IPM User Manual

Petroleum Experts
User Manual
IPM
TUTORIAL
October 2009

Copyright Notice
The copyright in this manual and the associated computer program are the property of Petroleum Experts
Ltd. All rights reserved. Both, this manual and the computer program h
have
ave been provided pursuant to a
Licence Agreement containing restriction of use.
No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or
translated into any language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical or
otherwise, or disclose to third parties without prior written consent from Petroleum Experts Ltd., Petex
House, 10 Logie Mill, Edinburgh, EH7 4HG, Scotland, UK.
© Petroleum Experts
Experts Ltd. All rights reserved.
IPM Suite, GAP, PROSPER, MBAL, PVTP, REVEAL, RESOLVE, IFM, ModelCatalogue and OpenServer
are trademarks of Petroleum Experts Ltd.
Microsoft (Windows), Windows (2000) and Windows (XP) are registered trademarks of the Microsoft
Corporation
The software described in this manual is furnished under

under a licence agreement. The software may be used
or copied only in accordance
accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the law to cop
copy
y the software on
any medium except as specifically
specifically allowed in the license agreement. No part of this documentation may b be
e
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or information storage and retrieval systems for any purpose other than the purchaser's personal
use, unless express written consent has been given by Petroleum Experts Limited.
Address:
Petroleum Experts Limited

Petex House
10 Logie Mill
Edinburgh, Scotland
EH7 4HG
Tel : (44 131) 474 7030

Fax : (44 131) 474 7031
email: edinburgh@petex.com
edinburgh@p
Internet: etex.com
www.petex.com
© 1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited

Contents I
Table of Contents
0
Chapter 1 Introduction 2
1 About This Guide
................................................................................................................................... 2
2 How to use this
...................................................................................................................................
guide 2
Symbols and conventions
.......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2 Dexterity Examples 5

1 GAP Gas Network
...................................................................................................................................
Example 5
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
.........................................................................................................................................................
Learning topics 6
Executive summary
......................................................................................................................................................... 6
STEP 1 : Initialise GAP
.......................................................................................................................................................... 6
STEP 2 : Define..........................................................................................................................................................
GAP System Options 8
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 3 : Define GAP Model Schematically 10
STEP 4 : Define the Well
.......................................................................................................................................................... 11
STEP 5 : Calculate the Well IPR and VLP

.......................................................................................................................................................... 13
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 6 : Define pipeline 17
STEP 7 : Solve the GAP Network
.......................................................................................................................................................... 18
STEP 8 : Material Balance Prediction
.......................................................................................................................................................... 19
STEP 9 : Constraints
.......................................................................................................................................................... 24
2 PROSPER Gas
...................................................................................................................................
Well Example 31
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Learning topics
......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
Summary 32
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 1 : Initialise PROSPER 32
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 2 : Define PROSPER Method/Options 34
STEP 3 : Define
..........................................................................................................................................................
fluid PVT Data 34
STEP 4 : Define
..........................................................................................................................................................
Well Inflow and Equipment data 35
3 MBAL Gas Reservoir
...................................................................................................................................
Example 43
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 44
Learning topics
......................................................................................................................................................... 44
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
Summary 44
STEP 1 : Initialise MBAL
.......................................................................................................................................................... 44
STEP 2 : Define MBAL Method/Options
.......................................................................................................................................................... 47
STEP 3 : Define PVT Data
.......................................................................................................................................................... 48
STEP 4 : Define
..........................................................................................................................................................
Tank Parameters 49
4 GAP Gas-Lifted
...................................................................................................................................
System Example 50
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 51
Learning topics
......................................................................................................................................................... 51
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
summary 51
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 1 : System Setup 52
Starting a.........................................................................................................................................................
New File 52
.........................................................................................................................................................
GAP options setup 52
Units setup......................................................................................................................................................... 54
Injection fluid setup
......................................................................................................................................................... 55
STEP 2 : System schematics
.......................................................................................................................................................... 56
October, 2009 IPM Tutorials
I

II IPM Worked Examples
.........................................................................................................................................................
Adding Wells 56
Tie-backs......................................................................................................................................................... 57
The Platform
......................................................................................................................................................... 58
Pipes/Links
......................................................................................................................................................... 58
.........................................................................................................................................................
Other Drawing Options 60
STEP 3 : Describing
..........................................................................................................................................................
the wells 61
Well models
......................................................................................................................................................... 62
Generating IPRs From Existing PROSPER Well Models
......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Importing.........................................................................................................................................................
Existing Vertical Lift tables to the Well Models 65
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 4 : Describing the Pipeline network 67
Riser Description
......................................................................................................................................................... 67
'Tie One' .........................................................................................................................................................
Pipeline description 69
‘TieTwo’ Pipeline
.........................................................................................................................................................
description 70
STEP 5 : Calculate Production given total li lift
ft gas available
.......................................................................................................................................................... 70
STEP 6 : Results analysis
.......................................................................................................................................................... 73
5 Associated Water / Gas Injection Model Example
................................................................................................................................... 77
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 77
.........................................................................................................................................................
Learning topics 78
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
summary 78
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 1 : Set the Production Model 78
STEP 2 : Create the Water Injection Model
.......................................................................................................................................................... 81
STEP 3 : Link..........................................................................................................................................................
the Production and the Injection System 84
STEP 4 : Performing the Material Balance Prediction
.......................................................................................................................................................... 87
Associated Gas Injection Model
.......................................................................................................................................................... 92
Chapter 3 Physics Examples 95

1 PROSPER Gas
...................................................................................................................................
Lift Example 95
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 95
Learning topics
......................................................................................................................................................... 96
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
summary 97
STEP 1 : Model Setup
.......................................................................................................................................................... 97
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 2 : Well Model Validation and Data Quality Check 110
STEP 3 : Gas..........................................................................................................................................................
Lift Design 122
STEP 4 : Use..........................................................................................................................................................
of QuickLook Diagnostic tool for gas lift performance validation 127
2 PROSPER ESP Example
................................................................................................................................... 131
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 131
Learning.........................................................................................................................................................
topics 132
Executive
.........................................................................................................................................................
summary 133
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 1 : Model Setup 133
STEP 2 : Well Model Validation and Data Quality Check
.......................................................................................................................................................... 142
STEP 3 : ESP
..........................................................................................................................................................
Design 146
STEP 4 : Use..........................................................................................................................................................
of QuickLook Diagnostic tool for ESP lift performance validation 153
3 MBAL Gas History
...................................................................................................................................
Matching Example 162
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 162
Learning.........................................................................................................................................................
topics 162
Executive
.........................................................................................................................................................
summary 162
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 1 : Initialise MBAL 163
STEP 2 : Input Production History Data
.......................................................................................................................................................... 163
STEP 3 : Introduction to Material Balance concepts
.......................................................................................................................................................... 165
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 4 : Material Balance History Matching 166
STEP 5 : Relative Permeability Matching
.......................................................................................................................................................... 172
4 MBAL Oil History Matching Example
................................................................................................................................... 179

Contents III
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 179

Learning.........................................................................................................................................................
topics 180
Executive Summary
......................................................................................................................................................... 180
STEP 1 : Model
..........................................................................................................................................................
Setup 180
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 2 : Matching to Production History data in MBAL 188
STEP 3 : Sensitivity
..........................................................................................................................................................
Analysis 195
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 4 : History Match Quality Check 197
5 MBAL Production Prediction Example
................................................................................................................................... 198
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 198
Learning.........................................................................................................................................................
topics 199
Executive Summary
......................................................................................................................................................... 199
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 1 : Production Prediction Setup 199
STEP 2 : Boundary conditions
.......................................................................................................................................................... 200
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 3 : Well Type Definition 201
STEP 4 : Inflow
..........................................................................................................................................................
Performance 203
STEP 5 : Outflow Performance
.......................................................................................................................................................... 207
..........................................................................................................................................................
STEP 6 : Well Schedule 209
STEP 7 : Reporting frequency
.......................................................................................................................................................... 210
STEP 8 : Production
..........................................................................................................................................................
prediction 211
October, 2009 IPM Tutorials
III

Chapter
1

Introduction 2
1 Introduction
This
This docu
documen
mentt conta
contains
ins tutor
tutoria
ials
ls for the Petro
Petroleu
leum
m Exper
Experts’
ts’ softwa
software:
re: PROSPER,
MBAL and GAP. The tutorials
tutorials are designe
designed d to guide the user
user through
through a number
number of
pr
prog
ogra
ram
m exam
exampl
ples
es.. As a new
new user
user,, the
the tuto
tutori
rial
als
s prov
provid
ide
e a good
good over
overvi
view
ew of the
the
programs' functionalities and will assist in developing proficiency in use of the tools.
The tutorials
tutorials are split into two sections.
sections. The first set of tutorial
tutorials
s is des
designe
igned
d for new
users
user s and it focuses
focuses on the dexterity
dexterity required
required to use the programs
programs.. The second set
of tu
tuto
tori
rial
als
s prov
provid
ides
es more
more dept
depth
h and
and kn know
owle
ledg
dge
e on use
use of the
the tool
tools
s in achi
achiev
evin
ing
g
various
various modeling
modeling objectives
objectives and the physica
physicall and enginee
engineering
ring concept
concepts s related
related to
these.
1.1 About This Guide

The guide assumes one is familiar with basic Windows operations and terminology.
The screen
the softwa
soft re.displays
ware. used
On occasio
occa in the
sion,
n, this data
guide
da are
ta files
file taken
s may
ma vafrom
y vary the
ry from
fro m examples provided
the example
exampless shown
shownwith
as
updates
upda tes to the program
program are issued.
issued. Where
Where major amendments
amendments or changes
changes to the
pr
prog
ogra
ramm re
requ
quirire
e furt
furthe
herr expl
explan
anat
atio
ion,
n, the
the corr
corres
espo
pond
ndining
g docu
docume
ment
ntat
atio
ion
n will
will be
provided.
What is in this guide:
· Chapter 2, ‘Dexterity Examples’, contains tutorials that concentrate on basic use

of the programs, without much detail about the physics of the engineering models
addressed
· Chapter 3, ‘Ph
Chapter ‘Phys
ysics
ics Examp
Examples
les’,
’, co
conta
ntains
ins tutor
tutorial
ials
s that
that provi
provide
de more
more inform
informat
ation
ion
about the physics of the engineering models addressed
NOTE: All completed example files can be found in C:\Program C:\Program Files
\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples\Worked
7.x\Samples\Work ed Examples\Dexterity
Examples\Dexterit y Examples\
GAP. Please note that the files will be in the form of an archived
archived GAP file (GAR file).
The GAR file
file contai
contains
ns all the neces
necessa
sary
ry models
models i.e.,
i.e.,PROSPER, MBAL,
VLP's,
VLP' s, etc., that are require
required d to compete
compete the example
example file. To access
access the files,
files, the
GAR file must first be extracted
extracted using the following work-flow:
work-flow: from the main
menu of GAP select: File | Ar chive | E xtraxtract.
ct. Once the GAR file has
been extracted, a new instance of GAP can be started and the associat
associated
ed files linked
using the tutorial work-flows
1.2 How to use this guide
New users to Petroleum Experts ’ IPM software should work through all the examples
in Chapter 2 before moving on to Chapter 3.

3 IPM Tutorial Manual
Users proficient in Petroleum Experts IPM

IPM software may find the tutorials in Chapter 3
useful.
1.2.
1.2.1
1 Symb
Symbol
ols
s and
and conv
conven
enti
tion
ons
s
Throug
Throughohout
ut the
the user
user guid
guide,
e, sp
spec
ecia
iall font
fonts
s and/
and/or
or icon
icons
s are
are used
used to demo
demons
nstr
trat
ate
e
specific steps, instructions and procedures in the program.
PETEX The term PETEX program is used when the

program comment
comme nt is applica
applicable
ble to PROSPER, MBAL
or GAP.
ALL CAPS Represent DOS directories,
directories, file names, and
commands.
Italics Used to highlight certain points o
information.
Keycap Bold font
Bold fonts
s are
are used
used to indi
indica
cate
te a spec
specif
ific
ic
action to be taken.
For example: ‘Click Done to to exit the
window.’
Menu To avoi
avoid
d repe
repeat
atin
ing
g the
the phra
phrase
se ‘Cli
‘Click
ck the
the
Command File menu and choose the Open command’,
we use the File|Open convention instead.
ò Emphasizes specific information to be
entered or be aware of.
7 This keyboard icon marks step-by-step
instructions.
This symbol is a reminder to click the
8
RIGHT button
mouse mou
mo useperforms
button. specific the righ
Clickingfunctions in
MBAL, depe
dependndin
ing
g on the
the acti
active
ve dial
dialog
ogue
ue
box or plot. If you do not have a right
mouse button, holding down the SHIFT key
while
while a click
click on the mouse
mouse button
button performs
performs
the required function.
IPM Tutorials October, 2009

Chapter
2

2 Dexterity Examples
This section contains the following tutorials:
GAP Gas Network Example:
This
p roduexample
ction frobuilds
m thea simple
systemonshore
in timegas
(pnetwork
roductionintegrated
predictiomodel
n). Thand
e wcalculates
ell model
asso
associciat
ated
ed wi
with
th the
the inte
integr
grat
ated
ed mode
modell is desi
design
gned
ed in PROSPER (PROPROSPE
SPERR ga
gas
s well
well
example) and the reservoir model associated with the integrated model is designed
in MBAL (MBAL Gas reservoir example).
PROSPER Gas Well Example:

An example that illustrates gas well modeling in PROSPER. The PROSPER well model
is used within the GAP Gas Network example. It can also be run in isolation.
MBAL Gas Reservoir Example:

An example that illustrates gas reservoir
reservoir modeling in MBAL . The MBAL reservoir
model is used within the GAP Gas Network example. It can also be run in isolation.
GAP Gas Lift Example:

This exam
This examplplee illu
illust
stra
rate
tes
s the
the desi
design
gn and
and opti
optimi
miza
zati
tion
on of an oil
oil prod
produc
ucti
tion
on sy
syst
stem
em
using gas lift.
All the example

example files are located
located in:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Worked Examples\Dexterity Examples
2.1 GAP Gas Network Example
This tutorial
tutorial example
example is designe
designed
d to prov
provide
ide a step-by-
step-by-step
step introd
introducti
uction
on to the GAP
program. The emphasis is on the data required to model and analyse the production
potential ofand
importance a d ry ease
for gas of
reunderstanding
servoir (no cohasndebeen
nsate)chosen
. The to
acbe
tuaminimal.
l data isHowever,
of little
the systematic approach to building a GAP mode modell using
using PROSPER wel
welll models
models and
MBAL re
rese
servo
rvoir
ir models
models is an importan
importantt elemen
elementt of the tutor
tutorial
ial.. The
The PROSPER well
modeli
mod eling
ng and MBAL rese
reservoi
rvoirr modeling
modeling phases
phases are separate
separate modules
modules referenc
referenceded
from this GAP tutorial.
2.1.1 Objectives
The system to be modeled is described below:
· An onshore gas field is depleted by a well and producing

producing through a pipeline to a
· separator (pressure of 1300psig).

