38 Essay Outlines

(1) Religion: A Solution or Itself An Issue

1. Introduction:
2. An overview of major religions and their injunctions:
3. Some issues apparently created by religion:
- Inter-religious hatred. 
- Sectarianism. 
- Fanaticism and Intolerance. 
- Traditionalism and Conservatism. 
- Gender Discrimination. 
- Fatalism. 
4. Do religion really cause a problems or is it merely an allegation?
5. Causes of misunderstanding about religion:
- Negative role of religious leaders and so called icons. 
- Ineffective contribution by the media. 
- Insufficient focus on religious education in modern educational institutions. 
- Pursuit of political motives in the guise of religion. 
- Lack of civilization. 
6. Actual causes of the problems faced by world:
- Political power games. 
- Economic motives of the nations. 
- Lack of civilization in human beings. 
- Missing element of character building in educational institutes. 
- Poor control over and monitoring of scientific advancement. 
- Deleterious impacts of electronic and social media. 
7. Do religion provide a solution to the issues the present world is confronted with? 
Yes all religions:
- Propagate Humanism and provide mechanism for the creation of a terror free world.
- Inculcate moral values and provide solutions to the issues of moral degradation. 
- Encourage generosity and benevolence to resolve poverty and privation issues. 
- Spread patience and restrain and thus develop a society free of atrocities and injustices. 
- Inculcate sense of accountability and responsibility in society and address the issue of flouting of
laws, rules and principles.
- Teach self-restraint and self control and resolve all issues created by rapacity and avarice. 
8. Recommendations for the dissemination of true massage of the religion:
- Positive role of religious icons. 
- Government’s patronizing the dissemination of religion in its pure form. 
- Introduction of religion as integral part of curricula. 
- Positive role of media. 
- Focus on similarities in different religions. 
9. Recommendations for the solutions of world issues:
- Effective role of UNO. 
- End of power game. 
- Effective role of media in sensitization of brains. 
- Devising modus operandi for countering the detrimental effects of scientific advancement. 
- Diverting energies towards the achievement of SDGs. 
- Compassionate, considerate and solicitous attitude of the superpowers. 
10. Conclusion:

(2) Backwardness of Women Leads to Backwardness of The Nation. 

1. Introduction:

2. Different facts of women backwardness:

• Illiteracy.
• Economic deprivation. 
• Malnutrition. 
• Limited role in decision making. 
• Sexual Harassment. 
• Domestic Violence. 
• Early or Childhood marriages. 
• Excessive pregnancies. 

3. Does backwardness of women leads to backwardness of the nation:

Yes it’s true! It’s backwardness of women that:
• results in morally weak society which is full of: 
- Crimes.
- Corruption and favoritism. 
- Ineptness and incompetence. 
- Drug addiction. 
• Wreak havoc with the economy of the country by affecting:
- Decrease in GDP. 
- Decrease in Exports. 
- Decrease in the tax revenue of the state. 
- Rise in Inflation. 
- Increase in poverty. 
• Adversely affects the health of the nation because of:
- Poor knowledge of hygiene and cleanliness. 
- Poor knowledge of Nutrition. 
- Ignorance of ways to stay healthy. 
• Generates the issue of overpopulation:
• Creates deteriorates impact on the image of the country. 

4. Causes of women backwardness:

• Religious Causes:
- Negative role of so-called religious leaders. 
- Misinterpretation of religious injunctions. 
- Less consideration of Ijtihad in Muslim states. 
• Political Causes:
- Lack of political will. 
- Poor of insufficient legislation.
- Lack of representation in decision making. 
• Social Causes:
- Illiteracy of men. 
- Taboos, customs and traditions. 
- Security issues. 
- High rate of childbirth. 
• Economic Causes:
- Poverty at domestic level.
- Budgetary constraint at national level. 
- Lack of economic opportunities. 

5. Different steps being taken at national and international level for women empowerment:
• Millennium Development Goals MDGs:
• Sustainable Development Goals:
• Different laws and Policies:
• Awareness Campaigns:
• Role of NGOs:

6. Recommendations for the Amelioration of women conditions:

• Propagation of True Massage of Islam Through Moderate Religious Leaders:
• Enactment and Strict Implementation of Laws for:
- End of domestic violence. 
- Provide security at workplace. 
- Control early childhood marriages. 
• Fixation and enhancement of Quotas in:
- Elected bodies at national as well as provincial legislature. 
- Educational Institutions. 
- Jobs in Public as well as private sector. 
• Counseling of the Male Members of the Society:
• Awareness Campaigns:
• Allocation of More Budget for:
- Women education. 
- Population control programs. 
- Soft loans. 
- Women’s health and nutrition. 

7. Some other recommendations for the development of a nation:

• Focus on Education:
• Allocation of More Budget for Research and Development:
• Eradication of Corruption:
• Sustenance of Democracy and Political Stability:
• Rule of Law:
• Promotion of Accountability culture:
• Devolution of Power and Authority:

8. Conclusion:

(3) Industrial Sector of Pakistan. (Situation, Issues and Solutions) 

1. Introduction:

2. Industrial Sector and Its Components:

3. Importance of Industrial Sector for a Country:

4. Different Phases of Industrial Development in Pakistan:

• 1950s: The Era of Rapid Industrial Growth:

• 1960s: The Era of Industrial Stabilization:
• 1970s: Nationalization and its Impacts:
• 1980s: Russian-Afghan war and Pro-Industrial policies of Zia:
• 1990s: The Decade of Privatization:
• Post 9/11: Commercialization under Musharaf:

5. Present Situation of Industrial Sector of Pakistan:

• Situation of Manufacturing sector:
- Large Scale manufacturing sector. 
- Small Scale manufacturing sector. 
• Situation of Construction Sector:
• Situation of Mining Sector:
• Situation of Electricity Generation and Distribution Sector:

6. Issue Confronting the Industrial Sector of Pakistan:

• Economic Issues:
- Energy crisis. 
- Huge bank spread. 
- Devaluation of currency. 
- Under-utilization of national resources. 
- Lack of infrastructure. 
• Social Issues:
- Marginalized role of women. 
- Overpopulation. 
- Malnutrition and diseases. 
- Corruption. 
- Slackness and Lethargy. 
• Political Issues:
- Terrorism. 
- Flawed Policies. 
- International isolation. 
- Political instability. 
• Administrative Issues:
- Poor performance of state-owned enterprises. 
- Labyrinthine procedures and processes in government offices. 
- Poor law and order situation. 
- Weak criminal justice system. 
- Lack of focus on R&D. 

7. Some Workable Solutions to the Industrial Sector Issues:

• Provision of Uninterrupted and Cheap Supply of Energy to the Industrial Sector on Preferential Basis:
• Provision of Cheap and Easy Credit Facility: 
• Maximum Extraction and Utilization of Indigenous Mineral Resources:
• Effective and Beneficial use of Women Workplace:
• Provision of Necessary Healthcare Facilities for the Labor:
• Eradication of the Scourge of Terrorism:
• Research based and Workable Industrial Policies:
• Sustenance of Democracy and Political Stability:
• Promotion of Public-Private Partnership:
• Improved Law and Order Situation and Protection of Property Rights:
• Reservation of Substantial Budget for Research and Development:

8. Conclusion:

(4) Pak-China Relations

1. Introduction:

2. Some Facts about China and Pakistan:

3. Historical evidence of Pak-China Friendship:

- Border settlement between Pakistan and China. 

