CH-6

Learning in AI
Concepts:
 Learning is one of the fundamental building blocks of artificial
intelligence (AI) solutions.
 Learning is a process that improves the knowledge of an AI program
by making observations about its environment.
 From a technical/mathematical standpoint, AI learning processes
focused on processing a collection of input-output pairs for a specific
function and predicts the outputs for new inputs.
Types of Learning in AI
1. Rote Learning
Rote learning is the basic learning activity. Rote learning is a
memorization technique based on repetition. It is also called
memorization because the knowledge, without any modification
is, simply copied into the knowledge base. As computed values
are stored, this technique can save a significant amount of time.
Rote learning technique can also be used in complex learning
systems provided sophisticated techniques are employed to use
the stored values faster and there is a generalization to keep the
number of stored information down to a manageable level.
Checkers-playing program, for example:
The idea is that one will be able to quickly recall the meaning of
the material the more one repeats it. Some of the alternatives to
rote learning include meaningful learning, associative learning,
and active learning. Sample, uses this technique to learn the board
positions it evaluates in its look-ahead search.
2. Learning By Taking Advice.
This is a simple form of learning. Suppose a programmer writes
a set of instructions to instruct the computer what to do, the
programmer is a teacher and the computer is a student. Once
learned (i.e. programmed), the system will be in a position to do
new things.
The advice may come from many sources: human experts,
internet to name a few. This type of learning requires more
inference than rote learning. The knowledge must be transformed
into an operational form before stored in the knowledge base.
Moreover the reliability of the source of knowledge should be
considered.

3. Knowledge based learning

Factoring its representation of knowledge, AI learning models
can be classified in two main types: inductive and deductive.
 Inductive Learning
This involves the process of learning by example -- where
a system tries to induce a general rule from a set of observed
instances.
This involves classification -- assigning, to a particular
input, the name of a class to which it belongs. Classification
is important to many problem solving tasks.
A learning system has to be capable of evolving its own
class descriptions:
o Initial class definitions may not be adequate.
o The world may not be well understood or rapidly
changing.
The task of constructing class definitions is called
induction or concept learning
 This type of AI learning model is based on inferring a
general rule from datasets of input-output pairs. Algorithms
such as knowledge based inductive learning (KBIL) are a
great example of this type of AI learning technique. KBIL
focused on finding inductive hypotheses on a dataset with
the help of background information.
 Deductive Learning
This type of AI learning technique starts with series of rules
and infers new rules that are more efficient in the context of
a specific AI algorithm. Explanation-Based Learning
(EBL) and Relevance-Based Learning (RBL) are examples
of deductive techniques. EBL extracts general rules from
examples by “generalizing” the explanation. RBL focuses
on identifying attributes and deductive generalizations from
simple example.

4. Feedback Based Learning

Based on the feedback characteristics, AI learning models can be
classified as supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised or
reinforced.
 Supervised Learning:
Supervised learning as the name indicates the presence of a
supervisor as a teacher. Basically supervised learning is a
learning in which we teach or train the machine using data
which is well labeled that means some data is already
tagged with the correct answer. After that, the machine is
provided with a new set of examples (data) so that
supervised learning algorithm analyses the training data (set
of training examples) and produces a correct outcome from
labeled data.
For instance, suppose you are given a basket filled with
different kinds of fruits. Now the first step is to train the
machine with all different fruits one by one like this:

 If shape of object is rounded and depression at top having

color Red then it will be labelled as –Apple.
 If shape of object is long curving cylinder having
color Green-Yellow then it will be labelled as –Banana.
Now suppose after training the data, you have given a new
separate fruit say Banana from basket and asked to identify
 it.

Since the machine has already learned the things from

previous data and this time have to use it wisely. It will first
classify the fruit with its shape and color and would confirm
the fruit name as BANANA and put it in Banana category.
Thus the machine learns the things from training data
(basket containing fruits) and then apply the knowledge to
test data(new fruit).
 Unsupervised Learning:
Unsupervised learning is the training of machine using
information that is neither classified nor labeled and
allowing the algorithm to act on that information without
guidance. Here the task of machine is to group unsorted
information according to similarities, patterns and
differences without any prior training of data.
Unlike supervised learning, no teacher is provided that
means no training will be given to the machine. Therefore
machine is restricted to find the hidden structure in
unlabeled data by our-self.
For instance, suppose it is given an image having both dogs
 and cats which have not seen ever.

Thus the machine has no idea about the features of dogs and
cat so we can’t categorize it in dogs and cats. But it can
categorize them according to their similarities, patterns, and
differences i.e., we can easily categorize the above picture
into two parts. First may contain all pics having dogs in it
and second part may contain all pics having cats in it. Here
you didn’t learn anything before, means no training data or
examples.

 Semi-supervised Learning:
Semi-Supervised learning uses a set of curated, labeled data
and tries to infer new labels/attributes on new data sets.
Semi-Supervised learning models are a solid middle ground
between supervised and unsupervised models.

 Reinforced Learning:
Reinforcement learning is an area of Machine Learning.
Reinforcement. It is about taking suitable action to
maximize reward in a particular situation. It is employed by
various software and machines to find the best possible
behavior or path it should take in a specific situation.
Reinforcement learning differs from the supervised
learning in a way that in supervised learning the training
data has the answer key with it so the model is trained with
the correct answer itself whereas in reinforcement learning,
there is no answer but the reinforcement agent decides what
to do to perform the given task. In the absence of training
dataset, it is bound to learn from its experience.
Example : The problem is as follows: We have an agent and
a reward, with many hurdles in between. The agent is
supposed to find the best possible path to reach the reward.
The following problem explains the problem more easily.

The above image shows robot, diamond and fire. The goal
of the robot is to get the reward that is the diamond and
avoid the hurdles that is fire. The robot learns by trying all
the possible paths and then choosing the path which gives
him the reward with the least hurdles. Each right step will
give the robot a reward and each wrong step will subtract
the reward of the robot. The total reward will be calculated
when it reaches the final reward that is the diamond.
CONCEPTS:

ASSIGNMENT:
1) Write Differences between Supervised and Unsupervised Learning.
2) Genetic Algorithm.