Pipeline is 10,000ft in length with an internal diameter of 6inches.

Dexterity Examples 6
· The well is 17, 350ft deep.

· Fluid is dry gas with no condensate or free water associated with it.
Objectives:
· Calculate production capacity of the system
Calculate production
· rate production capacity of the system if the separator
separator is constrained
constrained to a gas
of100MMscf/day.
2.1.1.1 Learning topics
This section focuses on how to:
· Design a simple integrated oil production model in GAP

· Associate valid well
well models in GAP
· Associate valid reservoir/tank
reservoir/tank models
models in GAP
· Calculate system potential
· Optimise system production to honour a constraint
2.1.1.2 Executive summary
Steps taken to achieve the modeling objective is as follows:
· Describe integrated model schematic in GAP

· Construct a well model in PROSPER - VLP and IPR models.
· Design a reservoir/tank model in MBAL
· Define pipeline model in GAP
· Calculate production from the integrated model at a point in time - Solve network
· Perform a production prediction
· Add a new well and calculate production
production from the system while honouring
honouring
separator limit.
2.1.
2.1.2
2 STEP
STEP 1 : IIni
niti
tial
aliise GAP
This sectio
This section
n descr
describe
ibess how
how GAP is star
starte
ted
d and
and how
how the
the loca
locati
tion
on of the
the requ
requir
ired
ed
associated files is initialised.
St
Star
artt GAP by usin
usingg the
the foll
follow
owin
ing
g Wind
Window
ows
s comm
comman
andsds:: Star
Startt | All
All Pr
Prog
ogra
rams
ms |
Petroleu
Petr oleum
m Experts
Experts IPM 7.X | GAP. See the GAP manua
manuall for more details
details on how to
selecting,, Help | Ab
start GAP. The version of GAP being used may be checked by selecting
out GAP.

The command options (File, Options etc. etc.)) on the GAP main menu are laid out in a
logi
logica
call or
orde
derr (lef
(leftt to righ
right;
t; top
top to bott
bottom
om fash
fashio
ion)
n) that
that refl
reflec
ects
ts the
the orde
orderr in whic
which
h
oper
op erat
atio
ions
ns wi
willll usua
usualllly
y be perf
perfor
orme
med.
d. Cl
Clic
ick k on File
File | Di
Direc
rector
torie
ies
s an
andd chec
check k that
that
PROSPER an and d MBAL Ex Exec
ecuta
utable
bles
s point
point to the curre
current
nt versi
version
onss of PROSPER and
MBAL respect
respectively.
ively. The PROSPER and MBAL applications can also be found in the
Petroleum Experts directory.
directory.
Please note that files saved with these versions of GAP, PROSPER and MBAL will
not be readabl
readable
e by previous
previous versions
versions.. It is recommen
recommended ded,, therefo re, that the File |
therefore,
Directory | GAP and MBAL Data Directory
Directory opt
option
ions
s are set
set to point
point to direct
directori
ories
es
th
that
at are exclus
lusiv
ive
ely used to stor
oree data file
files
s crea
reated
ted with thethe curre
rrent sof
softw
twa
are
versions.
When GAP is star tarted

ted a new file
file is crea
reated
ted (un
(unles
less othe
therwi
rwise spe
specifie
ified
d in the
preferences). Create a new file by selecting Fil
File
e | New or using the toolbar
toolbar icon
to start a new file.
It is import
importan
antt to ensur
ensure
e that
that consi
consiste
stent
nt units
units are us
used
ed throu
througho
ghout
ut the integr
integrate
ated
d
model,, particul
model particularly
arly when data generated
generated by PROSPER an and
d MBAL are incorporated
into a GAP model. Oilfield units will be used for this example. Select Options | Units
to view the units used by GAP for input
input and output, the data validatio
validation
n ranges,
ranges, and

output precision. Near the top of the screen within the tabular heading select Oilfield
for both input and output units (as shown in Figure 3), and then select OK.
Figure 3: Oilfield Units for Input and Output

2.1.
2.1.3
3 STEP
STEP 2 : Def
Defin
ine
e GAP
GAP Syst
System
em Opti
Option
ons
s
In this
this sectio
section
n the scope
scope of calcu
calculat
lation
ions
s and gener
general
al optio
options
ns requi
required
red for the GAP
model will be defined.
This example
example is focused
focused on a dry gas reservoir
reservoir producing
producing to a separato
separatorr through
through a
deli
delive
very
ry pipe
pipeli
line
ne 1000
10000
0 ft away
away.. No prod
producucti
tion
on hist
histor
ory
y is avai
availa
labl
ble,
e, but
but the
the flui
fluid
d
volume
volu me and composit
composition
ion of the reservoi
reservoirr has been estimated,
estimated, allo
allowin
wing
g a material
material
balance prediction to be performed.
Select Options | Method to set the GAP calculation method.

Set System type to Production, Optimisation method to Production, PVT Model to

None Pressure and temperature.
and Prediction method to
Set Prediction type to On. This tells GAP how to update reservoir

reservoir pressures during a
Predictio
Pred iction
n calculat
calculation.
ion. A constan
constantt reservoi
reservoirr pressure
pressure can be specifie
specified
d by selectin
selecting
g
None, in whichhich case
case no pred
predic
icti
tion
on calc
calcul
ulat
atio
ions
ns are
are perf
perfor
orme
med:
d: in this
this case
case,, the
the
model represents the system at an instant in time and no tank models are required.
Optimi
Optimisat
sation
ion may be perfor
performed
med for both
both predi
predicti
ctive
ve (dep
(deplet
leting
ing reserv
reservoir
oir)) and
and non-
non-
predictive (constant reservoir) calculations.
The completed options interface is shown above. This completes the GAP
calculation method set-up. Select OK to return to the main GAP window.

2.1.4
2.1.4 STEP
STEP 3 : Defi
Define
ne GAP
GAP Mod
Model
el Schem
Schemati
atica
call
lly
y
In this section schematics of the gas production

production system is designed in GAP. This will
include all the components/ elements of the integrated model. The properties of the
compon
com ponent
entss and reservo
reservoir
ir fluids
fluids are enter
entered
ed at a later
later sta
stage
ge us
using
ing PROSPER and
MBAL.
The model will consist of a reservoir (specified as a tank), a gas production well and
a pipeline connecting the well manifold to the delivery pipeline. It is recommended
that the GAP model be specified from the separator (delivery pipeline) end towards
the reservoir,
reservoir, allowing
allowing complex models to be built easily.
easily. Since this example
example is very
simple it makes little difference in what order the components are created.
The toolbar ( ) is used to create and

modify
mod ify compo
componenents
nts on the netwo
network
rk schema
schematictic.. Note
Note that
that when
when they
they are selec
selected
ted
they
they reremai
main
n ac
activ
tive
e until
until they
they are unse
unselec
lected
ted.. The
The exexcep
ceptio
tion
n to this
this is the
the ‘De
‘Delet
lete’
e’
icon,, which
icon which must be selected
selected for each deletion.
deletion. To identify
identify an icon,
icon, hold the mouse
mouse
cursor over it until a yellow box appears with a short description of the icon function.
Select
Select the Add Separat
Separator
or icon and click
click the
the left-ha
left-hand
nd mouse
mouse button
button in the
the main
main
GAP di
disp
splay
lay area
area towar
towards
ds the top right.
right. The elemen
elementt is lab
labell
elled
ed 'Sepa
'Separat
rator'
or'.. The
The
label is not required, but it is advisable to identify the nodes this way. A separator is
considered by GAP to be the end of the production
production chain or a fixed pressure point in
the syste
system.m. This
This does
does not
not have
have to repres
represen
entt a separ
separato
atorr in realit
reality;
y; rathe
ratherr a node
node//
point in the system where a known pressure exists.
Next, select the Add Joint icon and add a joint. Label this ‘Manifold 1’. Place the
manifold to the left of the separator.
separator. Place a second “Ma
“Manifold
nifold 2” to the left of this. A
joint is any manifold or intersection where
where pipes converge
converge.. A pipe element is defined
in between two joints.
Select the Add Well icon and add a well below the Manifold 2. Label this ‘Well’.
Select the Tank icon and add a Tank, named ‘Tank’ below the well.
The elements
elements shall be linked together with the Add Link icon by dragging the left-
hand
han d mouse
mouse butto
buttonn betwe
betweenen two
two compo
componenents
nts.. The
The conne
connectiction
ons
s are
are made
made in the
dire
direct
ctio
ion
n of flui
fluid
d flow
flow.. Conn
Connec
ectt the
the Tank
Tank to itsits Well
Well,, and
and the
the Well
Well to its
its we
well
llhe
head
ad
(Manifold
(Man ifold 1). Connect
Connect manifold
manifold 1 to 2 for the pipe and finally
finally connect
connect Manifold
Manifold 2 to
th
the
e Sepa
Separarato
tor.r. Note
Note that
that a pipe
pipe co
comp
mpon
onenentt has
has been
been inse
insert
rted
ed betw
betweeeenn the
the two
two
Manifolds. No pipe components are defined between the Tank, Well, and Manifold 2
since
sinc e any piping between
between these
these componen
components ts is assumed
assumed to be implicitly
implicitly defined
defined by
the Well.
Deselect the Link icon to prevent adding more links.

The basi
The basic
c mode
modell layo
layout
ut has
has been
been defi
define
ned:
d: addi
additi
tion
onal
al comp
compon
onen
ents
ts ca
can
n easi
easily
ly be
added or deleted as the model is refined later. The GAP integrated model schematic
is shown below
Save the GAP file (using File | Save As) as Gasres.gap in a directory of choice.
2.1.
2.1.5
5 STEP
STEP 4 : Defi
Define
ne th
the
e Well
Well
In this
thithe
from s step
step the physi
phto
reservoir ysical
cal wellhead
the chara
characte
cteris
wellhead ristic
tics
s of the
(‘Manifold’ in well
we
thisll example)
and reserv
reservoir
oir which
shall wh
beich defin
define
e flow
specified. flo
Thew
perf
pe rfor
orma
manc
nce
e of well
well is defi
define
nedd by a VLP
VLP and
and IPR
IPR mode
model.
l. Ple
Pleas
asee ref
refer
er to th
the
e we
wellll
section of the GAP manual for more details on well models and available options.
Although data may be entered directly into GAP, PROSPER will be used to generate
generate
the well proper
propertieties.
s. The
The main
main advan
advantag
tage
e of using
using PROSPER is that
that the
the VLPs
VLPs and
and
IPRs can be generated later by automatic batch calls to PROSPER from GAP. ‘VLP/
IPR Intersection’ shall be selected as the well model in GAP. In addition, well model
vali
va lida
dati
tion
on (i.e
(i.e.. matc
matchihing
ng mode
modell to prod
produc
ucti
tion
on hist
histor
ory)
y) and
and se
sens
nsit
itiv
ivit
ity
y anal
analys
ysis
is on
different design parameters or future condition of the well can be performed using
PROSPER.
Double
Double click
click using the left-h
left-hand
and mouse
mouse button
button on the
the Well
Well compo
compone
nent
nt in the GAP
model.
model. A well
well summa
summaryry scree
screen
n is displa
displaye
yed
d where
where well type
type and
and well
well model
model to be

used ar
used are
e select
selected.
ed. All eleme
elements
nts conta
containe
inedd in the model
model are listed
listed on the right and
and
data entry for any component can be made by selecting the required component with
a left mouse click. A red cross besides the equipment indicates that insufficient data
has been entered. Within the Well data entry screen change the Well Type to Gas
Producer (this
(this will change the well colour on the main display screen from green to
re
red)
d).. Set
Set th
thee well modell as VL
well mode VLPP / IP
IPR
R Inte
Interse
rsecti
ction
on.. Se
Sett the
the rate modell as 'Use
rate mode
volumes'. Rates (for the VLPs) can be defined using volumes or mass More
information is available under 'Well summary screen' section of GAP manual.
Select the “Run PROSPER” button in bottom right hand corner and GAP
automatically launches a PROSPER file. Check
Check that the correct
correct version of PROSPER
is loaded,
loaded, otherwise check File | Directory from within GAP. Go to the PROSPER
otherwise check
Gas Well Example to
Example to set up the PROSPER model.
Go to the PROSPER Gas Well Example now – Initialise PROSPER.

PROSPER.
With
Wi th th
the e PROSPER we
wellll modell
modelling
ing exerc
exercise
ise compl
complet
eted,
ed, save
save the
the file
file and retur
return
n to
GAP f frrom PROSPER by selec lectin
ting GAP fr
from the main PROSPER menu. It is
recommended that any changes made to a PROSPER file are saved before returningreturning
to GAP.
On re
retu
turn
rnin
ing
g to GAP af
afte
terr crea
creati
ting
ng the
the PROSPER file
file the
the PRO
PROSPE
SPER.OUT file
R.OUT file wi
willll

aut
uto
omati
matic
cally
lly be pla
placed
ced in the GAP wel
welll summa
mmary scree
reen PROSPER file
file path
path
Alternatively, use the Browse button to locate the PROSPER.OUT file. The
location. Alternatively,
*.out
*.out (e.g.
(e.g. Gasre
Gasres.O
s.OUT
UT)) PROSPER file
file sh
shou
ouldld be used
used in pref
prefer
eren
ence
ce to the
the inpu
inputt
(Gasres.SIN) and analysis (Gasres.ANL) files.
With the well file path defined, the status becomes valid. To further check that the
PROSPER file
file is prop
roperly
rly loc
located lect Run PROSPER an
ted selec and return to GAP by
selecting GAP on the PROSPER main menu.
Select OK to return to the GAP main window.
Save the GAP file by clicking on the save icon or File| Save and selecting Yes to
the overwrite confirmation.
2.1.
2.1.6
6 STEP
STEP 5 : Cal
Calcu
cula
late
te the
the Well
Well IPR
IPR and
and VLP
VLP
The Inflow
now Performance
Performan
be generated ce Relationby
automatically (IPR) and
batch Vertical
calls Lift Performance
to PROSPERPerforman
. ce (VLP) data can
The
Th e in
infl
flow
ow perf
perfor
orma
manc
ncee rela
relati
tion
onsh
ship
ip (IPR
(IPR)) of the
the well
well has
has been
been desc
descri
ribe
bed
d in the
the
PROSPER wel
welll model. We need
need to transfer
transfer the IPR from PROSPER to GAP. For gas
wells,
wel ls, while importing
importing the IPR from PROSPER to GAP, GAP takes three points from
the PROSPER IPR, and fits the three points to the Forcheimer Pseudo Pressure IPR
model or C & n IPR method (Defined by user in the IPR screen of the well in GAP).
From the main GAP ma maiin men elect Ge

menu sele Gene
nera
rate
te | Gene
Generarate
te Well
Well IPR'
IPR's
s with
with
PROSPE
PRO SPERR | All
All | Gene
Genera
rate
te. PROSPER wi
willll automa
automatic
tical
ally
ly be calle
called
d from
from GAP and
pass the IPR and PVT data to the GAP well IPR data section.
The process is displayed below.

