies me.
You have become very close to the Sherpas,
haven'tyou?
Oh yes, they are the experts and I
absolutely respect their skills and their
knowledge of the mountain. But not only
that, their 6) ............................. quality is IMPRESSlVE
that even in the 7) ............................ .
situations, they are so good-natured. 1
believe that this is the source of their
strength and endurance. They have taught
meso much.
1OCircle the correct item.
1 Fred is the least successful journalist on TV.
® Fred is not very good at what he does.
2 This must have been the tastiest pizza I have ever .
had.
A l've had better pizza.
B l've never had such good pizza.
3 lt's not as cold as it was yesterday.
A lt's warmer today.
4 The mare she thought about it, the mare she
wanted to go ahead with the plan.
A The plan became mare and mare interesting.
B The plan became mare and mare unattractive.
GOOD 5 This car is slightly older than the one in the corner.
A This is a much older car.
B This car is not much older.
WARM
11 Read the text and fili in the word which best fits
each space. Use only one word for each space.
AMAZlNG
Venice is one of 1) the oldest and 2) .................... beautifu
cities in ltaly. The. 'City of Water', ~s they callit, is the only oni
. of its kind 3) ···,'················ th~ ~orld, lt rests on 117 smal'
islands; connected by 150 canals. Aslt is surrounded b~
water, 1t has 4) ................... most original means of transpdrtJ
no tourist should miss a ride ina gondola or water bus; ,
But the City of Water offers a lot mare 5)
Venetian rowing boats an.? beautiful , surroundings: lt;
„. . .: . . . .:. .
!
museums are famous for housing s~me of the 6) ;..... ,...... „ .•..
paintings by Venetian painters of the 14th to the 1Bth century.
The centre of the city is Saflfi'Aarco, which is always the
7) ... ;................ crowded with tourists. The only way to avoid
the crowds is to get lost in mysterious alleys and endless,
mazes of backstreets where you can discover the true colours ·
of the place and lts people. ·· · ' ·•
However, Venice's future is threatened by the most serious i
problem 8) .................... the modem world; global warming.
The 9) .......•............ sea levels rise, 1O) .. „ ....... ::::.•.. : mare
the city floods. In the best-case-scenario, city leaders will
invest money in the cónstrtiction.ofhuge steer gatlls to black i
i the floods. In.the 11) ·.··•;·::·'···.······:.ca~e: tile city will go under•!
water; something Venetians are fighting hard to avoid. •· '
toliiiH
~
 Adjectives/ Adverbs/Comparisons O
12 Circle the correct item. 13 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
A: When will the fruit be ready to eat?
in bold.
B: lt's difficult to
A exact say © say exactly As the trainees get fitter, they feel healthier.
B say exact D exactly say THE The fitter the trainees get, the
2 A: What did you have to eat? healthierthey feel.
B: We had sushi and it . „ ...
2 Is that the highest mark you can get?
A wonderfully tasty c tasty wonderful THAN Can't you „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
B wonderful taste D tasted wonderful that?
„ . „ .. „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ . „ „ „ . „ .•

3 A: Did you call William?
B: No, I was „ „ „ .
A as busy
B much busier
3 The little girl was being very selfish with her toys.
WAY The little girl was behaving . „ „ „ .
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ with her toys.
c very busy
4 I have never attended such an interesting lecture.
D the busiest
MOST lt was „„„„„„„„„„.„„.„.„„„„„„

4 A: Where is Kyle? „„„„„„„„. I have ever attended.

B: He has been „ „ „ .
5 As we climbed higher, the air became thinner.
A studying all afternoon in his room THE The „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
B studying in his room all afternoon „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ the air became.

c in his room all afternoon studying 6 Mary's the best cook of all.
D in his room studying all afternoon AS No one else .„„ .„„ „ „„„ „ „ „„„ „ „

5 A: How is he getting on? „„„„.„.„„„„„„„„„„. Mary does.

B: OK. Recently he's been making „ . „ mistakes. 7 Sheila isn't as beautiful as her sister.
A least c fewer LESS Sheila is „ „ „„ „„ „ „„ „„„ „ „ „ „ „ .„

B much D fewest „. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ her sister.

6 A: Did you call Philip? 8 Joan visits the local art gallery frequently.
B: No, I „ „ „ . FREQUENT Joan is „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.

A later will call him c will later call him „.„„„„„„ to the local art gallery.
B will call later him D will call him later 9 I couldn't get a better seat.
7 A: So many people have recorded that song. BEST lt was „„„„„„.„„„„„„„.„.„.„„„.

„ „ .. „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . get.
B: Yes, but this version is ...... anyone has produced.
A by far good c the by far best 10 He has never run such a long distance before.
THE lt's „„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
B by far the best D good by far
„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„ he's ever run.
8 A: They look the same size to me.
11 My own pasta sauce is tastier than this one.
B: No. Th is one . „ „ . than the oth'lfr.'
AS This pasta sauce „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
A slightly is bigger C is slightly bigger
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ my own.
B is slight bigger D slight is bigger
12 He sings well and the audience love him.
9 A: How long will the station be closed? A He's „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„

B: No one knows. The sign says 'Closed until and the audience love him.
„ „ „ notice'.
13 She had never received such an expensive gift
A far C farther before.
B further D furthest MOST lt was „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
1O A: Did you see Carl yesterday? „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ she' d ever received.

B: Yes. He was behaving in a very 14 Peter's mare careful than any other driver.
A strangely manner DRIVES Peter „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „
B mare strangely manner than anyone else.
.„„„„„„„„„„„

C strange manner 15 Sophie has been a professional singer for six years.
D mare strange manner PROFESSIONALLY Sophie „ . „ „ . „„.„„„„.

„ „ for six years.

223
 ifJI Relative Clauses

Relative clauses
Relative clauses are introduced by: a) relative pronouns i.e. who, whom, whose, which, that or b) relative adverbs
i.e. when, where, why.
a) Relative pronouns

The lady who!that lives next door is The people (who!whom!that) we That's the girl whose brother is
stayed with were very kind. in my class.
which/that which/that whose/of which
I bought a book which!that was very The dog (which!that) I gat for my Thats the house the windows
interesting. birthday is playful. of which/ who se windows
were broken.

• Whom, which, whose can be used in expressions of quantity with of (someof, many of, half of, etc).
We read many new articles. Many of them were informative.
We read many new articles, many of which were infarmative.
• Thot can be used instead of who, whom or which but it is never used after commas or prepositions.
Thats the girl who!that passed her English test.
Canberra, which is the capital of Australia, is a beautiful city. (that is not possible here)
b) Relative adverbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

when (= in/on/at which) - can be omitted - I remember the day (when!that) I gat my dog.
where (= in/at/on/to which) - The neighbourhood where he lives is quiet.
why (= for which) - can be omitted - Thats the reason (why) I don't like violent TV programmes.

• When using where or when, we do not need a preposition. She still lives in the house where she grew up.
(NOT: 51:1€ siw Uv€s iR tl:J€ l:Jgus€ wl:Jere sl:J€ 9'€"' up iR.)
• We can replace where by a preposition followed by which. In informal English, this preposition is placed at
the end of the sentence. The campsite where/at which we stayed had a swimming pool.!The camp site which we
stayed at had a swimming pool. The same can be done with when. Thot was the year when/in which I
graduated.!That was the year which I graduated in.

Prepositions in Relative clauses

We do not normally use prepositions before relative pronouns.
That's the shelf on which we keep the dictionaries. (forma I - not usual)
Thats the shelf which we keep the dictionaries on. (usual)
Thats the shelf we keep the dictionaries on. (more usual)

ldentifying and Non-ldentifying Relative clauses

0 An identifying relative clause gives necessary information essential to the meaning of the mai n sentence. lt is
not put in commas and is introduced with who, which, that, whose, where, when or the reason (why).
The girl who sits next to me at school is my best friend.
0 A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the mai n
sentence. lt is put in commas and is introduced with who, whom, which, whose, where or when.
1\Jeffy, 1vho is studying at art colfege, is ve1y talented.
We cannot omit the relative pronoun or replace it with that.
Ale:<nnd-:r: 1_.·uhn /,·,,,os nni1n1~I·;. ;, rr 1.>"'r (NOT: /' tf?'(Glr:Jdes to"f?S gqir:+Jais, ... 1lle-:gnde; t/::iat 'f,n'ef gqią:ig~ .„)

224

1 Fili in the gaps with the correct re/ative pronoun
or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write
(I) for identifying, (NI) for non-identifying and
say whether the relative can be omitted or not.
1 Rio de Janeiro, which is famous for its carnival, is the
most visited city in South America. Ni not omitted
2 Having full service is the reason ................... I
always choose resort hotels for my holidays. ...... .
3 Meryl Streep .................. is an American actress stili
holds the record for the most award nominations.
4 Rock climbing is an activity ................... needs a
lot of courage and strength. ................. .
5 Students ................... are planning to volunteer
at the Winter Games must give in their names by
tomorrow. ....... ................. .
6 She is the singer ............ new single went straight
to number one in the charts. ....... ................... .
7 1997 was the year ................... Robbie Williams
released his first solo single. ....... ................. .
8 This film ................... is about Vietnam is fantastic.
Relative Clauses ·g
3 Combine the following sentences using relatives.
1 This is the archaeological museum. lt was built in
1958.
Th is is the archaeological museum which was built in 1958.
2 That's the librarian. She helped me with my
research project.
3 This is Rick's brother. He bought rne a ticket to the
football finals.
4 l'm reading Eclipse. lt was written by Stephenie
Meyer.
5 Here's a photo of the ski resort. We stayed there
last winter.
6 This is the painting. Riley bought it at the new art
gallery.
4 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.

She's learning German, not French.

2 Complete the pairs of sentences, as in the THAT lt's German that shes learning, not
example. French.
1 Jason is playing basketball with a boy. The boy is 2 He has a class of twenty students; half of them
his friend Mike. are A students.
WHOM He has a class of twenty students,
A The boy whom/who Jason is playing basketball
with is his friend Mike.
B The boy Jason is playing basketball with is his are A students.
. ....................... „

friend Mike. 3 The person met on safari was strong and

2 Martha hąęl\Jone to a play. The play is at her courageous.
school. • WHO I meta ...................................... .
A The play ............................................. . ...... was strong and courageous.
4 The coffee table on display is damaged.
B The play ....................................................... . WHICH The coffee table ........................ .
. ... „ ......................... is damaged.

3 I was chatting with a girl. The girl is my cousin. 5 Rick solved the problem first, not Bob.
A The girl ........................................................ . WHO lt ....................... „ ..................... .
................................... ,not Bob.
B The girl ..................................................... . 6 I wonder who owns that black Porsche.
WHOSE I wonder .......................... .
.... is.
4 I lent my coat to Elaine. The coat is made of
leather. 7 The man in the blue suit is my father.
A The coat WHO The man ............................... .
... blue suit is my father.
B The coat . 8 September is the month classes begin.
WHEN Septernber is .
.. begin.
225
l
 l

\fJ Time Clauses

Time Clauses
We use the following time conjunctions to introduce Sequence of Tenses
time clauses. Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses.
That is, when the verb of the main clause is in a present
when, as, while, before, after, since, until!till, whenever, as
or future form, the verb of the time clause is in a present
fang as, by the time, as soon as, the moment !that), no
form. When the verb of the main clause is in a past form,
sooner ... than, hardly ... when, once, immediately, the
the verb of the time clause is in a past form too.
firstliastlnext time, etc.

• When the time clause precedes the main clause, a

comma is used. imperative
Whenever she has time, she writes stories. He feeds the dog as soon as he comes home from work.
j j /'il call you the moment Ihave same news.
time clause main clause Make your bed before you go to school.
past simple/ past simple or
She writes stories whenever she has time. past perfect past perfect
j l He watched TV after he hod done his homework.
main clause time clause We hod cieaned the house before Mum got home.

Rerne(Tll:i~r1
• wi/l/wou/d are never used in time clauses. Come to my office as soon as you arrive. (NOT: ... Q'fOOQ @yw will 0'61'o ... )
• when (time conjunction) + present/past - I'// buy same fruitwhen I go to the market.
when (question word) + will!would - We don't know when she'il be home this evening.

5 Choose the appropriate time words and put 6 Fill in: the moment,
the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. until!till, when, before,
I 1 Call me till/as soon as you get(get) your test results.
or as.

2 The secretary was typing the memo while/until

I the manager ....................... (talk) to a client.
I 3 He started blushing while/once he ............. „ ....... .
I
I
(realise) his mistake.
I
I. 4 I found my scarf since/as I .. „ ... „ ........... „. (pull) a
i sweater from the shelf.
5 She takes a hot bath once/whenever she
....................... (have) a long day.
6 By the time/No sooner had I started the car than
I ....................... (notice) it was low on petrol.
7 We had put up the party decorations when/by
the time Carol .................. „ ... (come) back from
school.
8 I will be by your sicie for as soon as/as long as you
....... „ ...... (need) me.
9 They promised to call the moment/as Jong as they
.............................. (arrive) at the station.
1O As soon as/By the time Janet got to the theatre,
the performance .. „ ...... „ . „ ......... „ ...... .
(already/start).
1) When Jim Davis
introduced his new
comic strip in 1978,
little did he know
how popular it would
be even today.
over thirty years
later. Even though
Garfield was jus!
the mai n chara eter' s
friend at first, it
wasn't long
2) ............. „ „ ....... „. he became the star of the strip.
This fot, lazy cat. which lies in his basket all day
3) „ „ „ „ „ ..... „ „ ........ it's time for lunch, has become
famous. 4) „ „ ..... „ .. „.„ ......... time went by, he gained
many loyal fans and naw has over 260 million
people worldwide who read the strip every day.
Garfield is a charming and witty cat, and although
he sometimes plays tricks on his owner, Jon, deep
down he loves him and is his friend. Above all, he
has one weakness that makes him special and so
lovable; lasagna! 5) .„ .................... „ .. he sees freshly
baked lasagna, he is putty in anyone's hands.

I: I 226
lL I

Clauses of Purpose
Clauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody does something.
We can express positive purpose using:
• to+ infinitive
Rachel phoned the box office to book the tickets.
• in order tolso as to+ infinitive (forma!)
She bought a laptop computer in order to work at home.
• so that + can/will (present/future reference)
He works hard so that he can support his family.
• so that + could/would (past re Ference)
We took a map so thatwe wouldn'tget lost.
• in case + present tense (present or future reference)
Take same sandwiches in case you get hungry.
• in case + past tense (past reference)
She hod token same money with her in case she needed it.
Note: in case is never used with will or would.
• for+ noun (expresses the purpose of an action)
l've sent them a card for their anniversary.
• for+ -ing form (expresses the purpose of something
or its function)
CD-ROMs are used for storing informotion.
• with a view to + -ing form
Jack bought an ald house with a view to renovating it.
7 Join the sentences using the words in brackets.
1 He took his compass. He didn't want to get lost in
the woods. (in case)
He took his compass in case he got lost in the woods.
2 This is a toaster. You use it to toast bread. (for)
3 Ian set his alarm clock. He didn't want to miss the
meeting. (so as not to)
4 Jess called me. He reminded me to bring his MP3
player. (in order to)
5 I spoke softly. I didn't want to wake the baby.
(so that)
6 They took an umbrella. They didn't want to get
wet (avoid)
7 Dan kept the old coin. He wanted to start a coin
collection. (with a view to)
8 1'11 write it down in my agenda. I don't want to
forget (so that)
Clauses of Purpose ',fJ
We can express negative purpose using:
• in order not to/so as not to+ infinitive
She hod some breokfast so as not to/in order not to be
hungry.
Note: We never use not to to express negative
purpose.
o prevent + noun/pronoun (+ from) + -ing form
Seat belts prevent dfivers (from) having serious injuries.
e avoid + -ing form
He studied hard to avoid failing the test.
• so that+ can'Uwon't(present/future reference)
/'// take same notes so that I won't forget the important
information.
0 so that+ couldn't!wouldn't(past re Ference)
He tu med the music down so that he wouldn'twake the baby.
-~
So has many different uses. Be careful not to
confuse them when using so to express purpose.
I was feeling tired, so I went to bed eorly. (this shows
result, not purpose) He turned the music down so
that he wouldn't wake the baby. (this shows purpose)
"'
8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
Rick woke up early. He didn't want to miss his
morning flight
AS Rick woke up early so as not to miss
his morning flight
2 Jocelyn took a Spanish class. She intended to
move to Madrid someday.
VIEW Jocelyn took a Spanish class . „ „ „
„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . to Madrid someday.
3 She hid her journal under her pillow. She didn't
want her brother to read it
SO She hid her journal under her pillow
„„„„„„„„.„. „„„„„„.„„. read it
4 He's packing a lunch. He might feel hungry later.
CASE He's packing a lunch „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ .
„ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . . „ „ hungry later.
5 Nicolas bought some ice tea. He wanted to have
something cold to drink.
TO Nicolas bought some ice tea ..
„ „ „ „ „ . something cole! to drink.
227
 1

fJ
~--
Clauses of Reason

Clauses of Reason
Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for something. They are introduced with the following
words/expressions: because, as/since, the reason for!why, because of/on account of!due to, naw that, for, etc.
e because - I turnec! on rhe f1eoting óe,::ous~ it 1·'.1as cofd. F32cou::;.-:: ir \''./C!.:> c•-:J/d. ! turn::d on t/J2 f;,::ning.
0 as/sin ce (= because) - Vl/e couldn't go out as/sin ce if tNas raining. /-\.::/;fn,::-: it \'~-'J5 roining, 1;/.? coufdn't q1J 0u:-.
o the reason for+ nounl-ing form - The i2:Json for his d::Joy H·'.::1:; cJ-1::· !rai/ie. Th-: reo:;.J;; /,;r hi'.; L12fi"1:J r...lel :ty'::!d 1 /OJ the
1

heavv rroffic.
the reason why + clause - ».1:, !{fr,: r;::c1.sou ~ 1 ~ 1 ny n 2 t-v::;.:; ':12! JJ 2:7.
111::: 11·::u•.'.v il'.liuc 11 1
•

o because of/on accountof/due to + noun - ;.\// ffight:; \·vere cor;,:elf2d ó2cous2 of/on occouni: of/due t"u U1e tliick fog.
because of/on account of/due to the factthat + clause - ~': · ,, •'r' i'i 'd '.)c·'.'''-'-'' ,•"' .-, :':>:, ,, , , ,,., ._,;, '· •' ;!,;:_ ,hat
she ~"lOi/ the coniperition.
0 now (that) + clause 1\fotv (that) she has a clriving !icence, she can drive to F/ori".
• for(= because) (informal written style) A clause of reason introduced with for always comes after the main clause.
He couidn't reod the small print, for his eye sight was poo1:

9 Join the sentences using the words in brackets. 1OComplete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
1 She left early today. She wasn't feeling very well. in bold.
(because)
She left early 1odoy because she ;vosn'r feeling very 1velf. 1 He wanted to sell his drum set so he put an
2 Mum had a lot of preparations for Sunday lunch. advertisement in the paper.
I
She had invited some ald friends from school. (as) SINCE He put an advertisement in the
[i
paper since he wanted ro se/i his
. !' drum set .
•!
2 Sophie doesn't make enough money to buy a car.
3 Everything in the fridge spoiled. There was a FOR Sophie can't buy a car, .............. .
power cut. (due to) ......................................... . .......... „ .... „ ........ enough money.

3 All flights were cancelled on account of the ice

storm.
4 The company sent drivers to pick us up. There was REASON The ice storm was ................. „ .. .
a massive strike. (on account of) ...................... . .................... „ .... were cancelled.

4 Morgan wasn't feeling well so he called in sick.

BECAUSE Morgan called in sick ................ .
5 They cancelled the s~ol trip. There was a severe ............ „ ................. feeling well.

snowstorm. (the reasbn) .................................. . 5 Richard can't play rugby because he has a bad
knee.
AC COUNT Richard can't play rugby ............ .
6 We can bring you your CDs in the morning. We'll .................................. bad knee.
be driving by your area. (as) ........................... . 6 Since exams are over they can go out with friends.
NOW They can go out with friends
............... ...... are over.
7 We quickly got bored. There was nothing to do. 7 She was in a bad mood because of their
(since) ............ ............ ........................... . argument.
FOR The ........................... „ .............. .
her bad mood was their argument.
8 Nick's teacher wanted to see his parents because
he was misbehaving.
OF Nick's teacher wanted to see his
parents ................. ,.. .
' I
---..................... bad behaviour

228
li
 Clauses of Result fJ
Clauses of Result
Clauses of result are used to express result. They are introduced with the following words/expressions:
G as a result/therefore/consequent/y/as a consequence - 1Ve vvonr to go on hofidoy. As a resuft-!There{oreiConsequently/As 1

o con:;-2qt;:.::nc~, 1/~'2 or,: :;aving up niork:;,:

o so - I 111os fe:.::ling iii, so I i'\lent ro che c/rJcror's.
o sucha/an+ adjective + singular countable noun - /t 11/0:i such c: gr20Cf„F~rfonnonc2 choi •,:/e 1-vonr to see it again.
e such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun - The.:C-'(lr2 suci; r;fc; p-:.op/2 rhor i orn 9oing to invir:: rhern to rny party.
1"1<.:: :o•U ,. ': L/J j~/'..,/ / ;.,''-''-'~' U~/ C' 1'-C (J l'.H ~-~·o;: .:-U! V':'.U u!';; p1 r.)u1:::1 f J.

o sucha lot of+ plural/uncountable noun - There \-'>-'ere ;uch .:; ie;· o,:: !:;co/.;:; on rny des!< thar I couldn't \·\!Ork. There tvas

o so + adjective/adverb- "ihr:: sto1y lVC!~ so boring thoc che srudents /osr i1li'::'r2·sc.
0 so + adjective + a(n) + noun - f-!e ~-'/OS so c/2ver a boy i hol h2 µossect o// his e":orns.
o so much!litt/e + uncountable noun - There is so much pollution in rl1e city thor John wonts to move. Poul has got so little
time that he can't go out lhis weekend.
o so many/few + piu rai noun - There were somany people at the performance 1hat there was standing room only. She hod
so feliv friends that she often felt lonel;z

11 Rewrite the two statements using the word(s) in 12 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
brackets. meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
1 A: The teacher couldn't find the students' tests
anywhere. They were in such a rush they couldn't stop for
B: I know! The whole class had to retake the test. lunch.
(as a result) UTILE They had so /ittle time they
The teacher couldn'1 fine/ the swdents' tesrs. As a couldn't stop for lunch.
result, the w/10/e class hod to retake the test. 2 She's such an energetic person she prefers to jog
to werk.
2 A: There is plenty of information on the topie on
SO She's .„ ... „ .. „ „ „ . „ .......... „ . „ .... .
the Internet.
..... she prefers to jog to work.
B: Yes, but it could take hours to find exactly
3 Joe hurt his leg while skateboarding because he
what you're looking for. (such a lot of „. that)
wasn't careful.
CONSEQUENTLY Joe wasn't careful while
skateboarding ... „ ................ .
3 A: My new school is very close to home. „ .... „ .. „ .. „ .......... „ ........ his leg.
B: You can even walk there. ( so „. that) 4 We didn't take long at the bank because there
was a short queue.
FEW There we re . „ „ „ „ ............ „ „ ... .

4 A: lt's cold here! waiting at the bank

.. „ ... „ „ .....

B: Yes, I know. 1'11 turn on the heating. (so „. that) that we didn't take long.
5 lt was such a tiring lecture that I couldn't keep my
eyes open.
SO The lecture .... „ ....•.• „ .... „ . „ .....
5 A: The world population is increasing too fast.
I couldn't keep my eyes open.
B: We won't have enough food to feed everyone
6 That cat is so lazy it's always lying on the sofa.
soon. (as a result)
SUCH lt is ... „ ... „ .. „ ...•. „ .......... „ .... „ „
it's always lying on the sofa.
7 Parents have to supervise their children because
6 A: That was a wonderful holiday. there is a lot of violence on TV.
B: I agree. I think I want to go back there again. SO There is .„.
(such a „. that) . „ .. „ . on TV that parents

have to supervise their children.

229
 fi Clauses of Concession

Clauses of Concession
Clauses of concession are used to express a contrast. They are introduced with the following words/expressions:
• but - He was iii, but he stili went to work.
• althoughleven thoughlthough + clause
Even though is more emphatic than although. Though is informal and is often used in everyday speech. lt can also
be put at the end of a sentence. Although!Even though/Though we wore scarves and gloves, we were cold.
We were cold although/even though!though we wore scarves and gloves./We we re cold. We wore scarves and gloves, though. i
• in spite ofldespite + nounl-ing form - In spite of/Despite our hard work, we didn't finish on time. I We didn't finish on
time in spite of/despite working hard.
• in spite of!despite + the foct thot + clause - In spite of/Despite the fact that he was rich, he wasn't happy.
• however/nevertheless - A comma is always used after however!nevertheless. He wasn't invited to the party. Hawever/
Nevertheless, he turned up. . i
• whi/e/whereas - She is artistic, while!whereas her brother is more practical.
• yet (formal}/stil/ - The sun was shining, yetitwas ratherwarm./ My grandfather is 90. Yet, he is stili oble to look after himself. i ·
1
• on the other hand - I would like to eat at a fancy restaurant. On the other hand, I can't afford it. ±
.•
,

.......
• In spite of/Despite can be placed in the middle of the sentence. Dan will take part in the race in spite
of!despite being unfit.
• We use the perfect -ing form to show that the action happened before the result. They didn't win, in spite
of/despite having trained so hard.

13 Circle the correct item. 14 Rephrase the sentences using the words in
brackets, as in the example.
1 ...... the heavy traffic, we managed to get to work
!·I·i
on time. I paid attention in class. I didn't understand the
A However @ In spite of C While Maths problem. (despite, although)
Despite paying attention in class, I didn't understand
2 I eat a lot of meat ...... my sister is a vegetarian. the Maths problem.
A in spite B while C despite Although I paid attention in class, I didn't understand
3 He enjoys the opera. He doesn't like rock concerts, the Maths problem.
2 Sue tried her best. She didn't win the public
A whereas B on the other hand speaking contest. (nevertheless, in spite of)
C though
4 The music at the party was great, ...... the food
3 George sings in a band. He can't play any musical
was horrible.
instruments. (however, but)
A despite B but C in spite
5 Bobby fell off his bike ....... , he wasn't hurt.
A While B Although C However 4 They look tired. They spent the weekend at the
6 They decided to go for a walk ..... the roads were cabin. (even though, despite)
icy.
A whereas B even though C despite
5 lt was late. Patrick decided to go out with friends.
7 ...... it sounds like a good idea, there's something
(although, however)
about it I don't like.
A Although B Despite C In spite of
8 We followed the recipe, the result wasn't 6 Rihanna is my favourite singer. I don't have her
very good. latest CD (though, yet)
A whereas B while C yet
I; I 230
r,·I i
r
t
Exclamations a
Exclamations
b' Exclarnations are words or sentences used to express admiration, surprise, etc.
To form exclamatory sentences we can use what (a/an), how, such, so or a negative question.
• so + adjective/adverb - The view is so marvellous! He dances so beautifully'
• such + a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun - This is sucha playfu/ puppy!
• such (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural no u n - We had such beautiful furniture! Those are such polite chi/dren'
o what + a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun - What a pretty girl!
• what (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun - What he/pfu/ advice! Whattrendy clothes!
• how+ adjective/adverb - How clever he is!
• negative question (+ exclamation mark) - lsn't he a gifted singer!

15 Fili in: what (a/an), how, such (a/an), or so. 17 Fili in the missing words in the email beiow.
1 What a perfect diamond !
2 He's ......................... strange!
3 .......................... nice clothes!
4 .......................... fast he swims !
5 lt's .......................... expensive car!
6 .......................... clever she is!
7 lt's .......................... difficult exam !
8 .......................... lovely weather!
9 .......................... kind she is!
1O .......................... beautiful eyes she's gat!
11 lt was .......................... great party!
12 The journey was .......................... tiring !
13 .......................... nice day! I'm writing to thank you for letting me stay at
14 These bags are .......................... heavy! your summer house in Santorini last week. It
15 .......................... noisy children !
was 1) such a wonderful experience! It was my
first time in Greece and your warm hospitality
16 She's .. : ....................... clumsy!
made me fee! 2) .. „ „ „ „ •. „. much a part of your
17 He's .......................... graceful dancer!
family!
18 .......................... exhausted you look!
I truly enjoyed our tour of the ancient city at
19 ltwas .......................... scaryfilm! Akrotiri. 3) „ „ „ . „ ...... an amazing civilisation it
20 Karen cooks .......................... well! was! I didn't realise how advanced their
architecture was. And the boat ride to Caldera
16 Make exclamations using negative question afterwards was 4) ..... „ ... „ „ . an exciting way to
forms.
see the volcano up close and catch a view of the
Santorini cliffs! I stili can't believe 5) „ .. „ .. „ „ ...
1 lt's so exciting ! /sn't it exciting! spectacular this island is!
2 He dresses smartly! ........................................... . Thank you for welcoming me into your home
3 They can play well !. ........................................... . and making me fee! so relaxed. It was
4 James is so strong! ............................................ . 6) „ . „ .. „ . „ „ . a wonderful experience! If you are
5 She tal ks tao much! .......................................... . ever in Barcelona, don't forget to come visit.
6 He can draw perfectly! ...................................... .
I would be more than willing to offer you a
place to stay to return your kindness. Above all,
7 They are so friendly! .......................................... .
it would be 7) „ .. „ ..... „.. nice to see you both
8 Julie sings beautifully! ....................................... .
again!
9 lt's unbelievable! ............................................... .
Best wishes,
Pedro

231
 U Clauses of Manner
Clauses of Manner
Clauses of manner are introduced with as if!as though, as and are used to express the way in which something is
dane/said, etc.

o We use as if/as though a~er the verbs act, appear, be, behave, fee/, look, seem, smell, sound, taste to say how
somebody or something looks, behaves, etc. She looks as if!as though she's coming down with a cold.
We also use as if/as though with other verbs to say how somebody does something. They are ta/king to each other
u::. ii/us U1ougi 1 il 1ey i1crve Uei::iJ ti'ic1 u.I::. !Or ycc11 !:..
o We use as if/as though + past tense when we are talking about an unreal present situation. Were can be used
instead of was in all persons. She treats him as if/as though he was/were her slave. (but he isn't) She behaves as iflas
though she were in charge. (but she isn't)
o We can also use as in clauses of manner to mean 'in the way that'. Write itas I asked you to.

as if/as though + any tense form

She feels as if she's going to fal/ asleep.
(She may fali asleep.)
We can use like instead of as
as if/as though + past simple/past continuous
if/as though in spoken English.
He speaks as if he knew everything.
He sounds like he's very tired.
(but he doesn't)
(informal spoken English)
as if/as though + past perfect
She /ooked as if she hod seen a ghost.
(but she didn't see one)

18 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
,I
i 1 He talked about the book as though he had read
(read) it, but I know he's only seen the film.
19 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnc\ude the word
in bold.

2 Mum looks as if she „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ (faint). Bring 1 lt's freezing outside and I feel it might snow.
'.· her same water. IF lt's freezing outside and it feels as ifit
3 lt feels as though it . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ (be) is going to snow.
!1: 2 You look \ike you need a break.
warm later today.
'I'
11- 4 She behaved as if she „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ AS You look „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „
„ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . a break.
(never/see) me before.
5 lt feels as if it „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ (be) real leather, but 3 They ha~feeling that he was lying to them.
it is fake. IF They felt „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „
6 Mary speaks as if she „. „. „. „. „ „ .„ „. „ „ . (be) an „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „. to them.

expert on the subject, but we are not convinced.
7 His voice sounds as if he „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ .
(come down) with a cold.
8 They stared at me as though they „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
(never/see) a woman with a hat on before.
9 The soup tastes as though it „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „
4 He behaves like he owns the school.
AS He behaves „ .„ „ „ „ „„. „. „ „ „ „ . „. „„.
„ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . the school.
5 lt smells like something is burning.
THOUGH lt smells „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ ..
. . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ .. „. burning.

(need) same mare salt.
10 The girls dress as if they „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ (be) rock
stars.
11 He seemed to be exhausted and looked as if he
. „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ (not/sleep) for days.
12 He is not well. lt sounds as if he
(need) professional help.
6 Hold your pencil in the way that I showed you.
AS Hold your pencil „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ .
..... „ . „ „ „ . „ „ .. „.„ .... „ .... you.
7 She isn't the manager, but she acts like she is.
IF She acts „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ „
. .. „ . „ „ „ . „ „ the manager.
 Clauses of Place \g
Clauses of Place 22 Circle the correct item.
Clauses of place are introduced with where, wherever,
everywhere, anywhere, etc. We'// enjoy ourseives wherever 1 ........ it was snowing heavily, they started climbing
we go. the mountain.
Wili/Would are never used in clauses of place. Everywhere A Despite © Even though
/look I find your things. (NOT: "°''@~'"0@'€ I wjl/ lggk ) B In spite of D However

2 Tom and Rick were making ....... noise that Dad

20 Fili in: where, wherever, everywhere or anywhere. told them to be quiet.
A such a C such a lot of
Wherever Jlooked, there were people protesting in B somany D consequently
the streets.
2 Did you see ...................... I placed my folder? 3 1'11 call you ........ Jleave the office.
3 Sit ................................. you like. A the time C immediately
4 You can find this book ......................... lt's a best B the moment D since
seller right naw. 4 ........ the fact that her doctor told her to rest,
5 I couldn't find a parking place ............... near the Laura went to work.
shops. A Although C Despite
B However D Nevertheless
21 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word 5 1'11 drive you ....... you want to go!
in bold. A everywhere C where
B whereas D wherever
1 Mr Mitchell held anto his daughter's bike so she
wouldn't fali. 6 Parcels will not be delivered, ........ posta I workers
PREVENT Mr Mitchell held onto his daughter's are on strike.
bike to prevent her from falling. A because of C for
2 John was late for werk because he had trouble B now D on account of
starting his car. 7 .... the delay was the thick fog.
THEREFORE John had trouble starting his car, A Due to C The reason for
B The reason why D On account of
................................... for work.
3 The children were frightened on account of the 8 Scott brushes his teeth ........ he goes to bed at
thunderstorm. night.
REASON The thunderstorm was .............. . A the moment C no sooner
........... rtf.l ........ were frightened. B before D by the time
4 I live so close to school that I don't have to take 9 I was feeling hot. ........ , I decided to open a
the bus. window.
SINCE I don't have to take the bus ...... . A As a result c So much
.................................. to school. B Such D Such a
5 2003 was the year my son was barn.
WHEN 2003 was the year .................... . 1O ........ you're all here, we can start the meeting.
......................................... barn. A For C The reason for
6 The Davidsons wanted to buy a house so they B Naw that D Consequently
asked the bank for a loan.
ORDER The Davidsons asked the bank for 11 He looked through the paper ........ finding a job.
a Joan ...................................... . A SO that c to
..................................... a house. B with a view to D for
7 They went to the anima! shelter as they intended 12 l've bought her a watch ........ her birthday.
to choose a pet. A for C so as
VIEW They went to the anima! shelter B with a view D in order
....... a pet.
233
 \U Linking Words
Linking Words
Linking words show the logical relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence.
Positive Addition Effect/Result
and, both .„ and, too, besides (this!that), moreover, what such!so .„ that, so, consequently, as a result, therefore
is more, in addition (to), also, as we/I as (this!that), forthis reason, etc.
furthermore, etc. - We were both happy and excited. lt was so co/d that we stayed indoors.

,! I 1·
Negative Addition
neither „. nor, nor, neither, either
Time
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, before, unti//ti/1
I!
''
·..;,11
H
Neither Sarah nor Jim /ives here.
Contrast
after, since, etc. - Ididn't /eave the class until!till l'd finishe,
my project.

d',,' but, a/though, in spite of, despite, whi/e, whereas, even

though, on the other hand, however, yet, stili, etc.
Cła ire is hardworking, but not very sociable.
Giving Examples
such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, in
particu/ar, etc. - A// the stories were funny, but the last one
in particular was hilarious.
Cause/Reason
as, because, because of, since, for this reason, due to, so,
as a result (of), etc. - We couldn't watch the film because
we weren't old enough.
Condition
if, whether, only if, in case of, in case, provided (that),
providing (that), unless, as/so long as, otherwise, or (e/se),
on condition (that), etc.
/'// write your telephone number down in case I forget it.
Purpose
to, so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that,
in case, etc.
We hurried home so that we wouldn't be late for dinner.
Place
where, wherever
We don't know where to spend aur holidays this summer.
Exception
except (for), apart from
My party was great aport from the mess we made.
Relatives
who, whom, which, what, that
That's the song which!that made it to the top of the charts.
listing Points/Events
To begin: initial/y, first, at first, first/y, to start/begin with
first of all, etc. - First of all, I opened a new document.
To continue: secondly, after this!that, second, afterwards
then, next, etc. - Then, I typed the report.
To conclude: final/y, /astly, in the end, at last, eventually
etc. - Finally, / saved it under a new name.
Summarising
in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, on the who/e
all in all, a/together, in short, etc.
To sum up, we fee/ thar mare money should be spent 01
education.

23 Choose the correct item. 24 Join the sentences using the linkers in brackets.
There's a train that gees up north, and/butJso it 1 The children went for ice cream. They had eater
doesn't go by that town. all their dinner. (after) The chi/dren went for io
2 He's going to have the party after/if/unless his cream after they had eaten all their dinner.
parents change their plans. 2 She didn't tell her the whole truth. She didn"
3 Can you pick up some groceries for me until/while/ want to hurt her feelings. ( so as not to)
before you come home?
4 We went out although/in spite/despite the heavy
rai n. 3 First you clean out your room. Then, we'll gc
5 Jf/Because/Although of the strike, we had to shopping. (only if) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ .
take a taxi to getto werk.
6 I needed to hear her voice, because/and/so I called 4 The twins are very sweet. They are charming, tao
her on the phone. (both „. and) „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „. „ „ „ „ „. „ „ „.

7 We all enjoy skateboarding, while/so/and Jake

prefers riding his BMX. 5 She left work. All the shops had closed. (by the
8 Wherever/Where/Whenever Peter goes, he always time).
mak es new friends the re.
234
 Linking Words fi
25 Choose the correct item. 27 Fili in the gaps with the appropriate linkers.
Whenever I see George, he's in a hurry.
There are plenty of reasons 2 They left for school „ ........................... they had
for planning your next trip to breakfast.
the city of Madrid. 1) C, it is a 3 He Ioo ks . .. ... .. . .. ........ .. ..... he's going to eat
city with a rich history. lt has that cake all by himself.
been the capital of Spain since 4 That was .............................. a terrible thing to do
to him. You should apologise!
1562. Moreover, Madrid is a
5 1'11 bring a change of clothes with me ................... .
very special place 2) ........ its medieval centre, the Prado
I stay overnight.
Museum, great churches and squares. lt 3) ........ has an 6 You'll miss the flight ............................. you hurry.
impressive opera house and many of the city's 7 They couldn't remember .............................. they
monuments and palaces are well·preserved, 4) ........ it is had parked their car.
possible to relive the history of the city. For this reason, 8 That man over there is the one ........................... .
many people visit Madrid every year: 5) ........ , I believe that house has burnt down.

6) ........ a trip like this may be costly, Madrid is a cityworth

visiting.
28 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
1 A As B short
2 A due to B SO c because I grew up in that house.
3 A therefore B however c also THE That's the house where I grew up.
4 A and B SO · c but 2 She has decided to buy a motorbike; we can't
5 A To sum up B EVen though c For example stop her.
6 A also B although c because of PREVENT We can't ................................... .
.............................. a motorbike.
3 I gave them a summary of the events because I
didn't want to bore them with the details.
26 Join the sentences using a suitable word or SO I didn't want to bore them with
phrase from the list.
the details, ................................ .
• such ... that • where • as well as ........... a summary of the events.
• even though • neither ... nor • provided (that) 4 He gat a speeding ticket because he was driving
very fast.
1 The government passed the law. The people did
RESULT He was driving very fast ..
not agree.
The government passed the law, even though the
he gat a speeding ticket.
peop/e did not agree.
5 lt was sucha great party that we all stayed until late.
2 They have a house in ltaly. They have a villa in Spain.
SO The party was ........................... .
.............. we all stayed until late.
3 I don't feel like watching a DVD. Angela doesn't
6 He bought a bicycle as he intended to ride it to
feel like watching a DVD.
work every day.
VIEW He bought a bicycle .................. .
4 He can come with us. He behaves himself.

it to work every day.

5 This is the fiat. I used to live here.
7 Martha is tall and thin. Her sister is short and plump.
WHEREAS Martha is tall and thin, ............. .
6 lt was a perfect sunny day. We went on a pienie.
...................... short and plump.

235
 .J:f/ The Passive
The Passive
We form the passive with the verb to be in the appropriate tense and the past participle of the main verb.

Present sim ple They clean the office every da)z The office is c/eaned every clay.
Present continuous They are cleaning the office now. The office is being cf-::on:::d nov„:
Past simple They clean2d the office yesterday.
Past continuous Thev 1.ver: c/2on.in0 the 0Hic2 en 6:00 this rnorninq.
Future simple They 111.rili clean rhe u/tie:; t0n1orru·/1.
Present perfect 1he_v have a/reariy clean,:·d rhe cifi:ice.

Past perfect
Modals They can clean the otfi'ce.
lnfinitive They 1.vant to clean the office. 1hey M'llllt fhr: office co be c/ean 2c!.

I The present perfect continuous and the past perfect continuous are not normally used in the passive.
'I b) We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen
by accident or unexpectedly. Mary's cat gat run over by a car (instead of Mory's catwasrun over „.)
I
We use the passive:
0 when the person or people who do the action are unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. The /Jook
will be published next wee.I.. (We don't know who will publish the book.) The costun1es are being prepared (lt's
unimportant who is doing it.) He was arrested on Monday. (lt's obvious that the police arrested him.)
0 when the action itself is more important than the person/people who does/do it, as in news headlines, newspaper
articles, forma! notices, advertisements, instructions, processes, etc. Severa/ houses were destroyed in the earthqua!:e.
0 when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an action, or when we refer to an unpleasant event and we
do not want to say who or what is to blame. A page was tom out of my book. Ooes anyone know anyrhing about ir:'
·1.'
i' 0 to emphasise the agent This picture was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
!1' ............................................................................................................................
;·:'I' Changing from the active into the passive:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the o By + the agent is used to say who or what carries
subject in the passive sentence. out an action. The program was creoted by ivlicrosoft.
• The active verb remains in the same tense, but With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to
changes into a passive form. say what the agent used. The wa/Is were clecorated
0 The subject of the active sentence becomes the with paintings.
agent, and is either introduced with the preposition • The agent can be omitted when the subject is they,
by or is omitted. he, someonelsomebody, people, one,,ff.c.
Subject Verb Object Active: They.caught the robbers outside the cloor:
::
;:; Passive: The robbers vve1e cought outside rhe c/001:
ACTIVE Terry is writing the invitations.
.nI o The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or
ii.i
''I
ł
1
Subject Verb
ł Agent
t important person, or when it is essential to the
meaning of the sentence. H21111l;::t t·vas vvrirten by
PASSIVE The invitations are being written by Terry. Shakespeare.
11·1
0 Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object)
0 With verbs which can take two objects, such as bring,
,11, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, se//, read, offer, give,
'Ili can be changed into the passive.
lend, etc, we can form two different passive sentences.
'"I Active: Jack repaired the campu ter: (transitive verb)
Passive: The computer was repaired by Jack. Active: Frank sent 1\1/ary flovvers.
1
1111 BUT Active: Tony arrived ut the cinema on time. Passive: a) ivlary \NOS senr ffo1.vers by Frc111!-. (mare usual)
1 b) C/n, '1.-:>r<" '. ',„„., '"~" r r,-, ,1,/.~,,' i,,„ r:,.„1' ' 1 (leSS USU al)
(intransitive verb)
· .1.·.I:·.· I No passive form: :P:i€-tiMl+l'1 WQS "";,,,w '1t 1:>) 1 Ji:my gq timę, o lf in an active sentence a preposition follows a verb,
1!:li I Note: Some transitive verbs (have, exist, seem, fit, then in the passive the preposition is placed
·.·.·111
d I suit, resemb/e, /ack, etc) cannot be changed into the immediately aher the verb.
;11 Active:
passive. (NOT: .Your-mum-is
resemb/ed.by-you.) Passive:
=
_J
236
 The Passive O
o The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by the o To ask questions in the passive, we follow the same
bare infinitive in the active, but by the to infinitive in rules as for statements, keeping in mind that the verb
the passive. is in the interrogative form.
Active: ~.'Juin rnc1de rn-::
Lidy n1y c/esfc Active: Has he paintecl ihe \'vol! yet?
Passive: I \·~„as rnade to tidy rny desk by 1\tlun1. Passive: l·h1s th2 1Noll been pa in red yet?
o Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. o When we want to find out who or what performed
Active: Our Art teacher fet us share aur paints. an action, the passive question form is Who!What .„
by? 1.:1/),,,, ;,„,-.,· .'!'''' "' ;~~„,„ .!-,,,1

. Personal/lmpersonal constructions
The verbs believe, expect, fee/, hope, know, report, say, think, etc, are used in the following passive patterns in
personal and impersonal constructions.
Active: They believe he lives in Bath.
Positive: a) subject (person) + passive verb + to-infinitive (personal construction) - /·le is believed to live in Bath
b) ft+ passive verb + that-clause (impersonal construction) - ft is believed that he /ives in Bath.

1 Expand the headlines to make sentences in the 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
passive. passive tense. Then ask and answer questions
using the passive form of the verbs.
1 THIEVES CAUGHT RED HANDED AFTER
BANK RAID LAST NIGHT

2 WORKERS CONTINUE STRIKEAFTER COLLEAGUE Woman Fell from Cliffs in Devon

FIRED LAST WEEKEND
A wo man 1) was rushed (rush) to hospital today
3 BEYONCE'S NEW ALBUM ALREADY RELEASED after falling from diffs on the north coast of
Devon. The cliff gave way suddenly and it
4 HEALTH CENTRE OPENED BY MAYOR 2) .. „„„ .. „.„„„ .... „„„„„„.„„„ .. „.„.„. (think) that
TOMORROW
the footpath, which runs along the edge of the
5 PAINTING FOUND IN CELLAR NOW EXAMINED cliffs, 3) .. „ .. „.„„.„.„„„„„„.„„ .. „„ ... „„„
BY EXPERTS (must/weaken) by recent heavy storms. The
woman 4) „„ .. „„„ ... „„ „„.„.„„ .. „ ... (say) to be in
6 llUGE PRICE CUTS R~ECTED
IN critical condition after 5) „„ .. „„„„„ ... „„„ ... „„„ .. „.
SU~ll'llER SALES STAilTING TOl'llOllROW (rescne) earlier toclay, having suffered multiple
mJunes. The woman 6) ... „„„„„„ .... „„ ..... „„„„„.
7 LOCAL FILM FESTIVAL ORGANISED
BY TOWN COUNCIL NEXT MONTH "" (expect) to make a full recovery, according to
doctors.
Thieves were caught red handed after a bank raicl last A spokesperson for the !ocal council has confirmed
night. that since the incident the diff footpath
7) „ ... „„„„„„ ... „„„„„„„.„„ ( close oll) and a
'i
1
2 ··········································································
detailed examination 8) ...... „„„.„ ........... „ .. „„„„.
3 ·········································································· (currently/undertake) of the area.

