Thalweg Doctrine

The Thalweg Doctrine, a part of International Law, aims to resolve water

boundary disputes. According to this doctrine, the boundary between two states
divided by a flowing body of water may be drawn along the thalweg, which is the
line of greatest depth of the channel.

Calvo Doctrine

The Calvo Doctrine was a principle of international law developed by the Argentine

diplomat and legal scholar Carlos Calvo (1822–1906). The doctrine states that the
authority to settle international investment disputes resides in the government of the
country in which that investment is located. The doctrine was based on two key
principles: the equality of the rights of foreign and domestic investors and the
sovereignty of the Latin American states.

Drago Doctrine

Drago Doctrine, a principle of international law that rejects the right of a country to use
military force against another country to collect debts. The doctrine was first enunciated
on 29 December 1902 by Luis María Drago, Argentina's minister of foreign affairs, in a
letter to the Argentine minister in Washington, D.C., in response to the naval blockade
imposed on Venezuela by Germany, Great Britain, and Italy for the purpose of collecting
debts incurred by the Venezuelan government with nationals of those countries.

Although based on the Calvo Doctrine, the Drago Doctrine goes further by rejecting the
right of intervention and specifying that economic claims give no legal right to intervene
militarily in another country. The Calvo Doctrine says, in essence, that investors have to
accept the jurisdiction of the host country's laws and should not appeal to their own
governments in case of any conflict in the enforcement of a contract. The Drago
Doctrine stipulates that a nation, although it is legally bound to pay its debts, cannot be
forced to do so.

The doctrine was innovative because it rejected categorically the right of military
intervention or occupation of a country for the purpose of collecting debts. At the time,
however, European powers were intervening and carving out empires everywhere and
the United States had also joined the club of colonial powers after the Spanish-
American War, and thus the doctrine was not readily accepted as a principle
of international law. At the Second Hague Conference (1907) a toned-down form of the
doctrine was adopted. The resolution declared illegal an intervention for the collection of
debts, provided that the nation in question had accepted arbitration and the decisions
adopted in that arbitration. Drago explained his doctrine extensively in two of his
books: La República Argentina y el caso de Venezuela (1903) and Cobro coercitivo de
deudas públicas (1906)

Tobar Doctrine
 
A political principle in the Americas, enunciated in 1907 by C. R. Tobar, the minister of f
oreign affairs of Ecuador, proscribing the extension of recognition to any government th
at accedes to power by other than constitutional means. Tobar proposed that the Ameri
can states sign an agreement allowing for intervention in the internal affairs of Latin Am
erican countries with such a government.
The Tobar Doctrine was incorporated in two agreements concluded by Costa Rica, El S
alvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua in December 1907 and November 1923. 
The agreements stipulated that the signatories would withhold recognition from a gover
nment established in any of the five republics as a result of a coup d’etat or revolution. T
he USA, although it refrained from signing the agreements, nevertheless freely invoked 
them in the pursuit of its policies during the first half of the 20th century.

Stimson Doctrine

The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in
a note of January 7, 1932 to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international
territorial changes affected by force.

Named after Henry L. Stimson, United States Secretary of State in the Hoover
Administration (1929–1933), the policy followed Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria
in northeastern China following action by Japanese soldiers at Mukden (now
Shenyang), on September 18, 1931.
The principles of this doctrine were also used in the U.S. Under Secretary of State
Sumner Welles's declaration of July 23, 1940, on the non-recognition policy of the
Soviet annexation and incorporation of three Baltic countries — Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania. These principles were still applied until the de facto restoration of
independence of these three Baltic nations in August 1991.

Estrada Doctrine

A recognition of states approach, also known as the Estrada doctrine, is a development

on the earlier recognition of governments approach whereby a government would
recognize another governments. This caused political problems following an
unconstitutional change in the government of another state.
It is the policy of recognizing states rather than governments. It is an alternative to the
method of express recognition, in which an express statement is made according or
withholding recognition after each unconstitutional change of government, and tacit
recognition in which, only under exceptional circumstances, is a recognition statement
made.

It was first enunciated by Mexico's foreign minister Genaro Estrada, in 1930.

The Estrada Doctrine is the name of Mexico's core Foreign Policy ideal from 1930 to
2000. Its name derives from Genaro Estrada, Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the
Presidency of Pascual Ortiz Rubio.
The Estrada Doctrine favored an enclosed view of sovereignty. It claimed that foreign
governments should not judge, for good or bad, governments or changes in
governments in other nations, because it would imply a breach to its sovereignty.[1]
During the Fox Administration (2000-2007), both Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Jorge
Castañeda and Luis Ernesto Derbez, tried to discontinue this Doctrine.