Click on All to select all the valid wells in the model (in this case only one).
Figure 10: Select wells message
Generate
Cl
Clic
ick
k on
PROSPER). to proce
proceed
ed and
and the
the IPR will be gener
generate
ated
d (copie
(copied
d acros
across
s from
from
Click OK and go back to the main screen. Double-click on the Well icon to bring up
the well summary screen then select IPR tab to display the fluid PVT properties,
layer
(still inpressures
red). and temperatures obtained from PROSPER. Click on the More tab

GAP needs to know how water cut and GOR (case of oils) will evolve in future and
for this pseudo-relative permeability curves are required. For this example, fractional
flow rel perms shall be obtained "from tank model". Select this option and the IPR
becomes valid. Alternatively, selecting Validate will also remove the red invalid IPR
designation.
Generate Well VLP's from GAP

From the main GAP menu select Generate | Generate Well VLPs with PROSPER |
All | Data to specify the ranges of data for which the VLP curves should be
generated. PROSPER is called up to load the sensitivity
sensitivity values already stored within
it (if any). Enter the following sensitivity values:

Note that the Populate button

buttons
s can be used to create the tables rather than the
data being entered manually. Data required is as follows:
- Liquid rate: 1 - 150MMscf/day (Geometric spacing)

- Manifold pressure: 1300 - 10000 psig (Linear spacing)
- CGR: 0 and 0.1 stb/MMscf
stb/MMscf
- WGR: 0 - 100 (Linear spacing)
This table covers the range

range of possible
possible gas product
production
ion rates,
rates, manifold
manifold (well head)
pr
pres
essu
sureres
s and
and wate
waterr to gas
gas rati
ratios
os (WGR
(WGR)) that
that the
the well
ell may
may enco
encoununte
terr duri
during
ng a
predicti
pred iction.
on. Since
Since the gas is dry with a CGR of zero,
zero, the CGR will always
always be at this
value
value.. Howe
However
ver a minimu
minimumm value
value of 0.1stb
0.1stb/MM
/MMscf
scf CGR
CGR (negli
(negligib
gible)
le) is requir
required
ed by
multiphas
multiphase e flow correlation
correlations
s for their calculat
calculations
ions.. Hence
Hence 0 - 0.1stb/M
0.1stb/MMscf
Mscf CGR is
input for VLP curves generation.
Select OK and then Generate to perform the calculations using PROSPER: this may
take some time. Select OK | OK when the calculations have completed.
Go back
back to the main screen
screen.. Note
Note that the well
well is now valid
valid as the thick
thick red circle
circle
around the well has now disappeared. Double-click on the Well icon to bring up the
welll summary
wel summary screen.
screen. Notice also that the colour
colour of the VLP and IPR buttons
buttons have
have
now turned green indicating a valid GAP well model.

Now save the GAP file by clicking on save icon and selecting Yes to the overwrite
confirmation.
2.1.
2.1.7
7 STEP
STEP 6 : Defi
Define
ne pipe
pipelline
ine
The pipeline profile and equipment data will be input in this section for pressure drop
calculations along the pipe.
Double click on the pipeline in the GAP model using the left-hand mouse button and
select Input at the botto
bottomm of the
the sc
scree
reen,
n, follow
followeded by the Description tab, leaving
leaving
the Environment pro prope
pert
rtie
ies
s at thei
theirr defa
defaulultt valu
values
es for
for pipe
pipeli
line
ne temp
temper
erat
atur
ure
e
calculations. Enter the following pipe data:
Length = 10000 ft
TVD downstream = 0 ft
TVD upstream = 0 ft
Inside diameter = 6 INS
Roughness = 0.0006 INS

Select OK to return to the main screen.
2.1.
2.1.8
8 STEP
STEP 7 : Solv
Solve
e the
the GAP
GAP Net
Netwo
work
rk
This section
section describe
describes
s how to calculat
calculate
e producti
production
on from the integra
integrated
ted model.
model. This
This
objectiv
obje ctive
e is achieve
achievedd by solving
solving the network
network with the separato
separatorr pressure
pressure boundary
boundary
condition defined.
defined. The potential
potential of the system at a point in time is obtained thro
through
ugh
this approach
approach while MBAL calcul
calculatio
ations
ns will provide
provide reservoi
reservoirr pressure
pressure decline
decline with
time for prediction calculations.
Double-click using the left-hand mouse button on the GAP well model. Note that all
of the Data Summary
Summary flags are green and the Well has a green
green tick next to it in the
list of components
components on the right side of the Equipment Data Entry scree
screen.
n. If this is not
th
thee ca
case
se,, then
then the
the VLP
VLP an
and
d IPR
IPR mode
modelsls have
have not
not been
been ca
calc
lcul
ulat
ated
ed co
corr
rrec
ectl
tly
y and
and
STEP 5 should be repeated carefully.
To calculate the system production, select Solve Network from GAP menu. Set the
Separator Pressure to 1300
1300 ps
psig. Selectt Next | Calculate. Go back
ig. Selec back to the
the main
main
screen when calculation is completed.
The re
resul
sults
ts of a netwo
network
rk solve
solve can be obtai
obtaine
ned
d by hover
hovering
ing the mouse
mouse over
over each
each
networ
network
k elem
elemen
ent/
t/no
node
de as sh
show
own
n belo
below.
w. Amon
Among g info
inform
rmat
atio
ion
n disp
displa
laye
yed
d are:
are: Qoil
Qoil;;
Qwat; Qliq; Qgas; Pressure; Temp.; and dP for the exit point of that item.

The results can also be viewed by selecting Results | Detailed | All Items. The gas
production rate from the system is 72 MMscf/day. Select OK to return
return to the
the main
main
GAP window.
Save the GAP file

Save file by click
clicking
ing on sav
save
e icon
icon and
and select
selecting
ing Yes
Yes to tthe
he ove
overw
rwrit
rite
e
confirmation.
2.1.9
2.1.9 STEP
STEP 8 : Mater
Materia
iall Bala
Balanc
nce
e Predi
Predicti
ction
on
In this section a tank model is defined using MBAL, and a material balance
prediction of flow and pressure decline is undertaken.
Go to the MBAL Gas Reservoi

Reservoirr Example
Example now - Crea
Create
te the Tan
Tank
k. MBAL wil
willl be
activa
activated
ted direct
directly
ly from
from GAP by Doub
Double
le Cl
Clic
icki
king
ng on the
the tank
tank and
and then
then se
select Run
lect
MBAL from the bottom right hand corner of the Summary Screen as shown below.

If MBAL has been accessed from GAP, upon returning to GAP from MBAL, the path
of the MBAL file will be displayed in the Tank Summary Screen of GAP. If the MBAL
file
file has
has been
been prep
preparared
ed by runn
runnin
ing
g MBAL standa
standalone
lone/ind
/indepen
ependen
dently,
tly, then the file
path can be specifie
specifiedd by clicking
clicking on browse
browse to locate
locate the Gasres.mbi
Gasres.mbi file.
file. Note
Note that
the Tank component on the right side of the Equipment Data Entry screen now has a
green tick beside its name.
On the GAP main screen,

screen, there shall be no red circles around
around the tank or the well.
This
Th is in
indi
dica
cate
tes
s that
that all
all the
the data
data is va
vali
lid.
d. The
The GAP
GAP main
main scre
screen
en is as show
shown n in the
the
following figure.

The material balance tank model is now in place and a prediction

prediction can be performed.
performed.
A simple prediction
prediction will be run first,
first, with no constraints
constraints or events
events occurring
occurring during the
produ
roducctio
tion. This is essentiantialllly
y the sa
sam
me as the Solve lve Network calcalcul
culatio
ationn
performed
performed previously
previously,, except
except that
that a material
material balance
balance calculat
calculation
ion is perf
performe
ormedd after
after
each time step to update the reservoir pressure and PVT properties.
Select Prediction | Run Prediction and set the following time control data.
· Start Date 01/01/2005

· End Date 01/01/2020
· Step Size 1 Year(s)
Select Next | Next an

Select and
d input
input a Sepa
Separat
rator
or press
pressur
ure
e of 1300
1300 psig. Select Nex
psig. Select extt | C
alculate and allow the Solve Network cycle to be performed for each of the 15 time
steps requested.

Select Main to go to the main interface when the run is completed.
The results of the prediction calculation can be viewed by selecting from the main
GAP me
mennu Pr
Pred
edicicti
tion
on | Plot
Plot Node
Nodess Pred
Predic
icti
tion
on Resu
Resultlts
s, and
and high
highli
ligh
ghti
ting
ng the
the
Sepa
epara
rato
tor,
r, Man
Manifo
ifold 1 and
and 2 and
and Well
ell nodes from
from the
the resul
sultin
ting lis
list. Sinc
ince the
components are all in series, the flow parameters should be identical for each node
and curves should overlay.

Click on Plot and a plot window will appear. Select Variables and plot the Gas rate
nst time. Also plot Water rate, Reservo
against
agai Reservoirir pressure and Cum Gas Production
Production
results.

The init
The initia
iall and
and peak
peak gas
gas rate
rate sh
shou
ouldld be 72 MMsc
MMscf/f/da
day,
y, and
and the
the peak
peak wate
waterr rate
rate
should
shou ld be 44 STB/day
STB/day.. This
This water
water is the vaporised
vaporised and connate
connate water produced
produced as
the reservoi
reservoirr depress
depressuris
urises,
es, water
water expands
expands and formatio
formationn rocks
rocks contract Select M
contract.. Select
ain to return the main GAP window.
No constraints have been entered in this system, and it is always recommended

recommended that
none is entered
entered until the potentia
potentiall of the system
system has been establis
established
hed.. At this point
the user should consider design options and sensitivity analyses.
Now save the GAP file by clicking on save icon and selecting Yes to the overwrite
confirmation.
This conclude
concludes
s the first
first objectiv
objective
e of the exercis
exercise:
e: calcula
calculating
ting the system
system producti
production
on
in time.
2.1.1
2.1.10
0 STEP
STEP 9 : Cons
Constra
train
ints
ts
This
his sectio
tion explain
lains
s how to achievieve the sec
second objec
jective
tive of the exerci
rcise:
se: a
constrai
cons traint
nt will be applied
applied to the maximum flow rate that can be passed
passed through the
separator. Production from one well is not enough to meet the target rate constraint.
Howeve
How ever,
r, the use of two wells
wells gives a producti
production
on much higher
higher than the target
target rate
rate..
Thus, one of the wells will initially have to be choked back to satisfy the separator
constraint.

Select the well icon and add a new well next to the current well.
The already defined well properties (VLPs, IPR, PVT etc) can be copied to the new
wellll by holdin
we holding
g the Ctrl key down
down while
while selec
selectin
ting
g the first
first well
well with
with the left
left mouse
mouse
button, and dragging the mouse over the new well.
Add a link between the new well and the Manifold 2 using the link icon, and then
deselect the link icon.
Alternatively, right click on the first well and select Copy. Right click anywhere in the
Alternatively,
model and select Paste to paste the copied well. Link the well to manifold 1.
Enter the Summary Data Entry screen for the second well by double-clicking on the
well's icon with the left-hand mouse button. Change its label to Well 2 in the top left
of the screen,
screen, and then click on the green labelled dP Control in the lower
green tab labelled lower part
part
of the screen. These buttons are quick links to different screens of equipment input
data.
dat Set the “dP Control” to Calculated. This will simulate the presence of a well
a. Set
hea
he ad choke thathat allo
llows GAP to
to reduce the flow from the well and meet any
constraints imposed on the system.

Select OK. The potentially choked (controllable) well will have a thin red ring around
it.

Input the gas rate constra

constraint
int at the separato
separatorr by double-
double-clic
clicking
king using the left-ha
left-hand
nd
mouse button on the separator
separator icon.
icon. Navigat
Navigate
e to the Constraints
Constraints data entry
entry section
section
by clic
clicki
king
ng on the
the Cons
Constr
trai
aint
nts
s tab
tab in the
the lowe
lowerr ha
half
lf of the
the Equi
Equipm
pmen
entt Data
Data Entr
Entry
y
screen. Enter a Max gas production of 100 MMscf/day, and then select OK.

The se
The sepa
para
rato
torr co
cons
nstr
trai
aint
nt is sh
show
ownn on the
the sepa
separa
rato
torr icon
icon as two
two inwa
inward
rd poin
pointi
ting
ng
arrows. This is shown in the figure below.

ct So
Select
Sele Sollve Net
etwo
work
rk | Next
Next an
and
d clic the Op
lick on the Opti
timi
mise
se wi
with
th all
all Cons
Constra
train
ints
ts
option:

Next Calculate to sosolv

lve
e the
the sy
syst
stem
em wi
with
th the
the cons
constrtrai
aint
nt appl
applie
ied.
d. Cl
Click on Main to
ick
acce
access ss th
the
e main
main inte
interf
rfac
ace
e when
when the
the ca
calc
lcul
ulat
atio
ion
n is fini
finish
shed
ed.. Sinc
Since
e ther
there
e are
are two
two
wells: one fully open and the other with a wellhead choke (dP control), the optimiser
willl choke
wil choke back
back well 2 to achieve the constra
constraint
int set at the Separat
Separator.
or. To access
access the
resu lts, go to Results | Detailed | All Wells. The Gas pr
results, produc
oduction
tion for the
the two wells
wells
can be checked. Use Next to move to Well 2 and note that the production has been
choked back to 29 MMscf/day to achieve the constraint at separator.
A green rhombus will be seen across the separator
separator indicating that constraint
constraint of
100MMscf/day gas rate has been honoured. If this is not visible, the option can be
activated by selecting View | Highlight Limiting Constraints from the main menu.
If a prediction perforrmed (selecting Optimise with all constraints calculation

prediction run is perforrmed
option),
optio n), Well 2 will be choked back as long as the potentia
potentiall of the system
system is greater
greater
than the constraint set:

Save the GAP file using save icon and select Yes to overwrite the current file.
This concludes the objective of the exercise.
2.2 PROSPER Gas Well Example
This
This tu
tuto
tori
rial
al exam
exampl
ple
e is desi
design
gned
ed to prov
provid
ide
e a step
step-b
-by-
y-st
step
ep intr
introd
oduc
ucti
tion
on to the
the
PROSPER prog
program.
ram. The emphasis
emphasis is on the data entry
entry required
required to model
model a dry gas
produc
pro ducing
ing well for inc
inclus
lusion
ion into
into an integ
integrat
rated
ed gas syste
systemm model
model in GAP. See See the
the
GAP Gas Network Example for further details. Since it is hoped that this example will
be used as a phase in the GAP Ga Gass Netw
Networ
ork
k Exam
Exampl ple,
e, it is anti
antici
cipa
pate
ted
d that
that
PROSPER wil
willl have
have been loaded
loaded from within
within GAP. How
Howeve
everr if that is not
not the case,
case,
this example can also be run using the standalone version of PROSPER.
PROSPER is a single well characterisation/modeling

characterisation/modeling program. Its output is principally
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPRs) and Vertical Lift Performance curves (VLPs).
Thes
Th esee re
rela
lati
tion
ons
s resp
respec
ecti
tive
vely
ly desc
descri
ribe
be the
the infl
inflow
ow to the
the well
well sand
sandfaface
ce from
from the
the
reservo
rese rvoir
ir and the outflow
outflow from the well sandfac
sandfacee to a manifold
manifold (or well head)
head) at the
top of the well. These pressure
pressure and flow correlati
correlations
ons are heavily
heavily reliant
reliant on the PVT
(Pressur
(Pre ssure,
e, Volume,
Volume, and Temperat
Temperature
ure)) charact
characteris
eristics
tics of the produce
produced d fluid.
fluid. Using
Using
Inflow and Outflow,
Inflow Outflow, we know the behaviour
behaviour of the well in terms
terms of the flow rates
rates vs.
bottom hole pressures for a given mean reservoir pressure.

