8/9/2020 TOPOGRAFÍA Y MORFOLOGÍA DEL ESTÓMAGO DE LLAMA (Lama glama)

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Int. J. Morphol. v.22 n.2 Temuco 2004
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Int. J. Morphol., 22(2):155-164, 2004.

TOPOGRAPHY AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE LLAMA (Lama glama)

STOMACH
TOPOGRAFÍA Y MORFOLOGÍA DEL ESTÓMAGO DE LLAMA (Lama glama)

*Ricardo Horacio Alzola; *Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi; **Eduardo Juan Gimeno; *María Cristina
Lupidio; *Alejandra Nelly Castro; ***Julio Armando Rodríguez

* Lab. Cs. Morfológicas, Depto. Cs. Biológicas, Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro,
Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.
** Departmento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, (1900)
La Plata, Argentina.
*** Lab. de Biología Celular, Depto. de Cs. Biológicas, Fac. de Cs. Veterinarias,UniversidadNacional del
Centro, Buenos Aires, Tandil,Argentina.
SECyT-UNICEN proyecto N 03/H 126 GIB (Grupo pequeño de Investigaciones Biológicas).

Dirección para correspondencia:

SUMMARY: The stomach of the new world camelids presents a morphologic structure different from those
of the true ruminants. The aim of the present work was to describe the anatomical and histologic features
of the stomach of the llama and their relationship with the adjacent structures.

Four males llamas were used. Specimens for anatomical studies were fixed by perfusion with 10%
formaldehyde. For histology, samples were fixed in Bouin and routinely processed. The anatomical studies
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showed the proximal compartment located totally in the left abdominal wall. A single right lip, the
ventricular furrow, results notorious. The intermediate compartment is kidney-like in shape, with thick
walls. The distal compartment is elongated and tubular, located toward ventral-right of the abdominal
cavity. Histologicaly, the proximal and the intermediate compartments present areas with and without
glands. The nonglandular region is covered by stratified plane epithelium with pleats and without papillae.
The glandular area presents pleats whose recesses originate deep pouches, occupied by simple tubular
glands, the lining epithelium is cylindrical simple. The distal compartment is completely glandular.

KEY WORDS: 1. Abdominal cavity; 2. Gastric compartment; 3. New World Camelids; 4. Ruminant
stomach.

RESUMEN: El estómago de los camélidos sudamericanos presenta una estructura morfológica diferente al
de rumiantes verdaderos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir las características anatómicas e
histológicas del estómago de la llama y sus relaciones con las estructuras adyacentes.

Se utilizaron cuatro llamas machos. Las muestras para estudios anatómicos fueron fijadas por perfusión
con formol al 10%. Para histología, las muestras fueron fijadas en Bouin y procesadas rutinariamente. Los
estudios anatómicos mostraron que el compartimiento proximal está localizado totalmente en la pared
abdominal izquierda. Un labio derecho simple, el pliegue ventricular, resulta notorio. El compartimiento
intermedio presenta forma arriñonada con paredes gruesas. El compartimiento distal es elongado y tubular
hacia la zona ventral derecha de la cavidad abdominal. Histológicamente, los compartimientos proximal e
intermedio presentan áreas con y sin glándulas. La región no glandular está cubierta por epitelio plano
estratificado con pliegues y sin papilas. El área glandular presenta pliegues cuyos recesos originan
profundos sacos, ocupados por glándulas tubulares simples, tapizadas por epitelio cilíndrico simple. El
compartimiento distal es completamente glandular.

PALABRAS CLAVE: 1. Cavidad abdominal; 2. Compartimiento gástrico; 3. Camélidos sudamericanos; 4.

Estómago.

INTRODUCTION
The New World Camelids (NWC) have great importance for countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and
Perú. They provide meaningful economic resources due to the exploitation of fibers, meat, skins and
transport (Nuevo Freire, 1994). They have acquired particular interest as an alternative animal production
at the present time among other causes because they do not degrade the soil.