4 „„.„„.„.„.„„„„„ „

Where/woman/injure?
5

6 ····································································· 2 How/woman/injure?
3 When/woman/rescue?
7 4 Why/cliff footpath/close off?
5 What/currently/undertake?
237
 Q The Passive

3 Choose the correct item. 4 Write the personal or impersonal form of each
sentence.
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts ~ 1 lt is reported that the jury has reached a verdict.
(BAFTA) is a charity in the United Kingdom that gives "
The jury is reported to have reached a verdict.
awards for excellence in film, television, video games l.f.~ 2 Police believe that the crime was carried out by a
and forms of animation. BAFTA 1) A founded in 1947 „
as the British Film Academy, 2) .......... leading figures ~ !ocal gang.
in the British film industry. Every year BAFTA holds a f.~ The crime ............ „ ... „ ...... „ •..... „ . „ ........ „ .. „ „ . „ ..•

film awards ceremony to reward the best work of any

International production that 3) .......... seen on British t.'.• . 3 He is known to be working for the loca[ council.
cinema screens during the previous year. ""'
r:.: lt ......................................................................
BAFTA 4) .......... supported by a membership of around t~
6500 people from the film, television and video garne
industries. The winners of awards in various categories
i! 4 They are expected to arrive in the next few minutes.
5) .......... decided by the BAFTA members who vote uz.~.•. lt ......................................................................
according to their expertise. Finally, the Best Film !J·
6) .......... voted on by all mem bers. I
5 lt has been reported that they have
The awards ceremony takes place in February every
year and the event 7) .......... attended by many
famotus actors a nd ahctresses, film S)producerhs ldand ~.%.•
II missing documents.
The missing documents
direc ars. 5 mee 2008 , t e ceremony .......... e at il!.
the Royal Opera House in London's Covent Garden. I
6 lt is thought that the students are planning a

~~~~id!:~pieo) .'.::::::··;he a~~~~; s~~:~dg

9 0
s~!h I
1 surprise for their teacher.
:d :
The students „ •.....• „ .... „ .. „ . „ ... „ ............ „. „ .•..
ceremony in recognition of British film. !fi
Although tickets to the ceremony 11) .......... available
only to people working in the industry, normally the
show 12) ....... .. . broadcast on television within a few 5
Rewrite the following text in the passive.
hours of the actual event. However, there is a chance for -·····--····-----··-~-

the public to get closer to the stars. For this you mus!
queue for a wristband, and these 13) .......... out on a . ih~~~Y~~~gft~~ ~i\.'Jri'.T:ead~;
first come, first serve basis. If you are Iucky enough to
get a wristband, you 14) .......... granted access to the ·... ·.··•·.·.··Mic~ael••f'Pt~ddire~ed<th~ hifif~foasy·.film'···
public pens where you can watch the stars arriving on i The VÓyóge of the sawn Treader, which, is thethird
the red carpet sequel in the, Chronicles ·of Narnia series. ·Wa Id en
Media released the film in 201 O. Most criticś gave
the film excellent reviews. The children take a
courageous voyage on the fantastic ship Dawn
1@~s B has c be D we re
Treader and they find the Great Lion . Will they
2 A by B with c from D to
save the land of Narnia from the magica! creatures
3 A is being B was been C was being D has been
and its enemies? Adventure lovers will surely enjoy
4 A be B is c being D are
this film. Michael Apted will film another sequel
5 A was B is c are D we re called The Silver Chair.
6 A are B being c be D is
7 A is B are c we re D was
The hit fantasy film The Voyage of the Dawn Treader,
8 A has been B being c to be D was being
which is the third sequel in the Chronicles of Narnia series,
9 A can to be B can be c can been D can being
was directed by Michael Apted.
10 A be B being c to be D been
11 A is made B be made c are made D isto make
12 A had B has c is D been
13 A to give B are given C been given D are gave
14 A to be B we re c being D will be

Ll1 238
 The Passive D
6 Circle the correct item. 7 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
A: Do you know who was responsible for the
in bold.
damage?
8: No, but the matter .... The dishes are stili dirty.
A is investigated ©
is being investigated WASHED The dishes haven't been washed yet.
B be investigated D been investigated 2 They had just sold the last one before I got there.
2 A: Was your holiday accommodation nice? BEEN The last one ................................ .
B: Yes, excellent. Everything we could have before I got there.
possibly needed .... 3 You should throw that yoghurt out if it's past its
A had provided sell-by date.
C has to be provided
B was provided D is provided BE That yoghurt ................................ .
.......... „ .. if it's past its sell-by date.
3 A: Is Jeremy stili out of work?
4 They believe the ruins date back to the 14th
B: No. He .......... by a travel company as a rep.
century.
A to be employed C will be employed
TO The ruins ...................................... .
8 has been employed D should be employed
...... da te back to the 14th century.
4 A: Have you spoken to Henrietta? 5 My brother told me the joke.
B: Yes. She ............. the results just before I rang. ffilD I ....................................... .
A is given C has been given .............................. by my brother.
B will be given D had been given 6 They think that the new department store will
5 A: Why has the plug .......... ? open in June.
8: I don't know. Sally was using the toaster last. THOUGHT lt ............................................... .
A been taken out C take out ........................................ that the
B to be taken out D taken out new department stare will open in
6 A: Laura's aunt gave her a trip to New York for June.
her birthday. 7 Architects are making plans for the new complex
B: Wow! l'd love .......... sucha fantastic birthday at the moment.
present. BEING Plans ............................................ .
A be given C to be given .................... for the new complex.
B been given D was given 8 They believe Michael is staying with relatives in
Canada.
7 A: Where did you put the notice about the event?
BE Michael ........................................ .
8: On the main notice board so it ... „ .... by
everyone. ............... with relatives in Canada.
9 Take this medicine on an empty stornach.
A can be seen C can to be seen
B can see MUST This medicine ............................... .
D can to see
.................. on an empty stornach.
8 A: Harry King is such a good swimmer!
1O The teacher made me rewrite the essay.
B: Yes, he .......... many medals for his swimming
TO I ................................................. .
achievements this year.
.............................. the essay.
A is awarded C has been awarded
11 My parents didn't let me stay up late when I was
8 was being awarded D awarded
young.
9 A: Hasn't the order .......... to the customer yet? ALLOWED I ................................................. .
8: Actually it has. lt was sent yesterday. stay up late when I was young.
A be sent C to be sent 12 nna sent Mary a postcard.
8 been sent D being sent ro A ......................................... .
1O A: The beach is covered in rubbish. by nna.
8: l've heard it .......... by same volunteers at the 13 They expect she will recover soon.
weekend. EXPECTED lt .......... .
A been cleaned C is going to be cleaned . recover soon.
8 will cleaned D to be cleaned

239
J
 fJ Causative Form

Causative Form
• We use have + object/(thing) + past participle to say that we
i arrange for someone to do something for us,
Frank asked the artist to paint his portrait. Frank had his portroit painted.
(He didn't have to do it himself. The artist did it.)
I o The verb to have, used in the causative, forms its negation and
,, I'
i question with do!does (present simple) or did (past simple).
I 1 Ema didn't have thecooker instal/ed. Did she have the cooker installed'
o Get is often used in the causative instead of have.
l:i Did you have/get your bike repaired?
"
il
'l! o The causative form can be used instead of the passive to refer
n to accidents and misfortunes.
I!
Bill hod his bike sto/en last week.
(= Bill's bike was stolen last week.)

Present simple She c/eans the school. She has the sc/1001 c/eaned.
Present continuous She is c/eaning the scl10ol. She is having the school c/eaned.
Past simple She c/eaned the sc/1001. She hod the sc/1001 c/eaned.
Past continuous She was c/eaning the sc/1001. She was having the scl10ol cleoned.
Future simple She will c/eon the school. She will have the school cleaned
Present perfect She has cleaned the sc/1001. She has hod the scl10ol c/eaned.
Past perfect She hod c/eaned the school. She had had the school cleaned.
Present perfect continuous She has been c/eaning the school. She has been having the sc/100/ cleaned.
Moda Is She must c/ean the schoo/. She must have the school cleaned.
lnfinitive She wants to clean the schoo/. She wonts to hove the schoo/ cleoned.

-'-1%
• Make!Have + object/(person) + bare infinitive is used to express that someone causes someone else to·
do something, but their meaning is slightly different. Mum made us do all aur homework before going to the '
park. (Mum insisted that we do aur homework before going out.) We hod the choir sing another song. (We ,
asked the choir to sing another song.) I
o Get + object/(person) + to infinitive shows that someone persuades someone else to do something. '.
My brother gat me to toke the dog for a walk. (He persuaded me to take the dog for a walk.) '
~

1 Read the situatio~then write sentences using 2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in
the causative form. brackets in the appropriate form.

My back is aching. I need a therapist to massage 1 He had the reception desk give (give) him a wake-
it. What should I do? up call at 7:00 am.
You should have your back massaged by a therapist. 2 John has all his weekly expenses „ . „ „ „
2 Simon is at the service station. The attendant is (pay) by his employers.
filling his tank with petrol. What is Simon doing? 3 He made Annie „ (rewrite) her essay.
4 She gat her husband „ .. „ „ . „ . „ „ (mow) the

lawn.
3 Jacob has prepared a memo and it will be sent to 5 James had his car . . . . . „ ... „ . „ „ „ (wash) the

all employees. What will Jacob do? other day.

6 She had her sister „ . (translate)
the text from Spanish in to English.
4 A seamstress has sewn a lovely gown for Helen. 7 I am having my car . „ „. (service) at
What has Helen dane? the moment.
8 She's going to get her passport.
(renew) before her trip.
240
 Causative Form fJ
3 Circle the correct item. 4 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
I always ...... my jumpers dry-cleaned. in bold.
@ have C was having
B am having D to have A pickpocket stole his mobile phone in a busy
shopping centre.
2 While we were away, we
STOLE N He hod his mobile p/10ne sto/en in a busy
A having redecorated the house
shopping centre.
B will be having the house redecorated
2 Teresa insisted that I should think about it carefully.
C had the house redecorated
MADE Teresa ......................................... .
D the house had redecorated
......................... about it carefully.
3 A: The car is making a strange noise.
3 The garage has resprayed my car and it looks
B: You should ...... .
fantastic.
A had it checked C checked
HAO I ................................................... .
B will have checked D have it checked
...................... and it looks fantastic.
4 You will need ...... for your passport. 4 The theatre is being designed by a local architect.
A having a photograph took ARE They .............................................. .
B be having a photograph took ......................... by a local architect.
C to have a photograph taken 5 Her leg was broken in the accident.
D have a photograph take GOT She ................................................ .
5 Rachael prefers ...... by Simon. ............................... in the accident.
A to have cut her hair C have her hair cut 6 She arranged for her neighbour to water the
B having her hair cut D her hair having cut plants while she was away.
6 A: Did you hear what happened to Thomas? HAO She ....... .
B: Yes. He ...... yesterday. ............................ by her neighbour
A had broken his house while she was away.
B his house was broken into 7 The vet checks our cat's health every six months.
C gat broken into his house CHECKED We ............................................... .
D had his house broken into ............................ every six months.
8 When Harriet goes on holiday she asks her
7 Jane was so tired she ...... them a take-away.
neighbour to keep an eye on the house.
A gat Gary to order
HAS When Harriet goes on holiday she
B gets Gary to order
C was getting to order Gary
an eye on the house.
D has gat Gary order
9 Please don't insist that I should wash the dishes
8 They ...... when I spoke to them. tonight.
A will have fitted a new carpet MAKE Please ........................................ .
B have a new carpet fitted the dishes tonight.
C were having a new carpet fitted 1O Lucy convinced me to join the gym with her.
D have had fitted a new carpet Gm ~cy .
9 A: Why didn't Bill join us on Thursday? the gym with her.
B: He ...... his knee X-rayed. 11 The boxer broke his nose in a fight.
A was having C has BROKEN The boxer . .................... .
B will be having D is having in a fight.
1O They ...... their car stolen last month. 12 The teacher is going to ask them to rewrite the
A had C having essay.
B have D to have HAVE The teacher is going ..................... .
the essay.

241
 m Reported Speech
Reported Speech
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use quotation
marks. The word that can either be used or omitted after the introductory verb (say, tell, suggest, etc).
She said (that) she wou/d help me.

Say/Tell
• say + no personal object - He said he was very hungry.
• say + to + personal object - He said to us (that) he was very hungry.
• tell + personal object - He told us he was very hungry.

Expressions formed with say, tell and ask.

hello, good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing, so, a prayer, a few words, no more, for certain/sure, etc.
the truth, a !ie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, the difference, one from another, somebody one's name,
somebody the way, somebody so, someone's fortune, etc.
a question, a favour, the price, after somebody, the time, around, for something/somebody, etc.

Reported Statements
• In reported speech, personal/possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning of
the sentence. Dave said, "l'm visiting my cousins today." -+Dave said (that) he was visiting his cousins that day.
• We can report someone's words either a long time after they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time
after they were said (up-to-date reporting).
Out-of-date reporting
The introductory verb is in the past simple and the tenses change as follows:

Direct speech -+ Reported speech

Present Simple
"I live in Poland."
Present Continuous
"/am watching a film this afternoon."
Present Perfect
"/ have eaten lunch."
Past Simple
"/ wa/ked to work yesterday."
Past Continuous
"/was sleeping at the time."
Future (will)
"/will visit you tomorrow."
Past Simple
He said (that) he lived in Poland.
-> Past Continuous
He said (that) he was watching a film that afternoon.
Past Perfect
She said (that) she had eaten lunch.
-> Past Simple or Past Perfect
She said (that) she wa/ked!had wa/ked to work the previous day.
_,
Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous
He said (thatJ he was sleepinglhad been sleeping at the time.
-> Conditional (would)
He said (that) he wou/d visit me the next day.

Note: The past perfect and past perfect continuous remain the same.

Certain words and time expressions change according to the meaning as follows:
naw then, immediately
I today
->

-+ thatday
nextweek ->
ago -+
the week after, the following week
before
I
I yesterday the day before, the previous day here _,
' the re
_,
i tomorrow
this week
->

-+
the next!following day
thatweek
this, these
come ->
that, those
go
lastweek -+ the week before, the previous week bring -> take
- m ···=··~

242
:J1· i
......._,
o
Reported Speech
Verb tenses change in reported speech when we consider what the speaker said to be untrue.
m
/re/and is a continent. >He said that /re/and was a cantinent. (We know it is not.)
• Verb tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech:
a) when reporting someone's words a short time after they were said (up-to-date reporting).
Direct speech: Joan said, "/stil/ haven't finished my homework."
Reported speech: Joan said (that) she stil/ hasn't!hadn't finished her homework.
b) when reporting a general truth or law of nature.
The teacher said, 'The Sahara is a desert." >The teacher said (that) the Sahara is/was a desert.
o Verb tenses remain the same in reported speech:
a) when the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect.
James has (often) said, "I love team sports." >James has (often) said (that) he loves team sports.
b) in type 2 and 3 conditionals, tenses do not change.
"ff I were you, I would eat mare healthily," Linda said to me.
Linda told me (that) if she were me, she would eat mare healthily.

Reported Questions
• Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask, inquire, wonder or the phrase want to know.
• When the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, how, when, what, etc.), the reported
question is introduced with the same question word.
"How long haveyou known Peter?"(direct question)
He asked me how long I had known Peter. (reported question)
• When the direct question begins with an auxiliary (be, do, have), or a moda! verb (can, may, etc.), then the
reported question is introduced with if or whether.
"Is there anyjuice left?" (direct question)
He asked me if!whether there was anyjuice /eft. (reported question)
• In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative. The question mark and words/phrases such as please, we/I,
oh, etc are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as in statements.
"When is the nextflight to Paris, please?" (direct question)
She asked me when the next flight to Paris was. (reported question)

lndirect Questions
lndirect questions are used to ask for advice or information. They are introduced with: Could you tell me ... ?- Do you
know „.? - I wonder ... - I want to know ... - I doubt .„, etc and the verb is in the affirmative. lf the indirect question
starts with I want to know ... -I wonder „. or I doubt „„ the question mark is omitted.
"How ald is Peter?" -• Do you know how ald Peter is?
"Who wrote the report?" she asked me.-• She wondered who had written the report.
"Did Fred send the order?" he asked me. -• He wanted to know if!whether Fred had sent the order.

Reported Orders
To report orders, we use the introductory verbs order or tell+ sb + (not) to infinitive.
"Pay attention!"(direct order) - He ordered them to pay attention. (reported order)
"Don't touch the screen!" (direct order)- She told us not to touch the screen. (reported order)

Modals in Reported Speech

Modals change as follows:

can
--
wi///shal/ -• would
cou/d (present reference)/wou/d be able to (future reference)
may
shall
must
-- might/could
should (asking for advice)/wou/d (asking for information)/offer (expressing offers)
must!had to (obligation) (must remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction)
needn't -· didn't needto!didn't have to (present reference)/wou/dn't have to (future reference).
--.·

243
 ·m Reported speech

Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions/lnstructions etc

To report commands, requests, suggestions, instructions, etc, we use a special introductory verb followed by a
to infinitive, -ing form or that-clause, depending on the introductory verb.

lntroductory verb · · , , - _ , pirect speech

' '

+to infinitive
agree '·Yes, /'fi give you rny notes." She agreecl to give 1ne her notes.
claim* ·1n1 ~11::1u11y u puy 1isc. i·1ę;:· •-i~/111 i e:u' U..1 uc: yc lu 1i') u pu} 11_,-:_
demand* "! ~·vant to /eave right noi·v. „ He dernancfecf to !eave th>:?n.
offer "\.Vr:iu/d ,l/CH i f;}e rn,: to V/O ter the p!onts?" h1e ();~"cred to H'tlft:.'r theplanr;:.
promise* '/'//pici: up rhe clothes from ;he clry- f-/e prornised UJ piel: up the cio1l1e:; fro111 tf1e: d1y-
c/eaner's.' cfeaner's.
refuse "No, I 1von't vvork on Sunda)("
1
He refused to wari: on Sunclay.
threaten* "/f you don'r ridy up your room,/'// take He threatenec/ to take away my laptop if I dicln't Udy
away your laptop." up my room.
+ sb + to infinitive
advise 'You shoulcl rake singing lessons." He advisec/ me to take singing lessons.
allow "You can watch rhe DVD naw." He allowed me to watch the DVD then.
ask "P/ease tum the music down" He asked me to turn the niusie do1,ivn.
beg "Please, please give 1ne sonre rnoney." He begged n1e to give hirn sorne 1noney.
command "Runr He commancled them to run.
encourage "Go on, enter rhe art competirion.'' He encouraged me to enter the art competition.
forbid ''You cannor use rhe laborarory" He forbade them to use the laboratory.
invite "Will you go shopping with me'" He invitec/ me to go shopping with him.
order "Tum off the relevision'" He orderec/ me to tum off the television.
remind* "Don't forget to switch off your mobile He reminded them to switch off their mobile phones.
phones.''
warn* "Don't make fun of your c/assmates." He warned me not to make fun of myclassmates.
+ -ing form
accuse sb of "You broke the MP3 player." He accusec/ me ofbreaking the MP3 player.
admit (to)* "Yes, I took the /ibrary books." He ac/mitted (to) taking/having token the library
books.
apologise for "l'm sorry I forg ot your CDs." He apo/ogisec/ for forgetting my CDs.
boast about/of* "l'm brilliant at Maths." He boasted about!of being brilliant ot Maths.
complain (to sb) of/about* "/fee/ bo red." He complained (to me) of/about feeling bored.
deny* "/ didn't take the money." He clenied tal:ing/having taJir11 the money.
insist on* "You must see a lawyer." He insisted on my seeing a lawyer.
suggest* "Why don't we make a pizza?" He suggestecl making a pizza.
+ that clause
explain "lt is cheaper to go by bus." He explained that it was cheaper to go by bus.
inform sb "Your courses begin in two weeks." He informec/ me that mycourses began in two weel:s.

* The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that-clause in reported speech.
She claimed that she hod met the President.
Reporting a dialogue or a conversation
In dialogues or conversations we use a mixture of statements, commands and questions. When we report
dialogues or conversations, we use: and, as, adc/ing that, and he/she added that, explaining that, because, but, since,
so, and then he/she went on to say, white, then, etc or the introductory verb in the present participle form.
Exclamations such as: Oh!, Oh elear!, Weil!, etc are omitted in reported speech.
"()/: dear; it's late. Let's 90 horne," she said. -+ She said thot it \VC1s Jare and suggesied going hon;~·.
1

"/can'( vvatch the fifrn," she said. "/t':; too violent.'' -+ She said that she cou!d11't t·'.'otch rhe filn1 b::ccc1s2 ir ,„~ os too 'liolcnt.
•· ' L '" • I• --+ ("' - ' "' ,' 'O •' !, '·'t

244
 Reported Speech m~-

Exclamations - Yes/No short answers - Question tags

• Exclamations are replaced in reported speech with exclaim, thank, wish, say, ery out in pain, etc, give an
exclamation of surprise!horrorldisgustlde/ight, etc. The exclamation mark becomes a full stop. Exclamatory words
such as Oh!, Eek!, Wow!, etc are omitted in the reported sentence.
"VV01;v!" he said tvhen he sa1 v iny pet snake. -~/-le criecf out in surprise :vhen he so1,v n1y j)ei sna!::e.
1 1

She soid, "f-/o,_,„: oso(-: tritJ!" ->' She vvish2d rne a sofe trip.
"VVhoi a beouriful picrure.'" she said. -+ She 2:<clain1ed thot it Vlt.15 a beoutifuf picture.
o Yes/No short answers are expressed in Reported Speech with a subject + appropriate auxiliary verb or subject
+ appropriate introductory verb. "Vili/I you efo fhe :1 voshing~up?'„ she said. ''tlo, ,. he replied. -+ 5he osf-:ecf hin1 if he t·\ ou!d 1

do the \„voshinqHup, bur h:: soid he !'~'ou/dn't. rJF? She rJsf:ed hirn if h~ ~·vou/n' do the \'\'GShing-up, bur he t?fused.
o Question tags are omitted in Reported Speech. We can use an appropriate introductory verb to retain their
effect. "Thcy're stiii vvorking. uren'l U1ey?'' she said. -~ She tvondered if they \vere slill i.vorhi1 Jg.

The Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is similar in form to the bare infinitive and is often used with that-clauses. lt is mostly used after
the verbs demand, insist, recommend, request, suggest, propose, etc and after the adjectives essential, vital, advisable,
important and necessary.
Pattern: verb + (that) + subject + (should) + bare infinitive
I suggest (that) you take notes during the lecture. (more usual)
I suggest (t!Jat) you should toke notes during the lecture. (less usual)

1 Turn the following sentences into reported speech. 2 Turn the following sentences into reported speech.

1 "I have to do my homework tonight," Alice said.
Alice said tlwt she had ro do her homeworl: that night.
2 "The Black Rhinoceros is an endangered species,"
the teacher said.
3 "I am going to the library on my way home,"
Gregg said.
"Who will be coming to the party tonight?" Larry
asked.
Lany asked who would be coming to the party thot night.
2 "Does he have any experience in public speaking?"
(I wonder „.)
I wonder if/whether he has any experience in public
speaking.
3 "Are you truly happy in your new job?" she asked
me.

4 "Did Patrick invite you to his wedding, Mary?"

Eric asked . 4 "Why didn't David tell me about the change of
........ .... . ...... ... . . .. ... .... ... . .... .. ........ ...... ... '!:.. . . schedule?" he asked.

5 "I haven't spoken to my cousin since last

weekend," said George. 5 "Where did you put the CDs we bought yesterday?"
(He wanted to know „.)

6 "Remember to turn off the cocker in 15

minutes," she said to Helen. 6 "Who is going to teach us when Mrs Patterson
leaves?" (Do you know „.)

7 "Clear up the dinner table," she said to me.

7 "Can you tell Terry that we are leaving at 8:00
tomorrow morning?" he asked me.

245
 IIłJ Reported Speech
3 Circle the correct item.
1 A: What did John say about the window?
B: He claimed .......... when he arrived.
@ that it was broken C to breaking
B about breaking D that she broke
2 Pam told .......... her at the station at 1O o'clock.
4 The following people live in a city that was hit
by an earthquake last week. Read what they
said, then report their words, as in the example.
1 lt all happened so fast.
We are fortunate it wasn't
worse. (Karen)

I! A to us meet C us to meet

u
'il,,
B to us to meet
3 A: Why was his mother shouting?
D we to meet
Karen said (that) it all (had) happened so fast. They
i.} B: She warned .......... cut himself with the sharp
were fortunate that it wasn't!hadn't been worse.
,,
'.1'1 knife.
A him to not c that he didn't
B that he not D him not to
4 The teacher asked him .......... and be quiet.
A to sit down C to be sitting down
B sitting down D sat down
5 A: So, how is Pam getting home later?
B: She said that she .......... a bus.
A would have caught C should catch
B would catch D could be caught
6 A: Did Mum find out what happened to the cake?
B: Yes. Dad finally admitted .......... the whole 3 I heard my wife screaming. I carne up from the .
thing! cellar and saw her standing in the kitchen. All the.:
A to eat C to have eaten plates and cups had fallen off the shelves. (Dan) ·
B have eating D to having eaten
7 A: What did the teacher say to Judy?
B: He advised .......... harder or she would fai! the
year.
A to study C her to study
B that she study D her study
8 .!J;;., What did your aunt suggest?
13:" She suggested .......... at her place for a few ' ' "

days. 4 1_·c9uldn't _'tielielle·it. I jJst saf~nd ,Yatc~e.Cr.as

all'rnyfur[liture shqokć T~e ·.·ceiling. la,rrip \'/as
1
A staying C we to stay
B us to stay D to staying rqcki_ng .·_o~ck and, fort~ ana_ the n tnere w~s
9 A: What did the captain say? cbmplete silence. (Denni~) ·· · .
B: He ordered .......... moving.
A to all of us starting C to be started
B all of us to start D starting
1O A: What's the matter with your brother?
B: He said that if he continued to play so badly,
the coach .......... replace him.
A would have to C had to
B must D should
11 She asked me when the next train ...
A arrive C arrived
B was arrived D arrives
246

5 Turn the following sentences into reported speech.
1 ''l'm tired," he said. "I didn't sleep all night."
He said that he was tired explaining that he hadn't slept
all night.
z ''1'11 close the window. lt's getting cold in here,"
she said.
3 Jan: Can I make an appointment to see Dr Frank,
please?
Receptionist: l'm sorry, but he's out at the moment.
Would you like me to get him to call you back?
Jan: No, 1'11 be out. 1'11 call him later.
4 "We' re late," Frank said to Betty. "You weren't
ready on time."
5 "Stop that!" she told him. "You're going to break
something."
6 "Have you got any money?" he said. "l've left my
wallet at home."
6 Turn the following sentences into reported speech.
1 "Will you come with me?" she asked.
"Yes, certainly," he said.
She asked him to go with her and he said he wou/d.
2 "Wow!" the little boy said as he looked into the
box.
3 "They'll arrive on time, won't they?" she said to me.
4 "Eek ! " she said as the mouse ran under her chair.
5 "What a mess!" he said when he saw the kitchen.
6 "Excellent!" she said as she handed back my exam.
7 "Happy holidays!" we said to Catherine.
8 "Can you do this Maths problem?" he asked.
"No," I said.
Reported Speech m
7 Rewrite the following sentences using the
subjunctive.
Take these pills twice a day. (important)
ft is important (that) you take/should take these pi/Is
twiceaday
2 You have to finish this work today. (essential)
lt ........................................................................
3 You should take more exercise. (recommend)
The doctor „ .•........................ „ ....•.••.
4 Let's go to the theatre. (suggest)
I .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .
5 You should take a taxi. (insist)
She .................. „ .........................•..•..•..••..•.••.••..
8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
1 "I read three books every week," said Alice.
CLAIMED Alice c/aimed to read/that she read
three books every week.
2 "lt wasn't me that scratched the new CD," said
Diane.
DENIED Diane .................................... .
.......................... the new CD.
3 "I think it's a good idea to take an umbrel la,"
Pam said to Steve.
ADVISED Pam ...................................... .
.... „ .................... an umbrella.
4 "Why don't we go out for a meal this evening?"
said Kevin.
SUGGESTED Kevin ..................................... .
........ for a mea I that evening.
5 "I would love to dance with you, Pete," said
Macy.
AGREED Macy ............... „ ................... .
.............................. with Pete.
6 "The palace is over 500 years old and is said to
be haunted," said the tour guide.
EXPLAINED The tour guide ........... „ ..... „ .. .
. ... „ ............ over 500 years old
and was said to be haunted.
7 ''1'11 write to you every day," Sheila said to her
husband.
PROMISED Sheila ................................... .
................ husband every day.
8 "Go on, apply for the job," Patrick said to me.
ENCOURAGED Patrick . „ ••••••••••••••••••••
....... the job.
247
 ',m conditionals
Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if-clause (hypothesis) and the main clause (result). When the if-clause
comes before the main clause, the two sentences are separated by a comma. We don't use a comma when the if-
clause fellows the main clause. lf the weather is nice, we will go on a pienie We will go on a pienie if the weather isnice.

There are four types of conditionals:

Type O: if!when + present simple present simple something which is always true
general truth or f--~~~~~~~~~~-'-~~~~~~~~~~~-'-~~~~~~~~~~~~
scientific fact lf!When it snows, it is cold outside.
future/imperative,
Type 1: if + present simple/continuous, something likely to happen in
can/may/mustlcould!
real present! present perfect/continuous the present or future
might!shauld + bare infinitive
future
lf I hurry, I will get there on time.

if + past simple or past cou/d + bare infinitive would! imaginary situation contrary to
łype 2: facts in the present; also used
continuous could!might + bare infinitive
unrealpresent! f--~~~~~~~~~~-'-~~~~~~~~~~~-'-t_o_g_i_ve~a_d_vi_ce~~~~~~--1
ad vice ff we hod a bigger house, we wou/d have a guest room (but we haven't- unrea/ in the present)
ff I were you, I would work harder. (advice)
imaginary situation contrary
if + past perfect or past would!coufdlmight + have
Type 3: to facts in the past; also used
perfect continuous + past participle
unreal past to express regrets or criticism

ff I had know n abotJt the party, I wo uId have come.

Remernberi
:I:
t' • With Type 1 conditionals we can use unless + affirmative verb (= if + negative verb). We will not be oble to
'I'i.! travel to America unless we have a passport,(= if we do not have a passport, „.)
• We can use either were or was with the first and third person singular in the if-clause of Type 2
conditionals. lf she were/was rich, she would fly first class.
o Modals can be followed by a continuous infinitive in conditional sentences.
I would stil/ be painting the bedroom if Heather hadn't helped me.
• With Type 2 conditionals we can also use could in the if-clause. In this case, it means was/were oble to.
ff I cou/d sing, /'d join a choir. (lf I were able to sing . „)
o Might, could or should can be used instead of would, depending on the meaning.
lf she had paid attention in class, she might/could!s/10uld have passed the exam.

• We can form conditionals by using words/expressions such as unless (Type 1 conditionals), providing/provided
(that) so/as long as, on condition (that), what if, suppose/supposing, otherwise (= if not), but for, even if, in case of/in
the event of, etc.
Unless you've got an invitation, you can't go to the dinner Suppose/Supposing you won the award, what would you
party.(= lf you haven't got an invitation „ .) do?(= lf you won the award, „ .)
I'// write my essay for my English class providing/provided You'd better huny up. Otherwise we'll miss the beginning
(that) I find the information. (= ... if I find the information.) of the film, (= lf you don't hurry up, we'll miss the
You can go out tonight as long as you come home by beginning of the film.)
11:00. (= lf you come home by 11 :OO . „) But for your help, I wouldn't have got the job.
1 111c1 yuu Ut 1vt> rny cur ur 1cono1uo11 01or yuu µ101111:.c tu L1e (= lf you hadn't helped me, „ .)
crne(uf. (= „. if you promise to be careful.) I 1v Jufdn't tell you Joe's s2cre1 even if ! 1-ne~·~' it. (= if ! knew.)
1

/l;u shouldn't use Ood~ !optop t'vithout asking hirn. liVhoi In case of/In the event o{ tire. C1J/I tfJ,; fire brigacle.
ii'yuu breoi it' (= What will you do if you break it?) (= lf there is a fi re, .. )

248
 Conditionals m
o We do not normally use will, wou/d or should in an if-clause. However, we can use will or would after if to make
a polite request or express insistence or uncertainty (usually with expressions such as I don't know, I doubt, J
wonder, etc.). In this case, if means whether. We can also use should after if to talk about something which is
possible, but not likely to happen.
Jf you will take a seat, IV/r Dickens will be with you in a moment.(= Will you please take a seat ... - polite request)
Jfyou will keep missing class, J'/I inform your parents. (= lf you insist on missing class ... - insistence)
I wonder if he'// help me put up the decorations. (= I wonder whether ... - uncertainty)
/fvnu shou/d see Tom. aive him mv reqards. (=I don't really expect you to see him - uncertainty)
o We use if to show that something might happen, whereas we use when to show that something will definitely
happen.
/( she comes over conigirt. rJJ give /ter ril2 /err2i: (= She might come over.)
When she comes over tonight, J'/I give her tlie Je1te1: (= She will definitely come over.)
o We can omit if in Type 1, 2 and 3 conditionals. In this case shou/d, were and hod (Past Perfect) come before the
subject.
Shou/d you see Fred, tell him to call me.
Were she mare responsible, her mum wouldn't be ang1y with her all the time.
Hod they booked a table at the restaurant, they wouldn't have had to wait so long.

Mixed Conditionals
We can form mixed conditionals, if the context permits it, by combining an if-clause of one type with a main clause
of another.

lf you spol<e two foreign Janguages, you would have got the job. lfyou hadn't /ied to our teacher, we wou/dn't be in trouble naw.

1 Choose the correct item. 2 Put the verbs in brackets inte the correct tense.

1 A: In the event of/Supposing lectures were
cancelled today, what would you do?
B: I would go shopping with some friends.
2 A: But for/Only if your encouragement, I wouldn't
have signed up for the art contest.
B: With such talent, I knew you would win.
3 A: Your brother is sorry; why don't you take him
with you'
B: I wouldn't change my mind even if/ but for he
begged me.
4 A: As long as/Unless you work out regularly, you
won't lose weight.
B: I know, but with my busy schedule, it's hard to
find the time.
5 A: Hurry up, but for/otherwise you'll miss the start
of the film.
B: All right, the popcorn is almost ready.
6 A: Would you like to go out for dinner, Laura?
B: l'd love to provided/unless you make
reservations at our favourite restaurant.
1 A: Dad, unless you help (help) me with my parking,
I 'li never pass (never/pass) the driving test.
B: OK, 1'11 get my keys.
2 A: My computer is running too slow.
B: lf I ........................ (be) you, I ....................... .
(delete) some files to free up some hard disk
space.
3 /:'can I have some friends over tonight?
B: Yes. Provided that you ........................ (finish)
all your chores first.
4 A: John, you could have phoned to let me know
you'd be late.
B: Sorry, April. lf I .............................................. .
(not/leave) my mobile phone at home, I
................................................. (call) you.
5 A: Would you like another cup of coffee?
B: No, thank you. lf I ............................... (drink)
another cup, I ................................... .
(not/be able to) sleep tonight. 1'11 have some
tea instead.

249
 ID Conditionals

3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1 A: Have you seen Angie?

B: No, but if you should see her, tell (tell) her I
need her to sign some papers.
2 A: I just got Mike's invitation to the party.
B: That's nice. I wonder if he „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „

(invite) me, too.

In early March, we went on a school trip to Old
Montreal to see the histońcal part of our city. When we
set off it was pleasantly mild, but soon a cold wind began
to blow. li I 1) had checked (check) the weather online, I
2) ......... „ „ .........••.... (know) it was going to get chilly and
3) ............................ (wear) a heavier coat. We walked
around the Old Port and up the Glock Tower for a
fantastic view of the city. We also went skating in the
open air skating rink. li we 4) „ .•.•••••..... „„„„.„ ....•... „ ...
(have) more time, we 5) „ ...••..•.. ,„ .••••••..... „„„ (be/able to)
take a ferry to Jean-Drapeau Park to see the sile of the
Expo 67 World's Fair. Our teacher said thai il we really
6) ............ „ „ „ ....... „ ...••••••... „ „ •.• (want) to see rnore, we
7) .............................. (come) back again soon. However,
we did spend some time at the famous square, Place
Jacques Cartier, and enjoyed the many musicians,
magicians and acrobats.
All in all, it was a great trip. li I 8) ........ „ „ .. „ „ ......... :„„.
3 A: Bill, you missed a great football match last
night!
B: I know. lf I didn't have to study so much for
fina Is, I . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ (see) it.
4 A: l'm having a very hard time finding a job, Sophie.
B: Weil, if you „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ (finish)
your degree, you would have had many more
job opportunities.
5 A: Just press restart.
B: I don't know if it . „ „. (salve) the
problem, but 1'11 try it.
6 Rewrite the following sentences using inversion.
1 lf he had been paying attention in class, he wouldn't
have had such a hard time doing the assignment.
Had he been paying attention in class, he wouldn't
have hod sucha hard time daing the assignment.
2 lf I were you, I would apply for the job.
3 lf it gets colder, we will put the heating o~

(be) a teacher, I 9) .. „ .•.•..... „ „ „ ••••.•... „.„ (plan) a trip

there at least lwice a year because there are just so
many things to see and do!

4 lf they had left home earlier, they wouldn't have

4 Fili in the gaps with will, shou/d or whether. missed their flight.

lf you will have a seat, Mrs Andrew will be with

you in a minute.
2 l'm not sure ......... „ .. l've got your telephone
number. 5 lf he were older, he would be able to watch that
3 lf Tara ..... „ ...... call, tell her 1'11 be at work till 7 film.
o' clock tonight.
4 ....... „.„. the rain continue, the concert will be
cancelled.
5 I don't know if I . .... be able to come with
you tomorrow.
250
t.1·
I:·!
I:
""'-'
 Conditionals ID
7 Choose the correct answer. 8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
From in bold.

Rags to Riches 1 I would have bought you a gift, but I didn't know
it was your birthday.

toRags again! HAD lf I had known itwas your birthday, I

l'm reading an article about a man who found a
mil lion dollars in the street. lf this article 1) ...... .
true, that 2) ....... that his whole life should have
changed for the better. But the story goes on to say
that one year after he had found the money he was
totally broke. lf I 3) ....... him, that would never have
happened. Were I that lucky, I 4) ....... sure that I
invested the money wisely. lf that man 5) ....... to
me, I would have advised him to buy some stocks or
begin a business of some kind. lf he had done that,
he 6) ....... out living on the streets now like this
article says he is. I believe that if people who 7) ...... .
the lottery or 8) ....•.. money stopped to think about
would have bought you a gift.
2 As long as you are home by midnight, you can go
to the concert.
PROVIDED You can go to the con cert ........ .
home by midnight.
3 lf there isn't any money in her account, she won't
be able to buy the skirt she wants.
UNLESS She won't be able to buy the skirt
she wants ................................. .
.... „.„.„.„ money in her account.
4 We didn't eat lunch because we were late
getting to the restaurant.
WOULD lf we hadn't been late getting to
the restaurant, we .. „.„ ............. .
.................................. „ .... lunch.

the situation for a little while instead of rushing out 5 They only learnt French because you taught
them.
to spend the money, they would be far better off. lf
NEVER They .......................... „ ..... „ ..... .
people 9) •...... for their future, they will probably
.............................. French if you
1 O) ....... much happier. hadn't taught them.
6 You' d better go to the dentist.
1 A will be c would have been MRE 11 ....•........................................
@is D has been ... „ „ . „ ........ „ ... go to the dentist.

2 A has meant c had meant 7 She didn't study at all, so she gat a poor gracie.
B meant D means HAVE lf she had studied, she ................... .
.. „ .. „ ....... „ „ . „ „ ... „ .. „. a poor gracie.
3 A we re c had been
B have been D would have been !{f>I will take you out for a meal, but I must get a
pay rise first.
4 A would make c will make
GET Provided ....... „ ...... „ „ ................ .
B will have made D made
........................... , I will take you
5 A comes c would have come out for a meal.
B had come D carne
9 She look her computer in to be repaired, so she
6 A won't be c wouldn't be couldn't send an email.
B wouldn't have been D hasn't been TAKEN lf ........... „ ..................... „ . „ „ ... .
7 A will win c would win ....... „ ••.•.•.•..•.. „ her computer in
B win D won to be repaired, she could have
8 A find c will find sent an email.
B found D would find 1O lf you don't leave naw, you'll miss your bus.
I 9 A planned c would plan OTHERWISE You'd better leave naw, .. „ •.
!I B will plan D plan ..................... „ ......... „. your bus.

' 10 A are c would be

B is D be

251
l
 1

'rz:I Wishes/Unreal Past

K.11
Wis hes
We can use wish!if anty to express a wish.

Verb Tense · .· .' . Use · , -'

I wish (/fonty) + I wish I was on hofiday. (but l'm not) to say that we would like sth to be different in the
past simple/ ff onfy we were going out tonight. present
past continuous (but we aren't)
I wish (ff anty) + to express regret about something which happened o
past perfect (but I didn't) didn't happen in the past
/{ only she hadn't liecl o/Jout her test result.
(but she did)
I wish (/fonty) + I wish you would stop shouting. to express:
subject + wou/d + lfonly James would stop ta/l:ing in class. o a polite imperative
bare infinitive o a desire for a situation or person's behaviour to change

I RerneJ'Tlber!
/fonty is used in exactly the same way as wish, but it is mare emphatic or mare dramatic. ·
\
We can use were instead of was after wish and if anty. I wish I were thinne1:
Wish can also mean want. (forma!) I wish to speak to the manoge1:

Unreal Past
The Past Simple can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the present, and the Past
Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past. This is called Unreal Past.
Unreal Past is used as follows:
..
• Conditionals Type 2 (unreal in the present)
. . Past Perfect . , · .•.
• Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past)
!fi were you, /'d save up same money. /fi had made a list, I wouldn't have forgotten to buy the meat.
• wish (present) • wish (past)
I wish she were mare responsibfe ar work. lf onfy I hadn't eaten alf the cake.
• t'd rather/sooner sb „. (present) • l'd rather/sooner sb „. (past)
t'd rather he trave/led by piane. l'd rath er you hadn't wasted so much time chatting online.
• Suppose/Supposing • Suppose/Supposing
Suppose your teacher asked you to speak in front of the class, Suppose the police hod caught you, what wou/d you have
what would you do? dane?
• as if/as though (untrue situation in the present) • as if/as though (untrue situation in the past)
She speaks as if she were t/1e boss. ft fooked as if he hadn't had a good night's sleep for days.
• it~ (about/high) time „.
lt's time you tu med off your computer

l
.
Suppose can also be followed by a verb in the p;esent tense to introduce suggestio:Js.
Suppose you invite him to dinner?(= Why don't you invite him to dinner?)
-~_., __ ,, ,,„ . = :;;;:M , ,„-,•-,,_•- .('7u- '•
·_._

•' - <

Had Better
had better = shou/d
• I hod better + present bare infinitive (for present/future reference)
/ou'd !.:ecce; ilrcll m,_rp 1c·cJpe1. (= You should recycle that scrap paper.)
o ft wou/d have been better if + Past Perfect (for past reference)
(= You should have asked for professional advice.·1
~----------------------------------=~-"'''""'~""'~"'''~"~'-"~',"
I
252
ili''
Li
 Wishes/Unreal Past m
Would Rather
/ would rather = l'd prefer
• When the subject of wou/d rather is also the subject of the following verb, we use:
l'd rather + present bare infinitive (for present/future reference) - l'd rath er have a break now.
l'd rather +perfect bare infinitive (for past reference) - l'd rather hove stayed at home last night.
·~·····0h~~·:;h·~·~~t;j~;;·~;;:;;~~id·;;;;;~;·1~·ciiif~;~~t·i;~·;;;··t·h~··;~·t;i~ct.~r·:;;;~·1~ii~~i·~9·~~;t;:·~~·~~·~:·· ··
l'd rather sb + Past Sim ple (for present/future reference) - l'd ratheryou didn't eat sweets all the time.
: ....':~;;i,t~.e_~ :?. ;: ;,~:~ ;,<;~';~ .('.~; -~~:: .r;_f;.r;.~:e;~;: '.'~ ~~:~.e;.~~:'. ~-~~ -~~;'.~?; !'.'.~ ~!~;~?.9'.: ?'.!;9~.s; ..................... .
• prefer + gerund/noun + to+ gerund/noun (general preference) I prefer (eating) apples to (eating) grapefruit.
:: • prefer+ full infinitive + rather thon + bare infinitive (general preference) -1 prefer to sing rather than dance.
'· • would prefer +full infinitive + ratherthan + bare infinitive (specific preference) - l'd preferto have a party at home
rather than go to a club.
• would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive l'd ratherwatch a DVD than go to the cinema.

'.Rerriern~ęri)
ff We usually use I prefernotto instead of I don'tprefer. William prefers not to listen to musicwht1e revising fora test. Jl

1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 3 Read the speech bubbles and make sentences,
as in the example.
1 A: I wish I /Jad known (know) you had a spare ticket
for the theatre. I would have loved to join you.
B: Oh, if only I ............................ (tell) you. That
I failed my exams.
would have been great!
·,.._.,,
I should have studied more.
2 A: I wish I ............................ (see) the film on TV
last night. Everyone said it was fantastic.
I wish I had studied mare.
B: Too bad you missed it. lt was amazing !
lf I had studied mare, I wouldn't have failed my exams.
3 A: Do the boys know their exams start next month?
B: Yes, I wish they .......................... (spend) more
time studying instead of playing video games. 2 I can't go to work
today. I fee! iii.
4 A: lf only I .......................... (read) the instructions
properly!
I wish ... ................................................. .
B: I know, it wouldn't have taken so long to put
lf ...... ... . . .. .. ·;f'.·················· .... ············
the table together!

2 Rewrite the sentences to express wishes. 3

•,~;:;.... __ <>· ,:
.··· <·· .. „·' ," ,:.·:.·:.·\·: _,"::
My team didn'tplay well. ,
1 l'm not very good at Art. ... :We lost.thematch.
I wish I was good at Art.
2 Jane doesn't have enough money to go on holiday. lwish
lf ...... ································· ..... .
3 I forgot my parents' wedding anniversary.

4 I would like to go to the cinema tonight, but I can't. 4 I can't buy a new computer. I
don't have enough money.
5 Peter plays music late at night.

I wish
6 I missed an easy goal in today's match.
lf

7 I don't know the answer to the question.

253
j
 l!J Wishes/Unreal Past

4 Put the verbs in brackets into their correct tense. 6 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

A: Jenny said I should have caught the earlier train.

B: l'd rather you hod token (take) her advice, then
you would have been here on time.
You were right! I wish 11) had listened (listen) to you.
2 A: Everyone played really well. lt doesn't matter
lf only I 2) „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . (take) a taxi, I wouldn't
that you didn't win.
have missed the train! Right naw l'm waiting at the
B: Yes, but I would rather we „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ .
station for the next one. lt's very noisy here. I wish it
(win).
3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ (be) quiet. I need to finish some
work for tomorrow, but I can't concentrate. Il only I 3 A: l'm going to Sheila's house.
4) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ (complete) it yesterday. I really B· OK. You'd better „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „ (take) your
wish I 5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ (not/leave) it till the last raincoat with you as it's raining.
moment. Oh no! Just my luck, naw the battery in my 4 A: Your new blue jacket is beautiful.
laptop is running low. lf only I 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ B: Thanks, l'd rather „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . (buy) the
(lhink) to charge it before I set off. Anyway, 1'11 be green one, but they didn't have it in my size.
back at 1o pm. Gould you pick me up from the
5 A: Have you been to a concert lately?
station? I wish I 7) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ (pay) for a taxi,
B: No. I prefer „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ . „ . (listen)
but l'm broke!
CDs to . „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ ... (go) to concerts.
Love,
Shelley 6 A: 1'11 take my laptop with me.
B: Actually, l'd rather you „ „
(not/take) it with you.

7 A: Shall we go for a walk?

5 Fili in the gaps with wou/d rather, prefer(s) or B: No, thanks. l'd prefer „ . „ „ „ .„.„„„„.„„„„„„
would prefer. (stay) in and watch TV
1 I wou/d rather have played football last Saturday.
2 Do you „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . kiting to mountain
biking? 7 Complete the sentences, as in the example.
3 Katy „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . to go to the cinema
1 Your friend wants to capy your homework. You
rather than the opera tonight.
want her to do it herself. What do you say'
4 Jenny „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . Dan hadn't told lies
I wo uId rather you didn't capy it and did it yourself.
about her.
2 You are invited to a formal bali, but you don't
5 I „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . to order a pizza rather than
want to go. What do you say?
cook dinner.
l'd rather „ „ ... „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ .
6 Jillian .. „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . to listen to music rather
3 Your friend offers you tickets for the opera in
than watch TV
exchange for tickets to the football match. What
7 Sarah „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „„„„ wait for the bus than
do you say?
walk home.
l'd prefer „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „
8 Paul „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ . apples to oranges.
4 Your brother has overslept. You think he will miss
9 I „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „ . Andy played tennis with
his train. What do you say?
Peter tonig ht.
You'd better . „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ .
10 I „ „ „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . have a salad for lunch instead of
5 Your parents have offered to buy you a new digital
a heavy meal.
I 11 You've gat a temperature. I „„.„„„„„.„.„.„ you
camera instead of a new iPod. What do you say?
l'd prefer . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ .
stayed i n bed.
6 Your friend looks tired. You think he should get
12 I . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ to learn Spanish rather than German.
same rest.
You' d better „ „
 Wishes/Unreal Past m
Choose the correct item. 1OCircle the correct item.
1·d rather have seen/not have seen that film last 1 Suppose you ... your job tomorrow, what
night. lt was terrible. would you do?
Jane prefers tennis to/than basketball. A lose ©lost
lt's time you go/went to school. B had lost D have lost
She looks as though she hadn't had/didn't have 2 A: Kim looks really tired today.
any sleep at all. 8: Yes, she wishes she .......... longer, but she had
1wish I had/have more time for reading, but I don't. to wake up early.
Peter would rather go/have gone skiing yesterday. A could have slept C would sleep
lf only Chris wouldn't play/hadn't played his B slept D has slept
music so loudly all the time.
3 Mary prefers tennis .. squash.
I wish I could go/can go to the beach, but I have
A rather C than
to stay at home and study for my exams.
B from D to
\t would have been better if you didn't talk/hadn't
4 \'d rather you .„ it with me before buying the
talked to Kate last night.
tickets.
I wish I finished/had finished the ironing, but
there is stili a lot to do.
A discuss c would discuss
lf I were/had been you, I would join a dance group.
B have discussed D had discussed
You 're really geod. 5 You'd better .„ ..... . on fatty foods if you want to
\'d prefer to pay in cash than/rather than by credit lose weight.
card. A to cut down C cut down
B have cut down D cutting down

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 6 I' d rather you ... „ .. „ tomorrow.
A didn't leave C doesn't leave
lf only Jane hod explained (explain) why she was B hadn't left D won't leave
late, she wouldn't be in trouble now. 7 A: Suppose you . „ .. „ .. the lottery, what would
lf we ..................................... (leave) earlier, we you have done?
wouldn't have missed the start of the film. B: I would have bought my mum a new house.
Suppose you ................................ (find) a purse A have won C won
in the street, what would you do? B had won D would win
lf only I ................................... (play) better, we
8 lf only I .. „ ..... fly.
would have won the match.
A can C could
\t's about time our team ......................... (win)!
B would D wwlJ:Jn't
Supposing he .................................... (see) you,
what would he have done? 9 A: Did you know I took Sarah to the concert?
l'd rather you ................................ (not/go) out B: Yes. l'd rather .......... done that without my
alone at night. permission.
8 Sally talked about Spain as though she A you had C you hadn't
......................................... (live) there for years. B you wouldn't D you didn't
9 lf James ........................................ (remind) me 10 A: Why are you glaring at me?
about the meeting, I would have been there. B: You treat me as if you .......... my boss.
2,
10 l'd rather you ........................................................ . A was being C were
(not/tell) Sally about her birthday present yesterday. B had been D have been
11 Suppose they ................................................... . 11 A: What's going on with Karen?
(not/show up), what would you have done?
j 12 He's a little boy, but he behaves as if he ........... .
B: I don't know. I wish she .......... to us.
A can talk C could talk

r .................................................... (be) an adult. B will talk

12 lt's about time you
A learn
D would talk
. to drive.
C will learn
8 learnt D had learnt
255
J
 1

m Wishes/Unreal Past

11 Choose the correct item. 12 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Jnclude the word
Dear Larry, in bold.
l'm writing to you about
1left my job to start my own business, but it's not
the sailing holiday we
going well.
discussed. Would you
WISH I wish I hadn't ieft my job because my
rather we 1) C aur own
own business isn't going well.
boat and sailed around
2 lt would have been better if you had told me
the islands or hired a boat
earlier.
and captain?
ONLY lf ........................ .
I just carne across a great deal on
earlier.
the Internet for a sailing holiday. lf only I 2) .„ .......
all the
3 lt's a pity you didn't accept the job.
money, l'd book it right away. lt's a seven-day sailing
HAD I .................................... .
holiday around the British Virgin Jsles on a boat with aur
........................................ the job.
own captain. I think it's time we 3) ...... „ .. a holiday doing
4 1'11 miss the train if I don't hurry up.
nothing but relaxing, swimming, snorkelling and not
BETTER l'd ........................... .
worrying about cooking or cleaning! I would rather
...................... or 1'11 miss the train.
4) ... ....... that than sail a bo at ourselves and plan aur
5 He shouldn't have used my laptop.
meals. lt's a little expensive; about €2000 for the week.
USED l'd .............................. .
However, supposing we 5) .... „ .... same mare friends to
.................................... my laptop.
come along? Jl we did, it 6) ....... „. the cost and we'd have
6 I would like to buy a new car, but I can't afford it
a blast all together! There's also a 35% discount provided
at the moment.
we 7) .......... early. So, we had better 8) .......... soon!
WISH 1 •••.•••••••••.••••••••••••••.••••••••••
You know, Jooking at the photos and virtual tours, I wish I
............... money to buy a new car.
9) „ ........ Jive on that boad forever!
7 I think you should stay at home today.
Get back to me soon!
WERE lf ................................................. .
Jared
........ „ I would stay at home today.
8 You'd think she was the boss by the way she acts,
A had rented © rented but she isn't.
B rent O have rented THOUGH She behaves ................................. .
2 A have C have had ....................................... the boss.
B had O am having 9 Why don't you pay mare attention in class?
WOULD 1 •.•••••••••••••.•••••••.••.••••••••••••••.••••••..•
3 A had spent C spent ... .. .. ...... .. .. mare attentian in class.
B have spent O are spending 1O Kay is upset because she didn't pass her driving
4 A had dane C do test.
B have dane o did WIS HES Kay .............................................. .
.................................. driving test.
5 A invited C are inviting
11 I dan't like it when Jane borrows my clothes
B have invited O were inviting
withaut asking.
6 A reduced C would reduce ONLY lf ..
B are reducing O can reduce ... before barrowing my clothes.
12 You shauld have finished the test by naw.
7 A book C booked
TIME ~ ................................ .
B had booked O were booking
............................................ test.
8 A decided C would decide 13 Why didn't you tell me that yau were moving
B had decided o decide house?
9 A could C can have RATH ER l'd ········ ........... .
B can D could have me that yau were maving house.
 Nouns m
Nouns
" Nouns are: abstract (happiness, freedom, etc), proper (Mark, Africa, Japan, etc), group (team, family, government,
etc) and common (table, hat, sofa, etc).
„ Most common nouns referring to people have the same form for men and women. (teacher, doctor, etc)
Others have different forms:
actor - actress husband - wife widower- widow uncle - aunt
bridegroom - bride king-queen father- mother /ord-lady
duke - duchess monk-nun nephew- nieee policeman - policewoman
hero - heroine prince - princess son - daughter emperor- empress, etc
host - hostess waiter- waitress

·· · ! The Plural of Nouns

Nouns are made plural by adding:
• -sto the noun (table- tab/es, etc). • -sto nouns ending in:
1-.-_-e-s-to_n_o_u_n_s_e_n-d"in-g-=-in--s-.--s-s-.--x-,--c-:h-,--s-:h:-------1 vowel + -o (radio - radios),
(bus - buses, gloss - glasses, fox - foxes, church - churches, double -o (zoo - zoos),
brush _brushes, etc). abbreviations (photographlphoto -photos),
musical instruments (cello - ce/los) and
• -ies to nouns ending in consonant + y proper nouns (Navajo - Navajos).
(city- cities, party- parti es, etc). Same nouns ending in -o can take e·1ther -es or -s. These
• -sto nouns ending in vowel + y are: buffa/oes/buffa/os, mosquitoes/mosquitos, volcanoes/
(toy- toys, day-days, etc). volcanos, zeroes/zeros, tornodoes/tornados, etc.
• -es to nouns ending in o • -ves to same nouns ending in -fi-fe
(tomata - tomatoes, etc). (wife- wives) BUT chiefs, roofs, cliffs, safes, etc).
Compound nouns form their plural by adding -si-es:
o to the second noun if the compound consists of two • to the first noun if the compound consists of two
nouns (bedroom - bedrooms). nouns connected with a preposition or to the noun if
the compound has only one noun (mother-in-law -
mothers-in-law, passer-by- passers-by).
• to the noun if the compound consists of an adjective • at the end of the compound if this is not made up of
and a noun (ironing board -ironing boards). any nouns (breakdown - breakdowns).

lrre9ular Plurals: man - men, woman - women, person - people, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, louse - lice, mouse - mice, child -
chlfEJren, goose - geese, sheep - sheep, deer- deer, fish - fish, trout - trout, ox - oxen, salmon - solmon, spacecraft - spacecraft,
aircraft- aircraft, means - means, species - species, hovercraft- hovercraft

When using numbers with plural nouns, the numbers do not take an -s unless they are followed by the
preposition of. three hundred yearslhundreds of years

Countable - Uncountable nouns

Nouns can be countable (those that can be counted) one pen - two pens, etc or uncountable (those that can't be
counted) milk, homework, etc. Uncountable nouns take a singular verb and are not used with a/an.
Same, any, no, much, etc can be used with them. Can I have same applejuice, please?
BUT we use a in phrases like a relief, a pity, a shame, a wonder, a knowledge (of sth), a help even though they are
uncountable. What a help you've been 1 What a pity! What o slwme!

257
 ·mNouns
Uncountable nouns are:
e Mass nouns (fluids, solids, gases, particles): milk, bread, air, oxygen, sugar, rice, etc.
• Subjects of study: 1-!istori' Maths, Physics, Chemist1y, Science, etc.
• Languages: Spanish, German, Japanese, Portuguese, ltalian, etc.
• Games: bi/liarcls, basketball, golf, darts, hockey, cricket, etc.
• Diseases: fiu, pneumonia, meos/es, mumps, etc.
• Natura I phenomena: darkness, wind, snow, sunlight. etc.
• Same nouns: nccon11nodC1tfon, acf11ice, anger. behaviour. busines5. crunt1yr:id."', r:nurtJgr:„ dfrt, ecf:1cotic:n. h0:'712\·'/orl;
housework. information, intelligence, knowledge, luck, music, news, peace, progress, seaside, shopping, traffic, trouble, truth,
1vor/;, etc.
• Collective nouns: curle1;v, fumiture, jewe/lery, luggage, mac/linery, moneJ' rubbish, etc.
Note: With expressions of duration, distance or money meaning "a whole amount" we use a singular verb.
Three thousand euros was what the second-hand car cost.

Many uncountable nouns can be made countable.

a piece ofpaper/cakelinformation!advice/furniture; a glass/bottle of water; ajar ofjam; a rasher of bacon; a box!sheetofpaper;

a pocket of tea; a slice//oaf of bread; a pot of yoghurt; a pot/cup of tea; a ki/o/pound of meat; a tube of toothpaste; a bar of
chocolate/soap; an ice cube; a lump ofsugar; a bag off/aur; a can ofsoda; a carton ofmilk; a pair of trousers; a game ofsoccer

Plural nouns
Some nouns represent a group of people or things and are usually followed by a pl ural verb. These are:
• objects consisting of two parts: garments (jeans, pyjamas, etc) instruments (glasses, etc)
tools (scissors, etc)
• nouns like: clothes, congratulations, earnings, outskirts, people, police, stairs, surroundings, wages, etc.
The people who live next door are friendly.

Group nouns
Group nouns (army, audience, class, club, committee, company, council, crew, crowd, headquarters, fami/y, jury,
government, press, public, staff, team, etc) can take either a singular or a plural verb depending on whether we see
the group as a whole or as individuals. The audience has enjoyecl the performance. (the audience as a group) The
audience were given an autograph at the end of the play, (each person in the audience separately as individuals)

Note how certain nouns can be used in the singular and plural with a difference in meaning.

Plural
Could I have a gloss ofwater, p/ease? '
I broke n'it91asses last night. (spectacles)
I bought my mum a vase made of gloss. (the materia!)
He walked past the newsstand and bought a paper.
(newspaper)
1left same important popers at home. (documents)
Write your name and telephone number on a piece of
paper. (the writing materia!)
Tracy has gat shortblonde hair. (all the hair on her head) I found a hair in my food. (a single hair)
Helen starts work at 9.00. We saw beautiful works of art at the art gal/ery. (creations)
Ted likes dark choco/ate. I gat same choco/ates for my birthday.
The light rain has stopped. The rains ca me la ter on in the year.

J
The desk is made of wo od. (the materia!) We hod a pienie in the woods. (Forest)
.i She has a lot of experience in oublic speakina. We eniOVPd lis ten ina to h1m desrribin~ his eYoerit?nrpr; n<: f1 11nt1 rr,.., i
(length of time doing it) photographer (events)
John wams to spencl more time with his chi/dren. rlow many times did you take the driving test? (occasions)
f rn.::t sonie friencfly people in the park. All the peoples of the world shou/d have food and clean wa ter (nations).

258
 Nouns ł!J
irite the pl ural of the following nouns. 5 Fili in: a, an or same.
~·

1 A: l'd like a chickenburger, please.

butterflies 16 video
8: Of course.
„ „ ........... 17 goose
2 A: Is there anything to eat?
-·············· 18 bystander
8: There's „„„„„. pasta and „„„„
. . . „ ........ " 19 witness
meat sauce from yesterday.
20 Ash tank
3 A: J'm going to the new jewellery
........... 21 louse
shop. Would you like to come
·············· 22 watch
along?
......... „ .. 23 zero
8: Sure. I need . „„„. new costume
··············· 24 person
jewellery. J'm looking for „„„„„.
··············· 25 mango
long beaded necklace and „„ „„„.
............... 26 bus driver
matching bracelet.
··············· 27 tomata
4 A: How long will these strikes go
.. „ ........... 28 wharf
on for?
............... 29 dining table „ „ „ „ „ „ „. „.
8: I know. There is „„„„„„. strike
--············· 30 valley
almost every day naw. Check the
"'~::
Internet. Maybe there's „
::l'ITlplete each pair below by adding the male or female
information on that there.
ivalent.
5 A: Would you like „„„„„„.

nieee 6 mank mayonnaise in your sandwich?

··················
waitress 7 ·············· empress 8: No, thanks. l'd prefer „.„„.„„

8 duchess mustard and „„„„„„. extra slice

·················· .....••. „ ....

9 uncle .................. of cheese, please.

--················
·················· 10 ....... „ ..... bride 6 A: Have we got what we need to
make the salad?
8: No. We need „ „ „ lettuce,
~ke the following
„„„

uncountable nouns plural, as in the anion, can of

·~mple.
„„„„„„. „„„„„„.

More than one answer may be possible.

tuna and „„„„„. mushrooms.
barsofsoap 7 cake-three 7 A: What did you get for your
················
................ 8 yoghurt - two ............ „ ..
birthday?
................ 9 sugar-two 8: I gat „ „ „ „ „ „ box of chocolates,
················
iPhone, pyjamas and
r/t>" „ „„ .. 10 water-six ..„ .... „ ...... „„„„„ „„„„„

............ „ .. 11 meat-two ..... „ .........

„„„„„„. beautiful digital picture
................ 12 jam-Ave ................ frame.
8 A: l'm going to the corner shop at
lunch break. Would you like me
to get you „„„„„„. snack?
B: Yes, please. l'd like „„„„„„.

'i:xcuse me. Could you give me same information about train crisps, „„„„„„. bag of nuts and
times?
„„„„„„ iced tea. Here's „ „ „ „ „ „
~U\d you please bring me „„„„„„ glass of orange juice?
money.
ei ust returned from „ „ „ „ „ „ exciting holiday in the Grand Canyon.
9 A: Did you have . „ „ „ „ nice evening
_e savv ..... „ „ „ . elephant and „ „ „ „ „ „ giraffes at the zoo.
last night?
The doctor said it was just „ „ „ „ „ „ cold. What „„„„„„ relief!
B: Oh yes. We went for „„„„„.
liieed „ „ „ „ „ „ aclvice on which laptop to buy.
walk in the park and had dinner
_·VVould you like to do „ „ „ „ „ „ shopping on Saturday?
at „„„ restaurant by the
Sue is ma king „ „ „ „ „ „ cake for the party.
harbour. Then, we went for
lt look her „ „ „ „ „ „ time to recover from her illness.
1 .. lee cream.
:Clo hey bought the clock at . „ „ „ „ antique shop in York.
BJ;::
~ 259
i.._
 \l!J Nouns

6 Underline the correct word. 7 Finish the sentences without changing the
meaning of the first sentence.
A: How was yo ur holiday in Austria?
B: Brilliant! The weather was/were perfect for 1 She has gat wavy hair. Her hair is wavy.
skiing. 2 He was given same very interesting information.
Same ................... „ ...•...... „ .. „ „ . „ .•.•.
2 A: Olivia has gat mumps.
3 These shoes are very expensive.
B: Poor Olivia - mumps is/are rather painful !
This pair of shoes „ .. „ •.
3 A: That was a fantastic show! 4 They quickly called the police.
B: Yes. The audience was/were all cheering at The police .. „ „ „ •. „ . „ .. „ •.• „ . „ .
the end. 5 They are teaching Chemistry in room 38.
4 A: Their new company is/are going from Chemistry .... „ ....•.•.......• „ ..... „ „ „ . „ „ ....... „
strength to strength. 6 You need to have experience for this job.
B: That's great news! They worked hard to set it Experience .............................. „ „ „ ... „ „ ...... „ . . . • . .
up. 7 l like playing billiards mare than any other game.
Billiards ........ „ .....•..... „ ..•..•.... „ . „ .... „ . „ .... „ ...... „
5 A: I need a new pair of pyjamas; let's look in here.
8 Two porters carried the luggage into the hotel.
B: OK. The pyjamas in the window is/are nice.
The luggage .. „ . „ ..•....... „ ..•.•. „ ............. „ ........ .
6 A: He had been away for fifteen years and finds
'I it different here naw. 8 Complete the sentences using the nouns in the
B: Fifteen years is/are enough time for many singu/ar or plural form.
things to change.
paper
7 A: What did your tutor advise you to do?
A: You'll read about them in tomorrow's popers.
B: Her advice was/were for me to drop History.
B: We need paper for the printer.
8 A: Same English pubs have dart boards, don't
2 wood
they? A: We love walking in the „ „ „ . „ .• „ . . . . when the
B: Yes, darts is/are very popular in my !ocal pub.
bluebells are out.
9 A: People is/a re always tel ling me to cut my hair.. B: The .. „ „ . „ „ .. „ „ . used to make the cupboards
B: Weil, 1like it as it is. You're lucky to have long carne from Madagascar.
hair. 3 glass
1O A: Ted's dad makes beautiful jewellery. A: There was . „ .•.• „ .. „ . „ .• everywhere after the
B: I agree, but his jewellery is/are not cheap! explosion.
B: Sarah put on her . „ „ „ . „ ... „ .. to read.
11 A: What was/were the accommodation like on
4 work
the island?
A: I can't talk to you right naw; l've gat so much
B: Fantastic! The rooms were just as we had
„ . „ „ „ . „ •.• „ . to do.
imagined.
B: The museum has many „ „ . „ „ ..•....•. of Dali as
12 A: I don't know what he sees in those sculptures. well as other painters.
I think they're awful !
5 experience
B: You know what they say: "Beauty is/are in
A: Paul had same interesting .„.„„„.„„„. during