In addition PROSPER is equipped with techniques to validate the model by matching
know
kn own
n cocorr
rrel
elat
atio
ions
ns to obse
observ
rved
ed prod
produc
ucti
tion
on hist
histor
ory
y and
and also
also perf
perfor
ormi
ming
ng deta
detail
iled
ed
sensitivity analyses.
2.2.1 Objectives
· A naturally
naturally flowing 17,350
17,350 feet deep well.
· Tubing is 17250 feet long (2.992 inches ID) with 100 feet of casing (6 inches ID).
· The reservoir is at 11500psig and 230degF.
· Fluid is dry gas with no condensate or free water associated with it.
Objective:
· Design a PROSPER w
we
ell model for input into GAP gas inte
integr
grat
ated
ed mode
modeli
ling
ng
exercise.
· Calculate production capacity of the well.
· Design a simple well model in PROSPER.

· Calculate production.
2.2.1.2 Executive Summary

· Define PROSPER well modeling options/objectives

· Define fluid PVT model
· Define well completion data
· Define reservoir inflow performance
· Calculate production from the well
· Save file for inclusion into GAP gas integrated production model.
2.2.
2.2.2
2 STEP
STEP 1 : In
Init
itia
iali
lise
se PROS
PROSPE
PER
R
If PROSPER ha
has
s not
not been
been star
starte
ted
d from
from GAP, it ca
can
n be run
run stan
standa
dalo
lone
ne usin
using
g the
the
followin
following
g Windows
Windows commands:
commands: Start
Start | All Programs
Programs | Petrole
Petroleum
um Experts IPM 7.X |
PROSPER. See the PROSPER manual for more details on how to launch PROSPER.
It is necessa
necessary
ry to check
check that the current
current version
version of PROSPER has been loaded. The

vers
versio
ion
n of PROSPER be
bein
ing
g used
used can
can be se
seen
en in bott
bottom
om righ
rightt hand
hand side
side of ma
main
in
PROSPER interface or by selecting Help | About Prosper .
The command options (File, Options et etc.

c.)) at the top of the
the PROSPER wind
window
ow are
laid out in a logical order (left to right; top to bottom fashion) that reflects the order or
workflow required to design well models.
Sele
Se ct File | New to
lect to st
sta
art a new
new file
file if req
require
ired. This
his step
tep is not nec
necessar
sary if
PROSPER has been launched from GAP.
Note that files saved with version of PROSPER will not be

with this version be readable by previous
versions.
ct File
Select
Sele File | Prefer
Preferenc
ences
es fo
foll
llow
owed the File ta
ed by the tab.
b. It is reco
recomm
mmen
ende
dedd that
that the
the
Defaultt Data Directory fiel
Defaul field (using the Browse button) to a directory that is
d is set (using
exclusively used to store data files created with the current software version. This is
as shown in the following figure.
Select the Units ta

Select tab.
b. It is also
also import
important
ant to ensur
ensure
e that
that cons
consist
isten
entt units
units are used
throughout, particularly
particularly when data generated
generated by PROSPER may be incorporated into
an MBAL or GAP mo model
del.. Oilfie
Oilfield
ld units
units will be used
used for this exampl
example.e. Ensu
Ensure
re that
that
Input Units and Output Units box have Oilfield selected.
selected. Select Done to return to
the main PROSPER window.

2.2.3
2.2.3 STEP
STEP 2 : Defin
Define
e PRO
PROSP
SPER
ER Meth
Method
od/O
/Opt
ptio
ions
ns
In this section
section the well modeling
modeling objectiv
objectives
es in PROSPER are set e.g. well type, fluid
type e.t.c. Detailed information about these options will be entered later.
This example
example is focused
focused on a dry gas producing Select Options | Options to
producing well. Select
disp
ispla
lay
y the System
tem Summammary scree
reen. The Optio
ption
ns interf
terfa
ace define
fines
s the well
ell
modeling objective and based on this, the necessary data interfaces become active
in the model. Set the options shown below and click Done.
NOTE: The modeli

modelingng Options req
requir
uired
ed will
will autom
automati
atical
cally
ly be set
set if PROSPER was
activated directly from GAP.
2.2.
2.2.4
4 STEP
STEP 3 : Defi
Define
ne fl
flui
uid
d PVT
PVT Data
Data
An unmatched
unmatched Black Oil PVT mode modell shall
shall be emplo
employed
yed for fluid
fluid chara
charact
cteri
erisa
satio
tion.
n.
Select PVT |
| Input Data to enter
enter the PVT data.
data. Note the options
options to match
match Black
Black oil
correlations
correlations to measured data, or to use PVT data
data lookup tables. If lookup tables are
used, data covering the range of temperatures, pressures and GOR/CGR which may
be encountered by the well is required. Enter the following data and select Done.
Gas gravity 0.59

Separator pressure 100 psig
Conden
Condensat
sate
e to Gas
Gas Ratio
Ratio 0 STB/MM
STB/MMscf
scf

Condensate gravity 50 API

Water to Gas ratio 0 STB/MMscf
Water salinity 10000 ppm
Mole Percent H2S 0%
Mole Percent CO2 0%
Mole Percent N2 0%
Though a condensate gravity of 50 degAPI is specified, this is not used in

calculations since a CGR of zero is input. However a value of 5 degAPI or greater is
re
requ
quir
ired
ed by defau
default
lt.. See
See the PROSPER man
manua
uall on deta
detail
ils
s of how
how to chan
change
ge unit
unit
range defaults.
2.2.5
2.2.5 STEP
STEP 4 : Def
Defin
ine
e Well
Well Infl
Inflow
ow and
and Equi
Equipm
pmen
entt data
data
This step defines the properties of the reservoir and well that will determine the flow
rate of the produced fluid for a given reservoir pressure and well head pressure.
Select Sys
Select System
tem | Equipme
Equipment nt (Tubing
(Tubing etc) to input
input the well prope
properti
rties. Selectt All,
es. Selec
and then Edit. Ente
Enterr the followin
following
g deviati
deviation
on survey
survey data describ
describing
ing a vertical
vertical well
profile
profi 17350 ft. Click Done when the deviation survey data has
le down to a depth of 17350
been entered.
Measured Depth True Vertical Depth

(ft) (ft)
0 0
17350 17350

No surface equipment is required in this model. Note that all equipment between the
well head and manifold defined in GAP wo would
uld in gene
general
ral have to be input
input here so
thatt th
tha the
e vario
various
us press
pressur
ure
e drops
drops due
due to these
these eq
equip
uipmen
ments
ts are accou
accounte
nted
d for in the
VLP. Select Cancel.
Enter the following

Enter following tubing and casing
casing data in the downho
downhole
le equipmen
equipmentt screen,
screen, and
then click Done.
Type Measured depth Inside Roughness

(ft) diameter (in) (in)
X’mass 0 - -
tree
Tubing 17250 2.992 0.0006
Casing 17350 6 0.0006

A temperature
temperature profile for
for the well is required.
required. This is
is defined by a temperature
temperature m
model
odel
selected under System Options. Please see section of PROSPER Userguide for
more information on temperature models.
This mode
This modell is perf
perfor
ormi
ming
ng a pres
pressu
sure
re and
and temp
temper
erat
atur
ure
e calc
calcul
ulat
atio
ion,
n, ther
theref
efor
ore
e the
the
temperature of the surrounding formations and a mean heat transfer coefficient are
required. Enter the following linear geothermal gradient and then select Done.
Measured
Meas ured Depth
Depth (ft) Formati
Formation
on tempe
temperatu
rature
re (
oF)
0 60
17350 230
Overall heat transfer coefficient 3 BTU/ft2/F/hr

BTU/ft2/F/h r

The fluid average heat capacities shall be left at their default values. Click on Done
to accept the values.
Back on the main Equipment data entry screen. Select Summary | Draw Downhole
to view a schematic of the downhole equipment. Select Main to save the input data
and return to the main PROSPER window.

The equipment data defined will be used with a VLP correlation function for
estima
estimatio
tion
n of press
pressure
ure drops
drops in the wel
welll (i.e.
(i.e. defin
define
e the VLP).
VLP). The
The next
next ste
step
p is to
define the well inflow using an Inflow Performance model.
In PROSPER main screen, select System | Inflow Performance to call

screen, select call up the IPR

Input screen. Click on the Petroleum Experts Reservoir Model and Enter Skin By
Hand for the Mechanic
Mechanical/G
al/Geome
eometric
trical
al Skin.
Skin. Set the followin
following
g data in the lower right
of the screen.
· Reservoir Pressure 11500 psig

· Reservoir Temperature 230 degrees F
· Water Gas Ratio 0 STB/MMscf
· Condensate Gas Ratio 0 STB/MMscf
Select the Input Data button at the top right of the interface
Select interface and enter
enter the following
following
data within the Reservoir Model section.
· Reservoir Permeability 20 md
· Reservoir Thickness 100 feet
· Drainage Area 2500 acres
· Dietz Shape Factor 31.6
· Wellbore Radius 0.354 feet
· Perforation Interval 30 feet
· Time 100 days
· Reservoir Porosity 0.2
· Swc 0.2

Select the Mech/G

Mech/Geom
eom Skin tab and enter
enter a skin value of 2. Select
skin value Select Calculate. An
IPR plot showing the inflow to the well as a function of the well’s sandface pressure
will be shown. An AOF of 143 MMscf/day is shown as the maximum flow obtainable.

Absolute open flow

flow (AOF) for gases in PROSPER is limited to 150MMscf/day and oils
to 40,000stb/day by default. If AOF of the well being modelled exceeds these values
(i.
(i.e.
e. pr
press
essur
ure
e not
not at a value
value of zero)
zero),, the IPR will be trunca
truncated
ted.. The
The limits
limits can be
changed
chan going to File | Preferences | Limits
ged by going Limits and inserting higher values for the
AOF.
Modell valid
Mode lidatio
tion canno
nott be perform
formed
ed for this
his exampmple
le since
nce no produ
oduction
tion//
measured data exists for the well. The next step is to calculate the production of the
well (VLP+IPR intersection). Select Calculation | System (IPR+VLP) | 3 variables
and enter the following data.
· Top Node Pressure 1500 psig

· Water Gas Ratio 0 STB/MMscf
· Condensate Gas Ratio 0 STB/MMscf
· Vertical Lift Correlation Petroleum Experts 2
2
· Solution Node Bottom Node
· Rate Method Automatic - Linear

An unmatched
unmatched VLP correlation
correlation (Petroleum
(Petroleum experts 2) will be used to calculate
pressure drops in the well. If test data exists, a suitable correlation can be matched
to reproduce the pressure drops in the well in reality and this will be selected here.
Select Contin
Continue
ue | Continue
Continue | Calculate
Calculate. The production from the system and other
parameters are displayed under solution details on the right. Scroll right (towards the
bottom
bottom of the screen)
screen) within the Results display
display until the dP Friction
Friction and dP Gravity
Gravity
columns
sure are
pressure
pres dropshown.
within Notice
welthat
the well fornates
moderate
l dominate
domi and large
s the gravitation
gravita gas
tional
al preflow
pressur rates,
e dropthe
ssure to frictional
such
such an
extent that these flow rates are unlikely to ever be achieved, suggesting that perhaps
a larger diameter well should be considered. Select Plot to display the results.

The X-axis shows the produced gas flow rate and the Y-axis shows the well
sandface pressure.
pressure. The reservoir
reservoir pressure has
has been set to 11500 psig and the well
well
head
hea d press
pressure
ure to 1500
1500 psig.
psig. For
For these
these pressu
pressure
res,
s, the IPR (green
(green curve
curve)) and
and VLP
VLP
(red
(red curve
curve)) inter
interse
sect
ct at a well
well sa
sand
ndfac
facee press
pressure
ure of 8644
8644 ps
psig
ig and
and flow
flow rate
rate of 72
MMscf/day, these being the flow conditions that the well would actually achieve (i.e.
the unique
unique flow pressure
pressure solution
solution that lies on both the IPR and VLP curves).
curves). Move
th
the
e mou
mouse cur
cursor within
thin the
the plot to disisp
play
lay the
the X and Y coocoordin
dinate
ate valu
alues ar
are
e
displayed at the top right of the screen.
The relatively steep gradient of the VLP curve compared with the IPR curve indicates
that a high percentage of the pressure drop from the reservoir to the well head is as
a result of high frictional resistance within the well.
Sele ct Fini
Select Finish.
sh. Save the PROSPER file
file as Gasr
Gasres
es.o
.out
ut in a suit
suitab
able
le dire
direct
ctor
ory
y by
clicking File |Save As.
If PROSPER wa
was
s being
being run from GAP, select GAP on the menu bar to return to the
GAP Gas Network Example documentation, otherwise select File | Exit.
This completes the PROSPER gas well modeling exercise - Click here to Return to
GAP
2.3 MBAL Gas Reservoir Example
This tutorial example is designed to provide a step-by-step

step-by-step introduction to the MBAL
program. The emphasis is on the data entry required to model a dry gas reservoir for
inclusio
inclusion
n into an Integrat
Integrated
ed gas system
system model
model in GAP. SeSeee the GAP Gas Example

for further details.
MBAL i is
s a rese
reserv
rvoi
oirr anal
analys
ysis
is tool
tool that
that ma
make
kes
s use
use of the
the prod
produc
ucti
tion
on hist
histor
ory
y of a
re
rese
serv
rvoi
oirr and
and the
the PVT ch
chara
aracte
cteris
ristic
tics
s of the prod
product
uction
ion fluid
fluid in perfo
performi
rming
ng mass
mass
balance calculations
calculations to estimate the original volumes of fluid in place and identify the
dr
driv
ivin
ingg mech
mechan
anis
isms
ms actiacting
ng wi
with
thin
in the
the rese
reserv
rvoi
oirr (e.g
(e.g.. flui
fluid
d expa
expans
nsio
ion,
n, form
format
atio
ion
n
expansion and aquifer inflow). Good PVT characterisation and production history are
usua
usualllly
y an es
esse
sentntia
iall inpu
inputt to an MBAL cal
calcu
culat
lation
ion,, but
but for this
this tutor
tutoria
iall exampl
example
e a
minimum of input data is required.
With respect
respect to the GAP Gas Example, the purpose of the MBAL model is to define
the reservoi
reservoirr charact
characteris
eristics
tics so that material
material balance
balance predict
prediction
ion calculat
calculations
ions can be
performed by GAP.
2.3.1 Objectives
· A dry gas
gas reservoir
reservoir with no
no condensate or free water
water associated
associated with it.
it.
· The reservoir volume is 600Bscf of dry gas at 11500psig and 230degF.
Objective:
· Design a MBAL tank model for input into GAP gas integrated modeling exercise.