The morphology of the NWC is one of the less studied fields, in spite that in the last 40 years
investigations, have been intensified on the morphology and physiology, especially in the alpaca and the
llama (Paolicchi, 1997). The references covering these aspects are dispersed. Many of the studies have
been carried out by isolated researchers and they don't keep the necessary coherence to explain integrally
many physiologic processes (Fernandez-Baca, 1991).

The camelids in general, like the better studied domestic ruminants (bovine, ovine, caprine), have a very
large stomach, divided in compartments. However, the stomach of the camelids differs considerably from
that of the mentioned ruminants. Vallenas (1971) studied the gross anatomy of the stomach of the llama
and the guanaco using "in vivo" and "in vitro" techniques. He describe the stomach of these animals
(applicable also to the alpaca and vicuña) as constituted by three compartments denominated one, two
and three. However, at the present time, they are designated as proximal, intermediate and distal
compartments (PC, IC and DC, respectively) (Galotta & Galotta, 1988).

The aim of the present studies is to characterise grossly and microscopically the stomach of the llama
(Lama glama) and establish its relationship with adjacent structures.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Animals. Four male llamas, approximately 2 years old, with an average weight of 100 kg, coming from a
Natural Reservation called "Sierra del Tigre" (Tandil County, Buenos Aires Province) were anaesthetized
and bleeding to death. They should be sacrificed by overpopulation.

Anatomy. Two llamas were used to carry out the gross morphological studies. They were fixed by means
of vascular perfusion through the carotid artery with 10% formaldehyde. The organs were observed "in
situ" to describe their anatomical relationships. Each organ was isolated and dissected in order to define
physical charac-teristics, conformation, fixation means and irrigation (Fig. 1 a, b, c).

Histology. Samples collected in two animals were used for the microscopic study. Different regions of the
three compartments (Fig. 2 a, b, c) were fixed in Bouin solution, during 12 hours. After dissection, the
samples remained in the fixative for a total of 48 hours. Later on, they were dehydrated, cleared in butyl

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alcohol and embedded in paraplast. Five µm thick sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The
samples were selected according to the anatomical features of the different regions (Fig. 2).

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Fig. 1. Stomach of the llama.

a. Right view of the abdominal cavity.

PC= Proximal compartment

IC= Intermediatecompartment
DC= Distal compartment
K= Kidney
SI= Small intestine
LI= Large intestine

b. Right view of stomach. Visceral surface.

c. Left view of proximal compartment. Parietal surface.

1. Nonglandular cardial region; 2. Non-glandular region; 3. Cranial glandular region.

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Fig. 2. Origin of histological samples taken from the three gastric compartments of the llama.
a. Proximal compartment (PC): sagital section. 1. Nonglandular cardial region; 2. Nonglandular
region; 3. Cranial glandular region.
b. Intermediate compartment (IC): sagittal section. 1 y 2 glandular region; 3. Nonglandular
region.
c. Distal compartment (DC): sagittal section through the dorsal smaller curvature. 1. Ventricular
region of the isthmus; 2. Proximal region; 3. Central cranial region; 4. Central caudal region; 5.
Craniodorsal caudal region; 6. Craniodorsal caudal region; 7. Caudodorsal caudal region; 8.
Cranioventral pyloric region; 9. Caudoventral pyloric region; 10. Caudodorsal pyloric region.

RESULTS
The stomach is composed by three compartments (Fig. 1 b).The PC, which has been frequently compared
with the rumen (Fig. 1 a, b, c), is the most voluminous; 83% of the whole gastric volume. The kidney-
shaped IC is the smallest (Fig. 1 b); 6% of the total gastric volume. The DC is elongated and tubular (Fig.
1 a, b); it constitute around 11% of the gastric volume.

