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BASIC TOOLS
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INTERVAL (Open Interval & Closed Interval):
an interval is a part of the real numbers that start at one number and stops at another number. For
instance, all numbers greater that 1 and smaller than 2 form in interval. Another interval is formed by
numbers greater or equal to 1 and smaller than 2. Thus, when talking about intervals, it is necessary
to specify whether the endpoints are part of the interval or not. There are then four types of intervals
with three different names: open, closed and half-open. Let us next define these precisely.
1. The open interval contains neither of the endpoints. If a and b are real numbers, then the
open interval of numbers between a and b is written as (a, b)and
(a, b) = {x R |a < x < b}.
2. The closed interval contains both endpoints. If a and b are real numbers, then the closed
interval is written as [a, b] and
[a, b] = {x R |a  x  b}.
A half-open interval contains only one of the endpoints. If a and b are real numbers, the half-open
intervals (a, b) and [a, b) are defined as
(a, b] = {x R |a < x  b),
[a, b) = {x R |a  x < b}
3. Note that this definition includes the empty set as an interval by, for example, taking the
interval (a , b) for any a .
An interval is a subset S of a totally ordered set Twith the property that whenever x and y are in S
and x < z < y then z is in S. Applied to the real numbers, this encompasses open, closed, half-open,
half-infinite, infinite, empty, and one-point intervals. All the various different types of interval in R have
this in common. Intervals in R are connected under the usual topology.
There is a standard way of graphically representing intervals on the real line using filled and empty
circles. This is illustrated in the below figures:
The logic is here that a empty circle represent a point not belonging to the interval, while a filled
circle represents a point belonging to the interval. For example, the first interval is an open interval.
Infinite intervals
If we allow either (or both) of a and b to be infinite, then we define
(a, ) = {x R |x > a},
[a, ) = {x R |x  a},
(-, a) = {x R |x < a}
(-, a) = {x R | x  a},
(-, ) = R
The graphical representation of infinite intervals is as follows:
–1 0 1 a 2 3 4 5
–1 0 1 2 3 a 4 5
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5
a
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5
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Note on naming and notation
In [1,2], an open interval is always called a segment, and a closed interval is called simply an
interval. However, the above naming with open, closed, and half-open interval seems to be
more widely adopted. To distinguish between [a, b) and (a, b] , the former is sometimes called
a right half-open interval and the latter a left half-open interval [6]. The notation (a, b), [a, b) ,
(a, b], [a, b]seems to be standard. However, some authors (especially from the French school)
use notation ]a, b[, [a, b[,]a, b], [a, b] instead of the above (in the same order).
The following are some very useful points to remember

 a  b  either a –b i.e., inequality sign reverses if both sides are multiplied by a negative number.
 a 0 and ma > mb if m < 0.
 0 < a 0 and ar > br if r < 0.
 1
  a  a   2  a > 0 and equality holds for a = 1.
 
 1
  a    –2  a < 0 and equality holds for a = –1.
 a
 If a1 > b1, a2 > b2, a3 > b3 . . . . . , where ai > 0, bi > 0, i = 1, 2,…
Then a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . > b1 + b2 + b3 + . . . and a1a2a3 . . . > b1b2b3 . . .
 If a > b, p and q are some positive integers, then following results are evident.
 a > b  an > bn  a–n < b–n where n N
 a > b  al/q > bl/q  ap/q > bp/q
ac  bc, provided c  0

 a > b  
ac  bc, provided c  0
 a 2  0,  a  R
INEQUALITY
Rational inequality : Rational inequality is an inequality involving rational expression. There are four forms
of inequality. Corresponding to each of these forms, there are four rational inequality forms. These
inequality forms essentially compare a rational expression, f(x), with zero. The four inequalities are :
f (x) < 0
f (x) = 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) = 0
We need to note two important aspects of these inequalities. Solution of inequalities, in general, are
not discrete values but set of ‘x’ values in the form of interval or union of intervals. Generally, the
inequality holds for a continuum of values. Second aspect is about the basic nature of inequality. We
know that zero has special significance in real number system. It divides real number system in positive
and negative segments. Therefore, solution of these inequalities is about knowing the sign of function
values for different intervals in the domain of the function. Corresponding to four inequalities, we need to
know intervals in which rational function is (i) negative (ii) non-positive (iii) positive and (iv) non-negative.
In the following section, we shall devise a technique to determine sign of rational expression in deferent
intervals.
Sign scheme or diagram for rational function
Sign scheme or diagram is representation of sign in defferent intervals along real number line. This
gives a visual idea about the sign of function. Graphically, sign of function changes when graph crosses
x-axis. This means that sign of function changes about the zeroes of function i.e. about real roots of a
function.
However, rational function is ratio of two functions. A change of sign of either numerator or denominator
affects sign of rational function.
We consider here only integral rational functions such that expressions in numerator and denominator
can be decomposed into linear factors. Equating each of the linear factors, we determine points about
which either or both of numerator and denominator functions change sign. We should understand that
each of the linear factors is a potential source of sign change as the value of x changes in the domain.
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This means that each of the points so determined plays a critical role in deciding the sign of function.
For this reason, we
call these points as _critical points_.
Let us consider an example here :
x 2  x  2 (x  1)(x  2)
f(x) = 2 
x  3x  8 (x  1)(x  4)
Critical points are -1, 2, -1 and 4. There are two important things to realize here. First, we can not
cancel common linear factors as this will result in loosing undefined points and will loose information on
sign change. The marking on real number line is as shown here :
Sign scheme/diagram
-1 2 4
- 
Second, the fact that function may change its sign in the domain has an interesting consequence. It
can be better understood in terms of function graph, which is essentially a curve. The event of crossing
of x-axis by the graph records the event of change of sign. Another change in the sign of graph warrants
that curve should cross x-axis again. This corresponds to reversal of sign. It is not possible to change
sign of function without crossing x-axis. This means that function will change sign at critical points.
Equivalently, we say that sign of function alternates in consecutive sub-intervals. Now, these considerations
set up the first two
steps of sign diagram :
1. Decompose both numerator and denominator into linear factors. Find critical points by equating
linear factors individually to zero.
2. Mark critical points on a real number line. If n be the numbers of critical points, then real
number line is divided into (n+1) sub-intervals.
The question however remains that we should know sign of function in at least one interval. We determine
the same by testing function value for an intermediate x-value in any of the sub-intervals. Though it is
not a rule, we consider a test point in the right most interval, which extends to positive infinity. This
helps us to assign signs in the intervals left to it by alternating signs. Sometimes, it may, however, be
easier to evaluate function value at x= 0, 1 or -1, provided they are not the critical points. This has the
advantage that calculation of function value is easier. Now, these consideration set up the next step of
sign diagram :
3. Test sign of function in a particular interval. Assign alternate signs in adjacent sub-intervals.
For the example case, let us put x=0,
002 1
 f(0) =  >0
008 4
Thus, sign of function in the interval between -1 and 2 is positive. The signs of function alternate in
Sign scheme/diagram
-1 2 4
- 
– + – +
We have noted that sign of each linear factor combines to determine the sign of rational function. This
fact is reflected as sign alternates in adjacent sub-intervals. However, we need to consider the effect of
case in which a linear factor is repeated. If a linear factor evaluates to a positive number in an interval
and is repeated, then there is no effect on the sign of function. If a linear factor evaluates to a negative
number in an interval and is repeated even times, then there is no effect on the sign of function. The
product of negative sign repeated even times yield a positive sign and as such does not affect the sign
of function. However, if a linear factor evaluates to a negative number in an interval and is repeated odd
times, then sign of function changes. Product of negative sign repeated odd times yield a negative sign
and as such sign of function changes.
We conclude that if a linear factor is repeated even times, then sign of function will not alternate about
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the critical point corresponding to linear factor in question. On the other hand, if a linear factor is
repeated odd times, then sign of function will alternate as before. Now, these consideration set up the
next step of
sign diagram :
4. If a linear factor is repeated even times, then sign of function will not alternate about the critical point
corresponding to linear factor in question.
In the example case, the linear factor (x+1) is repeated even times (count both in numerator and de-
nominator). As such, sign of function will not change about critical point -1. Thus, sign diagram drawn
as above need to be modified as :
Sign scheme/diagram
-1 2 4
- 
– + – +
We can verify modification due to repeated linear factors by putting x = -2 in the function :
( 2)2  ( 2)  2 4  2  1 5
 f(-2) =   0
( 2)2  3( 2)  8 4  6  8 2
We summarize steps for drawing sign scheme/ diagram as :
1. Decompose both numerator and denominator into linear factors. Do not cancel common linear
factors. Find critical points by equating linear factors individually to zero.
2. Mark distinct critical points on a real number line. If n be the numbers of distinct critical points,
then real number line is divided into (n+1) sub-intervals.
3. Test sign of function in a particular interval. Assign alternate signs in adjacent sub-intervals.
4. If a linear factor is repeated even times, then sign of function will not alternate about the critical
point corresponding to linear factor in question.
Solution of rational inequalities using sign scheme or diagram
An important point about interpreting sign diagram is that sign of function relates to non-zero values of
function. Note that zero does not have sign. The critical points corresponding to numerator function are
zeroes of rational function. As such, the graph of function is continuous at these critical points and
these critical points can be included in the sub-interval. On the other hand, the rational function is not
defend for critical points corresponding to denominator function (as denominator turns zero). We, therefore,
conclude that an interval can include critical points corresponding to numerator function, but not the
critical points corresponding to denominator function. In case, there are common critical points between
numerator and denominator, then those critical points can not be included in the sub-interval. We can
interpret sign diagram in two ways. Either we determine the solution of a given quadratic
inequality or we determine intervals of all four types of inequalities for a given quadratic expression. We
shall illustrate these two approaches by working with the example case.
Determining solution of a given quadratic inequality. Let us consider that we are required to solve
rational inequality
x2  x  2
f(x) = 0
x 2  3x  8
The sign diagram as drawn earlier for the given rational function is shown here :
Sign scheme/diagram
-1 2 4
- 
+ + – +
We need to interpret signs of di_erent intervals to _nd the solution of a given rational inequality. Clearly,
solution of given inequality is :
x(-, 2]  (4, ) - {-1, 4}
Note that we need to remove -1 and 4 from the solution set as function is not defend for this x _ value.
However, inequality involved “greater than or equal to” is not strict inequality. It allows equality to zero.
{5}
As such, we include critical point ‘2’ belonging to numerator function. Further, we can also write the
solution
set in alternate form as :
x(-, -1)  (-1, 2]  (4, )
Determining interval of four quadratic inequalities

Let us take the rational expression of example case and determine intervals of each of four inequalities.
The sign diagram as drawn earlier is shown here :
Sign scheme/diagram
-1 2 4
- 
+ + – +
f(x) < 0; x(2, 4)
f(x)  0; x[2, 4)
f(x) > 0; x(-, -1)  (-1, 2)  (4, )
f(x)  0; x(-, -1)  (4, )
Note that critical point ‘2’ belonging to numerator is included for inequalities which allows equality.
Inclusion and exclusion of critical points
Based on the discussion above, we summarize inclusion or exclusion of critical points here :
1. Question of inclusion of critical points arises when inequality involved is not strict.
2. Critical points belonging to numerator are included in solution set.
3. Critical points belonging to denominator are excluded from solution set.
4. Critical points belonging to both numerator and denominator are excluded from solution set.
Solution of rational inequalities using wavy curve method
Wavy curve method is a modified sign diagram method. This method has the advantage that we do not need
to test sign of interval as required in earlier case. The steps involved are :
1. Factorize numerator and denominator into linear factors.
2. Make coefficient of x positive in all linear factors. This step may require to change sign of ‘x in
the linear factor by multiplying inequality with -1. Note that this multiplication will change the
inequality sign as well. For example, ‘less than’ will become ‘greater than’ etc.
3. Equate each linear factor to zero and find values of x in each case. The values are called critical
points.
4. Identify distinct critical points on real number line. The ‘n’ numbers of distinct critical points
divide
5. The sign of rational function in the right most interval is positive. Alternate sign in adjoining
intervals on the left.
6. If a linear factor is repeated even times, then sign of function will not alternate about the critical
point corresponding to linear factor in question. We need to exclude exception points i.e.
critical points of denominator from solution set. Further, it is important to understand that signs
of intervals as determined using this method are not the signs of function rather signs of
modified function in which sign of ‘x’ has changed. However, if we are not required to change
the sign of ‘x’ i.e. to modify the function, then signs of intervals are also signs of function. We
shall though keep this difference in mind, but we shall refer signs of intervals as sign scheme
or diagram in this case also.
x
Apply wavy curve method to find the interval of x for the inequality given : 0
1 x
Solution:
We change the sign of “x” in the denominator to positive by multiplying both sides of inequality with -1.
x
Note that this changes the inequality sign as well. 0
x 1
Here, critical points are : x = 0; 1
The critical points are marked on the real number line. Starting with positive sign in the right most
interval, we denote signs of adjacent intervals by alternating sign.
{6}
Sign diagram
0 1
- 
+ – +
Thus, interval of x as solution of inequality is
0x <1
We do not include “1” as it reduces denominator to zero.
3x 2  6x  15
Find solution of the rational inequality given by :  1.
(2x  1)(x  3)
Solution : We first convert the given inequality to standard form f(x)  0.
3x 2  6x  15
 -10
(2x  1)(x  3)
3x 2  6x  15  (2x  1)(x  3)
 0
(2x  1)(x  3)
3x 2  6x  15  (2x 2  5x  3)
 0
(2x  1)(x  3)
x 2  x  12
 0
(2x  1)(x  3)
x 2  4x  3x  12
 0
(2x  1)(x  3)
(x  3)(x  4)

(2x  1)(x  3)  0
Critical points are -4, 3, 1/2, 3. Corresponding sign diagram is :
Sign diagram
-4 1/2 3
-3
- 
+ – – +
The solution of inequality is :
 x(-, -4]  (-3, 1/2)  [3, )
We do not include “-3” and “1” as they reduce denominator to zero.
2 3
Find solution of :  1
1 x 1 x
Solution:
Rearranging, we have :
2  2x  3  3x
  1 0
(1  x)(1  x)
5  x  (1  x 2 )
 0
(1  x)(1  x)
x2  x  4
 <0
(1  x)(1  x)
{7}
Now, polynomial in the numerator i.e. x 2 + x + 4 is positive for all real x as
D<0 and a>0. Thus, dividing either side of the inequality by this polynomial does not change inequality.
Now, we need to change the sign of x in one of the linear factors of the denominator positive in accordance
with sign rule. This is required to be done in the factor (1-x). For this, we multiply each side of inequality
by -1. This change in sign accompanies change in inequality as well :
1
 0
(1  x)(x  1)
Critical points are -1 and 1. Hence, solution of the inequality in x is :
Sign diagram
-1 1
- 
+ – +
Sign of function alternates.

x(-, -1)  (1, )
Rational inequality with repeated linear factors

We have already discussed rational polynomial with repeated factors. We need to count repeated
factors which appear in both numerator and denominator. If the linear factors are repeated even times,
then we do not need to change sign about critical point corresponding to repeated linear factor.
Note: While working with rational function having repeated factors, we need to factorize higher order polynomial
like cubic polynomial. In such situation, we can employ a short cut. We guess one real root of the cubic
polynomial. We may check corresponding equation with values such as 1,2, -1 or -2 etc and see
whether cubic expression becomes zero or not for that value. If one of the roots is known, then cubic
expression is f(x) = (x-a) g(x), where “a” is the guessed root and g(x) is a quadratic expression. We can
then find other two roots anlayzing quadratic expression. For example, x 3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = (x - 1) (x 2 -
5x + 6) = (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3).
(2x  1)(x  1)
Find interval of x satisfying the inequality given by 0
(x 3  3x 2  2x)
Solution: We factorize each of the polynomials in numerator and denominator :
(2x  10 (x  1) (2x  1)(x  1)


(x 3  3x 2  2x) x(x  1)(x  2) . It is important that we do not cancel common factors or terms.
Here, critical points are - 1/2,1,0,1 and 2. The critical point “1” is repeated even times. Hence, we do not
change sign about “1” while drawing sign scheme.
Sign diagram
-1/2 0 1
- 
– + – +
While writing interval, we drop equality sign for critical points, which corresponds to denominator.
-1/2  x < 0  2 < x < 
x  [-1/2, 0)  (2, )
We do not include “-1” and “1” as they reduce denominator to zero.
(x  1)(x  5)
Find solution of the rational inequality given by : 0
(x  3)
Solution :
Critical points are (-5, -1) and 3. We need to exclude end corresponding to x = 3 as denominator turns
zero for this value
[-5, -1]  (3, )
{8}
2x 2 x 15
Find solution of the rational inequality given by : >0
(2x 3)(x 4)
Solution:
Critical points are -4, -3, 3/2, 5/2.
 x
x 2  4x  3
Find solution of the rational inequality given by >0
x 3  6x 2  11x  6
Solution :
Factorize denominator as x 3 + 11x - 6 = (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3). Critical points are -3, -1, 1, 2, 3.
 x(-3, -1)  (1, 2)  (3, )
(2x  1)(x  1)2
Find solution of the rational inequality given by 0
(x 3  3x 2  2x)
Solution:
(2x  1)(x  1)2 (2x  1)(x  1)2
Factorize denominator as   0  0
(x 3  3x 2  2x) x(x  1)(x  2)
Critical points are -1/2, 1, 1, 0, 1 and 2. We see that 1 is repeated odd times. hence, we continue to
assign alternating signs in accordance with wavy curve method. The solution of x for the inequality is
 1
- < x  -1/2  0 < x < 1  2 < x <   x   ,     0,1   2,  
 2
ASSIGNMENT
I
01. If f is a linear function and f(2) = 4 , f(1) = 3, then find f(x). [f(x) = x+2]
02. If f(x) is a quadratic function such that f(0) = –4, f(1) = –5 and f(–1)=1, then find the value of f(3).
[5]
 x  3, x  1
 2
x ,1  x  3
03. If f(x) =  , then which of the following is greatest ? [f(3)]
2  3x, x  3

f(0), f(3), f(4),f(2)
 x3, x0

3x  2, 0  x  2, then find the
04. If f(x) =  [10]
 x 2  1, x  2

Value of f(–1)+f(1)+f(3). Also find the value(s) of x for which f(x) = 2. 4/3
x2 1
05. A function is defined as f(x) = . Can f(x) take a value 1 for any real x ? NO
3x  2
Also find the value(s) of x for which f(x) takes the value 2. {5, 1}
{9}
06. Find the values of x for which the following functions are defined. Also find all possible values which
functions take.
1 x 2
(i) f (x)  Ans : R-{–1} (ii) f (x)  Ans : R - {3}
x 1 x 3
2x
(iii) f (x)  Ans : R-{1}
x 1
07. Find the values of x2 for the given values of x.
(i) x < 2 [0, ) (ii) x > –1 [0, ) (iii) x  2 [4, ) (D) x  1 [1, )
08. Find the values of 1/x for the given values of x
1 1
(i) x > 3 (0, ) (ii) x  2 (- ,0) (iii) x   1,3  {0} ( , 1) 1/ 3,
3 2
09. Find all possible values of the following expressions :
1 1 1 1
(i) 2 (0, ] (ii) 2 (0, ]
x 2 2 x  2x  3 2
10. Find all possible values of the following expressions :
(i) x2  4 [0, ) (ii) 9  x2 [0,3] (iii) x 2  2x  10 [3, )
II Answer the following as true/false.