· Design a simple reservoir/tank model in MBAL.

· Define MBAL reservoir modeling options/objectives

· Input tank paramete
parameters
rs for volu
volumes
mes and saturati
saturations,
ons, initial conditi
conditions
ons of pressur
pressure
e
and temperature e.t.c
· Save file for inclusion into GAP gas integrated production model.
2.3.
2.3.2
2 STEP
STEP 1 : Ini
Initi
tial
alis
ise
e MBA
MBAL
L
If MBAL has not been started from GAP, it can be run standalone by using the
following
MBAL. See Windows commands:
the MBAL Start
manual for | Alldetails
more Programs | Petroleum
on how to launchExperts
MBAL.
IPM 7.X |

Fr
From
om GAP th
the
e MBAL pro
progr
gram
am ca
can
n be star
starte
ted
d from
from the
the tank
tank summ
summar
ary
y scre
screen
en by
clicking on R un MB AL as shown in the following figure.
When MBAL is launched, the following interface appears.

Check that the current

Check current version
version of MBAL has been
been loaded.
loaded. The version
version number
number can
be checked by selecting Help | About MBAL Package.
From the main MBAL me menu

nu select To
select Tool
ol | Mate
Materi
rial
al Bala
Balanc
nce
e to
to start an MBAL
material balance session.
The command options (File, Tool, Options etc.) at the top of the MBAL window are
lai
laid
d out in a logica
logicall order
order (left to right;
right; top
top to bottom
bottom)) that
that reflec
reflects
ts the seque
sequence
nce of
operations required
required to build a valid tank model. Note that files saved with this version
of MBAL will not be
be readable by previous versions. It is therefore recommended that
the File | Data Directory option is set to a directory that is exclusively used to store
data files created with the current software version.
It is important to ensure that consistent units are used throughout, particularly when
data generated
generated by MBAL may be incorporated into a GAP model. Oilfield
Oilfield units
units will
be used for this example. Select Units to view the units used by MBAL for both input
and output,
output
output , as
units, well
and asselect
then the expected
expect
Doneed ranges. Select Oilfield for both input
. data ranges. input and

2.3.
2.3.3
3 STEP
STEP 2 : Def
Defin
ine
e MBAL
MBAL Met
Metho
hod/
d/Op
Opti
tion
ons
s
In this section
section the type of reservo
reservoir
ir fluid
fluid and tank model that fulfils MBAL modeling
objective will be defined. Their detailed specification will be entered later.
This example is focused on modeling a dry gas reservoir. Select Options to display
the System Options screen. The options interface defines the MBAL tank modeling
obje
object
ctiv
ive
e and
and base
basedd on this
this,, the
the nece
necess
ssar
ary
y data
data sect
sectio
ions
ns beco
become
me acti
active
ve in the
the
model. Set the options shown in the figure below and then select Done.

2.3.
2.3.4
4 STEP
STEP 3 : Defi
Define
ne PVT
PVT Data
Data
An unmatched Black Oil PVT sahll

sahll be used for fluid characterisation. Select PVT |
fluid characterisation. | F
lu
luid
id Prope
Properti
rties
es to
to enter the PVT da
data. Note the options to match Black oil
correlations to measured data, or to use lookup tables of PVT data.
data.
The
Th e PVT
PVT data
data used
used by MBAL mu must
st be the same
same as that
that used
used by PROSPER if an
integrated
integrated GAP mod
model
el involv
involvining
g MBAL an and PROSPER is
is to be use
used. To aid this
process,
proc ess, MBAL ca
can
n im
impo
portrt the
the PVT
PVT data
data used
used by PROSPER by usin
using the Import
g the
butt
bu tton
on to im
impo
port
rt a PVT file
file ge
gene
nerat
rated
ed by PROSPER (e.g. GASRES.
GASRES.PVT ).
) . If this
this is
done, then the same matching to correlations or tabulated values must be initialised
within MBAL.
Ent
nter
er the flu
fluid PVT data as shown in the the fig
figure below
low, and sele
elect Done. The
condensate gravity of 50 API will not be used in calculations since CGR is zero, but
a value
value greater
greater than 5 is require
required
d by defau
default.
lt. See
See the MBAL manual for details on
how to change unit range defaults.
Gas gravity 0.59

Sep
Cond
Co arensa
ndenatsate
or te
pretossGas
ures rat
Ga ratio
io 10STB/
0 0 pB/MM
ST siMMsc
g scf
f
Condensate gravity 50 API


Mole percent H2S 0%
Mole percent CO2 0%
Mole percent N2 0%
2.3.
2.3.5
5 STEP
STEP 4 : Defi
Define
ne Tank
Tank Para
Parame
mete
ters
rs
This st
This step
ep defi
define
ness the
the phys
physic
ical
al prop
proper
erti
ties
es of the
the rese
reserv
rvoi
oirr requ
requir
ired
ed for
for mate
materi
rial
al
balance calculations.
Fr
From
om MBAL ma mainin screen
screen,, se lectt Inpu
selec Inputt | Tank
Tank Data
Data to input
input the
the tank
tank prope
properti
rties
es..
In
Inpu
putt th
the
e fo
foll
llow
owin
ing
g para
parame
meteters
rs wi
with
thin
in the
the Tank
Tank Inpu
Inputt Data
Data sc
scre
reen The Validate
en.. The
button
butto n at the bottom
bottom of the screens
screens can be usedused to validate
validate the data input
input for each
screen.
Tank
· TankParameters
Type Gas
· Temperature 230 deg F
· Initial Pressure 11500 psig
· Porosity 0.2 fraction
· Connate Water Saturation 0.2 fraction
· Water Compressibility Use Corr (1/psi)
· Original Gas In Place 600000 MMscf
· Start of Production 01/01/2005
Water Influx
· Model None
Rock Properties
· Check the From Correlation radio button

Relative Permeability
· Rel Perm from Corey Functions
· Water Sweep Eff. 100%
· Hysteresis No
Residual End Point Exponent

Saturation
Krw 0.2 0.8 2
Krg 0.01 0.9 1.5
Not
ote
e that the resi
esidua
dual satur
turatio
ation
n for
for water
ter cor
corres
responds to the connate
ate water
ter
saturation.
There is no Pore Volume vs. Depth or Producti

There Production
on History
History to be entered.
entered. Select D
Select
one when the data has been entered.
With no prprodu
oducti
ction
on histor
history
y availa
available
ble,, prod
product
uction
ion histor
history
y matchi
matching
ng is not possib
possible.
le.
Select File | Save As to save the MBAL data. Enter the the file name GasRes.MBI
GasRes.MBI and
save the file in a suitable directory.
If MBAL w was
as bein
being
g run
run from
from GAP, clclic
icki
king
ng on GAP on the
the main
main menu
menu give
gives
s the
the
option to return back to GAP. Click on O.K. to return the main GAP interface.
If MBAL was being ran stand-alone, select File | Exit to exit

exit the application.
application. In GAP,
from the tank summary screen browse to the MBAL file to validate the tank.
This concludes the MBAL gas reservoir modeling example. - Click here to return to
the GAP Tutorial Now.
2.4 GAP G
Ga
as-Lifted S
Sy
ystem E
Ex
xample
The main
The main obje
object
ctiv
ive
e of this
this exam
exampl
ple
e is to show
show how
how thethe non-
non-li
line
near
ar opti
optimi
misa
sati
tion
on
capability of GAP can be used to optimize the gas lift allocation to gas lifted wells in
a simple
simple producti
production
on system,
system, thereby
thereby optimisi
optimising/m
ng/maxim
aximisin
ising
g the total
total oil producti
production
on
from the field.

2.4.1 Objectives
This
This tu
tuto
tori
rial
al offe
offers
rs a guid
guide
e to se
sett
ttin
ing
g up of the
the exam
exampl
ple,
e, and
and also
also an over
overvi
view
ew of
GAP
ot
othe
herr points
These functio
func
willtiona
nalit
be lities
ies that
made tha t can/w
in thecan/will
bodyillofbe
theus
used
ed to ac
text. achie
hieve
ve the modeli
modeling
ng objec
objectiv
tive.
e.
It is encouraged to navigate through other GAP featu
features
res as one proceeds
proceeds through
through
the example as this is a useful way of learning about other features not described
here. For more details on a particular feature, please refer to the main GAP manual.
· An oilfield has two gas lifted

lifted wells:
wells: well GL1
GL1 and well
well GL2.
· Each well is tied back to the riser base via a 1500 ft flowline.
· Each flowline has an ID of 5 inches.
· The riser is 500 ft long and has an ID of 10 inches.
· The
flat.
platform is at 500 ft above
platform above the seabed.
seabed. The seabe
seabed
d is assume
assumed
d to be
The obje
The jec
ctive
tives
s of the exercis
rcise
e is to max
maximis
imise
e prod
roductio
tion fro
from a gas
gas lifte
ifted
d oil
producti
production
on system
system by re-alloc
re-allocatin
ating
g produced
produced gas across
across the wells in the system
system
using the S olve Networ
Networkk calculation.
NOTE: The model will also include an MBAL tank that is not necessary to have
when using the S olve Networ
Networkk cal
calcu
cual
altio
tion,
n, enab
enabli
ling
ng a pred
predic
icti
tion
on to be
performed if desired once the gas lift optimisation tutorial has been
completed

· Design a simple integrated gas lifted model in GAP

well models in GAP
models in GAP
· Calculate system potential
· Optimise system production through gas lift allocation to wells
The st
steps
eps rerequi
quired
red to build
build the
the integ
integra
rated
ted netw
network
ork model
model are
are listed
listed below
below.. Thes
Thesee
gene
genera
rall
lly
y ar
are
e the
the stan
standa
dard
rd step
steps
s requ
requir
ired
ed and
and may
may va
vary
ry de
depe
pend
ndin
ing
g on mode
modeliling
ng

objectives (e.g. inclusion of tank models for reservoir perfomance prediction).

· Setting up the system
· Drawing the schematics of the system
· Setting up the well models
· Describing the surface network
· Generating the inflow performances from existing well models
· Generating lift curves for the wells
· Optimal allocation of gas lift gas available
· Analysing
Analysin g the results
2.4.
4.2
2 STEP 1 : Sy
Syste
tem
m Set
etu
up
This section sets GAP up for construction of the network. The steps are:
· Start a new file.
· Set up the optimisation method.
· Set
Set up
up the
the units.
gas injection source.
2.4.2.1 Starting a New File
Select File ½ New to start up a new file. This option clears the current screen display
and resets the program workspace to initial values.
2.4.2.2 GAP options setup
To se
set-
t-up
up the
the opti
optimi
misa
sati
tion
on meth
method
od and
and othe
otherr GAP opt
option
ions,
s, choose Op
choose Opti
tion
ons
s | M
ethod
Select the following input parameters:
· System type: Production

Wate
Wa terr and
and gas
gas inje
inject
ctio
ion
n sy
syst
stem
ems
s can
can also
also be mode
modell
lled
ed.. When
When perf
perfor
ormi
ming
ng a
pr
pred
edic
icti
tion
on run,
run, thes
thesee inje
inject
ctio
ion
n sy
syst
stem
ems
s can
can be asso
associ
ciat
ated
ed with
with a prod
produc
ucti
tion
on
system to provide voidage replacement (for example) into the producing
reservoirs.
· Optimisation Method: Production
Various optimisation methods (e.g. Reveue, heating value e.t.c) are available.
· PVT Model: Black Oil
Please
Ple ase see Secti
Section
on 1.3 of the GAP User Guide for a detailed description of the
fluid modeling options.

· Prediction: None
One can run predictive models in GAP, either using a simple decline curve model
or by linking to Petro
Petroleu
leum
m Experts’ MBAL pro
Experts’ progr
gram
am to perf
perfor
orm
m Mate
Materi
rial
al Bala
Balanc
nce
e
calculations.. Connectivity to Petroleum
calculations Petroleum Expert’s REVEAL numerical simulator can
also be done.
· Prediction Method: Pressure and temperature

This allows GAP to perf
perfor
orm
m pres
pressu
sure
re and
and temp
temper
erat
atur
ure
e drop
drop calc
calcul
ulat
atio
ions
ns in
pipeline models.
· Water Vapor: No Calculation or Calculate Condensed Water Vapor
This
Thi s optio
option
n is av
avail
ailab
able
le for Dry and
and Wet Gas andand Retro
Retrogr
grade
ade Conde
Condens
nsate
ate fluid
fluid
types
types.. If the Calc
Calcula
ulate
te Cond
Condens
ensed
ed Water
Water Vapor
Vapor option
option has been
been set, then
then the
cond
condenensa
sati
tion
on of wate
waterr vapo
vaporr will
will be take
taken
n into
into acco
accoun
untt in the
the pres
pressu
sure
re drop
drop
calculations.
· Temperature Model: Rough Approximation
This is the default temperature model in GAP. GAP uses
uses an
an Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficie
Coef ficient
nt specifi
specified
ed by the user alongsid
alongside
e envirom
enviromenta
entall temperat
temperature
ure conditi
conditions
ons
and fluid heat capacities, to determine the heat lost by the fluid to the
surroundings.

Select Ok to conclude this step.
2.4.2.3 Units setup
To set-up
set-up the input
input and
and outpu
outputt units, click on Opt
units, click Option
ions
s | Units
Units and selec
selectt the unit
unit
system required.
Clicking
Clickin g on the cell below the Input or Output
Output column
column header
header (default
(defaulted
ed to Oilfield)
Oilfield)
will yield a selectable list of available units systems. Oilfield units shall be employed
throughout this example.
For more information on units systems in GAP, ple
pleas
ase
e refer
refer to the units
units secti
section
on of
the online help or the GAP manual.

