Explanatory Notes for RCHO1002101

Passage 1 2. (1) Noun

(2) Preposition
Main idea: (3) Adjective
(4) Noun
Although guidance through channels, such as hot-lines, has
(5) Adjective
been about quite simplistic things that cannot be ignored by any
(6) Adjective
sane person, our genetic proneness to absent-mindedness may
(7) Adverb
make us depend on the guidance and be careful about how to
do even simple things. 3. Option (A) Very close to
Passage 2
4. Option (B) Nevertheless
Summary:
5. () in
Like Science, religion and spirituality advance in a circular path () of
of ups and downs. Science, though based on rationality, is not () by
based on reasonableness, the domain of gnana. The quest for (V) to
knowledge, a process of evolution, is to realize the totality of (V) with
truth. In this process, man seems to reject religion and (V) from
spirituality. The purpose of knowledge is to make us understand (V) on
the limitations of science and spirituality. There is a dichotomy of (V) into
science and religion because we do not have the ability to see (X) x (no preposition is required)
the lag between science and technology and religion and (X) in
spirituality, due to misplaced emphasis. This results in the
misuse of technology resulting in tools of mass destruction and 6. Discrete. The word means individually distinct. The other
so, to prevent this, we need to bridge the gap between the two words do not fit in the context. Choice (C)
by identifying the unitary principles of religions. Adviata Vedanta
can indeed act as a basic source to offer such unifying building 7. Choice (B) The correct words are amortized and calibrated.
material for the edifice of human knowledge and human Amortize means to gradually extinguish a debt or write off
harmony. the initial costs, which is what the author wants to convey
here. Here, calibrate means to determine the correct value
Main Idea: or capacity of something (Energy supplies can be
determined to match demands)
Because we emphasize rationality of science and technology too
much at the expense of that of religion and spirituality, the 8. (1) Noun
outcomes of the former have proved dangerous, and thus, to (2) Verb
prevent this, we need to remove their dichotomy by identifying (3) Noun
the unifying principles. (4) (‘the’ preceding brave is a determiner or the definite
article)
Passage 3
9. (1) Braving (Verb)
Summary: (2) Brave (Adjective)
(3) The brave (Noun)
The driving force for a business should be a genuine desire to (4) Bravery (Noun)
provide a benefit to consumers, for which they enable it to gain (5) Bravery (Adjective)
profits. Just as blood is necessary for life, but life's purpose is
not to pump the blood, companies need profits, but their purpose 10. Statement B
is not profits. A company not making profits either must adapt or
needs to perish. To achieve the immediate goals of profit and 11. Option (D) fiercely. Since fortune ‘favours the brave’,
efficiency, a CEO must improve the quality of his products. In anyone in the energy business must necessarily be brave.
order to achieve this end, businesses should not only select Hence, necessarily is the most appropriate. However,
good people but also give adequate freedom to them. That is because the focus is on bravery, one can as well say –
why best management practices emphasize decentralization in ‘particularly brave’ ‘positively brave’ and ‘only brave’ though
decision making. Though the market economy has not been not with the same effectiveness as ‘necessarily’. However
perfected, market systems have built-in, self-correcting the context has no connection to fierceness. Thus, the most
tendencies. For this to happen, we need to have patience. inapt word is (D) fiercely.
12. In order to make it big particularly in the energy ------------
Main Idea: brave.
Profits are essential for a business to survive and serve and thus 13. The conjunction ‘Although’ in the sentence is incorrect. It
the business ideally should profit from benefiting the customer, a has to be replaced by ‘While’.
process best served by decentralizing decision making to rightly Omission of ‘over’ after the word agonising is the second
chosen employees. error. ‘Agonising’ is followed by ‘over’ or ‘about’ always. In
Passage 4 this sentence, ‘agonising over’ is appropriate.
The third error is the use of ‘if’ after the word agonising. ‘if’
Explanatory Notes for questions 1 to 16: has to be replaced by whether. Whenever the context is
formal, whether is preferred to ‘if’.
1. (1) than The adverb ‘almost’ is also incorrectly used. The sentence
(2) to lay begins with while and the contrast is brought out best by
(3) through the word ‘just’ not almost (one took so long as against
(4) as well the other)
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14. The third paragraph 16. A close reading of the first paragraph and the last two
paragraphs helps us to conclude that ‘assertive’ is the
15. The last sentence in the fourth para. ‘If at all --------- correct choice.
essential’.