1 2x3 43x 2x3x 43 2 x x1 x1 x2 x x2
 x  1 x  2   x  1 x  5 x  2 x  5 x 2
 1  x  2 

x 2
 1  x  5 

x 2 x 5

3  x  3 x  4    x  3 x  6   x  4  x  6 4
x 2
 3  x  4   x 2
 3  x  6  x4 x6
x 2
 1  x  2  x
2
 1  x  5 

x 2 x 5

x 2
 1  x  2  x
2
 1  x  5 

x 2 x 5

5 6
x 2
 3  x  4   x 2
 3  x  6  x4 x6 x 2
 1  x  4   x 2
 1  x  6  x4 x6
7 x 2  x  2   x 2  4  x  x  1   x  2    4  x  x  1 8 x 2  x  1  x 2  4  x    x  1   4  x 
2 2
9 x  x  1   4  x  x  1  x  4  x
2 2
10  x  5  x  1   4  x  x  1  x  5  4  x
2 2
11 x  1  x  2   x  1  x  2 12 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2
III Solve the following inequalities and represent their solutions in the form of intervals
1 x72x3 2 7x2x3
2 2
3 x 4x1 23xx 4 x5 2 or x8 3
5 3x57 6 x 40 and 5x61x
7 43x 5 or 4x37 8 2x3 73x or 6x7 12x5 or 3x4 43x
9 6x7 76x and 94x4x 9 10 x 2or10 x5 & 20x8 or 7x20
IV Solve the following inequalities and represent their solutions in the form of intervals
 x  1 x  2   0  x  1 x  2  x  6   0
1  x  3 x  4  2  x  3 x  4 
{10}
 x  11 x  20  6  x   0  x  10  x  12  9  x   0
3 4
 x  3314  x  5  x   x  13 x  42  x  71
x 2
 1  x  2   x 2  3
0
 x  11 x  25  x  36   0
2 2 2
5 6
 x  3  x 2  4   x  5   x  3 x  6   x  5 
2 2
 x  121 x  25  x  36x  180   0

2 2 2
16  x  x  x  x  36x  180   0
2 2 2
7 8
 x  3x  2  x  6x  40   x  5 
2 2
 x  3x  2  x  6x  40   x  5 
2 2
2 2123 3125 512

x 2 3
 100  x15  x  12   9  x 
4
x 2 10 x 2 12x 20 9 x2
9 0 10 45 751 56482
0
7 6 5
 x  13  x  42   x  71 x 2 13x 14 x 42 x 71
V
(1) 3x2 – 7x + 6 < 0 [Ans. x  ]
(2) (x2 – x – 6)(x2 + 6x)  0
(3) (x + 1)(x – 3)(x – 2)2  0. [Ans. (– , –1]{2}  [3, )]
(4) x(x + 6)(x + 2)2(x – 3) > 0 [Ans. (–6, 0)(3,  ]
(5) (x – 1)2(x + 1)3(x – 4) < 0 [Ans. (–1, 4) – {1} ]

2x  3 3 7
(6) >0 [(–, )  ( , + )]
3x  7 2 3
x 2  5x  12 1
(7) 2 > 3 [ ( , 3)]
x  4x  5 2
x 2  5x  6
(8) < 0 [(2, 3)]
x2  x  1
( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 3
(9) <0 [(–1, 2) – {0, 1}]
x 4 ( x  2)
x 1 x  5
(10)  [(– , – 1)  (1, 3)]
x 1 x 1
2( x  4) 1
(11)  [(1, 2)  (7, + ) ]
( x  1)( x  7 ) x  2
x 2  4x  4 1
(12) >0 [(– , – 2)  (– 2, – )  (1, ) ]
2x 2  x  1 2
3x 2  7 x  8
(13) 1< 2 [Ans. [1,6]]
x2 1
(14) (x2 + 3x + 2) (x2 + 3x – 4)  0 [Ans. (–, – 4]  [–2, –1]  [1, ) ]
(15) Find all values of ‘ p ‘ for which the root(s) of the equation (p  3) x 2  2 p x + 5 p = 0 are real and
positive .
{11}
 15 
Ans. p  3, 
 4
x 4  3 x 3  2x 2
(16) >0 Ans. x  (–, –5)  (1, 2)  (6, )
x 2  x  30
(17) (x – 5) (x + 9) (x – 8) < 0 Ans. x  ( ,  9)  (5, 8)
(18) x2 – 4x + 9 > 0 Ans. x  (– , )
(19) x4 – 5x 2 + 4 < 0 Ans. x  (–2, – 1)  (1, 2)
3
(20) 1 Ans. x  (– , 2)  (5, )
x2
5x  1
(21) <1 Ans. x  (–, 1)  (4, )
x2  3
x 2  7 x  12
(22) >0 Ans. x  (–, 3)  (4, )
2x 2  4 x  5
( x  4)2005 . ( x  8 )2008 ( x  1)
(23) 0
x 2006 ( x  2)3 . ( x  3)5 . ( x  6) ( x  9)2010
Ans. x  (–, –9)  (–9, –3)  [–1, 0)  (0, 2)  [4, 6)
( x  4) 2
(24) >0 Ans. x  (0, 4)  (4, )
x
4
(25) >1 Ans. x  (0, 2)  (2, 4)
( x  2) 2
x2  1
(26) –1 < 2 Ans. x    ,    [4, )
x 1  2
( x  5)2 ( x  2)3 ( x  4)
(27) 0 Ans. [–2, 3)  (3, 4]  {5}
( x  3) 4
(28) Solve x2 x Ans. [–2, 2]
(29) Solve 2  x  x2  x  4 Ans. [–1, 2]
(30) Find the number if integral values of x satisfying  x 2  10x  16  x  2 ( 5, 8 ]
VI)
(01) If mx 2 – 9mx + 5m + 1 > 0,  x  R, then m lies in the interval
 4   4   4 61   61 
(A)   , 0  (B) 0,  (C)  ,  (D)   , 0 
 61   61   61 4   4 
{12}
(02) Number of integral values of x satisfying the inequation (x + 4) (4 – x) (x –2) x 0 are
(A) infinite (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) None of these
(03) The least integral value of ‘ m ‘ for which the expression m x 2  4 x + 3 m + 1 is positive for every
x  R is :
(A) 1 (B)  2 (C)  1 (D) 2

 
(04) The number of positive integral solutions of  0 is :
 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
( x  1) x ( x  4)
(05) Greatest integral value of x satisfying the inequation
( x  8)( x  4)
0
(A) 8 (B) 7 (C) 4 (D) 5
(06) Number of whole numbers less than 20 satisfying the inequation (x – 1) (3 – x) (x – 2) 2  0 are
(A) 20 (B) 19 (C) 18 (D) 17
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Answers
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I
II
1 T 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 F 6 F
7 F 8 T 9 F 10 T 11 F 12 T
III
 10  10 3
1  ,  2 , 3 , 4 , 11 7, 5 8,2
3  3 4
1 5 9 7
6 40,28 7 , , 8 , 9 , 10 10, 8 7,20
3 2 4 6
IV
1 3,1  2,4 2 4,2  1,3  6, 3 33,11  5,6  14,20
4 ,71  12,9  10,13  12,
5   , 5   3, 2   3, 1  1, 3  
6 6,  11   6, 6    
11,5   6,    5
7  11, 4    2, 1  5,6  10,11  30,    5 8   , 5  0,2   4,6  10,30  1
9  71, 12  0,13  9,10

10   , 10   10, 2  1, 10   14,42  71
VI
1 B 2 D 3 D 4 C 5 B 6 A
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{13}
Modulus
y f x x; Domain R; Range  0,  ;
Let x R, then the magnitude of x is called it’s absolute value and in general, denoted by |x|.
Thus |x|can be defined as,
y
y
 x, x0
x  max x,-x .
 x, x0 x2
x
x O
O
For e.g If x –1.5, then |x| 1.5,
If x 3.7, then|x| 3.7
Note:
x 0 can be included with positive values of x or with negative values of x.
Properties of |x|
§ x x
§ Geometrical meaning of |x –y| is the distance between x and y on the real number
line.
§ x a - a x a if a R
§ x aNo solution if aR– {0}
§ If x      R   x  ,   
 ve
If x      R   x    ,      ,   
 ve
§
If   x    where  ,   R and      x     ,       ,  
 ve
§
If   x    where  ,   R and      x    ,       ,  
 ve
§
If   x    where  ,   R and      x    ,      ,  
 ve
§
If   x    where  ,   R and      x    ,       ,  
 ve
§
§ |-x|=|x|
§ |x-y|=0  x=y
§ xy x y
x x
§ ,y 0
y y
§ x2  x
{14}
§ x y x y x y
x y x y
§ xy 0
x y x y
x y x y
xy 0
§ x y x y
§ So if f  x 0, then f x f x and if f  x 0, then f x f  x .

Now just have a close look on the following solved examples.
Ex1 Solve 3 x  1  2 x , x  R
1
Solution Case [ i ] If 3 x  1  0 ; i.e. x 
3
In this case 3 x  1  3 x  1 , So the equation given in the problem will be as
3 x  1  2 x  x  1 , so this value can be accepted since this it holds our case true.
1
Case [ ii ] If 3 x  1  0 ; i.e. x 
3
In this case 3 x  1    3 x  1  , So the equation given in the problem will be as
1
1  3 x  2 x  x  , this value also be accepted since this it holds our case true.
5
1
So we have x  1, Ans
5
Ex2 Solve x  4  3 x  2 , x  R
Solution Case [ i ] x  4  0 i.e. x   4
In this case x  4  x  4
So the equation given in the problem will be as
x  4  3 x  2  x  3 , so this value can be accepted since this it holds our case true.
Case [ ii ] x  4  0 i.e. x   4
In this case x  4    x  4 
1
 x  4  3 x  2  x   , this value can not be accepted since this it contradicts our case.
2
So we have x  3 Ans
Ex3 Solve x 2  x  6  0
Solution Case [ i ] x0  x x
x 2  x  6  0   x  3   x  2   0  x  2 , 3
Here we cannot accept the solution x  2 as it is contradictory with our case. So the
only acceptable solution in this case is x  3
Case [ ii ] x  0  x   x
x2  x  6  0   x  3   x  2   0  x   3 , 2
Here we cannot accept the solution x  2 as it is contradictory with our case. So the only acceptable
solution in this case is x   3
So we have x   3 , 3 Ans
Ex 4 Solve x  2 x  1  3 2  x  4 , x  R
{15}
Solution Here in this problem we have to work with modulus of three expression
x , x  1 and 2  x simultaneously. So we have to think about six cases viz
x  0 , x  0 ; x  1  0 , x  1  0 and 2  x  0 , 2  x  0 ; obviously we have to choose the cases
tactfully here. So here we will use a strategy to create the cases.
First of all equate each expression that are given within the modulus with zero,
individually.
i.e. x  0 ; x  1  0 and 2  x  0 , thus we have here three critical points x  0,1 and 2 . Now
these three points divides the number line in four segments ( regions )
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
viz /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
0 2
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
1
i.e. x  0 ; 0  x  1 ; 1  x  2 and x  2 , so these four segments of the
number line will be considered as our cases
Case [i] x 0
As per the case we have x  0 , x  1  0 and 2  x  0
So we can conclude here in the case
x   x ; x  1    x  1  and 2  x  2  x
using these conclusion in the equation x  2 x  1  3 2  x  4 [I]
we have  x  2  1  x   3  2  x   4   4   4 ; clearly this a contradiction so we have n
solution in this case
Case [ii] 0  x 1
According the case we have x  0 ; x  1  0 and 2  x  0
So we can conclude here, x  x ; x  1    x  1  and 2  x  2  x ; using these facts in this
case the equation [ I ] will be
x  2  x  1   3  2  x   4  x  4 ; so this solution must be discarded as it is against our
assumption of the case.
Case [iii] 1 x  2
According to the case we have x  0 ; x  1 and x  2
So we can conclude here, x  x ; x  1  x  1 and 2  x  2  x ; using these the equation [I]
will appear as x  2  x  1   3  2  x   4  x  2 [ II ]; so this solution can be accepted since
this is according our assumption of the case.
Case [iv] x2
According the case we have here x  0 ; x  1 and x  2
So we can conclude here, x  x ; x  1  x  1 and 2  x    2  x  ; using these in [ I ] we
have x  2  x  1   3  2  x   4  4  4 as we can see here the result is not giving us any value
of ‘x’ but this is giving us an expression which holds true, so we can accept the assumed region
i.e. x  2 [ III ] as our solution.
So finally the union of [ II ] and [ III ] is our solution, which may be represented as x   2 ,   
Ex 5 Solve the following inequalities for real values of x:
i |x –1| 2 ii x  3  5
iii 0 x 1  3 iv |x –1| |2x –3| |3x –4|
Solution:
i |x –1| 2  –2 x – 1 2 –1 x 3  x  –1, 3
ii x  3  5 x – 3 -5 or x–3 5 x -2 or
x 8  x  - -2  8, 
iii 0 x 1  3  |x – 1| 0 AND |x – 1|  3.
Case I: |x – 1| 0
 x 1
{16}
Case II: x 1 3
 3  x  1  3, – 2 x  4
Taking intersection, we get x  – 2, 1  1, 4
iv The equation |3x –4| |x –1| |2x –3| is of type x  y  x  y
 x –1 2x –3  0  x  –, 1  3/2, 
ASSIGNMENT
I
01. Find the value of x for which following expressions are defined :
1 1
(i) x x [x ] (ii) x x (0, )
02. (i) For 2 < x < 4, find the values of x . [2 x 4]
(ii) For 3  x  1 , find the values of x . [1 x 3]
(iii)For 3  x  1 , find the values of x . [1 x 3]
(iv) For 5  x  7 , find the values of x  2 [0,7]
(v) For 1  x  5 find the values of 2x  7 [0,5]
03. For x  R , find all possible of
(i) x  3  2 [–2, ) (ii) 4  2x  3 (– ,4]
04. Find all possible values of
(i) x 2 [0, ) (ii) 3  x 1 [0, 3 ] (iii) 4  x2 [0,2]
II Solve the following

x 1 x7
1 |x|2 2 |x – 7|9 3 3 4 5
x2 x 9
2
5 x  3x  2  2 6 x 2  2x  16  8 7 x 1  x 1  3 8 x  3  x  7  10
9 4  x  7  x  11 10 2 5x 15 3 7x 21 30
III Solve the following inequality and express your answer in the form of intervals.
1 |x|2 2 |x1|3 3 |2x3|4 4 2 |93x|5
x 1 7  2x 2
5 3 6 2 7 x  4x  6  6
x2 x  12
{17}
x  x  1 x  2  x  3 x  x  31 x  23 x  13 
8 0 9 0 10 x 2 3 x 1
 x  3 x  1 x  2   x  31 x  13 x  21
IV
[1] Solve 3 x  1  2 x , x  R [2] Solve x 2  x  6  0
[3] Solve x  2 x  1  3 2  x  4 , x  R [4] Solve 2 x  1  x  3  4
[5] Solve 2 x  1  2 x  2  5 [6] Solve 2 3  x  3 x  1  4
2
[7] Solve x  2 x  3  1  x  0
[8] Find the interval of ‘x’ satisfying x 1  2  4

[9] Find the interval of ‘x’ satisfying x 1 1  3
[10] Find the interval of ‘x’ satisfying 3 x 4 5

V)
01. |x – 8| < 4 Ans. x  (4, 12)
3 
02. |x| – |x – 2|  1 Ans. x   , 
2 
|x2|
03. >0 Ans. x  (2, )
x2
| x 3| 3 
04. 2 2 Ans. x   , 2
x  5x  6 2 
05. |x3 – 1|  1 – x Ans. x  (–, –1]  [0, )
06.   1 Ans. x  (–, 1]  [3, )
x 2  7 | x | 10
07. <0 Ans. x  (–5, –2)  (2, 3)  (3, 5)
x 2  6x  9
| x  2 | x
08. <2 Ans. x  (–, 0)  (1, )
x
3
09. If the inequation 1 > 2 whose solution set is given by (a, 0)  (0, b) then find the value of |a + b|.
x
Ans. 2
VI
x x
10. Value of x satisfying | x | = is/are
|x|
(A) x  R (B) x  R – {0} (C) x  R+ (D) x  R–
1
11. The value of the function y = |2x + 1| + 2|x – 2| in the interval –  x < 2, is
2
(A) 4x – 3 (B) 3x – 1 (C) 5 (D) 1
{18}
12. The solution set of the equation |2x + 3| – |x – 1| = 6, is
(A) x  (–10, 2) (B) x  [–10, 2) (C) x  [–10, 2] (D) x  {–10, 2}
13. The product of all the solutions of the equation (x –2) 2 – 3 |x – 2| + 2 = 0 is

(A) 2 (B) – 4 (C) 0 (D) none of these
14. Values of x satisfying the equality |x 2 + 8x + 7| = |x 2 + 4x + 4| + |4x + 3| for x  R are
3   3   4 
(A) (– 2, ) (B)  ,    {– 2} (C)  ,    {–2} (D)  ,  
4   4   3 
Passage 01
Consider the equation || x – 1| – 2| = 
15. If the given equation has two solutions, then  belongs to

(A) (2, )  {0} (B) (2, ) (C) (0, 2) (D) none of these
16. If the given equation has three solutions, then  belongs to

(A) (0, 2) (B) {2} (C) (0, ) (D) (–, 0)
17. Number of integral values of  so that the given equation has four solutions, is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Passage 02
Consider the equation p = 5 – |2q – 3|
18. Greatest set of all possible values of p for q  R is

(A) (–, 5] (B) (–, 5) (C) (–5, 5) (D) none of these
19. If p = 4 then possible values of q are

(A) 2, 1, – 1 (B) –1, 1 only (C) 1 only (D) 2, 1 only
20. If p = |r| + 5, then number of possible ordered pair (r, q) is/are

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) Infinite
Passage 03
Consider the equation 2 |x + 1| – 2x = |2x – 1| + 1
21. The least value of x satisfying the equation is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) none of these
22. Number of integers less than 15 satisfying the equation are
23. Number of composite numbers less than 20 which are coprime with 4 satisfying the given equation
is/ are
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
24. Match the column
Column – I Column – II
(A) Solution set of |x – 2|  0 (p) x 
(B) Solution set of |x – 2|  0 (q) x 
(C) Solution set of |x – 2|  0 (r) x=2
(D) Solution set of |x – 2|  0 (s) x  – {2}
{19}
Ans. (A)  (q), (B)  (s), (C)  (p), (D)  (r)
Answers
I
5 7 19
II 1 2 2 16,2 3 , 4 13, 5 4,1,0,3
2 4 3
3
6 4,6,2 7  8 3,7 9  10 
2
 7  1  4 7   11 14 
III 1 ,2  2, 2 2,4 3   ,    ,   4  ,   , 
 2  2  3 3   3 3 
7 5
5 , , 6 , 12 7   , 6   4,0  2,  
4 2
8 R{0,1,2,3,,3,1,2 9 0,31,23,13 10 R
IV
1
[1] x  1, [2] x   3 [3] x   2 ,    [4] x  1
5
[5] x  2,   [6] x  1 [7] x   2 ,1
[8] x    1, 3 
[9] x   ,3    5,  [10] x    12 ,  12 
VI
10. C 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A
19. D 20. A 21. D 22. C 23. A
NOTE : SIGNUM FUNCTION :

A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows : y
  y = 1, x > 0
y = f (x) =   O x
 x
  
y = –1, x > 0
It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ; y
x  0 ; f (0) = 0
 

Q. Let g (x) = 1 + x  [ x ] & f (x) =   . Then for all x , prove that f (g (x)) = 1.
 

{20}
GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION AND FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION
y
2 y
2
1
1
-2 -1 O 1 2 3 x -2 -1 O 1 2 3 x
-1 -1
-2
-2
Greatest integer function:

y f x x Greatest Integer less than or equal to x.
Domain  R; Range  I or Z
For e.g.
x 2.69  2 x 3 2.69 2,
x -5.63  -6 x -5  -5.63 -6,
x e2 x 3 e 2,
x – -4 x -3  - -4
In other words if we list all the integers less than or equals to x then the integer greatest among
them is called greatest integer of x. Greatest integer of x is also called integral part of x.
Fractional Part Function :
y f x x fractional part of x
Domain  R; Range  0,1 ;
y
y
(0, 1)
(0, 1)
x 3
x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2
The difference between the number ‘x’ and it’s integral value ‘ x ’ is called the fractional part of
x and is symbolically denoted as x .
Thus, {x x – x
For e.g.
If x 4.92 then x 4 and x x- x 4.92–4 0.92
If x 6.54 then x 6 and x x- x 6.54 - 6 0.54
If x –3.2 then x – 4 and x x- x –3.2– -4 0.8
If x –6.95 then x – 7 and x x- x –6.95– 7 0.05
If x  then x 3 and x x- x –3
If x e then x 2 and x x- x e–2
{21}
Properties of x and x :
1 x x, x 0, x 0
2 If x is an integer, then x x.
3 x n  n  x n 1, nI. For e.g. x 22x 3
4 x n  x  n - 1  x n, where n  I
5 x n  x n, where n  I
6 m x n  m  x n, where m,n  I For e.g. -1  x 4  -1  x 4 x  -1, 4
7 x-1 x x
8 0 x 1. Fractional part of any number is always non-negative and less than one.
9 If x is an integer, then x x and x 0
10 n x n x where n  I
0, if x I
11 [x] [ x]
1, if x I
0, x I
12 {x} {-x}
1, x I
Illustration:Solve the equation 4 x x x .
3
Solution: 4 x x x x 2x 3x 2 x  {x}  [x] …. 1
2
2
As 0  x 10 x  x 00x 1 x x
3
3
From 1 , x  0 0 Hence x 0 is the only solution.
2
Illustration:Solve the equation x 2 – 4x x 3 0
Solution: x2 – 4x x 3 0  x2 – 4x x – x 3 0  x2 – 3x 3 x
2 2 2
 0  x – 3x 3 1 x – 3x 3  0 AND x – 3x 3 1
CaseI: x2 – 3x 3  0
2
 3 3
 x    0 xR
 2 4
CaseII: x2 – 3x 3 1
 x2 – 3x 2 0
 x–1 x–2 0
1 x 2
Taking intersection, we get 1 x 2  x 1
2
Now from the original equation we have x – 4x 4 0  x 2 which does not
satisfies 1 x 2 Thus the given equation does not have any solution.
ASSIGNMENT
I Find the values of the following
1 log 2 10  log3 10   log 4 10   71 2 log10 79  log12 145  [log 0.1 13]   125 
 1   log 3 17   log 32 64 
3  log 13    log 27    log 625  4 e        e   e     
2 2
 0.5   9   125 
5 sin12  [cos91]   tan 47 6 2  3e
   
7 2 3  3 5 8 sin 50  sin 230  sin130  sin 310
{22}
9 2  3  3e  7  12  3e  7  2 10 20sin 30 2 8 132 3 cos150 4 2
 1 1 1  1 2  1 3   1 1999 
11  2  +  2  2000  +  2  2000  +  2  2000  + ...... +  2  2000  .
         