Click on Ok to complete this step.
2.4.2.4 Injection fluid setup
If the integrated model contains gas injections sources (either gas lifted wells or gas
injection into a reservoir model) or any fluid injection source, the fluid characteristics
need to be defined.
GAP maintains a list of gas injection sources with different gas gravities and impurity
levels (and compositions if compositional tracking is enabled). These can be edited
by selecting Options | Injection fluids. When a new file is created, a default entry
entry is
supplied with a specific gravity
gravity of 0.7 and no impurities. This entry can be edited or a
new entry created.

When gas lifteed well models are set up, the gas source can be set to any gas PVT
type defined under Injection fluids.
The default gas fluid properties shall be used.
2.4.
2.4.3
3 STEP
STEP 2 : Sys
Syste
tem
m sch
schem
emat
atic
ics
s
The sc
The sche
hema
mati
tics
cs of the
the gas
gas inje
inject
ctio
ion
n netw
networ
ork
k sh
shal
alll be defi
define
ned
d in this
this se
sect
ctio
ion
n The
The
various network element models will be entered once the network is in place.
2.4.3.1 Adding Wells
To creat
create
e the
the wells,
wells, click
click on
on the
the ‘Add
‘Add Well’
Well’ icon,
icon, from the toolbar
toolbar.. One
One may
may now
now
click
lick on anywherhere on the the scree
reen and a wellell ico
icon will be crea
reated
ted at that
hat point.
int.
Whenever an equipment icon is created, a label can be entered. Click OK once the
well name is entered.
The first well will be labelled GL1 and the second wel welll GL2. Users are encouraged
encouraged to
use actual well names as labels for their wells.
A well (or any equipment
equipment type) can be moved across the main GAP inter interface
face by
holding
holding down the shift
shift key,
key, selectin
selectingg the icon and moving it to the desired
desired location
location..
vely, select the Move to
Alternatively,
Alternati tool
ol from
from the
the tool
toolba
barr and
and drag
drag the
the item
item to the
the new
new
location.
A well (or
(or any equipment
equipment type)
type) can be deleted
deleted by clicking
clicking on the Delete button
button on the

toolbar and clicking on the element that needs to be deleted. If a piece of equipment
needs
need s to be removed
removed from the system
system temporaril
temporarily,
y, then it is preferab
preferable
le to Mask the
item – select the Mask tool from the toolbar to achieve this.
The option of viewing a grid can be activated by View | Draw Grid.
See the GAP manual for more details on user interface functionality.
Ü TIP: Eq
Equi
uipm
pmen
entt butt
button
ons
s (suc
(such
h as ‘Add
‘Add Well
Well’)
’) can
can be
selectedarea
window by clicking thea right-hand
to create drop-down mouse button in the
menu. Alternatively,
the tools are also selectable from the toolbar buttons.
2.4.3.2 Tie-backs
Joints are needed to hook up the wells to the tiebacks. Joints (or manifolds) are used
as connection tools in GAP. They are also used to specify wellheads.
To cr
crea
eate
te a join
jointt ic
icon
on,, se
sele
lect
ct the
the ‘Add
‘Add Jo
Join
int’
t’ opti
option
on from
from the
the tool
toolba
bar.
r. Cl
Clic
ick
k on the
the
screen at desired location (above each well icon, for instance).
The joint to be connected to the well GL1 will be labelled WH1-GL1, and the second
joint will
will be labelled WH2-GL2.
WH2-GL2.
A third joint called "Manifold"
"Manifold" shall be used to gather production from the individual
individual

tiebacks and wells. This will be labelled ‘Manifold’.

A fourth joint will be used to indicate
indicate the "Riser top".
These joints will be connected together with pipes at a later stage.
2.4.3.3 The Platform
The platform is represented as a separator.

To create a separator icon, select the ‘Add Separator’ option from the tool bar. Click
on the requir
required
ed locati
location
on on the
the scree
screen
n and an icon
icon will
will be creat
created
ed,, as above
above.. The
The
separator will be labelled ‘Platform’.
2.4.3.4 Pipes/Links
Ü TIP: Pipes are created using the ‘Add Link’ tool from the
toolbar. The reason for this name is that this tool can
also be used to create logical connections (for example,
well to reservoir, or compressor to manifold): whether a
pipe or a connection is made depends on the equipment
being connected.
To conn
connec
ectt the
the diff
differ
eren
entt equi
equipm
pmenent,
t, the
the ‘Add
‘Add Link
Link’’ bu
butt
tton
on is sele
select
cted
ed from
from the
the
toolbar.
toolbar. Connec
Connection
tionss in integrat
integrated
ed models
models in GAP are made in the direction of fluid

flow.
Link well GL1 to its wellhead WH1-GL1 by clicking on the well icon GL1, and drag a
connection to the WH1-GL1 joint.
Repeat the process with GL2 and WH2-GL2.
Repeat
Repe at the process
process between
between WH1-GL1
WH1-GL1 and Manifold
Manifold and between
between WH2-GL2
WH2-GL2 and
Manifold.
Link the Manifold to the Riser Top: this will become the Riser .
Finally, link the Riser top to the Platform.
Ü It ca
can n be se
seen
en that
that pipe
pipeli
line
ness are
are defi
define
nedd betw
betweeeen
n the
the
wells
we lls and the manif
manifold
old,, and the
the manifo
manifold
ld and
and the riser
to
top.
p. Howe
Howeve
verr co
conn
nnececti
tion
onss betw
betweeeen
n the
the well
wells
s and
and the
the
wellhead joints and that between Riser top and Platform
only have links between them. This is because the well
model is expected to include all equipment up to the well
head
he ad and
and acco
accoun
untt for
for thei
theirr pres
pressu
sure
re drop
drops.
s. Pr
Pres
essu
sure
re
drops are modelled for all other pipes and depend on a
pipeline description, as described below.
Labeling

The tieb
The tiebac
ack
k betw
betwee
een
n WH1-
WH1-GLGL1 1 and
and the
the mani
manifo
fold
ld wi
will
ll be labe
labele
led
d ‘Tie
‘Tie One’
One’.. The
The
tieb
tiebac
ackk betw
betwee
eenn WH2-
WH2-GL
GL22 and
and the
the mani
manifofold
ld wi
will
ll be labe
labele
ledd ‘Tie
‘Tie Two’
Two’.. the
the pipe
pipe
between manifold and riser will be labelled 'Riser'.
Pipe labelling can be achieved by double-clicking on the pipe and entering its label at
the top left hand corner of the summary interface.
2.4.3.5 Other Drawing Options
The user interface can be configured in several ways.

· It may be desire
desired
d to input
input a name
name for the model.
model. This is done
done by click
clicking
ing on
Options | Edit System Summary and inputing the title ‘Tutorial GAP Example’
(for example). This text will now appear as a heading for the system network on
the main interface.
· Clicking the right hand mouse button on the main interface and selecting the
Fonts op
opti
tion
on can
can chan
change
ge the
the sc
scre
reen
en font
fonts.
s. Clic
Clicki
king
ng the
the righ
rightt hand
hand mous
mouse
e
button on the title can change the title font.
· Selecting Icon Sizes from the same drop-down menu can change the sizes of
the icons on the GAP screen. This may be useful if building a large model.

Please consult the user manual or online help for more options.
The basi
The basic
c sc
sche
hema
mati
tic
c is now
now se
sett up,
up, as sh
show
own
n abov
above.e. The
The next
next step
step is to prov
provid
ide
e
information/models about the various equipment in the network.
2.4.
2.4.4
4 STEP
STEP 3 : Desc
Descri
ribi
bing
ng the
the wel
wells
ls
This section describes set up of the GAP well models.

It is recommended that the system is described from the wells to the top node. There
are various quality
quality checking functions that can be performed at the well level prior to
building the whole system. These will be demonstrated in the following chapters.
Ü TIP (no
(notte on ente
ntering equip
quipm
ment da
datta): Th
The
e basi
basic
c
means
mean s of ente
enteri
ring
ng data
data is fromfrom the
the equi
equipm
pmen
entt data
data
entry
entr y screen.
screen. This can be accesse
accessed d by dou
double
ble clicking
clicking
on any equipment icon. The data entry screen consists
of a data entry area and a list of network equipment on
the right.
right. Descr
Descript
iption
ions
s of sever
several al piece
pieces
s of equip
equipmen
mentt
can be enter
entered
ed in one edit session
session by clicki
clicking
ng on the
the
entri
en tries
es in the equipm
equipmentent list
list to bring
bring up differ
different
ent entry
entry
screens.
October, 2009
IPM Tutorials
2.4.4.1 Well models

Well GL1
To describe the well model, double click on the Well GL1 icon. This calls up the ‘Well
Data Entry - Summary screen’ for this well. Enter the following data:
· Label: GL1
· Mask: Include In System
· Well Type: Oil Producer (Gas Lifted)
· Well file: C: C:\P
\Pro
rogr
gram
am Fi File
les\
s\Pe
Petr
trol
oleu
eum
m Expe Expert
rts\
s\IP
IPM
M 7.x\
7.x\Sa
Samp
mple
les\
s\Wo
Work
rked
ed
Examples\Dexterity Examples\GL1.OUT
· Wells can be modelled using
using Petroleum Experts ’ PROSPER package, as done in this
example. Enter the above PROSPER well file in this field, either typing it directly
or using the ‘Browse’ button to invoke a file browser.
· Model: VLP/IPR intersection
· Control: Gas Lift
Lift Contro Mode - Calculated (it is not necessary
Controll Mode necessary to include a
Min and Max Gas Injection Rate)
Click Ok to complete this step, or go directly to the next well using the equipment list
on the right.
Well GL2

Enter the following data:-

· Label: GL2
· Mask: Include In System
· Well Type: Oil Producer(Gas Lifted)
· Well file: C: C:\P
\Pro
rogr
gram
am Fi
File
les\
s\Pe
Petr
trol
oleu
eum
m Expe
Expert
rts\
s\IP
IPM
M 7.x\
7.x\Sa
Samp
mple
les\
s\Wo
Work
rked
ed
Examples\Dexterity Examples\GL2.OUT
· Model: VLP/IPR intersection
· Control: Gas Lift
Lift Contro Mode - Calculated (it is not necessary
Controll Mode necessary to include a
Min and Max Gas Injection Rate)
Click Ok to complete this step.

Ü Note: Al
All data specified above was input on the
summary screen.
screen. The data entryentry screen
screen is divided
divided into
three parts as indicate
indicatedd from the toggle
toggle buttons at the
bottom right of the screen: Summary , Input , and
Results. Clic
lick on the
the inpu
putt and resulsults button
ttonss and
have
hav e a look
look at the various
various catego
categorieries
s of data
data that
that are
available: for example, the first tab on the input screen
allows
allows you to set up the gas lift injection
injection source for the
well.
2.4.4.2 Generating IPRs From Existing PROSPER Well Models
With a PROSPER file associated to the GAP well model, an IPR import from prosper
can be made.
When IPR's are transferred, GAP receives three points that lie on the PROSPER IPR
along with PVT parameters
parameters and reservoir pressure. GAP then performs a match to
this data to obtain the PI.
To transfer the well IPRs from the existing PROSPER well models select Generate |
Generate well IPRs with PROSPER on the GAP main menu and then follow the on-
screen instructions. The following screen will be displayed:
October, 2009
Click on All to select all the wells. The screen as below will show the selected wells
wells..
on Generate. This will launch PROSPER and import IPR information into GAP.
Click on
The IPR generation process begins and the IPRs are transferred in batch mode. No
user intervention is required.
© 1990 2009 Petroleum Experts Limited
Click OK to go back to the main screen. Double-click on the Well icon to bring up the
well summary screen. Note that IPR tab is green indicating that IPR is now valid.
Save the GAP file

file by
by clic
clicki
king
ng on
on save
save icon
icon . Save
Save the file as ‘Tut
the file Tutori
orial
al Gas Lift
Lift
Example.gap’.
Ü Notte: IP
No IPR
R par
ara
amete
meterrs can
can be enter
ere
ed by hand and
matched from the IPR input screen. From the well data
entry screen, select the input button and navigate to the
IPR tab. As can be seen, this has been filled
automatically during the IPR generation process.
2.4.4.3 Importing Existing Vertical Lift tables to the Well Models
A well is basically defined by an inflow and an outflow; the inflows (IPRs) have been
already transferred to the wells in the above procedure.
To import/assign the VLP to the well GL1, double-click on the GL1 well icon, click on
the VLP t tab
ab (s
(sho
houl
uld
d be red
red if not
not va
vali
lid)
d) and
and brow
browse
se for
for VLP
VLP file
file loca
locate
ted
d in C:\
Pro
rog
gra
ramm Files
les \ Petrole
roleu
um Expe
xperts \ IPM 7.x \ Samp amples
les \ Wor
Worked Exam xample
ples \
Dext
De xter
erit
ity
y exam
exampl
ples
es \ GAP\
GAP\ GL1.
GL1.VL
VLP.
P. Note
Note that
that clic
clicki
king
ng on the
the VLP
VLP tab
tab on the
the
summary screen is equivalent to selecting the Input button followed by the VLP tab.
Repeat this process for the second well. Its VLP file is located in: C:\ Program Files \
Petrol
Petroleum
eum Experts
Experts \ IPM
IPM 7.x \ Sampl
Samples
es \ Worked
Worked Examp
Examplesles \ Dexte
Dexterit
rity
y ex
examp
amples
les \
GAP\ GL2.VLP
Lift curves
Lift curves can be plotte
plotted
d or inspec
inspected
ted by clicki
clicking
ng on the Plot butto
buttons
ns of the
the VLP
VLP
screen.
Click on Ok to complete this step.
Ü Notte: Fo
No Forr this
this exerci
exercise
se , pre
pre-c
-calc
alcula
ulated
ted VLP
VLP files
files are
being as
being assig
signed
ned to the lift curve
curve entries
entries of the wells.
wells. If
the files have not been prepared, they can be
gene
genera
rate
ted
d in batc
batch
h mode
mode fromfrom GAP usin using
g the
the sa sameme
approa
app roach
ch as was
was done
done for batch
batch genera
generatio
tion
n of IPRs.
IPRs.
With a PROSPER file assigned
assigned to a well, lift curves can
be gene
generarate
ted
d by se
sele
lect
ctin
ingg Gene
Genera rate
te | Gene
Generaratete we
well ll
VLPs
VL Ps with
with PROSPER. Alter
Alternat
native
ively,
ly, GAP ca
can
n imimpo
port rt .
TPD files (generated by PROSPER) to make .VLP files. files.
To do this, click on Import on the VLP screen and
select the required import file.
2.4.5
2.4.5 STEP
STEP 4 : Descr
Describ
ibin
ing
g the Pipe
Pipeli
line
ne netwo
network
rk
Tr
True
ue vert
vertic
ical
al dept
depths
hs (TVD
(TVDs)s) of the
the pipe
pipeli
line
ness shal
shalll be inpu
inputt with
with resp
respec
ectt to the
the
platfo
platform
rm in ththis
is secti
section
on.. The platfor
platform
m is defin
defined
ed to be at zero ft TVD
TVD such
such tha
thatt the
manifold and tiebacks are at 500ft TVD.
2.4.5.1 Riser Description
To describe
describe the riser,
riser, double
double click on the pipeline
pipeline and this leads
leads to the ‘Pipe Data
Entry - Summary Screen’.
Enter the following data:
· Correlation: Petroleum Experts 4
Go to th
the
e inpu
inputt se
sect
ctio
ion
n (by
(by clic
clicki
king
ng on the
the ‘Inp
‘Input
ut’’ butt
button
on)) and
and ente
enterr the
the foll
follow
owin
ing
g
information:
· Environment:
This
This can
can be us
used
ed to set up specia
speciall pipe
pipe enviro
environme
nmenta
ntall quan
quantit
tities
ies such
such as
a mbient ts.em
calculations.
calculation peradefault
The ture oentries
r heaare
t csuitable
apacitiefor
s our
for requirements.
pipeline temLeave
peratuall
re
parameters at their default values.