The original text of Passage 4

In the energy business, more than in any other aspect of international economic activity, fortune favours the brave. While the Indian
establishment spent five years agonising over whether it should go ahead with the construction of a natural gas pipeline from Iran to
India via Pakistan, China took just 10 months to propose, construct, and operationalise a 1,000 kilometer oil pipeline from Atasu in
Kazakhstan to Alashankou in Xinjiang. No sooner was that project completed a few months ago than China indicated its eagerness to
lay a gas pipeline along the same route as well. “We completed the 4,500 km-long pipeline from Xinjiang to Shanghai in just two and a
half years,” Chin Geng, president of the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) told India’s petroleum Minister, Mani Shankar
Aiyar, and a group of top Indian executives in Beijing earlier this month. The Indian side was suitably impressed.
Though a recent convert to the cause of pipelines, India is seeking to compensate for its earlier lack of interest with an ambitious
proposal for an Asian gas grid that would take these two connections –- Iran-India and Kazakhstan-China – and extend them in a way
that links Asia’s major energy producing and consuming regions to one another. “The energy- short countries of Asia are located cheek-
by-jowl in the immediate vicinity of their energy-abundant Asian cousins, “Mr. Aiyar said in a speech on India and China’s joint quest for
energy security. “Yet, if you compare a pipeline map of Europe with a pipeline map of Asia, Asia today looks almost naked.”
At the meeting in New Delhi in November of principal North and Central Asian energy producing and consuming countries, India
unveiled an ambitious $ 22.4 billion pan Asian gas grid and oil security pipeline system. The grid has four principal elements. The first
would extend the existing Baku Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline system – originally conceived by the U.S as a means of shipping Central Asian
hydrocarbons westward – down to the Red Sea via Syria , Jordan, and Saudi Arabia, allowing Caspian crudes to be exported easily to
the Indian Ocean littoral. Second is the famous Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline, with the possibility of two additional sourcing spurs, one
from the Caspian-Turkmenistan region to Iran, the other from Turkmenistan via Afghanistan. The third element would be a pipeline
system connecting eastern India to Myanmar and south-western China with one connection running from Sittwe on the Burmese Bay of
Bengal coast to Mizoram, Manipur, and Assam into China, eventually connecting to the West-East China gas pipeline near Shanxi, the
other from Yangon to Kunming. The fourth element would involve the laying of pipelines that would connect the Sakhalin deposits in
Russia to Japan, China, and South Korea.

Pipelines aim to deliver gas, crude or products between discrete points but this does not mean they have to be a zero sum game.
The underlying economic logic of a grid is that the capital costs can be more easily absorbed and amortised and energy supplies
calibrated to match demand variations in the consuming countries without too much effort. But there is a political logic as well. An Asian
grid will create mutual dependencies, giving countries a stake in the political and economic stability of one another, and hasten the
process of regional integration. If at all Asia is to make progress towards creating an Asian counterpart to the International Energy
Agency (IEA) and develop a regional market for energy with its own price markers, the construction of physical infrastructure such as
pipelines is essential.

The Chinese strategic community is aware of the pressure being exerted on India by the United States to curtail its links with Iran and
believes the U.S. policy towards Iran has the potential of upsetting the Asian applecart. “The U.S. is trying to coordinate with all
countries around Iran in order to isolate it,” says Liu Xuecheng, director of the Beijing Centre for American Studies and a senior fellow of
the China Institute for International Studies. “India and China have good relations with the U.S., but must follow their own strategy on
Iran. If India gives up on Iran in the hope of securing nuclear energy from the U.S., it may end up with nothing. You would lose your
strategic pipeline and the U.S. might also abandon the nuclear deal at some point in the future. Pipelines from Iran and Central Asia are
a strategic lifeline for Indian energy security.”

“The nuclear deal offered by the U.S. makes sense from the Indian perspective,” says Zhai Dequan, Deputy Secretary General of the
China Arms Control and Disarmament Association. “but India should be on guard against American conditions.” As an ancient
civilization, he adds, “India cannot be manipulated by anyone. It has its own way of doing things”. Dr Liu agreed that if India could make
a deal with the U.S. on nuclear energy, this would not be a bad outcome. “It could get something it needs. But this should not be at the
cost of pipelines”.

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