II Solve the following

1 x 7 2 2x 8
3 |x1| 4 4 |3x| 5
5 x2 3 12 6 10x2 1
7 x1  x1 3 8 10x  7x 9
9 x7  8x 15 10 x8  10x 1
III Solve the following equations and find the value s of x
1 x 2x3 2 2 x x{x
3 x 2x5 x 4 7 x 215 x
5 x{x  x 7 6 1 x 3
7 x12 3 or x4 1 8 5 9x 6
9 6 12x  x7 10 10 52 102x 16
Answers
I
1 1 2 14 3 0 4 8 5 2 6 2 23e
7 2 3 3 5 3 8 2 9 2 10 1 11 1000
II
7,8 2 9,10 3 4,3  5,6 4 3,2  8,9

5  10, 3  3, 10 
 
6  3, 2 2  2 2,3 7  8 (3,4] 9 Z
10 RZ
III
3 11 13 39 7
1 1 2 0, 3 , ,5 4 5
2 3 3 7 2
 7 
6 1,4 7 ,6  15, 8 2,14 9  10  ,31
 2 
General Exponential Function

If a > 0, a  1 then the function defined by f(x) = ax, x  R is called an Exponential Function with
base a.
Y
–x –x
y
–x = 4 y = 10 x
y=2 y = 10x y = 4 y = 2x
Domain : R
+
a>1 Range : R
Nature : one-one
0<a<1
X
O
{23}
Logarithm
KEY CONCEPTS (LOGARITHM)

THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER :
The logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' is the exponent indicating
the power to which the base 'a' must be raised to obtain the number N.
This number is designated as loga N.
Hence : logaN = x  ax = N , a > 0 , a  1 & N > 0
If a = 10 , then we write log b rather than log10 b .

If a = e , we write ln b rather than loge b .
The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N follows from the properties of an exponential
functions.
From the definition of the logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' , we have an
log a N
identity : a =N , a>0 , a1 & N>0
This is known as the FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY .
NOTE :loga1 = 0 (a > 0 , a  1)
loga a = 1 (a > 0 , a  1) and
log1/a a = - 1 (a > 0 , a  1)
2. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS:
Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers , a > 0 , a  1 , b > 0 , b  1 and  is any real number
then ;
(i) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N (ii) loga (M/N) = loga M  loga N
log a M
(iii) loga M = . loga M (iv) logb M =
log a b
NOTE :  logba . logab = 1  logba = 1/logab.  logba . logcb . logac = 1
 logy x . logz y . loga z = logax.  = ax
3.
(i) * PROPERTIES OF MONOTONICITY OF LOGARITHM :
For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x 1 then logax > p  x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then loga x ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p  0 < x < ap
NOTE THAT :
 If the number & the base are on one side of the unity , then the logarithm is positive ; If the number &
the base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.
 The base of the logarithm ‘a’ must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have
a logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.
n
 For a non negative number 'a' & n  2 , n  N a = a1/n.
Logarithmic Function
If a > 0, a  1, then the function y = loga x, x  R+(set of positive real numbers) is called the logarithmic
{24}
Function with base a.
Y
y=log2x
y=log 4x
y=log10x
Domain : R+
X Range : R
O
Nature : one-one
y=log1/10x
y=log1/4x
y=log1/2x
SOLVED EXAMPLES:
Ex1 Solve log 4 8  log  x  3   log 4  x  1   2
4
Solution Given,  log 4 8  log 4  x  3    log 4  x  1   2

 8 x  24 
so , log 4  8 x  24   log 4  x  1   2  log 4  2
 x 1 
8 x  24
  42  x  5 Ans
x 1
 1x  1
Ex2 Solve log 5  5  125   log 5 6  1 
  2x
1
 x  1
Solution Given, log 5  5  125   log 5 6  1 
  2x
1 1
 x  1
 5  125  1 5 x  125 1
2x
log 5 1  5
So,  6  2x 6
 
 
2
 21x   21x 
 5   30  5   125  0 , on solving the equation we have
   
   
1 1
2x 2x 1 1
5  25 or 5  5  x  or Ans
2 4
Solve x  log 10  2  1   log 10 6  x log 10 5

x
Ex3
Given, log 10  2  1   log 10 6  x  log 10 5  1 
x
Solution
or log 10  2  1   log 10 6  x  log 10 5  log 10 10 
x
x
 2 x 1   5   2 x 1   1 
 log 10    x log 10       
 6   10   6   2 
 2 2x  2 x  6  0   2 x  3   2 x  2   0
 2 x  2  x  1 Ans
Ex4 Solve 6  log x 2  log 4 x   7  0

 1 1 
Solution Given, 6  log x  log 4   7  0
 2 x 
{25}
 1 1   1 log 2 x 
 6   7 0  6    7  0
 log 2 x 2 log x 2   log 2 x 2
   
 1 log x  2
  7  0  3  log 2 x   7  log 2 x   6  0
2
 6 
 log 2 x 2
 
2 2
 log 2 x  3 or log 2 x    x  8 or x  2 3 Ans
3
Ex5 Solve 4 log 10 x  32  x log 10 4

Solution Note 4 log 10 x  x log 10 4 ( ? )
So now we have 2 4  log 10 x

  32  4 log 10 x
 16  log 10 x  2  x  100 Ans
1 1
Ex6 Solve log 10 x  log 10 x 2
 log 10 x 4
 ............ to   y and
1  3  5  ..............   2 y  1  20

4  7  10  ...........   3 y  1  7 log 10 x
1
2
1
4  1 1 
Solution Given , y  log 10 x  log 10 x  log 10 x  ............ to    1    ......   log 10 x
 2 4 
Applying sum of G.P. we have y  2 log 10 x .........[i].
1  3  5  ..............   2 y  1  20
Also given 4  7  10  ...........  3 y  1  7 log x
  10
Applying sum of A.P. we have
y
 1  2 y 1  20 2y 40
2   
y 3 y  5 7 y ( as from [i] we have y  2 log 10 x )
 4  3 y  1  7 log 10 x
2
10
 7 y 2  60 y  100  0  y  10 or 
7
As ‘y’ is the number of terms of an A.P. so it can’t be -ve  y  10
5
From [i] 2 log 10 x  10  x  10
So we have only one solution pair  x , y    10 5 ,10 
Ex 7 If log 1 2  log 3  7  x    0 , find the interval in which ‘x’ may lie.
Solution Given, log 1 2  log 3  7  x    0  log 12  log 3  7  x    log 1 2 1
As the base of the logarithm in both side is 1

2 which lies in  0 ,1  so we have
log 3  7  x   1  log 3  7  x   log 3 3 , Here the base of the logarithm is 3 which lies in
 1,   . So we have 7  x  3  x  4 ---------- [i].

Also for the validity of the logarithm, 7  x  0  x  7 ---------- [ii]
Again for the validity of logarithm,
log 3  7  x   0  log 3  7  x   log 3 1  7  x  1  x  6 --------- [iii]
So the common region of [i], [ii] and [iii] x     , 4  Ans
{26}
Ex 8 If log 2  x 5   2 then , find the interval in which ‘x’ may lie
Solution Given
1 21
log 2  x  5   2   2  log 2  x  5   2   x 5  4   x 9
4 4
21 21
9  x   or  x  9 . Also for the validity of the logarithm
4 4
21 21
x  5  x   5 or x  5 . So the common solution is  9  x   or  x  9 Ans
4 4
ASSIGNMENT
I Find the values of the following
1 log 2 16  log 3 243 2 log 64 32  log 81 243
log 0.5 16
3 log 32 4 log 0.125 1024  243log 0. 1
125
 625log0.2 125
0.25
5 log 0.3 4 729 . 3 91 . 27  4/3 6 2 log 2 (8/45) + 3 log 2 (25/8) - 4 log 2 (5/6)
2 3 log1/5  12  4 1
7 log (2000) 6  log (2000) 6 8 5  log 2
7 3
 log1/ 2
10  2 21
4 5
1 3
log 9 log 6 3
81 5
3 2
log 25 6
9 45log4 2 3  6   6 log8  3  2 log25 7
10 . 7 125
409
II Prove the following
log N
a b 2 2 log 24 log 192
1 log N  1  log a and log 2  log 2  3 2 102  (1/ 2) log 1016  49
1 log 7 2
 5 log5 4  32.5
ab 96 12
log b  log b N  log a N . log b N . log c N

3 a log b a
 log b N 4 log a N  log b N + log b N  log c N + log c N  log a N = log a b c N
5 If a log1218 & b log2454 then prove that ab 5 ab 1
6 If x 1 logabc , y 1 logbca, z 1 logcab, then prove that xyz xy yz zx.
7 If p loga bc, q logb ca, r logc ab, then prove that pqr p q r 2.
8 If logba.logca logab. logcb logac . logb c 3 where a, b, c R 1} , then prove that abc1
III Solve and find the value s of x in the following

1 log10 x2 12x 36 2 2 91 logx 31 logx
210 0 ; where base of log is 3.
3 log4 log3 log2 x 0 4 log e log5 [ 2x  2  3] 0
log10 (x  3) 1
5 log  x 2  21  2 6 log logx log logx3 2 0 ; base 10
10
7 logx2 . log2x2 log4x2 8 5logx 5 xlog5 3 a 0 ; base of log is 0.2.

9 xlogx 4 32, where base of log is 2. 10 log5120 x3 log5 15x-3 2 log5 0.25x-4
IV Solve the following inequalities in logarithm

1 log 3  x  6   2 2 log 0.1 10  x   2
3 log 3
6 x 2
 3x  2   3 4 log 2 3 x 2
 5x  6   2
 3x  1   7  5x  1
5 log0.2    1 6 log 0.4  
 4x  3   9x  3  2
{27}
 9x 2  30x  11   4x 2  12x  7 
7 log 3 2 2 8 log 0.5  2   2
 x  30x  300   x  4x  5 
Answers
5 8 10
I 1 9 2 3 4  515  520 5 1
12 15 3
1
6 1 7 8 6 9 9 10 1
6
III
1 16,4 2 5 3 8 4 3 5 5
1
6 10 7 2 2 8 2 9 2; 10 1
32
IV
1 15, 2 ,90
3 ,1  4, 4 1,2  3,6
 17  1   3 7 2  3 5 
5   ,  , 6  9 , 
 16   3   5 2  9 5 
 2711   13 
7   , 8  , 1   5,  
 300   4 
{28}
TRIGONOMETRY RATIO
{29}
Trigonometric Functions
ANGLES AND THEIR MEASURES
Angle
A figure traced by rotating a given ray about its end point. The measure of angle is the amount of
rotation performed from the initial side to the terminal side. Angle performed by anticlockwise rotation
are taken as positive whereas angles formed by clockwise rotation are considered as negative.
n A
s itio
po
l
ina
r m
Te +ve angle Initial position
0 x 0 x
Initial position Te –ve angle
rm
in
al
po
si
tio A
n
Radian or Circular Measure

The angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of the same circle whose length is equal to
the radius of the circle is called 1 radian and is denoted by 1c.
When no unit is mentioned with an angle, it is always understood to be in radian.
Radian measure and real numbers are same.
The ratio of circumference and diameter of a circle is always constant and denoted by Greek letter
''.
Circumfere nce of Circle
 is an irrational number,  =
Diameter of circle
Circumference = 2r =  × diameter
22
 (approx) = 3.1415........
7
Arc-angle relation
arc
Angle = ; Here angle is always in radian.
radius
l

r
Relation between degree and radian.
c  180º
o
 180 
1c   
  
c
  
1º   
 180 
Relation between the sides and interior angles of a polygon
(a) Sum of interior angle of polygon of n sides = (2n – 4) × 90° = (n – 2)c

(2n  4)90 ( n  2) c
(b) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides =  
n n
{30}
WORKSHEET - 1
Q.1 The angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 3 metres by an arc of length 1 metre is equal
to :
1
(A) 20° (B) 60° (C) radian (D) 3 radians
3
Q.2 A circular wire of radius 7cm is cut and bend again into an arc of a circle of radius 12cm. The
angle subtended by the arc at the centre is :
(A) 50° (B) 210° (C) 100° (D) 60°
Q.3 The radius of the circle whose arc of length 15cm makes an angle of 3/4 radian at the centre is:
1 1
(A) 10cm (B) 20cm (C) 11 cm (D) 22 cm
4 2
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (T-RATIOS)

Trigonometric Functions
P
Perpendicular MP
(i) sin   
Hypotenuse OP
Base OM
(ii) cos   
Hypotenuse OP 
O M
Perpendicu lar MP
(iii) tan   
Base OM
Base OM
(iv) cot   
Perpendicular MP
Hypotenuse OP
(v) sec   
Base OM
Hypotenuse OP
(vi) cosec   
Perpendicular MP
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Fundamental Identities
(i) sin2 + cos2 = 1  sin2 = 1 – cos2  cos2 = 1 – sin2
(ii) 1 + tan2 = sec2  sec2 – tan2 = 1
(iii) 1 + cot2 = cosec2  cosec2 – cot2 = 1
Also note the range within which different trigonometric function lie
(1) –1  sin   1; |sin |  1 (2) –1  cos   1; |cos |  1
(3) 0  sin2   1; 0  cos2   1 (4) cosec   –1 or cosec   1
(5) sec   –1 or sec   1
tan   sec   1
Ex. =
tan   sec   1
1  sin  1  cos  1  sin  1  cos 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
cos  sin  cos  sin 
{31}
tan sec 1 (tan sec ) (sec 2 tan2 )
Sol. = [  sec2 – tan2  = 1]
tan sec 1 tan sec 1
(sec tan ){1 (sec tan )} (sec tan )(tan sec 1)
= =
tan sec 1 tan sec 1
1 sin 1 sin
= sec + tan = + = Ans.[C]
cos cos cos
sin 2 y 1 cos y sin y

Ex. The value of the expression 1 – 1  cos y + sin y
– 1  cos y
is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) sin y (D) cos y
sin 2 y 1 cos y sin y
Sol. 1 – 1  cos y + sin y – 1  cos y
1  cos y  sin 2 y 1  cos 2 y  sin 2 y cos y  cos 2 y

= 1  cos y
+ sin y (1  cos y )
= 1  cos y
+ 0 = cos y Ans.[D]
Signs of T-Ratios
y
nd st
II quadrant I quadrant
(sin & cosec (All +ve)

+ve)
x x
0
(tan & cot (cos & sec
+ve) +ve)
III rd quadrant IVth quadrant

y
3 1 tan cos ec
Ex. If sec = 2 , and <  < 2. Then the value of is-
2 1 cot cos ec
1
(A) – 1 (B)  (C) – 2 (D) 1
2
1 1 1
Sol. If sec = 2 or, cos = , sin = 1 cos 2 = 1 =
2 2 2
But  lies in the fourth quadrant in which sin is negative.
1
sin = , cosec  = 2
2
sin 1 2
tan =  tan = 1
cos 2
1 tan cos ec 1 1 2
 tan = –1  cot = –1 then, =  –1 Ans. [A]
1 cot cos ec 1 1 2
Allied Angle
If  is any angle then, –, 90° ± , 180° ± , 270° ± , 360° ±  etc. are called as allied angles
of .
1. To find the sign (+ or –)
{32}
90° +  90° – 
180° –  360° + 
sin
cosec All
tan cos
cot sec
180° +  270° + 
270° –  360° – 
Use the original ratio to find ‘+ or –’ sign (to be affixed) making use of the quadrant rule.
Thus, ratios shown inside the circle are positive in the corresponding quadrant while other ratios are
negative there
2. To find the final ratio
(a) If , 2 etc. are present, then there is no change ;
i.e., sin remains sin ; cos remains cos etc.
 3
(b) If , are present, then, there is a change as given below :
2 2
sin cos tan cot cosec sec
– 90° –  90° +  180° –  180° +  270° –  270° +  360° –  360° + 

sin –sin cos cos sin –sin –cos –cos –sin sin
cos cos sin –sin –cos –cos –sin sin cos cos
tan –tan cot –cot –tan tan cot –cot –tan tan
    2 3 5 7 5 4 3 5 7 11
Radians 0  2
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
Degree 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180 210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360
1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1
sin 0 1 0    1    0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3
cos 1 0    1    0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
tan 0 1 3 ND  3 1  0 1 3 ND  3 1  0
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
cot ND 3 1 0  1  3 ND 3 1 0  1  3 ND
3 3 3 3
Ex. The value of cos 510º cos 330º + sin 390º cos 120º is
1
(A) 2 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D)
2
Sol. cos 510º cos 330º + sin 390º cos 120º
= cos (360º + 150º) cos (360º – 30º) + sin(360º + 30º) cos(90º + 30º)
{33}
F 3I
= cos 150º cos 30º + sin 30º(–sin 30º) = cos (180º – 30º) GH 2 JK –
1
4
F 3I
= – cos 30º GH 2 JK –
1
4
=–
3
4
–
1
4
=–1 Ans.[B]
cos ec(2  ).cos( 2  ) tan(  / 2  )

Ex. The value of sec(  / 2  ).cos .cot(   )
is
(A) 2 (B) – 1 (C) 4 (D) 1
cos ec(2  ).cos(2  ) tan(  / 2  ) cos ec  .cos  (  cot )
Sol. sec(  / 2  ).cos .cot (   )
= (  cos ec ).cos .cot 
=1 Ans.[D]
WORKSHEET - 2
Q.1 tan1°tan2°tan3°tan4° ..............tan 89°

