CHAPTER 1:1

subatomic particles and atomic

structures
Friday, September 4, 2020
8:00 PM

Structure of Atom
What is an Atom?
The basic unit of matter. Also, it is the
defining structure of elements.
The defining structure of elements.
1850'S
Atoms actually possess internal structure.
They are made up of even smaller particles,
which are called subatomic particles. This
research led to the discovery of electrons,
protons, and neutrons.
Dalton's atomic theory
1. All matter is composed of indivisible and
indestructible atoms which are tiny, hard spheres.
2. All the atoms of any one element are identical; the
atoms of different elements are different and have
different properties (including different masses)
3. When matter undergoes changes, whether physical
or chemical, the atoms are merely rearranged. No atom
is created or destroyed.
 4. Atoms of different elements combine in a definite
ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds
which are composed of compound atoms.
validity of the atomic theory
1. Unique behavior of each element.
2. Compounds have a definite composition, regardless of
how the samples were prepared or where originated. (Law
of definite proportion or composition)
3. During a physical or chemical change, the total mass
of all substances before and the total mass of all
substances after the change are the same. (Law of
conservation of mass)
Discovery of electrons
Michael Faraday
About 150 years ago, Michael Faraday
discovered the first cathode-ray tube when
he passed electricity through glass tubes from
which most of the air had been evacuated.

J.J. Thompson (Joseph john thompson)

 Crookes, Stoney and J.J Thomson
(Specifically)
1. Cathode rays are negatively charged

which is called electron

2. A fundamental particles of matter found

in all atoms.
Concept behind the cathode ray tube
The cathode ray (green light) bends towards the
positive plate (the red one) because it consists
of negatively charged particle that attracts the
positive pole of a magnet. The cathode ray
(green light) bends against the negative plate
(the silver one) as expected since negative
charged particle will repel to the negative pole
of a magnet.
CHARGE OF THE ELECTRON
Robert Milikan
3. 1909, He measured the charge of the

electron through Oil-drop experiment..

4. Modern value of the electron’s charge,

negative -1..6021019 coulomb, (the SI

unit of charge).
5. The mass of electron is 9. . 109x10-28

grams
6. The charge ratio of electron is 1 . 759 x

108 C/g
J.J. Thompson
7. He measured the charge of the electron

through cathode ray tube which

measures into
 8. Thompson measured the charge/mass
ratio of the electron to be 1. . 76 ´ 108
coulombs/g.
9. How
 By manipulating the magnetic and
electrical fields and observing the
change in the beam position on a
fluorescent screen..
 
Concept behind the cathode ray tube
The motion of a given oil droplet depends on
the variation in electric field and the total
charge on the droplet, which depends in turn
on the number of attached electrons.
Long explanation
An atomizer, or spray bottle, introduces
a fine mist of oil drops into the top of the
 chamber. Several drops happen to fall
through a small hole into the lower
chamber, where the experimenter follows
the motion of one drop with a
microscope. Some of these drops have
picked up one or more electrons as a
result of friction in the atomizer and
become negatively charged. A negatively
charged drop will be attracted upward
when the experimenter turns on a
current to the electric plates. The drop’s
upward speed is related to its mass-to-
charge ratio, from which you can
calculate the charge of electron.
 
Discovery of Protons
Early 1900's
Scientists knew that atoms contained electrons
but were electrically neutral overall. To be
neutral, an atom must contain equal amounts of
positive and negative charge.
Plum pudding model
J.J. Thomson proposed, therefore, that an atom
could be thought of as a sphere of positively
charged matter in which negatively charged
electrons were embedded uniformly.
1910
 Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist used
alpha (α) particles to prove the structure of the
atom.
Rutherford proposed that the atom is positive
charges and were all concentrated in the
nucleus, which is an extremely dense central core
within the atom. Whenever an α particle came
close to a nucleus in the scattering experiment, it
experienced a large repulsive force and therefore a
large deflection..Moreover, an alpha particle
traveling directly toward a nucleus would be
completely repelled and its direction would be
reversed.
The positively charged particles in the nucleus are
called protons.
Scattering experiment
  
Discovery of Neutrons
May 1932
James Chadwick announced that the core also
contained a new uncharged particle, which he
called the neutron.
10. The existence of neutrons was predicted by
Rutherford around 1910. It was only in 1932 that
Chadwick identified it as a product particle after in
the nuclear reaction involving the bombardment of
beryllium with alpha particles. The other product is
the element carbon. The reaction involved a
nuclear change.
Chadwick also tried other targets in addition to the
paraffin wax, including helium, nitrogen, and
 lithium, which helped him determine that the mass
of the new particle was just slightly more than the
mass of the proton and. noted that because the
neutrons had no charge, they penetrated much
further into a target than protons would..
 
Subatomic particles
There are other subatomic particles, but
the electron, the proton, and the neutron
are the three fundamental components of
the atom that are important in chemistry.
Table shows the lists of the masses and charges of
these three elementary particles

Quarks
What is a quark?
A quark is a tiny particle which makes up protons
and neutrons. Atoms are constructed of two types of
elementary particles: electrons and quarks.
 11. After the invention of the particle accelerator, it
was discovered that electrons are fundamental
particles, but neutrons and protons are not.
Quark Theory of Atom known as
elementary particle.
This theory was proposed by physicists Murray Gell-
Mann and George Zwieg of California Institute of
Tech
There are six types or flavors of quarks, namely:
up, down, strange, charmed, bottom and top.
12. The proton is a combination of 3 quarks, two up

and one down (uud).

13. The neutron is composed of 2 down and one up

(ddu).
14. Particles that are composed of 3 quarks are known

collectively as baryons.
15. Particles that are composed of two quark are

known as mesons.
16. Particles that are not made up of quarks are called

leptons
17. Quarks cannot be separated from each other. They

are held together by gluons, particles which carry

the strong nuclear force.