Next, phys
Next, physica
icall descri
descripti
ption
on of the pipel
pipeline
ine is input.
input. Go to the ‘Desc
‘Descrip
riptio
tion’
n’ tab
tab and
and
enter the following information:
· Enter 0 ft for the downstream TVD (Platform)

· Pointt the
Poin the cu
curs
rsor
or to the
the firs
firstt ce
cell
ll in the
the se
seco
cond
nd row
row in the
the ‘Seg
‘Segme
ment
nt Type
Type’’
column and select ‘Line pipe’:
· Length: 500 ft
· TVD: 500 ft
· ID: 10"
· Roughness: 0.0006" (default)
Ü T I P : If measured data for the pipe is available

(rates, pressure
(rates, pressuress e.t.c),
e.t.c), a pressure
pressure drop correlat
correlation
ion
can be tuned to reproduce the data. To do this, click
on the Match
Match button
button on the pipe input interface
interface and
follow the instructions detailed in the on-line help or
the user manual for pipeline matching.
Ü T I P : If as
treated
no pipe
pipeli
line
ne data
a simple
data is inpu
input,
simple connection
t, then
then the
the pipe
connection between two
pipe is
two nodes,
and zero press

pressure
ure drop
drop will
will be model
modeled
ed acros
across
s it.
GAP does not insist that pipe data is provided.
Click Ok to complete this, or navigate to the next pipe.
2.4.5.2 'Tie One' Pipeline description
The above process detailed for the riser is repeated for the other system pipes.
· Environment: default
The pipeline description is:
· Enter 500 ft for the downstream end (Manifold)

· Sel
Selec
ectt ‘Li
‘Line
ne pipe’
pipe’ in the first
first cell
cell in the
the secon
second
d row in the ‘Segmen
‘Segmentt Type’
Type’
column.
· Length: 1500 ft
· TVD: 500 ft
·· ID: 5"
Roughness: 0.0006" (default)
2.4.5.3 ‘TieTwo’ Pipeline description
· Environment: default
The pipeline description is:

· Enter 500 ft for the downstream end (Manifold)
· Select ‘Line Pipe’ in the first cell in the second row in the ‘Segment Type’ column.
· Length: 1500 ft
· TVD: 500 ft
· ID: 5"
· Roughness: 0.0006" (default)
Click Ok to complete this.
2.4.6
2.4.6 STEP
STEP 5 : Calc
Calcula
ulate
te Product
Production
ion given
given total
total lif
liftt gas availa
available
ble
The optimu
The timum m prpro
oduct
uction
ion from
from the
the system
tem giv
given a tota
otal amou
mount to gas lift
ift gas
avai
availa
labl
ble
e foforr the
the sy
syst
stem
em is ca
calc
lcul
ulat
ated
ed in this
this step
step.. GAP det
determi
ermines
nes the optimum
optimum
amount of gas to be injected in each well to maximise recovery.
In or
orde
derr to perf
perfor
orm
m the
the opti
optimi
misa
sati
tion
on,, cl
click on | Solve Netwo
ick twork an
and
d then
then ente
enter
r
different amount of gas lift gas available given in the following table.
Gas available (MMscf/d)
0
3
6
10
20
Click on | Next an
and
d prod
produc
ucti
tion
on shal
shalll be dete
determ
rmin
ined
ed for
for a plat
platfo
form
rm pres
pressu
sure
re of
250psig.
Click on Next | Calculate. Make sure that the Optimis e with a all
ll C ons tra
traints
ints check
box is ticked before the calculation is started. GAP will
will allocate
allocate the available gas to
the wells to maximise the oil production since gas lift control on each well is set to
'calculated'. When the calculation is finished, click Main to go back to the main
screen.
2.4.
2.4.7
7 STEP
STEP 6 : Resu
Result
lts
s anal
analys
ysiis
To see the effect

effect of the optimised
optimised injection
injection of increas
increasing
ing amount of lift gas, click on
Resul
Re sults
ts | Deta
Detail
iled
ed | Al
Alll Separ
Separato
ators
rs and
and Inje
Inject
ctio
ion
n Ma
Mani
nifol
folds
ds an
and
d the interf
interfac
ace
e
below is seen.
The natural flow production of this production network system is about 4000 BOPD.
With
Wi th 6 MMscf/day of gas injection, an optimal allocation would increase the
production to around 4794 BOPD.
We al
also
so se
see
e from
from thes
these
e resu
result
lts
s that
that incr
increa
easi
sing
ng the
the tota
totall gas
gas inje
inject
ctio
ion
n beyo
beyond
nd 10
MMscf/day does not increase the amount of production by a significant margin. The
maximum production available from this system is nearly 5000 BOPD.
Plot
A plot of oil production
production against
against lift gas
gas injection can
can be displayed
displayed by clicking on .
The opti
The optima
mall gas
gas lift
lift dist
distri
ribu
buti
tion
on betw
betwee
eenn the
the well
wellss can
can be view
vieweded by clic
clicki
king
ng on
Results
Resu lts | Summar
Summary Wells. Select G as Lift Inject
y | All Wells Injection
ion R ate to display how the
amount of gas injection to each well varies with total amount available. Click on P Plo
lot
t
for a graphical view. Select the following as variables:
· Gas available: 10 MMscft/d

· Y axis variable: Oil Rate
Ü TIP: One ca
can
n view
view and
and plot
plot allo
alloca
cati
tion
on resu
result
lts
s for
for any
any
node in the system
system by entering
entering its data
data entry screen in
th
the
e usualual man
manner and the then clic
licki
kin
ng on the Resulsults
butt
bu tton
on.. The
The firs
firstt tab
tab disp
displa
lays
ys the
the Allo
Alloca
cati
tion
on resu
result
lts.
s.
Press Plot to obtain a plot of these results.
This completes the section on building and optimising a network of Gas Lifted wells.
Save the file as Tutorial Gas Lift example.gap.
2.5
2.5 As
Asso
soci
ciat
ated
ed Wate
Waterr / G
Gas
as In
Inje
ject
ctio
ion
nMMod
odel
el Exam
Exampl
ple
e
In this section a water injection model will be linked to the previously built gas lifted
oil prodcution model. A materal balance prediction will be run on the production
model with its associated injection model.
2.5.1 Objectives
· An integrated
integrated water injection system comprising of tank model, injection well, a
feed pipeline and an injection manifold
· Vert
Vertical
ical water injector,
injector, tubing
tubing down to 5500ft
5500ft (3.5-in
(3.5-in I.D.), casing
casing down
down to 5630ft
5630ft
(6-in I.D.)
· Reservoir pressure = 4000psi

· Injectivity Index = 6stb/day/psi
· 500ft riser (ID 6in) down to the injection well
The objecti
objectives
ves of the exercise
exercise is to design
design an associa
associated
ted water injectio
injection
n system
system in
GAP which will be coupled to a GAP production system.

· Design a simple integrated water injection model in GAP

well models in GAP
models in GAP
· Calculate system injection potential
· Associate/
Associate/Link
Link the injection
injection model to a production
production model
model in GAP
· Perform a performance prediction with both models.
· Couple MBAL tank model to the GAP gas lift production model.

· Create a GAP water injection model and draw system schematics.
· Associate an MBAL tank model to water injection model.
· Design the injection well model in PROSPER.
· Design the pipeline network.
· Generating the inflow performance from well model.
· Generating lift curves for the well.
· Calculate injection capacity of the system.
· Save the injection model and couple to production model.
· Perform prediction run
· Analyse results.
results.
2.5.
2.5.2
2 STEP
STEP 1 : Set
Set tthe
he Prod
Produc
ucti
tion
on Mode
Modell
The gas
gas lif
lifte
ted
d produ
producti
ction
on model
model pre
previo
vious
usly
ly create
created
d wi
willll be couple
coupledd to MBAL tank
balance prediction. This requires adding a Tank Element from
models for a material balance
the tool bar and defining a reservoir from which the wells are producing.
The procedure
procedure to couple
couple an MBAL tank model has been been describ
described
ed in the first GAP
integrated model dexterity example developed in the tutorial.
The MBAL tank model for this example has been designed and can be found in the
fo
foll
llow
owin
Workeding
gExamples
loca
locati
tion
on:: \C:\
C:\ Pr
Prog
ogra
ram
Dexterity m Fi
File
les
s \ \Petr
examples Petrol
oleu
GAP\ eum
m Ex
Expe
pert
rts
TUTORIAL s GAP
\ IP
IPM
M 7.x
7.x \ Samp
Sample
les
EXAMPLE_TANK. s \
mbi
The ta
The tank
nk need
needss to be desc
descri
ribe
bed
d in the
the prod
produc
ucti
tion
on mode
model.
l. On the
the tank
tank summ
summar
ary
y
screen select Browse and locate the MBAL file (TUTORIAL GAP EXAMPLE_TANK.
MBI).
The MBAL model becomes valid.
The GAP
where the wells
invalidbecome invalidis:
invalid
data location (red circles).
circles). Double-
Double-clic
click
k on well model
model GL1 to see
It can be seen that the fractional flow model under IPR | More tab is invalid. Set the
relative
rela tive permeab
permeability option to From
ility option Fr om Ta
Tank
nk Mod
Model
el as shown above to revalida
revalidate
te the
well models.
For more informat

information
ion on fractiona
fractionall flow and relative
relative permeabilit
permeability
y please
please review the
MBAL User Guide.
In order
order to Ensure
predictive. be able
ablethat
to run
theaoption
materi
material
alperform
to balanc
balance
epredictions
predic
predictio
tion,
n, in
theGAP
model
mode
is l made
must
muset activ
mad betive
ac made
ma
e de
by
selecting Options | Met
Method
hod and
and set Prediction to On
Using File | Save As, save the file as Tutori

Tutorial
al Gas Lift example.gap
example.gap in a suitable
suitable
directory.
2.5.3
2.5.3 STEP
STEP 2 : Creat
Createe the
the Water
Water Inje
Inject
ctio
ionn Mod
Model
el
The water injection model shall be designed in a separate gap file and coupled to the
production model later. Ensure that the gap production model is saved.
Go to File | New to create a new GAP file.
injection model is specified in GAP under Options | Method | System type |
A water injection
Water Injection. The model is also made predictive by setting prediction 'On'. Click
OK to validate the data.
The next step is to input the elements constituting the model : reservoir, water
injection wells, injection lines and injection manifold.
On the main GAP interface, click on the Add tank icon and add a tank.
Using the Add well icon , add a well.
Using thetemperature
injection Add separator/injection
separator/injecti on manifold
must be entered icon
on the Input, |add a water
Fluid Screeninjection manifold (a
of the manifold).
Using the Add joint icon , add two joints in between the water injection manifold
and the well.
Using the Add pipe/link icon , link all the elements together. The elements are
linked in the direction of fluid flow starting from the injection manifold to the reservoir/
tank.
The network described is shown below.

Using File | Save As, save the file as WaterInj.GAP in a suitable directory.
The physical
physical propert
properties
ies of the differen
differentt elements
elements constituti
constituting
ng the system
system shall
shall now
be specified. The procedure has been explained in detail for each element when the
producti
prod uction
on network
network was created
created.. The injection
injection system
system should
should be complete
completed
d using
using
the same work-flow/ approach. Design parameters are:
· Vertical water injector, tubing down to 5500ft, casing down to 5630ft.
· Geothermal gradient: 50degF at 0feet and 182degF at 5630ft.
· Surface injection temperature of 70degF and injection pressure 1500psig
· Reservoir pressure = 4000psi
· Injectivity index = 6stb/day/psi
· 500ft riser (ID 6in) down to the injection well
Water shall be injected

injected into the same tank in the production Select Browse
production model. Select
to locate the MBAL file (TUTORIAL GAP EXAMPLE_TANK.MBI).
The wate
The waterr inje
inject
ctio
ion
n well
well is crea
create
ted
d usin
using
g the
the same
same proc
proced
edur
ure
e desc
descri
ribe
bedd for
for the
the
produc
productio
tion
n wells
wells.. IP
IPRR and VLPs must
must be gener
generate
atedd as for any other
other type
type of well.
well.
Generate VLP for a suitable range of liquid rates, manifold pressure
pressure and flowing well
head
head te
temp
mper
erat
atur
ures
es as may
may be enco
encoun
unte
tere
red
d by the
the wate
waterr inje
inject
ctio
ion
n well
well du
duri
ring
ng a
prediction run.
The injection flow line can be completed by using pipe data above for pipe length,
pipe inside diameter.
Set the well as 'control

'controllabl
lable'
e' i.e. wellhead
wellhead choke can be controll
controlled
ed by the optimise
optimiser.
r.
This
his is done eith
ither by righ
ight clclic
ick
king
ing on the
the well,
ll, or by selec ting dP contr
lectin control
ol as
'calculated on the well summary screen| Input data section.
The red circles around the tank and the well are not present anymore,
anymore, confirming the
validity of the data input on each element of the system.
Save the file.
2.5.4
2.5.4 STEP
STEP 3 : Lin
Link
k the
the Produ
Producti
ction
on and
and the
the Inje
Injecti
ction
on Syst
System
em
With the injection model built, the next step is to link the production model and the
water injection model.