the eye of the beholder" !
his gap year.
13 A: Did you have a nice time at the dinner party B: She has .. „ „ „ .• „ . „ .. in teaching English.
last night?
6 hair
8: Yes, it was great. The food was/were really
A: My mother has gat severa I grey ...... „. „ ..... .
delicious.
B: There was . „ ••.• „ .. „ „ „ . all over the fioor at the
hairdresser's.
7 time
A: l've been to York many „„. „„„„. „ this year.
B: Have you gat . . . to stay for tea?
260
j

The indefinite article a/an
We use a/an:
o with singular countable nouns when we talk about
them in general.
I want to buy an iPod. (any iPod)
o with the verbs to be and have (got).
Jil/ian has (got) a dog. lt's a German Shepherd.
• before Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms when we refer to an
unknown person.
A iVlr Davis left a n1essoge for you rhis 1norning.
(a person that we don't know)
o to show:
a) price in relation to weight. (two euros a kilo)
b) distance in relation to speed. {lOOkmanhour)
c) frequency. (twice a month)
We do not use a/an:
o with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns.
We use some instead of a/an.
We need some paper plates and some juice for the party.
He bought her some sweets.
• before an adjective if it is not followed by a noun.
This book is funny. BUT This is a funny book.
One!Ones
We use:
• one in the singular and ones in the plural to avoid repeating the noun when it is elear what we mean.
My dog is the one with the pointed ears. I don't wear baggy trousers. I wear tight ones.
• a/an with one when there is an adjective before one.
I want to buy a book. I want a paperback one, BUT I want to buy a computer. I want one with a fiat screen monitor.
• one/ones with this/that. I don't /ike this pair of shorts, but llike t/wt one.
• which one(s) in questions. llike the purple T-shirt. Which one do you like?
1 Fili in a/an or one(s).
1 The maximum speed limit on motorways in Britain
is 112 km an hour.
2 Mary slept at her friend's house ............ night last
week.
3 lf you know how to use ............ computer, I can
give you ............ interesting gameto play.
4 There's ............ Ms Davis in the fiat next door.
5 l'd like to have ............ salad with my pizza.
6 Yesterday we went to ............ open-air restaurant
to have lunch.
7 My brother is the ............ who is wearing boots.
8 These biscuits are much tastier than the ............ I
usually buy.
9 Argentina was . . of the first teams to play
in the World Cup.
Articles m
A(n)!One
We use:
• a/an to refer to an unspecified thing with the meaning
anyone. Sile read an article. (We are not talking about a
specific article.)
one when we are counting, to put emphasis on
number. She read one article. (She didn't read two articles.)
o one with the words day, week, month, time, year,
winter, morning, night, etc or with a specific day or
month to say when something happened, usually in
narration.
One worm spring day, Fay and Wallace decided to go on a
pienie. One Monday, Pam was coming out of the mall when
she saw a thief.
• one day to refer to the future.
One day, people will travel in to space.
• one or one of ... when we mea n one person/thing
out of many. lt usually contrasts with another/
other(s). One parcel was mine, but the others were for my
brothers. One of my friends is Russian.
• a/an or one with no difference in meaning when
counting or measuring money, distance, weight,
time, etc.
He paid a/one hundred and fifty euros for his new GPS.
I bought a/one jar ofjam. He spent a/one week sightseeing
in Rome.
2 Fili in a/an or one(s}.
1 She bought him a very expensive watch as a gift
for his birthday.
2 Jason is ............ of the best basketball players in
school.
3 ............ time we went hiking in ............ forest
and camped beside ............ lovely river.
4 Simone has got ............ excellent piano teacher.
5 We waited half ............ hour for ............ bus.
Finally ............ carne, but it was full of people.
6 She has two daughters ............. is a teacher and
the other a reporter.
7 lf you are on ........... diet, you'll have to stop
eating junk food.
8 l'd like you to make.. .. copy for Mr Jenkins ancl
a few extra ............ for everyone else in the office.
261 j
 m Articles
The definite article the
We use the:
• with nouns when talking about something specific.
Mary has gat a pen and pencif.
The pen is blue and the pencif is black.
e with nouns that are unique (the sun, the Equator, etc!.
• with names of newspapers (the City Press), cinemas
(d12 Odeon), theatres (the i"icnioi uJ/ Theutr2}, hotels
Car/ton), museums/art galleries (the Tate Museum), ships
(the Mayflower), organisations (the North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation).
e with the names of rivers (the Nife), groups of islands
(the Canmy lsfands), mountain ranges (the Rocky
Mountains), deserts (the White Desert), oceans (the
Pacific Ocean), canals (the Panama Cana/), countries
when they include words such as State, Kingdom,
Repubfic (the United States of AmericaJ, names or nouns
with of (the Houses of Parfiament), in geographical
terms such as the AntarctidArctid Equator, the south of
France, the North!East/South!West.
o with the names of musical instruments and dances
(the drums, the tango).
• with the names of families (the Smiths) and
nationalities ending in -sh, -eh or -ese (the Danish).
Other nationalities can be used with or without the
(the Germans/Germans).
• with titles (the Queen, the President) BUT not with
titles including a pro per name (Queen Anna Maria).
• with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form (the
best story I have ever read) BUT when most is
followed by a noun, it doesn't take the.
Most chi/dren fike watching cartoons.
• with the words day, morning, afternoon, evening and
night.
ft was earfy in the morning when we left for the airport.
BUT at night, atnoon, atmidnight, byday/night
0 with historical periods/events
(the Middle Ages, the GulfWar). BUT World War li
• with the words only, last and first (used as
adjectives). She was the last one to leave the office.
" with the words beach, cinema, city, coast,
country(side), ground, jungle, /ibrary, sea(side), shop,
station, theatre, vi//age, weather, world.
511011 we go to the theatre tonight?
'fłemembefO
\·.·· ·.·· .
• We usually don't use the with the word television.
I don't have much time to watch television. BUT I turned off the television and went to bed. (the television set)
The is optional with seasons. I /uve (die) spring 11vi1en o/i ihe i/1)\·vers co1nt: uuc.
When we refer to a group of people, animals or things we use:
a) a/an or the with singular countable nouns. An/The eagle is a beautiful creature.
b) pl ural countable nouns without a/an or the. Eagles are beautiful creatures.
(NOT: Tfw gg9I@> grę ... )
262
w~ci~~~tu~~t;;~· .. . ... ............... ·······
o with uncountable and plural nouns when talking
about something in general.
Pandas live in central China. Many people go on ho/iday in
August.
e with proper nouns. Geoffrey is a scientist.
(th2 • with the na mes of sports, games, activities, days,
months, celebrations, colours, drinks and meals.
We hod lunch with the Jones on Saturday.
• with languages, unless they are followed by the
word language.
Michelle speaks Chinese and Russian ffuently.
BUT The Arabic language is difficult to learn.
• with the na mes of countries which don't include
the word State, Kingdom or Repub/ic.
(ltaly. Poland, Holland) }
BUT the Netherlands, the Vatican (exceptions)
• with the names of streets 1
(Main Road, Park Avenue) BUT the M4, the A 12,
squares (Madison Square Garden),
bridges (Brooklyn Bridge) BUT the Golden Gate Bridge,
parks (Central Park), railway stations (Richmond, Tower
Hill), mountains (Mount Everest), individual islands
(Pine Island), lakes (Lake Dobie) and continents (Africa).
• with possessive adjectives or the possessive case.
That is my mug.
• with the names of restaurants, shops, ban ks, hotels,
etc which are named after the people who started
them (Selfridges, Luigi's Restaurant).
• with the words bed, hospital, college, court, prison,
school, university when we refer to the purpose for
which they exist.
My brother has been in hospital for two weeks.
BUT We went to the hospital to keep John company.
• with the word work (=place of work).
I went to work at 9 o'clock every morning.
• with the words home, mother, father, etc when we talk
about our own home/parents. Father isn't at home.
e with by+ means of transport (bus/ferry!train/car, etc).
We go to the isfands by ferry.
e with the na mes of illnesses. He's gat pneumonia.
BUT tiu/the fiu, measles/the measles, mumps/the mumps
„ -- --· " ......

3 Fili in a, an or the where necessary.
1 A: What did you see when you visited
Barcelona?
B: We did a lot of walking through .......... Old
City. We visited .......... Pavilion and went to
.......... Picasso Museum.
2 A: This is my friend .......... Alice.
B: lt's .......... pleasure to meet you, Alice.
3 A: There was .......... interesting show on ... .
television last night. Did you see it?
B: No, we were watching a film on .......... Internet.
4 A: Do you want me to buy .......... newspaper?
B: Yes, .......... limes. There is .......... interesting
article in it about .......... economy.
5 A: Have the children ever seen .......... dolphin?
B: Weil, they saw .......... show at .......... City
Aquarium last year.
6 A: What do you know about .......... lndia?
B: lt's .......... country in .......... Asia, in
Indian Ocean.
7 A: You look lost. Are you .......... tourist?
B: Yes, l'm American. l'm from ......... small town
in .......... Nebraska.
8 A: Is .......... red bag yours?
B: No, mine has got .......... red sticker on it.
9 A: Why didn't you go to football practice ......... .
yesterday? Were you iii?
B: No, but my aunt was and I went to ......... .
hospital to see her.
1O A: Are these .......... Christina's glasses?
8: No, they're .......... mine.
11 A: Did you have .......... nice time at .......... theatre
last night?
B: Yes. lt was .......... pleasant evening and ......... .
musical was great.
12 A: Will you be at home tomorrow .......... morning?
B: No, /'li be at .......... work until .......... afternoon.
13 A: Have you ever visited .......... Netherlands?
B: Yes, I was there last summer. We stayed at
.......... Park Hotel in .......... Amsterdam.
14 A: Did you see .......... football match on Saturday?
! Anyway, we leave in two days. Don't forget to send us
B: Yes, I did. What .......... pity Real Madrid lost!
i 22) „ ..... „„ email il you can't meet us at 23) .„„„„„ airport.
;.:1
Articles :19
4 Choose the correct alternative.
Bob is studying Biology/the Biology because he
wants to become doctor/a doctor.
2 The polar bear/Polar bear lives in the ArctidArctic.
Polar bears/The polar bears have white fur and eat
mostly seals/the seals .
3 We took the children to the city zoo/city zoo at the
weekend. They loved seeing zebr.as/the zebr.as.
4 Simon has bought a hybrid car/the hybrid car. lt runs
on petrol/the petrol or batteries.
5 We spent our holidays in a cottage/cottage very
near beach/the beach. The accommodation/An
accommodation was very comfortable and the
view/view was fantastic.
6 Bob doesn't watch the television/television very
much. He's usually too busy playing basketball/the
basketball or surfng Internet/the Internet.
7 We all went to cinema/the cinema last night. Helen
was last/the last person to arrive because she had
been waiting for the bus/bus for an hour.
8 The month I spent in /taly/the ltaly was one of
best/the best times in my life.
5 Fili in a/an or the where necessary.
Dear Emily,
How are you? We are having 1) the time of our lives here in
2) ........... Scotland. This week, we are staying in 3) „.„ ......
Shetlands, which are a group of islands in 4) ........... North Sea.
lt was challenging getting here. lt was 5) „ ... „„ .. 14-hour
joumey on 6) .. „„„.„ ferry,.fliat over rough seas. But it was
worth 7) .... „ ..... trip! •
Same of 8) ... „„ .. „ finest woal comes from here, so 9) .. „ .......
islands are full of 10) „.„.„ ... sheep. We are staying in 11) „„„„„. ~?J
Lerwick, which is 12) .„.„„... largest town of 13) „„„„„. islands.
We spend aur days walking along 14) „„„„„. coast where we
.l1>,'
have seen same 15) ... „.„„. spectacular panoramie views. At i·
night, we attend 16) „„ ..•...• interesting musical event or listen to
17) „ ....• „ •• storyteller. 18) „„ .. „.„ Shetlanders love to sing and in
dance and tell 19) „„„ ..... spooky stońes! Of course, it's •
20) „.„„ .... little difficult to understand them as they speak
Sheltland and their own version of 21) „„„„„. English!
Lots of love,
Amanda and John
263
 m1 Articles
....,
6 Write an article in each gap where necessary.
Tanya: Hello?
Richard: Hi, Tanya, it's 1)- Richard.
Tanya: Oh, hi, Richard! How was 2) .„ ..... concert? Did
you have a good time?
Richard: Fantastic! Dave and I went by 3) ........ car so we
were almost 4) ........ first to arrive at 5) ....... .
stadium. We found 6) ........ great spot right in
front of 7) ........ stage.
Tanya: How was 8) ........ music?
Richard: Great! They've gat 9) ........ new band member
who plays 1O) ........ saxophone. lt's tao bad you
had to stay 11) ..... „. home. Have you stili gat .
12) ........ fever?
Tanya: No, I felt much better 13) ........ last night. I
watched 14) ........ documentary about wildlife in
15) ........ Africa on 16) ........ television. lt gave me .
17) ...... „ few ideas for 18) ..... „. project we have
to do. I even did 19) ........ search on 20) ....... .
Internet about it.
Richard: That's good. I really didn't have 21) .. „ .... time to.
think about it over 22) ........ weekend as I wasn't
here. 1'11 have 23) ........ look in 24) ........ book I .
have about Africa to see what I can find there.
Tanya: OK, then. See you tomorrow in 25) ........ school.
Richard: See you !
7 Fill in a/an or the where necessary.
,,., __
llt~llllł'i
2)~·:··':·.t':l~st(Jrig~i'f To~ pg099 tR·~~~tó /. • '·.···••
~i~~~;\l•flili11
A1tn9~~hithas.~l •.··.·;'•'·:,12n.9rf~tor)'ftlll.~fl]l~h.s•~~9l~.~~Sc!~.•~
~~ri~łl~l!ll8f~ll
;;~:~rt~~;:r~~;1;~)f~ti.~~~~~~~~f~~~k;l~~~it{i~~~:t
21) ......... visitors staying in Glastonbury.vil.l~gec~~ go.t9 \
22) ......... hill by 23) ..... „„ car, bus o;on 24) .. „ ..... l~plThere \.'
is 25) ........ : smali museum whicłi iS ()peri everj day except ,,
26) .„„„. Sunday. There is no charge for 27) ...•. „„ admission ~
to the site, but 28) ......... donations are welcome. 29) ........ .
site is open to 30) ......... public all year round.
u'li'. '
8 Complete the sentences with a/an or the, where
necessary, using the words in the list. Then,
answer about yourself.
• day • violin • dinner • Mount Olympus
• cafeteria • President • biking • spaghetti
1 A: Have you ever wanted to learn to play the violin?
B: No, but /'m leaming to play the piano.
2 A: Do you eat your lunch in .. ?
B: ······································
3 A: How many hours „ . „ „ ....
do you spend reading?
B: ···································· ··············· ············
4 A: Would you like to meet ......... .
of the United States?
B ·····························································
5 A: Do you know how to cook ... ... ...... .. ....... ?
B:
6 A: What are we having for .... „ .........•••. tonight?
B: ······································ ··············
7 A: Do you like mountain ................. „....... .„ .. ?
B: ....................... ··············
8 A: Do you know anyone who has climbed 7
B: ·············· ················································
9 Rewrite the sentences correctly, adding articles
where necessary.
Reporters were waiting outside Parliament to ask
Prime Minister about the new law which bans
smoking in restaurants.
Reporters were waiting outside Parliament to osk the
Prime Minister about a new law which bans smoking in
restaurants.
2 We went to Stamford Bridge Stadium first day
we were in London to see match between
Chelsea and Arsenal.
3 Mobile phones have made communication with
home easy for travellers all over world.
4 In 19th century, there were lew doctors and
medical care was only available to wealthy.
5 1'11 give you ring tomorrow after school and we
' can shop for clothes in new shopping centre that
opened last week.
 Emphasis/lnversion 'E
lnversion
We can invert the subject and the auxiliary verb in a sentence to give emphasis. lf there is no auxiliary verb, we use
do/does (present simple) or did (past simple) in the interrogative. There are two ways to invert the subject and the verb:
a) lt is used in the following cases:
o in questions. - Can you really speak five languages'
• after the following words or expressions, when they come at the beginning of a sentence: seidom, rarely, /ittle,
barely, nowhere (else), never (before), only in this way, only then, hard/y (ever) ... when, no sooner „. than, not only ...
but (also), notuntil, not (even) once, on no account, onlyby, in no way, in/under no circumstances, so/such, notsince,
etc. - Never (before) have I read such an interesting article. Not only does she sing beautifullv but she (also) plays the flute.
Rorely efo i;ve spend our pocker rnnney on s1veets. BUT Vi/2 rarely spenr.:l our pocket rnor iey on s1·veer.:;. (There is no inversion
because the word rarely does not come at the beginning of the sentence.)

(Rernerriber!i
~"
~ • When the expressions on/yafter, only by, only if, only when, not unti//ti// come at the beginning of a

J.
! sentence, the inversion is in the main clause.
Only after I had returned home did I realise that I had left my laptop ar work ~
Only if you e.,erc1se regulrnly will you keep fit
• We use /ittle with certa in verbs (rea/ise, suspect, know, etc) to mean I didn't realise at all „. Little did she know
~ that Peter had booked tlckets fo1 a luxurycrwse. (She didn't know anyth1ng about the luxury cruise.)
.,;.~. - :~ - "

o with so, neither, nor, as to express agreement.

"//is ten to rock music." "Sodo /."(We use so to agree with an affirmative statement.)
"/ don't play a musical instrument." "Neither!Nor do /."(We use neither!nor to agree with a negative statement.)
She was a gifted artist, as was her mother/and so was her mother.
• with should, were, had when they come at the beginning of an if-clause instead of if.
Type 1: Should you see Pat, tell her to call me.(; lf you should see .„)
1}'pe 2: Were I you, I would study harder. (; lf I were you .. .)
Type 3: Hod I known you were on your own, I would have helped you. (; lf I had known you were on your own ... )

b) lt is used in the following cases:

o after verbs of movement or adverbia! expressions of place when they come at the beginning of a sentence.
Here comes the train! There goes Jane!
Note: lf the subject is a pronoun, there is no inversion. Here she comes! (NOT: 1-ie<e rnflleHheO
• in direct speech when the subject of the introductory verb is a noun.
"/ haven't finished," said Caro/JCarol said."/'// meetyou outside the cinema," said Helen./Helen said.
BUT "How can I help you?" he asked. (NOT: gskfldhe because the subject of the introductory verb is a pronoun)

Emphasis
We can put emphasis on certain words or parts of a sentence using the following:
o /t is/was „. who!which!that
a) James is washing the car. - ft is James who!that is
washing the car. (emphasis on the subject: James)
b) James is washing the car. - lt is the car that James is
washing. (emphasis on the object: the car)
o All (that); The only thing (that)
All (that) you need is someone to give you a hond.
o What
a) '• ·. · ··• · '· • ·'''·· (subject) ''''· ·:''
healthy is jogging. OR Jogging is i.vhat keeps rne healthy
b) VVe enjoy hiking. (object) l/Vhat tNe enjoy doing is
hiking. OR f-liking i;; t·vhat 1-ve enjoy doing.
0 What „. do (emphasis on verb)- ,_„,„.„o<.„ •„ .... ·.
e question word + ever (usually shows surprise)
Who ever told you I was leaving the company?
Which and whose are not used in this case.
Whose bag is that? (NOT: WilQss evsr bag „.)
Note: Question words + ever (except for why) can be
written as one word. Whoeverwould do a thing /ike that?
e We use do!does!did + infinitive without to in the
present simple, past simple or the imperative to give
emphasis.
a) She goes ro nProhic class ei.1e1y ofterno1J11. She does go
ro o-=robic class every ofternoc:n.
b) He soi cf he tvoufd help us 111ove house. 1!..f2 did soy he
· '' '
cl

265
 m Emphasis/lnversion
1 Rewrite the following, putting emphasis on
each part of the sentence.
Rachel flew to Paris early this morning.
lt was Rachel who/that flew to Paris ear/y this morning.llt
was Paris that Rachel flew to early this morning./lt was
earfy this morning that Rachel flew to Paris.
2 My neighbours put up a satellite dish last week.
3 Steve Miller published his first book two years ago.
4 Lionel Messi won the 8allon d'Or trophy in 2010.
2 Rewrite these diving safety tips using what, as
in the example.
1 You must get the proper training.
What you must do is get the proper training.
2 You must never dive alone.
3 You have to check your equipment before a dive.
4 You must not panie if something happens
underwater.
5 You and your diving partner have to plan every
dive in advance.
6 You must always check the weather forecast and
ocean conditions.
3 Read the information, then rewrite it
emphasising the words in bold.
1 James Cameron directed Avatar.
lt was James Cameron who/that directed Avatar.
2 Sam Worthington and Zoe Saldana played the
lead roles.
3 The film was released in 2009.
4 The film became a huge success soon after its release.
5 The film won three Oscars in 2010.
',.·, 266
IJ
4 Rewrite the sentences, putting emphasis on the
words in bold.
1 Who designed that wedding gown?
Whoever designed that wedding gown?
2 Where did you find your dining table?
3 Fiona bought a new hi-tech digital camera.
4 Help yourself to anything you want.
5 Rihanna first sang the song Umbrel/a in 2007.
6 The film premiered in London, England.
7 Call him back; he might answer the phone now.
8 She was born in May 1995.
9 The neighbour's dog ruined our lawn.
1O I need a new pair of sunglasses.
11 He received a medal for bravery.
12 Who would call us this late at night?
13 Did you turn off the DVD player?
14 My aunt called the police.
15 You should concentrate mare while you're
doing your homework.
5 Fili in so, neither/nor and the appropriate verb.
A: l'd like to go skydiving one day.
B: So would I. lt must be so exciting.
2 A: I really enjoyed that film.
B: „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ • lt was very funny.
3 A: I didn't understand a word he said.
B: „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ .... „ „ „ „ . „ . 1'11 ask him to repeat it.
4 A: I was thinking about ordering a pizza.
8: „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ ..•• Shall 1order a large one?
5 A: I don't usually go away at the weekends.
8: „ . „ „ „ . . . . „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . . . I prefer to stay home
and relax.
6 A: l've read Victoria Hislop's The Island.
B: „ .. „ . 1loved it.
 Emphasis/lnversion \m
6 Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the 8 Marie Lapointe is a nursery school director. She
words in bold. is tal king to the new staff of chi Id ca re workers
about their tasks. Put the verbs in brackets into
The children rested under a tree.
the correct form.
Under a tree rested the chi/dren.
2 The cat sat on the sofa.
Vi Und er no circumstances 1) should you
3 The singer carne anto the stage. ,; leave (you/should/leave) any child
al one and in no way 2) „ „ .• „ „ „ „ „ „ •• „
4 The university stands at the foot of the mountain. (you/must/ forget) to keep their
play area safe. Not until the children
5 The balloons rose up into the sky. have picked up and put away their
toys 3) „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
6 Our taxi is here. ·. (you/will/be able to) go on to
\ ~·-~- ~-· another activity. Only in this way
7 David kicked the bali high into the air. ~-4) „ „ . „ ••• „ „ „ .•••• „ „ „ „ „ . (the children/will/learn)
the rules successfully. lf you follow these basie rules, not
8 The team climbed up the cliff. only 5) „ . „ . „ •.• „ „ „ .••• „ „ „ (you/will/teach) them how to
understand and cooperate, but you will also have a
well-behaved group on your hands.
7 Rewrite the sentences.

1 This student is both enthusiastic and knowledgeable.

9 Look at the following text and write inverted
Not only is this student enthusiastic, but he is alsa sentences using the words/phrases in bold.
knowledgeable.
2 Rachel did not know that her life was about to
change. Little Ted Ryder, age five, got his first insulin injection in
Little ................. „ . „ .• „ „ „ .. „ ..•. „ . „ .. „ „ .... „ . „ .. „ • . .
Toronto in july 1922. He could in no way imagine he
3 lf she had actually been there, we would have would live until 1993· Little Ted was suffering from an
illness called diabetes. At the time, patients rarely
heard about it in the news.
survived more than a few months alter diagnosis.
Had she . „ „ „ „ „ „ •• „ „ „ „ „ „ •• „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ •.•••.•• „ „ .
Doctors could reduce the sugar in a patient's blood
4 The problem is so difficult that we need an expert
only by starvation diets. However, this would eventually
to solve it.
cause their death. lt was only aflEr Sir Frederick Banting
So ..„ . „ . „ . „ „ „ ..• „ .•• „ „ „ . „ „ •. „ . „ . „ . „ . „ •.•••• „ •. „ •. „ .
and Dr Charles Best discovered insulin that diabetes
5 They managed to pull the girl out of the river patients got the chance to live. There had newr been a
after making severa! attempts. drug like this before. They had no sooner succeeded in
Only after „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .• „ „ „ „ „ „ .
treating patients than the news spread. They could
6 As soon as she opened the front door, he handed barely produce enough insulin to cover the demand. lt
her the two dozen roses. was only when large companies started to produce the
No sooner „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ .• „ „ „ „ „ „ „ •.•• „ „ „ „ „ „ .• „ .• „ •
insulin that more patients were able to get it. As a result,
7 The town had never experienced such cold insulin saved thousands of lives and continues to save
weather before. lives even today.
Never before „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ .•.• „ „ „ .

8 lf you run into him, tell him l'm looking for him.
In no way could he imagine he would live until 1993.
Should
I „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ .• „ „ •.••.••. „ . „ . „ •.•.. „ .• „ •• „ . . . .

9 I haven't had sucha good time since Mary's party.

Not since Mary's party . „ „ . „ •• „ „ „ „ „ „ .•• „ „ „ •• „ „ .

1O We seidom go to the cinema.

Seidom „ „ „ „ „ „ .•.• „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ .

267
J
 \m Emphasis/lnversion

1OComplete the text using the correct form of the 11 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
words in brackets. meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
in bold.
1 We rarely had time for Sunday family gatherings.
DID Rarely did we have time for Sunday
family gatherings.
2 Brian did not want to open his gifts until after
they had had dinner.
TO Not until after they had had dinner
r
'i) „„„„„„„„. „„„ open his gifts.
3 The car broke down yesterday.

I THAT lt was „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.

„ „ „. „. „„„. „ „. „ „ .. „ .. „ .. „ .. yesterday.
4 No matter what happens, you are not to go there
aga in!
Job Interview GO Under no circumstances „„„„„„„„„.
.„„.„.„„„.„ ... „„.„ .. „.„„.„ ...... aga in!
No sooner 1) had my interview started (myl
interview/start) at this customer service company 5 We had no idea that it was a costume party.
than my mind went blank. On no account KNOW Little „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
2) „.„ ... „.. „... „„„.„„.„„ .... (I/go) there unprepared. „„ „„ „„. that it was a costume party.
Not only 3) „ „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„ (I/look) up the 6 The students were allowed to leave the exam
company by visiting their website, but I had also room after the first hour had passed.
made a list of all the reasons why this company was WERE Only after the first hour had passed
interesting to me. I had even studied the job „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ leave the
description well enough so I would be able to exam room.
answer any question on the spot. 7 "Oh, look, the headmaster is coming aur way!"
ff: However, little 4) „.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. (I/know) yelled Mark.
;i
,'i! what was in stare for me. lt was only after HERE "Oh look, „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.!"
.,,: yelled Mark.
I entered the interview office that I got butterflies
,,:.> in my stornach. The interviewer had a stern 8 Mum made the mashed potatoes and the stuffing
look on his face and hardly smiled. Hardly from scratch.
"._..,
:i:'
li
5) „„„„„„„„„„„„„. (I/sit) down when he started DID NM . . ......... .
asking me direct questions without looking at me. I „„„„„„„„„.~the mashed potatoes
had been to many interviews and always managed from scratch, but also the stuffing.
fine, but never 6) „„„„„„„„„„„„„. {I/come across) 9 Did Mary fail her driving test again?
such a serious face. There was not a hint of friendly FAILED Was „„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„„.
manner in this man's face; not even once „ „ „„ „„ „ „ „„. her driving test again 7
7) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. (he/smile). I smiled faintly 1O Her performance was fantastic and Bill's was, tao.
and proceeded to answer same of his questions. SO Her performance was fantastic, „ „„.
Only then 8) „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. (l/realise) „„.„„„ ... „„ .... „.„ .......... „.„.„ ... Bill's.
that I couldn't remember a thing. With every 11 Terry needs a holiday as he's been working really
question I remained stili, staring back at the rnan hard.
and unable to come up with an answer. I wanted IS What „ „ „„„„„ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ a holiday
this interview over as quickly as possible. Not as he's been working really hard.
until I had left the building 9) „„ „ „„„ „„ „„ „. 12 She had just put the roast in the oven when the
(l/understand) what had gone wrong. The lights went out.
interviewer reminded me of a teacher back in PUT No sooner
grammar school; the scariest teacher I had ever „„„ „„„„ . „„. the roast in the
had. oven than the lights went out.
i i

li
......
 Pronouns m
Demonstratives
This, these, that and those are used as pronouns when they are not followed by a noun and as demonstrative adjectives
when they are followed by a noun. Those are my notes. (pronoun) Thot white boord isnew. (demonstrative adjective)

Use
· \ ThisfThese . ' . .
• for people or things which are near us. Th is is his motorbike. 0 for people or things which are not
• for present or future situations. im iiy1ng ro /-rance rhis weei:. near us.
• to refer to something we are about to mention. Th at notepad over there is mine.
Lis ten to thf;. ft's brilfiont! • for past situations.
• to introduce oneself on the phone or to introduce people. Thot day was one I will always remembe1:
"f-lelfo? This is Paul." "77111, this is Fronk." • to refer back to something mentioned
• when the speaker is in or near the place he/she is referring to. before.
This classroom is tao big. (the speaker is in the room) "She gat engoged!" 'Thot's wonderfu/1"

1 Fili in: this, these, that or those. 2 Fili in: this, that, these or those.

Look out! Thot driver up ahead has lost control of A: The se ros es are for you.
the car! I think he's going to crash. B: You are so sweet. Thank you.
2 We've decided to spend our holidays at home 2 A: Did you see ............ gown Natalie Portman
............ year. wore to the Oscars?
3 Here it is ............. is the co ffee table I told you about. B: Stunning ............. Hollywood actresses are so
4 .................... children over there are my nieces and lucky. They get to wear the best in high
nephews. fashion.
5 ............ numbers cannot be correct. l'm sure you've 3 A: Which pair of shoes do you want to try on?
made a mistake. Here, look! B: ............ one, on the top shelf.
6 ............ is so delicious! Can I have another serving? 4 A: Does ............ house across the street belong
7 Look! lsn't ............ Karen's dog? lt must be lost. to anyone?
8 " ............ we re the best days of my life!" grandma B: I don't know. lt's been empty for a while naw.
said. 5 A: I finally gat ............ pay rise I was waiting for!
9 We need to find a solution to ............ problem now. B: ............ is fantastic! Let's celebrate.
10 A: Hello. 6 A: Are ............ the DVDs we rented last week?
B: Hi, is Mary there? ............ is Alicia speaking. B: Oops! I guess I forgo! to return them.
11 A: Phil and Jane have just bought their first home. 7 A: l'd like to try on ............ dress, please.
B: ............ is wonderful news! efo B: Of course. You can go into one of .......... .
12 A: Do ............ jeans look good on me? changing rooms over there.
B: I think ............ ones looked better. 8 A: Can you show me .... ....... website you
13 A: My son just passed his driving test. mentioned this morning?
B: ........... .'s great! B: Sure ............. is it here.
14 Take a look ............. is a photo of the hotel where 9 A: How could they cancel the trip? ........... is so
we stayed at and ........... are the pictures of all unfair!
the people we met. B: lt sure is.
15 I don't fee! comfortable in ............ place; it's too 1O A: Are ........... your shopping bags?
dark. Can we go somewhere else? B: No. Mine are .......... by the window over
16 ............ was the scariest rollercoaster ride l've there.
ever been on. 11 A: Have you gat any plans for. . evening?
17 ............ looks like Tom, but I can't see because B: Actually we do. We are going to see
he's too far. new play everyone is talking about.
18 Steve, let me introduce you to Sylvia. Sylvia, 12 A: Hi Peter............. ·rs my cousin Ryan.
........ is Steve. B: Nice to meet you, Ryan
19 Hello. .... is Claire Brown speakrng. How
may I help you? 269
 1

m Pronouns

A lot of/many/much!(a) few/(a) /ittle

Countable Uncountable Example
Positive a lot (of}//ots of/ a fot (of}//ots of! The re are a lot of endangered animals.
many (formal) much (formal) There is a lot of snow in our garden.
lnterrogative mony much Are there many people in the bank?
Is there much juice left?
Negative many much There aren't many students in this class.
There isn't much time, so we must hurry.
a few (= same) a little (= some) A few people come to the performance.
very few (= not very little (= not Very few people lisren to classical music.
many, not enough) much, not enough) A little sugar ma/ces strawberries sweeter
Very /ittle money is needed to buy this newspaper

• A lot (of}/ /ots of+ countable/uncountable nouns are normally used in positive sentences.
There were a lot of people at the art gal/ery. He gave me /ots of advice.
A lot of can also be used in questions and negations in informal English. Are there a fot of things left for us to do?
• Many+ countablebnl ouns } are normally used in questions or negations.
I Much + uncounta e nouns
Are there many apples? There isn't much tea.
!·.·.·'
' '
Many and much are often used in positive sentences after too, so, how or in formal English.
I He didn't know how much money they needed. There was too much work to do.
• A few (= some, a small number of) + countable nouns } h .. .
A little (= some, a small amount of)+ uncountable nouns ave a positive mearnng.
I have a little time so /'m going to have a rest.
• Few (= not many, al most none) + countable nouns } h t. · d th f I E 1· h
ave a nega 1ve mearnng an are ra er arma ng 1s .
Little(= not much, almost none) + uncountable nouns
Few journalists have written about this topie. ft isn't we/1-known. I We've got /ittle food. We can't make dinner tonight.
Veryfew/very /ittle, on/y a few/only a little are more usual.
Very few students studied for the test. I We must research the topie. We've got very little information on it.

// ....rnbf:f
Reme .•. !··.

3 Fili in: a lot (o0, much or many. 4 Choose the correct item.

Not many tickets were sold for the show.
2 lt tak es „ „ „ „ „ „ time and effort to grow a
beautiful garden.
3 How „ „ „ „ „ . time do I have to write the exam?
4 This essay had too „ „ „ „ „ „ mistakes. I can't give it
a passing mark.
5 Look! lt's showing the protest on TV l've never
seen so . „ „ „ „ „ . people gather before.
6 The report is due today and we stili have
wod: to do.
7 I haven't got. „ „ „ money. Is this enough7
There has been few/very little/a few information
online about that new discovery.
2 There was many/few/a lot of noise coming from
the party next door last night.
3 A lot/Much/Few customers have complaints about
our company.
4 We had much/a lot of/little chores to do at the
weekend.
5 I don't have a lot/much/many friends.
6 Few/Much/A little people are aware of the new
law.

270

5 Choose the correct item.
1 There isn't Jittle/no/any bread left, so can you get
some from the baker's?
2 They showed a great deal of/many/few interes\
in my new invention.
3 Hardly any/No/A little of my friends like hip-hop
music.
4 Don't be so rude! Show several/hardly any/a little
respect for your elders.
5 Tommy sent me any/some/much fiowers! How
sweet of him.
6 After the meeting, he didn't call me for severa!/
few/a great deal of days.
7 Much/A lot/Many to my relief, I realised where I
had left my keys.
8 l'm exhausted. I didn't get many/much/few sleep
last night.
9 Much/A little/Hardly any families are without a
home computer these days.
10 l'm afraid the patient shows no/much/a small
amount of signs of improvement.
11 l've got little/much/plenty of money if you need
to borrow some.
12 We need a lot of/few/much eggs to make this
cake. Thank goodness I have a dozen in the fridge.
13 You get few/a little/little chances like this in life,
so take advantage of them!
14 l've put you to a great deal of/many/severa!
trouble and I want to apologise.
15 There are stili few/several/much issues that we
need to discuss so will we meet on Friday?
16 l'm afraid we have little/few/several hope of
finding any survivors.
17 I have a little/lots of/hardly any ideas for your
costume if you want to hear them.
18 My coffee isn't quite right. May I have a few/a
little/little more sugar, please?
19 There is few/much/little chance of me getting
the job. I was late for the interview.
20 Huny up! We don't have much/many/severa! time
before the guests arrive.
21 A large amount of/A good deal of/A great
number of people protested about the new
government's laws.
22 There's no need to hurry; we've got no/plenty of/
little time.
J
Pronouns m
6 Choose the correct item.
Deadly Shake Rocks New Zealand
75 people have been killed by a deadly earthquake
which struck Christchurch, New Zealand yesterday.
The earthquake caused 1) a great deal/a good number
of damage to buildings in the second largest city in New
Zealand. 2) A large number/A large amount of people
were injured and 300 people remain missing. 3) Very
fewNery little buildings and houses were left unharmed
by the violent earthquake. There were 4) plenty/many
aftershocks during the night and 5) a lot/a little of the
locals have been forced to leave their homes. Local
offcials and volunteers have put up 6) lots/a geod deal
of tents on the outskirts of the city to house them. Police
have evacuated the city centre and 7) hardly any/a good
deal of relief is expected from abroad.
7 Choose the correct item.
What a Waste!
World hunger is a major problem in the 21 st century. Yet,
very 1) C has been done to feed the poor. 2) „ „ „ „ of
money is needed to make this happen; about $195 billion
a year according to the United Nations. 3) „ „ „ „ countries
have promised to donate less than 1% of their national
income which is very 4) .„„.„ compared to the amounts
they spend on defence each year. In addition, recent
studies have revealed some uncomfortable facts about
food waste in developed countries. Unfortunately, too
5) „„.„. good food is wasted needlessly each year. In the
UK alone, 3.6 million tonnes of food end up in landfills
annually. 6) „ „ „ „ of this food is within the sell-by date
and 7) „ „ „ „ of the items dumped are fruit, salad, bread
and even potatoes. In the US, each American throws
away over 90 kilos of food per year. Meanwhile, 8) „ „ „ „
people are complaining about rising food prices and the
cost of living. So what can we do to help? Don't spend so
9) „ „ „ „ on food we don't eat and give some to those
who need it more. lsn't it time we stop the waste?
1 A many B few ©little
2 A Much B A lot C A little
3 A Plenty B A lot c Severa I
4 A little B many c few
5 A much B little c few
6 A Severa I B Many c Most
7 A lots of B little c many
8 A many B much c lit tle
9 A plenty 8 rnany c much
271
 Some/Any/No/Every

same someone/somebody something somewhere

Positive
any anyone/anybody anything anywhere
lnterrogative any anyone/anybody anything anywhere
no one/not anyone nothing nowhere
Negative no/not any
nobody/not anybody not anything not anywhere
Positive/Negative/ everybody/ everyone everything everywhere
every
lnterrogative (all people) (all things) (all places)

e Some, any and no are used with uncountable nouns and piu rai countable nouns.
There is no mili: in the carton. There are some pears in the fruit bawi. There isn·t any jam in the jw:
e Same and its compounds (someone/somebody, something, somewhere) are normally used in positive sentences.
I need same apples to make a pie. Someone was sitting at my clesl:.
e Any and its compounds are used in interrogative and negative sentences.
Is there any wa ter in the bottle' I haven't seen anyone today.
o Any and its compounds are used with negative words, such as without, never, seidom, rorely, hardly, etc.
5he never 1vorks on anything in the evening.
• No (= not any) and its compounds are used in negative sentences.
There is no salt on the table. (= There is not any salt on the table.)
Note: We use a singular verb with the compounds of same, any and no. There is nobody in the room.
o Same and its compounds can also be used in interrogative sentences when we expect a positive answer, for
example when we make an offer or a request.
'Wo uId you like to eat something for lunch!°' (offer) 'Yes, pleose:· I Caule/ I lwve same toast? (request)
0 Any and its compounds can also be used in positive sentences, but there is a difference in meaning.

Look at the examples:

You can visit me any time you like. (= lt doesn't matter when.)
Anyone/Anybody can come to the concert. (= lt doesn't matter who.)
lbu can eat anything you like. (= lt doesn't matter what.)
They can stoy anywhere they like. (= lt doesn't matter where.)
• Every is used with singular countable nouns. Every student has an identification card.
• The pronouns everyone/everybody, everything and the adverb everywhere are used in positive and interrogative
sentences, and are followed by a singular verb. Everything wos ready. Is everyone listening'

Other structures
e another = additional, an extra one - lt is used with singular countable nouns.
Could I have another piece of cake, please' Would you like another cup of coffee'
0 another + few/two, three etc. + noun - Let's i,ivait another fe1,v 1ninutes/another ten n1inutes. She pro1nised she'd carne.
• other/another = different, besides this/these -Are the re any other shirts in red' I cfon't like this co low: Is there another one'
• other/others: When other is used with a noun, it has no plural form.
/-/ave you read the other magazines? (NOT: ... ~ magazines?) BUT rve gat same essays here. Where are the others'
Note: Others can also be used to mean (the) other people.
Sorne peopfe fove earing ń'sh, others con't stand ir.
e each other =one another - \11/e to/kto each other eve1y night.
0 every other = every second - I visii n1y grandparents every other Sunday.
• the otherday =a few days ago - '„„,„ o,„,,„ ,,_, '""·· .,„.„ ,,_ „„:" h „ ... „„ .„„,,:.,,„ ·-- „ , '·' '" „ '"'·--'-

i 272
i::
li
....._

8 Fili in the gaps with same, any, no or one of
their compounds.
A: Let's go on an excursion at the weekend, Janet.
B: That's sounds great. We could go somewherc in
the mountains.
2 A: Are you hungry?
B: Yes, actually. Is there ............. .. to eat?
3 A: Have you finished your test?
B: No, Miss. Could we have ...... mare
time, please?
4 A: Harry told me ....... ................ about his job
last night.
B: Oh, I hope ...................... serious has happened
to him.
5 A: I don't like ....................... of the programmes
on TV tonight.
B: Shall we do .............. „ ........... else, instead?
6 A: Has ........................... been to the new mall in
the city centre yet?
B: Yes, I have. lt's great!
7 A: Have you found your wallet yet, Paul?
B: No, I can't find it ........................... .
8 A: There is .... „ •.•. „ .•.••... „ •.•.. information about
sky diving in our textbook.
8: Why don't you search the Internet, then?
9 A: I wasn't able to book a hotel room and I have
........................... to stay the night.
B: That's no problem. You can stay with me.
9 Fili in the gaps with every or one of its
compounds, and the correct form of the verbs
in brackets.
1 I will tell you everyriring I know as soon as I !ind out
(find out) mare information.
2 I won't give out the prizes until ................. .
(arrive).
3 They have sent me photographs of ..................... .
monument they. „ .•••.•..••............ (see) so far.
4 Pauline made sure she had „ ........................ she
.......................... (need) for her business trip to
Frankfurt.
5 My brother's room looked a mess. There were
clothes ....................... I ....................... (look).
6 .......................... child .......................... (get) a
present at the end of the school year.
7 The party was a nightmare! ......................... (go)
wrong.
2 Let's go Sam 1 . „ . „ „ (wait) for us'
Pronouns m~-
1OFili in the gaps with some, any, every or one of
their compounds.
Dear Clare,
I am writing to ask you for 1) so/)).o advice because I
don't know what to do.
2) ............ kids at school have started bullying me. They
call me names and take my lunch money. I haven't had
3) ............. to eat at school for two weeks. l'm afraid I
haven't told 4) ............. at home about it because I don't
know what my dad might do. My friends told me that I
must do 5) ............. and that I should tell our teacher.
She is very kind and I know that she will do 6) ...... „ .... .
she can to help me. I am not so sure, though. I know I
can't just sit here feeling sorry for myself. Is there
7) ............. hope for me? Could you tell me if you think
there is 8) ......... else I should do?
„ ••
Please write to me soon.
Nick
11 Fili in: hardly (ever) and anything, anywhere, anyone
orany, as in the example.
There was harcfly anyone waiting at the bus stop.
(not many people)
2 I ....................... „ •.•... „ . „ .. „ •..•. on television these
days. (not often see interesting programmes)
3 He ............... „ ..... „ ....•............. „ ........... basketball
during the week. (not play)
4 Helen does ............................ „ .. „ ••..................
chores around the house. (very few)
5 She knows ................... „ .......... „ .... „ . „ ...••...•.......
about her country's history. (not much)
6 There's ............................................... „ •.• „ . to
ef' exercise in this small town. (not many places)
t We ....................................................... „ .. du ring
the week. (not often visit our friends)
12 Fili in the gaps with a word from the list
• another • (the) Cither(s) • every other
• other day
1 Th is is great coffee! Can I have onother cup, please?
2 My dad called the ................ „ •...• and asked if I
wanted to come for lunch.
3 I don't see my cousins all the time; just ...
....................... weekend.
4 Do you have any „ . ....... blouses like this?
Maybe in a different colour?
5 We're leaving now; will
come later
273
 m Pronouns
Al//None/Both/ Either .„ Neither/Every- Each

• Bath refers to two people or things. lt has a : o Either (= any one of two) I Neither (= not one and not the
positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. lt·i'. other) refer to two people or things and are used before
is the opposite of neitherlnat either. singular countable nouns.
Brenda and Jina are teachers. Bath Brenda and Jina are Neither sto1y was true. !
teachers. They are both teachers. Bath of them are i Neitherof/Either oftake a verb either in the singular or
teac/1ers. Bath girls are teachers. piu rai. Neither of the boys like(s) art.
.•....•.•.•.•.•.••. „ •.•................••.•.••........•.•.......• „ •.........•..•.•.......... „ •.•.•....•.......... i······························"''''''•·················"•''''''''"'•'••··························································

• All refers to mare than two people or things. lt ! • None refers to mare than two people or things. lt has a
has a positive meaning and takes a verb in the negative meaning and isn't followed by a noun.
pl ural. lt is the opposite of nane. !:··.. "Is there any milk left?" "No, none."
All the students gat a sticker. All of them gat a sticker. Nane of is used before nouns or object pronouns followed
They all gat a sticker. by a verb either in the singular or pl ural. lt is the opposite
All+ that-clause (=the only thing) takes a of all. Noneofthe students!them has/haveanswered thequestion.
singular verb. All thatl did was thank him. Note: no+ noun. Theres no time towaste.
, ....•.•.....•.• „ .•..•....•...........• „ •.•........ „ •.••....•.••.......•..•..•............ „.„ .•............... +····························"'""'"''••••""''''""''''''•·········„·················································„.„....... .

e Every is used with singular countable nouns. lt '.!',,:,, • Each is used with singular countable nouns. lt means
refers to a group of people or things and means one by one, considered individually (it usually means anly
all, everyone, everything, etc. two). Each person was given a ticket. ...
She goes to France on holiday every year. Note: every one and each one have of constructions. Every
one of/fach one of the students will be given a report card.
·~· wh~i~ (;;,· (Cin:;r;iete) ·i;; ~;;~;:i'wi'ih.cou.ri'i~bie na.un5:T„.. „.„„„.„„ „„„„„.„ .„ ·· „„ „.„. · ·· ···· ··· · ··„ · .. „ · ·· ,
' o One/Ones are used to avoid repetition of a countable
We always use a, the, this, my, etc + whole + ! noun. "Which coat is Toms?" "Thot one."
countable. the w/10/e night= all night !
o Bath „. and „. + pl ural verb - Bath Terry and Wallace like ice-skating.
• Either.„ or „. I Neither ... nor I Notonly .„ but a/so „. + singular or pl ural verb depending on the subject which
follows nor, or, but a/so. NeitherC/aire nor Andy owns a car. Either Mark or his brothers are going to take you home.

13 Choose the correct item. 14 Fili in the gaps below with all, every, both, who/e,
neither, either or none.
1 Both/Neither my mother and my father are teachers.
2 Neither/Either Ken nor Stu had fun at the party. A: Is the blue shirt mare expensive than the red one?
3 None/Every of the players scored a goal, so they B: No, they are both the same price.
were all/both disappointed. r!'> 2 A: „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . Hans nor Ben has ever eaten Chinese
4 Every/All that you need is a nice long holiday. food before.
5 We spent the whole/all day hiking, so we are B: Really? Then they are in for a real treat.
exhausted. 3 A: I have lots of dresses, but „. „ of them
6 Either/Neither you clean your room naw or you are nice enough for the dance.
aren't going out tonight. B: Weil, let's go shopping then!
7 My brother has been studying whole/all day. 4 A: I ate „„„.„„„„. my vegetables, Mum !
8 All of/None of them felt like eating, but they B: Good for you. What would you like for dessert?
couldn't say no to Mum since she'd been cooking 5 A: What did you do at the weekend?
all day. B: Oh, we just sat around and watched TV the
9 A: Which CD do you like best? „. weekend.

B: To tell the truth, I don't like either/neither of 6 A: You can „ „ „ „ „ . „ . have an orange or an
them. apple. Which do you prefer?
10 Kevin goes for a jog whole/every day. B: Oh, an apple, please.
11 Each/All room has a TV and air-conditioning. 7 A: You're the only one who hasn't come down
12 Both/Either Fran and Grant are great athletes with the fiu.
with real talent. B: Weil, I try to eat healthy and get plenty of re•t
I „ day.

~
274
 Pronouns m
15 Fili in the gaps with all, both, neither, 18 Fili in the gaps with all, both, neither, none, either
none, or whole. or every.

Being a Health Food Fanatic S: solesman C: customer

I became a health fanatic when I was
·ten or so. Back then I ate 1) ncither junk
· frood nor sweets, but I did eat quite a bit of meat. For the
~past year and a half, I have been on a stiict diet which
· ~rneans my diet is now free from 2) ................... forms of
~farty foods. Aside from watching what I eat, I also get a
~lot of exercise - something 3) ................... of my friends
·~do. My family members aren't into exercising either, so
~most of the time I'm at the gym or out jogging alone.
Sometimes, I fee! like my 4) ................... family thinks
.;rm a bit strange. 5) ................... my mum and my dad
5: Can I help you, sir?
C: Yes. l'd like to try on 1) both these suits.
5: Certainly. You can use the changing room on
the far left.
5: Is 2) „ ................... of them what you wanted?
C: l'm afraid 3) ..................... fit properly. The
sleeves on 4) ..................... jackets are slightly
long and 5) ................... „ of the trousers fit
comfortably. I always have such a hard time
finding a proper suit. I get disappointed
6) ..................... time I shop.

"are always telling me to gain some weight, but 5: Fortunately for you, sir, we've gat aur own tailor
here who alters 7) .................. aur clothes. Let
:' 6) ........... „ ...... of them understands how I fee! about my
me get him for you.
'body. I guess 7) ................... of the people who live in
C: That's great! 8) ................... of the other shops
•rny house have ever heard the saying 'a healthy mind in
offer such a service.
healthy body'.
5: Weil, at Ringworth, we're here to help aur
customers.
16 Fill in: all, every, one, ones or whole.
1Harry has four cats, all of which are black and white. 19 Rewrite the sentences using the words in
2 Choose a room. Which ............... would you like? brackets.
3 I can't decide whether to do kick boxing, tai chi or
1 Kevin dislikes carrots and so does Mark. (neither
kung fu. They're ............... great forms of exercise.
. .. nor) - Neither Kevin nor Mark likes carrots.
4 l've been to .......... „ ... shoe shop in town, but I
2 l'd really like to come and my sister would, tao.
haven 't been to the ............... at the mall.
(both .„ and) „ .................................................. .
5 l'm spending the ............... weekend with my
family.
3 Emily will pick you up from the airport or else Jack
6 They go for Chinese food ............... weekend.
will. (either ... or)
7 A: Do y~ like these trousers?
B: No, I prefer these ............... .
8 We spent the .............. evening watching reruns
4 Every part of the room was painted pink. (whole)
of Friends.

17 Fili in the gaps using each or every. 5 Not even one of the guests tried my pizza. (none)

lf 1 In a game of rugby, each team has fifteen players.

2 We have gymnastics ...
Thursday at school.
3 She has a bottle in ............... hand.
Tuesday and

4 I love Julia Roberts. l've seen ............... one of her

6 The two boys were sent to the headmaster's
office. (both) ................ „ .................................... .

7 All the students have to participate in the sports

i• fi lms.
5 Our poodle Scruffy carne first in the dog contest . day. (every) „ .. „........ ............. . „ „ ......••..
1
He scored the highest in .............. test.
6 The teacher gave student stickers for 8 Members of the team, one by one, received
good work. a medal. (each)

275
 Subject/Object Pronouns
f1b$1§:!pi.!,!.!ij,~i I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
Subject pronouns go before verbs as subjects. Object pronouns go after verbs or prepositions as
We live in Lisbon. objects. Visit us when you come to London.
In short answers and after as and than, we use an object pronoun (informal) or a subject pronoun + auxiliary
verb (forma I). "/ enjoy playing rennis:· "Me tao. I I do too." Tanya ru115 faster than me!than I do.

Reflexive Pronouns
1- myself he - himself we _, ourselves
you - yourself she - herself you -• yourselves
it -• itself they - themselves

We use reflexive pronouns:

• with verbs such as behave, bum, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, kil/, look at, teach or with prepositions when the
subject and the object of the verb are the same. Jill (subject) burnt herself(object) on the cooker.
• with the preposition by when we mean alonelwithoutcompany or withouthelp(on one's own).
I made the cake by myself/on my own.
e in the following expressions: enjoy yourself (have a good time), behave yourself (be good), help yourself (you are
welcome to take something if you want), she lives by herself (she lives on her own), do ityourself (do it without
being helped), make yourself at home (feel com forta ble). Help yourself to some dessert.
• to emphasise the noun or the pronoun of a sentence. They usually come after the noun or pronoun they
emphasise. I myself decorated my room. (I decorated my room. Not somebody else.) I met Prince William himself. (I met
Prince William, not somebody else.)

Rernernber!
i oWe do not normally use reflexive pronouns with the verbs get up, rest, meet and relax.
She has to get up early. (NOT: $he ha1 to 9et rip liecselfearly.)
e The verbs dress, wash and shave are not normally followed by a reflexive pronoun. However, we can use
a reflexive pronoun with these verbs when we want to show that someone did something with a lot of
effort. When I get home from school, I wash my hands. My little sister dresses herself in the morning.
• Each other means one another. They send presents to each other on their birthdays.

Possessive Adjectives/Pronouns
Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns
my our mine ours his
his }
your yo ur her their yours yours hers } theirs
1ts
• Both possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns can be used to talk about ownership or the relationship
between people. Possessive adjectives are followed by nouns, whereas possessive pronouns are not.
This is my house. This house is mine.
• We normally use possessive adjectives with parts of the body and clothes.
I hurt my leg. I took off my clothes and put on my pyjamas.
We use the and not possessive adjectives with prepositional phrases, mostly when we are talking about things
that happen to parts of people's bodies, for example blows, pains, etc. Verbs usually used in this pattern are: hit,
punch, slap, bite, touch, pat, sting, etc.
t.c,
-'··· • ··· ':•:' h'::: ·:· .:.';.:u!c:r (NOT: on~shoulder) -:. .„, ,. . :.':"' .• : ... (NOT: on W>nose)
o We use the word own in the following structures to emphasise the fact that something belongs to someone.
noun +of+ my/your, etc+ own - She bought a car of h'=r 0'1~'n.
my/your, etc+ own + noun - She has her ovvn car.
Note: its = possessive adjective - ·n.· ,.. „.„ ., ...;, _,_
°' ·
it's = it is or it has - (= lt has)

276

possessive Case
. )~ „ 'si s' (p~bple-or animals) . -
, singular noun + 's. theboy'spenol, thecat'swh1skers
, regular pl ural noun + '. rheboys' iriends
, irregular pl ural noun not ending in -s + 's.
the men's umbrel/as, the children's clothes
• compound no u n + 's. i~--~,.. -::'·:'.-...::-.:,„ ·-.':::~:/: l~-y_;:,:
, 's after the last of two or mare names to show
common possession
Lucy and Peres car (They share the same car.)
BUT
Lucy's and Pete's cors (Each one has got a car.)
Pronouns m
. . _ of (inanimate things)
• of+ mam mate thmg/abstract noun.
rhe windows of the house, the price of beauty
e of+ possessive case/pronouns when there is a
determiner (this, any, etc) before the noun.
„„. , '.·, „.-~' .:.'.--~-····'·(one of Shakespeare's plays)
a joc!:et of his (one of his jackets)
o of+ people (in longer phrases).
TJ1ul~ tl!t' l11oifJ!::.'t o{ Oik' of ill_Y friend.';.
o 'slofto talk about places or organisations.
France's attractionslthe attractions of France

• Phrases of place+ 's (at the baker's)-time!distance expression + 'si' (tonight's performance, three days' work)
• With singular names ending in-swe can either acid 's or just an apostrophe. Bath options are correct.
However, 's is more usual. Thomas's tent or Thomas' tenr
• Pl ural na mes ending in -s take an apostrophe just like with other plurals. The Jones' carbro!:e down.

There/lt
•• There + be is used for something mentioned for the first time or to say that someone or something exists.
There is a mouse in the cel/ar
• Personal pronoun + be/other verbis used to give mare details about something or someone al ready mentioned.
There's someone on the piwne. He needs to speak to you.
• • lt +be is used for identification. There's someone waiting in the sitting room. /t's your cousin.
• lt+ be .•. to infinitive/that-c\ause is used to begin a sentence. /t~ nice to meet you. /t's a pitythatC/aire didn't come to the meeting.
• lt is also used for distance (lt's about 120 km from London to Birmingham.), temperature (/t's 20 degrees outside.), time
expressions {/t's half past two.), weather (lt's foggy this moming.J and in the fol\owing expressions: lt seems that, lt
appears that, lt looks like, lt is said that, ltdoesn't matter, etc. lt's tao cold to go fora swim. lt /ooks like it's going to snow.
lt seems that there is a problem with the computer. AND There seems to be a problem with the computer

20 Fili in the gap with the correct subject or object 21 Fil\ in the correct possessive adjectives and
pronouns. possessive pronouns.

1 A: Do you like Debra's new coat? ft was a great 1 A: I just picked up this parcel from the post
bargain! office. Is it yours?
B: Yes, ................. do .................. looks wonderful B: l'm not sure, but l've been expecting one, so I
on ................. ! really hope it's ................ .
2 A: We visited Pam and Harry in their new house 2 A: We really need to hurry up or we'll miss ...
last night. connecting flight.
B: When did ................. move in? B: OK. 1'11 pay ................. bill and we can go.
3 A: Would you like to go to a coffee shop or a fast 3 A: That shirt really suits you. Is it new?
food restaurant? B: No, it isn't ................. actually. I borrowed it
B: ................. really don't mind .. „ .............. both from my brother.
sound like a great idea. 4 A: Dad, could I borrow Mum's car tonight?
4 A: Have you met our new teacher, Mr Bays, ye\? B: Weil, you had better take ................ as
B: Yes, ................. is quite funny actually. . ................ is at the garage, son.
S A: How did your dad meet your mum? 5 A: I can't use. . computer; it's frozen.
B: ... met. „. at university. 8: Don't wony. lt's IVlike's day off today. You can
use
277
j
 m Pronouns
22 Fili in its or it's.
A lot of people have signed up for the art class. lt
looks like it's going to be interesting.
2 Athens is a great place to visit on holiday with „„„„„
ancient monuments and Mediterranean cuisine.
3 lt takes months for an eagle to build
large nest.
4 This hand-held computer is wonderful. „„„„„„
got lots of new features.
5 „„„„ .... quite chilly outside and I am not feeling
very well.
23 Compiete the sentences with the or a possessive
adjective.
1 Anne sprained her ankle while playing volleyball.
2 The dog bit the postman on . „ „„. „ „„„ leg as he
was putting the letter in the letter box.
3 Mrs Niles was pleased with Tommy and patted
him on „ „„„ .„ „„. head.
4 Annie lost „„„„„„„„ earring at the dance.
5 I slipped on a banana peel and broke „„.„. „„ leg.
24 Fili in the gaps with my, your „. own. Use of
where necessary.
1 lf I had an office of my own, it would be much
quieter.
2 Mandy hopes to buy .„„ „ „„ „„„ „„ „ car as soon
as she saves up enough money.
3 I wish my brother would get a bike „„. „ „„„„„„ ..
He is always riding mine.
4 When Thomas and Barbara get married, they will
live in „.„„„„„„„.„„. house.
5 I don't need to share a wardrobe with my sister as
I have a wardrobe „ „ „„ „ „„„ „„„ ..
25 Join the sentences using the correct possessive
form.
l.
1 The computer is in the living room. lt belongs to
my brother.
'1
li I My brother's computer is in the living room.
:i 2 I watched a film. I liked its ending the best.
111
I!
3 There's nothing worth reading in the~- I
' 11
bought it today.
4 lt was a long drive from London. lt lasted six hours.
5 I visited ltalv. I liked its museums best.
278
26 Read the text and fili in the word that best fits
each gap.
Hi Mick,
Thanks for your email. I miss 1) you so very much. We've
moved into 2) „„„„ new house and l've started at my
new school. I like the teachers there. 3) „„„„ are really
friendly. 4) „„ „„ have al ready made a few friends. One
is Spanish and 5) „„„„ name is Carmela, the other is
Polish and 6) „„ „„ name is Matyas, but I call 7)
Matt for short. I really like 8) „„„„ a lot.
Mum is organising a house-warming party next
weekend. Do you think you and Nancy could come?
9) „.„„.'d really love to have you stay all weekend. Dad is
going to show us 1O) „„„„ cooking talent too. He wants
all of 11) „„„„ to have a barbecue. Do you remember
what happened last time Dad lit the grill? I bet you're
laughing! He burnt the neighbour's apple tree!
Anyway, that is all my news. Please write to 12) „.
soon!
Hope to see you next weekend!
Patricia
27 Fili in: there or it.
1 There's a lady on the phone. She wants to talk to
you, Mum.
2 .„„„„„„„ doesn't really matter if you succeed or
not; „ „„ „ „ „„ .'s important that you at least try..
3 .„„„„„„„ looks like she's going to be late.
4 „„„„„„.„ are so many homeless people in the
centre of town these days. „„„ „ „ „ „.'s a pity the
city council isn't ~~ng mare to help them.
5 „„„„„„„. appear'S'that Mary is having a hard time
with her new boss.
6 „ „„ „.„ „ ..'s a shame they missed the concert. The
band was great!
7 „„„„„„„.'s something wrong with the printer.
„„„„„„„. seems to be out of ink.
8 „ „„„„.„ ..'s another 30 kilometres to Essex. Can
we take a break?
9 „„„„„„.„ appears that same files have been deleted.
1O „.„„„„„„ are a lot of new students in my class
this year.
„„„„„„„.'s so good to hear from you again !
12 Mum, „„„„„„„.'s someone on the phone for you.
„„ sounds important.
13 „„„.„„„ ..'s a pity that she didn't accept the job.
14 . „ is a no te on the table for you. lt's frorn
IVlum and Dad.
 Pronouns m
28 Circle the correct item. 29 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
1 A: How was last night's lecture? in bold.
B: Oh, not so good. There was so .. „„. noise I
couldn't hear the professor. He said, "I dislike computer games and so does
A few B many C little @ much Karen."
NEITHER He said that neither he nor Karen
2 A: . „ „ „ carne by and dropped off this letter for liked computer games.
you. 2 I take thirty minutes to walk to school every day.
B: OK. Just leave it on my desk. WALK lt's „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
A Anyone C Everyone „„„„.„.„„.„.„. to school every day.
B No one D Someone 3 Try to watch your behaviour at your sister's
3 A: You have some lovely ciot hes! graduation.
B: Thanks! Fee! free to borrow „ „ „ „ you want. YOURSELF Try . „.„„.„.„„„„.„ „„„„„„„„„„„„

A same B anything C nothing D every .„„„„. at your sister's graduation.

4 She doesn't like being alone in the office in the
4 There are „„„„ of things I don't like about my morning.
fiat, but it does have a great view. BY She doesn 't like
A a lot B much C a little D same „.„„„. in the office in the morning.
5 A: We spent aur „„„„ holiday swimming and 5 There are only a few students who will go on the
sailing. trip.
8: Really? That sounds wonderful. NOT There „ ..................................•....••.

A whole B all C many D any „„„„„„„„ will go on the trip.

6 They spent all morning planting the flowers.
6 A: Welcome to the company. There are „.
WHOLE They „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ .
details I need to discuss with you. „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . the flowers.

B: That's fine. Please go ahead. 7 We passed aur French test and our English test as
A any B much C a few D a little well.
7 A: What's the matter with your hand? BOTH We passed „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.

B: Oh, I cut „„„„ when I was chopping vegetables. .•.. „ •. „ .. „ •. „ „ . „ ... „ .. „ .... „ .. „ . „ tests.
A herself B myself C itself D yourself 8 There were only a few people at the performance
last night.
8 A: Dad, can I keep it? HARDLY There „„ „ .„ „ „ „„ .„ .„„ „„ „„ „ „„ „ „ „

B: I suppose. The poor little kitten has „„„„ to .„„„ at the performance last night.
go. ~ 9 lina went to the theatre by herself last weekend.
A somewhere C nowhere OWN lina went to the theatre „„.„„„„„.

B anywhere D everywhere „„„„.„.„„„„„„„„„„ last weekend.

9 Don't take that one, Stephen. „„„„ is over there. 1O Henry enjoys winter sports as well as water sports.
A Our B Yours C His D My BOTH Henry enjoys .„.„.„„„„„ „.„„„„„„

... „ .. „ .. „ . „ .. „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ •.• sports.

1 O A: Would you like tea or coffee? 11 You are free to put up your tent any place you
B: „ „ „ „ is fine with me.
choose.
A Both B All C Either D Neither WHEREVER You are free to put up your tent „ „
... „ ...•. „ „ •... „ . „ . „ „ .•...... „ . „ . choose.
11 That man keeps staring at „„„„, but l'm sure I
don't know him. 12 Helen doesn't speak German. Alice doesn't speak
A mine B me C yours D his German either.
NOR Neither „„„.„.„.

12 A: Did you get the money? „„„.„.„„„„ .. „„„„„ German.

B: Yes, boss. „„„„ went as planned. 13 Oliver waited all afternoon for Judy to call him.
A Everything C Something WHO LE Oliver waited
B Nothing D Anything . „„. for Judy to call him.
279
 m Prepositions of Place/Movement/Time

Prepositions of Place Prepositions of Movement

in/inside

on to ~·""
,/'
.. „ ··.
• below
/~:.:/over
• above I~-j'

·' ' next to/by/beside

~I
opposite I
j J' off .../ ... „ .. „ .. .:·; through

on

under
~·
LJ into X
.„ •. : • .cli.• along

among

·o near
•
I~ „ „ „ „.•,
out of across

~ in front of

~ behind

/O aga inst
D past up

D•D between

at
[~~-~-,!._:--';;."'. from down

•
••• <ii) • (a)round
•••
ł0
®~€1
ee
€)cli
on top of ef' to -?>„.„„„[_ ] towards

At
We use at:
• when we refer to a particular point or position. This train stops at Wellington Station.
• to say where an event takes place. They went to the rock concert at the /ocal stadium.
• in the expressions: atschoo//university/college, at work, at home. at the top of, atthebottomof, atsea (=on a voyage),
at the station!airport, at the seaside, etc
o with addresses when we mention the house number They live at 20 Victoria Street. BUT in Chapel Street
• to talk about a person's house or business, at Jimmv's (house), at the florist's

L'.
280
!I
....._
 Prepositions of Place/Movement/Time :ii
In
We use in:
Q in the expressions: in the middle, in the sea, in the sky, in bed, in hospital, in prison, in a newspaper/magazine!book,
in a picture!photo, in a street, in the world, in this /esson, in the country, in ane's hand, etc.
<> with the names of towns, cities, countries and continents. in B/ockpool, in Frankfurt, in Spain, in Africa

(Rernernber!~ . ..,
:i We use in when we refer to a building itself. However, we use atwhen we refer to the normal function of '
i the building. There V/t:re niany (ootboll fons in tht: stacfiuni. (inside the building)
' Ti:"''' ,,.,„., ""·'"-'' 1•:u! '.Juil iouo c•r rhe cwdium. (They we re watching a football match.)
.::~~ I
On
we use on:
„ in the expressions: on the /eh/right, on a/the platform!page/screen/island!beach/coast, on a map, on a farm,
on a/the menu, on the first/second, etc floor.
on o chnir BUT in on arn1chair
on/at the corner of a street BUT in the corner of a room, go/run round the corner

Rernernber!
I e When we talk about a means of transport, we use the preposition by.
by car/busitroinltaxi/plane/boat BUT on foot
<> We do not use the preposition by when there is an article (a/an/the), a possessive adjective (my, your,
etc) or a possessive case before the means of transport.
on the bus (NOT: 1>; tflg l;i"s) - in yo ur car (NOT: bj•yo"' rn') - on the six o'clock train, on the ferry, in John's car
1

Prepositions of Time

At I In on· ·
the time: atthree o'clock months: in May/November, etc days: on Monday, on New Year's
holidays: atChristmas, at Easter seasons: in (the) spring/summe1/autumnlwinter Day
in the expressions: years: in 799912009, etc dates: on 7th May
at the moment, at present, centuries: in the 20th cen tury specific part of a certain day:
at davvn, at noon/at dinnertiine, in the expressions: on Wednesday afternoon
at night, at dusk, at the weekend in the morning/ afternoon/evening, in an hour, adjective + day: on a cold day
in a minute, in a week/few days/month!year

( f!ernernbern
<>We use the prepositions from ... to/ti//luntilto show duration. I work from 8 to!ti///until 4 eve1y day.
" We use the preposition in when we want to say how long it takes to do something.
i'll 1µealc to you in fifreen minutes. The painters will be finished in three weeks.
o Prepositions of time are not used:
a) with the words today, tomorrow, tonight and yesterday. We're having a test tomorrow.
1
l\ b) with the words this, last, next, every, all, same, each, one, and any. nc: 1··~·c1Jt tu u 1u:i111u11:i11u~·:r1u.:.t h'r::'t:r..
~~~.....,.,..

