6, 9 Or. Mrs R, D. Wakankar Group Tuitions Handouts Biology — Transpiration Transpiration: Loss of water in the form of water vapour from aerial parts of the plant. Transpiration is a very useful process as it eit creates suction force in the stem to enable roots to absorb water and mineral nutrients. b. Cools the plant during hot seasons. Transpiration is not an ‘Excretory process. (tis not meant for removal of unwanted wastes, Three types of Transpiration: a, Stomatal (from leaves through stomata by opening and closing). tb. Cuticular (directly from surface of leaves and stems) c Lenticular (from lenticels which are minute openings on the surface of stems. Lenticels never close) amount of transpiration is highest through Stomata, then through Lenticels and least through Cuticle, stomata a. Small pores present on the leaves which containing two kidney shaped guard cells, b. Found in the epidermis of leaves and green stems. c. Used for exchange of gases 4. Opening / closing depends upon change in turgor pressure of guard cells. Rate of Transpiration is more from Ventral surface. Factors that affect Transpiration a. Intensity of sunlight ~ On a bright sunny day stomata are fully openand rate of transpiration increases. On cloudy day—transpiration decreases and at night--- stomata closes so transpiration greatly reduces Temperature -- Higher the temperature, greater the rate of transpiration Velocity of wind ~ Transpiration is more rapid when the wind velocity is high. Humidity - More the humidity , less is the transpiration. Carbon dioxide —Increase in CO; level decreases transpiration, ‘Mtmospheric pressure — Rate of transpiration increases with decreases in atmospheric pressure. Internal Factor apace Water content of the leaves—if water content of the leaves decreases due to insufficient absorption of water by roots, the leaves wilt and transpiration reduces, Bell Jar experiment is to show transpiration.10. Cobalt chloride paper is used as an indicator. a. Itis Blue when dry and b. Pink when exposed to moisture, 11, Ganong's Potometer is used to measure water uptake in plants. 12, Advantages of Trans a. Causes transpiration pulls which helps in the absorption of water. b. Produces cooling effect. ¢. Helps in ascent of Sap. 13, Disadvantages of Transpiration: a. Excessive loss of water causes wilting b. Excessive loss of water causes premature fall of leaves and reduction in production of flowers and fruits. 14, Guttation: Loss of water in form of droplets through hydathodes. This water contains dissolved salts. 15. Hydathodes are special tissues (pore bearing structures) present at the end of the veins of a leaf. 16. Bleeding: Exudation of Plant Sap from injured part of plant. Bleeding occurs due to root pressure. 17. Adaptations by plants to reduce transpiration: a. Modification of leaves into spines in Xerophytic plants -- cactus Presence of sunken stomata ~ Nerium Presence of thick cuticle on the epidermis-- Banyan Presence of cutinised hairs. Reduction in number of stomata. Loss of leaves. g. Reduced exposed surface (Wavy. Rolled, folded leaves). 18. Anti-transpirants: Dimethyl silicone, Wax emulsion 19, Movement of water along the cell walls is called ‘Imbibition wpeaos Difference between Stomats Minute openings present mainly on leaves, Stomata can be opened and closed Formed due to guard cells being turgid. Lenticels: Found on the bark of woody stems. Always opened. Guard cells are absent. Transpiration increases the moisture in the atmosphere which results in rains. Hence Forests contribute in bringing rains (Rain forests). Mechanism of Stomatal Transpiration 1. Guard cells have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall. 2. Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside. 3. Cells become turgid and bulge outwards widening the stomatal opening4. During night reverse pracess occurs and cells become flaccid and closes the stomatal ‘opening. Difference between transpiration and translocation i Transpiration Translocation “TTtsToss of water inthe form of water eis the transport of food materials within vapour from the aerial parts of the _| the plant from leaf to all different parts. L plant. | (2 [xylem plays an important role _ Phloem plays an important role, Note on transpiration- retardants. Plants undergo wilting if the rate of transpiration is more. In order to decelerate the rate of transpiration, metabolic inhibitors, such as Abscisic acid (ABA), phenyl mercuric acetate {PMA} and aspirin are used as they reduce the opening of stomata. Also silicon jelly and low density waxes are used as transpiration retardants to reduce the rate of transpiration. Q1. Observe the figure and answer the following: | 1) Has the mercury in the tube risen or fallen? oc { 2) Name the life process which has caused loa I the change in level of mercury. \ oe Wiad ioe ree ae renin Aas" 02, Figure represents a certain physiological process in plants 1)What is the purpose of this experiment? 2}Why is the pot covered with polythene bag? 3)What is the structure labelled 'X"? 4) What change would you observe after sometime? Explain, Q3.Figure represents a certain physiological process seen in plants. : 1)What is the aim af the experiment? 2)Why has oil been put in each tube? 3)What will be the observation in the two. test-tubes after a few hours? 4)Give reasons to explain any changeobserved in (3) above. 5}What is the test-tube without the plant called? Q4.Three plants A, 8, C are placed in a beaker containing water. The water in each beaker is covered with a layer of oil, The leaves are removed from plant B while plant C was exposed to strong light. i}in which plant A, B, C would water move up faster? ii)in which plant would water move slowly? ili) Why is water covered with oil? iv)What is being investigated in this experiment? Q5,The diagram demonstrates the process of transpiration in a plant. i)What does the arrow indicate? iow is transpiration different from evaporation? iiiJGive two benefits of transpiration to plants. ivWhich conducting tissue of the plant does the glass tubing represent? i)Name the structure shown ii)Name the parts numbered 1 to 5. iii)What is the most apparent difference between A and B in the structure shown? iv)Describe the mechanism which brings about the change in the structure depicted in A and 8.qv. as. Inthe experiment shown, Leaf A was coated with grease on both surfaces. Leaf B was coated with grease on upper surface, Leaf C was coated with grease on lower surface. Leaf D was left without application of grease. Answer the following: iJWhich leaf dries first? ii)Which leaf dries last? iii)Which leaf does not show any change? 1 2 3 4 Give reasons for 1. Xerophytes have leaves modified into spines, 2. Transpiration contributes to rainfall 3, higher rate of transpiration is recorded on a windy day rather than on a calm day. 4. Perspiration and transpiration help to cool the body temperature of the organism 5. Avwell watered potted plant shows wilting of leaves on a hot sunny day. 6. Transpiration is considered as a necessary evil, 7. Desert plants tend to have thicker cuticles . 8. Leaves af some plants wilt during midday and recover in the evening. 9. Twig used for potometer experiment should be cut obliquely and under water.