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C)  (D) 1/2
Q.2 sin2 17.5° + sin2 72.5° is equal to :

(A) cos2 90º (B) tan2 45° (C) cos2 30° (D) sin2 45°
Q.3 cos1°.cos2º.cos3° ............cos 179° =

1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D)
2
Q.4 The value of sin 10° + sin20° + sin30° + ....+ sin360° is :

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) None of these
Q.5 cos1° + cos2° + cos3° + .....+ cos 180° =

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 2
Q.6 sin15° + cos105° =

(A) 0 (B) 2 sin 15° (C) cos15° + sin15° (D) sin15° – cos15º
Q.7 The value of cos 105° + sin 105° is :

1 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) 2 (D)
2 2
tan 2 60 cos ec30

Q.8 If x sin45° cos2 60° = , then x =
sec 45 cot 2 30
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
Q.9 If A = 130° and x = sinA +cosA, then

(A) x > 0 (B) x < 0 (C) x = 0 (D) x  0
Q.10 cosA + sin(270° + A) – sin(270° –A) + cos(180° + A) =
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these
Q.11 sin( + ) sin( –) cosec2  =

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) sin (D) –sin
{34}
Q.12 tanA + cot(180° + A) + cot(90°+A) + cot(360°–A) =
(A) 0 (B) 2tan A (C) 2cot A (D) 2(tanA –cotA)
Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions

Function Domain Range
sin R [–1, 1]
cos  R [–1, 1]
  
tan  R ~ ( 2n  1) : n  I R
 2 
cot  R ~ n  : n  I  R
  
sec  R ~ ( 2n  1) : n  I  (,  1]  [1, )
 2 
cosec  R ~ n  : n  I  (,  1]  [1, )
Graphs of standard T-Functions
Y
Y
y =1 y=1
–3/2 –/2 /2 3/2 O
sin  = X' –2 –  2 X cos  = X' – –/2 /2 X
O –3/2  3/2 y = –1
y = –1
Y' Y'
Y
Y
y=1
(–3/2, 1) ( /2, 1)
y=1
(–21) (0,1) (21)
–3/2 –/2 /2 3/2 5/2 X' X
O
sec = X' O X
–2 –  2 (–/2, –1) (3/2, –1)
(– –1) (–1) cosec= y = –1
y = –1
Y'
Y'
WORKSHEET - 3
Q.1 If sin + coces = 2, then sin2 + cosec2 =

(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) None of these
{35}
Q.2 If sin + cos = 1, then sincos =
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 1/2
24
Q.3 If sin = and  lies in the second quadrant, then sec + tan=
25
(A) –3 (B) –5 (C) –7 (D) –9
5 sin   3 cos 
Q.4 If 5 tan = 4, then =
5 sin   2 cos 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1/6 (D) 6
Q.5 (m + 2)sin + (2m – 1)cos = 2m + 1, if

3 4 2m
(A) tan = (B) tan = (C) tan = (D) None of these
4 3 m2  1
Q.6 If A lies in the second quadrant and 3 tan A + 4 = 0, then the value of 2cot A–5 cosA + sinA is
equal to :
 53 7 7 23
(A) (B) (C) (D)
10 10 10 10
Q.7 If sin1 + sin2 + sin3 = 3, then cos1 + cos2 + cos3 =

(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
Q.8 The incorrect statement is :

1 1
(A) sin =  (B) cos = 1 (C) sec = (D) tan = 20
5 2
Q.9 Which one of the following is possible :

7
(A) tan  = 45 (B) cos  =
3
a 2  b2 4
(C) sin  = 2 , (a  b) (D) sec  =
a  b2 5
1  1 
Q.10 If sec = m and tan  = n, then (m  n )   =
m (m  n ) 
(A) 2 (B) 2m (C) 2n (D) mn
4xy
Q.11 The equation sec2 = is only possible when
( x  y) 2
(A) x = y (B) x < y (C) x > y (D) None of these
Q.12 Which of the following relations is correct :


(A) sin1 < sin 1° (B) sin1 > sin1° (C) sin1 = sin 1° (D) sin 1 = sin 1°
180
{36}
Addition and Subtraction Formulae (Compound Angle)
1. sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
2. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
tan A  tan B
3. tan(A + B) =
1  tan A tan B
4. sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB
5. cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
tan A  tan B
6. tan(A – B) =
1  tan A tan B
cot A cot B  1
7. cot(A + B) = cot A  cot B
cot A cot B  1
8. cot( A  B ) 
cot B  cot A
9. sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B
10. cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
11. tan(A + B + C) =
1  tan A tan B  tan B tanC  tan C tan A
  1  tan A   1  tan A
12. tan  A   13. tan  A  
 4  1  tan A  4  1  tan A
1 3
Ex. The value of  is
sin 10  cos 10 
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) – 4 (D) 4
Sol.
1 3 
1 3 4  cos 10  sin 10 
cos 10   3 sin 10  2 2 
   
sin 10 cos 10 sin 10 cos 10 
sin 20
4 (sin 30 cos 10  cos 30 sin10)

 =4 Ans.[D]
sin 20
Ex. The value of (cos  + cos )2 + (sin  + sin )2 is
FG    IJ FG    IJ FG IJ FG IJ
(A) 4sin2 H 2 K (B) 4cos2 H 2 K (C) 4sin2 H 2 K (D) 4cos2 H 2 K
Sol. (cos  + cos )2 + (sin  + sin )2
2 2
              
= 2 cos 2  . cos 2  + 2 sin  2  . cos 2 
         
FG IJ .cos2 FG IJ FG IJ .cos2 FG IJ
= 4cos2 H 2 K H 2 K + 4sin2 H 2 K H 2 K
  –   cos 2       sin 2       
= 4 cos2  .     = 4 cos2  2  Ans.[D]
 2    2   2   
{37}
TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
Product into sum and difference
1. 2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
2. 2cosA sinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
3. 2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)
4. 2sinA sinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
Sum and Difference into products

 C  D C  D 
1. sinC + sinD = 2 sin  cos 
 2   2 
C  D  C  D 
2. sinC – sinD = 2 cos  sin 
 2   2 
 C  D C  D 
3. cosC + cosD = 2 cos  cos 
 2   2 
C  D  C  D 
4. cosC – cosD = – 2 sin  sin 
 2   2 
sin A  sin 3A  sin 5A  sin 7 A

Ex. The value of is
cos A  cos 3A  cos 5A  cos 7 A
(A) tan 3A (B) tan 4A (C) cot 3A (D) cot 4A
sin A  sin 3 A  sin 5 A  sin 7 A (sin A  sin 7 A)  (sin 3 A  sin 5 A)
Sol. 
cos A  cos 3 A  cos 5 A  cos 7 A (cos A  cos 7 A)  (cos 3 A  cos 5 A)
2 sin 4 A cos 3 A  2 sin 4 A cos A

  tan 4 A Ans. [B]
2 cos 4 A cos 3 A  2 cos 4 A cos A
WORKSHEET - 4
Q.1 The value of tan20° + 2tan50º–tan 70° is equal to :

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) tan50º (D) None of these
Q.2 If sin A + sin B = C, cosA + cosB = D, then the value of sin(A + B) =

CD C2  D2 2CD
(A) CD (B) (C) (D)
C2  D2 2CD C2  D2
Q.3 If sinA = sin B and cosA = cos B, then :

AB AB AB
(A) sin =0 (B) sin = 0 (C) cos =0 (D) cos(A+B) = 0
2 2 2
Q.4 sin50° – sin70° + sin10° =

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1/2 (D) 2
{38}
Q.5 cos2  + cos2( + 120°) + cos2 (  –120°) is equal to :
(A) 3/2 (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) 0

Q.6 If y = (1 + tanA) (1–tan B) where A–B= , then (y + 1) y+1 is equal to :
4
(A) 9 (B) 4 (C) 27 (D) 81
m 1
Q.7 If tan  = and tan  = , then  +  =
m 1 2m  1
  
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 4 6
1
Q.8 [ 3 cos 23  sin 23] =
4
(A) cos43° (B) cos7° (C) cos53º (D) None of these
Q.9 tan 75°– cot 75° =

(A) 2 3 (B) 2  3 (C) 2  3 (D) None of these
cot A cot B
Q.10 If A + B =225°, then . =
1  cot A 1  cot B
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1/2
4 12
Q.11 If sin A = and cos B =  , where A and B lie in first and third quadrant respectively, then
5 13
cos(A + B) =
56 56 16 16
(A) (B)  (C) (D) 
65 65 65 65
1 3
Q.12  =
sin 10 cos10
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
Q.13 If cos(A + B)= cos AcosB +  sinAsinB, then (,)=

(A) (–1,–1) (B) (–1, 1) (C) (1,–1) (D) (1, 1)
sin 2 A  sin 2 B
Q.14 =
sin A cos A  sin B cos B
(A) tan(A – B) (B) tan(A + B) (C) cot(A – B) (D) cot(A + B)
4 5 
Q.15 If cos( + ) = , sin(–) = and ,  lie between 0 and , then tan2 =
5 13 4
16 56 28
63 33 33
{39}
   2 
Q.16 If tan x + tan   x   tan  x  =3, then
3   3 
(A) tan x = 1 (B) tan 2x = 1 (C) tan3x =1 (D) None of these
Q.17 The value of cos15° –sin15° is equal to :

1 1 1
(A) (B) (C)  (D) 0
2 2 2
Q.18 If tan , tan  are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 (p  0), then
(A) sin2( + ) + psin( + ) cos( +) + qcos2 ( + ) = – q
p
(B) tan( + ) =
q 1
(C) cos( + ) = 1 + q
(D) sin( + ) = p
Q.19 cos276° + cos2 16° –cos76° cos16° =

(A) –1/4 (B) 1/2 (C) 0 (D) 3/4
cos 9  sin 9
Q.20 =
cos 9  sin 9
(A) tan54° (B) tan36° (C) tan18º (D) None of these
Q.21 tan100º + tan125º + tan100º tan125º =

(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) –1 (D) 1
Q.22 If sin + sin2 + sin3 = sin  and cos +cos2 + cos3 = cos , then  is equal to :
(A)  / 2 (B)  (C) 2 (D) /6
Q.23 tan70° is equal to

(A) tan20º + tan50° (B) 2tan20° + tan50°
(C) tan20° + 2tan50° (D) 2tan20° + 2tan50°
Q.24 If tanA–tanB = x and cot B–cot A = y, then cot(A–B) =

1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) y (B) (C)  (D) 
x xy x y x y
mn
Q.25 If m tan(–30°) = n tan( + 120°), then =
mn
(A) 2cos2 (B) cos 2 (C) 2sin2 (D) sin 2
sin 3  sin 5  sin 7  sin 9
Q.26 =
cos 3  cos 5  cos 7  cos 9
(A) tan3 (B) cot 3 (C) tan6 (D)cot 6
{40}
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE AND SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES
T-Ratios of multiple angles : (An angle of the form n, n  I)
2 tan A
1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A =
1  tan 2 A
1  tan2 A
2 2 2 2
2. cos 2A = cos A – sin A = 2 cos A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin A =
1  tan 2 A
Thus, 1 + cos 2A = 2 cos2A
1 – cos 2A = 2 sin2A
2 tan A cot 2 A  1
3. tan 2 A  , cot 2 A 
1  tan 2 A 2 cot A
4. (i) sin 3 A  3 sin A  4 sin3 A (ii) cos 3 A  4 cos 3 A  3 cos A
3 tan A  tan3 A cot 3 A  3 cot A

(iii) tan 3 A  (iv) cot 3 A 
1  3 tan 2 A 3 cot 2 A  1
1
5. sin  sin (60°– ) · sin (60° + ) = sin 3
4
1
6. cos  cos (60°– ) · cos (60° + ) = cos 3
4
7. tan  tan (60°– ) · tan (60° + ) = tan 3
8. tan  + tan (– 60°) + tan (60° + ) = 3 tan 3
sin 2
Ex. =
1 cos 2
(A) cot  (B) tan  (C) sin  (D) cosec 
sin 2 2 sin cos
Sol. = = tan  Ans.[B]
1 cos 2 2 cos 2
Ex. The value of sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° is -
3 1 3
8 8 16
Sol. By direct formula
1
sin  .sin(60º –  ).sin (60º +  ) = sin 3  sin 60º [sin 20º sin (60º – 20º)
4
2
1  1  3  3
sin (60º + 20º)] = sin 60º  4 sin 60 º  = = [C]
  4  2  16
Ex. The value of cos 20° cos 40° cos 60° cos 80° is equal to
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 16 32
cos(3)
Sol. cos  cos (60° – ) cos (60° + ) =
4
cos 60 1
cos 20° · cos (60° – 20°) cos (60° + 20°) cos 60° = · cos 60° = . Ans.]
4 16
{41}
Ex. The value of sin 6° sin 42° sin 66° sin 78° is equal to
1 3 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 16 16
sin(18)
Sol. sin 6° sin 54° sin 66° =
4
sin( 54) 1
sin 18° sin 42° sin 78° =  sin 6° sin 42° sin 66° sin 78° = . Ans.]
4 16
Ex. tan 9° – tan27° – tan 63° + tan 81° is equals to -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 4
Sol. tan 9° + tan 81° – (tan 27° + tan 63°)

(tan 9° + cot 9°) – (tan 27° + cot 27°)
 sin 9 º cos 9º   sin 27º cos 27 º  1 1
=  cos 9º  sin 9º  –  cos 27 º  sin 27 º  = sin 9º cos 9º – cos 27º sin 27 º
   
2 2 2 2 2 4 24  5  1 5  1 
= sin 18 – sin 54  = sin 18  – sin 36º = – = 8 
5 1 5 1  ( 5  1)( 5  1) 
16
= =4 Ans.[D]
4
n
Ex. cos 3 x. sin2x =  am sin mx is an identity in x. Then -
m 1
3 1 3
(A) a3 = , a2 = 0 (B) n = 5, a 1 = (C)  am = (D) All the above
8 4 4
1 3
Sol. cos3 x. sin 2x = cos 3x  3 cos x .sin 2x = (sin 5x – sin x) + (sin 3x + sin x)
4 8 8
1 3 1
= sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x.
4 8 8
1 3
 n = 5, a1 = , a2 = 0 , a3 = ,
4 8
1
a4 = 0 , a5 = Ans.[D]
8
T-Ratios of submultiple angle

  
 An angle of the from , n  I 
 n 
  2 tan  / 2
1. sin = 2 sin cos 
2 2 1  tan 2  / 2 
 2    1  tan 2  / 2 
2. cos   cos  sin 2  2 cos 2  1  1  2 sin 2 =
2 2 2 2 1  tan 2  / 2

2 tan / 2  cot 2 1
3. tan   4. cot   2
1  tan 2  / 2 2 cot / 2
{42}
 1  cos   1  cos 
5. cos 2  6. sin 2 
2 2 2 2
 1  cos   1  cos 
7. tan 2  8. cot 2 
2 1  cos  2 1  cos 
1  cos   1  cos  
9.  tan 10.  cot
sin  2 sin  2
1 sin cos
Ex. equal to
1 sin cos
FG IJ FG IJ FG IJ FG IJ
(A) cot 2 H K H K
(B) sin 2 (C) cos 2 H K (D) tan 2 H K
FG IJ F I F I
2 sinG J cosG J
1 sin cos (1 cos ) sin
2 sin2
H 2K H 2K H 2K
Sol.
1 sin cos
= (1 cos ) sin =
F I
2 cos G J
F I F I
2 sinG J cosG J
H 2K H 2K H 2K
2
FG IJ LM2 sin cos P

O
2 sin
H 2K N 2 2Q F I
= tan GH 2 JK
=
F IL
2 cosG J M2 sin cos P
O Ans.[D]
H 2K N 2 2Q
   3   5   7 
Ex. The value of 1  cos 8  1  cos 8  1  cos 8  1  cos 8  is -
1  1 1 2
(A) (B) cos (C) (D)
2 8 8 2 2
   3    3     
Sol. 1  cos  1  cos   1  cos       1  cos     
 8  8    8    8
   3   3   2  2   3 
= 1  cos 8  1  cos 8  1  cos 8  1  cos 8  = 1  cos 8  1  cos 8 
1  2  1  cos    2  1  cos 3   1 1  cos   1  cos 3  

=     =    
4  4  4  4  4  4 
1  1  1  1 1  1  1
= 1   1   =   = Ans.[C]
4  2  2 4  2 8
 3 5 7
Ex. cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4 equals to -
8 8 8 8
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4 (C) 3/2 (D) 3/4
 3 5 7  3 3 
Sol. = cos4 +cos4 + cos4 + cos4 = cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
2 2 2 2
 4  3  1    3   1    3 
=2  cos  cos 4  =  2 cos 2    2 cos 2   = 1  cos   1  cos  
 8 8  2  8  8   2  4  4  
  
2 2
1  1   1   1 3
1     
= 2    1 –   = 2  1 = Ans.[C]
 2   2   2 2
{43}
T-Ratio of some special angles
3 1 3 1
(i) sin 15  cos 75  (ii) cos 15  sin 75 
2 2 2 2
(iii) tan 15° = cot 75° = 2  3 (iv) cot 15° = tan 75° = 2  3
5 1
(v) sin 18° = cos 72°  (vi) cos 18° = sin 72°  10  2 5
4 4
5 1
(vii) sin 36° = cos 54°  10  2 5 (viii) cos 36° = sin 54° 
4 4
(ix) tan 22 12   2  1 (x) cot 22 21   2  1
WORKSHEET - 5
cot 2 15  1
Q.1 =
cot 2 15  1
1 3 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3
2 2 4
3 4 
Q.2 If cos = and cos = , where  and  are positive acute angles, then cos =
5 5 2
7 7 7 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 5 2 5 2 5
1 
Q.3 If sec = 1 , then tan =
4 2
1 3 1 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 4 4
A 3 1  cos A
Q.4 If tan = , then =
2 2 1  cos A
(A) –5 (B) 5 (C) 9/4 (D) 4/9
3
Q.5 If cosA = , then tan3A =
2
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 
Q.6 sin4 can be written as :

(A) 4sin(1–2sin2) 1  sin 2  (B) 2sincossin2
(C) 4sin–6sin3 (D)None of these
sin 2A cos A
Q.7 . =
1  cos 2A 1  cos A
A A A A
(A) tan (B) cot (C) sec (D) cosec
2 2 2 2
{44}
1 1
Q.8  =
tan 3A  tan A cot 3A  cot A
(A) tanA (B) tan2A (C) cotA (D) cot2A
 
Q.9 Simplest form of is : Where x   0, 
 8
(A) sec x/2 (B) sec x (C) cosec x (D) 1
cos 6x  6 cos 4 x  15 cos 2x  10

Q.10 The expression is equal to :
cos 5x  5 cos 3x  10 cos x
(A) cos2x (B) 2cosx (C) cos2 x (D) 1 + cos x
b ab ab
Q.11 If tanx = , then  =
a ab ab
2 sin x 2 cos x 2 cos x 2 sin x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
sin 2x cos 2x sin 2x cos 2x
Q.12 If tan2 = 2tan2  + 1, then cos2 + sin2 equal :

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these
 x 1
Q.13 If  is an acute angle and sin = , then tan is equal to :
2 2x
(A) x2 – 1 (B) x 2 1 (C) x2 1 (D) x2 + 1
Q.14 (sec 2A + 1)sec2A =

(A) sec A (B) 2secA (C) sec2A (D) 2sec2A
sin   sin 2
Q.15 =
1  cos   cos 2
1 1
(A) tan  (B) cot  (C) tan (D) cot
2 2
1  cos B
Q.16 If tanA = , then correct relation between tan2A and tanB is :
sin B
(A) tan2A = tanB (B) tan2A = tan2 B
(C) tan2A = tan2B + 2tanB (D) None of the above
sec 8A  1
Q.17 =
sec 4A  1
tan 2A tan 8A cot 8A
tan 8A tan 2A cot 2A
{45}
3  A   5A 
Q.18 If cosA = , then 32sin   sin   =
4 2  2 
sin 3  cos 3
Q.19 +1 =
sin   cos 
(A) 2sin2 (B) 2cos2 (C) tan2 (D) cot2