281 J
 f fi/ Prepositions of Place/Movement/Time
1 Fili in the correct preposition: on, in or at, 3 Choose the correct item.

The Jones family spent the whole weekend at the A: Excuse me. Could you tell me where the
ski resort. chemist's is?
2 Thomas was sitting comfortably „ „ „ „ „ his armchair. B: Take the second turning on/in the left, it's
3 There was a beautifully wrapped present „ „ „ „ „ next/opposite to the bank.
my bed.
2 A: I am not taking the lift Jill, I am walking up/on
4 My brother was waiting for me „ „ „ „ „ the airport
the stairs.
yesterday.
B: Yes, we sure need the exercise.
5 The baby's holding something „ „ „ „ „ its hands.
6 The fancy dress party was „ . „ „ „ . Jane's house 3 A: Why are we walking along/past the shops so
. „ . „ „ „ Lion Street.
quickly, Mum?
7 lt was raining and I got a lift home „ „ . „ „ . Bill's car. B: We've got to hurry! Dad's going to be home
8 I saw a friend I hadn't seen since primary school any minute.
„ „ . „ „ . the bus last night. 4 A: John, do you know where the new sports
9 There's quite an interesting article „ „ „ . „ the centre is?
newspaper today. B: Yes, it's on/in the corner of our street!
1O The weather „ . „ „ „ . England is chilly, especially
5 A: Look at the lion! lt's jumping through/near
„ „ „ . „ . the north.
the ring of fire 1
11 We went to an expensive French restaurant, but I
B: Yes, it's absolutely amazing !
couldn't read the food „ „ „ „ „ the menu.
12 Luckily, I only had to wait three minutes „ „ „ „ . 6 A: lt's time for school, Pete!
the bus stop this morning. B: Oh Mum, I am not well. I just can't get over/out
13 My new fiat is „ „ „ „ „ the Sth floor and has a view of bed.
of the lake.
14 My rnum was standing „ „ „ „ „ the bottom of the 4 Fili in the gaps with: a/ang, up, past, through,
stairs. down, out of and over.

2 Fili in: in, on, at where necessary.

1 My birthday is on 1Sth May and I am having a
i
!r party atthe weekend.
2 My who le family is getting together .„.
Christmas.
'II 3 John can eat a hamburger „ „ „ . „ . 2 minutes!

I 4 Penny and her friends usually go sailing „ „ .

summer.
5 We are having a debate at school „ „ „ „ „ this
morning.
6 Helen has a dentist's appointment „ „ „ „ . Monday
morning „ „ „ „ „ nine o'clock.
7 My college lessons start „ „ „ . „ . three weeks' time.
8 Vicky goes to the gym „ „ „ „ „ every Monday,
Wednesday and Friday.
9 Fred is sleeping over at my house „ „ „ „ „ Saturday
night.
A: Can you help me, please? l'm looking for the
shopping centre.
B: Of course. Go 1) past the cinema and turn left.
Then, go 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ Mills Road, there is a bridge
on your right. Go 3) „ „ „ „ „ . the steps, 4) „ „ „ „
the bridge and 5) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the steps on the other

I
1O The first MP3 player carne out „ „ „ „ „ 1998. side. Then go 6) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the tunnel. When you
11 My grandma's garden is most beautiful come 7) „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ the tunnel, walk along King
spring. Street and the shopping centre is directly in front of
12 We are quite busy .„. „ „ . the moment. you.
A: Thank you very much.
282
 Prepositions of Place/Movement/Time m
5 Choose the correct item. 7 Fili in the gaps with the correct preposition and
one of the phrases from the list.

1 live :1.) !!!lat a fiat 2) in/at the centre of the city.
lt's very nice, but I would like to live 3) in/on a
cottage 4) by/in the sea one day. I could go for long
walks 5) along/across the beach or sit 6) under/
on my porch and watch the sunset. I could also go to
town 7) in/by bike and do my shopping. I really like
a place 8) near/against the coast called Flley. I visit
there wl1enever I can and stay 9) at/on a small
hotel. I usually go for long weekends and spend my
time relaxing. When I have to leave, I can't wait to go
back again. lt is the most beautiful place 10) of/in
world!
• 7 o'clock •the bus stop •the menu
• a moment • the horse • the table • a farm
• the photo • the same time • the house
1 Sorry to keep you waiting, !'li be with you in a
mon1ent.
2 Everyone was talking .......... „ ....... „ .. „ .. „ ....... „ „ .
lt was hard to understand them.
3 We were waiting ...... „ .... „ ............. „ .............. „ .. .
for 30 minutes before the bus carne.
4 My aunt lives .............. „ . „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ ...... „ ........... .
just outside of town.
5 I forgot my keys at werk and I couldn't get ........ .

6 The waitress put aur waterglasses .............. „ ...... .

6 Circle the correct item.
. ........... „ .................... „. and then took aur order.

1 We met Jack ...... yesterday after school. 7 Sally Fell ... „ ........................................ and hit her
A on B at ©- head.
8 Will you me et me on Friday .............................. 7
2 !'li be with you ..... two minutes.
9 Is there anything geod ............................ „ .. „ „ ?
A in B at C on
10 Who is the girl „ ... „ ............................. „ .. „.„ .... ?
3 The sales begin ..... today.
A - B in C at
4 The party started at 7 o'clock ...... the evening. 8 Fili in the correct preposition.
A at B on C in
5 Anna asked Peter to pick her up ...... 8: 15.
A on B in C at
All's Weil that Ends Weil
6 Did I leave my bag ...... your car? I had an important interview for a new job 1) on
A near B in c at Wednesday 2) •.......... 10 o'clock. I left home
7 Susan really likes how the trees look early 3) ..... „„. the morning to make sure I arńved
autumn. on time. I can't believe I got lost 4) ......... „ the
A at B on c in town centre. ,fil
Luckily, I had a map 5) ...•...... the car and I sbon
8 She walked ...... me without saying hello.
found the correct street. I had to park the car,
A round B across c past
but the traffic was terrible. As I was dńving
9 There is a small night table ...... my bed.
6) „ „ •. „ „ the road, I saw a space 7) ..•...•... a van
A over B next to C behind
and a car, but it was too small for my car. Just as
1 O Who has taken the mirror ...... the wali? I was about to give up, a woman ran 8) .......... the
A off B on C at road, got 9) .......... the car and drove off, leaving
11 They ran ...... the house as soon as the ground a bigger space at the back of the van. Sighing
started to shake. with relief, I quickly parked 1O) .„.... „. the van.
A off B out of C round The interview was 11) ....... „. 21 Front Street,
12 The clock struck „ „ „ 12 midnight. 12) „ •. „ •..• an office 13) .......... the fifth floor. I was
A - B on c at nervous and gat 14) .......... the elevator 15) .. „„.„.
the fourth floor by mistake. Eventually, I made it
13 I usually go to school ...... bus.
to the interview and it went well. I start work
A by B on c In
next week.
14 l'm going skiing „ „ „ the weekend.
A 111 B - c at
283
 \IZiJ Questions & Answers
We use questions to ask for information or permission. We can also use them to make offers, requests, suggestions or
invitations. Oo you kno~v \Vhat tin1e rhe filn1 starts? (information), 11.i/ay / speok to 1\rirs Jones? (permission), \ !fould you like nie to
1

do the hoovering? (offer), Could you sho 1:\1 n1e hoH1 to instalf. this progra1n? (request), Shall tive go to a Chinese restaurant?
(suggestion), Would you lif<e to go to the dinner party with me' (invitation)

Questions with Yes/No Answers

• Questions with Yes/No answers begin with an auxiliary or moda! verb (is, are, do, does, can, etc) which is followed
by the subject. We usually answer these questions with Yes or No.
:I "Is she all right?" "i'es, she is." "Can I ha:1e onother piece of car~e?" "Yes, you can."
• When the main verb of the sentence is in the present sim ple, we form the question with do or does. When the
main verb is in the past simple, we form the question with did.
"Oo es she play the fluter 'Yes, she does." "Oid you getto schoof on time"' 'No, I didn't."
• We use short answers to avoid repetition of the question asked before.
Positive short answers are formed with Yes+ personal pronoun + positive auxiliary verb. "Have you hod lunch?"
"Yes, I have."
Negative short answers are formed with No+ personal pronoun + negative auxiliary verb.
"O id you cook dinner?" "No, I clidn 't."