- Role of China in Pakistan-India war. 
- Chinese support for Pakistan at UNSC. 
- China and Nuclear Program of Pakistan. 
- Role of China in the Defense needs of Pakistan. 
- Pakistan’s support to China at the times of isolation. 
- Pakistan’s role in bridging the gap between China and US. 

4. Present Contours of Pak-China Relations:

• Economic Aspect:
- Chinese investment in the form of CPEC. 
- Flourishing trade between two countries. 
- FDI share from China. 
- Cheap exports and Imports for China. 
• Social Aspect:
- Infrastructure development in Pakistan. 
- Ongoing and future energy projects in Pakistan. 
- Efforts for the eradication of terrorism. 
- Upgraded living standards in Pakistan. 
- Disaster management in Pakistan. 
• Political Aspect:
- Strings of Pearls policy. 
- India as a mutual enemy. 
- Stability of Afghanistan. 
- US inclination toward India. 
- Pakistan’s SCO membership. 
- Strategic importance of Gwadar for China. 

5. Challenges to the Friendship:

- Uyghur separatist’s movement. 
- Targeted killings of Chinese workers in Pakistan. 
- Pakistan’s engagement with the US. 
- Changing nature of China-India relationship. 
- Failure of CPEC project. 
- Increasing gaps between economies of both countries. 
- Lack of harmony in political parties of Pakistan. 

6. Recommendations for future Strengthening of Bonds:

• Pakistan’s Role:
- No Support for terrorism in Xinjiang. 
- Provision of foolproof security to Chinese workers. 
- Political consensus over national agenda.
- Early implementation of CPEC Projects. 
- No Overtures to US at the cost of China. 
- Struggle for improvement of national image. 
- Joint efforts for stability in Afghanistan. 
• China’s Role:
- Support for Kashmir Cause. 
- More assistance in energy projects. 
- Enhanced trade ties. 
- Assistance in the field of Education and research and development. 
- Pakistan’s entry into SCO. 

7. Conclusion:

(5) Democracy is no more Vulnerable in Pakistan

1. Introduction:
2. An Overview of Pakistan’s Political History:
- The game of musical chair in first nine years. 
- Martial Law of General Ayub Khan. 
- Revival of democracy after the secession of East Pakistan. 
- The murder of democracy and Zia regime. 
- Era of 90s –the miracle of Article 58(2b). 
- Plane Hijacking case and martial law of Musharaf. 
- Controlled democracy during Musharaf regime. 
- Charter of democracy and revival of democracy in Pakistan. 
3. Factors behind the derailment of Democracy in Past:
- Absence of patriotic, nationalist, competent and better styled leadership. 
- Overdependence on Army under the influence of antagonistic and uncongenial relations with
neighboring countries. 
- Anemic, impotent and spineless political institutions. 
- Frail, feeble 
4. Is Democracy still Vulnerable in Pakistan?
No the Situation is changed as now we have:
- Sovereign, watchful and well founded media institution. 
- A vigilant and proactive civil society extremely alive to the importance of democracy. 
- A judiciary that appears to be contrite and remorseful for its past character. 
- Political leadership which looks conscientious enough to protect democracy even at the cost of
personal gains. 
- Military leadership that appears to have more inclination towards fulfilling its professional
responsibilities. 
- A recent experience of bitter repercussion of dictatorship in Musharaf regime. 
5. Indispensability of the Sustenance of Democracy to the Development of Pakistan:
Democracy is important because it:
- Bestows upon the people political maturity and wisdom and enables them to choose the best lot for
managing their affairs. 
- Ensures consensus-based decision making and helps in the formulation of coherent and practicable
policies. 
- Promotes the culture of accountability and wipeout the malaises of corruption, inefficiency and
nepotism. 
- Confers the sense of participation in the various sections of society and thus promotes national
integration. 
- Confers the sense of freedom upon citizens and wins their loyalty to the state. 
- Fosters the culture of equality before law and investigators public faith in institutions. 
- Brings political stability and provides an environment conducive to development and growth. 
6. Recommendations for the Future Strengthening of Democracy in Pakistan:
- Introduction of meaningful electoral reforms. 
- Strengthening local government institutions. 
- Improve the performance of democratic government. 
- Bringing in purposeful regulation of media to make it more responsible and sensible. 
- Enhancing contributory role of educational institutes. 
- Ensuring independence of judiciary. 
- Reform the civil service to improve the performance of beaurucracy. 
7. Conclusion:

(6) Crisis of Good Governance in Pakistan (Need for Reform and Institution Building)

1. Introduction:
2. Good Governance and Its Indicators:
3. Importance of Good Governance for a country:
- Importance for the Economic sector. 
- Importance for the Political sector. 
- Importance for the Social Sector. 
4. Is Pakistan Confronting a crisis of Good Governance?.
Yes! The following facts are proof:
- General public’s shattered trust in Government. 
- Absence of accountability culture at all levels. 
- Lack of transparency in functioning of public organizations. 
- Prevalence of Procrastination and red tape in day to day government functioning. 
- Inadequate participation of general public in decision making. 
- Persistent existence of evil of corruption. 
- Absence of rule of law. 
- Highly unbalanced development and growth. 
- Institutional decay. 
- Inadequate delivery of social services. 
5. Major Causes of the Deplorable Situation of Governance in Pakistan:
- Frequent derailment of democracy. 
- Impotent and puny judiciary. 
- Absence of free and mature media. 
- Shortsighted and self centered approach of politicians. 
- Failure of educational institutions to produce good citizens. 
- Excessive politicization of public sector. 
- Dismal performance of the Watch Dog Institutes. 
- Presence of lacunas and flaws in the criminal justice system. 
- Lack of Checks and balance. 
- Lack of civic awareness. 
- Bureaucracy attitude. 
6. Some Measures Taken by Government to Ameliorate the Situation:
- Enactment of Laws.
- Establishment of monitoring organizations and committees. 
- Introduction of internal checks and controls. 
- Deliberation of introduction of civil services reforms. 

7. Recommended Reforms for Institution Building and Improved Governance in Pakistan:

- Active role of politicians, media and civil society to safeguard the democracy. 
- Independent and responsible role of judiciary. 
- Prudent and mature role of media. 
- Introduction of civil services reforms to improve performance of bureaucracy. 
- Introduction of technology in public sector. 
- Reformation of Watch Dog Institutes. 
- Necessary statutory amendments to improve the criminal justice system. 
- Accountability at all level. 
- Public participation in decision making. 
- Role of educational institutions to produce good citizens. 
8. Conclusion:

(7) Social Media: A source of Connecting People or Disconnecting Them.

