Bio101 General Zoology

Lecture 3

Endocrine System
 COORDINATION & CONTROL
NERVOUS SYSTEM - for fast and short-term
responses
* Nerve impulses

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – for slow and long-term

responses
* growth, sexual maturation, metabolism, homeostasis

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 2

GLANDS are effectors.
(response: secretion)

Types of Glands:
2. Endocrine glands
1. Exocrine glands – ductless glands; glands of
– with ducts internal secretion
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 3
 Endocrine system
Hormones – substances produced by one gland or
organ of the body that then travels through the
bloodstream to affect other tissues, organs (target
organs)

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 4

 Endocrine system
Types of hormones:
1. Steroid hormones
2. Protein/Peptide hormones
STEROID HORMONES:
1. Gonadal hormones
2. Adrenal cortex hormones
PROTEIN/PEPTIDE HORMONES:
1. Thyroid hormones
2. Hypophyseal hormones
3. Pancreatic hormones
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 5
Endocrine system

Types of hormones:
1. Steroid hormones

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 6

 Endocrine system

Types of hormones:
2. Protein/peptide hormones

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 7

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 8
 Endocrine system
1. PITUITARY GLAND/hypophysis
- a pea-sized gland located at the base of the skull between the optic nerves

Compartments:
1. adenohypophysis (anterior) -hormone producing
2. neurohypophysis (posterior)
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 9
Endocrine system

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 10

 Endocrine system
(Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
(Luteinizing Hormone or ICSH – interstitial cell-stimulating hormone)
(Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
(Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

(Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone)

(Growth Hormone)

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 11

 Endocrine system

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 12

Endocrine system

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 13

 Endocrine system

GH deficiency: dwarfism
GH excess: GIGANTISM ACROMEGALY

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 14

 Endocrine system

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
& NEUROHYPOPHYSIS and how
their hormones affect their
target organs/tissues.
Effect ranges from secretion
of certain products to other
types of reactions like
growth, muscular activity etc.

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 15

Endocrine system

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
& NEUROHYPOPHYSIS and
how their hormones affect
the other glands and
organs
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 16
 Endocrine system

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 17
Endocrine system

deficiency in ADH:
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 DIABETES INSIPIDUS 18
Endocrine system
Role of hormone in blood
water level

OSMOLALITY: the concentration of a

solution expressed as the total number
of solute particles per kilogram (Oxford
dictionary)

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 19

Endocrine system

Role of hormone in milk

production and let-down

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 20

 Endocrine system
A baby sucking at
the nipple sends
nerve signals to
the hypothalamus,
where oxytocin is
made by neuro-
secretory cells and
stored in the
posterior pituitary.
When oxytocin
circulates to the
nipples, it triggers
smooth muscle
contraction and
release of milk.
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 21
 Endocrine system
2. THYROID GLAND
- located on the front part of the
neck below the thyroid cartilage,
wrapped around the trachea

Hormones Produced:
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 22

Endocrine system
Black arrows represent
stimulatory effects.
Hypothalamus releases
TRH that stimulates
anterior pituitary to
produce TSH which is
released to the blood
to stimulate the thyroid
to produce its
hormones.
The red arrows
represent negative
feedback which causes
inhibition of production
of TRH and TSH to
maintain homeostasis.
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 23
 Endocrine system
Functions of Thyroid Hormones
(T3 & T4):
1. Stimulates metabolic rate
(heartbeat, blood pressure
and oxygen consumption)

2. helps children grow and

develop

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 24

 Endocrine system

Goiter – abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 25

 Endocrine system
HYPOSECRETION of T3 and T4:

Cretinism in children BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 26

 Endocrine system

myxedema

HYPOSECRETION of T3 and T4:

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 27
Endocrine system

Graves Disease

HYPERSECRETION
of T3 and T4

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 28

 Endocrine system
Functions of Calcitonin (CT):
1. calcium metabolism
2. stimulates bone cells to add calcium to bone

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 29

 Endocrine system
3. PARATHYROID GLANDS – located in the neck, behind
the thyroid
- each gland is about the size of a grain of rice (weighs approximately 30 mg and is 3-4 mm in
diameter)

Hormones produced:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin (CT)
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 30
 Endocrine system
Negative feedback in calcium
homeostasis.
A drop in blood Ca2+ causes
the parathyroid gland to
produce parathyroid hormone
(PTH), which has several effects:

1. Ca2+ is released from bone.

2. Ca2+ is reabsorbed in the kidney.
3. Kidney in turn activates Vitamin
D, which promotes the uptake of
Ca2+ in intestines.