Wh- questions
Wh - questions begin with a question word such as who, what, where, when, etc. We put the auxiliary or moda I verb
before the subject.

o who (people) o where (places)

"Who is that young lady?" "My sister" "Where is my notepad?" "Under your textbook."
• whose (possession) e why (reason)
"Whose coat is this7" or "Who se is this coat ?" "fti Jackiei." ''Why are you late?""/ missed the bus.··
o which/what (things) (Answers sometimes begin with because.)
Which is used alone or before nouns, one!ones or of to ask "Because I missed the bus."
about a limited chcice of things.
"Which singer is your favourite- Kate Perry or Rihanna?" (You have
• how much (quantity)
"How much is that jacket?" "€60."
to choose between these two singers, so the chcice is limited.)
o how many (number)
Which is also used with comparative and superlative forms.
"How many essays must we write?" 'Twa."
"Which is larger- an elephantar a blue whale?"
What is mare general and is used alone or before a noun • how(manner)
to ask about an unlimited chcice of things. "How da yau spell 'queue'?"
"Whatcardo theydrive?"(There are many kinds of cars such • how long/how tall (size) ef
as Mercedes, Toyota, BMW, etc, so the chcice is "How fang is yaur garden?'"'About15 metres."
unlimited.) "How tall is Jill?" "She's 1.75m."
• when!haw long (ago)!how often!what time (time) o how old (age) .
"When is the summer break?" "In June." "Haw old are yau?" "Eighteen."
"Haw long is the fifm7" "Eighty minutes."
"Haw aften does she work out at the gym!" "Three times a week." •
how far (distance) "How far is the library?" "lti
"What time are we leaving?" "At 3 o'clock." anly five minutes'walk."

(Remembef!)
e We use what +be ... like to ask for a description of someone's character.
'
"VVhat is your nt:t·V reaclłer lil<e?'' "She's friendly and hefpful."
0 We use what +da „. look like to ask for a description of somebody's physical appearance.
··1;vhat cloes your brorher look like?'' "He's l(il/ and \1vefl-buflr."

:i, 284
li
'""

Subject/Object Questions
o Subject questions are questions we ask when we
want to know the subject of the sentence. These
questions usually begin with the words who, whose,
whator which. The verbis in the affirmative form.
Questions & Answers 'f f:J
0 Object questions are questions we ask when
we want to know the object of the sentence. These
questions usually begin with the words who, whose,
what or which. The verbis in the interrogative form.

.Andrew helped Susan. Andrew helped Susan.

[
Who he/ped Susan? Who~lp'
(Remem ber!)

n object questions if a.verbis followed by.a prep.osition, the preposition usually comes at the. end
f the quest1on. "Who d1d she speak to?" "W/11ch sub1ect are you good at-H1story or IV/aths?"
~ ...... ··'"" '.,_.,._ ·-~--""~·~' --. ' -~'-=""_,;z;.,,„„,~- ' ~~- -- . _.,.._ ' - .- ""

lndirect Questions
We use indirect questions when we ask for information politely. The word order in indirect questions is the same
as in statements (subject + verb). lndirect questions are introduced with question words (who, what, where, etc) or
with if/whether.

. . .
. .
Where is the post office? Could you tell me where the post office is?
Will they bring the birthday cake? Oó you know if/whether they will bring the birthday cake?

lndirect questions are usually used after the following expressions: I don't know .. ./l'd /ike to know .. .// wonder .../
We need to find out „.!l'd like to find out .„ as well as: Oo you know .„?/Can you tell me .„?/Cou/d you tell me „.?/Could you
explain „.?/Have you any idea ... ?

lf the indirect question is part of a question, we put a question mark at the end of the sentence. lf it is part of a
statement, we put a full stop.

~ · Direct_questim1s.. . . . ~direct questions

How does this printer work? Could you explain how this printer works?
Should I take same medicine? I wonder if/whether I shou/d take same medicine.
..
So - Neither/Nor
We use:

" so + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/noun to show that we agree with a positive statement.
"We're going on holiday this weekend." "So are they." (They are going on holiday, too.)
'Thomas scored a goal." "So did Jeffrey." (Jeffrey scored a goal, tao.)
" neither/nor + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/noun to show that we agree with a negative statement.
'i-tenr:y ouc::sn t u1111i-. 1..uu,_.;e. rii::1U1er1/liar cio i. „ (I don't drink coffee, either.)
"1Vlargcret con 't s·:ubo dive." "i1Jeither!f'lor can Fionl1. "(Fi ona can't scuba dive, either.)

285
 ,

IIJ/ Questions & Answers

Question Tags
• Question tags are short questions at the end of statements. They are mainly used in speech when we want to
con firm something or when we want to find out if something is true or not.
• Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the main sentence and the appropriate subject
pronoun. When the verb of the sentence is in the present or past simple, we form the question tag with do,
does or did and the subject pronoun.
She plays polo, doesn't she? They went to the aquarium, didn't they?
0 A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag, and a negative statement is followed by a positive
question tag. He dislikes the city, doesn't he? You don't eat chocolate, do you?
When the sentence contains a word with a negative meaning like never, hardly, seidom, or rarely, the question
tag is positive. She rarely as ks for help, does she?
• Same verbs/expressions form question tags differently. Study the following examples:

I am -> aren't I? I am tal/er than you, aren't I?

lmperative -> will/won't you? Sit down, wi/l/won't you?
Don't - will you? Don't cvrite in pencil, will you?
Let's - shall we? Lets eat, siwi/ we?
I have (got) - haven't I? He has gat a pet, hasn't he?
I have - don't I? Yau have a big breakfast every day, don't you?
There is/are - isn't/aren't there? There are same pens in my drawer, aren't there?
'\ This!That is-> isn't it? Thats your brother Philip over there, isn't it?
Everyone/Someone/Anyone/No one-• they? Everyone enjoyed the play, didn't they?

lntonation
• When we are sure of the answer and expect agreement, the voice goes down in the question tag.
This isn't Mr Bates, is it? \,.
0 When we aren'\ sure of the answer and want to check information, the voice goes up in the question tag.
This is your favourite actor, isn't it? /

1 Fili in the gaps with the correct question word(s).

2 Fill in: which, who, whose, how much, how often,
Then choose the correct answer to each question. what time, where or how long.
1 A: Where did you fly to?
B: Buenos Aires .

1 Where is Sco land? 2 A: ........ has been using my hairbrush?

@ on the island of Great Britain B: Larissa has.
B north of the island of Great 3 A: ................. have you been waiting?
Britain B: Since 3 o' clock.
C south of the island of Great Britai
4 A: ........ . notebook is this'
2 .......... is the capital of Scotland? B: lt's Jason's.
A Aberdeen B Glasgow C Edinburgh
5 A: .............. do you brush your teeth 7
3 .......... is St Andrew's Day, the national day of B: Twice a day.
Scotland?
6 A: ............... does the play start?
i A 30th November B 25th January C 6th April
·1 B: At 6 o'clock.
4 .......... instrument has long been a part of Scottish
7 A: ... one of you sent me flowers'
music?
"! B: I did.
I
! '
A banjo B saxophone C bagpipe
5 .. is a famous Scottish actor?
8 A: ... ·········. . bread would you like?

A Hayden Christensen B Ewan McGregor

B: Two loaves.

C Colin Farrell
286
L

3 Write questions to which the
words in bold are the answers.
1 The match starts at 8 o'clock.
When does the match start?
2 Laura saw Benjamin at the jazz
festival.
Questions & Answers IZJ
5 Write questions to which the words in bold are the answers.
1 Who is going on holiday? My friend is going on holiday.
2 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ The gorilla lives in the jungle.
3 „„„„„„„„„„„„. „ Stella's MP3 player is broken.
4 „„„„„„„. „„„„„„„„. „„.„ Jack laughed at B'ill's joke.

5 Tom gave Liz a birthday card.

6 „„„„„ Sophocles wrote Antigone.
3 I have two sisters.
7 „„„„„„„„„„„. „„„„„„„„.„„„„„. Derrick shut the door.
8 „.„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. „„„„. Jane's ring is very expensive.
4 I weigh sixty pounds. 9 „„„„.„„.„„.„„„ „„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„„„„ Melissa loves cherries.

10 "' '""'""""""". „„„„„. Alice left the gate open.

5 He was late because he overslept. 11 ............................................... . Jason rade a mountain bike.

12 „„„.„„„„„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„. „„„„„.„ Frank yelled at Luke.

13 „„„„„„.„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„. Terry's dog barks a lot

6 Kimberly is tall and beautiful.
7 lt takes three hours to drive to
Manchester.
14 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ Beth rescued a little boy.
15 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. „.„„„„„„„. Jim has bought a new car.
16 „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„. „.„„„„„„. „„„„ Amy's dad is a doctor.
6 Write questions to which the words in bold are the answers.

8 The weather is rather cold today. Stephanie Meyer is an American author. She was barn in

Connecticut, USA and grew up in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1997 she

completed her BA in English. An extraordinary dream she had one

9 This video game console costs €1 OO.
night inspired her to write her first book, Twilight. She wrote it in

three months and for her own enjoyment. Little did she know that
1O The girls are at the funfair.
it would sell over 17 million copies worldwide! Since then Stephanie

has created three mare books in the series: New Moon, Eclipse and

Breaking Dawn. All have been made into sensational films. Stephanie
4 Fili in: what or which.
Meyer is naw one of the most powerful celebrities in the world!
A: What colour eyes has Kate gat?
B: Blue. 1 Who isan American author?
2 A: .„„. „„„ shall we do tonight? 2 Where
B: We can go to the cinema.
3 When
3 A: „„„„„„. isyourcar?
4 What „.
B: The black one.
5 How long
4 A: „„„„„„ is the capital of Poland?
B: Warsaw. 6 Why „ „ „ .

5 A: „„„„„„. jacket do you like, the 7 How many

brown or the grey one' 8 Which .„„„.„ „„„„ „ „.

B: The brown one.

287
 m Questions & Answers

7 Complete the indirect questions using the words 9 Decide if the statement after each exchange is
in brackets. true mor false (F).
1 A: Is Bill coming for supper? Dean: I love going shopping.
B: Yes, I wonder whether I should make his favourite Tina: Sodo I.
dish. (whether/make) Tina loves going shopping. T
2 A: Where is it? 2 Vince: I don't like reading romance novels.
8: Why do you keep asking me 7 Hans: Neither do I.
. .. . . „ „ ....... __ .. _.. ___ .... „ .... __ „ .. _........ (where/be) Vince likes reading romance novels .

3 A: Dad, can I get a new computer? 3 Fred: I have never ridden a horse before.
B: Do you have any idea -----·-·-·--·-·- .„ .. „ „ „ ...... . Malcolm: Neither have I.
„ „ . „ ...... „ . „ . „ to buy one? (how much/cost) Malcolm has never ridden a horse before.

4 A: I need to get in touch with Steven. 4 June: I have gat lots of CDs.
B: I wonder .. „ „ .... „ .............. „ .. „ „ .. „. his email Ben: So have I.
address. (if/have) Ben hasn't gat lots of CDs.

5 A: Would you mind telling me „ „ .. „ „ ....... „ „ ..... „„. 5 Jake: I am going to walk to work.
to Elm Avenue? (how/get) Lyle: So am I.
B: Sure. Just take your next leh and walk straight on. Lyle is going to walk to work.

8 Complete each sentence so that it has a similar

1OFili in the gaps with the appropriate responses.
meaning to the first sentence. lnclude the word
1 A: I didn't do my homework at the weekend.
in bold. B: Neither/Nordid I. I wish I had, though.
When does Peter's train arrive? 2 A: I enjoyed that pizza.
KNOW Do you know when Peter's train arrives? B: ..... „ „ .. „ .. „ „ ..... „ .. „ „ „ „ . „ ... lt was delicious.

2 What time does the meeting begin on Monday? 3 A: I hate vegetables.

BEGINS Could you tell me ... „ ... „ ........... „ ..... . B: „ „ „ .. „ „ ...... „ .. „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ . . I think they
„ .... „ ..... „ ......... „ ... „ „ .... on Monday? are disgusting !
3 Is breakfast served aher ten? 4 A: l'm not looking forward to meeting the new
'li1i1 .•·. ·. KNOW I would like to .„ ..... „ ..... „ ..... „ .......... . boss.
...... „ .... „ ........ „ ... „ „ .. „ .. „ .. aher ten. B: ·················· „ „ .... I hear he is very strict.
111·.,1
I.. 4 What is the rent? 5 A: l'm going to New Jersey next summer.
i: f LET Could you „ „ . „ „ .. „ „ ... „ „ „ ........ „ . „ ... .
!.·.'11.;·;··
B: „ „ .... „ .. „ . „ . „ . „ „ .. „ „ .... We should meet up!
\· 1- „ ... „ .... „ „ . „ ..... „ ... „ ...... „. the rent is?
i' I 5 Have they been to this restaurant before? 6 A: l've just got a new dog.
' B: „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ .. „ „ . lt's so sweet!
WONDER I .......... ····-····-···········-·····--·--············-
„ .... „ ... „ ...... to this restaurant before. 7 A: I haven't got a car.
6 Did Rose pass her driving test? B: ······························ . I used to
PASSED Do you know „ .... „ .... „ ......... „ „ .... „ .. . have a jeep, though .
........... „ ....... „ „ ... „ ... her driving test?
8 A: I was very sick on Saturday.
7 I wonder if you know where I leh my keys last
B: „ .. „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . I had a sore throat.
night.
LEAVE Where ......... „ .. „ „ ...... „ „ ..... „ „ „ ..... „. 9 A: I can't understand what Eric is saying.
... „ .... „ ....... „ ..... „ .. „ .... „ ... last night? B: „„„„„„ „„„„„„„„„. „ . He speaks tao fast.
8 I would like to know how much money I get each 10 A: l'm going to the city centre.
week. B: „„„„„„ ... 1'11 give you a lih.
DO How much money .. „ „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „
11 A: I haven't seen James for a long time.
„„ each week7
B• „ .... I hope he is all ngh1

rI' 288
li
~1
r

I
Questions & Answers ·m
11 Fili in the question tags and short answers. 13 Circle the correct item.
1 A: He likes crime novels, doesn'the? I wonder „„„„ go visit the dentist.
B: No, he doesn't. He prefers historical plays. A should I c I whether should
2 A: They've bought a new dog, „ ....................... ? ® if I should D if should I
B: Yes, .............................. lt's a French poodle. 2 „„„„ car is that in front of my house?

3 A: You've heard his !atest CD, ............................ ?

A Who c Why
8 What D Whose
B: Yes, ......................... lt's absolutely amazing!
3 Where „ ... „.?
4 A: l'm not bothering you, ····································'
B: No, ......................... You're always welcome
A my book bag is c is my book bag
here.
8 is book bag mine D my book bag
4 Turn off the TV, „.„„. ?
5 A: Mum made dinner, ....................................... „.? -~
B: Yes, .............................. and she also cooked
A willyou c do you
-~
an apple pie.
8 aren'\ you D don't you

5 A: You aren't from around here, „„ „ .. „„„„„„„„.? 5 „ .. „ .. do you go to the ci nem a?

8: No, .... „.„.„.„ .. „„„.„„.„„ .. l'm from Poland. A How long c How
8 How often D How far
7 A: You'll be leaving tomorrow, „„„„„„„„„„„„ .„.?
8: Yes, „„.„.„„.„ .... „ .... „ . My dad is coming for
5 She' d like to know .„
me in the afternoon.
A who is that man c who is man
8 who that man is D who man is
8 A: You know how to download this program,
7 I am late, „„ ?
?
........ „ ........... „ •....•..• „ ....

8: Yes, „„„„„„ .. „„„ ...... „ ... lt's a piece of cake.

A not I c are I
8 am I not D aren't I

12 Read the situations and write sentences with 8 „„„„ the race?
question tags, as in the example. A Whodid win c Who won
8 Who does win D Who win
1 You and your classmate have just finished writing
9 "She doesn't speak ltalian." "„„.„. do we."
a Maths exam. The exam you wrote was very
difficult. What do you say to your friend? (tough)
A Neither c Not
8 So D And
The exam was really taugh, wasn't it?
1O „ „ „„ of these jackets do you prefer, the red or the
2 lt's a holiday and you want to go out and do
blue?
something fun. What do you say to your friend?
(go bowling)
A Which r({: Who
8 What D Whose
w~ ..................................... .
11 Someone called the plumber, „„ .... ?
3 You're at a restaurant with a friend. He eats very
A didn't someone C didn't we
fast. What do you say? (slowly)
8 didn't they D didn't one
Eat ... „.„ .... „.„ ......... „„ .... „.„ .. „ .......... „ ........ „ ..
12 .„„„. shall we do tonight?
4 You are getting your hair done in a salon. You
A Where C What
don't like your haircut. What do you say to your
8 Who D Which
friend? (not/look pretty)
lt ...................................................................... . 13 "I love playing squash."" .. „ ... do I."
A Nor C Tao
5 You want your mum to take you out shopping.
8 Neither D So
She is stili doing the washing-up. What do you say
to your mum? (not/finish/washing-up) 14 I don't know
You ...... „ ....... „ ........ „.„„ .. „.„.„ ..... „ ............. . A is Joan C where is
8 where is Joan D where Joan is

289
J
 Word Formation
• Prefixes are syllab!es which we add before certain .... Nouns formed from verbs
words to form new words_ The meaning of the new many - 1narriage
-age
word depends on the prefix that has been used_ -al survive - survival
anti- = against (anti-crime) -ance appear- appearance
bi- = two (bilinguai) -ation alter- alteration
co-= with (co-exist) -en ce exist - existence
counter-= in the opposite direction (counterattack) -i on subtract - subtraction
ex-= previous, former (ex-wife} -ment arrange - arrangement
inter-= between (internationa/) -sio n admit- admission (verbs ending in
mis-= done wrongly or badly (miscomprehend) -d/-t)
mono-= one (monosyllable) -sis hypnotise - hypnosis
multi- = many (multicoloured) -tion compete - competition
non- = not (non-profit} -u re expose - exposure
out-= more, better (outrun) -y injure - injury
over-= (done) to a great extent (overdressed)
post- = after (post doctora!) .... Nouns formed from adjectives
pre- = before (pre-junior) -an ce extravagant- extravagance
pro-= in favour of (pro-life} -cy secret - secrecy
re- = again (redecorate) -en ce silent- silence
semi- = half (semi-circu/ar) -i on complete - completion
sub-= under, less (subtit/e} -iness happy- happiness
super-= big, more (superstar) -ness light - lightness
trans-= (travel) from one sicie, group, etc, to -ity camp/ex- complexity
another (transcontinenta/) -ty /oyal - loyalty
tri- = three (triathlon) -y honest- honesty
under- = not enough (understaffed)
uni- = one (unisex) .,. Adjectives formed from nouns
The prefixes below are used to express opposite -o us mountain - mountainous
meanings_ -al accident- occidental
de- deflate, deforestation -ie drama - dramatic
dis- disobey, disrespect -ical a/phabet- alphabetical
in- inactive, inappropriate -ish girl - girlish
BUT il- (before I) i//iterate -ive effect- effective
im- (before b, m, p) imbalance, immature, -ful (with) care - careful
impolite -less (without) hope - hopeless
ir- (before r) irresponsib/e -ant importance - important
BUT unrealistic, unreso/ved -a ble comfort - comfortable
non- non-racist, non-smoker -y spice - spicy
un- unlock, unpleasant -Jy month - month/y

Some prefixes are added to words to form verbs_ .,. Adjectives formed from verbs
en- compass - encompass -able reason - reasonable
BUT em- (before b, m, p) body- embody -i ble defend - defensible (verbs ending in
-d/-t)
• Suffixes are syllables which we acid to the end of
-ive create - creative
certain words to form new words.
-ate consider - considerate
.,. Nouns referring to people -ent depend - dependent
• verb + -erl-orf-ar
(hunt - hunter, investigate - investigator, beg - .,. Verbs formed from adjectives
beggar) -en loose - loosen
• noun/verb/adjective + -ist (via/in - violinist, -ise general - generalise
escape - escapist, instrumental -instrumenta/ist)
• verb + -ant/-ent I!>- Verbs formed from nouns
(contest- contestant, study- student) -en strength - strengthen
• noun + -an/-ian
(republic- republican, music- musician)
• verb + -ee (passive meaning)
I

t1I ! 290
t[j_
 -
Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
(in/dis)ability disable, enable (un)able, disabled
acceptance, acceptability accept (un)acceptable, accepted
accident accidental
(under/over)
(under)achiever (under/over)achievement achievable
achieve
(inter/re/in)action, act, (in)activity, activate, (re/over/
actor, actress (re/i n/over)active
acting, activation inter)act
admirer admiration admire admiring, admirable, admired
admittance, admission, admissibility ad mit (in)admissible
adventurer adventure adventurous
adviser, advisor advice, advisability advise (in)advisable, advisory
alarm alarm alarming, alarmed
analyst ana lysis analyse analytic(al)
anxiety anxious
applicant applicator, application, applicability apply (in)applicable, applied
artist art, artistry artistic, arty
assumption assume
attendance, (in)attention,
attendant attend attendant, (in)attentive
(in)attentiveness
beginner beginning begin beginning
behaviourist (mis)behaviour, behaviourism (mis)behave behavioural
benefactor, beneficiary bene fit bene fit beneficial
breathless, breathy, breathtaking,
breath, breathing breathe
(un)breathable
calculator, calculation calculate calculated, calculating, (in)calculable
celebrity celebration celebrate celebrated, celebratory
centre, centralisation centralise, centre central, centralised
characteristic, character,
characterise (un)characteristic, characterless
characterisation
child, childminder childhood, childbirth, childcare childless, childish, childlike
choice choose chaosy
classification classify classified, classifiable
collector collection collect collected, collective, collectable
(un)comfortable, comfortless,
comforter (dis)comfort com fort
comforting
commitment, (non)committal com mit (un)committed
comrounicator communication communicate communicable, (un)communicative
competitor competition, competitiveness compete (un)competitive, competing
complaint com pia in
(in)completeness, completion complete (in)complete
confidant(e) confidence, confidentiality con fide confident, confidential, confiding
consciousness (sub/un)conscious
(conserve), conservation conserve conservative
considerable, (in)considerate,
(re)consideration consider
considered
constructor (re)construction (re)construct (re)constructive
(in)correctness, correction correct (in)correct, corrective
correspondent correspondence correspond corresponding
creator, creature (re)creation, creativeness, creativity (re)create creative, recreational
cure cure curable, curative
curiosity curious
danger endanger dangerous, endangered
(mid)day, daylight, daily daily
..
decision, (in)decisiveness _______
decide
· · - - - ",...__, .- " "
decided, (in)decisive
··-- -- - _ _._ „ • • - -----------
1 demonstrator 1 demonstra uon , demonstrate demonstrat1ve
-----··i depression, depressant -ldepress clepreśsed, clepresslng, clepr-essive
291
 - 1

Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
depth deepen deep
description describe {in)describable, descriptive
despair, desperation despair despairing, desperate
destroyer destruction, destructiveness destroy destructible, destructive
determination determine determined
discoverer discovery discover discoverable
dramatis! drama, dramatisation dramatise dramatic
ease, easiness ease easy
economist economy, economics economise economic, economical
educator, educationalist education educate (un)educated, educational, educative
elector, electorate election elect elective, electoral
electricity, electrocution, electrify, electric, electrical, electrifying,
electrician
electrification electrocute electrified
employer, employee (un)employment employ (un)employed, (un)employable
encourage, encouraging, discouraging,
encouragement, discouragement
discourage encouraged, discouraged
end, ending end end less
energy energise energetic, energising
enjoyment enjoy enjoyable
enthusiast enthusiasm enthuse enthusiastic
envy envy envious, enviable
escapee, escapist,
escape, escapism escape
'I escapologist
I exactness, exactitude ex act exact, exacting
examiner, examinee exam(ination) examine
excitement excite (un)exciting, (un)excited, excitable
exhaustion, exhaust exhaust exhausted, exhausting, exhaustive
existence exist existent, existing
expectation, expectancy expect (un)expected, expectant
expense(s), expenditure expend (in)expensive, expendable
explanation explain explanatory
farne famed, famous, infamous
fascination fascinate fascinating, fascinated
fashion fashion fashionable
fault fault faulty, faultless
financier fina nce finance financial
fluency fluent
(mis)fortune (un)fortunate
(in)freque~cv frequent (in)frequent
general, generalist generalisation, generality generalise general, generalised
globalisation, globe globalise global
government, governor, government, governance, governing, governmental,
govern
(governess) governorship ungovernable
guide guidance guide (mis)guided, guiding
happiness (un)happy
health, healthiness (un)healthy
(dis)honesty (dis)honest
host, hostess hospitality host (in)hospitable
human, humanist humanism, (in)humanity human, humanly, humane, humanitarian
idiom idiomatic
illness, iii iii
imaginary, (un)imaginable,
imagination, image, imagery imagine
(un)imaginative
importance (un)important
impression, impressiveness impress (un)impressive, impressionable
.. inspir.ation ·----- - ..
"""""" -- inspire inspirational, (un)inspired, (un)inspiring

292
 --
Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives
insurer 1nsurance insure (un)insured
intelligence (un)intelligent
(dis)interest interest (un/dis)interested, interesting
interpreter (mis)interpretation (mis)interpret interpretive, interpretative
introduction introduce introductory
intruder intrusion intrude intrusive
investigator investigation investigate investigative, investigatory
invitation, invite invite (un)inviting, (un)invited
isolation isolate isolated, isolating
jeweller jewel, jewellery jewelled
learner learning (un)learn learned
likelihood (un)likely
likeness liken like, alike, unlike
loudness loud
luxury luxuriate luxurious, luxuriant
madness madden mad
majority major
medic medicine, medication medical, medicated, medicinal
mortal (im)mortality immortalise (im)mortal
moving, (re)movable, motionless,
(re)mover movement, (re)move, motion, removal (re)move
unmoved
musician music, musical musical
(de)mystification, mystery, mysteriousness (de)mystify mysterious, mystery
natural nature, naturalisation naturalise (un/super)natural
necessity, necessaries necessitate (un)necessary
nerve, nervousness (un)nerve nervous, nerveless, nervy, unnerving
norm, (ab)normality, normalisation normalise (ab)normal
(in)operable, (non-)operational,
operator, operar1ve operation operate
operative
opportunist opportunity, opportunism (in)opportune, opportunistic
option opt optional
organiser (dis/re)organ isatio n (dis/re)organise (dis/re)organised, organisational
patient (im)patience (im)patient
peace, peacefulness peaceful, peaceable
percent, percentage
(im)perfection, perfectionism,
perfectionist perfect (im)perfect, perfectible
perfectibility
performer performance perform
person, personnel personality, personification personalise, personify (im)personal, personable
pessimist pessimism pessimistic
(un)pleasant, (un)pleasurable,
pleasure, pleasantness please
(dis)pleased, pleasing
politician policy, politics politicise political
polluter pollution, pollutant poliu te polluted, polluting
population, (un)popularity, popularisation populate, popularise (un)popular
possibility (im)possible
(super)power, powerlessness, powerful, powered, powerless,
(over/em)power
empowerment overpowering
practitioner (im)practicality, practice, (im)practicability practise (im)practical, (im)practicable
preventable, preventive,
prevention prevent
preventative
privacy, privatisation pr'1vatise private
probability (im)probable
product, produce, (re)production,
producer (re)produce (un/re)productive, reproducible
productivity
, profess1on, profess1onal1sm , \un)profess1ondl -
pr2.f~.?_Sl()nal
'promoter ... iprom~tl~~~ =:~=:--_-„.-„„„ ........ ;promote . ! promotional -
293
 Word Formation
Nouns (people) Concrete/Abstract nouns Verbs Adjectives .

proposer proposal, proposition propose proposed, propositional

protector protection, protectiveness protect (over)protective, (un)protected
psychologist psychology, psyche, psychosis psych(e) psychological, psychic, psychotic
public, publicist publicity, publication publicise public
pursuer pursuit pursue
qualifier (dis)quali fication (dis)qualify (dis/un)qualified
rea list (un)reality, realism, realisation realise (un)real, (un)realistic
recognition recognise (un)recognisable
referee reference refer referable
reject rejection reject reject, rejecting
relation, relative relation, relationship, relativity re late (un)related, relative
relaxation relax relaxing, relaxed
reliability, reliance rely (un)reliable, (self-)reliant
repeater repetition, repeat repeat (un)repeatable, repetitive, repetitious
replacement replace (ir)replaceable
requirement require
respondent response, responsiveness, (ir)responsibility res pond (un)responsive, (ir)responsible
restriction restrict (un)restricted, restrictive
saver, saviour safety, safe, savings save (un)safe
(dis)satisfied, (un)satisfactory,
(dis)satisfaction (dis)satisfy
(un)satisfying
scene, scenery scenic
scientist science (un)scientific
(in)security secure (in)secure
(non)sense, sensation, (in)sensitivity, (in)sensible, (in)sensitive, sensory,
sense
(in)sensibility, sensor sensational, senseless
skill (un)skilled, skilful
spectator spectacle(s), spectacular spectate spectacular
starvation starve starving, starved
stranger strangeness, estrangement strange, estranged
stress stress stressful, (un)stressed
success succeed (un)successful
suit, suitability suit (un)suitable, (un)suited
suggestion suggest suggestive, suggestible
sum mary summarise sum mary
surprise surprise (un)surprising, surprised
surroundings, surround surround surrounding
sympathiser sympathy sympathise (un)sympathetic
tempter temptation tern pt tempting, tempted
tendency tend
threat threaten (non-)threatening
trainer, trainee training tra in (un)trained, training
trend, trendiness trend trendy
(un)truth, truthfulness (un)true, (un)truthful
ty pe (afun)typical
understandable, understanding,
(mis)understanding (mis)understand
misunderstood
(over/under/de) (in)valuable, valueless,
valuer value, (over/under/de)valuation
value (over/under)valued
variety, variation, variabilit:y vary various, varied, (in)variable
warmer warmth warm warm, warming
western, west, westernised, westerly,
western er west westernise
westward
watcher watch watch watchful, watchable
worker work (re)work (un)workable, working, overvvorked

294
 -
r
r Word Formation
1 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold using the appropriate prefix.

1 The singer is a(n) .............................................. ! His fiat is worth twenty million pounds. MILLIONAIRE
2 After winning the ....................................... „ Liverpool went on to play Chelsea for the cup. FINALS
3 A group of ...................................... protesters gathered outside the Houses of Parliament. WAR
4 After finishing her Bachelor of Science degree Brenda decided to take same GRADUATE
..................................... courses.
5 I thought Tom ...................... ........... as I was only five minutes late. REACTED
6 Julie was told to .... „ ............................ for the course in the following term because it was APPLY
currently unavailable.
7 I won't be able to finish all this work by tomorrow. l'm not ................................... . HUMAN
8 Little Annie started her first day at .............................................. at the age of three. SCHOOL
9 The northern expedition was delayed due to extreme ..................................... temperatures. ZERO
1O He .............................................. all his competitors and won the race in record time. RAN
11 Exped a long queue at the health centre. They are greatly ......................................... . STAFFED
12 I wouldn't be able to ride a(n) ................................................ lt has just one wheel! CYC LE

2 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold forming nouns referring to people.

1 You should see a(n) ............................. „.„ ....... to choose a plan that's right for you.
„ •. DIET
2 His father was a(n) .............................................. in the Canadian Theatre Company. ACT
3 Dan and Kelly are looking for a brilliant ......................................... to capture their wedding. PHOTO
4 Look! The .............................................. has just pulled a white rabbit from his hat. MAGIC
5 Last year, mare than 3 million .......................................... took the language test worldwide. EXAMINE
6 Police believe the .............................................. gat into the house through the kitchen window. BURGLE
7 Sally wants to become a concert .............................................. . PIANO
8 Currently, ................................... are studying the effects of air pollutants on unborn babies. SCIENCE
9 He is a proud ................................................. who vates for the mare traditional party on REPUBLIC
Election Day.
1O A lot of rich people have their own personal ................ „............................ . TRAIN
11 The professor asked the .............................................. to put their pencils down because the STUDY
exam was over.
12 While researching his family tree Ian discovered he was the .................................. of a king. DESCEND

3 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold forming nouns from verbs.

1 The jury carne to the .......................................... that the man was telling the truth. CONCLUDE
2 "You're not a(n) .......................................... ! You're just unlucky," he said. FAil
3 Thousands of people waited outside the airport for the ................................ „ ... of the ARRIVE
famous footballer. \I
4 The police reported that there was no new evidence in the .............................. „ ......... . INVESTIGATE
5 Milley's favourite band is giving a free .......... ... „ .................... at the Glendale Centre. PERFORM
6 For your .......................................... , cold drinks will be served throughout the show. ENJOY
7 The clothes shop has a wide ..................................... of jeans and jumpers at discount prices. SE LE CT
8 The postman has just delivered a large ..................... „ ................... for you. PACK
9 Pizza Alvero offers free ................................. . DELIVER
1O The team's futuristic design won first place in the science .... COM PETE
11 The psychologist claimed he could recover childhood memories using HYPNOTISE
12 Is there proof of the ... ..„ .. of aliens? EXIST

295
 Word Formation
4 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold forming nouns from adjectives.

1 "Stop this „„. „„„„„„ „ right now!" said the teacher. FOOLISH
2 „„„.„„„. „„„ of the scientist's mathematical formula took years. PERFECT
3 They sat in „.„„.„„ „„.„„„„„„.„„„ as they waited for their test results. SILENT
4 Luke closed his office door in hope of getting same „„„„„„„„„„„„ „„„„„„. PRIVATE
5 After hearing the shocking news Beth lost „„ .. „„„„„. „.„.„.„.„„ CONSCIOUS

I
,,l
6 For your own „„. „.„„„„.„„. „„„„„„„„„

7 People often underestimate the

please fasten your seat belts while on board.
„„.„„„.„„.„„„.

8 Despite what we may think, money can't buy

„. of a good night's sleep.
„„„„„„„„„ .. „„„„.„„.
SAFE
IMPORTANT
HAPPY
9 Her detective stories have gained in „„.„„„„„„„.„„„„.„„„„.„„ recently. POPULAR
10 In the „„„„„„„ .. „„„„.„„. „„„ of the night, everything was stili and nothing could be heard. DARK

5 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold forming adjectives from nouns.

1 Mrs Spencer keeps all her „„.„.„„„.„„„„„„„„. jewellery and important documents in a safe. EXPENSE
2 There were news reports of a(n) „„„„„„„„„„. boy who saved his neighbour in last week's HERO
quake.
3 You will never find a mare „.„„„„„„„.„„„.„„„„„„„„. and good-hearted person than Jane. TRUTH
4 Dave's dog may look dangerous, but he is quite. „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ . HARM
.I''i 5 Einstein and Edison were two „„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„ minds who did poorly in school. BRILLIANCE
r 6 The oleander and the nightshade are two extremely .„.„„„„.„„„.„„„„„„„„„„„ plants. POISON
ii
7 Bob is so immature. He always says such „„„„„„ „„„.„„„„„„„„.„„. things. CHILD
8 Have you tried any new Mexican dishes lately? SPICE
i. „„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„„„.

li 9 The doctor's secretary organises her files in „„„.„„„„„„„„„.„„„„„„„„ order. ALPHABET

'.'·I··
Ilil 1O He receives a(n) „„„„„„.„„„„.„„„.„„.„„„„ salary, as do the other employees of the company. MONTH
11 Although Paris is an expensive travel destination, hotels can be found at „„„„„ „.„„.„„„„„„. REASON
prices.
12 The customer refused to eat his meal, complaining it was tao SALT

6 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold forming adjectives from verbs.

1 "Can you please tell me iftheword 'chocolate' is a(n) „. „„„„„„„„„„„„ noun?" asked Jil,L COUNT
2 Mindy complained that she didn't have a(n) . „ „ „ „ „ „.„„„„„„„„.„„„„„ dress to wear for t'(je SUIT
forma\ dinner.
3 All the women in the beauty pageant are lovely and very „ „ „ „ . ATTRACT
4 Drivers are „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ for the safety of their passengers. RESPOND
5 Rick knows how to say 'thank you' and 'you're welcome' in six „„„„„„„.„„„.„„ „„. languages. DIFFER
6 Oliver is one of the kindest and most „„„„. „„„„.„„ .. „ men l've ever known. CONSIDER

7 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold forming verbs from adjectives/nouns.

1 Due to recent events the company will take steps to „„„„.„„„„„„. its security. TIGHT
2 Much of the house has been . „ „ . by an interior designer. MODERN
3 The workers are „„„„„„„„„„„.„„„ „„„„„„ the road in front of the city square. WIDE
4 The conservative party promises to „„„ fox hunting if they are elected. LE GAL
5 Mary asked the hairdresser to „ „ . her hair colour. LIGHT
6 GPS navigation techno!ogy has . the vvay 1,111e travel. REVOLUTION

'.11". 296
il 'I'
:i.I
r
i --\~r-·~""~"",-~";#źl)l".„,,=·

Word Formation
8 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold forming the opposite of the words given.

1 Trains and buses are on strike today which is very . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

2 The online music station promises to play „ .. „ .. „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ hits without any
commercials.
3 Due to the pilot's „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ calculations, the small piane landed in a grass field.
4 Mum said that if we were „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ , she wouldn't let us go to the park and play.
5 Rick's handwriting is completely „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „„„„„„.

6 She finally gat a job after being „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ for eight months.

7 The doctor told her that she was slightly „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ „ „ and that she had to

take regular exercise.

8 lt is „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ to skateboard without a helmet or other protective gear.

9 Fili in the correct form of the words in bold.

1 We all need to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ the way in which we use energy these days.

2 Failure to pay your phone bill may lead to your phone being „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
3 By middle school, David had begun to . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ • • „ „ „ „ „ „ his classmates in track and
field events.
4 When it comes to cleaning your home, always buy safe, . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ products.
5 His parents knew early on that he would grow up to be a man of „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
6 We were unsure about what to order so we asked the waiter for his „ . „.„„„„„„.„„.

7 The director has booked a(n) „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ flight from London to New York.
8 Our teacher warned us that tao much . „ „ „ „ „ . „ • . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ to the sun could cause

can cer.
9 lt is possible to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . meat using a microwave.
1O David Filo and Jerry Yang are the . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ of YAHOO.
11 A(n) . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ was hired to create dance moves for the singer's music video.
12 Their young son „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ all their hopes for the future.
13 After the tsunami, the UK offered emergency . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . to Japan.
14 When translating from one language in to another, it is possible to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ words.
15 The „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ dog fought with the bear.
16 He was „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . and didn't know whether or not to invest his money.
17 lt is „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . to throw rubbish, of any kind, on government-owned property.
18 John Moore and Ian Tate are both runninef.:\s candidates in the „ „ „„„„„„. „„„„.„ .

19 More and mare property owners are making home „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „„.„„„„ . without

professional help.
20 The „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . of the room made me feel slightly sick.
21 The Millers are planning to build a(n) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ „ „ . anto their summer cottage.
22 The shop owner said that we must pay for all „ „„„„„„„ „„„„„„„„„.

23 Greg and Debra are very „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . when choosing toys for their 2-year-old

daughter.
24 The teacher told the students to „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ . „.„„„.„ „ their pencils before starting
their essays.
25 lt is financially „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ to book your airline tickets in advance.
26 The telecommunication company filed for „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ after several difficult years.
27 In most Asian cultures it is „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ to look at someone directly in the eye.
28 Barbara looks forward to reading her „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ horoscope in the paper.
29 After the break-in, a bodyguard was put in charge of her
30 Jeff surpri>eci his girlfriend with a wedding . . .„ ...... „ at the football stadium
 Phrasal Verbs
(tr) transitive (verb that has a direct abject- e.g. She ran in to Bob at the supermarket.)
(int) intransitive (verb that hasn't got a directobject- e.g. The rabbers ran away in a sta/en car.)

be about to: (int) be on the point of 2 Fili in the correct particle(s).

be after: (tr) 1) want, try to gai n, 2) chase
be down with: (tr) be iii with; go down with 1 The demonstrations brought ................... the fali
be for: (tr) be in favour of (opp: be aga inst) of the ruling party.
be in for: (tr) expect sth (usu bad) 2 She has brought ....... .. over ten novels in
be off: 1) (tr) not want/like any mare, 2) (int) be the last five years.
absent (from school, work, etc) 3 We were brought .................. in a small town in
be on: (int) be shown (on TV, at the cinema, etc) the countryside.
be out: 1) (int) be unfashionable, 2) (int) (of light/ 4 Even though he didn't agree at first, we managed
fire) have stopped burning to bring him ................... aur point of view.
be over: (int) come to an end
5 The manager brought ................... aur grievances
be through with: (int) have ended a relationship/
at the weekly meeting.
job etc
6 David brought ................... five thousand pounds
be up to: 1) (tr) be capable of, 2) (tr) feel like doing
in sales last month.
sth usu sth wrong
7 The reunion of ald students brought .................. .
break down: (int) 1) stop working, 2) lose control memories of university.
of feelings, 3) fail 8 The protests were brought ......... by the
'I break in: (int)/break into: (tr) 1) enter by force,
2) interrupt
government's tax increases.

break off: (tr) end a relationship/agreement

come across: (tr) meet!find by chance, run across
break out: (int) 1) (of war, fire, etc) begin suddenly
come along: (int) 1) hurry up, come on, 2) appear,
BUT a storm breaks, 2) escape
arrive by chance
break through: (tr) advance (in spite of opposition)
come by: (tr) obtain
break to: (tr) tell (usu bad news) to sb in a kind way
come down to: (int) be passed on to sb by
break up: (int) 1) (of schools, etc) stop for holidays,
inheritance
2) separate, split up
come down with: (tr) become iii, go down with
come into: (tr) inherit
1 Fili in the correct particie. come off: (int) succeed
come out: 1) (int) (of flowers) begin to blossom,
The thief cut his arm while he was breaking
2) (int) be published, 3) (int) (of stains) be able to
................... the car.
be removed
2 The FBI has been ................... the bank robber for come round: (int) 1) visit casually, 2) regain
years. consciousness, come to
3 Don'~orry. l'm sure your problems will soon be come to: (tr) amount to a total
come up: 1) (int) be mentioned, 2) (tr) arise; occur
4 A civil war has broken ................... in Libya. come up to: 1) (tr) approach, 2) (tr) equal; be up to
5 What game is ................... cabie TV tonight? (expectations)
6 Luckily, the kids are breaking ... ... ... .. .. ... ... early come up with: (tr) find, think of (a solution, an
for Easter this year. answer, etc)

cut across: (tr) take a shorter way

bring back: (tr) cause to recall
cut back (on): (tr) reduce (expenses, production) cut
bring down: (tr) cause to fali
down on
bring forward: (tr) move sth to an earlier date or time
cut down: (tr) 1) cause to fali by cutting, 2) reduce sth
bring in: (tr) create profit/money
cut in: 1) (int) move suddenly in front of another car,
bring on: (tr) cause, usu sth unpleasant
2) (int) interrupt
bring about: (tr) cause to happen
cut into: (tr) interrupt, break in
bring out: (tr) publish, put on the market
cut off: (tr) 1) disconnect, 2) (usu passive) isolate
bring round/to: (tr) make sb regain consciousness
cut out: (tr) omit
bring round (to): (tr) persuade
be cut out for/to be: be suited for (a profession)
bring up: (tr) 1) raise a child, 2) mention, introduce
cut up: (tr) cut into small pieces
a subject
[, 2 O Qtc0rr'?rr"?r•··"''•P=··••=-·•"''"''""""'7"'•?rcro~s·•,,.,,.c•'·"C•r•P-•.,,-r~
Jl
 -
3 Fili in the correct particle(s).
1 Come .................. , hurry. The film starts in ten
minutes.
2 The doctor advised her to cut .................. on sweets.
3 This is the first time l've come .................. such a
problem.
4 The only one who carne ................... a solution to
our dilemma was Mum.
5 My nose is stuffy and my head hurts. I think l'm
coming .............. „ „ . a cold.
6 I heard Tom carne „ „ . „ „ „ . „ „ „ a lot of money after
his uncle passed away.
7 The snowstorm completely cut „ „ „ .. „ .. „ „ ... the
village for weeks.
8 How did you come .... „ . „ . „ . „ .. „ this document?
l'm sure I had locked it with a password.
9 He can't stand the sight of blood. I don't think
he's cut ............. „ .... to be a doctor.
10 "Is that all your purchases for today?" "Yes,
thanks, how much does it come ........ „ ... „ . „ . ? "
11 lf you're out of breath climbing stairs, you should
cut ................... on your smoking.
12 I think we'd arrive sooner if we cut .... „ . „ ..•..
Bond Street.
13 Did your promotion come ..................... in the
meeting?
14 lt was a risky investment but it carne ................... .
do away with: (tr) 1) abolish, 2) kill
do down: (tr) speak badly of sb
do in: (tr) kill
do up: (tr) 1) fasten, tie, 2) wrap, 3) repair, redecorate,
4) make oneself mare attractive, dress up
(could) do with: (tr) want, need sth
do without: (tr) live/continue without having sth
fali a part: (int) 1) break into pieces, 2) end in fa ilu re
fali back on: (tr) turn to sth for help when other
--! plans have failed, tum to
fali behind: (int) 1) fail to keep up, 2) be late (with
i
payment)
fali for: (tr) 1) be deceived, 2) fali in love with sb
fali in: (int) collapse
fali into: 1) (tr) belong to; be part of (categories),
2) (tr) begin; enter a state
fali in with: (tr) agree with, go along with
fali on: 1) (tr) attack, 2) (tr) eat hungrily
fali out (with): (tr) quarrel with sb
fall through: (int) fail to be completed
Phrasal Verbs
4 Choose the correct item.
1 Do up/away with your seatbelts or I won't start
the car.
2 After working a 16-hour day, I could surely do
up/with some sleep.
3 I can really do without/away with another crazy
reality show.
4 They have finished doing without/up their old
summer house and are having a party to celebrate.
5 He always falls in with/for her silly excuses and
forgives her.
6 She is keen on becoming a dancer, but she will
also study advertising, so she can have a degree to
fali back on/behind in case things don't work out.
7 Helen might oppose this idea now, but l'm sure
she'll Fall in with/for it soon.
8 John was called into the manager's office because
he had fallen behind/apart with his work.
9 I don't agree with the death penalty. I think they
should do without/do away with it.
10 Without Sue leading the team, it could fali apart/
fali in.
get across: (tr) successfully communicate ideas
get along: (int) continue despite difficulties
get along (with): (tr) be on friendly terms with sb,
get o(n w)ith
get at: int mean
t
':fi
get away with: (tr) 1) escape punishment for ~~
wrongdoing, 2) escape capture with stolen goods I'·
get back: (tr) recover possession of •
get down: 1) (tr) swallow although difficult, 2) (tr)
depress
~-
get down to: (tr) start doing sth seriously !%
get on: (int) 1) advance, make progress, 2) become
late, get nearer 3) have a friendly relationship, get •
along
get on with: (tr) 1) be on good terms with, get
along with, 2) continue after an interruption
get out: (int) (of news) become known f;
get over: (tr) 1) recover, 2) overcome ~·
get round: (tr) persuade; bring round [1
get round to: (tr) find the necessary time to do sth ~
get through: 1) (tr) finish (a piece of work), 2) (int) W
~~;;:~p~l~~~g~:~:~~:c~imes, 3) (tr) use up all of 1.~:•.· :
get through to: (tr) reach sb by telephone
get up: (int) rise from bed What time did you get up ~
today?
99
 Phrasal Verbs
5 Fili in the correct particle(s).
No one knows if our country will be able to get
................... the economic crisis.
2 She doesn't get ................... her brother at all;
they never agree on anything.
3 The robbers gat ................... over $100,000 in cash.
4 l've been trying to get ................... you all day,
but your phone has been busy.
5 There's been so much work at the office, I haven't
gat .................. checking my email accounts yet.
6 How is work getting ................... at the construction
site?
7 You left yo ur phone on the train ! How will you
get it ................... ?
8 How did you get ................ with your grandfather?
9 I don't think 1'11 be able to get ................... my
ideas if he can't speak English.
I I
I 12 After a week on the run the thief gave himself
give away: (tr) 1) reveal sth, betray sb, 2) lose an
advantage
give back: (tr) return
give in: 1) (int) surrender, 2) (tr) hand in
give off: (tr) emit (heat, fumes, smell, etc)
give out: 1) (int) come to an end, 2) (tr) distribute,
hand out
give up: (tr) 1) stop/abandon an attempt, habit, etc
2) (int) surrender, offer oneself as a prisoner,
3) (int) stop doing or having sth
go after: (tr) pursue
go ahead: (int) be allowed to happen
go away: (int) (of a problem, feeling, etc) disappear;
cease
go back on: (tr) break a promise or agreement
go by: (tr) base my ideas on
go down with: (tr) become iii
go for: 1) (tr) attack, 2) (tr) apply for (a job)
go in for: (tr) take part in (a competition)
go on: 1) (int) continue; carry on, 2) (int) happen
go off: (int) 1) (of a bomb) explode, (of an alarm)
ring, 2) be switched off, 3) (of food) spoi!
go out: (int) stop burning, be extinguished
go over: (tr) 1) examine details, 2) repeat
go round: (int) 1) be enough for everyone to have a
share, 2) visit, 3)-(of news, a disease) spread, circulate
·1 go through: (tr) 1) examine carefully, go over, 2) (of
money, food, etc) use up, spend, 3) experience,
endu re
go up: (int) rise (price)
go with: (tr) match
go without: (tr) endure the lack of sth; do without
300
6 Fili in the correct particle(s).
The team gave ................... their opportunity for a
goal and their opponents scored to win the match .
2 You should always go ................... any document
before signing it.
3 Your car is giving ................... a strange smell of
burnt rubber.
4 There's enough food to go .. ... for everyone.
5 Janice h·as gone .... ... the fiu and won't be
attending the meeting.
6 All yo ur work mu st be given ............. „ .... by the
end of the month.
7 Don't drink the milk! lt's gone ................... .
8 Why don't you give ................. smoking?
9 Students were giving ................. leaflets to passers-by.
1O Sorry l'm late. I didn't hear my alarm go ................. .
11 He's gone ................. his word and decided not to
help us.
................ to the police.
13 When we woke up, the fire had gone ................. .
14 A rumour is going ................. that the company
may go bankrupt.
15 My son kept begging me for a new computer and I
finally gave ................. .
hold back: 1) (tr) control (tears, laughter), 2) (tr) keep
secret, 3) (int) be reluctant to act
hold in: (tr) restrain
hold off: (int) not do sth immediately; delay sth
hold on: (int) wait (esp. on the phone)
hold on to: (tr) (of an idea, belief, etc) continue to
believe
hold out: 1) (int) last, 2) (int) persist
hold up: 1) (tr) delay, 2) (tr) use violence in order to
rob, 3) (int) last, hold out
keep away from: (tr) stay away
keep back: (tr) not tell
keep down: (tr) cause to remain at a lower level
keep in: (tr) make sb stay indoors (as punishment)
keep off: (tr) 1) make sb stay away from, 2) avoid
(food, a habit, etc), keep away from
keep on: 1) (int) continue in spite of difficulties,
2) (tr) continue doing sth, carry on
keep out: (tr) stop sb from going into a place
keep out of: (tr) stay away from (trouble)
keep up with: (tr) 1) proceed at an equal pace with,
2) continue to be informed (news, events)
 Phrasal Verbs
7 Choose the correct item. 8 Choose the correct item.