Q.20 If tan  = cos tan, then tan2 =
2
sin(   ) cos(  ) sin(   ) cos(  )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
sin(   ) cos(  ) sin(   ) cos(  )
3 cos 2  1
Q.21 If cos2 = , then tan  =
3  cos 2
tan  tan 2 
(A) 2 tan  (B) (C) (D) tan 
2 2
Q.22 cos2A(3– 4cos2A)2 +sin2 A(3–4 sin2 A)2 =

(A) cos4A (B) sin4A (C) 1 (D) None of these
3 3 1
Q.23 If sin = , where  <  < , then cos  =
5 2 2
1 1 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
10 10 10 10
1
Q.24 If sin + cos = x, then sin6  + cos6 = [ 4  3( x 2  1) 2 ] for
4
(A) All real x (B) x2  2 (C) x2  2 (D) None of these
Q.25 If tan = t, then tan 2 + sec2=

1 t 1 t 2t 2t
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t
2  sin   cos 
Q.26 =
sin   cos 
        
(A) sec   (B) cos    (C) tan   (D) cot   
2 8  8 2  2 8  2 2
1 1
Q.27 If cos =  a   , then the value of cos3 is :
2 a
1 3 1  3 1 1 3 1  1 3 1 
(A) a  3  (B) a   (C) a  3  (D) a  3 
8 a  2 a 2 a  3 a 
{46}
Two special series :
1. sin() + sin( + ) + sin( + 2) + ……. sin(+(n – 1))
     n 
sin  (n  1)  . sin 
 2
   2 


sin 
 2
2. cos + cos( + ) + cos( + 2) + ……..+ cos( + (n – 1))
     n 
cos   (n  1)  . sin 
  2   2 


 
sin 
2
Note : Note that the angles are in A.P.
sin 2n A
3. cosA cos2A cos22A ........cos2n – 1A =
2 n sin A
 2 4
Ex. The value of cos cos cos is
7 7 7
1 1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 
2 3 8
1    2 4 1 1 2 2  4
 .  2 sin cos  cos cos  .  2 sin cos  cos
Sol.   7 7 7 7  2 7 7  7
2 sin 2 sin
7 7
8 sin     
1 1 4 4  sin  sin
 .  2 sin cos  1 7   7 7 1
 2 7 7   8.  
4 sin    8 Ans. (4)
7 sin 8 sin 8 sin
7 7 7
2 4 6 20 
Ex. The value of cos    cos    cos    .......  cos   is equal to
 21   21   21   21 
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) none
4 2
 2   4   6   20 
Sol. cos    cos    cos    .......  cos  
 21   21   21   21 
 11   10    20 
cos   ·cos   sin  
 21   21   21   1 
= = = . Ans.]
       2
sin   2 sin  
 21   21 
{47}
GREATEST AND LEAST VALUES OF acos + bsin
S = a cos  + b sin 
a b 
 r  cos   sin   : r  a2  b2
r r 
a b
 r sin (   ) ; sin   ; cos  
r r
Since 1  sin (   )  1 , therefore, r  S  r

Ex. The range of f() = 5 cos   3 cos      3 is
 3
(A) [– 5, 5] (B) [– 5, 10] (C) [– 4, 5] (D) [– 4, 10]
   cos  3 sin   13 3 3
Sol. S  5 cos   3 cos      3  5 cos   3   3  cos   sin   3
 3   2 2  2 2
 
13 3 3
Since 7  cos   sin   7
2 2
 4  S  10 [D]
Ex. If A = cos2 + sin4, then for all values of 

13 3 13 3
(A) 1  A  2 (B)  A 1 (C) A (D)  A 1
16 4 16 4
Solution :
A = cos2 + sin2sin2  A  cos2 + sin2.1 ( sin2   1)
 A1
2
 2 1  1 3
Again, A = (1 – sin ) + sin   A =  sin     1    A 
2 4
 2   4  4
3
Hence  A 1 Ans. (D)
4
CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
When, three angles A, B, C satisfy some given relation, several identities can be established connecting
the trigonometric ratios of these angles
In a triangle ABC, A + B + C =  ;
 sin (A + B) = sin ( – C) = sin C
and cos (A + B) = cos ( – C) = – cos C
A B C 
Also,    ; Hence,
2 2 2 2
AB  C C
sin    sin     cos
 2  2 2 2
AB  C C
cos    cos     sin
 2   2 2  2
{48}
Remember :
If A + B + C = , then
(i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
(ii) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = –1 – 4cosA cosB cosC
A B C
(iii) cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
(iv) sin A  sin B  sin C  4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
(v) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
(vi) cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1
A B C A B C
(vii) cot  cot  cot  cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
(viii) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
WORKSHEET - 6

Q.1 The minimum value of f(x) = sin4x + cos4x, 0  x  is :
2
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 2 2 2 2
Q.2 The maximum value of 3 cos + 4sin is :

Q.3 In the graph of the function 3 sinx + cosx the maximum distance of a point from x-axis is :
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
  2  
Q.4 The maximum value of cos2   x   cos   x  is :
3  3 
3 1 3 3
(A)  (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
Q.5 tan2 + cot2 is :

(A)  2 (B)  2 (C)  –2 (D) None of these
Q.6 The value of x for maximum value of 3 cosx + sin x is :
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60º (D) 90°
Q.7 The minimum value of 3cosx +4 sinx+5 is :

(A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 7 (D) 0
Q.8 The greatest and least value of sin x cos x are :
1 1 1 1
(A) 1, –1 (B) , – (C) , (D) 2, –2
2 2 4 4
Q.9 2 2
The maximum value of 4sin x + 3cos x is :
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 7
{49}
Q.10 The minimum value of 9tan2  + 4 cot 2  is :
(A) 13 (B) 9 (C) 6 (D) 12
Q.11 Maximum value of f(x) = sinx + cosx is :
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 2
2
Q.12 If A = sin2 + cos4 , then for all real values of 
3 13 3 13
(A) 1  A  2 (B)  A 1 (C)  A 1 (D) A
4 16 4 16
Q.13 The value of x for maximum value of ( 3 sinx + cosx) is :

(A) 30° (B) 45º (C) 60° (D) 90°
Q.14 If  +  –  = , then sin2  + sin2  – sin2  =
(A) 2sin  sin  cos  (B) 2cos  cos  cos 
(C) 2sin  sin  sin  (D) 0
cos A cos B cos C
Q.15 If A + B + C = , then   =
sin B sin C sin C sin A sin A sin B
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.16 In a triangle ABC, the value of sinA + sinB + sinC is
A B C A B C
(A) 4sin sin sin (B) 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(C) 4 cos sin sin (D) 4 cos sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
Q.17 In triangle ABC, the value of sin2A + sin2B + sin 2C is equal to :
(A) 4sinA.sinB.sinC (B) 4cosA.cosB.cosC
(C) 2cosA.cosB.cosC (D) 2sinA.sinB.sinC
Q.18 If A + B + C = , then cos2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =
(A) 1 + 4cosAcosBsinC (B) –1 + 4 sinA sinB cosC
(C) –1–4cosAcosBcosC (D)None of these
sin 2A  sin 2B  sin 2C

Q.19 If A + B + C = 180°, then =
cos A  cos B  cos C  1
A B C A B C
(A) 8 sin sin sin (B) 8 cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(C) 8 sin cos cos (D) 8 cos sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan A  tan B  tan C

Q.20 If A + B + C = 180°, then =
tan A. tan B. tan C
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) –1
{50}
ANSWER
WORK-SHEET- 1
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 B
WORK-SHEET- 2
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 A

Q.6 A Q.7 D Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 B
Q.11 B Q.12 A
WORK-SHEET- 3
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 C Q.5 B

Q.6 D Q.7 D Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 A
Q.11 A Q.12 B
WORK-SHEET- 4
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 A

Q.6 C Q.7 B Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 D
Q.11 B Q.12 D Q.13 C Q.14 B Q.15 B
Q.16 C Q.17 A Q.18 B Q.19 D Q.20 A
Q.21 D Q.22 A Q.23 C Q.24 C Q.25 A
Q.26 C
WORK-SHEET- 5
Q.1 B Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 D Q.5 D

Q.6 A Q.7 A Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 B
Q.11 B Q.12 B Q.13 B Q.14 D Q.15 C
Q.16 A Q.17 B Q.18 C Q.19 A Q.20 C
Q.21 A Q.22 C Q.23 B Q.24 B Q.25 A
Q.26 C Q.27 C
WORK-SHEET- 6
Q.1 D Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 A

Q.6 A Q.7 D Q.8 B Q.9 B Q.10 D
Q.11 D Q.12 B Q.13 C Q.14 A Q.15 C
Q.16 B Q.17 A Q.18 C Q.19 B Q.20 C
{51}
TRIGONOMETRICAL
EQUATION & INEQUATION
{52}
Trigonometric Equations
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
An equation involving the trigonometric ratios of an unknown angle is called a trigonometric equation.
e.g. sin x = 0 ; sin x + cos x = 1, etc. The equation is not completely solved unless we obtain an
expression for all the angles which satisfy it. Since, all trigonometric ratios are periodic in nature, a
trigonometric equation has, in general, an infinite number of solutions.
We note that
sin  = 0 ; sin  = 0 ; sin (–) = 0 ;
sin 2 = 0 and so on.
 In general, sin (n) = 0 : n  I,
where I denotes the set of integers.
  
Also, cos 0 ; cos     0 ;
2  2
3  3  5
cos 0 ; cos     0 ; cos  0 and so on.
2  2  2

Thus, in general, cos ( 2n  1)  0 : nI.
2
METHOD FOR FINDING PRINCIPAL VALUE

1
Suppose we have to find the principal value of  satisfying the equation sin = –
2
Since sin is negative,  will be in 3rd or 4th quadrant. We can approach 3rd or 4th quadrant from
two directions. If we take anticlockwise direction the numerical value of the angle will be greater
than . If we approach it in clockwise direction the angle will be numerically less than . For
principal value, we have to take numerically smallest angle.
X O X
/6 /6
— —
B A
Y
So for principal value :
(i) If the angle is in 1st or 2nd quadrant we must select anticlockwise direction and if the angle
is in 3rd or 4th quadrant, we must select clockwise direction.
(ii) Principal value is never numerically greater than .
(iii) Principal value always lies in the first circle (i.e. in first rotation)
 5 
On the above criteria,  will be – or – . Among these two – has the least numerical value.
6 6 6
 1
Hence – is the principal value of  satisfying the equation sin = –
6 2
{53}
From the above discussion, the method for finding principal value can be summed up as follows:
(i) First draw a Trigonometrical circle and mark the quadrant, in which the angle may lie.
(ii) Select anticlockwise direction for 1st and 2nd quadrants and select clockwise direction for 3rd and
4th quadrants.
(iii) Find the angle in the first rotation.
(iv) Select the numerically least angle among these two values. The angle thus found will be the principal
value.
(v) In case, two angles one with positive sign and the other with negative sign qualify for the numerically
least angle, then it is the convention to select the angle with positive sign as principal value.
Method for finding principal value
Ex. Principal value of tan = – 1 is -

3 3
(A) – (B) (C) (D) –
4 4 4 4
Sol.  tan is negative
  will lie in 2nd or 4th quadrant.
For 2nd quadrant we will select anticlockwise
and for 4th quadrant, we will select clockwise direction.
3
In the first circle two values – and are obtained.
4 4
Among these two, – is numerically least angle.
4
Hence principal value is – . Ans. [A]

4
GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS :

Since trigonometric functions are periodic functions, therefore, solutions of trigonometric equations can
be generalised with the help of periodicity of trigonometric functions. The solution consisting of all
possible solutions of a trigonometric equation is called its general solution.
Thus, a solution generalised by means of periodicity is known as the General Solution.
eg., General solution of the equation sin  = 0 is n. where n is 0 or any positive or negative integer.
General solutions of equation of the forms

sin  = sin , cos  = cos , tan  = tan 
 
(i) sin  = sin    = n + (– 1)n  ; nI ;    , 
 2 2
(ii) cos  = cos    = 2n ±  ; nI ;  [0, ]
  
(iii) tan  = tan    = n +  ; nI ;    , 
 2 2
sin 2   sin 2  

(iv) cos 2   cos 2      n   
tan 2   tan 2  
General solution of equations of the forms sin  = 0, cos  = 0, tan  = 0

sin  = 0   = n, n I
cos  = 0   = (2n + 1) /2, n I
tan  = 0   = n, n I
{54}
General solution of equations of the form sin  = 1
sin   1    ( 4 n  1)  / 2 

cos   1    2 n , nI
cos   1    ( 2 n  1)  

if sin   sin  
    2n  
& cos   cos  
where  is principle value.
Ex. The general solution of sin 2 = 0 is –

n 
(A) n; n  I (B) ;nI (C) (2n + 1) ;nI (D) 2n; n  I
2 2
Sol. We know that sin = 0, then  = n
sin 2 = 0
or, 2 = n ; n I
n
 ; n I Ans.[B]
2

Ex. The general solution of tan   = 0 is –
 2
(A) 2n; n  I (B) n; n  I

(C) (2n + 1) ;n  I (D) None of these
2
Sol. We know that, tan  = 0
 = n ; n  I
FG IJ
then H K
tan 2 = 0
so, = n
2
 = 2n. Ans.[A]
1
Ex. The general solution of cos = is –
2
   
(A) 2n ± ; n  I (B) n ± ; n  I (C) 2n ± ; n  I (D) n ± ; n  I
6 6 3 3
1 
Sol. If cos  = or cos = cos  
2 3

 = 2n ± ;nI Ans.[C]
3
1
Ex. The general solution of cos2  = is –
2
  
(A) n ± ;nI (B) 2n ± ; n  I (C) n ± ; n  I (D) None of these
3 4 4
2
1  1  
Sol. If cos2 = or, cos2 =   or, cos2 = cos2  
2  2 4

    = n ± ;n I Ans.[C]
4
{55}
Ex. Solve the equation : sin 5x = cos 2x
 
Sol. sin 5x = cos 2x = sin   2x 
2 
 
5x  n   (1)n    2x  : n  I [There exist two cases for n, (I) n is even and (II) n is odd]
 2 
Case I
If n  2m : m  I, then,

5x  2m    2x
2

7 x  2m  
2

x  ( 4m  1) : mI
14
Case II
If n  2m  1 : m  I, then,

5 x  ( 2 m  1)    2x
2

3 x  ( 4 m  1)
2

x  (4 m  1) : mI
6
Ex. The number of solutions of equation, sin 5x cos 3x = sin 6x cos 2x, in the interval [0, ] are
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
Sol. The given equation can be written as
1 1
(sin 8x + sin 2x) = (sin 8x + sin 4x)
2 2
or sin 2x – sin 4x  – 2 sin x cos 3x = 0
Hence sin x = 0 or cos 3x = 0.

That is, x = n (n  I), or 3x = k + (k  I). Therefore, since x  [0, 
2
  5
the given equation is satisfied if x = 0, , , or . Ans.[C]
6 2 6
Ex. If sin  + sin 3 + sin 5 = 0, then the general value of  is –

n m n 
(A) , ; m, n  I (B) , m ± ; m, n  I
6 12 3 3
n 
(C) , m ± ; m, n  I (D) None of these
3 6
Sol. If (sin 5 + sin ) + sin3 = 0
or, 2 sin 3 cos 2 + sin 3 = 0
or, sin 3 (2 cos2 + 1) = 0
Case I
sin 3 = 0  3 = n ; n  I
n
 = ;nI
3
{56}
Case II
2cos2 + 1 = 0
1 2
 cos2 = –  cos2 = cos
2 3

  = m ± ;mI
3
n 
So the general solution of the given equation is  = and  = m ±
3 3
where m, n  I Ans.[B]
Ex. If 2cos2 + 3sin = 0, then general value of  is –

 
(A) n + (–1)n ;nI (B) 2n ± ;nI
6 6

(C) n + (–1)n+1 ; n  I (D) None of these
6
Sol. If 2cos2 + 3sin =0

 2(1 – sin2) + 3sin = 0  2sin2 – 3sin – 2 = 0
 2sin2 – 4sin+ sin – 2 = 0  2sin(sin– 2) + (sin– 2) = 0
 (sin– 2) (2sin+ 1) = 0
Case-I :
If sin  – 2 = 0
sin  = 2
Which is not possible because
–1  sin   1
Case-II :
If 2sin + 1 = 0
1  –
 sin  = – or, sin = sin  
2  6 
 –
   = n + (–1)n   ;nI
 6 

   = n + (–1)n+1   ; n  I Ans.[C]
6
Ex. Solve : tan (cot x)  cot (tan x)

 
Sol. tan (cot x)  cot (tan x)  tan   tan x 
2 

 cot x  n    tan x ; n  I
2

tan x  cot x  n  
2
1 
 ( 2 n  1)
sin 2 x 4
{57}
4   
sin 2x   sin  n ;  n    ,  ; n  0, –1
 ( 2n  1)  2 2
2x  m   (1) m   n ; n, m  I ; n  0, –1
m 
x  ( 1) m  n ; n, m  I ; n  0, –1
2 2
   
Ex. The general solution of tan  sin   = cot  cos   is -
2  2 

(A)  = 2r + ,rZ (B)  = 2r, r  Z
2

(C)  = 2r + and  = 2r, r  Z (D) None of these
2
   
Sol. We have, tan  sin   = cot  cos  
2  2 
       
 tan  sin   = tan   cos      sin  = r  + – cos , r  Z
2  2 2  2 2 2
1 1 2r  1
 sin  + cos  = (2r + 1), r  Z  sin  + cos  = ,rZ
2 2 2
  2r  1   1 1
 cos     = ,rZ  cos     = or –
 4 2  4 2 2
   
 – = 2r ± , r  Z   = 2r + + ,rZ
4 4 4 4

  = 2r, 2r + ,r Z
2

But  = 2r + , r  Z gives extraneous roots as it does not satisfy the given equation. Therefore
2
 = 2r, r  Z Ans.[B]
Solution of an equation of the form a cos  + b sin  = C

a cos  + b sin  = C
(i) Divide the equation by a 2  b2
a b
(ii) Let  cos  and  sin  ( is least positive angle satisfying the equations)
2 2
a b a  b2
2
C
(iii) Equation become cos (   )   cos 
a 2  b2
 –  = 2n ± , so  = 2n ±  + ; nI
if | C |  a 2  b 2 ; no real solution exists.
1
Ex. Solve the equation, sin   cos   .
2
{58}
Sol. Here a = 1 and b = 1
So, a 2  b2  2
Dividing the equation by 2 , we get

1 1 1     
sin   cos    cos      cos   –  2 n 
2 2 2  4 3 4 3
 
   2n   .
4 3
Ex. General solution of equation

3 cos   sin   2 is –
   
(A) n ± + ;nI (B) 2n ± + ;nI
4 6 4 6
 
(C) 2n ± – ;nI (D) None of these
4 6
Sol. 3 cos   sin   2 ....(1)

this is the form of a cos + bsin = c
where a = 3 ,b = 1 and c = 2
Let a = r cos, and b = rsin
i.e., 3 = rcos and 1 = rsin
1 
then r = 2 and tan = , so  =
3 6
Substituting a = 3 = rcos
and   b = 1 = r sin  in the equation (1)
so, r [cos cos + sin sin] = 2 or,, r cos( – ) = 2
    1
or, 2cos   –  = 2 or, cos   –  =
 6  6 2
   
or, cos   –  = cos   or, – = 2n ± ;nI
 6 4 6 4
 
 = 2n ± + ;nI Ans.[B]
4 6
SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS :
Two equations in one unknown
Ex. What are the most general values of  satisfying ?