1. Introduction:
2. Different types of Media:
- Print Media. 
- Electronic Media. 
• Social Media and its Types:
- Blogs and Microblogs. 
- Social networking sites (Face book). 
- Social Commerce (Amazon, Alibaba)
- Social Media news (Digg). 
- VoIP Software (Skype, MSN). 
• Social Media as a source of connecting people. 
- Connecting with unknown people belonging to other nations and states. 
- Connecting people one already know, Irrespective of their location. 
- Possibility of staying connected with others round the clock. 
- Little cost of maintaining connection. 
- Fast and speedy connectivity. 
- Easy tracing of lost contacts. 
3. Benefits of Connectivity through social Media:
• Social: 
- Shares information. 
- Upgrades living standard. 
- Serves as source of education. 
- Eliminates social biases. 
• Economic:
- Spreads political awareness. 
- Assists in political decision making. 
o Arab Spring 2011. 
o General Elections in Pakistan 2013. 
- Highlights public issues and grievances. 
• Political:
- Gives information on economic opportunities. 
- Provide platform for economic activities. .
- Renders assistance in economic decision making. 
• Religious:
- Imparts religious education. 
- Eliminates religious biases. 
- Serves as platform of religious preaching. 
• Administrative:
- Serves as source of information sharing. 
- Assists in quick decision making. 
- Helps in ensuring better governance. 
4. Social Media as source of Disconnect of the People:
- Weakening of family bonds. 
- Decrease in traditional get together. 
- Decline in traditional get together. 
- Decline in sports activities. 
- Scarcity of time. 
5. A Glimpse over some other evil of social media:
- Spoil of moral values. 
- Wastage of time. 
- Acts of cheating and fraud. 
- Deleterious impacts on health. 
- Promotion of hatred and antagonism. 
- Unreliability of information. 
6. Causes of Evils of Social Media:
- Absence of proper control mechanism. 
- Poor performance of regulatory authorities. 
- No focus on character building in educational institutions. 
- Absence of other recreational facilities. 
- Easy availability of technology.. 
- Cheaper access to social media sites. 
- Incognito access to social media sites. 
7. Recommendations for elimination of Harmful Impacts of Social Media:
- Application of some mandatory filters and controls. 
- At national level. 
- At local level. 
- Launching of awareness campaigns. 
- Enactment of stringent laws. 
- Effective role of regulatory authorities. 
- Effective role of education sector in character building. 
- Provision of better sports and recreational facilities. 
- Enactment of service cost. 
8. Conclusion:

(8) Status of Women in Islam

1. Introduction:
2. Status of women before Islam and in Other Religions:
- Status of women in Arabia. 
- Status of women in Roman Empire. 
- Status of women in Hinduism. 
- Status of women in Buddhism. 
3. Status of women as Granted by Islam:
• Status in house:
- As a mother. 
- As a sister. 
- As a wife. 
- As a daughter. 
• Status in Society:
- Right to life. 
- Right to honor and dignity. 
- Right to education. 
- Right to forming and breaking conjugal relations. 
• Status in state:
- Right to enjoy fundamental human rights. 
- Right to enjoy citizenship of state. 
4. In Today’s world, do Women Actually Enjoys The Status granted to them by Islam:
• No:
5. Causes of poor Status of Women in Islamic States:
• Religious causes:
- Negative role of religious leaders. 
- Misinterpretation of religious injunctions. 
- Avoidance of Ijtihad in Muslim states. 
• Political causes:
- Undemocratic government. 
- Lack of political will. 
- Poor legislation. 
- Lack of representation in decision making I. 
• Social Causes:
- Illiteracy of men. 
- Taboos, customs and traditions. 
- Security issues. 
- High childbirth rates. 
• Economic causes:
- Poverty at domestic level. 
- Budgetary constraints at national level. 
- Lack of economic opportunities. 
6. Recommendation for the Amelioration of Situation:
- Role of moderate religious leaders to propagate true message of the religion. 
- Enactment and strict implementation of laws. 
- To end domestic violence. 
- To provide security at workplace. 
- To control child of early marriages. 
- Fixation and enactment of quotas. 
o In elected bodies. 
o In educational institutions. 
o In jobs. 
- Counseling of male member of society. 
- Awareness campaign. 
- Allocation of more budgets. 
o For women education. 
o For population control programs. 
o For soft loans. 
o For women health and nutrition. 
7. Conclusion:

(9) What are the Hurdles in Our Way to Becoming a Truly Independent State

1. Introduction:
2. Measures to gauge the independence of a state:
3. Critical analysis of Pakistan’s 68 years of independence:
4. Hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state:
• Political:
- Problematic borders. 
- Military domination: An impediment to development of other state institutions. 
- Lack of consensus among politicians on major issues. 
- Perennial issues of terrorism. 
- Shortsighted, imprudent and impetuously-designed foreign policy. 
• Administrative:
- Spineless bureaucracy. 
- Delayed justice. 
- Dishonesty, Nepotism, and Red-tapism.
- Flawed transparency and accountability mechanism. 
• Economic:
- Vicious circle of poverty. 
- Outdated techniques of agricultural farming. 
- Unbridled inflation rate. 
- Undocumented economy. 
- Blind privatization. 
• Religious:
- Pathetic role of religious icons for power lust. 
- Inculcation of anti-democratic sentiment in the minds of followers and support of dictatorship. 
- Use of religious followers as a pressure group. 
- Unignorable role of religious parties in promoting sectarianism. 
- Inclination towards taqleed rather than Ijtehad. 
• Social:
- Marginal and unproductive role of women. 
- Class disparities due to feudalism and landlordism.
- Resistance of general masses to adopting new things. 
- Uncontrolled population growth. 
5. Can we ever become a truly independent nation? Yes.
6. Recommendations for removing the hurdles in becoming a truly independent state:
- Strengthening of democracy by ensuring continuity of credible elections and proper vetting of
candidates. 
- Devising meticulous, far-sighted and independent foreign policy. 
- A complete overhauling of administrative systems. 
- Adopting prudent and visionary economic policies. 
- Enacting of stringent laws to broaden the tax net. 
- Promoting progressive scholars. 
- Launching of media campaign to change the mindset of society. 
7. Conclusion:

(10) Importance of Free Media

1. Introduction:
2. Media and its types:
- Print Media. 
- Electronic Media. 
3. Components of freedom of media:
- No censoring of news / programs by the government. 
- No imposition of economic restraints. 
- No cancellation of permits / Licenses.
- No threats to journalists. 
4. Importance of Free Media:
• Importance for political sector:
- Ensures sustenance of democracy. 
- Guarantees an environment of accountability. 
- Spreads political awareness. 
- Assists the Government in decision making. 
- Strengthen electoral process. 
• Importance for Economic sector:
- Provides government with the information on national and international economic trends. 
- Assists investors in economic decision making. 
- Highlights mistakes and wrongdoing of government. 
• Importance for Social Sector:
- Imparts informal education. 
- Disseminates information and knowledge. 
- Inculcates etiquettes. 
- Upgrades living standards. 
- Highlights social evils. 
- Reflect true image of nation. 
- Indicates violation of human rights. 
- Provide cheap source of Entertainment. 
5. Role of Media in Pakistan: A case study. 
- Lawyer’s movement against Parvez Musharaf. 
- Restoration of Judiciary. 
- Change of Public opinion with reference to terrorists. 
- Privatization of Steel Mill and other units. 
- Sustenance of Democracy. 
- Emergence of Third political force and 2013 Elections. 
- Changing status and role of women. 
6. Some negative impacts:
- Revealing of national secretes. 
- Promotion of obscenity. 
- Deterioration of morality. 
- Spread of consumerism. 
- Causing of mental unrest. 
- Deteriorations of foreign relation of country. 
- Damage to the image of nation and state. 
7. Causes of Evils of the Media:
8. Recommendations:
• For ensuring independence of Media:
- Enactment of Laws. 
- Public awareness campaign. 
- Active role of civil society. 
- Independent role of judiciary. 
- Mature role of media organizations.
• For eradication of evils of Media:
- Enactment of laws and strict implementation. 
- Effective role of regulatory authorities. 
- Establishment of effective mechanism within media organizations. 
- Devising of a consensus-based code of conduct collectively by media organizations. 
- Provision of better work facilities to media personnel. 
- Promotion of media education as an important field. 
- Training of media personnel. 
9. Conclusion:

(11) Energy Crisis in Pakistan: Consequences and Recommendation

1. Introduction:
2. Pakistan’s Energy Scenario:
3. Sources of energy procurement in Pakistan:
4. Issues faced by Energy sector:
5. Consequences of energy crisis:
6. Recommendations:
• Short term measures:
- Resolution of circular debt issue.
- Prompt implementation of NEPRA determined tariffs. 
- Ensuring recovery of revenue from public sector. 
- Crackdown on energy thefts. 
- Energy conservation campaign and demand management. 
- Use of copper transmission wires for rectifying line losses. 
• Medium term measures. 
- Development of integrated energy policy. 
- Allotment of funds to GENCOs for refurbishment of plants and transmission system. 
-
• Long term measures. 
7. Conclusion. 