lf you hold on/up a minute, 1'11 make each one of
you a sandwich.
z She didn't want to embarrass him, so she held
on/back her laughter.
3 There are so many discoveries in science these days,
it's impossible to keep away from/up with them all.
4 We're held back/up in traffic, so we'll probably be
late.
5 The committee released the findings from the
investigation, but kept on/back a considerable
amount of information.
6 lf you keep up with/on eating sweets like that,
you will develop a health problem.
7 You can go to the football match as long as you
keep out of/off trouble.
8 This is the best online site to keep up with/out of
the weather forecast.
We will be looking after/out for Mum's plants
while she's away all summer.
2 lf you don't know what this word means, look it
over/up in your dictionary.
3 Everyone is looking for/forward to the upcoming
reunion party.
4 The doctor looked over/after the patient's medical
chart.
5 I need to have my eyes checked; I can't make up/out
what that sign says.
6 She offered to make up for/with the hours she
owed by working at weekends.
7 l'm not sure who is dealing with your enquires,
but 1'11 look into/look out it for you.
8 Tom was your best friend before the fight; I think
you should try to make over/make up.
put across: (tr) communicate successfully; get across/

look after: (tr) take care of

look back (on): (tr) consider the past
iI over
put aside: (tr) save, put by
put away: (tr) put sb into prison or mental hospital
look down on: (tr) have a bad opinion of sb, il'>
put down: (tr) 1) make a note, write down, 2) pay a

I
disapprove of sb/sth (opp: look up to)
deposit for sth
look for: (tr) search for
put down to: (tr) attribute to
look forward to: (tr) anticipate (with pleasure)
Ęf'
put forward: (tr) propose
look in on sb: (tr) pay a short visit to
look into: (tr) examine, investigate ~~-- put off: (tr) postpone
put on: (tr) 1) dress oneself in, 2) increase (in
look on: (int) observe
look out: (int) be careful
look out for: (tr) be alert in order to see/find sb/sth
look over: 1) examine sth carefully, go through,
•I
fi?i