Proximal compartment. It is located toward the left abdominal wall in contact with the diaphragm, the
whole costal wall to the left and part of the flank. The ventral portion presents a transverse furrow that
divides it in a cranial and a caudal sacs (Fig. 1 c). In the alive animal, the base of the cranial sack is
ventral in comparison with the base of the caudal sack. The walls form ventrally an area of elevations
formed by very thin walled saccules. Dorsally, the traverse furrow is absent. The oesophagus ends in the
cranial sack on the right. The PC communicates with the IC through the ventricular furrow, conformed by a
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single lip to the right. Internally, it is divided by a transverse muscular pillar, the one that corresponds to
the external transverse furrow; on the right, this pillar forks in two branches, cranial and caudal. The
caudal continues in arch form over the cranial and dorsal areas at the entrance to the IC, and in whose
journey is intercepted by the lip of the ventricular furrow (Fig. 2 a). The cranial branch of the pillar
continues like a thick band on the dorsal margin of the cranial sack that contains "the glandular bags or
saccules" of this region. The ventricular furrow is defined dorsally by a simple lip, located to the right, the
one that goes caudaly from the cardias toward the entrance of the IC.

Histologically, PC and IC presents two regions: one nonglandular and another glandular. The nonglandular
is formed by a mucous membrane covered by plane stratified epithelium (Fig. 3 a), with folds, but non
papillae. The folds are not permanent and their prominence varies with the state of contraction of the
stomach. The epithelium is supported by dense connective tissue that constitutes the lamina propria (Fig.
3 b). It is mainly formed by collagen fibres, being scarce the elastic and reticular elements.

The glandular region, presents a mucous membrane with a glandular epithelium that originate folds whose
recesses produce deep pits (glandular bags), in its great majority occupied by simple or sometimes
ramified tubular glands. The lining epithelium is cylindrical and simple. The glands, located in the lamina
propria, are surrounded by a scarce quantity of loose connective tissue with support and nutrition functions
(Fig. 3 c).

Intermediate compartment. The IC, is the smallest of the gastric compartments. It is reniform with flat
and thick walls (Fig. 1 b). It presents a dorsal smaller and a ventral mayor curvature (Fig. 2 b). The IC is
located to the right of the PC although it is not reflected on the right abdominal wall since the liver
contacts on the wall. The content of this compartment is liquid.

The IC communicates craneally to the DC through a thick walled strait tubular passage, the "channel of the
isthmus".

Histologically, two regions can be distinguished. They showed the same characteristics that in the PC.
Moderate amount of lymphoid tissue is present in the lamina propria of the glandular region (Fig. 3 d, e).
The continuation of the ventricular furrow is covered by flat stratified epithelium. The only muscular lip of
the furrow extends along the smallest curvature toward the hole that communicates with the DC. The
superficial mucous membrane of the walls of the major curvature is divided in reticular pattern by means
of crests that are intercepted, defining the holes of deep cells or cameras. That area is surfaced by
glandular epithelium covered by abundant mucus.

The muscularis mucosae is absent in the nonglandular regions of both PC and IC (Fig. 3 f). It is present in
the glandular areas, although this layer is incomplete (Fig. 3 e). The submucosa of the PC and IC is similar
to both regions (glandular and nonglandular) and it is constituted by abundant elastic, reticular and
collagen's fibres, besides a numerous cellular population. The muscularis contains an inner circular and an
outer longitudinal layers. A serous membrane covers the muscular external layer of the two compartments.

The channel of the isthmus connects the IC with the DC. It is a small tubular continuation of the
ventricular furrow, it is sheltered by a stratified epithelium (Fig. 3 f). The mucous membrane presents thick
longitudinal folds and their walls contain a well developed muscular layer.

Distal compartment. The DC is elongated and tubular (Fig. 1 a, b). The anatomical location allows to
observe that initially it goes ventrally toward the right abdominal wall, then a tortuous course continues in
dextro-caudal direction (Fig. 1 a). Distally, and on the right side, it presents a pre-terminal bending at the
beginning of the fifth terminal of the DC, whit a thick walled area. This segment continues to the pylorus
and with the initial portion of the duodenum. The DC presents a bigger ventral curvature and another
smaller one dorsally.

It left side touch on the PC and the glandular sacs. It is fixed in this position by means of the major
omentum that continues through the major curvature until the beginning of the duodenum. In this place, it
unites to the smallest omentum and continues as mesoduodenum.

