VSP Academy

Practical Notes

NOTE: PLEASE AVOID PROLIFERATING THIS DOCUMENT

Experiment 1: Co2 Gas

Aim: To study and prepare Co2 Gas

Apparatus: CaCo3, Dil. HCL, Litmus Papers, Lime Water (Ca (Oh) 2) and
Magnesium Ribbon

Procedure:

1. Take a small quantity of CaCO3 in a dry test tube

2. Add a few drops of Dilute HCL with the help of a dropper
3. Allow the gas to escape through air
4. Hold Moist Blue and Red Litmus Papers at the mouth of the test tube
and observe
5. Insert an incense stick in the test tube
6. Introduce burning Magnesium Ribbon in the mouth of the test tube
and observe
7. Pour some limewater in this Test Tube and observe

CaCO3 + 2HCL CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Observation:

Test Observation Conclusion

Colour and Smell It is colourless and CO2 is
odourless colourless
and
odourless
Effect on burning Candle Fire gets extinguished CO2
Gas does not burn Neither
burns nor
supports
burning
Effect on litmus paper Red remains Red CO2 is
Blue turns Red acidic
Effect on burning Magnesium It burns more brightly Redox
Ribbon reaction
takes
place
2Mg + CO2
= 2MgO +C
Effect on Lime water Turns Milky CO2 reacts
with
Ca(OH)2
and forms
insoluble
white
colour
CaCO3

Experiment 2: Efflorescence

Efflorescence is a physical and reversible change. When a crystalline

substance is heated it gets converted into its amorphous anhydrous form. By
adding a few drops of water to this amorphous form the crystalline
substance is obtained.

When Blue Vitriol is heated it gets converted into white amorphous CuSO4 by
losing its water of crystallisation

CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 +5H2O

1. Blue Vitriol- CuSO4.5H2O

2. Green Vitriol- FeSO4.7H2O
3. White Vitriol-ZnSO4.10 H2O
4. Washing Soda-Na2CO3.10 H2O
5. Gypsum-CaSO4.2H2O
6. Alum-K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24 H2O
7. Glauber’s Salt-Na2SO4.10H2O
8. Mohar’s salt-(NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O

Experiment 3: Ohm’s Law

Aim: To Study the dependence of current (I) on potential difference (V)
and determine its resistance
Apparatus: DC Voltmeter, Ammeter, Battery, Unknown Resistor and
connecting wires

Diagram:

Procedure
1. Arrange the various components as shown in the diagram
2. Note down the least count of all the instruments
3. Connect the Rheostat such that one of its lower or upper terminal is
used
4. Put the plug in the key
5. Shift the Rh Contact to change the current in the circuit
6. Note down the readings of V and A
7. Take 2 more readings

Observation

Least Count of Ammeter _______

Least Count of Voltmeter _______

Voltage(V) Current(I) R=V/I (Ω)

Conclusion: Value of resistor is _____

Series Combination
Aim: To determine equivalent resistance of 2 resistance connected
in series
Apparatus: DC Voltmeter, Ammeter, Battery, Unknown Resistor 1,
Unknown Resistor 2 and connecting wires
Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Arrange the various component as shown in the diagram

2. Note the least counts of various instruments
3. Connect Rh
4. Take 2 resistors and connect them in series as shown in the
figure
5. Put the plug in the key and adjust the sliding contact of the Rh so
as to pass the current in series.
6. Note down the current

Observation:
Least Count of Ammeter: ______
Least Count of Voltmeter: ______

Current(I) Voltage1 Voltage2 R1=V1/I R2=V2/I Rs=R1+R2

0.1
0.2
0.3

Parallel Combination
Aim: To determine equivalent resistance of 2 resistance connected
in parallel
Apparatus: DC Voltmeter, Ammeter, Battery, Unknown Resistor 1,
Unknown Resistor 2 and connecting wires
 Diagram:

Procedure

1. Arrange the various component as shown in the diagram

2. Note the least counts of various instruments
3. Connect Rh
4. Take 2 resistors and connect them in parallel as shown in the
figure
5. Put the plug in the key and adjust the sliding contact of the Rh so
as to pass the current in parallel.
6. Note down the current

Observation:

V I1 I2 R1=V/I1 R2=V/I2 1/RP=1/R1+1/R2

1.5
2.5
3

Experiment 4: Acids, Bases and Salts

Aim: Test the given samples with the given indicators

Apparatus: Dil. HCL (A), NaOH soln (B) , NaCl soln (C), phenolphthalein ,Methyl
Orange, Litmus Paper, Turmeric Paper

Procedure:

1. Take a Few drops of A(HCL) in Test Tube

2. Test the sample with moist Litmus papers and turmeric papers and
observe the colour change
 3. Add 1 to 2 drops of phenolphthalein and observe the colour change
4. Take the solution in another Test Tube and add Methyl Orange to it
and observe the colour change
5. Repeat Procedure for sample B & C

Observation

Sample Effect on Turmeric Phenolphthalei Methyl

Litmus Paper n Orange

A(HCL) Blue to Red No Change No Change Magenta

B(NaOH) Red to Blue Yellow to Colourless to Dark Yellow
Red Pink
C(NaCl) No Change No Change No Change Yellow

Conclusion

A: Acid

B: Base

C: Salt

Experiment 5: Radical Detection

Aim: To detect Chloride, Bromide, Iodide radicals in given powders

Apparatus: MnO2, Conc. H2SO4, Starch paper, Starch Iodide Paper, CCl4
(Carbon Tetrachloride) or Chloroform, AgNO3 Soln., Freshly prepared Cl water

Part 1:

Procedure:

1. Take a small quantity of given sample in test tube

2. Add a pinch of MgO2 in it
3. Add 5-6 drops of Con. H2SO4 to this mixture
4. Observe the colour of the gas evolved
5. Hold Moist Starch and Starch Iodide Paper and observe
6. Repeat the same procedure for other samples(NaCl, NaBr, KI)
Observation

Powder Colour of Effect on Effect on Conclusion

Gas Starch Starch
Paper Iodide Paper
NaCl Pale Yellow No Effect Blue Cl-
KBr Brown Turns Blue Br-
Yellow
KI Violet Turns Violet No Change I-

Part 2:

Procedure:

1. Take 1 ml of solution A in test tube

2. Add 4-5 ml of AgNO3 solution and observe the colour of the
preparation
3. Similar process for B & C
4. Take about 1 ml of solution A in a test tube and add 1 ml CCl4 to it.
5. Add about 10 drops of Chlorine water and shake the test tube
vigorously
6. Allow the test tube to stand for a while and observe the colour of the
lover layer (CCl4 layer)
7. Repeat for B and C

Solution Colour of Colour of CCl4 Conclusion

Preparation Layer
A (NaCl)
B (NaBr)
C (KI)

Experiment 6: Adulteration

Aim: To detect adulteration in given samples (powdered sugar, turmeric, and

semolina)

Apparatus: Dil. HCl, powdered sugar, turmeric, semolina

Procedure:
Turmeric

Add a few drops of dil. HCl to the given sample and observe, if it turns red it
is adulterated with metanil yellow colour

Powdered Sugar

Add 5-6 drops of HCl to the sample, if effervescence is observed then washing
soda has been added

Semolina

Move the magnet in the sample, if adulterated iron filings are attracted to it

Experiment 7: Micrometer Screw Gauge

Aim: To measure the width of wire and paper

Apparatus: Screw gauge, wire, paper

Procedure

1. Find the least count. LC=Least division on main scale/total division on

circular scale
2. Find out the zero error ,if any
3. Place the object between the Micrometer Screw Gauge
4. Note down the main and circular scale reading
5. Take total 3 readings at different positions

Observation

Least Count=_____

Zero Error=_____

Object MSR CSR TR(MSR+(CSR*LC)

Wire
Paper
Glass rod

Experiment 7: Vernier Calliper

Aim: To measure the dimensions of various objects

Apparatus: Vernier Scale, Petri Dish, Marble

Procedure:

1. Find the least count. LC=Least division on main scale/total number of

divisions
2. Place the given object between the two jaws of the
3. Record the reading on the main scale and Vernier scale
4. Take 3 such readings

Observation

LC=_____

TR= MSR + (VSR*LC) =_____

Object MSR VSR TR

Diameter of bob
Volume of glass
slab (L)
Volume of glass
slab (B)
Volume of glass
slab (B)
Inner diameter of
a dish
Outer diameter
of a dish
Depth of the dish
 Human Organs and Organ Systems

Human Eye

Kidney
Skin
 Ear

Lungs
Heart

Brain
Skeletal System
Digestive System
Microorganisms and cells
Hydra

Hydra bud

Spirogyra
Paramecium
Amoeba

Euglena

Fungi
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

Bacteria (Vibrio Cholerae)

Bacteria (Azotobacter)

Penecillium Chrysogenum
Bacteria (Bacillus Anthracis)

Bacteria (Streptococcus pharyngis)

Bacteria (Rhodospirillium Rubrum)
 Identification of Apparatus

Vernier Calliper
Magnetic Compass

Screw Gauge

Magnetic Needle
Glass Rod

Ebonite Rod

Fur
 Silk Cloth

Thermometer

Pith Ball
Mirror/Lens Stand

Magnifying Glass

Metal Bob
Magnetic Bar

Convex Lens