1 1
(i) sin   (ii) cos   
2 2
{59}
1
Sol. (i) sin   ;
2
1 
Smallest angle whose sine is is   .
2 6
 General solution is :   n   (1) n   : n  I

6
1
(ii) cos    ;
2
3
Numerically smallest angle is   .
4
3
 General solution is :   2 n   : nI
4
1
Ex. The most general value of  satisfying the equations cos = and tan = –1 is –
2
7 7
(A) n + ;nI (B) n + (–1)n ;n  I
4 4
7
(C) 2n + ;nI (D) None of these
4
1 
Sol. cos = = cos  
2 4

 = 2n ± ;nI
4
9 7
Put n = 1,  = ,
4 4
 –
tan = –1 = tan  
 4 

 = n – ; nI
4
3
put n = 1,  =
4
7
put n = 2,  =
4
 7 
The common value which satisfies both these equation is  
 4 
7
Hence the general value is 2n + Ans.[C]
4
1 1
Ex. Find the most general values of  which satisfies the equations sin    and tan   .
2 3
Sol. First find the values of  lying between 0 and 2 and satisfying the two given equations separately.
Select the value of  which satisfies both the equation, then generalize it.
1 7 11
sin      or
2 6 6
{60}
1  7
tan       or [values between 0 and 2)
3 6 6
Common value of  = 7/6.
The required solution is,   2n  7  .
6
Some Important Precautions :
(i) While solving a trigonometric equation, squaring the equation at any step should be avoided as far as
possible. If squaring is necessary, check the solution for extraneous values.
(ii) Never cancel terms containing unknown terms on the two sides, which are in product. It may cause loss
of the genuine solution.
(iii) The answer should not contain such values of angles which make any of the terms undefined or infinite.
(iv) Domain should not change. If it changes, necessary corrections must be made.
(v) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
(vi) If tan  or sec  is involved in the equation,  should not be an odd multiple of /2.
(vii) If cot  or cosec  is involved in the equation,  should not be a multiple of  or 0.
(viii) Note that f () is always positive. For example,
cos 2   | cos  | and not ± cos .
Ex. Solve the equation : cos 7 x  sin 4 x  1

Sol. 1  cos 7 x  sin 4 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
 cos 7 x  cos 2 x and sin 4 x  sin 2 x
 cos 2 x (cos 5 x  1)  0 and sin 2 x (1  sin 2 x )  0
 cos x = 0 or cos x = 1 and sin x = 0 or cos x = 0
 cos x = 0 or (cos x = 1 and sin x = 0)

 x  2m   : mI or x  2n  : n  I
2
Ex. The general solution of the equation sin4 x + cos4x = sinx cos x is –
2n  1   4n  1   
(A)   ;n  I (B)   ;n  I (C) 2n + ;n  I (D) n – ;n  I
 4   4  4 4
Sol. The given equation can be written as
4sin4 x + 4 cos4 x = 4sinx cos x
or, (1 – cos 2x)2 + (1 + cos 2x)2 = 2sin 2x
or, 2(1 + cos2 2x) = 2 sin 2x
 1 + cos2 2x = sin 2x
or, 1 + 1 – sin2 2x = sin2x
 sin2 2x + sin 2x = 2
This relation is possible if and only if sin 2x =1
(4n 1)
or, 2x = 2n +  x = n + = (n  I) Ans.[B]
2 4 4
{61}
1
Ex. The number of solutions of the equation |cot x| = cot x + (0  x  2) is -
sin x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Sol. If cot x > 0
1
then = 0 (impossible)
sin x
Now if cot x < 0
1
then – cotx = cot x +
sin x
2 cos x  1 1  2 
 =0  cos x = –  cos x = cos  
sin x 2  3 
2
x = 2n ± ; n I and 0  x  2
3
2 4
then x = , Ans.[C]
3 3
Ex. Let n be positive integer such that

  n
sin + cos = . Then -
2n 2n 2
(A) 6  n  8 (B) 4  n  8 (C) 6  n  8 (D) 4  n  8
 
Sol. sin + cos = 2 sin     
2n 2n  2n 4 
   n
or, sin   =
 2n 4  2 2
   3
since < + < for n > 1
4 2n 4 4
1 n
or, < 1
2 2 2
or, 2< n  2 2
or, 4 < n  8.
If n = 1, L.H.S. = 1, R.H.S. = 1/2
  
Similarly for n = 8, sin     1
 16 4 
 4<n<8 Ans.[D]
Ex. Find the sum of all solutions of equation 3 tan 2   8 tan   3  0 in  0,2 .
Ans.  5
{62}
EXERCISE-1
FG IJ = 0
Q.1 Find the general value of , when cos 2 H K
(1) (n + 1) ; n  I (2) n; n  I
(3) (2n + 1) ; n  I (4) 2n; n  I
Q.2 The general solution of the equation tan2  + 2 3 tan  = 1 is given by -

  1  n
(1)  = (2) n    (3) (6n + 1) (4)
2  2 12 12
Q.3 If cos + cos 7 + cos 3 + cos 5 = 0, then  =

n n n
(1) ;nI (2) ;nI (3) ;nI (4) None of these
4 2 8
Q.4 The general solution of equation sin2  sec  + 3 tan  = 0 is -


(1)  = n + (–1)n+1 (2)  = n
3
 n
(3)  = n +(–1)n+1 6 (4)  =
2
Q.5 If (1 + tan) (1 + tan ) = 2, then =
(1) 30o (2) 45o (3) 60o (4) 75o

Q.6 If is a root of 25 cos2+ 5cos – 120, <<then sin 2 is equal to-
2
24 24 13 13
(1) (2) – (3) (4) –
25 25 18 18
1
Q.7 The general value of  satisfying the equation sin2 – 2cos + =0
4
(1) 2n ± (2) 2n ± (3) 2n ± (4) None

3 4 6
Q.8 If 3 (sec2  + tan2 ) = 5, then the general value of  is -
(1) 2n + (2) 2n ± (3) n ± (4) n ±

6 6 6 3
Q.9 If 2 cot2  = cosec2 , then the general value of  is -
(1) n ± (2) 2n ± (3) n + (–1)n (4) 2n ±

4 4 4 2
Q.10 The general solutions of the equation sec2 x = 2 (1 – tan2x) are given by-
  
(1) n + (2) n ± (3) n ± (4) None of these
8 4 8
Q.11 Find the general solution of x, cos2 2x + cos2 3x = 1
(1) (2k + 1) ,kI (2) (k + 1) ;kI

10 10
(3) (2k – 1) , kI (4) Both (1) and (3)

10
{63}
Q.12 The general solution of the equation ( 3 – 1) sin  + ( 3 + 1) cos  = 2 is -
(1) 2n ± + (2) n + (–1)n +

4 12 4 12
(3) 2n ± – (4) n + (–1)n –

4 12 4 12
Q.13 If cos x = 1 sin 2 x , 0 < x < , then a value of x is-

(1) tan–1 2 (2) 0 (3)  (4) None of these
Q.14 The number of solutions of |cos x| = sinx, 0  x  4 is-

(1) 8 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) None of these
Q.15 The solution of the equation log2(sin x + cos x) – log2(cos x) + 1 = 0 is :

1  1 1  1
(1) tan   2  (2) 0 (3) tan  2  (4) None of these
   
Q.16 The solution of equation 13 – 4 cos2x = 12 sin x is -

3  3
(1) n + (–1)n sin–1   (2) n + (–1)n sin–1   
 2  2
(3) n (4) No solution
Q.17 The solution set of equation cos5x = 1 + sin4x is-

(1) n (n  I) (2) 2n (n  I) (3) 4n (n  I) (4) None of these
Q.18 The general solution of the equation sin50x – cos50x = 1 is-

   
(1) 2n + (2) 2n + (3) n + (4) n +
2 3 2 3
Q.19 The general solution of the equation tan2 . tan = 1 for n  I is,  is equal to-
   
(1) (2n + 1) (2) (2n + 1) (3) (2n + 1) (4) (2n + 1)
4 6 2 3
Q.20 The number of distinct solutions of sin5 . cos3 = sin9. cos7 in [0, /2] is-
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 8 (4) 9
Q.21 The value of  satisfying

3cos2  – 2 3 sin  cos  – 3 sin2  = 0 are-
2   
(1) n– , n + (2) n – , n +
3 6 3 6
 
(3) 2n – , n (4) 2n + , n
3 3
Q.22 The general solution of the equation 7 cos2 x + sin x cos x – 3 = 0 is given by-
 
(1) n + (n  I) (2) n – (n  I)
2 4
4  4
(3) n + tan–1 (n  I) (4) n – , k + tan–1 (n, k  I)
3 4 3
{64}
 5 5

Q.23 If x   2 , 2  , the greatest positive solution of 1 + sin4 x = cos2 3x is-
 
(1)  (2) 2 (3) 5/2 (4) None of these
2
Q.24 The most general value of  which satisfies both the equations tan = 3 and cosec  = – is -
3
4 2 4 2
(1) n + ;nI (2) n + ;nI (3) 2n + :nI (4) 2n + ;nI
3 3 3 3
FG 2 IJ =
Q.25 The general solution of tan 3 H K 3 is –
3n n 
(1) + ;nI (2)  ;nI
2 2 2 2

(3) n ± ;nI (4) None of these
2
Q.26 If tan + tan2 + tantan2 = 1 then general value of  is –

 n 
(1) n; n  I (2) n ± ;nI (3)  ;nI (4) none of these
3 3 12
2
Q.27 Find the general value of , when sec  =
3
 
(1) n + (2) n – (3) 2n  6 (4) n + (–1)n
6 6 6
EXERCISE-2
Statement type Questions (Q.1 to Q.2)
1 
Q.1 Statement –I : If cos = – then general solution for  is 2n± .
2 6
Statement –II : If cos = cos, then  = 2n±
(1) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are true, and Statement-II is the correct explanation of Statement-I.
(2) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are true but Statement-II is not the correct explanation of Statement-I.
(3) If Statement - I is true but Statement - II is false.
(4) If Statement - I is false but Statement - II is true.

Q.2 Statement–I : cot  – tan  = 2, then  = (4n + 1)
8
Statement–II: sin 2x + cos 2x + sin x + cos x + 1 = 0 has no solution in the Ist quadrant.
(1) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are true, and Statement-II is the correct explanation of Statement-I.
(2) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are true but Statement-II is not the correct explanation of Statement-I.
(3) If Statement - I is true but Statement - II is false.
(4) If Statement - I is false but Statement - II is true.
{65}
Q.3 General solution of tan 5 = cot 2, is-
n  n  n  n 
(1)  =  (2)  =  (3)  =  (4)  =  , nI
7 14 7 5 7 2 7 3
Q.4 Find the number of solution of the equation 30 |sin x| = x in 0  x  2

(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 8 (4) 6
Q.5 The set of values of x for which sin x . cos3 x > cos x . sin3 x, 0  x  2, is-
   
(1) (0, ) (2)  0, 4  (3)  4 ,   (4) None of these
   
Q.6 If 0  x  2, 0  y  2 and sin x + sin y = 2 then the value of x + y is-

(1)  (2) /2 (3) 3 (4) None of these
Q.7 The solution set of the equation

4sin cos– 2 cos – 2 3 sin + 3 = 0in the interval (0,2) is-
 3 7    5   3 7   5   5 11 
(1)  4 , 4  (2)  3 , 3  (3)  4 , 4 , 3 , 3  (4)  6 , 6 , 6 
       
Q.8 The general solution of sin x + 3 sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x + 3 cos 2x + cos 3x then in the interval
0  x  2, x =
5 2 5 9 13
(1) , , (2) , , ,
8 8 3 8 8 8 8
4 9 2 13 5 9 4
(3) , , , (4) , , ,
3 3 3 8 8 8 3 3
Q.9 The general solution of the equation tan2  +2 tan  = 1 is given by :

   
(1)  = (2)  = (2n + 1) (3)  = (6n + 1) (4)  = n
Q.10 The roots of the equation, cot x  cos x = 1  cot x . cos x are :
 
(1) n + (2) 2 n +
 
(3) n + or 2 n ±  (4) (4n + 1) or (2n + 1) 
where n  I
Q.11 General solution of the equation sec x = 1 + cos x + cos2x + cos3x + .......... , is
   
(1) n + (2) 2n ± (3) n ± (4) 2n +
3 3 6 6
where n is an integer.
Q.12 If 2 sin x + 7 cos px = 9 has atleast one solution then p must be

(1) an odd integer (2) an even integer
(3) a rational number (4) an irrational number
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
Q.13 Number of solutions of the equation sin 7 = sin  + sin 3 in 0 <  < is equal to
2
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
Q.14 The general solution of the equation sin2 x + cos2 3x = 1 is equal to

n  n 
(1) x  (2) x  n  (3) x  (4) x  n 
2 4 4 2
(where n is an integer)
Q.15 The value of  satisfying sin 7 = sin 4 – sin and 0 < < /2 are -
(1) , (2) , (3) , (4) ,

9 4 3 9 6 9 3 4
Q.16 The solution set of (2 cos x – 1) (3 + 2 cos x) = 0 in the interval 0  x  2 is-

(1) {/3} (2) {/3, 5/3}
(3) {/3, 5/3, cos–1(–3/2)} (4) None of these
Q.17 The general solution of the equation cos x + sec x = 2 is given by-
n n
(1) 2n ; n  I (2) n; n  I (3) ; nI (4) ; nI
4 2
Q.18 If tan  + tan 4 + tan 7 = tan  tan 4 tan 7, then  =

n n
(1) (2)
4 7
n
(3) ; n  6(2k + 1) (n, k) (4) n
12
Q.19 If 2 tan2 = sec2, then the general value of  is –

   
(1) n + ;nI (2) n – ;nI (3) n ± ;nI (4) 2n ± ;nI
4 4 4 4
Q.20 The equation a sin x + b cos x = c, where |c| > a 2  b 2 has -

(1) A unique solution (2) Infinite no. of solutions
(3) No solution (4) None of these
3
Q. 21 General solution of sin3x + cos3x + sin 2 x  1 is
2

(1) x = n when n is even integer (2) x = n + when n is odd integer
2

(3) x = 2n when n is odd integer (4) x = n – when n is even integer
2
1
Q.22 The set of solution satisfying inequality |sin x| < is-
2
      5 
(1)  n, n   (n  I) (2)  2n, 2n  6  (3)  n  6 , n  6  (4) None of these
 6    
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Q.23 The no. of roots of the equation tan x + sec x = 2 cos x in the interval [0, 2] is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
Q.24 The number of solutions of the equation tan x + sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval [0, 2] is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
Q.25 Let 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x – 2 > 0 and x2 – x– 2 < 0 (x is measured in radians). Then x lies in the interval-
  5   5    
(1)  6 , 6  (2)   1, 6  (3) (–1, 2) (4)  6 , 2 
     
Q.26 The number of all possible triplets (a1,a2,a3) such that a1+ a2 cos 2x + a3 sin2x = 0 for all x is-
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) infinite
Q.27 The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5] satisfying the equation 3sin2x –7 sin x+2 = 0 is-
(1) 0 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) 10
Q.28 The number of integral values of k for which the equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a solution is-
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 10 (4) 12
Q.29 The number of values of x in the interval [0, 3] satisfying the equation 2 sin2 x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0 is -
(1) 6 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4
1
Q.30 If 0 < x <  and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is –
2
(1) (4 – 7 )/3 (2) –(4 + 7 )/3 (3) (1 + 7 )/4 (4) (1 – 7 )/4
Q.31 For which interval for , the inequation (2 sin2 – 5 sin  + 2) > 0. When 0 <  < 2
 13      5    5   
  5 
(1)  48 , 2  (2)  0, 8    6 , 6  (3)  8 , 6  (4)  0, 6    6 , 2 
           
Q.32 The number of solutions of the pair of equations 2sin2 – cos 2 = 0, 2cos2 – 3 sin = 0 in the interval
[0, 2] is-
(1) zero (2) one (3) two (4) four
  n
Q.33 The number of values of  in the interval  ,  such that   for n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 and
 2 2 5
tan  = cot 5 as well as sin 2 = cos 4, is
(1) zero (2) one (3) three (4) four
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EXERCISE-1
Q.1 3 Q.2 3 Q.3 4 Q.4 2 Q.5 2

Q.6 2 Q.7 1 Q.8 1 Q.9 1 Q.10 3
Q.11 4 Q.12 1 Q.13 1 Q.14 2 Q.15 1
Q.16 4 Q.17 2 Q.18 3 Q.19 2 Q.20 4
Q.21 2 Q.22 4 Q.23 2 Q.24 3 Q.25 1
Q.26 4 Q.27 3
EXERCISE-2
Q.1 4 Q.2 2 Q.3 1 Q.4 1 Q.5 2
Q.6 1 Q.7 4 Q.8 2 Q.9 3 Q.10 1
Q.11 2 Q.12 3 Q.13 3 Q.14 3 Q.15 1
Q.16 2 Q.17 1 Q.18 3 Q.19 3 Q.20 3
Q. 21 1 Q.22 4 Q.23 2 Q.24 3 Q.25 4
Q.26 4 Q.27 3 Q.28 2 Q.29 4 Q.30 2
Q.31 4 Q.32 3 Q.27 3
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SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
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1. Sine Rule:
In any triangle ABC, the sines of the angles are proportional to the opposite sides i.e.
a b c
  .
sin A sin B sin C
 A B 
cos  
ab  2 
Example : In any ABC, prove that = C .
c sin
2
 A B 
cos  
ab  2 
Solution.  We have to prove = C .
c sin
2
 From sine rule, we know that
a b c
= = = k (let)
sin A sin B sin C
 a = k sinA, b = k sinB and c = k sinC
ab
 L.H.S. =
c
k(sin A  sin B)
=
k sin C
 A B   A B
sin   cos  
 2   2 
= C C
sin cos
2 2
C  A B
cos cos  
2  2 
= C C
sin cos
2 2
 A B 
cos  
 2 
= C
sin
2
= R.H.S.
Hence L.H.S. = R.H.S. Proved
Example : In any ABC, prove that

(b2 – c 2) cot A + (c 2 – a2) cot B + (a2 – b2) cot C = 0
Solution.  We have to prove that
(b2 – c 2) cot A + (c 2 – a2) cot B + (a2 – b2) cot C = 0
 from sine rule, we know that
a = k sinA, b = k sinB and c = k sinC
 (b2 – c 2) cot A = k 2 (sin2B – sin2C) cot A
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 sin2B – sin2C = sin (B + C) sin (B – C)

 (b2 – c2) cot A = k 2 sin (B + C) sin (B – C) cotA  B+ C= –A
cos A
 (b2 – c2) cot A = k2 sin A sin (B – C)  cosA = – cos(B +
sin A
C)
= – k2 sin (B – C) cos (B + C)
k2
=– [2sin (B – C) cos (B + C)]
2
k2
 (b2 – c2) cot A = – [sin 2B – sin 2C] ..........(i)
2
k2
Similarly (c 2 – a2) cot B = – [sin 2C – sin 2A] ..........(ii)
2
k2
and (a2 – b2) cot C = – [sin 2A – sin 2B] ..........(iii)
2
adding equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(b2 – c 2) cot A + (c 2 – a2) cot B + (a2 – b2) cot C = 0 Hence Proved
2. Napier’s Analogy - tangent rule:
BC bc A CA c a
(i) tan = cot (ii) tan = cot
2 bc 2 2 ca
 
(iii) tan = cot

Example : Find the unknown elements of the ABC in which a = 3 + 1, b = 3 – 1, C = 60°.
Solution.  a= 3 + 1, b = 3 – 1, C = 60°
 A + B + C = 180°
 A + B = 120° .......(i)
 From law of tangent, we know that
 A B ab C
tan   = cot
 2  a  b 2
( 3  1)  ( 3  1)
= cot 30°
( 3  1)  ( 3  1)
2
= cot 30°
2 3
 A B
 tan   =1
 2 
A B 
 = = 45°
2 4
 A – B = 90° .......(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
A = 105° and B = 15°
Now,
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a b c
 From sine-rule, we know that = =
sin A sin B sin C
a sin C ( 3  1) sin 60

 c= =
sin A sin105 
3
( 3  1) 3 1
2
=  sin105° =
3 1 2 2
2 2
 c= 6
 c= 6 , A = 105°, B = 15° Ans.
3. m - n Rule:
(m + n) cot    
 