(12) Corruption in Pakistan: Mother of all Evils

1. Introduction:
2. Historical Background:
- Colonial period. 
- WW II and Partition huge defense money. 
- Nationalization policy. 
- Proxy wars. 
3. Current Scenario:
- Loss in National exchequer. 
- Ranking by transparency international. 
- Tax to GDP ratio. 
4. Causes:

- Absence of culture of accountability:

- Incompetent Judiciary:
- Highly centralized Economic system:
- Absence of rule of law:
- Punctuated constitutional supremacy:
- High inflation and food prices:
- Meager Salaries of Govt. Servants:
- Capitalist class competition:
- Materialistic approach and evasion of religious and Ethnic values:
- Incompetent Bureaucracy:
- Tax Evasion:
- Culture of writing off loans:
- Poor Governance:
- Non-Disclosure of Information:
- Nepotism and Favoritism:
- Feudalism:
5. Impacts:
- Loss of development by eating up funds in commission. 
- Impediment in FDI. 
- More foreign aid and loans leading to dependence. 
- Election rigging. 
- Fake degrees. 
- Deteriorated International image:
- Increase in crimes:
- Undermines poverty alleviation:
- It undermines democracy:
- Hinders good governance:
- Hampers Economic growth:
- Violate Human Rights:
- Impedes FDI:
- Enhances operating cost government:
- Scuttles level of Revenue:
- Reduces the resources available for Social programs:
6. Remedies:
- True Leadership:
- Active NAB. 
- Strong punishment. 
- Anti-bribery courts. 
- Free judiciary. 
- Free media. 
- Imparting Islamic values. 
- Ethical counseling through Education:
- Ensuring meritocracy instead of red tapism:
- Increased Salaries and Employment opportunities: 
- Punishment:
- Transparency:
- Role of Media:
- Accountability at all levels, no sacred cows:
- Fair use of power and authority. 
- Rule of Law in letter and sprit:
- Legislation:
- Renovation and Reformation:
7. Conclusion:

(13) Environmental Pollution

1. Introduction:
- It has destroyed civilizations. 
- The Mesopotamia civilization that flourished some eight thousand ago between the rivers of Tigris
and Euphrates was destroyed by water and land pollution i.e. water logging, salinity and silt. 
- Biggest issue at global level. 
2. Kinds of Pollution:
• Atmospheric:
• Water:
• Soil:
• Noise:
3. Impacts:
• Depletion of Ozone layer:
• Acid Rains:
• Green House effect:
• Global warming:
• Damage to natural ecosystem:
• Health hazards:
• Extinction of various species:
4. State of Pollution in Pakistan:
• Industrial:
• Coastal:
• Urban:
• Agricultural:
• Water:
• Air:
• Noise:
5. Causes of Pollution:
• Unplanned Industrialization:
• Incongruous Transport:
• Garbage/Solid Waste:
• Pressure Horns:
• Fertilizers and Pesticides:
• Nuclear waste:
6. International Efforts to curb menace of Pollution: 
- Earth Summit 1992. 
- Metrological research studies on pollution 1995.
- Kyoto Summit 1997. 
- Johannesburg Summit 2002.
- Paris Agreement 2016.
7. National Level Efforts:
- Legislative Measures. 
- Participation of people. 
- Role of Media. 
- Checks and Controls. 
- To stop unplanned urbanization. 
- Population control. 
8. Remedial Measures to curb Pollution:
• Sound/Effective industrial planning:
• Alternative transport/Electric Transport (Use of CNG, LPG):
• Decomposition of nuclear waste:
• Proper Sanitation:
• Alternative energy generation to avoid use of fossil fuels:
• Plantation of Trees:
• Use of NH3/Green house gasses in refrigeration and air-conditioning. 
• Awareness Campaigns:
9. Conclusion:

(14) Global/World Economic Recession

1. Introduction:
- Definition of world economy. 
- Definition of Recession. 
- Background. 
- Brief overview of current crisis. 
2. Global Economy:
- Trends. 
- Dimensions. 
- Common financial instruments. 
- Key players. 
3. Recession Causes:
- Investment by businesses. 
- Stock market crashes. 
- Increase in oil prices. 
- Devaluation of paper money. 
- Inflation. 
- Housing bubble. 
- Slowdown of economic growth. 
- Unethical banking practices. 
4. Effects of Recession:
- Layoffs. 
- Large companies going bankrupt. 
- Impact on industrial output. 
- Unemployment. 
- Widening Rich-Poor gap. 
- Nationalization. 
- Government intervention. 
- Business and export losses. 
- Impact on economy. 
5. Countermeasures:
6. Conclusion:

(15) Terrorism: The biggest threat to Pakistan

1. Introduction:
2. History of Terrorism in Pakistan: An overview.
3. Pakistan faces various forms of Terrorism:
- Ethnic/Sectarian:
- Nationalist/Separatist:
- Jihad/Islamist:

4. Causes:
• Internal Causes:
o Social:
- Unequal distribution of wealth. 
- Augmenting Illiteracy:
- Increasing social injustice:
- Lack of social securities.
- Population growth:
- Dissatisfaction: 
- Child labor. 
- Retaliation.
o Political :
- Nepotism and favoritism. 
- Derailment of democracy. 
- Corruption. 
- Instability. 
- Deteriorated law and situation. 
- Lack of transparency and accountability. 
o Economic:
- Poverty and deprivation. 
- Unemployment and inflation. 
- Stagnation. 
• Religious:
- Sectarianism. 
- Religious intolerance. 
- Brainwash and misinterpretation of religion. 
• External:
- West Global War on terror:
- Sky picot. 
- Arab Spring. 
- Russian invasion on Afghanistan and 9/11. 
- Exploitation:
- Hegemonic designs:
- Meddling into affairs of other states:
- Kashmir and Palestine Issue. 
- State sponsored terrorism. 

5. Is Terrorism a Great Threat:

Yes:
- To Democracy:
- Economy. 
- To Infrastructure 
- To Life. 
- To investment. 
- To social services. 
- To Sovereignty:
- To Economy:
- To Governance:
- To Progress:
- To National Security:
- To National integrity:
- To Political Stability:
- To Fundamental Human rights:

6. Recommendations:
- End of meddling into affairs of other countries. 
- End of Stereotypical war on terror. 
- Disputes resolved through dialogues. 
- Educating masses. 
- Role of Media. 
- Provision of speedy justice. 
- Provision of economic opportunities to masses. 
- Restoration of peace and stability. 
- Using influence of religious leaders:
- Utilizing Civil Society:
- Employing Media Effectively:
- Revamping Education System:
- Resolving Afghan Issue:
- Ensuring competent Intelligence: Joint Intelligence Directorate:
- Activation of NACTA:
- Alleviating deprivation:
- Provision of Justice:
- Political Will:
- Dealing hardly with Militants: 