Three regions can be characterised histologically:

1. The proximal region, where the IC ends, is characterised by the presence of abundant lymphoid tissue
in the mucosa and submucosa (Fig. 3 g);

2. The wider central region, with simple tubular glands of mucous secretion (Fig. 3 h, 4 a, b);

3. The caudal region, extensive, where two different portions could be observed. The most ventral
corresponded to the fundic glands (Fig. 4 c, d); the dorsal area, related with the "torus pyloricus",
corresponds to the pyloric region (Fig. 4 e, h).

Internally, the DC is covered by a glandular mucosa, but its disposition varies according to the area (Fig. 2
c). In the smallest bend, in the fifth initial portion, the mucosa is reticular while in the major curvature it
forms non permanent folds.

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In the medial part, the mucosa is dispose in permanent longitudinal pleats. It finished at the preterminal
bending, where the mucous membrane is thick and flat.

Fig. 3. Histological features of the different regions consign in Fig. 2. a. Cardial nonglandular
region of the PC (Fig. 2 a1); b. Nonglandular region of the OC (Fig. 2 a.2); c. Cranial glandular
region of the pC (Fig. 2 a.3); d. and e. Glandular region of the IC (Fig. 2 b1 y b.2); f.
Nonglandular region of the IC (Fig. 22 b3); g. Ventricular region of the isthmus (Fig. 2 c1); h.
Proximal region of the DC (Fig. 2 c2). (a=4X; b=4x; c=10X; d=4X; e=10X; f=4X; g=4X;
h=4X).
ep= epithelium; m= muscularis mucosae; tm= muscular leyer; lp= lamina propria; g arrow=
non capsulated lymphoid tissue.

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Fig. 4. Histological features of the regions indicated in the DC (Fig. 2). a. Central cranial region
(Fig. 2 C3); b. Central caudal region (Fig. 2 C4), c and d. Craniodorsal caudal region (Fig. 2 C5
and C6); e. Caudodorsal region (Fig. 2 C7); f. Cranioventral pyloric region (Fig. 2 C8); g.
Caudoventral pyloric region (Fig. 2 C9); h. Caudodorsal pyloric region (Fig. 2 C10). (a=4X;
b=10X; c=10X; d=40X; f=10X; g=10X; H=10X).
ep= epithelim; m= muscularis mucosae; se= submucosa; tm= muscsular layer; gf=fundic
glands; vs= blood vessels; d=asteriks = principal's cells; arrows: parietal's cells.

The mucosa covering most of the major curvature of the fifth terminal is very thick. It belongs to the area
of the gastric glands (Fig. 4 c, d). The mucosa of the small bend is thinner. It contains the pyloric glands,
and in their terminal part it is radiated to cover the pyloric circumference. On the small curvature a
prominent "torus pyloricus" protects the entrance to the pylorus.

The superficial epithelium is cylindrical simple, the glands occupy the lamina propria surrounded by scarce
soft connective tissue. In the region of the ventricular isthmus corresponding to the outlet of the IC the
secretor epithelium is covering partially the glands. The whole area is infiltrated by an abundant diffuse
lymphoid tissue that is observed as isolated lymphonodes surrounded by connective tissue. This tissue
occupies the mucosa and great part of the submucosa of this region (Fig. 3 g).

The central region, is characterised by the presence of abundant simple tubular glands of mucous secretion
(Figs. 3 h , 4 a, b).

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In the caudal region, two different portions are observed, the ventral region occupied by the fundic glands
with similar features to those described for other mammals (Fig. 4 c, d). The dorsal region is occupied by a
mucous membrane that presents simple tubular glands (Figs. 4 e, f, g, h).

The muscularis mucosae is very well developed; from it come off fibres that are distributed among the
glands of the lamina propria (Figs. 4 a, f, g, h). The thin submucosa is constituted by semilaxe connective
tissue having blood vessels and nerves (Fig. 4 a, c, e, f, h).

The muscular contains an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layers. The first one is prominent to the
level of the pyloric sphincter. It defines the terminal portion of the DC and with the initial expanded part of
the duodenum. Fat tissue is frequently dispose between both muscular layers (Fig. 4 a, b, e, g , h).

