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BIOLOGY SUMMARY
02. A PLANT TISSUES 2019 – 20.

➢ Tissues:
o Definition: A tissue is a group of similar cells which performs same specific function.
o Referred to cells as a “Team of workers”.
o Matrix: Tissues are held together by a cementing substance called matrix.
o Tissues join to form tissue system.
➢ An Organ: A collection of tissue system performing some same specific function
inside the body, is an organ. Ex. tongue, liver, stomach etc.
➢ Organ system: Several organs acting together to perform a specific life process
constitutes an organ system. Ex. Digestive system.
➢ Organism: Several organ system working together makes an organism. Ex. Plant, animal.
➢ Cell: Cell is the smallest, basic functional and structural unit of life.
➢ Organelle: Membrane bound parts of a cell, which have definite shape, definite
structure and definite functions are called organelles.

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PLANT TISSUES

➢ Classification:

PLANT TISSUES SUMMARY CHART:

Name Location Function

A) Meristematic ▪ Found at all growth points - tip It increases the length, width and thickness of
tissues – can of roots, stem, branches and the plant body.
multiply to leaves.
▪ Present between the bark and
produce new
cork.
cells
1) Apical or ▪ At the tips of roots, stems and They divide indefinitely and produce
terminal axillary buds. differentiated tissues in a plant body.
▪ Intercalary: At the base of Responsible for primary growth - lengthwise
internode (grass, wheat) and
Increases the length of the internodes and
Base of leaves (Pinus)
leaves.
2) Lateral meristem ▪ Present on lateral side of stem Increases the width (diameter) of the girth.
and leaves.

a)Bark ▪ Present on tree trunk, old It provides mechanical support to the plant
stem. body.

b) Cambium Below the bark, inner parts of It increases the diameter of the stem, central
roots, stem and leaf. cylinder and vascular bundles.

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B) Permanent Present everywhere forming They take a permanent shape to perform
Tissues bulk of the plant body. some permanent function.
1) Protective On the surface of roots, stems They protect the whole plant body.
Tissues and leaves.
a) Epidermis Forms the boundary of leaf, Protects inner layers.
flower, roots and stem. Cuticle: Checks rate of transpiration and
evaporation by protecting against water loss
and desiccation (drying).
Stomata: Helps in gaseous exchange.
b) Cork cells They are present on the bark, Protects the plant.
(Phellem) old woody stems. Suberin: Prevents desiccation.
Lenticels: Helps in gaseous exchange.
2) Supportive Found in the inner parts of root, They support the plant body.
Tissue stem and leaves.
a) Parenchyma Found in soft parts of roots ▪ They store food (potato).
(outer cortex), stem (central ▪ Provides temporary support to the plant.
pith) and leaves (Chlorenchyma) ▪ Helps in wound healing, regeneration and
grafting.
▪ Chlorenchyma prepares food by
photosynthesis and stores it.
▪ Arenchyma allows exchange of a gases and
aids floating in aquatic plants.
b) Collenchyma ▪ In the leaf stalks. Supports the plant.
▪ Below the epidermis of stem. Prepares and stores food.

c) Sclerenchyma Present in stems and veins of The tissue provides strength and support to
the leaves. plant parts.
Fibers present in cortex and
vascular tissues of root stem
and leaves.
Stones present in seed coat, nut
shells, fruit pulp.

3. Conducting Present in roots, stem and leaf Acts as a passage for water, dissolved
tissues veins. materials and food to move up and down in
(Vascular tissues) the plant body.
a) Xylem Present in stele of roots, stem Conduction of water and dissolved materials
and leaf veins. absorbed from the soil by the roots to upper
parts of the plant.
▪ Tracheids: Provides mechanical support.
▪ Xylem vessels or
Tracheae: Transports water and dissolved
minerals from roots to leaves.
▪ Xylem fibers: Provides mechanical support.
▪ Xylem parenchyma:
These cells store food (sugar and starch).

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b) Phloem Present in the stele of roots,
stem and veins of leaf.
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Downward movement of food manufactured
in leaves to various parts of the plant.
Sieve tubes and companion cells: Helps in
transport of food.
Phloem parenchyma: Helps in storage of
food.
Phloem fibers: Provides support.

➢ Note: Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma are grouped as simple tissues.

➢ Differences between:
o Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue:

Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

1. Cells undergo continuous cell division.
2. Not specialized for functions.
3. Cells are small, and undifferentiated.
4. Cells are living and able to divide
throughout plant life.
5. Vacuoles are either absent or small.
6. Cells are filled with cytoplasm.
7. Cells may be rounded, oval or
polygonal.
8. Nucleus is large and central.
9. Intercellular spaces are absent.
10. Cell wall is thin and formed of
cellulose only.
1. Mature tissue does not undergo cell division.
2. They have special functions to perform.
3. Cells are large and differentiated to perform
different functions.
4. Cells may be living or nonliving, but without
power of cell division.
5. A large, central vacuole is usually present.
6. Cytoplasm forms a thin layer between the cell
wall and vacuole.
7. Cells are of different shapes according to the
type of permanent tissue.
8. Nucleus is relatively small and lies in the
peripheral cytoplasm.
9. Intercellular spaces are often present.
10. Cell wall may be thin in some tissues but thick
and lignified in others.

o Parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma:

Parenchyma
1. Cells contain cytoplasm.
2. Intercellular spaces are
absent.
3. Formed of living cells only.
4. Carries vital functions such
as synthesis and storage of
food.
5. Cell wall is thin and without
secondary deposition.
Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
1. Cells contain cytoplasm 1. Cells are devoid of
cytoplasm.
2. Intercellular spaces may or may 2. Intercellular spaces are
not be present. absent.
3. Formed of living cells only. 3. It consists of dead cells only.
4. Besides synthesis and storage 4. Mainly a mechanical tissue.
of food, provides elasticity and Provides strength and
support to the plant body. support to the plant body.
5. Cell wall becomes thick due to 5. Cell wall becomes thick due
pectin and cellulose. to deposition of lignin.

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o Xylem and phloem:
Xylem
1. Conduction of water and mineral salts
from roots to leaves upwards.
2. It also provides mechanical strength to
the plant.
3. Two types of conducting elements
tracheid’s and vessels are found.
4. It contains mainly dead elements. Xylem
parenchyma are the only living cells.
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Phloem
1. Conduction of food material from leaves to
all parts of the plant body downwards.
2. Only phloem fibres provide mechanical
strength.
3. Only one type of conducting element,
namely sieve tubes are present.
4. It contains mainly living cells. Only phloem
fibres.

o Cell and tissue:

Cell Tissue
Cell is the smallest, basic functional and It is a group of similar cells which performs
structural unit of life. same specific function.
It is a single unit. It is group of many cells.

o Organ and Organism:

Organ Organism
A collection of tissue system performing Several organ system working together makes
some same specific function inside the body, an organism
is an organ.
Eg: Tongue, liver, stomach etc. Eg: Animal.

o Organ and Organelle:

Organ
A collection of tissue system performing
some same specific function inside the
body, is an organ.
It is within an organism.
Organelle
Membrane bound parts of a cell, which have
definite shape, definite structure and definite
functions are called organelles.
It is within a cell.

o Organ and Organ system:

Organ
A collection of tissue system performing
some same specific function inside the
body, is an organ.
Eg: Stomach, pancreas, liver.
Organ system
Several organs acting together to perform a
specific life process constitutes an organ system.
Eg: Digestive system.

➢ Diagrams for drawing:

o Parenchyma
o Collenchyma
o Phloem
o Squamous epithelium

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