7. Conclusion:

(16) Women Empowerment would Empower Pakistan 

1. Introduction:
2. Current Scenario of women in Pakistan and its impact on Pakistan:
3. Interplay of women empowerment and prosperity of Pakistan:
4. Economic benefits of women empowerment:
• Increase in potential and diverse workforce:
• Increase in per capita income:
• Broadening of tax base:

5. Social benefits of Women Empowerment:

• Alleviation of Poverty:
• Increase in Literacy rate:
• Alleviation in incidence of domestic violence:
• Population control:

6. Political Benefits of Women Empowerment:

• Vote consciousness:
• Increase in national suffrage:
• Healthy political process:
• Legislation of women related laws:
• Improved Image of Pakistan:
7. Conclusion:

(17) Need of Good Governance in Pakistan

1. Introduction:
2. Essentials of Good Governance:
• Political Stability:
• Constitutional supremacy:
• Effective implementation of law:
• Effective Administrative hierarchy:
• Vibrant foreign policy:
• Social justice: distribution of resources.
• Transparency:
• Public participation in decision making:
• Uniform education system:
• Freedom of Media:

3. Status of Governance in Pakistan:

• Political instability:
• Leadership vacuum. 
• Lack of accountability:
• Crippled economy:
• Deteriorated law and order situation:
• Incapable laws enforcement agencies:
• Social insecurity:

4. Suggestions:
• Effective democratic system:
• Rule of Law:
• Effective political, administrative and economic system:
• Investment friendly environment:
• Education for all:
• Public participation in decision making:
5. Conclusion:

(18) Pakistan Rich in Natural Resources but Poor in Their Management

1. Introduction:
2. Natural resources and their management:
3. Richness/Abundance of natural resources in Pakistan:
4. Pakistan’s natural resources and their management:
• Energy Resources 
- Non-renewable energy resources:
o Oil and gas reserves:
o Coal Reserves:
- Renewable energy resources:
o Wind Power: 
o Solar Power:
o Hydro power:
• Agricultural Resources:
- Irrigation Network:
- Fertile Land:
- Variety of Crops:
- Animal Husbandry:
- Fishing:
• Mineral Resources:
- Copper and gold resources:
- Salt mines and other mineral:
• Human Resources:
- Sixth largest population in world:
- Youth comprising major chunk:
5. Factors leading to poor management:
• Poor governance:
• Political rivalry:
• Lack of Planning and vision:
• Inconsistent and flawed policies:
• Bureaucratic bottleneck and corruption:
• Worsening law and order situation:
6. Implications of mismanagement of natural resources:
7. Way forward:
8. Conclusion:

(19) Liberal Education

1. Introduction:
2. Importance:
3. Spheres of Liberal Education:
4. Objectives:
• To produce Informed Citizens:
• To develop creative thinking:
• To improve skills and competitiveness:
• To inculcate Communication skills:
5. Present Style of education in Pakistan:
6. Prerequisites for liberal education:
7. Advantages of liberal Education:
• Economic Development:
• Employment opportunities:
• Interdependent and stable society:
• Peace and harmony in society:
8. Conclusion:

(20) Disaster Management in Pakistan

1. Introduction:
2. Disaster Management:
3. Phases of Disaster Management:
• Mitigation:
• Preparedness:
• Response:
• Recovery:
4. History of Disasters in Pakistan:
5. Structure of Disaster Management in Pakistan:
6. Role of NDMA:
7. Abysmal state of Disaster preparedness and management in Pakistan:
8. Impacts of weak Disaster Management:
• Food Crisis:
• Health Hazards:
• Ravaged infrastructure:
• Unemployment and Economic loss:
• Militancy and crime:
• Political upset:
9. Measures to Improve DMS:
10. Conclusion:

(21) Global Warming

1. Introduction:
2. What is Global Warming:
3. Evidences of Global Warming:
• Temperature:
• Precipitation:
• Rise in sea level:
• Ice melting and floods:
4. Cause of Global warming:
• Industrialization:
• Transport:
• Combustion for cooking and heat:
• Deforestation:
• Air condition and Refrigerators:
5. Causes of Global Warming:
6. Sources of Emission:
7. Impacts of Global Warming:
• Extreme weather conditions:
• Affected marginalized communities:
• Coastal areas:
• Frequent and strong storms and floods:
• Health problems:
• Ecosystem destruction:
• Agriculture loss:
• Damages to life:
• Impact on economy:
• Impact on animals:
• Melting of glaciers:
8. Strategies to mitigate global warming:
• Use of renewable energy resources:
• Plantation and forestation:
• Energy efficient appliances:
• Recycling:
• Energy conservation and efficiency:
• Individual efforts:
• Reduction of combustion of fossil fuels:
• Family planning to reduce population growth:
9. Conclusion:

(22) Perils of Muslim Union

1. Introduction:
- Muslim population comprising 2/3rd of world’s total population:
- Enormous potential—Muslim world lag behind in all spheres of life.
- Thesis statement leading to conclusion.
2. Overview of economic potential of the Muslim union:
- World’s largest oil reserves. 
- Arabian peninsula enjoys a significant strategic position in the world
- Strait of Hormuz—60% of world’s oil route. 
- Economic growth rate in SA, UAE and Kuwait. 
- OIC—a potential organization.
3. Perils of Muslim Ummah:
• Economic Causes:
- Lack of Economic cooperation:
- Diversified economic interests:
- Lack of Economic Cohesion and Unity:
• Political Causes:
- Absence of democracy—Monarchial forms of Government:
• Technological and Educational backwardness:
- Lowest literacy rate:
- Lack of scientific research and education:
- Inability to cope with the changing global trends:
• Cultural Causes:
- Islam versus the west:
- Islam perceived as threat to modernization:
• Terrorism: 
- Inefficiency of organization since last three decades:
- Annual meetings without practical resolutions:
• OIC—A dead organization:

4. Current situation and implication of the above mentioned factors:

- Muslim Ummah caught up in vicious cycle of terrorism, economic and political crisis:
- Muslim Ummah targeted by west in the name of Islam. 
- Inability to resolve the core issues of Muslim world like:
I. Kosovo, Kashmir, Palestine, Iraq, Afghanistan.
II. Economic backwardness. 
III. Poverty, Overpopulation and high crime rate. 
IV. Low GDP and FDI. 
V. Meager contribution in world trade. 
VI. Least infrastructure development 
VII. Educational backwardness.
5. Suggestions:
• Economic Cooperation:
- Open the barriers of trade. 
- Enhance exports. 
- Make use of oil reserves to the benefit of whole Muslim Ummah. 
- Easy visa policies.
• Muslim world—to raise voice on international forums for conflict resolution:
- Kashmir issue to be taken on UN Forum.
- Efforts for getting permanent seat on UNSC. 
- Unity to stop west war against Islam.
• Muslim Integration—Need of the hour:
- Muslim unity—only solution of problems
- Muslim Monetary fund to be established. 
- Aid to poor Muslim countries. 
- Rehabilitation fund to be established for Disasters. 
• OIC—to be made a vibrant organization:
- Changes in structures of the organization. 
- Muslim union on the pattern of EU should be formed. 
- Frequent meetings should be held with persistence political will. 
- Economic assistance and guidance to poor countries. 
6. Conclusion:

(23) World Order: From Unipolar to Multipolar

1. Introduction:
2. Brief History of world order:
3. US—Unipolar status:
4. Determinants of World order:
• Economic strength:
• Military Power:
• International Political clout:
• Ideological appeal:
5. The paradigm shift:
6. Catalyst Factors:
• Energy resources:
• Iraq war:
• Financial crisis:
• Globalization:
7. Future Scenario—Multipolar world:
8. Conclusion:

(24) Global Zero: A World without Nuclear Weapons. 