Example : If the median AD of a triangle ABC is perpendicular to AB, prove that tan A + 2tan B = 0.
Solution. From the figure, we see that  = 90° + B (as  is external angle of ABD)
Now if we apply m-n rule in ABC, we get

(1 + 1) cot (90 + B) = 1. cot 90° – 1.cot (A – 90°)
 – 2 tan B = cot (90° – A)
 – 2 tan B = tan A
 tan A + 2 tan B = 0 Hence proved.
4. Cosine Formula:
 
(i) cos A = or a² = b² + c²  2bc cos A = b2 + c2 + 2bc cos (B + C)
   
(ii) cos B = (iii) cos C =
Example : In a triangle ABC if a = 13, b = 8 and c = 7, then find sin A.
b2  c 2  a2 64  49  169
Solution.  cosA = =
2bc 2.8.7
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1 2
 cosA = –  A=
2 3
2 3
 sinA = sin = Ans.
3 2
Example : In a ABC, prove that a(b cos C – c cos B) = b 2 – c2
Solution.  We have to prove a (b cosC – c cosB) = b 2 – c2.

 from cosine rule we know that
a2  b2  c 2 a2  c 2  b2
cosC = & cos B =
2ab 2ac
  a 2  b 2  c 2   a 2  c 2  b 2 
b    c  
 L.H.S. = a   2ab   2ac 
    
a2  b2  c 2 (a 2  c 2  b 2 )
= –
2 2
2 2
= (b – c )
= R.H.S.
 a b  c a
Example : If in aABC, A = 60° then find the value of 1    1    .
 c c  b b
Solution.  A = 60°
 a b  c a c ab bc a

 1    1    =    
 c c  b b  c   b 
(b  c ) 2  a 2
=
bc
(b 2  c 2  a 2 )  2bc
=
bc
b2  c 2  a2
= +2
bc
 b2  c 2  a2 
 
=2  2bc  +2
 
1
= 2cosA + 2  A = 60°  cos A =
2
 a b c a
 1    1    = 3 Ans.
 c c  b b
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5. Projection Formula:
(i) a = b cosC + c cosB (ii) b = c cosA + a cosC

(iii) c = a cosB + b cosA
Example : In a triangle ABC prove that a(b cosC – c cosB) = b 2 – c2
Solution.  L.H.S. = a (b cosC – c cosB)

= b (a cosC) – c (a cosB) ............(i)
 From projection rule, we know that
b = a cosC + c cosA  a cosC = b – c cosA
& c = a cosB + b cosA  a cosB = c – b cosA
Put values of a cosC and a cosB in equation (i), we get
L.H.S. = b (b – ccos A) – c(c – b cos A)
= b2 – bc cos A – c 2 + bc cos A
= b2 – c 2
= R.H.S.
Note: We have also proved a (b cosC – ccosB) = b 2 – c2 by using cosine – rule in solved *Example.
Example : In a ABC prove that (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C = a + b + c.
Solution.  L.H.S. = (b + c) cos A (c + a) cos B + (a + B) cos C

= b cos A + c cos A + c cos B + a cos B + a cos C + b cos C
= (b cos A + a cos B) + (c cos A + a cos C) + (c cos B + b cos C)
=a+b+c
= R.H.S.
6. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles:

     
(i) sin = ; sin = ; sin =
  
(ii) cos = ; cos = ; cos =
    
(iii) tan = = where s = is semi perimetre of triangle.
 

(iv) sin A =    =
7. Area of Triangle ()
= ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B =   
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A C
Example : In a ABC if a, b, c are in A.P. then find the value of tan . tan .
2 2
A  C 
Solution.  tan = and tan =
2 s(s  a) 2 s(s  c)
A C 2
 tan . tan = 2   2 = s (s – a) (s – b) (s – c)
2 2 s (s  a)(s  c )
A C s b b
 tan . tan = =1– ........(i)
2 2 s s
 it is given that a, b, c are in A.P.
 2b = a + c
abc 3b
 s= =
2 2
b 2
 = put in equation (i)
s 3
A C 2
 tan . tan =1–
2 2 3
A C 1
 tan . tan = Ans.
2 2 3
Example : In a ABC if b sinC(b cosC + c cosB) = 42, then find the area of the ABC.
Solution.  b sinC (b cosC + c cosB) = 42 ........(i) given
 From projection rule, we know that
a = b cosC + c cosB put in (i), we get
ab sinC = 42 ........(ii)
1
 = ab sinC
2
  = 21 sq. unit Ans.
 A B C
Example : In any ABC prove that (a + b + c)  tan  tan  = 2c cot .
 2 2 2
 A B
Solution.  L.H.S. = (a + b + c)  tan  tan 
 2 2
A (s  b)(s  c ) B (s  a)(s  c )
 tan = and tan =
2 s(s  a) 2 s(s  b)
 (s  b)(s  c ) (s  a)(s  c ) 
 L.H.S. = (a + b + c)   
 s(s  a) s(s  b) 
sc  s b sa 
= 2s   
s  s  a s  b 
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 s b  s  a 
=2 s( s  c )    2s= a + b + c
 (s  a)(s  b ) 
 2s – b – a = c
 c 
=2 s( s  c )  
 (s  a)(s  b) 
s(s  c ) C s(s  c )
= 2c  cot =
(s  a)(s  b) 2 (s  a)(s  b)
C
= 2c cot
2
= R.H.S.
8. Radius of Circumcirlce :
R=   =

s
Example : In a ABC prove that sinA + sinB + sinC =
R
Solution. In a ABC, we know that
a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
 sin A = , sinB = and sinC = .
2R 2R 2R
abc
 sinA + sinB + sinC =  a + b + c = 2s
2R
2s s
=  sinA + sinB + sinC = .
2R R
Example : In a ABC if a = 13 cm, b = 14 cm and c = 15 cm, then find its circumradius.
abc
Solution.  R= .......(i)
4
 = s( s  a)( s  b )(s  c )
abc
 s= = 21 cm
2
 = 21.8.7.6 = 7 2.4 2.3 2

  = 84 cm 2
13.14.15 65
 R= = cm
4.84 8
65
 R= cm.
8
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A B C
Example : In a ABC prove that s = 4R cos . cos . cos .
2 2 2
Solution. In a ABC,
A s( s  a) B s( s  b) C s( s  c ) abc
 cos = , cos = and cos = and R =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab 4
A B C
 R.H.S. = 4R cos . cos . cos .
2 2 2
abc s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c )

= .s  = s( s  a)( s  b )(s  c )
 (abc )2
= s
= L.H.S.
Hence R.H.L = L.H.S. proved
1 1 1 1 4R
Example : In a ABC, prove that + + – = .
sa s b sc s 
1 1 1 1 4R
Solution. + + – =
 1 1   1 1
 L.H.S. =    +   
 s  a s  b   s  c s
2s  a  b (s  s  c )
= +  2s = a + b + c
(s  a)(s  b) s(s  c )
c c
= +
(s  a)(s  b) s(s  c )
 s( s  c )  ( s  a)( s  b)   2s2  s(a  b  c )  ab 

=c   =c  
 s( s  a)(s  b)( s  c )   2 
 2s 2  s(2s)  ab  abc 4R 4R abc

 L.H.S. = c  2  = 2 = 2 =  R=
      4
 abc = 4R
4R
 L.H.S. =

9. Radius of The Incircle :

(i) r = (ii) r = (s  a) tan = (s  b) tan = (s  c) tan
(iii) r = & so on (iv) r = 4R sin sin sin
10. Radius of The Ex- Circles :

 ;
 ;
 ; ;
(i) r1 = r2 = r3 = (ii) r1 = s tan r2 = s tan r3 = s tan
  
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(iii) r1 = & so on (iv) r1 = 4 R sin . cos . cos
Example : In a ABC, prove that r 1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R = 2a cosecA
Solution.  L.H.S = r1 + r2 + r3 – r
   
= + + –
sa s b sc s
 1 1   1 1
=    +   
 s  a s  b   s  c s
 s  b  s  a   s  s  c 
=   (s  a)(s  b)    s(s  c ) 
   
 c c 
=    
 ( s  a )( s  b ) s( s  c)
 s( s  c )  ( s  a)( s  b) 
= c  
 s( s  a)(s  b)( s  c ) 
 2s2  s(a  b  c )  ab 
= c    a + b + c = 2s
 2 
abc abc
=  R=
 4
a
= 4R = 2acosecA  = 2R = acosecA
sin A
= R.H.S.
Hence L.H.S. = R.H.S. proved
Example : If the area of a ABC is 96 sq. unit and the radius of the escribed circles are respectively
8, 12 and 24. Find the perimeter of ABC.
Solution.   = 96 sq. unit

r1 = 8, r2 = 12 and r 3 = 24

 r1 =  s – a = 12 .........(i)
sa

 r2 =  s–b=8 .........(ii)
s b

 r3 =  s–c=4 .........(iii)
sc
 adding equations (i), (ii) & (iii), we get
3s – (a + b + c) = 24
s = 24
 perimeter of ABC = 2s = 48 unit.
{79}
11. Length of Angle Bisectors, Medians & Altitudes :
(i) Length of an angle bisector from the angle A =  a = ;


(ii) Length of median from the angle A = m a =  

& (iii) Length of altitude from the angle A = A a =
NOTE :   = (a2 + b2 + c2)
Example : AD is a median of the ABC. If AE and AF are medians of the triangles ABD and ADC
a2
respectively, and AD = m 1, AE = m 2 , AF = m 3 , then prove that m 22 + m 32 – 2m 12 = .
8
Solution.  In ABC
1
AD2 = (2b2 + 2c2 – a2) = m 12 .........(i)
4
1 a2
 In ABD, AE 2 = m 22 = (2c2 + 2AD2 – ) .........(ii)
4 4
2
2
1  2AD2  2b 2  a 
2
Similarly in ADC, AF = m 3 = ........(iii)
4  4 
by adding equations (ii) and (iii), we get
 2 
 m 22 + m 32 =
1  4 AD 2  2b 2  2c 2  a 
4  2 

 2 2 
2
1  2b  2c 2  a 
= AD +  2 
4 
 2 2 
2
1  2b  2c 2  a 2  a 
= AD +  2 
4 
1 a2
= AD2 + (2b2 + 2c 2 – a2) +
4 8
a2
= AD2 + AD2 +
8
a2
= 2AD2 +  AD2 = m 12
8
a2
= 2m 12 +
8
a2
 m 22 + m 32 – 2m 12 = Hence Proved
8
{80}
12. Important points in a Triangle:

(i) Circumcentre (O) : OA = R & O a = R cos A
(ii) Incentre (I) : IA = r cosec & Ia = r
(iii) Excentre (I 1) : I 1 A = r1 cosec & I 1a = r1
(iv) Orthocentre (H) : HA = 2R cos A & H a = 2R cos B cos C

(v) Centroid (G) : GA =   & Ga =
Example : If x, y and z are respectively the distances of the vertices of the ABC from its orthocentre,
then prove that
a b c abc
(i) + + = (ii) x y + z = 2(R + r)
x y z xyz
Solution.  x = 2R cosA, y = 2R cosB, z = 2R cosC and
and a = 2R sinA, b = 2R sinB, c = 2R sinC
a b c
 + + = tanA + tan B + tan C .........(i)
x y z
abc
& = tanA. tanB. tanC ........(ii)
xyz
 We know that in a ABC tanA =  tanA
 From equations (i) and (ii), we get
a b c abc
+ + =
x y z xyz
 x + y + z = 2R (cosA + cosB + cosC)
A B C
 in a ABC cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sin sin sin
2 2 2
 A B C
 x + y + z = 2R 1  4 sin . sin . sin 
 2 2 2
 A B C A B C
= 2  R  4R sin . sin . sin   r = 4R sin sin sin
 2 2 2 2 2 2
 x + y + z = 2(R + r)
13. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle:
The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the Pedal Triangle.
(i) Its angles are  2A,  2B and  2C.
(ii) Its sides are a cosA = R sin 2A,

b cosB = R sin 2B and
c cosC = R sin 2C
(iii) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal.
{81}
14. Excentral Triangle:

The triangle formed by joining the three excentres 1, 2 and 3 of  ABC is called
the excentral or excentric triangle.
(i)  ABC is the pedal triangle of the  1 2 3.
(ii) Its angles are
  
 ,  &  .
(iii) Its sides are 4 R cos ,
4 R cos & 4 R cos .
(iv) 1 = 4 R sin ;
2 = 4 R sin ; 3 = 4 R sin .

(v) Incentre  of  ABC is the
orthocentre of the excentral
  1  2  3.
15. Distance Between Special Points :

(i) Distance between circumcentre and orthocentre
OH2 = R2 (1 – 8 cosA cos B cos C)

(ii) Distance between circumcentre and incentre
A B C
O2 = R2 (1 – 8 sin
sin sin ) = R2 – 2Rr
2 2 2
(iii) Distance between circumcentre and centroid
1 2
OG2 = R2 – (a + b2 + c2)
9
Example : In  is the incentre and 1, 2, 3 are the centres of escribed circles of the ABC, prove that
(i) 1. 2 . 3 = 16R2r
(ii) 12 + 232 = 22 + 312 = 32 + 122
Solution. (i)  We know that
A B C
1 = a sec , 2 = b sec and 3 = c sec
2 2 2
C A B
 12 = c. cosec , 2 3 = a cosec and 31 = b cosec
2 2 2
A B C
 1 . 2 . 3 = abc sec
sec .sec ........(i)
2 2 2
 a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sinB and c = 2R sinC
 equation (i) becomes

A B C
 1. 2 . 3 = (2R sin A) (2R sin B) (2R sinC) sec sec sec
2 2 2
{82}
 A A B B  C C
 2 sin cos   2 sin cos   2 sin cos 
 2 2  2 2  2 2
= 8R3 .
A B C
cos . cos . cos
2 2 2
A B C A B C
= 64R3 sin sin sin  r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
 1 . 2 . 3 = 16R r Hence Proved
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) 1 + 23 = 2 + 31 = 3 + 12
2 2 A A a2
 1 + 23 = a2 sec2 + a2 cosec2 =
2 2 A A
sin 2 cos 2
2 2
A A
 a = 2 R sinA = 4R sin cos
2 2
A A
16 R 2 sin2 . cos 2
2 2 2 2 2
 1 + 23 = = 16R
2 A 2 A
sin . cos
2 2
2
Similarly we can prove 22 + 312 = 32 + 122 = 16R
Hence 12 + 232 = 22 + 312 = 32 + 122.
{83}
EXERCISE
WORK SHEET -01
01. Given ABC is inscribed in the semicircle with diameter AB. The area of ABC equals 2/9 of the
area of the semicircle. If the measure of the smallest angle in ABC is x then sin 2x is equal to
 2  
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 18 8
02. The right-angled triangle has two circles touching its sides as shown.
If the angle at R is 60° and the radius of the smaller circle is 1, then
the radius of the larger circle is
(A) 2 3 (B) 2
(C) 2 2 (D) 3
03. An equilateral triangle, with sides of 10 inches, is inscribed in a square ABCD in such a way that one
vertex is at A, another vertex on BC and one on CD. The area of the square is
100

(A) 25 2  3  
(B) 25 2  3  (C) 25 (D)
2 3
04. A sequence of equilateral triangles is drawn. The altitude of each is 3 times the altitude of the
preceding triangle, the difference between the area of the first triangle and the sixth triangle is 968 3
square unit. The perimeter of the first triangle is
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 18
05. Two circles with centres at A and B, touch at T. BD is the tangent at

D and TC is a common tangent. AT has length 3 and BT has length 2.
The length CD is
(A) 4/3 (B) 3/2
(C) 5/3 (D) 7/4
06. A triangle with sides a = 15, b = 28 and c = 41. The length of the altitude from the vertex B on the side
AC is
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 16
07. If in a ABC, the altitudes from the vertices A, B, C on opposite sides are in H.P., then
sinA, sinB, sinC are in
(A) G.P. (B) A.P. (C) A.G.P. (D) H.P.
08. In a triangle ABC, ABC = 45°, point D is on BC so that 2BD = CD and  DAB = 75°. ACB
equals
(A) 15° (B) 60° (C) 30° (D) 75°
{84}
09. In a triangle ABC with altitude AD,  BAC = 45°, DB = 3 and CD = 2. The area of the triangle ABC
is
(A) 6 (B) 15 (C) 15/4 (D) 12
10. A circle of radius 320 units is tangent to the inside of a circle of radius 1000. The smaller circle is
tangent to a diameter of the larger circle at the point P. Least distance of the point P from the
circumference of the larger circle is
(A) 300 (B) 360 (C) 400 (D) 420
b2  c 2
11. If R denotes circumradius, then in ABC,
2a R
is equal to
(A) cos (B – C) (B) sin (B – C) (C) cos B – cos C (D) none of these
12. If the radius of the circumcircle of an isosceles triangle PQR is equal to PQ (= PR), then the angle
P is
   2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 2 3
sin BAD
13. In a triangle ABC, B = 60° and C = 45°. Let D divides BC internally in the ratio 1 : 3, then, =
sin CAD
2 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 6 3
14. Let f, g, h be the lengths of the perpendiculars from the circumcentre of the  ABC on the sides a, b
a b c abc
and c respectively. If   =  then the value of  is:
f g h f gh
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 2

15. A triangle is inscribed in a circle. The vertices of the triangle divide the circle into three arcs of length
3, 4 and 5 units. Then area of the triangle is equal to:
9 3 (1  3 ) 9 3 ( 3  1) 9 3 (1  3 ) 9 3 ( 3  1)
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D)
2 2 2 2 2
16. In a acute angled triangle ABC, AP is the altitude. Circle drawn with AP as its diameter cuts the
sides AB and AC at D and E respectively, then length DE is equal to
   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2R 3R 4R R
17. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 1 : 1, then the ratio of the longest side to the perimeter
is
(A) 3 : (2 + 3) (B) 1 : 6 (C) 1 : 2 + 3 (D) 2 : 3
18. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 2, then the angle of the triangle are in the ratio
(A) 1 : 3 : 5 (B) 2 : 3 : 4 (C) 3 : 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 : 3
{85}
19. In an equilateral triangle, 3 coincs of radii 1 unit each are kept so that they touche each other and
also the sides of the triangle. Area of the triangle is
7 3 7 3
(A) 4 + 2 3 (B) 6 + 4 3 (C) 12 + (D) 3 +
4 4
20. A triangle has base 6 cm and an area of 12 sq. cm. The difference of the base angles is 60°. The opposite
angle is given by the equation 8 sinA – 6cosA =
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
21. In a triangle ABC if cos A cos B  sin A sin B sin C  1, then a : b : c =
(A) 1:1: 2 (B) 1 : 1 : 1 (C) 1: 2 :1 (D) 2 :1:1
22. BC is a side of a square. On the perpendicular bisector of BC, two points P, Q are taken, equidistant from
the centrer of the square. BP, CQ are joined and cut in A. Then in the triangle ABC, tan A (tan B – tan C) 2
=
(A) 8 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) -4
Part : (B) May have more than one options correct
23. In a triangle ABC, points D and E are taken on side BC such that BD = DE = EC. If angle
ADE = angle AED = , then:
(A) tan = 3 tan B (B) 3 tan = tanC
6 tan 
(C) = tan A (D) angle B = angle C
tan2   9
 3 
24. In a ABC, A  and b : c  2 : 3. If tan   ,0    , then
3 5 2
(A) B  60   (B) C  60   (C) B  60   (D) C  60  
25. In a triangle the cosines of two angles are inversely proportional to the sides opposite the angles. The
triangle is
(A) Isosceles (B) Equilateral (C) Right angled (D) None of these
26. The distances of the circumcentre of the acute-angled ABC from the sides BC, CA and AB are in
the ratio
(A) asinA : bsinB : csinC (B) cosA : cosB : cosC (C) acotA : bcotB : ccotC (D) None of these
Part : (C) subjective
 A B
cos  
ab  2 
27. In any ABC, prove that = C .
c sin
2
28. In any ABC, prove that