DISCUSSION
Formerly, the simple stomach of the animals with superior and inferior incisives were distinguished from
the multiple stomach of the animals without superior incisives. Among these, camel, ox, goat and deer
were mentioned (Aristote, 1957). By the middle of the XX century, the camelids were separated from the
true ruminants in the main classifications (Simpson, 1945).

Cuvier (1805), in a description carried out on the stomach of camels and a non-born llama, make
reference to four stomachs with a different structure to that of true ruminants. It described the sacks of
the "paunch" one of those which him denominated reservoir or fifth stomach. The gastric furrow is formed
by a lip and he observed the torus pyloricus. One century later, Chaveau et al. (1903) mentioned that the
stomach of the camels and llama are formed by the "paunch", "reticulum" and "abomasum" and point out
that those are not in comparable to those of other ruminants.

Other authors (Colin, 1886; Barone, 1976), sustain that the camels present four stomachs like the other
ruminants, using the same names to designate them. Gusmán Chaves (1970) in studies carried out in
alpacas, points out that they have a single stomach with three proventricles similar to those of the camel
and whose names would be "rumen, reticulum and omaso-abomasum." The three gastric compartments
described in the llama seems to be equivalent to those described by Amasaki et al. (1988) for the bactrian
camel (Camelus bactrianus).

According to Vallenas (1970a), a great part of the confusion was due to the application of the
nomenclature primary established for the bovine.

Later on, several authors accepted the existence of three compartments which they denominated glandular
sacks C1, C2 and C3 (Bustinza Cordero, 1970; Cummings et al., 1972; von Engelhardt & Sallman, 1972;
Luciano et al. 1979; Gregory et al., 1985; Heller et al., 1986; Yarbrough et al. 1995; Dulphy et al., 1997;
van Hoogmoed et al., 1998 (a); (b), Timm et al., 1999; Navarre et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2000). Galotta
et al. (1994) follows the approaches of the V.A.N. (Veterinary Anatomical Nomina) and denominated them
Proximal Compartment (PC), Intermediate Compartment (IC) and Distal Compartment (DC).

The major omentum in the camelids is a simple thin blade. In the true ruminants, it is composed by a
superficial and a deep sheets (Galotta and Galotta, 1987). The gastric furrow is composed for a single lip.
The process of regurgitation is associated with the cranial sack of the PC, instead of being related to a net
or reticulum, as in cattle (Vallenas, 1970b). The torus piloricus, located in the DC, is similar to the one
present in cattle, sheep and pigs (Barone, 1996).

The PC and the IC present two areas very different in their histological structure. The nonglandular region
has a stratified plane epithelium, different to that of the bovines (Amasaki et al. 1988), ovines (Weyrauch
& Schmorr, 1979) and of other ruminants (Hoffmann, 1973). It doesn't present crests and for that reason
it is difficult to draw homologies between camelids and other ruminants. The glandular region, absent in
the bovine and ovine compartments (Barone,1996), is formed by tubular glands arranged in glandular
bags. They contribute to increase the surface of the glandular epithelium (Rubsamen and von Engelhardt,
1979; Luciano et al., 1979).

The mucosa of the glandular region of the DC is similar in their structure to the fundic portion of the
monogastric mammals (Alzola et al., 2000) and to that of the guanacos (Luciano et al., 1980). These
glands are of the quite rectilinear, of ramified simple tubular type and they are observed occupying all the
thickness of the lamina propria (Alzola et al., 1997).

Lymphoid tissue is abundant in the glandular portion of the IC, in the region of the isthmus at the IC and
DC, and in the first portion of the DC (Alzola et al., 1997). This elements are absent in the stomach of the
true ruminants. Lymphoid tissue is present in the caudal and pyloric stomach of the pig (Trautmann &
Fiebiger, 1950).

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Dirección para correspondencia:

M.V. Msc. Ricardo Horacio Alzola

Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias
Universidad Nacional del Centro
de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
Campus Universitario 7000
Tandil
ARGENTINA

Fone- Fax (02293) 422357 / 426667

e-mail ralzola@vet.unicen.edu.ar

Received : 27-04-2003
Accepted : 22-04-2004

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