1. Introduction:
2. Brief history of nuclear weapons:
3. Perils of Nuclear weapons:
4. Need to eliminate nuclear weapons:
5. Global zero initiative:
6. Is this goal achievable:
Yes:
• Historical support:
• Political will:
• Strong public support:
• New leadership:
7. How to achieve it:
• Ratification of NPT/CTBT:
• Reduction by US and Russia:
• Elimination by all nuclear states:
• Follow up: Control mechanism:
8. Creation of international nuclear fuel-bank:
9. Advantages of Global zero:
10. Conclusion:
(25) Crisis of Good Governance in Pakistan

1. Introduction:
2. Essentials of Good Governance:
- Promotion of national cohesion:
- National integration:
- Institutional supremacy:
- Independent Judiciary:
- Constitutional supremacy:
- Rule of Law:
- Political stability:
- Educational Opportunities:
- Socio-Economic Development:
- Equal distribution of resources:
- Welfare state with provision of social securities:
- Strong writ of government on all fronts:
3. Situation of Governance in Pakistan:
- Forces of disintegration stronger than cohesion. 
- Weak writ of the government. 
- No rule of law. 
- Political instability. 
- Interprovincial conflicts. 
- Unequal distribution of resources. 
- Pakistan presenting a picture of extreme bad governance on all fronts.
4. Causes of bad governance:
• Political:
- Parliament—a toothless tiger.
- Political instability due to constant military intervention. 
- Issue of provincialism on revenue, resources and demand of provincial autonomy. 
• Administrative:
- Bureaucratic hold on all institutions. 
- Political interference on bureaucracy. 
- Corruption—Mother of all evils. 
- Absence of culture of accountability. 
- Mismanagement of resources. 
- Pakistan a soft state because of inability of implementation of policies due to lack of consensus. 
• Economic:
- Fragile economy—FDI shrinking on account of terrorism and political instability. 
- Crisis of energy, food, water. 
• Social:
- Poverty. 
- Population growth. 
- Illiteracy. 
5. Remedies:
- True, Capable leadership. 
- Strong Anti-corruption campaign. 
- Strict accountability. 
- Socio-Economic Development. 
- More funds for education. 
- Efforts for population control. 
- Poverty alleviation. 
- Employment opportunities. 
- Equal distribution of resources. 
- Ensuring freedom of press.
6. Conclusion:
(26) Industrial Sector

1. Introduction:
2. Historical perspective:
3. Present Scenario:
4. Industrial Problems:
- Narrow export base. 
- Import oriented industries. 
- Consumption oriented society. 
- Low quality of labor. 
- Low quality of products. 
- Lack of new techniques and machinery. 
- Political unrest. 
- Terrorism and extremism. 
- Devaluation and inflation tendencies 
- Lack of guidance. 
- Lack of Research. 
- Low capital. 
- Inadequate infrastructure. 
- Power crisis. 
5. Measures for betterment of Industrial sector:
- Increased exports. 
- Produce import substitutions. 
- Improve quality of product. 
- Improve quality of labor. 
- Establish industrial consultancy firms. 
- Increase capital goods.
- Establish basic infrastructure for industry. 
- Realistic and up to date data and statistics to the sector. 
6. Privatization:
- Negative points of privatization of many industries. 
- Abnormal haste—in disposing off units. 
- Weak assessment criteria. 
- Nepotism. 
- Manipulation. 
- Accumulation of wealth. 
- Contradictory disinvestment. 
- Absence of regulatory mechanism. 
7. Recommendation:
- Logistics. 
- Productivity. 
- Consensus management. 
- Literacy. 
- Utilization of proceeds of assets. 
- Employment. 
- Economic Development. 
- Social Justice.
8. Conclusion:

(27) Ideology of Pakistan

1. Introduction:
- Pakistan came into existence when the first Muslim put his feet on the soil of the subcontinent
(Jinnah)
- Meaning and Definition. 
2. How it Emerges:
- Process, not in a day. 
- Nor be dictated neither promulgated. 
- Grows among dejected, annoyed and dissatisfied groups.
- When people feel that they are mistreated and existing ideology does not satisfy them any more. 
3. Significance:
- It is need of nation, state or religion. 
- It sets the goals and direction of individual, nation or world at large. 
4. Characteristics of Ideology:
- Not stagnant, dynamic. 
- Based on sources. 
- Roots in fanatic slogans. 
- May depend on political theories. 
- May emanate some historical facts. 
5. Islamic Ideology:
- Name of principles and norms, which guide Muslims community based upon:
- Sovereignty of Allah, Concept of Toheed and Finality of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). 
6. Ideology of Pakistan:
7. The concept of two nations:
8. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Two Nation Theory:
9. Allama Iqbal and Two Nation Theory:
10. Quid e Azam and Two Nation Theory:
11. Demands of Pakistan Ideology:
12. Conclusion:

(28) Foreign Policy of Pakistan

1. Introduction:
2. Objectives:
- Preservation of political independence and nationality integrity. 
- Defense—Maintenance of powerful and sophisticated defense. 
- Muslim unity—strengthening brotherly relations with Muslim countries.
- Economic development. 
- Emancipation—from colonialism, imperialism and apartheid policy. 
- Maintenance of International peace and security. 
3. Foreign Policy Principles:
- Respect for territorial integrity. 
- Political independence. 
- Sovereignty of country. 
- Non-Interference into affairs of other countries. 
- Non-Aggression—peaceful resolution of disputes. 
- Friendship to all malice to none. 
- Peaceful coexistence. 
4. Historical background of Pakistan FP:
- Era of Neutrality (1947-53).
- Era of Alliances (1954-62).
- Era of Bilateralism (1962-69).
- Era of NAM (1969-81). 
- Era of revival of Policy (1981-90). 
- Era of Regionalism (1990-9/11)
- FP After 9/11. 
5. Policy debate in Pakistan: 
- All these institution and factors are mainly responsible for making foreign Policy of Pakistan. 
- President, PM, COAS, FO, Intelligence agencies, Public pressure. 
6. School of thought in Pakistan:
- Pro-US completely in favor of serving US interests. 
- Semi Pro-US Balance approach. 
- Muslim school of thought—Against US. 
7. Present Policy:

8. Threats:

- Bad International image. 

- Nuclear proliferation. 
- Base of Terrorism. 
- National integration at stake. 
- Independence at stake. 
- China-Pak relations many threats. 
- Damaged image among Muslim countries. 
9. Suggestions:
- China-Pak relations to be strengthened. 
- Russia should be placed in friend list. 
- Relations with Muslim countries should be improved. 
10. Conclusion:

(29) Agriculture Sector of Pakistan

1. Introduction:
- Importance of Agriculture sector in economy. 
- Greatest wealth of Pakistan vast plains. 
- Different crops. 
2. Overview of Agriculture sector of Pakistan:
- Contribution to DGP 30%. 
- Employment 55%. 
- Exports 70%. 
- Livelihood for 70% of rural population. 
- Despite vast plains and world’s best irrigation system, country is not self sufficient in agricultural
commodities. 
3. Problems of Agriculture sector:
• Financial:
- Inadequate funds allocation. 
- Pricing policy. 
- Rural credit. 
• Resource development:
- Water problem. 
- Floods. 
- Salinity. 
- Soil erosion. 
• Agricultural inputs: 
- Fertilizers. 
- Seeds. 
- Plant protection. 
• Mechanization Problem:
- Sowing and harvesting. 
- High cost of technology. 
• Social Problems:
- Illiteracy. 
- Health. 
- Transport. 
- Exploitation by intermediaries. 
- Few educational institutes. 
- Lack of research. 
- Population growth. 
4. Recommendations:
- Educational facilities. 
- Land reforms. 
- Construction of dams. 
- Agricultural research. 
- Protect water lagging and salinity. 
- Lining of canals. 
- Agri technology. 
- Plant protection. 
- Credit and loans facilities. 
- Improved inputs. 
- Reduce population pressure. 
- Media campaigns. 
5. Prospects of Agriculture sector:
6. Conclusion:

(30) Education 

1. Introduction:
2. Importance:
• Personal level:
• Community level:
• National level:
3. Education system of Pakistan:
4. Levels of Education:
- Primary. 
- Elementary. 
- Secondary and Higher Secondary. 
- Higher education. 
- Postproduction. 
- Technical and vocatitional. 
5. Overview of Education in Pakistan:
- Literacy rate and female education. 
- Budget allocation. 
6. Education problems:
- Low quality. 
- Lack of uniform education. 
- Lack of facilities at schools. 
- Poor infrastructure. 
- Recruitment on political basis. 
- Economic cost of education and child labor. 
- Lack of community participation. 
- Student teacher ratio. 
- Increased cost of higher education. 
- Crippled examination system. 
- Non-professional attitude of teachers. 
- Brain drain.
- Low budget allocation: 
- Urban/Rural divide: 
7. Remedies:
- Decentralization of decision making. 
- Greater autonomy of schools. 
- Coordination of school systems. 
- Remove political interference. 
- Enhance information and research base. 
- Free Education. 
- Scholarships.
- Effective examination systems. 
- Assurance of merit. 
- Curriculum reforms. 
- Practical and activity based teaching. 
8. Reform in Education Sector:
- Education for all EFA. 
- Adult literacy. 
- Free and compulsory education. 
- Technical education. 
- Teacher training programs. 
- Abandon physical punishment. 
- Quality assurance. 
- AV Aids. 
- Educational research. 
- Classroom management. 
- Uniform education system. 
9. Conclusion:
- Education is a social instrument through which man can guide his destiny and shape his future. 
- An unenlightened mind is nothing but a sorry lamp to light the steps of any man or woman. 

(31) Energy Crisis

1. Introduction:
2. Forms of Energy:
• Kinetic Energy:
- Sound. 
- Wind. 
- Mechanical. 
- Electrical. 
- Thermal, 
- Light, Solar. 
• Potential Energy:
- Gravitational. 
- Hydal. 
- Nuclear. 
- Chemical. 
3. Types of Energy shortage:
• Supply shortage:
• Capacity Shortage:
4. Sector wise energy consumption:
- Household 43%. 
- Industries 30%. 
- Agri 13%. 
- Government 7%
- Commercial 5%
- Street lights 0.7%
5. Energy generation and demand (Figures June 2009)
• Energy Demand 25,000mw. 
• Energy Supply 19,505mw.
• Gap: 3,000mw average, 4000-6000 in peak season. 
• Duration of Load shedding: 
6. Causes of Energy crisis:
- No policy and planning. 
- Underutilization of installed capacity.
- Public negligence and wastage. 
- No dams and proper water management. 
- Lack of Political will. 
- Dependence on thermal plants. 
- Maladministration of previous regimes:
- Under utilization of existing resources:
- Circular Debt:
- Line losses in transmission and distribution:
- Wastage by industries:
- Large scale theft of electricity:
- Corruption:
- Lack of political will:
- Shortage of funds:
- Overdependence on imported energy:
- Population growth. 
- No use of alternative energy sources. 
7. Effects of Energy crisis:
• Economic: 
- Effect on industry sector.
- Effect on agriculture sector.
- Capital flight to other countries.
- Low FDI. 
- Inflation.
- Poverty.
- Stagnant economy. 
- Low export and increased imports. 
• Social:
- Public turmoil.
- Anti-government sentiments.
- Affecting education and students.
- Every sphere of life is affected.
- Psychological impact on minds 
• Political:
- Decreased credibility of politicians. 
- Derailment of democracy. 

8. Strategies to overcome the energy crisis:

- Changing office time:
- Energy savers:
- Renewable sources:
- Coal and Hydro power plants:
- Solve circular debt issue
- Power conservation and generation projects:
- Laodshedding in transparent manner:
- To avoid tariffs:
- Replacement of inefficient plants:
- Minimize line losses:
• Construction of new dams:
- Kalabagh Dam 3600mw capacity. 
- Bhasa Dam 4500mw. 
- Nelum-Jehlum 1960mw. 
- Tarbela Dam 960mw. 
- Suki-Kinari Dam 850mw.
- Munda Dam 700mw. 
• Institutional and administrative improvement:
- Effective policy. 
- WAPDA, PEPCO, KE prepare new projects. 
- Technical competence and expertise. 
• Utilization of largest deposits of coal:
- Thar coals deposits. 
-
• Regional cooperation:
- TAPI, IP. 
- Import from Tajikistan. 
• Renewable energy sources availed:
- Solar, wind, hydal, tidal, geothermal etc. 
- Research in concerned field. 
• Public awareness:
- Use of savers. 
- Avoid wastage. 
• Dynamic and active leadership and political will:
9. Conclusion:

(32) Good Governance 

1. Introduction:
2. Actors of Good Governance:
- Government:
- Influential landlords:
- Associations of peasants farmers:
- NGOs:
- Religious Leaders:
- Political parties:
- Opposition:
- Bureaucracy:
- Military:
- Media:
3. State of Governance in Pakistan:
- Institutional imbalance:
- Interprovincial tussle:
- Lack of provision of justice:
- Deteriorated law and order:
- Corruption:
- Intolerance:
- Population growth:
- Poverty, Inflation and Unemployment:
- Water and energy crisis:
- Political instability:
- Demonstrations and sit-ins:
- Tax evasions:
- Electricity theft:
- Poor knowledge:
- Mounting external debt:
4. Causes of Bad Governance:
- Mismanagement:
- Corruption:
- Institutional decay:
- Derailment of Democracy:
- Political elites:
- Lack of accountability:
- Lack of civic awareness:
- Lack of political will:
5. Characteristics of Good Governance:
- Sound political system:
- Equal Opportunities and merit system:
- Equal distribution of resources:
- Strong writ of government on all fronts. 
- National Integration:
- Institutional supremacy:
- Dynamic Leadership:
- Political stability:
- Rule of Law:
- Social Justice:
- Equal Participation:
- Eradication of Corruption: 
- Democratic government:
- Freedom of Expression:
- Transparency:
- Responsiveness:
- Consensus:
- Inclusiveness:
- Efficiency:
- Decentralization/Devolution: 
6. Recommendations:
- Institutional supremacy:
- Inter-provincial cooperation:
- Accountability:
- Alleviation of corruption:
- Policy reforms. 
- Social securities:
- Rule of Law:
- Free media:
- Speedy justice:
- Anti-corruption measures. 
7. Fruits of Good Governance:
- Economic development:
- Welfare state:
- National Integration:
- Challenges faced with letter and spirit:
8. Conclusion:

(33) Military Operations & Its Impacts

1. Introduction:
2. Causes of Operations:
• To eliminate terrorism:
• To restore peace:
3. Importance of Operations:
• To alloy with developed nations:
• To build goodwill with foreign countries:
• To Clear the negative elements from society: 
• To protect the religion:
4. Negative Impacts of Operations:
• IDPs problem:
• Civil unrest:
• Retaliation:
• Loss of Property and lives:
• Decline in foreign exchange:
• Disinvestment:
• Emerge of new terrorists: 
5. Positive Impacts of Operations: 
• Peace and stability:
• Writ of state:
• Positive image:
6. Conclusion:

(34) Third Gender and Their Rights

1. Introduction:
- What is third gender? 
- Civil rights. 
2. Third gender and their abilities:
- A creature of God. 
- Sexually impaired not physically. 
- Mental abilities as par normal human. 
3. Rights of normal humans and third gender:
- Their rights and implementation. 
- No right to vote. 
- Irrational behavior toward them. 
4. Islam and rights of third gender:
- Islam despised social division. 
- Equal rights for them. 
5. Their rights and treatment in western society:
- No apt rights for them. 
- Treated as sex slaves. 
6. India and third gender:

7. Third gender and Pakistan’s society:

- No Respect. 
- Treated as sex slaves and puppet. 
- They are also reluctant to become part of society. 
- No jobs. 
8. Constitution and rights of third gender:
- Meager provisions. 
- Lethargic implementation. 
9. What need to do:
- Treat them as humans. 
- Create awareness in society. 
- Promote education among them. 
- Provide respectful job. 
- Voting rights. 
- Integrate them in to mainstream of society. 
- Legitimize their rights. 
10. Conclusion:

(35) Is Military Rule better than Democracy

1. Introduction;
2. Democracy and its effects:
3. Democracy in the west:
4. Islamic concept of democracy:
- Equity and equality as corner stone. 
- Muslim democratic rules in different parts of world. 
5. Military rule its causes and effects:
- Causes of military rule. 
- Its effects on society. 
- Analysis of military rule in different parts of world.
6. Democracy vs. dictatorship in Pakistan:
- Democratic history of Pakistan. 
- Dictatorship and its impacts.
7. Current scenario:
• Democracy failed in Pakistan because:
- Military interventions. 
- Greedy politicians. 
- Corruption. 
8. How to become true democratic country:
- Democratic values should flourish. 
- Discourage feudalism. 
- Intra party elections 
9. Conclusion:
10.

(36) Economic Challenges faced by Pakistan

1. Introduction:
2. Brief History about economy of Pakistan:
3. Challenges faced by Pakistan:
- Inflation. 
- Low Tax to GDP ratio. 
- Devaluation of money. 
- Trade deficit and balance of payment issue. 
- Poverty, unemployment. 
- Poor health and educational facilities. 
- Poor law and order. 
- Political instability.
- Immature media. 
- External debt, caught in foreign cloches. 
- Mismanagement and underutilization of natural resources. 
- Energy crisis. 
- Low FDI. 
- Incompetent judiciary.
- Corruption. 
- Low capital formation. 
- Low savings. 
- Population pressure. 
- No technology. 
- Agrarian economy. 
- No protection of industrial sector. 
- Leadership gap. 
- Inconsistent policies. 
- Untrained Labor force. 
4. Causes of economic turmoil:
- Mismanagement. 
- Terrorism. 
- Leadership gap. 
- Governance issue. 
- External debt. 
- Civil unrest. 
- Public issues unresolved. 
- Poor law and order situation. 
- No research and development. 
- Population pressure. 
- Less funds for education. 
- Lack of capital goods. 
- Trade deficit. 
5. Remedial measures:
- Exploration of new markets. 
- Industrialization.
- Tight monetary policy. 
- Investor’s friendly policies. 
- Regional peace. 
- Improved law and order. 
- Good governance:
- Energy. 
6. Conclusion:

(37) Promotion of Tax culture in Pakistan

1. Introduction:
2. An overview of current tax regime in Pakistan:
- Dependence on sales, income and custom tax. 
- Usefulness of current tax system and its inherent inefficiencies. 
- Negative public attitude. 
- Need for promotion of tax culture in the country and its significance. 
3. Prospects:
- Restructuring FBR. 
- Broadening tax base. 
- Automation of FBR to facilitate stakeholders. 
- Moving to direct tax from indirect. 
- Incentive based tax system. 
- Public Awareness campaign. 
4. Challenges:
- Red-Tapism:
- Rampant Corruption:
- Complex tax code:
- Tax illiteracy:
- Meddled Center-Provincial tax system:
- Large undocumented economy:
- Public-Government Mistrust: 

5. Conclusion: 

(38) I Disapprove What You Say but I defend to death Your Right to Say

8. Introduction:
9. I disapprove what you say:
- Difference of opinion is the beauty of any society. 
- Why difference of opinion should be protected. 
10. But I would defend to death your right to say:
- Defining freedom of speech. 
- Importance of freedom of speech. 
- Freedom speech and fundamental rights. 
- Freedom of speech as incorporated into the constitutions. 
- Religious perspectives on freedom of speech. 
- Freedom of speech and democracy. 
- Limitations of freedom of speech. 
11. Challenges and obstacles to freedom of speech:
- Religious extremism. 
- Populist tendencies. 
- Growing intolerance. 
12. Measures to ensure right of freedom of speech:
13. Conclusion:

(39) Dialogue is the best course to combat terrorism

1. Introduction:
2. Terrorism:
3. Means to combat terrorism:
- Operation. 
- Dialogue. 
1. Why dialogue has been necessary:
- Save massive killing. 
- To avoid retaliation. 
- Decrease animosity. 
- Ideology be changed, not with forces. 
1. How Dialogue is the best course:
- Saves life. 
- Economic stability. 
- Controlled situation. 
- View points of every one taken into the consideration. 
- Peaceful, co-effective and sustainable. 
1. Recommendations for effective dialogue process:
- Root cause is to be dealt. 
- All stockholders be taken in confidence. 
- National interests on the top. 
- Public support. 
- Tolerant, cooperative and optimistic attitude. 
2. Conclusion:

CPEC outline

Kindly seniors check my outline for "CPEC Challenges and Prospects"

 Introduction
 Pak-China friendship history
 What is CPEC
 CPEC project initiation in 2015
 One Belt One Road Strategy
 Strategic Importance of Gwadar
 Developments in Project
 Social Prospects and challenges
 Social benefits for Balochistan and all provinces unity
 Ease of traveling within the country
 Interprovincial grievances could be a social challenge for CPEC
 Work opportunities increases and unemployment decreases
 It could improve our health sector 
 Economic Prospects
 Economic Development
 GDP Increase & FDI
 Decrease imports & Increase Exports 
 May or may not be an economic challenge
 High Interest rate over Loans is an economic Challenge
 Cultural and religious perspective
 Cultural Development in Balochistan
 Enhance Learning opportunities and improve education sector
 Helps in communicating culture and heritage to the outer world
 May be a threat to natural and historical heritage
 Regional integration
 Transit trade facilities to CARs
 International Challenges & Interests
 India Envy
 Afghanistan &Nexus
 Gulf States
 Iran and Chabahar port
 American strategy
 Better our position on International platform
 A good Alliance
 National Stance
 Utilizations of Natural resources that never extract before
 Better position in Kashmir Issue if path will across Azad Kashmir
 Infrastructure Development
 Civil-Military relation must be a national challenge
 Political prospects
 Political Instability is the biggest Challenge 
 Political Bias Criticism is making public hopeless
 Baloch militant groups opposition 
 Prospects and Challenges for China
 Shortest route for trading
 Safe Passage
 Higher position in South Asia
 America and India conflict with China
 “Malacca Dilemma”
 Conclusion
 Suggestions to make it beneficial for all Pakistanis
 Measures for national integrity and security
 Hope of Pakistanis