(b2 – c2) cot A + (c2 – a2) cot B + (a2 – b2) cot C = 0
{86}
A  A
29. In any ABC, prove that a sin  2  B  = (b + c) sin  2  .
   
a 2 sin(B  C) b 2 sin(C  A ) c 2 sin( A  B)

30. In any ABC, prove that + + =0
sinB  sin C sin C  sin A sin A  sin B
A B
c tan  tan
2 2
31. In any ABC, prove that = .
a b A B
tan  tan
2 2
7 A 1
32. In a ABC if b = 3, c = 5 and cos (B – C) = , then prove that tan = .
25 2 3
WORK SHEET -02
01. If the angles of a triangle are 30° and 45°, and the included side is ( 3  1) cm, then the area of the
triangle is
1 3 1
(A) 3  1 (B)
2
( 3  1) (C)
4
(D) 2  3 1
02. A triangle ABC has sides AB = AC = 5 cm and BC = 6 cm. Traingle A'B'C' is the reflection of the triangle
ABC in a line parallel to AB placed at a distance 2 cm from AB, outside the triangle ABC. Triangle A"B"C"
is the reflection of the triangle A'B'C' in a line parallel to B'C' placed at a distance of 2 cm from B'C' outside
the triangle A'B'C'. Find the distance between A and A".
17 17 17 17
(A) 8 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D)
5 5 5 5
03. In a triangle ABC, A = 72°, b = 2 and c = 5  1 then the triangle ABC is
(A) obtuse isosceles (B) acute isosceles
(C) right isosceles (D) not isosceles
a 3  b3  c 3 C
04. If sides a, b and c of triangle ABC satisfy = c2 then tan   has the value equal to
abc 4
(A) 2 – 1 (B) 2 – 3 (C) 1/ 3 (D) 2 + 3

05. In ABC (a + b)(a – b) = c(b + c), the measure of angle A, is
(A) 30° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 120°
06. In a triangle ABC, (a + b + c) (b + c  a) = k. b c, if :
(A) k < 0 (B) k > 6 (C) 0 < k < 4 (D) k > 4
{87}
07. The distance between the middle point of BC and the foot of the perpendicular from A is :
 a2  b2  c 2 b2  c 2 b2  c 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
2a 2a bc
08. AA1, BB1 and CC1 are the medians of triangle ABC whose centroid is G. If the points
A, C1, G and B1 are concyclic then
(A) 2b2 = a2 + c2 (B) 2c2 = a2 + b2 (C) 2a2 = b2 + c2 (D) None of these
09. In a ABC, a, b, A are given and c 1, c2 are two values of the third side c. The sum of the areas of two
triangles with sides a, b, c 1 and a, b, c 2 is
1 2 1
(A) b sin 2A (B) a2 sin 2A (C) b2 sin 2A (D) none of these
2 2
10. Which of the following pieces of data does NOT uniquely determine an acute - angled triangle
ABC (R being the radius of the circumcircle )?
(A) a , sin A, sin B (B) a, b, c (C) a, sin B, R (D) a, sin A, R
11. A triangle has side a = 7 , the opposite angle a = 60°, and the sum of the two other sides is
(b + c) = 5. The ratio of the longest to the shortest side of the triangle, is
3 7
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 2
12. The sides of a triangle ABC are a, b, a 2  ab  b 2 , then prove that the greatest angle is 120°.
A
13. In a triangle ABC prove that a(cosB + cosC) = 2(b + c) sin 2 .
2
14. In a triangle ABC prove that a(b cosC – c cosB) = b 2 – c2
15. In a ABC prove that (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C = a + b + c.
 2 C B
16. In a ABC, prove that 2  b cos  c cos 2  = a + b + c.
 2 2
cos B c  b cos A
17. In a ABC, prove that = .
cos C b  c cos A
cos A cos B cos C a2  b2  c 2

18. In a ABC, prove that + + = .
c cos B  b cos C a cos C  c cos A a cos B  b cos A 2abc
A C 1
19. In a ABC if a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that the value of tan . tan is .
2 2 3
1 1 3
20. In a ABC if C = 60°, then prove that  
ac bc abc
{88}
WORK SHEET -03
01. Given an isosceles triangle, whose one angle is 120° and radius of its incircle is 3 . Then the area of
triangle in sq. units is
(A) 7 + 12 3 (B) 12 – 7 3 (C) 12 + 7 3 (D) 4
02. Let P > 0 and suppose ABC is an isosceles right triangle with area P sq. units. The radius of the
circle that passes through the points A, B and C, is
P
(A) P (B) 2P (C) 2 P (D)
2
03. In a triangle ABC, the length of AB is 6, the length of BC is 5, and the length of CA is 4. If K lies on
BK 3
BC such that the ratio of length is , then the length of AK is
KC 2
21
(A) 2 3 (B) 4 (C) 3 2 (D) 2
5
04. A triangle with sides 5, 12 and 13 has both inscribed and circumscribed circles. The distance between
the centres of these circles is
5 65
(A) 2 (B) (C) 65 (D)
2 2
05. A circle of radius R is circumscribed about a right triangle ABC. If r is the radius of incircle inscribed
in triangle then the area of the triangle is
(A) r(2r + R) (B) r(r + 2R) (C) R(r + 2R) (D) R(2r + R)
acosA  bcosB  ccosC
06. In a  ABC, the value of is equal to:
abc
(A) (B) (C) (D)
07. In a right angled triangle R is equal to

sr sr sr
(A) (B) (C) s – r (D)
2 2 a
08. In a triangle ABC, right angled at B, the inradius is:
AB  BC  AC AB  AC  BC AB  BC  AC
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
2 2 2
09. If in a triangle ABC, the line joining the circumcentre and incentre is parallel to BC, then
cos B + cos C is equal to:
10. If the incircle of the  ABC touches its sides respectively at L, M

and N and if x, y, z be the circumradii of the triangles MIN, NIL and
LIM where I is the incentre then the product xyz is equal to:
1 1
(A) R r2 (B) r R2 (C) R r2 (D) r R2
2 2
{89}

11. In a triangle ABC, let C = . If r is the inradius and R is the circumradius of the triangle, then 2(r
2
+ R) is equal to
(A) a + b (B) b + c (C) c + a (D) a + b + c
12. In a  ABC
(A) R  2r (B) R  2r (C) R  2r (D) R  2r
13. In a right angled triangle ABC, the bisector of the right angle C divides AB into segment x and y and tan
A B
 t , then x : y =
2
(A) (1+ t) : (1 - t) (B) (1- t) : (1 + t) (C) 1 : (1 + t) (D) (1 - t):1
14. In a right-angled triangle the value of r + 2R =
s 3s
(A) s (B) 2s (C) (D)
2 2
15. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, then cos A  cos B  cos C 
r r r R
(A) (B) 1  (C) 1  (D) 1 
R R R r
16. The ratio of the circum-radius and the inradius of ABC, whose sides are in the ratio
4 : 5 : 6 is
(A) 7 :16 (B) 16 : 7 (C) 4 : 7 (D) 7 : 4
17. The ratio of IA : IB : IC, where I is the incentre of ABC is
A B C A B C
(A) cos ec : cos ec : cos ec (B) sec : sec : sec
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(C) sin : sin : sin (D) cos : cos : cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
18. In a triangle ABC, with usual notations the length of the bisector of angle A is :
A
2 bc cos A 2 bc sin A abc cos ec 2 . A
2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) b  c cos ec 2
bc bc 2R (b  c )
19. The product of the distances of the incentre from the angular points of a  ABC is:
abc  R abc  r
(A) 4 R2 r (B) 4 Rr 2 (C) (D)
s s
20. Internal bisector of A of a triangle ABC meets side BC at D. A line drawn through D perpendicular to AD
intersects the side AC at E and the side AB at F. If a, b, c represent sides of ABC then
2bc A
(A) AE is harmonic mean of b and c (B) AD = cos
bc 2
4bc A
(C) EF = sin (D) the triangle AEF is isosceles
bc 2
s
21. In a ABC prove that sinA + sinB + sinC =
R
A B C
22. In a ABC prove that s = 4R cos . cos . cos .
2 2 2
{90}
1 1 1 1 4R
23. In a ABC, prove that + + – = .
24. In a ABC, prove that a cot A + b cotB + ccotC = 2(R + r).
s  s  s  r
25. In a ABC, prove that 4   1   1   1 = .
 a   b   c  R
In a ABC, prove that (Q.no 27 - 32)In a ABC, prove that

1 1 1 1
26.    27. a cot A + b cot B + c cot C = 2(R + r)
bc ca ab 2Rr
abc A B C
28. cos cos cos =  29. Rr (sin A + sin B + sin C) = 
s 2 2 2
A B C s2 A B C r
30. cot + cot + cot = 31. cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 2 +
2 2 2  2 2 2 2R
32. If two times the square of the diameter of the circumcircle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares of its sides then prove that the triangle is right angled.
33. In acute angled triangle ABC, a semicircle with radius ra is constructed with its base on BC and
tangent to the other two sides. rb and rc are defined similarly. If r is the radius of the incircle of triangle
2 1 1 1
ABC then prove that, =   .
r ra rb rc
WORK SHEET -04
g h k
01. If g, h, k denote the side of a pedal triangle, then 2
 2 2 
a b c
a 2  b2  c 2 a 2  b2  c2 a 2  b2  c 2 a 2  b2  c2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
abc 2abc 3abc 4abc
bc ca a b
02. The value of   
r1 r2 r3
1
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D)
2
03. If r1 – r = r2 + r3 then the triangle is
(A) Equilateral (B) Isosceles (C) right angled (D) right angled and isosceles
B C
04. The value of r cot .cot 
2 2
(A) r (B) r1 (C) r2 (D) r3
05. If the ex-radii r1, r2, r3 of a ABC are in H.P. then its sides a, b, c are in
(A) AP (B) GP (C) HP (D) AGP
{91}
06. The radius of the inscribed circle and the radii of the three escribed circles of a triangle are consecutive
terms of a geometric progression then triangle
(A) is acute angled (B) is obtuse angled (C) is right angled (D) is not possible
07. If the area of a ABC is 96 sq. unit and the radius of the escribed circles are respectively
8, 12 and 24, Then the perimeter of ABC will be
(A) 24 (B) 36 (C) 48 (D) 60

08. In ABC if B = , s – a = 3; s – c = 2, then
2
5
(A) r  (B)  = 12 (C) r1 = 2 (D) R = 3
2
09. In a ABC, the inradius and three exradii are r, r 1, r2 and r3 respectively. In usual notations the value
of r. r1. r2. r3 is equal to
abc
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) (D) none of these
4R
10. In a triangle if r 1 > r2 > r3, then
(A) a > b > c (B) a b and b < c (D) a c
3
1 1 1 1  1 1 KR
11. With usual notation in a  ABC  r  r    
r 
   =
r  2 2 2 ,
 1 2  2 r3  r
 3 1 a b c
where 'K' has the value equal to:
(A) 1 (B) 16 (C) 64 (D) 128
r 1 A  tan B  tan C 
12. If in a ABC, = , then the value of tan   is equal to :
r1 2 2  2 2
1
(A) 2 (B) (C) 1 (D) None of these
2
13. In a ABC, the line segments AD, BE and CF are three altitudes. If R is the circumradius of the ABC, a
side of the DEF will be
(A) R sin2A (B) c cosB (C) a sinA (D) b cosB
14. In a ABC, following relations hold good. In which case(s) the triangle is a right angled triangle?
(A) r2 + r3 = r1  r (B) a2 + b2 + c2 = 8 R2 (C) r1 = s (D) 2 R = r 1  r
15. AD, BE and CF are the perpendiculars from the angular points of a  ABC upon the opposite sides,
then :
Perimeter of DEF r
(A)  (B) Area of DEF = 2  cosA cosB cosC
Perimeter of ABC R
R
(C) Area of AEF =  cos2A (D) Circum radius of DEF =
2
16. With usual notation, in a  ABC the value of  (r1  r) can be simplified as:
 
(A) abc  tan (B) 4 r R2 (C) (D) 4 R r2
   
{92}
17. In a triangle ABC, altitude from its vertex meet the opposite sides in D, E and F. Then the perimeter of the
triangle DEF, is
abc 2 R(a  b  c) 2rs
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4R2 R r R
COMPREHENSION
A polygon has n sides. If all the sides and all the angles are same then this polygon is called regular
polygon. Let A1 , A2 , A3 .... , An be a regular polygon of n sides. R be the radius of circumscribed circle of
regular polygon and r be the radius of inscribed circle of regular polygon.
If A1 A2  A2 A3  A3 A4  ......  An A1  a
Answer the following (Q.no.18 & 19)
18. The value of A1 Aj  j  1,2,3,....., n  is
    2 
(A) 2 R sin  j  1  (B) R sin  j  1 
 2n   n 
   
(C) 2 R sin  j  1  (D) R sin  j  1 
 n  n
19. The value of r is
a   a   a  2  a  2 
(A) tan   (B) cot   (C) tan   (D) cot  
2 n 2 n 2  n  2  n 
20. A regular pentagon and a regular decagon have the same perimeter then their areas are in the ratio
(A) 5 :1 (B) 5:2 (C) 1: 5 (D) 2 : 5

21. In a ABC, prove that r 1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R = 2a cosecA
With usual notations, prove that in a  ABC:

r1 r2 r3 3
22.   
(s  b) (s  c) (s  c) (s  a ) (s  a ) (s  b) r
1 1 1 1 a 2  b 2  c2
23. (r1 r) (r2 r)(r3 r) = 4 R r2 24.    
r2 2
r1 r2
2
r3
2
2
bc ca a b  1 1   1 1   1 1  4R
25.   0 26.       
r1 r2 r3  r r   r r   r r  r 2s 2
 1 2 3
2
1 1 1 1  41 1 1 
27.           28. 2R cos A = 2R + r – r1
r r r r  r  r1 r2 r3 
 1 2 3
29. If r1 = r + r2 + r3 then prove that the triangle is a right angled triangle.
{93}
30. If the length of the perpendiculars from the vertices of a triangle A, B, C on the opposite sides are
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
p1, p2, p3 then prove that + + = = + + .
p1 p2 p3 r r1 r2 r3
bc ca ab  a b   b c   c a  
31. Prove that in a triangle    2R             3 .
r1 r2 r3  b a   c b   a c  
32. If A, A1, A2 and A3 are the areas of the inscribed and escribed circles respectively of a ABC, then
1 1 1 1
prove that = + + .
A A1 A2 A3
33. If x, y and z are respectively the distances of the vertices of the ABC from its orthocentre,
then prove that
a b c abc
(i) + + = (ii) x y + z = 2(R + r)
x y z xyz
34. If x, y, z are respectively be the perpendiculars from the circumcentre to the sides of ABC, then
a b c abc
prove that + + = .
x y z 4 xyz
{94}
ANSWER KEY
WORK SHEET -01

01. A 02. D 03. B 04. B
05. B 06. C 07. B 08. A
09. B 10. C 11. B 12. D
13. C 14. A 15. A 16. D
17. A 18. D 19. B 20. C
21. A 22. A 23. ACD 24. BC
25. AC 26. BC
WORK SHEET -02

01. B 02. A 03. B 04. B
05. D 06. C 07. B 08. C
09. A 10. D 11. C
WORK SHEET -03

01. C 02. A 03. C 04. D
05. B 06. A 07. B 08. A
09. B 10. C 11. A 12. A
13. B 14. A 15. B 16. B
17. A 18. ACD 19. BD 20. ABCD
WORK SHEET -04

01. B 02. C 03. C 04. B
05. A 06. C 07. C 08. C
09. B 10. A 11. C 12. B
13. AD 14. ABCD 15. ABCD 16. ACD
17. BD 18. C 19. B 20. D
{95}

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The following are some very useful points to remember

ac  bc, provided c  0

Determining interval of four quadratic inequalities

Sign of function alternates.

Rational inequality with repeated linear factors

10. Find all possible values of the following expressions :

(i) x2  4 [0, ) (ii) 9  x2 [0,3] (iii) x 2  2x  10 [3, )

II Answer the following as true/false.

 x  121 x  25  x  36x  180   0

2 2123 3125 512

(2) (x2 – x – 6)(x2 + 6x)  0

(3) (x + 1)(x – 3)(x – 2)2  0. [Ans. (– , –1]{2}  [3, )]

(4) x(x + 6)(x + 2)2(x – 3) > 0 [Ans. (–6, 0)(3,  ]

(5) (x – 1)2(x + 1)3(x – 4) < 0 [Ans. (–1, 4) – {1} ]

(17) (x – 5) (x + 9) (x – 8) < 0 Ans. x  ( ,  9)  (5, 8)

(18) x2 – 4x + 9 > 0 Ans. x  (– , )

(19) x4 – 5x 2 + 4 < 0 Ans. x  (–2, – 1)  (1, 2)

(28) Solve x2 x Ans. [–2, 2]

(29) Solve 2  x  x2  x  4 Ans. [–1, 2]

(30) Find the number if integral values of x satisfying  x 2  10x  16  x  2 ( 5, 8 ]

(A) 1 (B)  2 (C)  1 (D) 2

(A) 8 (B) 7 (C) 4 (D) 5

§ x aNo solution if aR– {0}

§ So if f  x 0, then f x f x and if f  x 0, then f x f  x .

iii 0 x 1  3 iv |x –1| |2x –3| |3x –4|

02. (i) For 2 < x < 4, find the values of x . [2 x 4]

(ii) For 3  x  1 , find the values of x . [1 x 3]

(iii)For 3  x  1 , find the values of x . [1 x 3]

(iv) For 5  x  7 , find the values of x  2 [0,7]

(v) For 1  x  5 find the values of 2x  7 [0,5]

03. For x  R , find all possible of

(i) x  3  2 [–2, ) (ii) 4  2x  3 (– ,4]

04. Find all possible values of

(i) x 2 [0, ) (ii) 3  x 1 [0, 3 ] (iii) 4  x2 [0,2]

II Solve the following

[8] Find the interval of ‘x’ satisfying x 1  2  4

[10] Find the interval of ‘x’ satisfying 3 x 4 5

01. |x – 8| < 4 Ans. x  (4, 12)

05. |x3 – 1|  1 – x Ans. x  (–, –1]  [0, )

06.   1 Ans. x  (–, 1]  [3, )

(A) x  R (B) x  R – {0} (C) x  R+ (D) x  R–

(A) 4x – 3 (B) 3x – 1 (C) 5 (D) 1

13. The product of all the solutions of the equation (x –2) 2 – 3 |x – 2| + 2 = 0 is

Consider the equation || x – 1| – 2| = 

15. If the given equation has two solutions, then  belongs to

16. If the given equation has three solutions, then  belongs to

18. Greatest set of all possible values of p for q  R is

19. If p = 4 then possible values of q are

20. If p = |r| + 5, then number of possible ordered pair (r, q) is/are

NOTE : SIGNUM FUNCTION :

Greatest integer function:

II Solve the following

General Exponential Function

KEY CONCEPTS (LOGARITHM)

If a = 10 , then we write log b rather than log10 b .

Solution Given,  log 4 8  log 4  x  3    log 4  x  1   2

Solve x  log 10  2  1   log 10 6  x log 10 5

Ex4 Solve 6  log x 2  log 4 x   7  0

Ex5 Solve 4 log 10 x  32  x log 10 4

So now we have 2 4  log 10 x

Solution Given, log 1 2  log 3  7  x    0  log 12  log 3  7  x    log 1 2 1

As the base of the logarithm in both side is 1