I~
weight), 3) switch on, 4) (of a show/performance)
cause to take place
be put out: be annoyed
put out: (tr) 1) extinguish (fire, etc), 2) cause
2) revise briefly and quickly !!'
look round: (tr) visit a place and look at the different I inconvenience to sb
put through: ..(tr) 1) connect by telephone, 2) make
parts init ~
sb underg©'.:ór suffer sth
look through: (tr) 1) look at sth quickly, 2) search ~
put up: 1) (tr) erect; build, 2) (tr) offer hospitality,
among a few things to find something ~4
3) (tr) show in a public place
look up: 1) (tr) look for sth (such as an address, etc) ł put up with: (tr) tolerate, bear
in a book or list, 2) visit sb (esp. sb living far away) ~
~~~~~~~~~~~_:_~~_:_=--~~~~
k7
be made for: suit exactly '' 9
~
Choose the correct item.
make for: (tr) go towards lt's late.
make over: (tr) give possession of sth to sb e!se t:
f:0 Unfortunately, the meeting has been put out/off
make out: (tr) 1) see sb/sth clearly, 2) understand, 51 again due to the severe snowstorm.
work out, 3) write out, fili in •1•
-. ·~_
2 The murderer pleaded guilty and was put
make sth up to sb: (tr) compensate sb for sth f
... _
•.
:
down/away for years.
make up: 1) (tr) invent, think up, (a story, an excuse, ,
3 Hey, you've put out/on a little bit of weight and it
etc) 2) (tr) put cosmetics on, 3) (int) become friends !2
again, 4) (tr) form as a whole ft looks good on you. You were too thin before.
t:' 4 She's putting through/aside all the money she
make up one's mind: decide ~·
make up for: (tr) compensate, repay sb for sth r makes working part-time because she wants to
go to ltćlly on holiday this year.
5 Put down/on your tracksuit and let's go 1ogging.
301
 -
Phrasal Verbs
run across: (tr) meet sblfind sth by chance stand by: (tr) support sb (esp. in difficulties)
run after: (tr) chase stand for: (tr) be an abbreviation for
run away: (int) escape (from home, duty, etc), run off stand in for: (tr) replace sb temporarily
run away with: (tr) steal stand out: (int) be noticeable
run down: 1) (tr) knock down (with a vehicle); run stand up: 1) (int) rise to one's feet, 2) (tr) fai I to meet
over, 2) (tr) speak badly of sb stand up to: (tr) resist
run in: (tr) bring a new car engine into full use (by stand up for: (tr) support!defend sb or sth
driving it slowly for a set period)
run into: (tr) 1) meet sb unexpectedly, 2) collide with be taken aback: be strongly surprised
sth in a vehicle, 3) experience (difficulties) take after: (tr) look or act like a relative, resemble
run off: (tr) make prints/copies take away: (tr) remove
run out of: (tr) no longer have a supply of sth take back: (tr) admit I am wrong
run through: 1) (tr) use up, 2) (tr) rehearse, check or take for: (tr) identify wrongly
revise quickly be taken in: (tr) be deceived
run up: (tr) accumulate take in: 1) (tr) give accommodation, 2) (tr) make
run up against: (tr) encounter clothes narrower (opp: let out), 3) (tr) fully
(difficulties/opposition) understand
take off: 1) (tr) remove clothes (opp: put on), 2) (int)
see about: (tr) deal with; see to (of planes) leave the ground, 3) (int) start to improve
see off: (tr) accompany a traveller to his/her piane, take on: 1) (tr) undertake work/responsibility, 2) (tr)
train, etc employ
see out: (tr) accompany sb to the door/exit of a take out: 1) (tr) remove, 2) (tr) clean (mark, dirt)
house/ building take sb out: (tr) take sb to a restaurant, etc
see over: (tr) inspect a place; look round take over: (tr) gain control of sth
see through: (tr) 1) not be deceived by sb/sth, take to: (tr) like
2) support sb in difficulties take up: (tr) 1) begin a hobby, sport, job, 2) fili (time,
see to: (tr) take care of space)

1OFili in the correct particle(s). 11 Fili in the correct particle(s).

1 lt was so nice to run ......... „ ...... „ my grammar
school teacher whom I hadn't seen in ten years.
2 They drove to the airport to see their son ............... .
3 Looking through the drawer I ran .................. .
some papers you might need.
4 They were doing well until t~ ran „ ................ .
same serious financial difficulties and had to delay
their loan payments.
5 You take care of the food and 1'11 see ......... .
the music for the party.
6 I could see ... „ .............. all his lies.
7 Would you like a soda? We have run „.„ ............. .
sparkling water.
8 Their son ran .... „.„„ ... „„ from home last year
and they stili haven't heard from him.
9 Phil, can you see .„ ... „„ .... „„. the kids while I
make dinner?
1O The people at table five ordered everything on the
menu and ran .„ .... „„„„.„. a huge bill.
She's a talented dancer. She takes „ ........... her mum.
2 I don't know where I would be ifyou hadn't stood
......... „ ........ me during those difficult times.
3 "What does the acronym UEFA stand .......... „ .. „.?"
"Union of European Football Associations."
4 l'm planning to take .. „ .. „„„„ ..... Tai Chi. Do you
want to jo in me?
5 His acting career really took „.„„ ..... „ .... a~er he
starred in the hit sitcom.
6 We really need to dress up. They're taking us
„„ ........... „. to a fancy restaurant.
7 Patrick is going to stand „. „ Martha
while she's away on holiday.
8 Although our cat is usually frightened of children,
it took ...... „„ ......... your son right away.
9 You we re very brave to stand ... „ .......... „. the
boss like that.
1O Michelle will take „ „ ... from Gordon when
he retires.

302
l
turn away: (tr) refuse admittance
- Phrasal Verbs
turn down: 1) (tr) refuse an offer, reject, 2) (tr)
reduce volume, etc (opp: turn up)
turn sb in: (tr) give sb to the police
turn into: (tr) change inte, become
turn off: (tr) switch off (opp: turn on)
turn out: 1) (tr) produce, 2) (int) prove to be
turn over: (int) turn to a new page, change 1V
channel
turn to: (tr) go to sb for help/advice
turn up: 1) (int) arrive or appear (unexpectedly),
2) (tr) increase (volume, pressure)
work on: (tr) have an effect on
work out: 1) (tr) find the solution to a problem by
reasoning or calculation, 2) (int) develop
successfully
work up: (tr) develop
12 Fili in the correct particie.
1 I can't believe he turned ..... that job
after being unemployed for months.
2 Did the washing powder werk .................. that
stain?
3 "Guess who turned ................... at the office the
other day? John." "Wow! That was daring of him
after yelling at your boss and walking out."
4 Please don't forget to turn ................... the heater
as you leave the room.
5 lf you give me a few minutes, 1'11 try to werk
................... a logical solution.
6 The person I usually turn ................... when I need
something is my grandpa.
7 All that running has really made me work
................... a sweat.
8 He was turned ................... from the club for not
wearing a tie.
'Revision I company by himself?
13 Choose the correct particle(s).
We've run off/out of sugar. Could you please buy
same?
2 The radiator is giving off/out a strange smell.
3 Mary was brought down/up by her grandparents.
4 lf the share price keeps going on/up, we should
sell.
5 Everyone was surprised when they broke off/up
their engagement.
6 Anne really stands up/out in a crowd with her
long red hair.
7 "How could he afford to buy the house?" "He carne
into/across a lot of money when his aunt died."
8 He knew he was through with/in for boxing when
he began having headaches.
9 That's the third time this month the dishwasher
has broken off/down.
1O Despite the rai n, the paracie went ahead/after.
11 Thanks for coming in, Mr Moore; my secretary will
see you out/off.
12 lt's getting too hot in here. l'm going to take
away/off my tie.
13 The house is in a geod location, but it really needs
to be dane up/away with.
14 News of the accident got out/along when it
appeared on the Internet.
15 You put out/forward same interesting points
today at the meeting.
16 Claire has been up to/after the manager's position
for same time.
17 Would you mind looking in on/into my dogs while
l'm on holiday?
18 Giving such a big party was ambitious, but I have
to say it's come off/by.
19 l'm sorry we cut off/out your gas, but you Fell
behind/back with your payments.
20 lt's important that we stand up to/up for our
rights .
21 Before the play's opening night we can run
across/through our lines one last time.
22 l've been looking out for/forward to this
barbecue for weeks .
23 "Are you coming to the library'" "Yes I just have
to give up/in my essay."
24 I had been working so hard that I Fell inte/in a
deep sleep.
25 Do you really think Ben is up to/with running the
26 l'm getting out/on well with my new colleagues.
27 Who did you turn to/down when you had money
problems?
28 There is very little information on the situation,
this report is all I have to go for/by.
29 Joan's been putting money aside/away for her
son's education.
30 While l'm in London, 1'11 look out/up Steven, my
friend from university.
303
 Key: (adj)- adjective (prep)-prepasition (v)-verb (n)-noun

A abide by (v) agree to/on sth (v) apply in writing (v)

absent from (adj) agree with sb (v) apply to sb for sth (v)
abstain from (v) ahead of (prep) approve of (v)
accompanied by (adj) aim at (v) argue with sb about sth (v)
according to (prep) allergic to (adj) arrange for sb to do sth (v)
account for (v) amazed at/by (adj) arrest sb for sth (v)
accuse sb of (v) amount to (v) arrive at (a small place) (v)
accustomed to (adj) amused at/with (adj) arrive in (a town) (v)
acquainted with (adj) angry at what sb does (adj) ashamed of (adj)
addicted to (adj) angry with sb about sth (adj) ask about/for (v) (but: ask sb
adequate for (adj) angry with sb for doing sth (adj) a question)
adjacent to (adj) annoyed with sb about sth (adj) assure (sb) of (v)
advantage of (n) (but: there's an (in) answer to (n) astonished at/by (adj)
advantage in - (have) an anxious about sth (adj) attached to (adj)
advantage over sb) (be) anxious for sth to happen (adj) attack on (n)
advice on/against (n) apologise to sb for sth (v) attack sb for sth (v) I• ~:
afraid of (adj) (make an) appeal to sb for sth (n) attend to (v) s
agree about sth (v) appeal to/against (v) (un)aware of (adj)

B bad at (adj) (but: He was very bad believe in (v) blame sth on sb (v)
to me.) belong to (v) boast about/of (v)
ban sb from sth (v) benefit from (v) bored with (adj)
base on (v) bet on (v) borrow sth from sb (v)
basis for (n) beware of (v) brilliant at (adj)
beg for (v) (put the) blame on sb (n) bump into (v)
.. begin by/with (v) blame sb for sth (v) busy with (adj)

c call at/on (phr v) comment on (v) connect to/with (v)

campaign against/for (v) communicate with (v) consider sb for sth (v)
capable of (adj) compare with (v) (how people and consist of (v)
care about (v) things are alike and how they contact between (n) (but: in
care for sb (v) (= like) are different) contact with)
(take) care of (n) compare to (v) (show the likeness content with (adj)
care for sth (v) (= like to do sth) between sb/sth and sb/sth else) contrary to (adj)
careful about/of/with (adj) comparison between (n) contrast with (v)
careless about/with (adj) compete against/for/with (v) conl'fi'Bute to (v)
cause of (n) complain of (v) (= suffer from) convert to/into (v)
certain of (adj) complain to sb about sth (v) (= be cope with (v)
change into (v) annoyed at) correspond to/with (v)
characteristic of (n/adj) compliment sb on (v) count against (v)
charge for (v) comply with (v) count on sb (phr v)
charge sb with (v) conceal sth from sb (v) cover in/with (v)
check for (v) concentrate on (v) covered in/with (adj)
choice between/of (n) (have) confidence in sb (n) crash into (v)
clever at (adj) (but: lt was very confine to (v) (have) a craving for sth (n)
clever of you to buy it.) confused about/by (adj) crazy about (adj)
close to (adj) confusion over (n) crowded with (adj)
coax sb into (v) congratulate sb on sth (v) cruel to (adj)
coincide with (v) connection between (n) (but: in cruelty towards/to (n)
collaborate with (v) connection with) cure for (n)
collide with (v) conscious of (adj) curious about (adj)

i~"·
I
·i
304
 D damage to (n) depend on/upon (v) disapprove of (v)
date back to (v) dependent on (adj) discharge sb from (v)
date from (v) deputise for (v) discouraged from (adj)
deal with (v) descended from (adj) discussion aboutlon (n)
dear to (adj) describe as (v) disgusted by/at (adj)
decide on/against (v) describe sb/sth to sb else (v) dismiss from (v)
decrease in (n) description of (n) dispose of (v)
dedicate to (v) die of/from (v) disqualified from (adj)
deficient in (adj) die in an accident (v) dissatisfied with (adj)
definition of (n) differ from (v) distinguish between (v)
delay in (n) (have) difference between/of (n) divide between/among (v)
(take) delight in doing sth (n) different from (adj) divide into/by (v)
delighted with (adj) difficulty in/with (n) do sth about (v)
demand for (n) disadvantage of (n) (but: there's a doubtfui about (adj)
demand from (v) disadvantage in doing sth) dream about (v)
depart from (v) disagree with (v) dream of (v) (= imagine)
departure from (n) disappointed with/about/by (adj) dressed in (adj)

E eager for (adj) excellent at (adj) experiment on/with (v)

economise on (v) exception to (n) (make an expert at/in (sth/doing sth)
efficient at (adj) exception of sth/sb = treat (n) (= person good at)
(put) effort into sth (n) sth/sb as a special case - take expert at/in/on (sth/doing
emphasis on (n) exception to sth = object to sth) sth) (adj) (= done with
engaged to sb/in sth (adj) exchange sth for sth else (v) skili or involving great
engagement to sb (n) excited about (adj) knowledge)
enthusiastic about (adj) exclaim at (v) expert with sth (n)(= good
enquire about sth (v) excuse for (n) at using sth)
envious of (adj) excuse sb for (v) expert on (n) (= person
equal to (adj) exempt from (adj) knowledgeabie about a
escape from/to (v) expel from (v) subject)
example of (n) experienced in/at (adj)

face up to (phr v) familiar with (adj) (= have forget about (v)

faii in an attempt (v) knowledge of) forgive sb for (v)
faii to do sth (v) famous for (adj) fortunate in (adj)
faiiure in (an exam) (n) rif' Fed up with (adj) free from/of/for (adj)
faiiure to (do sth) (n) • fili sth with sth else (v) friendly with/to (adj)
faithfui to (adj) finish with (v) frightened of (adj)
t fali in (n)
familiar to sb (adj) (= known
fire at (v)
flee from (v)
full of (adj)
furious with sb about/at sth
to sb) fond of (adj) (adj)

f generosity to/towards (n) good at (adj) (but: He was very good guess at (v)

,.tL-
genius at (n) to me.) guilty of (adj) (but: he felt
glance at (v) grateful to sb for sth (adj) guilty about his crime)
t giare at (v) grudge against (n)
t happen to (v) hear of (v) (= learn that sth or sb exists) hope for (v)
r
..
happy about/with/for (adj) heir to (n) hope to do sth (v)
t. hinder from (v) (no) hope of (n)
f harmful to (adj)
! hint to sb about sth (v) (but: hint at hopeless at (adj)
•i hear about (v) (= be told)
t· hear from (v) (= receive a letter) sth)

i
305
L
 idea of (n)
identical to (adj)
ignorant of/about (adj)
iii with (adj)
impact on (n)
impressed by/with (adj)
(make an) impression on sb (n)
improvement in/on (n)
incapable of (adj)
include in (v)
increase in (n)
independent of/from (adj)
J jealous of (adj)
indifferent to (adj)
indulge in (v)
inferior to (adj)
information about/on (n)
(be) informed about (adj)
inject sth into sb/sth (v)
inoculate against (v)
insist on (v)
instead of (prep)
insure against (v)
intelligent at (adj)
intent on (adj)
join in (v)
(have no) intention of (n)
interest in (n)
interested in (adj)
interfere with/in (v)
invasion of (n)
invest in (v)
invitation to (n)
invite sb to (v)
involve in (v)
irritated by (adj)
joke about (v)

.K knock at/on (v) keen to do sth (adj) knowledge of (n)

know about/of (v) kind to (adj)
keen on sth (adj) key to (n)
L lack in (v) lean on/against (v) live on (v)
lack of (n) learn about/by (v) long for (v)
laugh about (v) leave for (v) (= head for) look at (v)
laugh at (v) lend sth to sb (v) look for (v) (= search for)
lead to (v) listen to (v) look forward to (v)

M married to (adj) mean to (adj) mistake sb for (v)

marvel at (v) mention to (v) mix with (v)

name after (v) nervous about (adj) (take) (no) notice of (n)
necessary for (adj) new to (adj) notorious for doing sth (adj)
need for (n) nice to (adj)
neglect of (n) nominale sb (for/as sth) (v)
obedient to (adj) obvious to (adj) opinion of/on (n)
object to (v) occur to (v) opposite of/to (n)
objection to (n) offence against (n)
obliged to sb for sth (adj) operate on (v)

part with (v) pleased with (adj) (take) pride in (n)

~tient with (adj)
y by (cheque) (v)
pay for (v) (but: pay a bill)
pay in (cash) (v)
peculiar to (adj)
persist in (v) (but: insist on)
(take a) photograph of (n)
picture of (n)
1: pity for (n)
h take pity on sb (exp)
pleasant to (adj)
I!
r-_ pleased about sth (adj)
I' ·1
Q quarrel about sth/with sb (v/n)
qualify as/in (v)
I 1
I' '
'
! '
(take) pleasure in (n)
(have the) pleasure of (n)
point at/to (v)
(im)polite to (adj)
popular with (adj)
praise sb for (v)
pray for sth/sb (v)
prefer sth to sth else (v)
(have a) preference for (n)
prepare for (v)
present sb with (v)
prevent sb/sth from (v)
qualified for (adj)
quick at (adj)
pride oneself on sth/on doing
sth (v)
profit from (v)
prohibit sb from doing sth (v)
prone to (adj)
protect against/from (v)
protection from (n)
protest about/at (v)
proud of (adj)
provide sb with (v)
punish sb for (v)
puzzled about/by (adj)
quotation from (n)

306
I
 -
Verbs/ Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

R rave about (v) regardless of (prep) respond to (v)

react to (v) related to (adj) responsibility for (n)
reaction to (n) relationship between (n) (but: responsible for (adj)
ready for (adj) a relationship with sb) result from (v) (= be the
reason for (n) relevant to (adj) consequence of)
reason with (v) rely on (v) result in (v) (= cause)
rebe! against (v) remind sb of/about (v) result of (n)
receive from (v) remove from (v) resulting from (adj)
(keep) a record of (n) replace sth with sth else (v) rhyme with (v)
recover from (v) reply to (niv) rich in (adj)
reduction in (n) report on (niv) (get) rid of (phr)
refer to (v) reputation for/of (n) rise in (n)
(in/with) reference to (n) research on/into (n) (make) room for (n)
..
refrain from (v) respect for (n) rude to (adj)
regard as (v) respected for (adj) -
..
safe from (adj) shy of (adj) strain on (n) :F
same as (adj) sick of (adj) study for (v) .,
satisfied with/by (adj) silly to do sth (adj) (but: it was silly of subject to (adj/v)
save sb from (v) him) submit to (v) (but: submit sth
save sth for sb (v) s·1milar to (adj) for publication)
scared of (adj) skillful at (adj) subscribe to (v)
scared to (v) skilled at/in (adj) succeed in (v)
search for (v/n) slow in/about doing sth/to sth (adj) suffer from (v)
(be) in search of (n) smell of (niv) sufficient for sth/sb (adj)
sensible of sth (adj) (= aware of sth) smile at (v) suitable for (adj)
sensitive to (adj) solution to (n) superior to (adj)
sentence sb to (v) sorry about (adj) (= feel sorry for sb) sure of/about (adj)
separate from (v) (but: I' m sorry for doing sth) surprised at/by (adj)
serious about (adj) speak to/with sb about (v) surrender to (v)
settle for/on (v) specialise in (v) surrounded by (adj)
share in/of sth (n) specialist in (n) suspect sb of (v)
shelter from (v) spend money on sth (v) suspicious of (adj)
shocked at/by (adj) spend time in/doing sth (v) sympathetic to/towards (adj)
shoot at (v) split into/in (v) sympathise with (v)
short of/on (adj) spy on (v)
shout at (v) stare at (v)
take sth to sb/sth (v) thank sb for (v) tire of (v)
talent for sth (n) thankful for (adj) tired of (adj) (= fed up with)
talk to sb about sth (v) think about/of (v) translate from ... into (v)
(have) taste in (n) threat to sb/sth/of sth (n) tread on (v)
taste of (v) threaten sb with sth (v) trip over (v)
terrible at (adj) throw at (v) (in order to hit) trouble with (n)
terrified of (adj) throw to (v) (in order to catch) typical of (adj)
unaware of (adj) upset about/over sth (adj) useful for/to (adj)
understanding of (n) (make) use of (n)
uneasy about (adj) used to (adj)
V va lid for (length of time) (adj) value sth at (v) vouch for (v)
valid in (places) (adj) vote against/for (v)

w wait for (v) wink at (v) worthy of (adj)

warn sb against/about/of (v) wonder about (v) write about (v)
waste (time/money) on (v) work as/in/at sth (v} write to sb (v)
I weak in/at (adj) vvorry about (v) wrong about (adj)
,.;
307
 Above above the line
Against against the law
Ahead ahead of schedule ahead of one's time
At at an advantage at a disadvantage at the !atest at one's request
at the age of at one's desk at least at the same time
at the airport at the door at the very least at school
at auction at ease at length at sea
at the beginning of at the end (= when sth is at liberty at short notice
(when sth started) finished) (but: in the at a loss at (high/full) speed
(but: in the end = finally) at the match at/in the station
beginning = at your expense at midnight at sunset
originally) at fault at the moment at the table
at one's best at first at most at the time
at breakfastllunch etc at first hand at night at times
at the bottom of at first sight at noon at the top of (but: on
at the bus stop at a glance at once top of)
at church at hand at peace/war at war
at college at heart at a place at the weekend
at the corner/on the at home at present (British English)
corner at/in a hotel at a profit at work
at all costs at ... miles per hour at the prospect at 230 Mills St.
at the crossroads at large at random
at dawn at last at any rate
Before before long
behind schedule behind the times
below the line
by accident by chance by land/sea/air by mistake
by/from all accounts by cheque by law by profession
by appointment by correspondence by luck by request
by the arm/hand by day/night by marriage by (the/one's) side
by auction by degrees by means of by sight
by birth by the dozen by mistake by skill
by bus/train/plane/ship/ by eye by nature by surprise
helicopter/taxi/boatl by far by naw by the time
sea/air/car etc (but: on by force by oneself by the way
a/the bus/plane/train/ by hand by order of by oneself
ship/boat - in a taxV by heart by post
car/piane/ helicopter) by invitation by phone
for ages for fun (= for amusement) for luck for one's sake
for breakfastllunch/ for good for life for the sake of
dinner for granted for love for sale(= to be sold)
for certain for hire for nothing for short
for a change for a holiday for once for the time being
for ever for keeps for the rest of for a walk
for fear (of) for instance for safe keeping for a white
From from time to time from experience from memory from scratch
from now on

i 308
I
lJ
 _.
c:::=
•..

Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

In in action in dollars in moderation in ruins

in addition to(+ -ing in a ... dress in a moment in safety
form) in d ue course in a good/bad in season
in advance (of) in the end (= finally) mood in secret
in agreement (with/ in exchange for in the mood in self-defense
on/about) in existence in the morning in the shape of
in aid of in fact in mourning in short
in all (=all in all) in fashion in name only (= in sight (of)
in an attempt in favour of not in reality) in the sky
in answer to in flames in need of in silence
in an armchair in the flesh in the news in some respects
in bed in focus in a newspaper in stock
in the beginning (= in one's Free time in the name of(= in style ·~
originally) in full swing on behalf of) in the streets
in blossom in fun in the nick of time in succession
in a book in the future in the north/south in the suburbs
in brief in gear in a nutshell in the sun/shade
in business in general in the open in good/bad taste
in any case in good time in one's opinion in tears
in cash in half in orbit in a temper
in the centre of in hand in order of/to in theory
in charge (of) in haste in other words in time
in cities in good/bad health in pain in no time
in code in hiding in pairs in touch
in colour in honour of in the park in town
in comfort in hopes of in particular in tune (with)
in common in the hospital in the past in turn
in comparison with in a hotel in person in two/half
in conclusion (to) in a hurry in pieces in uniform
in (good/bad) condition in ink/pencil/pen in place of in use
in confidence in sb's interes\ in politics in vain
in control (of) in length/width etc in practice/theory in view of
in the corner in all sb's life in principle in a loud/low voice
in the country in the limelight in prison in a way(= in a
in danger (of) in a line in private/public manner)
in the dark in the long run in a!i)robability in the way
in debt in love (with) in progress in writing
in demand in luxury in question in a word
,:;
;:: in detail in the meantime in reality in the world
~
.,\ (be) in difficulty in a mess in return
i'! in the direction of in the middle of in the right/wrong
in doubt in a mirror in a row/rows
into pieces

309
 On on account of on a cruise/excursion/ on an island (but: in the on purpose
on a ... afternoon/ trip/tour mountains) on the radio/TV
evening on (a ... ) day on a journey on the right
on the agenda on demand on one's knees on the Missouri River
on the air on a diet on leave on sale (=sold at
on approval on duty on the left reduced price)
on arrival on earth on loan (but: for sale= to
on average on edge on the market(= available be sold)
on bail on an expedition to the public) on schedule
on balance on a farm (but: in a on one's mind on the screen
on the beach field) on one's mobile on second thought(s)
on behalf of on fire on that morning on the sicie
on one's birthday on the (4th) floor (of) on the move on sight
on board on the floor on New Year's Day on the sofa
on the border on foot on the news on this street/on the
on the bottom on the ground on this/that occasion street(s)
on business on holiday on order on strike
on call on the one hand on the outskirts on good/bad terms
on a campsite (at a on the other hand on one's own on time
campsite) on the weekend on page ... on top of
on the ceiling (American English) on paracie on the trail of
on the coast on vacation on the pavement on a trip
on condition on horseback on the phone on the way (to)(= as I
on the contrary on impulse on a platform was going)
.
. .· .. on credit on the Internet on principle on the whole

Out Of out of breath out of difficulties out of place out of step

out of character out of fashion out of practice out of stock
·. out of condition out of focus out of print out of tune
out of control out of hand out of the question out of turn

\J'i
out of danger out of luck out of reach out of use
out of date out of order out of season out of work
out of debt out of the ordinary out of sight
.
Off off the air off limits off the point off school/work
· ... off colour off the map off the record
. off duty ~the peg off the road
···••······ ..•···
··.Ta ..·· . to one's astonishment to one's surprise to this day to same extent
Under under age under control under the impression under repair
..
under arrest under the control of under orders under the weather
under one's breath under discussion under pressure
With
..
· with regard to with a view to (+ -ing form)

Within within minutes

Without
. without delay without fai! without success without warning

310
 -!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.~
·~
Verbs/ Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions
1 Fili in: about, of, for, at, with, to, in, on.
1 According ............. the !atest broadcast, there
was a massive earthquake in Peru.
2 He argued with his brother ................. using his
mobile phone to make calls.
3 When Phil arrived ............. the station, he bought
a one-way ticket to York.
4 My mother is awfully afraid ............. spiders.
5 Tom said he was bored .............. the same routine
day in and day out.
6 I believe .............. giving back to the community;
that is why I volunteer.
7 The star football player in aur team always boasts
................... his amazing talent.
8 David accused Mark .......... taking his leather jacket.
9 Their relationship is over. Pat will never beg ........ .
a second chance.
1O They finally agreed .............. a date for the
wedding.
11 Guess who is applying to Oxford .................. a
Master's degree in Education?
12 I am really angry at Scott for putting all the blame
............ Eric.
2 Choose the correct item.
1 After dessert Jenny complained of/with/from a
stomachache.
2 The interviewer was curious for/about/of Kevin's
volunteer experience.
3 I can't deal with/on/about this right naw. I have
too much on my mind.
4 Julie complained at/to/with the manager about
the poor service at the restaurant.
5 After the World Cup game the streets of Brasilia
were crowded of/with/by fans.
6 l've been dreaming with/for/about this moment
all my life.
7 Many children in third world countries die of/with/
in hunger.
8 The lorry lost control and crashed with/into/at a
fire hydrant.
9 "Be careful of/for/by what you say," he warned.
1O You shouldn't ca re of/for/about what those girls
think.
11 I wouldn't dream about/of/for asking him for a
favour.
3 Fili in: from, about, of, for, at, with, to, in, on.
1 Rory is go od .............. every sport he tri es.
2 lt's not nice to joke .............. his southern accent.
3 Don't worry, the staff is experienced ............. .
patient care.
4 I am really fed up .............. your rude comments!
5 I can't complain. They've been awfully good .. „.
me.
6 We are excited . „ . . . . . . • • „ aur trip to Jamaica!
7 The frustrated man insisted .............. speaking to
the bank manager.
8 Don't be embarrassed. Lots of people are frightened
............ the dark.
9 The poi ice want to hear ..... ... ... ... anyone who
may know him.
1O Alexis is very interested .............. ballet, jazz and
hip-hop.
11 Did you hear .............. the mayor's res·1gnation?
12 My Art professor has a great knowledge ............. .
Ancient Greek history.
13 We all laughed .............. his joke.
14 l'm very sorry. I mistook you .......... someone else .
4 Fili in: about, between, of, for, in, with, to, from, on.
1 We thanked the Millers .............. letting us stay
with them.
2 Mandy has such great taste .............. clothes.
3 He reminds me .............. a friend I once had.
4 The television series Patito Feo is popular ............ .
young teens.
5 Psychologists are studying the relationship ............. .
colour and emotion.
6 I prefer tea .............. coffee.
7 Cathy has been searching ... ...... her glasses all
morning.
8 They took no notice .............. the girl sitting in
the corner of the room.
9 He has been quarrelling .......... John about the
matter for weeks naw.
1 O Don't panie. There is a solution .............. every
problem.
11 Steven often writes .............. his pen-friend in
Portugal.
12 Since the skiing accident Mark suffers ...
!ower back pain.
13 Don't waste any mare of your time ............. the
broken door handle. !'li fix it later.
14 You can always talk to me „ . „ . it.
311
 5 Choose the correct item. 7 Choose the correct item.

1 We'll be home in/at/by the time you finish tidying 1 He called her Becky on/by/for mistake.
up. 2 On/For/In the way to the gym Carl saw Zack.
2 lt was such a nice day that Alice went on/for/by a 3 Jerry lives in/on/at 89 Benworth St.
walk in the park. 4 I often eat with friends at/for/on lunchtime.
3 At/On/In the moment, he is filling in university 5 Help! The building is on/in/by fire!
application forms. 6 Look at that lovely handbag! lt's at/on/to sale.
4 Is somebody on/in/at the door? 7 l'm so happy. Aunt Seth is coming for/at/by last!
5 We waited for Frank to/at/on the station for 8 For/In/By short, they left without saying a word.
nearly an hour. 9 The lorry driver hit the street sign in/by/for accident.
6 Susan, at/for/by once, please be quiet and let him 10 l'm glad you're for/in/at time for the meeting.
speak. 11 Sadly, the sailors were lost in/on/at sea.
7 I know the national anthem by/at/on heart. 12 Mr Smith will be away from the office for/by/at
8 Questions will be answered at/for/in the end of the rest of the day.
the presentation. 13 Right now, bell bottom jeans are out of/by/for
9 They live on/at/in 57 Addington Road. fashion.
1O At/For/By the time being, Dave is going to 14 The electrician asked to be paid by/in/for cash.
continue singing in the band. 15 Quiet! l'm listening to the game in/on/by the
11 l'm so sorry. I took your textbook on/in/by mistake. radio.
12 How long were you waiting for/in/at the bus stop? 16 In/At/By the past, homes were heated with
13 By/At/In the beginning of the play, Romeo is in firewood.
love with Rosaline. 17 "Not going to school today is in/out of/for the
question," said Dad.
6 Choose the correct item. 18 Scott went on/for/in a trip to Thailand.
19 Mike knows this poem for/by/at heart.
There are countless stars in/at/with the night sky. 20 Jason says he's at/in/for love with a famous actress.
2 Please don't wear that. lt's out of/on/in fashion. 21 None for me, please. l'm in/at/on a diet.
3 Dad asked Mum if she was of/in/on the mood for 22 At/In/By the end, they decided to stay in York.
dinner and dancing. 23 l'm interested in buying a car. Is yours for/on/in
4 Sue and Dan went to the library with/on/by foot. sale?
5 You shouldn't talk to/on/with the phone while 24 The tourists travelled to the island by/in/on boat.
you're driving. 25 Max has such a good relationship between/with/for
6 l'd like to sit and chat, but l'm on/in/at a hurry his sisters.
right naw! 26 Will you ever forgive me for/about/with lying to
7 What bad luck! The vending machine is you?
in/for/out of order. 27 The man disposed with/in/of all the evidence before
8 Their guide took them on/at/by a tour of the the police arrived.
island. 28 Fiona blamed her younger brother for/with/about
9 "Is Jill stili by/on/at bad terms with Mike?" "Yes, the mess she had made in the kitchen.
they hardly speak." 29 The Swiss are famous with/for/of their fine cheese
1O Don't expect to get a lot for the car. lt's of/at/in and gourmet chocolate.
bad condition. 30 He took advantage of/at/for her kindness and
11 On/ln/From the one hand, gardening is a fun generosity.
free-time activity. On/ln/From the other hand, it 31 The key in/to/of success is hard work and
i!' '
!
can be hard work. determination.
'I 12 The Siberian tiger is in/at/by danger of extinction. 32 Are researchers close to a cure of/for/from cancer?
.. 'i'
Only 200 remain.
13 Mum said getting a puppy was out of/in/on the
question and not to ask again.
312
i
.....
 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

8 Fili in: about, in, for, at, off, from, to, of, with, on. 9 Choose the correct item.

1 According .... „ ... Mary, Will's rich. I did not want to help my sister again because I
2 Most fairy tales begin .. „....... 'Once upon a felt that she was taking advantage of/for/at me.
time'. 2 Terry has a job and is capable for/in/of living on his
3 This cheese tastes different „ .. „ . the one we own.
bought last week. 3 My teacher is depending in/on/with me to organise
4 You shouldn't be jealous „ .. „ „ „ . „ . „ „ your friends. the fun run by Monday.
5 Every teacher is responsible „ „ .. „ .• „ . her students. 4 Leonardo Da Vinci is famous for/of/about painting
6 Let's invite the Browns ..... „ „ .. „ ....• dinner. the Mona Lisa.
7 She dreams .......... a world without crime or war. 5 I apologise for/to/in being rude to you earlier this
8 l'm fed up „ ..•.....•.• „ ..•. all your lies. morning.
9 Please don't shout „ „ ..•• „ „ ...•• „ me. 6 People differ with/about/from one another in
1O Do you often think „ ...•. „ .. „ . „ . „ the future? their culture and traditions.
11 "He's the picture . „ . „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ good health," said 7 I disagreed with/on/for Helen about how much
the doctor. money we should take on our excursion.
12 lt may sound silly, but I believe „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ ghosts. 8 She's excellent in/on/at making things out of clay.
13 His boss is satisfied „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ the work he has 9 Garry insisted on/to/in cleaning my fiat even
dane. though I had told him not to.
14 lt is rude to point . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ people. 1O I wish l'd listened for/to/at my Mum's advice.
15 You must always listen „ „ . „ . „ „ . „ . „ . your parents. 11 I asked Timothy if he was bored with/of/about
16 Tina begged me to forget . „ . „ „ „ „ „ .. „ . what had his present job.
happened. 12 The audience at the theatre consisted in/about/of
17 l'm scared „ . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ heights. Aren't you? young adults.
18 Dad was angry because I failed „ „ „ „ „ ..• „ „ „ finish 13 The poor woman stood in the street begging
my chores. of/for/with food.
19 Please speak to your children „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ respecting 14 Violence is characteristic of/from/to many television
their elders. programmes these days.
20 Teen girls are crazy „ .. „ „ „ „ „ „ the new rock band. 15 The best way to deal at/of/with this problem is to
21 Should I wait . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ you after school? ask your teacher for help.
22 The guests thanked them . „ „ „ . „ . their hospitality. 16 This article makes a comparison with/between/for
23 You have great taste „ „ . „ „ . „ .• „ . „ music! the two writers.
24 Lucy spends a lot of money . „ „ . „ „ . clothes. 17 She was driving too fast and crashWłnto/at/with
25 Meagan's parents are proud „ „ „ . „ . . „ „ „ . her and a lamp post.
all her accomplishments. 18 The streets of the city centre were crowded
26 "Not many people are qualified . „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ . this with/for/to traffic.
position," said the manager. 19 I forgot all for/of/about my mum and dad's
27 "How do you account . „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ . the mistake in wedding anniversary.
my electricity bill?" she asked the clerk. 20 My elder sister is a lot more experienced
28 That man is staring „ „ . „ . „ . „ „ „ „ us! Do you know on/about/in computing than I am.
him? 21 Unfortunately, I have no knowledge to/of/for the
29 The factory workers were threatened „„. incident.
losing their jobs. 22 Jacob is excellent in/with/at Maths and Physics.
30 Can you please deal „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ •. „ the customer? 23 Once they arrived in New Orleans, they joined
31 l'm .............. „ .. a hurry right now. Can I speak to with/in/on the Mardi Gras festivities.
you later? 24 Have you heard of/with/from the Akamba tribe
32 His family went to see him off ....... „ ..... the airport. that lives in Kenya?
33 l've taken three days . „ .... work. 25 l've decided to invite the whole class in/to/at my
34 Our office is . . the eleventh floor. 16th birthclay pa1·ty.

313
 ._j
Verbs/ Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions
1OFili in: out of, on, of, for, by, in, at, under.
1 Due to a flight delay, Rick had to wait ............. .
the airport for severa! hours.
2 The two friends decided to getto the concert hall
.............. bus.
3 Since the start of the recession, many people have
been .............. werk.
4 All students were ............. favour of an extended
lunch break.
5 I werk the morning shift at the hospital so l'm
.............. duty until 2 pm.
6 Who wouldn't love to spend a beautiful day ........... .
the seaside?
7 "Doing away with school uniforms is ..... .
the question," cried the headmaster.
8 Eva n decided to stop by Greg 's fiat .............. a visit.
9 Surprisingly, Sue got up and left ............... the
middle of the lecture.
1O ''l'm rather lonely. Please stay with me ............... .
a while," pleaded the girl.
11 lt is very important to be ................... time for
meetings.
12 You don't need to worry. Everything is ............. .
control.
13 There were so many people waiting .............. the
platform for the 8 am train.
14 Kim isn't going out tonight. She wants to spend a
quiet evening .............. home.
15 There were reports of a massive earthquake
.............. the evening news.
16 The bank, public library and post office are all
found .............. the centre of town.
17 I needed same money, but the ATM was ............. .
order.
18 "Sorry Mum, I broke the vase .............. accident,"
said Lizzie.
19 Unfortunately, Luke lost his wallet .............. the
way to werk.
20 Mike prefers to live in the city centre rather than
.............. the quiet suburbs.
21 Sean is away .............. a business trip in New York.
22 You're capa ble .............. anything if you put your
mind to it.
23 Mr Taylor spoke to the class about the disadvantages
................... online learning.
24 Sue is going ...................... a diet to lose weight.
25 The jury was convinced he was guilty
the crime.
!I 314
11
"""-
11 Choose the correct prepositions.
Joe works in/on a factory.
2 Hurry up! l've been waiting by/for ages.
3 He was very pleased with/about his effort.
4 Julie was waiting at/by the bus stop, so I gave her
a lift.
5 There's no need to/for to shout, I can hear you !
6 The car went out of/off control on the icy road.
7 Malcolm insisted on/in paying for the taxi.
8 Have you dialled the wrong number by/from
mistake?
9 I know for/of certain he was lying.
1O 1'11 be thinking on/of you when l'm in Paris.
11 I thought the meeting would have started by/
from now.
12 I didn't realise I was this bad in/at maths.
13 Whether or not we should hire new staff is stil!
out of/under discussion.
14 How could you be jealous of/by her? You're much
mare beautiful.
15 You need to take a look in/at the mirror, your hair
is in a mess.
16 The team can't forget about/from yesterday's
defeat.
17 Throw those cakes away, they're out of/off date.
18 There's no need to worry, the situation is in/under
control.
19 Take care and keep in/on touch!
20 Who is Jack married with/to?
21 I don't think Sarah is in/at home at the moment.
22 l'm tired; I can't wait to go on/for holiday.
23 Did you get here on/by train? ef>
24 The police placed him out of/under arrest.
25 That area is under/off limits to the public.
26 I was in China on/in business last year.
27 Congratulations on/for receiving such an
important award.
28 The num bers were chosen completely at/by
random.
29 In/On the border of the country they check your
passport.
30 My car is out of/off the road at the moment; it's
being repaired.

( CZĘŚĆ PISEMNA )
,....! ""-,,_.-,„-;'. •.-,.., ~'-- ~·,„,::;-.~---./,,,-~,·',,., --
,: ~t~só.'JV'.aiiię ~1;u!<tiir:!ę1<Sykalno-gramafycZnych
ZADANIE 1. I Słowotwórstwo j
(2,5 pkt)
Prżeczytaj tekst. Przekształć wyraz:t podane w nawia-
sach i uzupełnij nimi luki w taki sposób, aby otrzymać
logiczne i gramatycznie poprawne zdania .. Wymagana
jest pełna poprawność ortograficzna wpisywanych
wyrazów. Za każde poprawne rozwiązanie otrzymasz
0,5 punktu.
Many of us see a cup of coffee as essential for
kick-starting our day - and now scientists have
shown that coffee can 1) (litera!)
......................... be used as fuel. In 2010, British
scientists not only modified a 1988 Volkswagen
Scirocco so that il could run on used coffee
grounds, they also drove it the 21 O miles
between London and Manchester - a record
distance tor a car fuelled by a waste
2) (produce) ................................. The following
year another coffee-powered car, !his time a 35-
year-old Rover renamed the Carpaccino,
achieved an impressive speed of 66 mph near
York, England. However, it's 3) (like)
.............................. that coffee will replace petrol.
Only oider cars which have carburettors can
successfully make the 4) (convert)
................................ from coffee grounds into
fuel. New cars cannot. Moreover, coffee is not a
very efficient fuel; the drive from London to
Manchester consumed the equivalent of 10,000
espressos! There were mare problems the team
found rather 5) (annoy) ................... - they had
to stop every hour to clean the car's filters, and
they reported !hat the car produced a smell !hat
reminded them of a burning building!
Przykładowy
zestaw egzaminacyjny
~ ' ~ -
ZADANIE 2. Parafraza zdań j
(2,5 pkt)
Wykorzystując podane wyraz:t. uzupełnij każde zdanie,
tak aby zachować znaczenie zdania wyjściowego. Nie
zmieniaj podanych fragmentów i formy podanych
wyrazów. Wymagana jest pełna poprawność grama-
tyczna i ortograficzna wpisywanych fragmentów zdań.
Za każdą poprawną odpowiedź otrzymasz 0,5 punktu.
l'm getting increasingly angry with her behaviour.
MORE Her behaviour is ............................... .
................................ „.„.„ .... „. angry.
2 Bath Mary and Joe can operate the machine.
AS Mary knows how to operate the
machine „ „ „ . „ ... „ „ .. „ .. „ „ .. „ „ . „ .. „ „ . .
3 I suggest you don'! leave the footpath.
BEITER You . „ . „ „ .. „ .. „ . „ .. „ . „ .. „ „ . „ . „ . „ . „ . „ „ ..
„ „ .. „ „ .... „ . „ . „ „ „ . leave the footpath.
4 Despite leaving an hour before my appointment,
I was late.
EVEN I was late .„.„.„ ... „ .... „ „ . „ ..... „ „ . „ . „ „
an hour before my appointment.
5 I recommend that you go to see the monkeys
when you visit the zoo.
WORTH .„ .. „ „ .. „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ „ .. „ „ „ „ .. „. to see
the monkeys when you visit the zoo.
Wypowiedź pisemna
ZADANIE 3. (7BpktJ
Wypowiedz się na jeden z trzech poniższych
tematów. Wypowiedź powinna zawierać od 200
do 250 słów I spełniać wszystkie wymogi typowe
dla formy wskazanej w poleceniu. Zaznacz
wybrany temat, zakreślając literę a, b lub c.
a) Napisz opowiadanie o odbytej przez Ciebie
podróży. podczas której musiałeś/-aś stawić czoła
problemowi lub problemom.
b) Napisz recenzję miejscowości turystycznej lub
hotelu z punktu widzenia nastolatka/-tki.
c) Napisz rozprawkę przedstawiającą dobre i złe
strony używania roweru jako środka transportu.
315
 Przykładowy
zestaw egzaminacyjny
Rozumienie ze słuchą

ZADANIE 4. Prawda/fałsz I ZADANIE 6. Wybór wielokrotny

(5 pkt) (5 pkt)
O Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedź nowo wybra- O Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wywiad na temat nowej
nego burmistrza. Na podstawie zawartych w niej technologii służącej do produkcji energii elektrycznej.
informacji zdecyduj. które zdania (1-5) są zgodne Z podanych możliwości odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą.
z treścią tekstu (fRUE). a które nie (FALSE). Zaznacz zgodną z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl literę A, B, Club D. Za
znakiem X odpowiednią rubrykę w tabeli. Za każdą każdą poprawną odpowiedź otrzymasz 1 punkt.
poprawną odpowiedź otrzymasz 1 punkt.
The presenter says gadgets are becoming too
True False A complicated. C energy-intensive.
The mayor promised to do mare B powerful. D compact.
about health issues before he was
2 The reporter says it would be a good idea to
elected.
derive electricity from
2 The city has a big problem with
A your water supplies.
illegal substances.
B physical activity.
3 The mayor intends to send mare
C everyday appliances.
police officers into poorer areas.
D businesses.
4 The mayor is going to reward
businesses that give young people 3 American scientists have developed generators
job experience. for people who
5 The mayor is going to make it easier A are fashion-conscious.
for people to own cars. B are prepared to carry something bulky.
C like going hiking.
D use their phones a lot.

ZADANIE 5. Dobieranie I 4 People could soon have something to generate

electricity in their
(5 pkt) A knee joints. C ceilings.
B car boots. D garments.
O Usłyszysz dwukrotnie wypowiedzi pięciu osób na
temat sporów I problemów rodzinnych. Przyporządkuj 5 According to the reporter, nanotechnology could
mó-#tących do nagłówków, które najlepiej podsumo- improve the lives of people who
wują ich wypowiedzi, wpisując odpowiednie litery A put on weight easily.
(A-F) w kratki (1-5). Jeden nagłówek został podany B rely on medical equipment.
dodatkowo i nie pasuje do żadnej wypowiedzi. Za C deliver first aid.
każdą poprawną odpowiedź otrzymasz 1 punkt. D use computer hardware.

A PARENTING TENSIONS Speaker 1

B UNEQUAL WORKLOADS Speaker 2
c LACK OF CONTACT
Speaker 3
D HOSTING UNDER PRESSURE
Speaker 4
E HOPING FOR SOME PEACE
F NO TIME FOR MYSELF Speaker 5

il 316
'i
.:..._
 zestaw egzaminacyjny ~""''~"

Rozumienie tekstu pisanego

ZADANIE 7. Dobieranie I (4 pkt)

Przeczytaj tekst, z którego usunięto cztery zdania. Dobierz brakujące zdania (A-E), tak aby otrzymać spójną i logiczną
całość.W każdą lukę (1-4) wpisz literę. którą oznaczone jest brakujące zdanie. Jedno zdanie zostało podane
dodatkowo i nie pasuje do tekstu. Za każdą poprawną odpowiedź otrzymasz 1 punkt.

Drop a piece of equipment at work and you might feel same
embarrassment, but it's rarely a major problem. lf you work in
space, things are mare complicated. When a US astronaut
lost control of a bag of tools while carrying out repairs on the
International Space Station in 2008, US space agency NASA
had mare than the $100,000 cost of the tools to deal with.
The backpack-sized bag was one of the largest objects ever to
be lost by an astronaut and had the potentia! to do huge
damage to the space station and satellites as it hurtled around
the globe. QI] In 1965, an astronaut's glove orbited Earth
at 28,000km per hour for a whole month. The toolbag stayed
in orbit for even longer. lt was even filmed by an amateur
astronomer in Canada. The footage of the toolbag shooting
across the night sky spectacularly fast can be seen online.
0J After returning to Earth, she revealed that she had
been tempted to try to retrieve the bag but didn't want to risk
giving NASA the added problem of an out-of-control human
body in space.
Fortunately, the toolbag did no harm to any communications
or other technology in the eight months before it entered
Earth's atmosphere and was burned up. In fact, it began
moving out of the orbit of the space station and towards
Earth immediately. II[J Stefanyshyn-Piper completed her
task of mending a solar panel on the space station by sharing
a colleague's tools.
lt's certainly not the first time that a rogue object in space
has caused concerns. [!CJ Spacecraft and satellites can
be moved out of the path of any object that poses a risk if
commanders are given advanced warning.

A Neither did the mishap cause any significant delay to

the repair mission.
B In fact at any one time, America's Space Surveillance
Network is monitoring same 19,000 pieces of space
debris of mare than 1 Ocm in diameter.
C So tao can the moment it slipped away from
spacewalker Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper.
D But there are tens of thousands mare small objects
polluting the area of space just beyond aur
atmosphere.
E Even much smaller objects can become major hazards
when accidentally sent into orbit.

317
 Przykładowy
zestaw egzaminacyjny
ZADANIE 8. j Wybór wielokrotny I (5 pkt)
Przeczytaj fragment powieści. Z podanych możliwości odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą.
A. B, Club D. Za każdą poprawną odpowiedź otrzymasz 1 punkt.
literę
Tom S ft
Dłamond
"Weil, Tom Swift, I don 't believe you will make any
mistake if you buy that diamond,'' said the jeweller to the
young man who was inspecting the sparkling stones. "lt is
without a flaw:·
"lt certainly seems so, Mr Track. I don't know much
about diamonds, and l'm depending on you. But this one
seems to be all right:'
"Is it for yourself, Tom?"
"Er - no. That is, not exactly,'' and Tom Swift, the young
inventor of airships and submarines, blushed.
"No? Of course it's none of my business, but if this
brooch is for a young lady, I can't recommend anything
nicer:·
Suddenly Mr Track ran from behind the counter and
rushed toward the front door.
"Did you see him, Tom?" he cried. "I wonder which way
he went:•
"Who?" asked the lad, following the shopkeeper.
'That man. He's been walking up and down in front of
my place for the last ten minutes - ever since you carne in,
in fact, and I don't like the look of him:·
"Do you think that man was a thief?"
"A jeweller has to be always on his guard, Tom. Swindlers
and thieves are always on the alert for a chance to rob a
jewellery stare:·
"I didn't notice any particular man looking in here,'' said
Tom.
"Weil, I did," went on the jeweller. "While you were
looking at the brooches I saw his eyes staring in here in a
suspicious manner. He may have an accomplice with him
who, when you're gone, may come in and pretend to want
to look at some diamonds. Then, when l'm showing him
some, the other man will enter, engage my attention, and
the first man will slip out with a diamond ring or brooch. lt's
often dane.
"However, let's forget about him. He seems to have
gone down the street, and perhaps I was mistaken after all.
Let me show you a few mare styles before you decide. The
i
1! 318
ii :
tli !
zgodną z treścią tekstu. Zakreśl
by Victor Appleton (adapted)
young lady may like one of these,'' and the jeweller look out
some more trays of brooches.
"What makes you think she's a young lady, Mr Track?"
asked the lad.
"We jewellers are good readers of character, Tom. I can
tell a young fellow coming in here to buy an engagement
ring as soon as he enters the door:·
Then, with an exclamation, Mr Track turned towards his
big show window. Tom looked up, and saw a man's face
peering in. At the sight of it, he tao uttered a ery of surprise.
The next instant the man outside knocked on the glass,
apparently with a piece of metal, making a sharp sound. As
soon as he heard it, the jeweller once more sprang from
behind the counter and leapt for the door, crying: "There's
the thiefl He's trying to cut a hole through my show window
and reach in and get something! lt's an old trick. 1'11 get the
police! Tom, you stay here on guard!" and before the lad
could utter a protest. the jeweller had opened the door and
was speeding down the street in the gathering darkness.
Tom stared about him in some bewilderment. He was left
alone in charge of a very valuable stock of jewellery.
"I wonder who that man was?" Tom thought to himself.
"He looked like somebody I know, and yet I can't seem to
place his face.
"I wish I were pursuing him, instead of here," mused the
lad. "But I can'! leave, or a thief might come in. Perhaps that
was the idea, and one of the gang is hanging around, hoping
the stare will be deserted, so he can enter and take what he
likes:·
Tom at once resolved that he would not only remain in
the jewellery shop, but that he would lock the door, which
he did at once. Then he breathed easier.
The town was badly lit at night, and the lad had his
doubts about whether the jeweller could catch the oddly-
acting man, especially as the latter had a good start.
 Przykładowy
zestaw egzaminacyjny
1 Tom Swih becomes embarrassed while talking to 3 Mr Track believes that Tom
Mr Track because he A isn't very observant.
A can't afford the best diamond. B wants to get married.
B has little knowledge of jewels. C has poor taste.
c is reluctant to reveal who the diamond is D is a very trusting person.
intended for. 4 Mr Track tel Is Tom to stay in the shop because
D reveals to Mr Track that he is a romantic A othervvise it would be empty.
person. B he needs a witness to what happens.
2 Mr Track suspects that the man he sees walking C he will be able to catch the thief.
alongside the shop D it's safer for Tom.
A is a business rival. 5 Aher Mr Track leaves, Tom
B intends to attack him. A secures the shop.
c is a security guard. B talks to himself.
D is not entirely alone. C worries about Mr Track's safety.
D examines the displays.

Rozpoznawanie struktur leksykalno-gramatycznych

ZADANIE 9. Wybór wielokrotny (3 pkt)

Przeczyta) tekst. Z podanych możliwości odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą. tak aby otrzymać spójny i gramatycznie
poprawny tekst. Zakreśl literę A. B. C lub D. Za każde poprawne rozwiązanie otrzymasz 0,5 punktu.

PREDATOR WITH A oA.NGtROUS tŃtMY

Peopie fear sharks, but sharks have a lot mare reason to fear humans than we have to fear them. Only a small
number of the world's 390 species of shark ever 1) ........ „ ........... „ ... people - and mare people are killed by bee
stings each year than by sharks. But we are killing these ancient creatures, which have been around since before
the dinosaurs, at a rate of 1 OO million a year - that's mare than one a second. if this continues, around 20
species of shark will become extinct within years - which could have disastrous effects for marine ecosystems.
lronically, sharks are vulnerable because of their similarities 2) „ „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ ... „ „ .. the human race. )ust like
humans, they are the t.op p'.edator in their environment, so they grow slowl~taking years to reach adulthood.
Put s1mply, they are bemg k1lled taster than they can 3) „ „ „ „ „ ... „ „ „ „ . „ „ . •

You may be surprised to learn that sharks are in such danger, since shark is not a common product in European
supermarkets and restaurants. Worldwide, 4) „ ........ „ „ „ „ ........ , demand for shark fins and meat is growing. On
top of that, many sharks die as a result of the use of fishing techniques used to trap fish like tuna.
5) „ .•... „ .... „ „ .. „ . „ „ sharks, then, will require not only bans on the intentional killing of sharks, but also on
certain fishing equipment. There are no International rules on shark conservation, but same countries have
taken action. The Marshall islands in the Pacific, for example, created a shark conservation area the size of
Mexico in 2011. lnside this zone, shark fishing, shark trading and fishing techniques that harm sharks are
banned, and any sharks that are accidentally caught 6) „ ......... „ „ „ . „ „ „ „ be returned to the sea .

""~A
J§#.
assault A reproduce
....,.,.':!'
B repeat
• A Having conserved
B Conserve
B damage
c attack c pa rent c Conserving
D hit D conceive D Conservation
A in A however f~A may
V:~
B to B whatsoever B co uId
c of c whatever c should
D fr om D whenever D must
319
zestaw egzaminacyjny
( CZĘŚĆ USTNA )
Rozmowa wstępna (ok. 2 minut)
r----------------------------~
Przykładowe pytania do rozmowy wstępnej:
Dom
1 Do you live in a house or a fiat?
2 What do you \ike best about your home?
3 Do you ever help to redecorate yo ur home?
4 Is there much for young people to do in your
area?
5 Is there anything you would \ike to change
about the place where you live?
Kultura
6 What kind of lV programmes do you enjoy?
7 How often do you go to the cinema?
8 Do you spend much time listening to music?
What kind?
9 Do you prefer reading books or magazines?
10 What's your favourite form of entertainment?
Pod różowa.nie i turystyka
11 What was your last holiday like?
12 Do you prefer quiet t)olid~ys o~ action-packecl
ones?
13 Do y()u like to plaq everything before you go
on holiday?
14 What pia ces would you like li',visit?
15 Have y~u ever fallen iii wnHe you were on
I I
1 holiday?
I I
~----------------------------~
320
ZADANIE 1. (maks. 3 minuty)
Rozmowa z odgrywaniem roli
Chcesz zamieszkać w Anglii. Właśnie widziałeś/-aś
mieszkanie, w którym jest wolny pokój do wynajęcia.
W rozmowie z właścicielem mieszkania uwzględnij
następujące kwestie:
metoda
rzeczy.
płacenia
które chcesz zmienić
okres
trwania umowy
Rozmowę rozpoczyno egzaminujący
r----------------------------~
l Dodatkowe uwagi dla egzaminującego
I
I Jest Pan/Pani właścicielem mieszkania. Zgłasza się da Pana/
Pani zdający. który chce wynająć pokój wmieszkaniu. Proszę
porozmawiać ze zdającym. Rozpoczyna Pan/Pani rozmowę.
W zależności ad tego, jak patóezy sięrazmawa, proszę
włączyć da rozmow)' wszystkie/wybrane punkty. .
• Proszę poprosić z.doj1c;eg9 a dokład~iejsze
objaśnienie jakiejś ky;estii. ·.•.. ·..•.. ·....· •
• Proszę grzeczni~ nie zgo1z.ić ~ię ~e zdającym• tak aby
musiał podaćkalejn~ arg~menty lub zaproponować
inne rozwi1{anie.;·. r···· > .• .•. ;•···············. • <.•. . ·.•
• Podcza~ ra~ITlowyr11ozn~ np. nie zgodzifsię na
płatność przelęwemna konto i zap(Opo~owaC: ·
comiesięczną płatność gotówką. ·
I
• Wynajmujący może zaproponować roczny okres I
obowiązywania umowy, wyjaśniając, dlaczego nie jest I
zainteresowany wynajmówaniem pókoju na krócej.
I
I
I
• Można zgodzić się na niewielkie przemeblowanie, I
odmawiając jednok np. zmiany koloru ścian. I
I
----------------------------~
 Przykładowy
zestaw egzaminacyjny

ZADANIE 2. Opis ilustracji i odpowiedzi (maks. 4 minuty)

na trzy pytania
Opisz zdjęcie i odpowiedz na poniższe pytania.

r--------------------------,
Egzaminujący
zadaje zdającemu poniższe
pytania:

1 What do you think could be the reason

behind this event?
2 How important is traditional culture in
today's world?
3 Describe a cultural experience you had
recently.

--------------------------~

ZADANIE 3. Wypowiedź na podstawie materiału stymulującego (maks. 5 minut)

i odpowiedzi na dwa pytania
Przyjrzyj się zdjęciom nr 1, 2 i 3. Przebywasz na letnim obozie młodzieżowym. Możesz wziąć udział w jednych z trzech
przedstawionych zajęć.
• Wybierz zajęcia, które najbardziej Ci odpowiadają, i uzasadnij swój wybór.
• Wyjaśnij. dlaczego odrzucasz pozostałe propozycje.

r----------------------------,
Egzaminujący
zadaje zdającemu
dwa z poniższych
pytań:

1 How would you define an extreme sport?

2 Do you think professional sportspeople are
paid too much money? Why?!Why not?
3 Which sport would you like to be geod at and
why?
4 What's your favourite sport or physical activity
to watch and why?
---------------------------- 321
 MODULE 1
Exercise 1O (p. 7)
Psychologists study human behaviour in order to understand it. They
then use this knowledge to help people overcome problems
connected with their thinking and behaviour. Pet psychologists do
exactly the same thing for animals. They will watch an anima! over
an extended period of time in order to identify its problem. Often,
they may compare a pet with its wild!ife counterpart - say, a house
dog with a hunting dog in a pack. Then, armed with their
observations, pet psychologists can begin to treat an animal's
behaviour problem.
Successful treatment is a matter of successful training. ln the past,
training was based on discipline and breaking the animal's will.
Today, experts know that hitting an anima! will on!y make them fear
you. lnstead, pet psychologists prefer to give an obedient animal a
small treat, like a bone or a biscuit. In the animal's brain, following a
command is therefore a!ways associated with something tasty!
In teaching obedience, it is also important for an anima! to know
who is boss. lf a trainer is weak, netvous or insecure, the animal will
sense this and won't respect them. In fact, dogs, who are pack
anima!s, need to fee! that the human is their pack leader in order to
follow their commands.
A good pet psychologist is also aware that each animal personality is
unique and this will affect his methods. Differences in animal
character can be down to anima! type - horses have a herd instinct,
for instance, while cats are so!itary and independent creatures. Or it
can simply be variations within a type: one dog is quiet and shy and
another is noisy and boisterous.
When is it advisable to ca!! in a pet psychologist? Usually, when a pet
displays aggressive or anti-socia! behaviour for no apparent reason.
However, bad or troub!ed behaviour in animals is a!most atways the
result of a traumatic experience in their past. The psychologist can
often trace the trouble back to its roots, say, when a kitten is taken
away from its mother too young and develops the habit of biting or
scratching. Steps can then be taken to correct the problem.
Pet psychologists can make all the difference to an animal's sense of
wellbeing. An anima! that feels safe and secure is far mare like!y to
have a successful relationship with its human owner.
Exercise 9 (p. 13)
Host: This week, on Conrroversial Questions, we're dlscussing the
subject of personality tests. To kick off the discussion, we've asked
same of aur listeners to tell us what they think about them.
Speaker 1: Personality tests are very usefu! for me as an employer.
They help me evaluate how suitable a person is for a particular job.
Some people say that job candidates can fake their answers and tell
lies just to please the employer, but actually that's not true. We have
various methods to deal with this problem, like giving a second test,
for example, or following up the test with a later discussion.
Speaker 2: I must admit I have a bit of an addiction for personality
tests, especia!ly the online ones. lt's something I do for fun at home
when I have a bit of free time. You often find the ana!ysis of your
character is surprisingly accurate! Over and over again, doing all
sorts of different tests, t've come out as a timid and indecisive
person, which just about sums me up!
Speaker 3: !n my job, they recent!y made all the current employees do
a personallty test. They told us it was to help them create successful
teams within the company. For example, all the creative types could
work in the art department, while the 'people skills' types would be
mare suited to sales. I must say, I can see their point, but I fe!t they
were oversimplifying things. I consider myself to be a bit of both!
Speaker 4: People with domestic problems shou!d definitely do a
personality test. I work as a marriage counsellor and l've used them
to help many peop!e to get over their problems. Unhappy couples
need to take control by understanding their own personalities. Tests
help them to realise things about themselves they hadn't previously
been aware of. Then they can take steps to alter their behaviour
towards their partner. lt really works!
Speaker 5: Personality tests are a load of nonsense! For one thing,
how can you put peop!e into hard and fast categories - the introvert
versus the extrovert and so on? Aren't Vt1e all a mixture of different
personality types? And what about those absurd irrelevant
322
questions: the ones where you look at a drawing of squiggly lines
and then write down the first word that comes into your head?
What's that supposed to reveal about you?
Exercise 10b (p. 13)
A: So which person in the music world do you most admire?
B: I think l'd have to say Gale Cherry. She's so talented. She's not
only a great singer - she's a very good song writer tao. I think
her Jyrics are really clever. As for her dancing, I can't take my eyes
off her.
A: You can't be serious! I think her singing is really awful and she's
nothing special as a dancer, either.
8: Weil, she's won !oads of awards, including five Grammy Awards.
Two of those were for best fema!e vocals and best music video.
But it's not just her music skills. lt's her appearance. Gale Cherry
is actually very short and her hair is naturally brown. But she
works on herself to create a special look and I think it gives her
rea! stage presence.
A· To me she just looks quite weird!
8: That's because you don't understand what she's trying to say!
Yes, she does weird things to her hair and wears weird make·up
and clothes. That's to encourage people to be who they are and
not be afraid to express themselves, whatever the others think.
!t's ab out orig inality.
A: Hmm ... you mean like a kind of role model?
8: Exact!yl And she's extremely energetic and enthusiastic about
what she does and has tremendous self·confidence, just what
any teenager wou!d admire.
A: But don't same people say that Gale Cherry is only interested in
making business deals and getting rich?
8: Yes, and they say a lot of other things about her, tao. They call
her an arrogant show#off. Or they say she's just a publicity
seeker. l'm afraid I don't believe any of it.
A: Oh. Why not?
8: Weil, for one thing, Gale Cherry is a kind, sensitive person who's
committed to helping a number of charities. lf she was purely
interested in making money, she wouldn't be doing that. She
active!y supports the fight against AIDS and she's a!so raised
money for the recent earthquake victims in Japan by organising
a charity run. Did you know that?
A: No, I didn't.
MODULE 2
Exercise 9 (p. 17)
/nterviewer: .„ good morning again and welcome to Decor & Home,
aur programme for interior design fans. This morning l am going to
be talking to lisa Rose about decorating your home Zen style.
Welcome lisa.
Lisa: l'm glad to be here, John, to talk about what is a very
interesting trend in interior design, the Zen style of decoration. And
although l'm not exact!y a decorating guru, I can tell you a few
things about this.
lnterviewer: Most of us think of the Buddhist religion and philosophy
when we hear the word Zen, but sure!y this can't be an interior
design style. Could you perhaps explain what you mean by the word
Zen, Lisa?
Lisa:We!I, Zen means 'meditation' in Japanese, but it is much mare
than a word of course. lt is not rea!ly a decorating style either even
though we say 'Zen style', so there areno such things as Zen sofas or
Zen armchairs. lt is more a way of arranging your home in order to
create a peacefu! atmosphere in which you feel calm. !n fact, it
reflects a range of notions such as balance, harmony and relaxation.
lt has been practised in Japan for centuries, but has anty been
gaining in popu!arity in the West recently.
lnterviewer: I see. So how do you go about arranging your home in a
Zen manner?
Lisa: The go!den rule of decorating Zen-style is 'less is mare' which
means that anything you don't need is in the way. You see, people
are used to keeping things and they don't rea!ise that instead of
adding to aur lives and fulfilling us, this 'stuff' just adds to the stress
of everyday life So, keep your decor simp!e and functional and avoid
clutter at all costs.
/nterviewer: Is that it then?
Lisa: No, of course not Zen promotes the use of the five elements,
water, earth, fire, meta! and wood, in home decoration. You can do
this by decorating wlth bamboo, which is very trendy but cheap at
the moment, placing pot plants around the house, or having a metal
lamp, and so on. But whatever you do, avoid using plastic.
fnterviewer: All right! How about co!ours, Lisa? Are there any
particular co!ours that are used in Zen style?
Lisa: Good question. As you know, colours can affect mood so you
need to be very carefu! when choosing them. Rather than trying to
cheer yourself up with bright flashy colours, be simple. Natura! and
earthy colours are vital. Sky blue and muted browns and greens tend
to be good choices.
fnterviewer: OK. lnteresting stuff. Thanks lisa.
Exercise 10b (p. 17)
The picture shows a man and a woman either packing or unpacking
a cardboard box. !t looks like they're moving home. The box is open
on the floor between them. The man is crouching over it holding a
photo frame and same newspaper. The wornan is kneeling on the
floor and is also holding same newspaper. The newspaper is for
wrapping their possessions in. There's an open box on the bottom-
right of the picture that contains p!ates wrapped in newspaper.
Behind the couple you can see a grey sofa with a blue blanket
draped over it. The couple are both qulte casually dressed. He's
wearing jeans and a T-shirt and she's wearing a plain white top. lt
!ooks like quite a modern home. !t has synthetic wood flooring.
Maybe it's the living room.
Exercise 7 (p. 23)
Speaker 1:When my tenant vacated the fiat I was horrified. !t was in
poor condition. There was a horrible stench from unremoved rubbish
and the floors were filthy. The upholstery on the sofa had been
scratched to pieces by the cat, as we!!. I deducted the cost of the
damage from the deposit.
Speaker 2: After my car accident, the cost of the repairs was huge; it
threw me completely off budget. I couldn't even pay my rent on
time, which annoyed the landlord. On the third month, he
threatened to take !egal action. I didn't want to get a bad credit
rating, so I borrowed same money from my parents and paid my
debt plus a few months' rent upfront to give myself time to get back
on my feet.
Speaker 3: I was gettlng unusua!!y high wa ter bills and was concerned
there might be a teak. When I informed the maintenance staff, I
heard nothing back. I felt quite disgusted. At the very least they
could have provided me with a phone number for a plumber. ln the
end I found one myself and he fixed the problem.
Speaker 4: I try to keep communication channe!s flowing between
myself and my tenants. This way, a lot of the tensions that can bui!d
up are avoided. I try to have contact with them face-to·face at least
once a week and organise barbecues in the garden when the
weather is nice. After all, we are a community of people sharing the
same space. Soda!ising deve!ops mutual respect and l want them to
have fond memories of this place.
Speaker 5: The only problem we've had with aur landlord is he used
to think it was fine to let himself in whenever he wanted to see us.
He seemed to think that just because he owned the place, he didn't
even have to knock. Sometimes, l'd get really embarrassed if the
place was in a mess. A couple of my flatmates thought he was being
really intrusive. We looked up our rights and found out that
landlords are supposed to get their tenants' permission to enter a
property. We politely drew his attention to that, and naw he a!ways
telephones before coming round and knocks on the door.
MODULE 3
Exercise 1Ob (p. 29)
Host: Are you one of the thousands of students who opted to go
abroad to study last year? Did you enjoy it? Did you find it a fu[filling
and constructive experience? Let's hear what same previous
students think.
Speaker 1: I had no intention of studying abroad, but one evening I
gat chatting to same farmer Erasmus students. They were so
enthusiastic about the experience that they made me fee! I was
missing out. So, when my lecturers suggested I participate, ! went
for it. In fact, it was just as amazing as everyone had said. J had such
a great time in Barcelona l'm going back there next year when I
finish my degree!
Speaker 2: Working in a foreign country is certainly not easy when
you are a twenty-year-old trainee. When l first arrived, I felt
comp!etely alone and lost and wondered how l cou!d possibly stick it
out. At the end of my second day, I actually started packing my
suitcase! l'm g!ad I saw it through, though. I ended up making loads
of friends and my English is nearly perfect naw.
Speaker 3: l'd been !onging to go abroad ever since I was 15, so when
J finally set off on my Erasmus adventure, I was sure ! was going to
love it. But I soon realised that it wasn't the experience J had been
looking for at all. I was so disappointed. Unfortunately, my university
wasn't any help. I real!y think universities need to create a much
better support structure for Erasmus students.
Speaker4: When l look back on my days in Paris, 1 know they were
the happiest days of my life. I met so many fantastic people on the
Erasmus programme, immersed rnyself in the fascinating French
culture, and saw a lot of the country. But I must admit my studies
suffered. l was so busy having a geod time that I gat rather
distracted and didn't really bother doing much werk.
Speaker S:lf I hadn't gone on an Erasmus exchange to Rome, I would
have a completely different life naw. I would have finished my
Master's degree and be working as a chemist. But I have absolutely
no regrets about abandoning my degree and staying on in ltaly
because there I met the person that changed my life: my wife. Naw
1.ive've gat two adorab!e kids and run aur own restaurant.
Exerdse 9 (p. 33)
Damian: Hi Wendy! l haven't seen you for same time. How's your
online accountancy course going?
Wendy: Dh hello, Damian. Nice to see you. The course is going fine,
thanks.
Damian:When do you finally qualify?
Wendy: In six months' time, I hope. We do have certa In dead!ines to
meet for aur assignments. The geod thing about the course,
though, is the flexibi!ity. I mean, you're not tied to a class timetable.
You can sit up at night as late as you want and do stuff. I do my
best thinking then.
Damian: Yes, J know you're a bit of a night owi! I imagine it must suit
you not to have to travel inte college every day, as well, since you live
such a long way out of town.
Wendy: You're right there. Living on a re mote farm in the middle of
nowhere, like I do, is a big headache when you have to commute.
Be'1ng able to do the course online and not have to worry about that
sort of thing is a big plus. What's mare, l'm amazed at how te$)1o-
savvy l've become. •
Damian: How do you mean?
Wendy: Weil, it's given me the advantage of improving my computer
skills. !'m naw famlliar with a lot mare programs and !'ve learned to
be mare efficient in the way I do research online.