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 31

Endocrine system

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 32

 Endocrine system

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 33

Enteric
Endocrine
System

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 34

 Endocrine system
Enteric Endocrine System:
4. Stomach (G cells) – produce
GASTRIN

Function of GASTRIN:
- Regulates gastric acid secretion
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 35
 Endocrine system
Enteric Endocrine System:
5. Small intestine (epithelial cells) - produces CHOLECYSTOKININ and
SECRETIN

CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
- stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes
and bile (contractions of gallbladder)

SECRETIN
- stimulates secretion of a bicarbonate-rich
fluids from the pancreas and liver

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 36

Endocrine system

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 37

Endocrine system

6. PANCREAS - nestled along the

inside curve of the duodenum
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 38
 Endocrine system
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS:
pancreatic polypeptide
(PP) somatostatin
- self-regulate (SST)
pancreatic secretion
– growth hormone-
activities
inhibiting hormone
- Inhibit gallbladder
(GHIH) or somatotropin
contraction
release-inhibitng factor
- Role in nutrient
(SRIF)
metabolism uncertain
- Also a product of
neurosecretory neurons
insulin
of hypothalamus and
glycogenesis other areas of the NS

glucagon

glycogenolysis BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 39

Endocrine system

NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK IN
GLUCOSE
HOMEOSTASIS
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 40
 Endocrine system
Hyposecretion of insulin: DIABETES MELLITUS
(Cells can’t take in glucose.)
Type 1: insulin-dependent DM (IDDM)
- Due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- Can occur at any age but most common in juveniles
Type 2: non-insulin-dependent DM (NIDDM)
- Due to a problem in the way the body makes or uses insulin (insulin
resistance: cells do not respond correctly to insulin)
- Formerly adult-onset but can occur in obese & overweight people;
progressive
- can be controlled with weight management, nutrition and exercise
Gestational diabetes (GDM): triggered by pregnancy; must be
controlled to protect the baby’s growth and development
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 41
 Endocrine system
7. ADRENAL GLANDS – globular glands superior to the kidneys

LAYERS

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 42

 Endocrine system
Hormones produced by ADRENAL MEDULLA
- Epinephrine
catecholamines
- Norepinephrine

Hormones produced by ADRENAL CORTEX

- Mineralocorticoids (ex: aldosterone)
- Glucocorticoids (ex: cortisol) corticosteroids
- Steroid hormones (ex: testosterone)

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 43

Endocrine system

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 44

 Endocrine system

Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex

hormones

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 45

Endocrine system

Hypersecretion of cortisol

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 46

 Endocrine system
8. GONADS or SEX GLANDS

Testes - enclosed in the

scrotum

Hormone:

Androgens like
TESTOSTERONE
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 47
 Endocrine system
Cross-section of Testis

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 48

Endocrine system

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 49

 Endocrine system
OVARIES - sit just above the fallopian tubes - one ovary on each
side of the uterus

Ovarian follicle (estrogens like estradiol)

Corpus luteum (progesterone)
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 50
Endocrine system

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 51

 Endocrine system

Role of Hormones in Reproduction

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 52
 Endocrine system
9. PINEAL GLAND / epiphysis - small pine cone-shaped
gland in the brain
Hormone: MELATONIN

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 53

 Endocrine system

Production and release of MELATONIN is

activated by darkness and suppressed by light.

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 54

BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 55
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 56
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 57
PRELIM Exam is coming.
Review on Animal Tissues, Nervous System and Endocrine System.
BIO101 General Zoology cces2019 58