Damian: But don't you find with distance learning that you miss
having direct verbal contact with a tutor? I mean, sometimes you
may have a question that can't be easily answered in an email.
Surely, when you need a detai!ed explanation, it's better if you can
speak to the teacher directly.
Wendy: Occasionally, yes. In fact, once I resorted to phoning my
tutor, when I really couldn't understand something.
Damian: Another problem with distance learning is that you can't
get the practical hands-on experience you need. I was thinking of
registering for an online carpentry course, for example, but it was
tao theoretica!. I wanted to get mare involved in physica!!y making
things.
Wendy: Yes, I know what you mea n. Some subjects are mare sulted
to e-!earning than others.
Damian: Anyvvay, Wendy, r have to dash. Geod luck with the rest of
the accountancy course. Let me know when you finish.
Wendy:Thanks, Damian. r will. Bye for new!
323
 Exercise 7 (p. 35)
Host: ... and today's guest is well-known psycho!ogist and author,
Martha Brooke, who is here to tell us about the problem of schoo!
phobia. Martha, is it rea!!y possible to have a phobia of schoo!?
Martha: First, let me start by saying that psychologists today
general!y prefer the term 'school refusal' to 'school phobia'. But
whatever term one wishes to use, it is correct to say that a phobia of
school does indeed exlst. Some children really do experience extreme
emotional dlstress and anxiety when it comes to going to school.
Host: Is this a recent phenomenon? I mean, l don't remember
chi!dren feeling anxiety about school when I was a chi!d.
Martha: No, ·not at all. School refusal has been recognised since the
early 1940s. The problem is just that children are often
misdiagnosed. For example, parents may believe their child is just
playing up or just wants some time off school, when really they have
a genuine phobia.
Host: What do children with school refusal do to avoid school?
Martha:We!I, most children who suffer from school refusal try to win
their parents' permission to stay home. So they say they have a
stornach ache or a headache for example. However, some children
simp!y state they are not leaving the house. And they throw a
temper tantrum or get angry if their parents say they have to.
Host: So when the child says he has a headache or feels sick, he
doesn't really ... it's just to get out of school?
Martha: Not always. Genuine physical symptoms are quite common.
The chi!d may truly have a headache, fee! nauseous, have a fast
heart rate, have chest pains and so on. However, these symptoms
usually improve the moment the child is told he is al!owed to stay
home.
Host: I see. And what is known about the causes?
Martha:School refusal can develop after a stressful family event, such
as divorce or a move to a new schoo!. !n older children, it can also be
related to avoiding a distressing situation at school, such as bullying.
In young children, the motivating factor ls norma!ly quite different.
lt's not because the child wants to avoid an unpleasant situation at
school. lt's because the young child wants to stay with the parent
because they fear something catastrophic will happen to the adult
while they are at schoo!.
Host: Is school refusa! easy to overcome?
Martha: With the right treatment. yes. Usually refusal to attend
school develops gradually, with chi!dren putting up increasingly
intense resistance as time passes. So the sooner parents pick up on
it, the better. The longer a child stays out of school, the mare
difficult it is for them to return.
Exercise Sb (p. 35)
A: Hello. l'm g!ad you carne to see me. I hope I can be of same
help. let's start by talking about school subjects. Which do you
think are your best ones?
B: Weil, l've been doing really well in Maths and English. And l've
been encouraged to go on to sixth form college next year and
take same A levels.
A: I see. And do you have any idea what sort of job you might like
to do eventually? That will affect your chcice of A level subjects,
you know.
B: I was hoping you could give me same suggestions. Basically, I see
myself in same sort of care role. l'm a very caring, sympathetic
personality. l really like people and would like same kind of job
that would help make a difference to people in need.
A: In that case, nursing could be a good choice for you.
8: Hmm .. and what qualifications would I need? l'd have to do a
university course, right?
A: Not necessarily. There are dip!omas you can take before degree
level. But you wou!d definitely need a first class A level in
Biology.
B: To tell you the truth, I don't think nursing's for me. I can't stand
the sight of blood, you see. And Biology is definite!y not my best
subject. l'm mare into things like psychology.
A: Then what about training to be a social worker? You'd definitely
be studying Psycho!ogy for that and it's a very caring sort of job.
B: How long are the universlty courses and what are the entry
requirements?
A: fVlost degrees last for 3 years and it's a good idea to have at least
324
2 A levels. You say you're good at fV\aths and English. Why don't
you also take an A level in Psychology?
B: Yes, I could do that. How much of the degree is theory? !'m the
sort of person that likes getting involved in the practical sicie of
things, so that's an important question for me.
A: Yes, and a good one. You would spend at least 200 days in
practical placements, watching an experienced social worker
deal with cases, before you are given a chance to do so.
B: That sounds quite interesting. Can you give me a list of
universities that offer degrees in social work?
MODULE 4
Exercise 9 (p. 39)
Host: Today's guest is Emma Bussell, principal ba!lerina with London's
Roya! Ballet. Welcome to the show, Emma.
Emma: Thank you.
Host: Emma, how did you become a ballerina?
Emma: Weil, my mot her was a dan cer and a teacher. First she put my ~
sister in ballet, but my slster was headstrong and rebe!!ious. So then :;:;
she tried me, and I took to it straightaway. l guess l'm quieter and
mare witling to take direction.
Host: How difficu!t is it to get into ballet?
Emma: When you're young it's easy, because they're just !ooking for
the right type of body shape. A small head, !ang neck, and long !egs
are considered preferable. ! had the right proportions.
Host: How ald were you when your turned professional?
Emma: Dancers are normally around the age of 18 or 19 when they
venture out to find a job in a company in the professional world, but
I was just a few months short of my l 7th birthday. Looking back,
maybe I should have waited for another year or so.
Host: Did you find your first year as a professional dancer difficu!t?
Emma: Yes, very. The first year is tough because you get paid by the
hour, and your company can fire you easily. Also, you only perform in
the least desirable roles, and your company studies your attitude
very closely to see if you're lazy ..
Host: Tell me about your daily schedule.
Emma: Wet!, on average I do 4 performances a week - 3 during the
week and one at the weekend. On the days when l'm performing, l
have a ballet class in the morning, then l spend the afternoon in
rehearsal. l cou1d have 5 hours of rehearsa!, 2 hours or only half an
hour - it just depends. On the days when l'm not performing, I have
4 hours of ballet class in the mornings and that's it - my afternoons
are free!
Host: Have you ever injured yourself in the course of your career?
Emma: Oh, many times! Ballet dancing may look gentle, but in terms
of injuries, it's mare dangerous than sports like football or rugby.
Host: Do you have plans for when you retire?
li[tTma: I think l'd like to do something involved with pub!icising
ballet. The audience for ballet is disappearing, which is a shame. l'd
!ike to do something to bring back aur audience. We need to get
mare young people interested in the ballet, as well as different types
of men and women.
Exercise 7 (p. 43)
A: l think good time management is the key to combinlng work
and studying.
8: l agree. So what advice would you give someone on managing
their time effectively?
A: First of all, l'd advise a student to look for work in the area
where they live. lf you take a job near home, you won't spend
hours travelling to and from work.
8: Yes, I see what you mean. lf you work close to home, you avoid
wasting hours on public transport - time you could spend
studying.
A: I think it's also sensible to draw up a study timetable. lf you work
the same hours every week, you need on!y do it once. 1f you
work varying shifts, you'll need to plan out your study time every
week. But the most important thing is to stick to your timetable.
That way you won't fali behind with your studies.
B: That's ;;i good idea. But I definitely think you should put same
rest tirn.: on your tirnetable.1 Working and studying are both
tiring, and I think you should give yourself one day off from each
 of them each week. That way you won't overwork yourself and
get stressed and you'll be able to perform at your best in both
your job and at university.
Exercise 9 (p. 45)
Welcome to Business on Air. Today we've invited five entrepreneurs to
come and talk to us. They all took the risk of setting up their own
companies - with mlxed results.
Speaker 1: There were times at the start when I thought I would
never make it. Then there were days \Nhen I felt that success was just
around the corner. The ups and downs continued for at least a year.
But then ! gat a couple of big contracts and the business was up and
running. The work started pouring in ... I bega n to make a profit .
and naw my company is one of the biggest employers in town.
Speaker 2: Same businesses are the result of a chance opportunity.
Mine carne about, indirectly, because of my grandfather. He used to
spend hours in his garage building model cars and aerop!anes and I
would always watch him whi!e he worked. When he died, I was so
sad that I started building models to remind me of aur good times
together. Eventually, I gat the idea of starting a model·making
business. So far, it's been very successful.
Speaker 3: I established my business feeling certain it would be a
huge success. I had dane my market research and obtained financia!
hacking from a bank. At first, everything went really wel!. Then, the
economy took a downturn and I began to have mixed feetings.
People started spending less, sa!es fell drastically and my running
costs soared. I soon ended up having to declare bankruptcy.
Speaker4: J think same people just have a talent for business in their
b!ood. I started my first business when I was 20 years ald. Within
two years, ! was turning a profit. and by 25 I was a mi!!ionaire. Naw!
have three businesses and am just about to establish another two.
No one in my fami!y has any idea where l get my business skills from;
they're all hopeless at it!
Speaker 5: One evening, I was having dinner at a restaurant and l gat
chatting to a man sitting at the table next to mine. In the course of
aur conversation, I happened to tell him about a business idea ! had.
We!!, it turned out he was a venture capita!ist - you know, someone
who invests in new businesses. He !oved my idea and ended up
helping me out with funding.
MODULE 5
Exercise 7 (p. 49)
My best party ever was my 21st. I invited well over 100 people and
practica!!y everyone turned up. !'d had my doubts beforehand about
whether they would all come, as my birthday falls over the Christmas
period - the exact time of the year when most people are either
away on holi~ or at home with their families - so ! was thrilled
most peop!e fllariaged to make it. I had told my closest friends that
they were welcome to bring along a guest if they wanted to, so
there ended up being about 20 people I had never actually met at
my party. I hadn't expected there to be quite that many, but l'm the
sort of person who thinks 'the mare the merrier', so I didn't mind at
all. The music at my party was brilliant, even if 1do say so myself! l'd
spent hours putting together a list of songs that I knew everyone
would enjoy. ! know I did a good job because people kept on coming
up to me afterwards te!ling me how much they had loved the music.
I hired a DJ to play the music and he was really great. l'd definitely
hire the guy again if I ever throw another party. He played the songs
at just the right volume - low enough so people could talk, but laud
enough for people to dance to. He was nice and chatty tao. The only
thing that cou!d have been better was people could have mingled a
bit mare. But I knew that wouldn't be the case. I a!ways find it funny
how people say parties are great for meeting new people when, in
actual fact, everyone usua!ly just stays talking to people they already
know! But despite people sticking to their own social circles, 1know
everyone had a brilliant time. Oh, I haven't mentioned the best thing
about the whole evening! As a surprise, my parents f!ew my cousins
from Australia over. I hadn't seen them since I was seven! When they
wa!ked in, it took me about a minute to understand that it was
really them I can honest!y say that was my hest birthday present
ever.
Exercise Bb (p. 55)
Speaker 1: My parents gat divorced when I was eight. tvly sister and 1
lived with aur mum but we stil! saw plenty of aur dad. In fact. we
spent most weekends with him. Naw the four of us all live in
different cities. Although we rarely get the chance to spend time all
together, we do make sure we see both aur parents at least twice a
year. lt's important to all of us that we keep a strong famlly bond.
Speaker 2: 1'm a mother of three young boys. Looking after them is
hard work but! wouldn't change my life for the world. l'm very lucky
in that both my parents and my husband's parents live nearby, and
they're all happy to help out whenever we need them. Sometimes
my mother·in-!aw interferes a little bit tao much in how l bring up
the boys, but I know she doesn't mean any harm so l don't really
mind.
Speaker 3: l'm expecting my first child in August. l'm not at a!I
nervous because l've spent plenty of time around babies as I have
five nephews and nieces. My husband is very excited, and so is my
dad. Sad!y, my mum passed away last year. She died just before !
discovered l was pregnant. l'm so sad she didn't get to hear l was
expecting a baby and won't meet her grandchild. Still, 1'11 make sure
the baby learns all about her.
Speaker4:1 envy people from large families. They always have lots of
people to turn to when things get tough. ! do have a younger
brother but there's eight years between us. We've never been close
because of this. By the time he was 1O years ald, I had al ready
moved out of home. We hardly ever see each other and on!y
communicate via the odd text message.
Speaker 5: Since my marriage ended six years ago, rr1y whole family
has been happier. My wife and I hadn't gat on for years. We would
argue constantly, but we didn't want to separate until the children
had finished school. Looking back, that was a si!ly decision because
we just created a very tense home environment. Naw, my ex~wife
and I get along just fine.
MODULE 6
Exercise 7 (p. 61)
Host: Welcome back listeners. Today, we're ta!king to Jamie Cole.
Jamie was a recent contestant on the TV game show Masterchef.
Masrerchef, as most of you know, is a cooking competition where
amateur cooks compete to win a large cash prize and be awarded
the tit!e 'Britain's Best Amateur Chef'. lt airs on channel 5 every
Friday at 7 pm. Thanks for coming on the show, Jamie.
Jamie: lt's a p!easure to be here.
Host: Jamie, you didn't win the show, but did you have fun taking
part?
Jamie: I had an amazing time. ! met same real!y wonderful people
and learnt a lot.
Host: Did you expect the competition to be so tough?
Jamie: Weil, I didn't think it would be a piece of cake, but I was
definitely confident that I would do really well. Cooking is my
passion and people tell me l'm really good at it. However, l
underestimated the talent of my competition. They were, quite
simply, a lot mare gifted in the kitchen than me. So I think I gat as
far in the competition as I deserved.
Host: What was the hardest part of the competition for you?
Jamie: Weil, there's a round where you are given a bag filled with 1O
unusual food products. You then have 30 minutes to prepare a tasty
dish using these products. There were four foods in my bag that I
just didn't have a clue about. I had never come across them before in
my life. So I just ignored them ... put them to the si de and used the
others. That was a mistake.
Host: In the round of the competition where you had to cook a 3-
course meal, the judges sald your main course let you down. What
went wrong with it?
Jamie: Weil, ! was serving boiled beef and carrots, an ald English
favourite, with a twist. The balance between the salty and sweet
flavours in my sauce was good but I should have put a lot mare meat
on the plate. ! did a good job visually- the food !ooked colourful and
appea!ing - but obviously that 1s not enouqh
Host: Jam:e, ho\v does British cooking comPare to fo1e1gn coobng 1n
325
 your opinion?
Jamie: We!I, British cooking has improved a lot in recent years. I think
British chefs now riva! the best chefs anywhere in the world. Many
people say the French are the world's best chefs, but persona!!y I
think Chinese chefs beat them to this title, narrowly followed by
chefs in Thailand.
Host: Ok, it's time for another quick break. We'll be back in two
minutes, when Jamie will answer listeners' questions .
Exercise 1O (p. 67)
.. J'm sure you've all heard the expression 'you are what you eat - so
eat well'. But in aur fast-paced society that's easier said than done.
!t's not always possib!e to find the energy or time to prepare a
healthy, nutritious meal when you come home from work. That's
why it's understandable so many people grab ready-made meals
from the supermarket that they can stick in a microwave for five
minutes. But ready-made mea!s should only be eaten occasionally.
They're not meant to be eaten every day because they're full of
preservatives and typically high in fat and salt. Nutritious food means
freshly prepared food, not processed food. Processing foods removes
the vitamins from them. That's why manufacturers add vitamins to
their products. But, interestingly, the body cannot absorb these
added vitamins as we!! as they can absorb the vitamins found in
natural, unprocessed foods. I a!ways tel! peop!e they shou!d eat lots
of fresh fruit, plenty of salads, and lots of complex carbohydrates.
Complex carbohydrates means things !ike brown rice, muesli, and
rye bread. Avoid white rice, white bread and white sugar at all costs
because they cause obesity, diabetes and other serious diseases.
Also, be carefu! about your meat consumption. People these days
eat far tao much meat. Meat shou!d be eaten two or three times a
week, not two or three times a day. So many people will eat bacon
for breakfast then have a chicken sandwich for lunch, then a piece
of streak for dinner. This is far tao much. The recommended daily
maximum for meat consumption is l OO grams. Same experts think
even this is tao much - they say we shouldn't eat mare than 80
grams of red meat a day. An 80-gram piece of meat is about the size
of a deck of playing cards. So it's a very small piece of meat. Also,
what many people don't know is that eggs, fish and beans be!ong to
the 'meat' category. Naw, that may sound funny, but it's true. So if
you eat eggs and beans during the day, you are getting all the
protein you need and you don't need to eat any meat. When it
comes to fruit and vegetab!es, remember that the deeper and mare
vibrant the colour, the mare nutrients they contain. So, choose dark
green spinach over pale green spinach; deep orange pumpkin over
light yellow pumpkin; rich red watermelon over llght-pink
watermelon. Next, let me talk about ..
Exercise 11 c {p. 67)
A: l'm rea!!y 2~ted about coming to stay with you for two weeks
and it's really kind of you to plan a party for me. I can't wait!
B: lt's going to be great fun! ! was just wondering which venue you
might prefer: we could have the party at my house in the garden
or we could book a restaurant.
A: We!!, if it's not tao much trouble, why don't we hold it at your
house? I don't want you to go to extra expense.
8: Yes, that's fine. ! was going to suggest a beach party but the
weather might not be good. lf it rains when we're in the garden,
we can just move inside the house. There's room for everyone -
l've invited 20 peop!e, induding lots of peop!e from my class.
You'll be able to meet them before your lessons start.
A: Cool. Will any of your family be there?
8: Yes, my brother Pawel is going to be DJ and take care of the
music.
A: Great! What sort of music is he going to play?
B: Welt, he mostly likes international rock, but he's gat quite a few
Polish bands in his collection, tao. We can also organise a dance
competition, if you like.
A: Sounds good to me. Do you play party games in Poland?
8: What, you mean like charades where you have to act out titles
of books and fitms? Yeah, we do. We can indude that as well.
A: Can I help in any way with the food and drink?
8: ~Ay mum's going to make a big pot of pasta with meat sauce.
think we could also have pizza for people who prefer it - and a
326
huge green salad, of course! As for the drinks ..
A: Let me help out there, at least!
8: OK, we can buy same soh drinks and fruit juices from the loca!
supermarket and you can help me carry them!
A: And you must 1et me pay for them, tao. I won't take no for an
answer!
8: All right, if you insist!
MODULE 7
Exercise 9 {p. 71)
Presenter: Our next guest on Britain Today is Ernie Stewart, who is
campaigning to save the UK's town centre shopping areas. Ernie,
what exactly is the problem?
Ernie: Shops are closing in Britain's high streets at an a!armlng rate.
American-style out-of-town shopping malls are becoming so popular
that smaller traders can't survive. Even the big-name retailers are
disappearing from town centres through lack of eustom.
Presenter: So why are the out-of-town shopping centres so $1
successful? ~
Ernie: Well for one thing, they tend to stay open later than
traditional shops, so they're convenient for people with jobs.
Motorists are attracted to them because they don't have to pay to
park at them. And of course once you're there you can find same
real bargains because they're full of huge, established retailers who
can afford to sell their goods very cheaply in comparison with smaller
businesses. ! think that's their chief advantage.
Presenter: lf it's the case that out-of-town shopping offers mare
convenience and better va!ue for money, is it such a bad thing for
aur town centres to change?
Ernie: No one who's seen town centres like Holyhead, where around
40~6 of the shops have closed down, could tell me this is a good
thing. Britain's traditional shopping areas are becoming street after
street of empty units wlth the shutters down. lt's such a sad sight to
me, and must create a terrible impression on visitors. More
important!y, not everyone can getto the out-of~town centres, don't
forget. The dedine of town centre shopping is a huge problem for
elderly people who aren't very mobile, for example.
Presenter: J'm lucky, I do have a car, but I stil! use my local shops quite
a lot, especial!y for fruit and veg, because theirs is much fresher than
what you get in the supermarkets you find in the retail parks. I also
appreciate the friendly service, I must say.
Ernie: Yes, good customer service is another reason why I want shops
in the high street to survive. Small traders rea!ly get to know their
customers and can be much mare he!pful than the staff at the out-
of-town shopping complexes.
Presenter: So what can we do to revive town-centre shopping?
Ernie: l'd like to see much better parking facilities for town centre
shoppers to attract drivers back. Businesses cou!d even run a free
door~to-door taxi service to assist pensioners with their shopping.
And ! definitely think retail premises' rents shou!d be lower in town
cen tres.
Exercise Sa (p. 75)
Student A: I think the most important thing to do when shopping
online is to make sure nobody can access your detai!s - I mean your
logins, passwords, bank details and bank card numbers.
Student 8: Yes. You definitely shou!dn't write those things down
anywhere, or even stare them on your computer, especially if it's a
laptop, which could be stolen quite easily.
Student A: You're right. lf you keep your financial details secure,
nobody can steal them and commit ldentity fraud against you.
Wouldn't it be awful if someone used your bank card to go on a
huge spending spree online?
Student 8: Yes, but I do know a way to prevent that happening if
your bank card is stolen. A lot of banks naw have card protection
schemes for online shoppers. !f you buy a lot of things on the
Internet, it's a geod idea to join a scheme like that. lt means you
have to provide a special password every time you use your card to
buy something online. So the card will be use!ess to the thief - only
you kno1,v the password !
Student A: That is a good idea. lt would give you some peace of m1nd
if you !ost your card or sorneone sto!e it.
Student 8: Another tip is to use a credit card rather than a deblt card
where possib!e.
Student A: Why? I don't want to get a credit card. l'd b'e scared of
getting into debt.
Student 8: Weil the big advantage of using a credit card online is that
your money is better protected that way. For example, if you ?rder
something online from a company which then goes out of business,
you're much mare likely to get your money back if you use a credit
card. Credit card transactions usually have same kind of insurance
cover, but not debit card transactions.
Student A: l see. I didn't know that. ! don't do much shopping online,
and when I do I only use the websites of shops that I know.
Student 8: Well that's a good suggestion for peop!e who are new to
online shopping - on!y use estabtished retailers that you trust. You
could ask your friends to recommend to you sites that they've used.
That way, you won't risk falling victim to same kind of fraudulent
site.
Exercise 7 (p. 77)
Speaker 1: l've become very discip!ined with money since I got my
own place. l've drawn up a monthly budget that shows my income
and outgoings, so J know exactly how much money I need to leave in
my bank account to cover all my bi!!s. I know it sounds a little boring,
but it puts my mind at rest knowing that if I stick to my budget I
won't have any Financial worries.
Speaker 2: l'd say going to the shops is my main pastime. Every
weekend you'!! find me in the shopping centre with my friends.
That's not to say we spend a lot of money, though. My friends and I
are all students. More often than not, we just window-shop. I keep
an eye on the shops' new stock and when ! like something I
sometimes buy it - but I wait for it to be discounted or put in a sale
first.
Speaker 3: My friends laugh at me because when I buy clothes I very
rare!y keep them. For instance, a dress looks great when J try it on in
the shop and! think 'I must have it!' Then, when I get home and put
it on, it looks different. I think it doesn't suit me and decide to take it
back to the shop. lt must be something to do with those shop
mirrors - I think they make you look s!immer! An'jl/Vay, I just make
sure I keep receipts so I can get a refund!
Speaker 4: l'm very careful with money and I don't understand why
people insist on buying designer this and designer that. Why pay so
much mare for a brand name? lt's so unnecessary. I find supermarket
awn-brand toiletries, for example, are just as good as much mare
expensive products. I often use charity shops tao. You can save a lot
of money on books, dothes and furniture when you buy second-
hand.
Speaker 5: ! detest shopping. The shops are always so busy and the
queueing really gets to me. Shopping is the last thing I want to do in
my leisure time. The on!y shop 1 visit regu!arly is my loca!
supermarket. lt's a 24-hour one, and I go there very late on a Friday
night. when the aisles are a!most empty. As well as stocking up on
food for the week ahead, I often buy clothes, DVDs and electricals
there tao. They're very good value.
Exercise 1O(p. 77)
Shop assistant: Hello. Can I help you?
Customer: Hello, yes. l'm interested in buying a coat.
Shop assistant: We!! these ones over here are just in. They're based
on a Paris design and they're very high quality materia!.
Customer: l'm not sure about the colour, though, and !'m not sure
this style will suit me. What else do you have? Do you have anything
a bit mare modern?
Shop assistant: What size are you looking for?
Customer: Medium.
Shop assistant: Let's see well these bamber jackets are very
popular - l've only gat two medium ones left.
Customer. How much are they?
Shop assistant: f90.
Customer: I !ike them, but that's a bit more than I was hoping to pay.
What do you have for under f80?
Shopassistant: lfyou vvant one of these, we can do a 109S discount.
How about that?
Customer: What does that work out at? f81. Yes, OK. I can see it's a
great fit. But l'm not sure if the colour will go with a new pair of
trousers I have. !f there's a problem, can I bring the jacket back?
Shop assistant: Of course. lf you change your mind, you can
exchange it for somethlng else.
Customer: Don't you do cash refunds?
Shop assistant: No, l'm afraid not.
Customer: Never mind. !'li take it.
MODULE 8
Exercise 10 {p. 81}
Host: Yesterday, we asked our listeners to ca!! in and talk about
holidays and travel experiences in general. We couldn't air al! the
calls live. !nstead, here are a few interesting play-backs.
Speaker 1: !'m not real!y into lying around on the beach sunbathing
or being waited on in fancy hotels. I get a lot mare pleasure and
satisfaction out of doing something for a cause while on holiday.
That's how I ended up doing community work on a wildlife safari in
Kenya. lt allowed me to see the country, induding Mt Ki!imanjaro,
whi!e doing something worthwhile at the same time.
Speaker2:1 have never been happier in my life and I don't think that !
cou!d have come up with a better way to celebrate the most
important event of my life. Of course, we are both avid divers, so
when we decided to go on a dive safari, my dad volunteered to pay
for it all as part of his present to us for our big day. What a fantastic
wedding gift!
Speaker 3: We had dreamt of it for years but never gat the chance.
Finally, we retired, sold the house and used the money to buy our
12-metre yacht. We left on 2nd May and gat back 15 months later,
having trave!led 25,000 miles and seen all aur favourite places. lt
was a long time to be away and you had to know how to handle
your craft in rough, stormy weather. But we were thril!ed to have
finally dane it.
Speaker 4: My husband works very hard all year round and doesn't
have a lot of holidays. So occasional!y we like to splash out on
something truly romantic and special. By that I mean chHling out at a
nice seaside resort, doing a bit of sunbathing, eating at loca! seafood
restaurants - that sort of thing. Graham really gets to unwind. We
never go to the same place, but lucki!y we've never been
disappointed so far.
Speaker 5: In life, you sometimes have to make on-the-spot decisions.
That's what ! did ten years ago when I carne here. At the time, l'd
just planned a two-week holiday with no intention of staying. lt
turned out r Fell in love with the place. Two weeks turned into three
and three turned into four. When they offered me a job at the diving
centre, ! decided to make a new life here and !'ve never regretted it!
Exercise Ba (p. 85)
lt was a cold winter's day and the sky was a dark steely blue. The
trees around the lake's edge lay under a thick blanket of glitterlng
white Frost and the !ake was covered with a glistening sheet of
smooth hard ice. Tina and Samantha had arranged to spend the
weekend in a Jog cabin by the lake. Naw, they were excitedly putting
on their skates for their first venture anto the ice.
"The people in the cabin next to ours told me the ice is perfect for
skating," said Tina happily, as she raced out inte the middle of the
lake. Samantha g!ided along behind her, giggling cheerfulty.
When the girls got to the centre of the lake, they began twisting
and twirling and dancing. Sudden!y, they heard a horrible cracking
sound. "Hurry! Skate over to the edge!" yelled Samantha. But it was
tao late. A huge crack opened in the ice and Tina fe!! into the
freezing black water.
For a moment, Samantha was tao terrified to move. Then, acting
swiftly, she pulled a branch from a tree, lay on her stornach and held
it out to her friend. Luckily, Tina managed to grab it and Samantha
pul!ed her to safety.
The girls immediate!y went back to their cabin and phoned their
fathers. Two hours later, they were both at home, warm and safe,
drinking hot chocolate. They felt rea!!y lucky. lt had been a narrow
escape. They were so relieved to be bac~ home \Nith their families.
327
 Exercise 6 (p. B7}
A lot of people think that travel and tourism, and consequently
travel writing, are re!atively recent phenomena vvhereas in actual
fact people have been travelling for leisure since ancient times and
there is travel literature to prove it. However, same of the first travel
writers may not have actually travelled. No-one knows if the Greek
writer Homer, for example, actua!!y travelled to any of the places he
described, but at the same time his descriptions of certain sites are
so accurate that he cou!dn't have written them unless he had
information about the p!aces, which means that if he hadn't been
there, someone else had been and described them.
History books tend to focus on tales of voyages of discovery and fai!
to mention travel for pleasure. However, there is no doubt that
travel and accounts of voyages were of great interest to the
educated in ancient times, and we naw know there was an early
form of tourism. Certainly, the trave!!ers were from the wealthy
classes and not your average person but that was the case up until
relatively recently.
Although he wasn't the first, the ancient Greek travel writer
Pausanias is the best-known of the ancient travel writers. He wrote a
very complete guidebook on Greece in ten volumes in the early
second century, which contained wonderfu! descriptions of ancient
sites and custorns. lt would seem that he did actually visit all of the
places that he describes but there is no way of knowing that for
sure.
Early interest in tourism and travel writing can also be seen in the
first Greek !iterature, which usually involves stories of lane trave!!ers
or romantic couples embarking on journeys aboard merchant vessels
to broaden their horizons and see the world, only to find themselves
in same dramatic situation such as being attacked by pirates and
sold as slaves.
A number of Romans described voyages and we also possess same
fascinating accounts of travels by Arabs later in the Middle Ages. !n
European culture, one of the ear!iest instances of an author actua!ly
undertaking a journey for pleasure and for the sake of writing about
it was when Petrarch ascended Mount Ventoux in southern France in
1336. He states in his book that he went to the top for the pleasure
of seeing it In modern times and especially the 19th century, almost
every respected writer wrote a trave! book, and nowadays this type
of literature is stili extremely popular.
MODULE 9
Exercise 7 (p. 93)
A: Today I am with George Hitchens of the BBC World Service. The
BBC World Service is the world's largest international radio
broadcaster, providing international news 24 hours a day to
countries across the world. George, tell us about the BBC World
Service's audience.
8: Certain!y. More than 183 million people around the planet listen
to BBC World Service programmes each week, making the BBC
World Service the world's most Jistened-to international radio
broadcaster. The BBC World Service broadcasts in 2B !anguages
- including English - to over 150 countries. Of the g!obal
audience of 183 mi!lion regular listeners, about 38 mi!lion tisten
in English.
A: What sort of programmes does the BBC World Service
broadcast?
8: Other than news and current affairs, there are programmes on
sport, entertainment and science, among other thlngs. However,
internationa1 news forms the core of the BBC World Service's
programming.
A: I understand that the BBC World Service's largest audiences are
in Asia and the Middle East .
8: Yes, that's correct. And that's been the case for several decades
naw. The World Service is avai!able in English up to eighteen
hours a day across Asia and in Arabic up to eighteen hours a day
in the Middle East. In many parts of Asia, BBC broadcasters are
actually household names.
A: Of the 28 languages the World Service broadcasts in, how many
are Aslan?
B: ~Aore than a third There are broadcasts in Hindi. Ch!nese.
V1etname;;e and over ten other /;sian tongue~ 111 contrast. mJnv
European language broadcasts have ceasecl over the yearŚ
328
German broadcasts, for example, were stopped in the 90s after
60 years of airing, as research showed that the majority of
German listeners tuned in to the English version. Broadcasts in
Dutch, French and ltalian were stopped for the same reason.
A: How is The BBC World Service funded?
B: Currently, it is funded by the UK government - specifically, the
Foreign and Commonwealth Office or 'FCO'. The FCO is the UK
government department responslble for promoting the interests
of the UK abroad. However, from 2014, The FCO will cease
funding the BBC World Service. From 2014 funding will come
from the compu!sory BBC licence fee which every household in
. the UK must pay if they have a television.
A: George. the World Service has a wonderful reputation for being
impartial, doesn't it?
B: Yes. Even though the World Service is funded by the UK
government, it is formally independent of it, so the government
has absolutely no editoria! influence on the content of the World
Service's programmes. The World Service is required to report
impartially. lndeed, what makes the \!Vorld Service so wonderful .iii.-.-
is that it is politically independent, non-profit, and commercial- J~
free.
A: Thank you, George.
Exercise 5 (p. 99)
Speaker 1:!n my opinion, the best endings are those that you didn't
see coming. That's why I hate happy endings because they're always
so tota!ly predictable. I mean, you should never be able to guess the
ending of a book before you finish reading it! My favourite authors
are writers who end their stories with a twist or give their stories
complete!y unpredictab!e endings. I never want to be able to
anticipate how a book ends. I need an element of surprise.
Speaker 2: I think most peop!e like books to have a definite
conclusion, but not me! I love cliffhanger endings. That's why I adore
books that are part of a series. ! find it really exciting when a book
ends in such a way that you have to read the next book in the serles
in order to find out what happened. When I finish a book 1 don't
want everything to be wrapped up. I love the anticipation and
tension of having to wait to get all the answers.
Speaker 3: lt doesn't surprise me to hear that most people aren't
looking to read books that wl!I depress them. Of course people want
to be put in a good mood. For me, a good book ends in a positive
way ... on a high no te. I don't v1ant to finish a book in tears. I mea n,
if l want to fee! sad all I have to do is turn on TV and watch the
news! No. I like books that make me laugh and fee! good. That's
why I want a book to end on a cheerful note.
Speaker4:When ! finish reading a book with a happy ending, I pretty
much forget it immediately. But when I put down a book with a
heartbreaking ending, the odds are that I keep thinking about th~
story for weeks and weeks. Heartbreaking endings have emotioncW _•
impact. The story stays in your mind. And for me, that's what a book
should do - stay with you. Happy endings make a book
unmemorab!e.
Speaker 5: I know many people find them frustrating, but I love
ambiguous endings. You know, endings that !eave you guessing and
give you a number of different possibilities so you have to decide for
yourself which ending was the most likely. Endings where everything
is exp!ained and the whole story is tied up nice!y are so boring. I love
it when an author leaves it up to the reader to come to his own
conclusions about what happened.
MODULE 10
Exercise B (p. 103)
Host: We have a thrilling few months of sport ahead of us, and it
inspired us to ask same of your favourite presenters what their
favourite sport is to watch.
Speaker 1: For me ath!etics is the most exciting sport, especially the
sprint races. I can fee! the athletes· adrenalin myself when they're on
their marks. When someone from this country is in the line-up, I can
get a bit carried away. !'m sure the neighbours can sometimes hear
me st10\1t111g "r'.::0n1e oni" ar tht: T\11
Speaker 2:The onlv spectator spo1t for me is f0otball, not so rnuch
for the action, actually, but for the atmosphere at the ground. l've
supported my loca! team all my life, and nothing beats the sense of
camaraderie you get when the fans come together. I love the
singing, the chanting and the cheering when a goa! is scored.
Speaker 3: J wish every O!ympics were a winter Olympics, because the
sport I can't get enough of is f!gure skating. I know same people say
it's dancing, not a sport, but I don't think that's fair. You see some
amazing athleticism from both the men and the women. I tried it
once myse!f, but it just showed me how difficult it is, and how brave
you need to be to leap into the air and spin around with skates on!
Speaker4: My favourite sport to do as we!! as to watch is BMX racing.
Watching the ,professionals is almost as exhi!arating as riding on a
course yourself - they fly so high into the air after the humps and
take a lot of risks. l've seen a lot of dramatic fa!ls over the years as a
BMX fan. l'm always sure to wear a hel met when I get on my own
bike.
Speaker 5: l've never seen the appeal of team sports. I think it's much
mare interesting to see a clash between two individuals, especially if
they have contrasting sty!es. I think that's why my favourite sport is
tennis. lt's a surprisingly mental game that can quick!y turn around
because of a bit of bad luck or a disagreement with an officia!. I f!nd
it fascinating to see how the players deal with that ktnd of thing.
Exercise 9b (p. 103)
My choice for advertising the sports day would be Poster 1. !t shows
a sportsman enjoying his moment of glory after winning a medal in
an event. This sums up what the event is about - winning by giving
your personal best - and ! think it would encourage other people to
want to take part and not just spectate. ! wouldn't choose Poster 2
as it illustrates preparation for the sports day rather than
participating in it. And Poster 3 is a less suitab!e choice because it
shows a specif!c event. the hurdles race, which might detract from
the importance of other events on sports day. I believe the poster
should convey a more general message, such as the g!ory of
winning, which is why I prefer Poster 1.
Exercise 6 (p. 109)
And they're away. France and New Zealand gat good starts, but can
they hold off the Nether!ands, who are the elear favourites for this
title and are already gaining on them? Great Britain have some work
to do here. They're a good two metres behind the Dutch, followed
by S!ovenia and !taly. France are beginning to edge ahead of New
Zeatand now. New Zea!and are always strong in this event, but the
Frenchmen's recent change of technique seems to be paying off.
Their coach has been encouraging them to use their legs mare and
their shoulders less, which they're dolng in perfect rhythm right
naw. The Dutch are naw neck and neck w"1th New Zealand behind
the French. And Great Britain's hopes for a medal are fading fast as
ltaly overtake them. Oh, and there's drama in the Slovenian team.
One of their crew has stopped rowing and is dutching his elbow.
How unfortunate after they performed so we!! in the semi-finals,
achieving a national record. l'm not sure they're going to even make
it to the finish line. The French stili have the lead and there's stili very
little between the Netherlands and New Zealand. Keep an eye on
the ltalians - they're always fast f!nishers and they're already only a
metre behind the Dutch and New Zealand. Britain's rewers are
fighting hard here, but I don't think there's any way they can catch
up with the leaders naw. The ltalians are looking hugely impressive
naw. I think they are going to be the main threat to the French. Yes,
they're moving up into second position, with the Netherlands and
New Zealand now battling hard for third place. The ltalians are
showing amazing power naw. At this rate I think they could win this.
But the French are also going up a gear. They've been ahead all the
way, so they've been ful!y aware of the !talians' position. They do not
want to give up this lead to them, having been runners-up in this
event so many times behind the !talians. Just look at the
concentration on their faces. And, yes, they're the champions at last
MODULE 11
Exercise 7 (p. 113)
A: ,\;,d nv-·:·. f<..:: a!'. ::·-·c: ;;,~•··~·u: ti1L:1::: '/.'l _. 1:1i:i:' b;;; ·~::;11;11,~ "' f~·:.­
e.v.tra pr)1.mds e:Hou•1d y0u1 '1'.1 ~1s1. 'N'~ 1.·'.1•2icorr1.? 111teinat1ona!
obesity expert Dr A!ex Ling to the studio. Dr Ling is the director
of the world's most famous obesity clinic. Not only that, he is a
man who had personal experience of the condition when young.
Dr Ling, \>vhy is carrying extra weight around the waist so
dangerous?
B: Because peop!e who gain fat around their waist are at greater
risk of serious health prob!ems than are peop!e who gain fat in
other parts of their body. Regard!ess of whether you are
overweight or skinny, having excess fat around your wa·1st
increases your fisk of getting diabetes and many other diseases.
lnteresting!y, men are far more likely than women to gain
weight around the waist.
A: How should !isteners check if they have tao much fat around
their waists?
B: Weil, a person's waist size is a good indicator of vvhether they
are carrying too much fat. For most men, the risk factors for
diabetes and other diseases increase with a waist size greater
than 40 inches. Measurements that compare a person's waist-
to-hip ratio are much mare preclse, but waist size alone can give
a pretty good estimate.
A: Most men seem to get a fat waist only when they get older.
Does age play a role in weight gain around the waist?
B: Yes. As you age, you lose muscle - especia!!y if you're not
physically active. Muscle loss can slow the rate at which your
body burns calories. and so you gain weight. I should a!so acid
that genes can influence whether we become overweight or
obese, as well as where exactly we will carry any extra fat on aur
bodies. But for most men, the problem has mare to do with
lifestyle than genes.
A: How can men get rid of their waist fat?
B: In precisely the same way they would get rid of excess fat on any
part of their body: through reducing their ca!orie intake and by
exercising!
A: Are sit-ups helpful?
8: Sit-ups can help to make your abdominal muscles stronger, but
these exercises a!one won't specifically reduce fat around the
waist. As I said, healthy eating and regular physical activity is the
onlyway.
A: Finally, Dr Ling, what all men want to know! Does drinking beer
really lead to a fat waist or is that just a myth?
8: Weil, drinking excess alcoho! can cause you to gain fat around
the waist. However, beer alone isn't to blame. Drinking tao
much alcohol of any kind can increase one's waist fat, although
research suggests wine may be an exception. So, if you drink
alcohol, do so only in moderation.
A: Thank you for joining us today, Dr ling.
B: My p!easure.
Exe~e 9 (p. 119)
Spe'lrke"r 1: I have a very serious peanut a!lergy. !f peanuts come into
contact with any part of my skin, it swells up and gets itchy. Even
breathing in peanut proteins makes my nose run and my eyes itch.
My allergy's so bad that if peanuts got into my system, the reaction
cou!d be fatal, so t have to be extremely careful. I a!ways check food
!abels and I can never say yes when someone offers to share their
food with me, just in case any of the ingredients contain peanuts.
Sometimes I feel a bit rude, but better safe than sorry.
Speaker 2: Thanks to my allergy, J can tell how often people vacuum
their houses! You see, l'm a!!ergic to house dust. lf I go to a dusty
house, I can't stop coughing. lf the carpets are really ald and dusty,
!'li get breathing difficulties tao. l've had to remove all the carpets
and rugs from my house and I make sure J wash my sheets regular!y
at high temperatures so that my al!ergy doesn't bother me in bed.
Speaker 3:When I was growing up, 1suffered from eye irritation quite
a lot, and ! used to get quite a lot of rashes tao. ft was only after I
moved away from home that ! realised what the problem was. l'm
allergic to cats. Even so, I decided to get one of my own. l'd rather
live with my a!lergy than without a cat. I brush her hair regularly, and
that seems to keep my symptoms to a minimum.
Speaker4:When I have a bad headache. ! can't do what other people
r:lo an(I p0p a pili. u11fort•.1n?.telv. 1·1~1 a!le~gi( to pain\'.i!!et::;, ::o that
'•\'OUld 1ust 1n;i1.,~ t111rig:-. vvu1si:: fo1 rn;~. Tl1e mrnt: fJO\vertul pa1nk1llers
;;l(ttvill/ nv1!:::- rl1".' vi::n·111: Th·? best th1ng I can do 1s r-=st 111 i'": dar!·
329
 room. lf l ever get toothache, it's a nightmare for me. lf it's very
painfu!, then 1will risk taking a paracetamol or two.
Speaker S: ! dread springtime. For me it's the season of non-stop
sneezing, flushed skin and watery, b!oodshot eyes. 1 know hay fever
is not a serious condition, but I do get very self-conscious about it. lt
makes me look awful. I avoid going to the countryside or even to the
park from March until late summer. And if anyone tries to give me
flowers, l can't go anywhere near them!
MODULE 12
Exercise 8 (p. 125)
Jimmy: ! think the referee needs glasses! 1 just know I scored that
goal in aur football game today. Why didn't he a!low it?
Mark: He needs something all right! We would've won the match
had your goal and Michael's been allowed.
Jimmy: We shou!d complain to the referee's boss. Maybe something
could be dane about it for future matches.
Mark: l've just been reading in Football Today that technology could
stop this from happening.
Jimmy: What do you mean?
Mark: Recently Adidas invented an inte!ligent football that they
tested at the FIFA World Cup in Japan.
Jimmy: An intelligent football, what's that?
Mark: lt uses sensor technology to assist the referee in determining if
a goa! was actually scored or not. They say it's super·accurate, and
may redefine football.
Jimmy: Wow! How does it work?
Mark: The bali uses a magnetic field which feeds information to its
main computer.
Jimmy: Hmm, so the computer knows exact!y where the bal! is at all
times?
Mark: Yes, it does, but not on!y that, it transmits the data right to
the refereel
Jimmy: Hal That's what we needed today! That would cut down on
most of the errors the referees make during the games. But the bali
must be made of same special materia! so it isn't damaged by all the
punishment it gets when being kicked around during a game.
Mark: The Teamgeist, which is what it's called, was created to be
tough, and perfectly round for greater accuracy.
Jimmy: What does Teamgeist mean?
Mark: Team spirit, which I think our team has plenty of!
Jimmy:When will we be able to buy one of them?
Mark: I think they are stil! performing various tests to make sure that
when the balls are released to the genera! public they will be 1009'0
accurate without any prob!ems in the electronic system. I know the
first ones used radio transmitters which were suspended inside the
balls to relay information to th~ain computer, but 1 ~hink there
were Problems with them being BarTiaged when used dunng games;
so now they're considering switching to the new type with the
magnetic fie!ds.
Jimmy: (Laughs) well I hope they hurry up or we'll a\I be saving up
money to buy our referee a pair of g1asses1
Exercise 6 (p. 131)
Host: Today's topie of discussion is the subject of new electronic
devices and their usefulness in modern cu!ture. What modern
inventlon has made your life better?
Speaker 1:1 am very grateful for my hi~tech hearing aid. l realise that
may sound odd compared with mobile phones and fancy laptop
computers, but l've had profound hearing loss since I was a child due
to an injury. The old~style hearing aids were bulky and ug!y to wear
in public, but this recent innovation is near!y invisible unless you are
looking for it. The sound quality in the new ones is much improved,
tao, and makes listening to my collection of music CDs mare
enjoyab!e.
Speaker 2:We can never have too much technology in my view. lt has
made family life so much easier for me. My favourite modern
advance is the mobile phone. I can't go anywhere without mine! My
husband Frank and ! subscribe to a monthly fami!y plan with
unlimited texting and Internet service for us and aur children too.
This allows us a!l to keep in touch wlth each other no matter where
l'i 330
Ul
we are. I certalnly don't see any harm in that!
Speaker 3: tvly laptop is my most prized possession, and l take it
everywhere I go, especial!y naw that l'm in college, as it helps me
stay on top of my assignments. l'm also the lead guitarist in my
recently formed band and write a lot of our songs. The laptop comes
in really handy for composing, editing and storing them.
Speaker 4: l'd have to say that my satnav is the gadget that ! use
most frequent!y. That's because l'm a medical equipment delivery
driver. The only problems l've ever had with it is when l've input a
postcode incorrectly, or it's taken me in the wrong direction due to
road construction or maybe a new industrial estate that hasn't been
added to its database.
Speaker S: l'm a bookworm, a reading fanatic! 1'11 read just about
anything I can get my hands on, including nonfiction, fiction,
magazines and newspapers. So, I recently purchased an e-book
reader, which travels with me everywhere. lt allows me to buy e-
books, e-magazines and e-newspapers that I simply download to the
device. lt can stare up to 6,000 books at once, which is probably
mare than I could read in a lifetlme!
Exercise 7 (p. 131)
A: Good morning. How can I help you?
B: Oh, hello. l'm looking for a new smartphone - it's a birthday
present for my brother and he'd like one of the !atest models.
A· Certainly. .Do you have one with any particular features in mind?
B: We!!, yes. Hls existing phone is pretty basie. I think he'd really
!ike one of those new ones where you just speak to the phone
and tell it to send a message to someone and it does it. Do you
have any phones like that?
A: Of course. In fact, we've gat a very nice phone here that does
just that.
B: Oh wow! An al!·white phone! My brother will love it! Does it
have an MP3 player7 Apart from sending text messages and
making the odd call, he's really into music on the go, and he's
only gat a radio on his phone at the moment.
A: Well this model is state-of-the-art. lt's gat a full Internet
con~ection and you can download as much music as you want,
and even films, if you like.
B: That sounds fantastic. Oh, I a!most forgot. Does it have a video
recorder? Frank uses the camera on his phone a !ot but I know
he'd like the video option too.
A: Yes, that feature is induded.
B: Great. Naw could you tell me what the phone costs with all
those features included?
A: !'Il just check our catalogue. let's see, yes, it's E7BO.
B: Ooh, that's rather expenslve. Do you have anything simi!ar for a
bit cheaper?
A: Not rea!!y. All the makes with those features cost about the
same.
B: l see. Well, l'm afraid l don't have that much cash on me at the
moment. Could you tell me if there's an ATM near here?
A: Yes, there's one at the bank just across the street.
B: Fine. l'll be back in five minutes.
MODULE 13
Exercise 8 (p. 135)
Presenter: We naw turn to China, where a growing problem in towns
and cities across the country is sinkholes - or holes that appear in
the ground. Sinkholes can develop gradua!!y or quickly but either
way, the damage can be devastating. In one of the worst sinkhole
incidents, an BO~metre long, 20·metrę deep sinkho!e opened
suddenly in the ground in the Guangxi Province. In the Sichuan
province, one family's entire backyard was destroyed by a sinkho!e
that grew from 3 metres to 21 metres overnight, reaching a depth
of rnore than 60 metres. Experts fear it is only a matter of time
before a sinkho!e causes a major disaster, as many are appearing
without any warning whatsoever. In recent days, severa] holes big
enough to swa!low cars opened up within seconds on motorways,
and were just narrowly avoided by motorists. The reason why China
is prane to :;inkholes is much of its land is made up of permeable
rock - that is, rock which a!lows water to pass through it. Over time.
water eats away at the rock causing it to erocie. The ground over this
eroded rock then collapses and a hole opens up. But geological
processes aren't the only cause of sinkholes. Human activities are
tao. For example, breaks of water mains and sewage pipes in cities
can cause sinkholes, as can the collapse of abandoned mines. China
is the world's !argest producer of coal and has many mines that are
no longer in use. Experts believe these mines may be causing some
sinkho!es. Sinkholes chen leave clues during their development so
Chinese authorities are encouraging the public to look out for
certain tell-tale signs and alert thetr !ocal authority if they observe
any. These signs include lowering in the soil, such as newly exposed
portions near the bottoms of fence posts or trees; new locations of
poo!s of water on the ground, structura! cracks ln buildings; and
foundation problems in bui!dings.
Exercise Sb (p. 139)
on the first weekend of June, the city of Newcastle in Northern
England holds its annual Green Festival. The aim of the festival is to
make people mare aware of the need to protect the environment.
Thousands of people come to take part in this exciting event every
year and there is a wicie range of fun events and performances for
everyone to attend. The festival usually kicks off on Saturday with
!ots of live music and colourful street parades. Ce!ebrity speakers
give interesting talks on wi!dlife. Chi!dren can take part in special
workshops and create all manner of fantastic costumes, including
insects, flowers and leaves, for the Beautifu! Bug Paracie on Saturday
afternoon. There's also a Circus Area, with juggling, extreme cycling
displays and an incredible bubble blowing performance. Best of all
for the environment, visitors can ride to the festival on their bicycles
and then get them checked and repaired by the Bike Doctor.
At this event a!! ages are catered for and the atmosphere is so
cheerful and lively that you feel really happy to be a part of it.
Admission is free but any donations towards the running of the
festival are welcome.
The Newcastle Green Festival is a really cool event that I don't
hesitate to recommend. Supporting a serious environmental cause
with its mixture of amusing activities, it's a festival not to be missed.
Exercise 7 (p. 141)
A: Welcome back listeners. Now, many of you will have heard the
reports in recent days about red tides a!ong aur coast!ine but,
like me, stili not know what red tides actual!y are. So l'm
delighted to welcome Dr Alice Samue!s to the studio. So, Dr
Samuels, what are red tides?
8: Weil, the ocean is full of tiny plant~like creatures called algae.
Sometimes, conditions cause these algae to grow out of control.
Higher-than~normal concentrations of algae in the ocean can
discolour the water and cause the phenomenon known as red
tides.
A: So red tides are simp!y an overgrowth of a!gae in the ocean?
B: Exactly.
A: And this turns the ocean red?
8: Sometimes. Although the name imp!ies otherwise, red tides
aren't always red. They can be green, brown, pink, or even
purp!e in colour. Or, the water can remain its normal colour.
A: J see. And are red tides a natura! phenomenon?
8: They can be. But they are also caused by human activities. For
example, water pollution can cause red tides. When human
sewage is dumped into the ocean or when fertiliser from
farmland washes into the ocean, nitrate and phosphate levels in
the water increase. The growth of algae depends on the
nutrients nitrate and phosphate. The a!gae feed on these
nutrients; the population explodes; and a red tide forms.
A: l've heard red tides can produce toxins.
8: Yes. Most red tides are harmless. But occasionally they are
caused by species of algae that produce toxins. The toxins aren't
fata! to humans - they only cause irritation. However, humans
stili need to be careful because the toxins can build up in the
tissues of fish. So fishermen need to avoid catching fish near red
tides, because eating these fish can cause food poisoning.
A: !'ve heard red tides being cal!ed 'a!gal blooms' ...
8: Yes. The term 'red tide' is actually being phased out among
scientists and being replaced with 'algal bloom'. This is because,
as I mentioned, red tides are not always red and also because
they are completely unrelated to the movements of tides.
Scientists use the term 'algal b!oom' as it's mare accurate. But
the public will probably go on calling alga! blooms red tides.
A: Where are red tides usua!!y found?
8: Red tides occur in every ocean and sea in the world. They usually
occur in coastal areas, not out at sea, so you might have seen
one when you were walking a!ong a beach. Red tides are not
just a marine phenomenon though. Estuaries, lakes and rivers
a!so experience them.
MODULE 14
Exercise 6b (p. 145)
A: Hello, Mr James. !'m PC Gareth Rhodes. I understand someone
has burgled your home.
B: Yes, that's correct.
A: I see the window by your front door is broken. ls that how you
discovered your house had been burgled?
8: lndlrectly, yes. My wife and I went out to dinner tonight, you
see, and as we pulled inte the driveway on aur return, we heard
the sound of broken glass under the wheels. That's when we
first knew something was wrong. The burg!ar must have
smashed the window to open the door.
A: Have you been inside your house yet?
8: Weil, l was going to, but then I opened the front door and saw
that everything inside was in tata! disarray. I was afraid the
burglar might stili be inside so ! dedded against enterlng. I told
my wife I wasn't going to go in because I didn't want to disturb
any evidence. I didn't want to frighten her, you see. We reported
the burglary using my mobile and l've been waiting out here
ever since.
A: And did you see or hear anything white you were waiting?
8: On!y my neighbour, Mr Stewart. He got concerned when he saw
us standing out here. When we told him what had happened,
he brought us cups of tea. My wife is at his house now.
A: OK, l'm going to check your property naw. Please wait here ..
lt's OK, Mr James. The burg!ar has gone. Please come inside with
me and tell me what's missing.
B: OK. lt's just as ,I suspected. The DVD player and the stereo are
gone. My laptop's gone tao. But the burg!ar won't get far with
that. !'ve installed fingerprint identification software on it.
A: What's that?
B: The computer will only boot up after scanning my fingerprints.
Jt's an alternative to using passwords.
A: OK, Mr James, ! need to take a statement from you naw. Then
l'm going to make an appointment for you to see a crime
prevention officer. He'll talk to you about ways to make your
home mare secure.
8: Weil, 1'11 be happy to speak to a crime prevention officer.
A: Great. Lastly, do you have home contents insurance?
8: Yes, I do. lt shou!d cover all my financial losses.
A: I hope so but if it does, 1'11 be surprised.
Exercise 8 (p. 151}
Host: Today we are discussing the issue of whether or not entering a
person's home without their express permission - trespassing, in
other words - is ever OK. Is fordbly gaining entry into somone's
property ever justified?
Speaker 1:1 am horrified at the thought of anyone taking the liberty
of entering my home. unless of course l were away on holiday and
had given them a key and asked them to take care of my plants or
my cat until I returned. Other than that. I can't think of any
acceptable reason why someone should gain entrance in my
absence.
Speaker 2: Recently, my friend Lynn had an adverse reaction to a new
medication. She actual!y became unconscious and wasn't answering
her phone. Her neighbour Betsy had made repeated ca!!s without
being ab!e to get through, so in desperation she and her husband
broke inte Lynn's house. They found her in a serious condition and
rushed her straight to hospital where she later recovered. Obviously,
what they did was perfectly acceptab!e.
Speaker 3: ! believe it's vvrong for anyone to enter someone's private
331
 property, no matter what the reason is - and the law backs me up
there! !f someone were to break inte my home, I would immediate!y
phone the po!ice for help. I might even take matters into my own
hands if I felt threatened, and cause harm to them. You could argue
I was doing it in se!f-defence.
Speaker4:1 have two dogs and three parrots. and if ever there was a
fire or other type of emergency, I would be etefnally grateful to
someone if they rescued my pets. I think this would be the truty
humane thing to do, and I wouldn't care what they had to do to get
in, or whether it was !egal or not. The main thing is, they would be
saving !ives dear to me!
Speaker 5: I am a peaceable law-abiding citizen. Having said that, if l
heard a woman or chi!d being beaten or abused in a home, I would
break in to save them, or e!se immediately call the police to have the
person responsible arrested. I certainly wou!dn't just stand by and let
them get away with an act of physical brutality.
EXAM PRACTICE
Exercise 4 (p. 319)
l wou!d like to thank the peop!e of this city for placing their faith in
me at a time when we face major challenges. You can be assured
that I will stick to my election promise to do all ! can to tackle social
inequa!ity - because ! be!ieve the gap between the rich and the poor
is by far the greatest cause of aur city's social His. And to c!ose that
gap, we need to focus on the next generation and address in
particular the lack of opportunities for aur younger people. A huge
amount of money has been spent in recent years on equipping the
potice to tackle the drugs trade that blights aur city. Of course that's
necessary, but to solve this problem in the long term, we need to do
mare to save aur young peop!e from sinking into a life of crime and
drugs. That's why l can announce today that half of the budget my
predecessor agreed for anti-drugs police operations will be diverted
inte education in aur poorest areas. In the city's worst-performing
schoo!s, 50o/o of students drop out before taking their fina! exams
due to financia! pressures. This is a terrible waste of potentia! which
will affect our city's prosperity for decades to come. ! will
immediately, therefore, set up a scholarship fund to support
teenagers in deprived areas and encourage them to complete their
education so that they have the best chance of finding work.
Students who achieve the top grades in their end~of-school exams
will receive extra payments and companies that employ youth
trainees will receive extra funding too. I also want to help aur young
people - and indeed everyone - to be ab!e to move around the city
to take up job opportunities. There are neighbourhoods in this city
where car ownership is c!ose to zero and other areas where it's
common for a fami!y to have two or even three vehicles. I therefore
intend to impose a tax on second-car ownership and to invest the
money it raises in public transport to make all areas of the city mare
accessible to everyone.
Exercise 5 (p. 319)
Speaker 1: I get on fine with my son. The only problem is that he
moved away last year and doesn't call home nearly as often as !
wou!d like. A who!e fortnight can pass without a word from him and
! can't help worrying about him. But when I ask him to get in touch
mare, he accuses me of treating him like a child.
Speaker 2: I have to say my mother-in-!aw interferes far tao much in
anything to do with my two-year-old daughter. She's her first
granddaughter, so I suppose she can be forgiven. She only wants the
best for her. But sometimes l fee! like she doesn't trust me to raise
her well and 1 get very irritated.
Speaker 3: I have exams soon and I have to revise for them every day,
so there's a lot of pressure on me at the moment. To top it all, my
brother is forever playing laud music in his room and I find it hard to
concentrate. We've had quite a few arguments about it. He says I
shou!d use the !ocal library to study in, but! !ike to have all my books
and things near me.
Speaker 4: lt's the household chores that cause the most friction in
aur family. We're a big family, so it's hard to keep the house tidy, but
1f eve1yo11e did a lltt!e. 1t'd \J~ fine. Unfortunately, some people do a
lot mare than others. fv1y dad doesn't even clean the bath after he's
332
used it and same of my brothers and sisters never do the dishes. We
should really have a rota.
Speaker 5: My Auntie Rita lives on the other sicie of the country, so
when she comes to visit she always comes for a week or mare. That's
fine, but she never gives us much notice. Often she only tells us she's
coming the day before! She always seems to come at inconvenient
times when we' re very busy, so her visits can be stressful. I must start
to suggest dates to her for her visits rather than letting her surprise
us like she does.
Exercise 6 (p. 319)
Presenrer: The technology we carry around in our pockets these days
can do mare than ever. Our phones and MP3 players are really min!-
computers that can perform an ever-growing array of functions. The
problem is, the mare advanced they become, the more often they
need to be charged, with same phones lasting only hours before
their power runs out. But it's possible that in the future we won't
need plug sockets to keep aur devices running, as aur technology
reporter Daniel Stapleford has been finding out. Daniel, what
solutions to this problem are being deve!oped?
Reporter: Wel!, Jim, it makes sense to use the energy we ourselves
generate going about aur dai!y business to power aur devices - and
scientists are working on ways of doing just that.
Presenter: But you don't mean tapping inte the electricity we use
anJ"'Nay for larger machines !ike cars and computers?
Reporter: We already do that. Lots of people charge their phones up
in their cars and their MP3 p!ayers on their computers, for example.
No, the !atest idea is to convert the energy generated by aur bodies
or even clothes as we move around into e!ectricity that we can use
immediate!y.
Presenrer: So how would that work?
Reporter: lt wou!d invo1ve wearing same kind of electricity generator,
and a few types have already been successfu!ly tested. American
scientlsts have demonstrated a backpack that can convert
movement into electricity. At the moment the backpack needs to be
quite heavy to generate significant amounts of e!ectricity, but maybe
they will find ways of making it mare portable. A mare recent
invention, developed in Canada, is a brace that fits over the knees
and generates e!ectricity as the wearer moves. lt can create enough
electricity for a 30·minute mobile phone call from a minute of
walking.
Presenter: And is this brace something you wouldn't notice?
Reporter: Again, it's a rather large piece of equipment at the
moment, and it does make walking a !ittle mare difficult than usual.
But sma!ler electricity generators that cou!d be concealed in clothing
are also in development. Experiments have been dane with
generator implants in boots which react to footsteps. Scientists are
also using nanotechnology to deve!op c!othing materials that can
generate electricity from movement.
Presenter: Nanotechnology being the science of the very small?
Reporter: That's right. The project invo!ves fibres that act as tiny
wires. As we!! as keeping aur phones and MP3 players going, it is
hoped that such technology could help people who have health
problems and use electrical devices for them, like hearing aids and
heart monitors.
 lrregular Verbs
~
" lnfinitive \ Past Past Participle
-
..
"be /btl was IWQZI been /b1n/ leave /kv/ left /lgfU left llgfl/
bear /bear/ bore /bg'/ born(e) /bg;nl lend /lend/ lent ngnl/ lent /Igni/
beat /btu beat ibtl/ beaten lbttnn; let /let/ let ngu Jet llgli
become /b1kflm/ became /b1ke1m/ become /bik[!m/ light/lait/ lit nru lit 11111
begin /b1gm/ began /big~~/ begun /b1g1nl lose /lu:z/ lost n2sl/ lost /lgsl/
bite /ba1t/ bit lb!U bitten /brt•n/
blow /bloul blew /blu:I blown /blounl make /metki made lm§df made lm§dl
break /bre1k/ broke /b-;ouk/ broken /broukan/ mean /mi:n/ meant /męnt/ meant /mgnt/
bring /bnol brought /br;cl/ brought lbr;ct/ meet /mi:t/ met /męt/ met /męt/
build /b1ldl built /b1111 built fb!lll
burn /bJ:rn/ burnt (burned) lb_'nt burnt (burned) pay /pet/ paid lp;;rdl paid /p;;rdl
(b;i;'nd)I /b;i;'nt (b;i;'nd)/ put /pot/ put ipQI/ put lpQli
burst /b:rrst/ burst /b;i;<stl burst /b~rstt
buy /bai/ bought /b;cl/ bought /b;cl/ read /ri:d/ read /ręd/ read /rę,d/
ride /ratd/ rade /rood/ ridden /qd"n/
can lkren/ could /kod/ (been able to) /bm ring /no/ rang /r@f)/ rung /ftJrJ/
gibnl ta/ rise /raiz/ rose /rouz/ risen /rrz~n/
catch /kret[/ caught lk;cl/ caught lk;cl/ run lrAnl ran /rf!J..n/ run /rD_n/
choose /!Juz/ chose ltjouzl chosen /tfouz~n/
come /kt1m/ carne /k§m/ come /kt!_m/ say /set/ said /sęd/ said /sgd/
cost /kosi/ cost lkQst/ cost 11<2st1 see /si:/ saw /s~/ seen /s[n/
cut li<Ali cut /kt!_t/ cut Ikr:}! sell /sel/ sold /souldl sold /souldl
send /send/ sent /sę,nt/ sent /sgnV
deal ldtll dealt /dell/ dealt /dgll/ set /set/ set /sgt/ set lsgl/
dig /dtg/ dug ld1gl dug id1g1 sew /soo/ sewed /sood/ sewn /soon/
do Idu/ did /d[dl dane ld1nl shake /Jetk/ shook /JQkl shaken lf§kan/
draw ldro:/ drew ldr;Y drawn /drg,.n/ shine /Jain/ shone /jgnl shone !fgnl
dream /drtm/ dreamt (dreamed) drearnt (dreamed) shoot /Ju:t/ shot ljgl/ shot lfgl/
ldrgmt (dr[md)I ldrgmt (dr[md)I show /joo/ showed ljoudl shown ljounl
drink ldnokl drank /drl!lokl drunk /dr1okl shut iJAti shut l/óli shut /fali
drive /draiv/ drove /droov/ driven /dqvnn/ sing /Sir]/ sang /s§rJI sung /SD,.TJ/
sit /Sit/ sat /s~.V sat /sfill/
eat IW ate l§.U eaten fGtQn/ sleep /sli:p/ slept lslgpl/ slept /slgpl/
smell /srnel/ srnelt (smelled) smelt (srnelled) /smglt
fall /fo:I/ fell lfgll fallen /f2;1anl /smglt (smgld)I (smgld)I
feed /ltd/ fed /lgd/ fed /fgdl speak /sptk/ spoke /spookl spoken /spooken/
feel /ftll felt /fglt/ felt/fgll/ spell /spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) /spglt
fight /faitl fought lf;ctl fought /f;cl/ /spglt (spgld)I (spgld)I
find /fmndl found /faundl found /faundl spend /spend/ spent /spgntl spent /spgnll
fiy /fla1/ fiew/flul fiown /flounl stand /strend/ stood /stQdl stood lstQdl
forbid /farb1dl forbade 11a'bl!ldl forbidden /fa'btd"n/ steal /str.I/ stole /stool/ sto!en /stoo!•n/
forget /fargel/ forgot lfa'ggl/ forgotten /fa'gQt"n/ stick /sttk/ stuck lst11<1 stuck lst1kl
forgive /farg1v/ forgave lfa'g_mvl forgiven /fa'g1v•n/ sting /stto/ stung 1st1ul _j!:(Jng /st101
freeze /frtz/ froze /frooz/ frozen /froozijn/ swear /swear/ swore /sw;J// 'iśWorn /swg}n/
sweep /swtp/ swept /sw'§.pt/ swept lswgpl/
getlgel/ gat /ggU gat /ggl/ swim /sw1m/ swam /sw@m/ swum /swD,.m/
give /g1v/ gave /g'Ejy/ given /Q!V"n/
go /goul went /wę,nt/ gone /ggnl take /tetkl took ltQkl taken /tęiken/
grow /groo/ grew /gr!f} grown /groon/ teach /ti:tjl taught /t;cl/ taught /t;cl/
tear /tear/ tore /t.Q;
1
/ torn /tg'n/
hang lhwol hung (hanged) lh@ hung (hanged) lhóD tell /tell told ltooldl told ltouldl
(hl!lDd)I (hl!lod)/ think /Stok/ thought /6;cll thought 16;tJI
have lhrev/ had lhl!ldl had lhl!ldl throw /6rou/ threw /6r;Y thrown /Sroon/
hear /h1ar/ heard /h~'d/ heard lh;i;'dl
hicie /ha1dl hid /h[dl hidden lh!d'n/ understand understood understood
hit /htl/ hit lh!li hit lh!tl /Andarstrendl /Cl_nda'stgd/ /D,.nda'stQd/
hold /hooldl held lhgldl held lhgldl
hurt lh 3:rl/ hurt /h;i;'I/ hurt lh;J;'li
wake /wetk/ woke /w9_Qk/ woken /wQ!ł.ken/
keep /ki:pl kept /kgpl/ kept /kgpl/ wear /weer/ wore lw-;Ł'I warn lvr;f:_'n/
know /noo/ knew /ni!:!./ known /noun/ win /win/ won lwD.nl won /WD,.n/
write /rat!/ wrote /root/ written /rtl"n/
lead m:dl leci llgdl led lledl
!earn /l3:rn/ learnt (learned) n:i:'nt learnt (learned) n~:'nt
(l3'nd)I (l3:'nd)I
I'