To do so, open the GAP production model. Go to Options | Method and tick the box
corresponding to Associated Injection Models | Water Injection. The browsing box

will
ill th
then
en be avai
availa
labl
ble.
e. Br
Brow
owse se to the
the wate
waterr inje
inject
ctio
ion
n mo
mode
dell just
just bu
buil
ilt.
t. The
The path
path
corresponding to this file will appear.
Cl
Click OK. Both
ick Both the produ
producti
ction
on and
and injec
injectio
tion
n models
models now appea
appearr in the GAP main
window.
Both
Bot h models
models can be visua
visualis
lised
ed side by side
side in the main GAP wind
window
ow by selectin
selecting
g
Window | Tile Vertically.
It is now possible to make modifications on each model in the same GAP session.
Save the project

Save Click on Fil
project done so far. Click File|
e| Save as and each model
model will be saved
separately as shown by the following screen. Click Continue to save the production
and water injection models in the same directories chosen previously. If this is not
the case, simply alter the file path name on the interface.
2.5.5
2.5.5 STEP
STEP 4 : Perfo
Perform
rmin
ing
g the Mate
Materi
rial
al Bal
Balan
ance
ce Pred
Predic
icti
tion
on
A material balance
balance prediction
prediction can now
now be run.
Using the Run Prediction icon , start the material balance prediction process.
The first screen enables one to select the prediction start and end dates as well as
the step size.
Several options are available for water injection control (and/or gas injection).
- TaTank
nk targ
targe
et press
essure:
re: This optio
tion main
mainttains
ins the
the reser
erv
voir pr
pre
essur
sure at
specified value by voidage replacement with water.
- Voidage replacement: Water injection by voidage replacement, as specified
by a percentage input by the user.
- Wate
Waterr recyc
recyclin
ling
g : this
this option
option enabl
enables
es to inj
inject
ect a define
defined
d perce
percenta
ntage
ge of the
produced water
- Fixed Rate : this option enables to inject a defined rate of water.
These constrai
These constraints
nts will be honoure
honoured
d if selected
selected because
because the injection
injection well has has a
theoretical wellhead choke applied across it (i.e dP choke control).
Set a fixed water injection rate of 3000 STB / d.

Click Next to go to the next prediction screen : It summarises the input data for the
tank chosen.
Select Next and input 3MMscf/day as gas lift gas available.

Select Next and input a separator pressure of 250 psig.
Select Next and input an injection manifold pressure of 2000 psig.

NOTE: The water injection well VLP data set must have ben generated with
Manifold
Manif old P
Pres
res s ure
ur e range that includes the 2000 psig.
Select Optimise with all Constraints and Calculate. This allows the Solve Network
cycle
cycle to be performe
performed
d for each of the 16 time steps requested,
requested, while
while respecti
respecting
ng the
constraints input.
GAP re
repo
port
rts
s the
the limi
limiti
ting
ng cons
constr
trai
aint
nts
s in the
the syst
system
em.. In this
this case
case,, thes
these
e are
are the
the
maximum gas lift gas available and the fixed water injection rate.
Once the calculation is finished, select Main and return to the main GAP window.
To inspec
inspectt the results
results,, doubl
double
e click
click on the tank and selectt Res
and selec Results
ults | Show
Show MBAL
Results. This enables accessing the global prediction results for the tank. To check
th
that
at th
the
e cons
constr
trai
aint
nt on the
the wate
waterr inje
inject
ctio
ion
n rate
rate as been
been resp
respec
ecte
ted,
d, sele ct Plot |
select
Variables and choose the variables you want to display on the plot, Average Water
Injection Rate Vs. Time.
Select Done and the plot is displayed. It is then noticeable that the constraints on the
water injection rate set previously as been fulfilled. The scales can be set by Scales
| Edit.
2.5.
2.5.6
6 Asso
Associ
ciat
ated
ed Gas
Gas Inj
Injec
ecti
tion
on Mode
Modell
A similar procedure
procedure can be followed to set up a GAP su surfa
rface
ce netwo
network
rk model
model
associated with a Gas Injection System, as shown on the following screenshots.

Chapter
3

3 Physics Examples
This section contains the following tutorials:-
· PROSPER Gasfocuses
This example Lift Example:
on the design of a gas lifted oil well in PROSPER.
· PROSPER ESP Example:
This example
example focuses
focuses on the design of a ESP (Electric
(Electrical
al submers
submersible
ible pump)
lifted oil well in PROSPER.
· MBAL Gas History Matching Example:

This example
This mple is a contontinu
inuatio
tion of the
the MBAL ga
gas
s exam
examplple
e outl
outlin
ined
ed in the
the
dexteri
dexterity
ty section.
section. It focuses
focuses on matching
matching the model
model to producti
production
on history
history and
preparing the model for a prediction through fractional flow matching.
· MBAL Oil History Matching Example:

This example focuses on the design of an MBAL oil reservoir model and shows
how to history match the model to production data.
All the example

example files can be
be found under:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Worked Examples\Physics Examples
3.1 PROSPER Gas Lift Example

Gas lifting a well involves the injection of gas into the well to reduce the mixture
density of the fluid column (i.e. lighten the fluid), reduce the gravity pressure drop in
the well and this increases inflow into the well (due to a reduce flowing bottom hole
pressure).
This example assumes that the user is already familiar with setting up well models in
PROSPER.
All the example

be found under:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples\Worked examples\Physics
Examples\Gas Lift
3.1.1 Objectives
The objectives of the exercise are:
1. Design
Design a natur
naturally
ally flow
flowing
ing well
well in
in PROSPER.
2. Quality
Quality check
check the test / productio
productionn data that is availabl
available.
e. The well
well test data
Physics Examples 96
quality check is based on physics providing some validity of test

measurements.
3. Based on the checked
checked data, the
the PVT and
and flow models
models (VLP+IPR)
(VLP+IPR) are
are input.
4. Design
Design a new
new gas lift
lift system
system for this
this well.
well.
5. Use PROSPER QuickLook analysis for performance diagnosis.
Data Available:
PVT Data:
· Temperature = 250.0 deg F
· Bubble Point Pb = 2200.0 psig
· GOR at Pb = 500 scf/stb
· Oil FVF at Pb = 1.32 rb/stb
· Oil viscosity at Pb= 0.4 cp
· Oil gravity = 39.0 API
· Gas gravity = 0.798
· Water Salinity = 100,000 ppm
Gradient Data:
Data Set 1
· Well head pressure = 264.0 psig
· Water cut = 20.3 %
· Liquid rate = 6161.0 stb/day
· GOR = 432 scf/stb
· Gas Lift = 0 MMscf/day
· Injection depth = 13000 ft
· Pressure @ 14800 ft = 3382.0 psig
Data Set 2
· Gas Lift = 1.0 MMscf/day
· Injection depth = 8000.0 ft
· Design a naturally flowing well in PROSPER

· Perform data quality check
·· Model validation
Design of a gas lifted well in PROSPER
The single well model will be designed one step at a time and at each step any
available test / production data available will be used to validate the model. As new
test data becomes available, it will be checked with the model and any inconsistency
will be investigated from an engineering and physics point of view.

· Define modeling objective in PROSPER

· Input PVT model and match BO correlations to PVT laboratory data
· Input equipment data: deviation survery, equipment, geothermal gradient
· Input IPR model.
· Quality check/Validate test data with PVT using quality control flow correlations
· Perform a new gas lift design PROSPER
· Validate gas lift well model using Quicklook tool in PROSPER
3.1.
1.2
2 STEP 1 : Model Setu
tup
p
The type of well being modelled shall be defined under System Options.
file.. Select the Option

Start from a new prosper file Options
s | Options
Options menu in PROSPER and
select the following:
Fluid Oil and water

Method Black oil
Separator Single-stage
Emulsions No
Hydrates Disable warning
Water viscosity Use default correlation
Flow type Tubing flow
Well type Producer
Artificial lift method
method Gas lift (Continuous)
(Continuous)
Type No friction loss in annulus
Predict Pressure and temperature (offshore)
Model Rough approximation
Range Full system
Output Show calculating data
Well completion type Cased hole
Gravel pack No
Inflow type Single branch
Gas coning No
Physics Examples 98
Next a Black
Next Black Oil fluid
fluid PVT model shall be input (The
(The Black
Black oil method
method was selected
selected
fo
forr fl
flui
uid
d PVT
PVT desc
descriript
ptio
ion
n unde
underr sy
syst
stem
em opti
option
ons)
s).. Black
lack oil
oil corr
correl
elat
atio
ions
ns shal
shalll be
matc
ma tch
hed to lablaborato
ratorry data
ata and the
the mos
most suita
itable
ble Blac
lack oil corre
rrelati
latio
on which ich
reproduces fluid PVT behaviour will be selected.
Sele
Se ct | PVT | Input Data an
lect and
d ente
enterr the
the foll
follow
owin
ing
g flui
fluid
d prop
proper
erti
ties
es at stan
standa
dard
rd
conditions:
Solution GOR 500 scf/stb
Oil gravity 39 API
Gas gravity 0.798
(No gas impurities)
Cl
Clic
ick
k the Match Data bu
the butt
tton
on on the
the abov
above e dial
dialog
og and
and ente
enterr the
the PVT
PVT matc
match
h data
data
available at bubble point conditions of the fluid.
Temperature 250 degree F

Bubble point 2200 psig
GOR @ bubble point 500 scf/stb
Oil FVF @ bubble point 1.32 rb/stb
Oil viscosity @ bubble point 0.4 cp
Physics Examples 100
Cl
Click Done on the
ick the abov
above
e dial
dialog
og to go back
back to the
the PVT in
input
put dialog.
dialog. Conduct
Conduct the
matc
ma tchi
hing
ng proc
proced
edur
ure
e by clic
clicki
king the Regression bu
ng the buttton
ton and the the Ma
then the Match
tch Al
Alll
button.
Once the correl

Once correlati
ation
ons
s have
have been
been matche
matched d to data, click the Parameters button to
data, click
vie
view th
the
e st
stat
atis
isti
tics
cs and
and sele
select
ct the
the best
best corr
correl
elat
atio
ionn that
that clos
closel
ely
y repr
reprod
oduc
uces
es PVT
PVT
beha
be havi
viou
our.
r. Base
Based d on the
the regr
regres
essi
sion
on para
parame
mete
ters
rs (par
(param
amet
eter
er 1, a mult
multip
ipli
lier
er and
and
parameter 2, a shift factor) and standard deviation,
deviation, select the best model. Ideally the
standard deviation should be very small, parameter 1 should equal 1 and parameter
2 should equal zero.
From the regression results,

results, the Glaso correlation for Pb, Rs and Bo and Beggs et al
correlation for oil viscosity give the best match and are selected for the PVT model.
Click on | Done | Done to go back to the main PVT screen. Select the correlations to
use in the main PVT screen.
Once this is done, click on Done to return to the main window.
Next st
Next step
ep is to define
define the
the well
well confi
configur
gurati
ation
on./
./ equip
equipmen
mentt data. Click on Sy
data. Click Syst
stem
em |
Equipment (Tubing etc.) menu option and input the following equipment data:
Deviation Survey
The deviation survey is:
Measured depth True vertical depth

(ft) (ft)
0 0
1000 1000
2500 2405
6500 5322
15200 11500
Down hole Equipment
Type Measured depth Internal diameter Roughness

(ft) (in) (in)
X’mass 0
tree
Tubing 14500 3.96 0.0006
Casing 15200 6.00 0.0006
Geothermal Gradient
The formation geothermal gradient is given below:
Measured depth Formation

(ft) temperature
(degree F)
0 50
15200 250
Overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC):8 BTU/hr/ft2/F

The next step is to define an Inflow performance relationship.
Click on Syste
Systemm | Inflow
Inflow Performance
Performance and select
select the Darcy analytical
analytical IPR model.
Input the parameters given below:
Reservoir model Darcy

Mech
Mechan
anic
ical
al / Geo
Geome
metr
tric
ical
al sk
skin
in Ente
Enterr by ha
hand
nd
Reservoir pressure 3844 psig
Reservoir temperature 250 degree F
Water cut 20.3 %
Total GOR 500
Relative permeability No
Click on Input data to enter the reservoir properties.
Reservoir Permeability 100 md

Reservoir thickness 100 ft
Drainage area 100 acres
Dietz shape factor 31.6
Well bore radius 0.354 ft

Click on the tab labelled ‘Mech/Geom Skin’ and input a skin value of zero i.e. no
feature in reservoir causes an additional pressure drop
Next, the IPR is calculated to register the Absolute Open flow potential (AOF) of the
reservoir. Click on the Calculate button to get the following IPR plot:
Click on Main on the IPR plot menu to go back to the main PROSPER window.
The next step is to define gas lift data: gas properties, injection depths and
pressures e.t.c.
Click on System | Gaslift Data menu and enter the gas lift data as follows.
Gaslift gas gravity 0.7

Mole percent H2S 0%
Mole percent H2S 0%
Mole percent H2S 0%
GLR injected 0 scf/stb
Gas lift method Optimum Depth of injection
Maximum Depth of injection 13000 ft
Casing pressure 1900 psig
DP across valve 100 psi
As the gas lift data suggests,

suggests, an optimum depth of injection hashas been chosen but the
inje
inject
ctio
ion
n dept
depthh is limi
limite
ted
d to 1300
13000 0 feet
feet (the
(the pack
packer
er dept
depth)
h).. Thus
Thus with
with a casi
casing
ng
pressure
pres sure of 1900psi
1900psi and 100psi
100psi pressure
pressure loss across
across valve,
valve, prosper
prosper will determin
determinee
the optimu
optimum
m point
point of inj
inject
ection
ion that
that corre
corresp
spond
onds
s to maximu
maximum m liquid
liquid produ
produced
ced.. The
The
0.7gravity gas will be injected at this depth depending on gas injection rates or GLR
injected specified. Various values of injection rates or GLR injected can be
sentisized on during a system calculation.
Click on Done to complete this and to go back to the main PROSPER screen.
Save the file using File | Save As as GLIFTG.OUT for a directory of choice.
3.1.3
3.1.3 STEP
STEP 2 : Well
Well Mod
Model
el Val
Valid
idati
ation
on and
and Data
Data Qual
Qualit
ity
y Check
Check
In this section, the response of the model shall be compared to measured data. The
fi
firs
rstt st
step
ep is to perf
perfor
orm
m a data
data qual
qualit
ity
y chec
check.
k. Data
Data set
set 1 shal
shalll be sued
sued for
for mode
modell
validation.
Select Matchi
To match model to test data, Select Matching
ng | Correlation
Correlation Comparison
Comparison | Tubing
from the main PROSPER menu and enter the following data and selecting the vertical
lift correlations as shown below:
Well head pressure 264.0 psig

Water cut 20.3 %
Liquid rate 6161.0 stb/day
GOR
GOR free 432
0 scfscf/stb
/stb
Gas Lift gas rate 0 MMscf/day
Injection depth 13000. ft

Pressure @ 14800 ft 3382.0 psig
Correlations Duns and Ros Modified
Hagedorn Brown
Fancher Brown
Petroleum Experts 2
2
Petroleum Experts 3
3
Click on Calculate | Calculate to perform the calculations. Plot to view the results.
It can be seen at the bottom right hand corner of the plot that the test data point lies
to the left of the pressure traverse generated by the Fancher Brown correlation.
The Fanc
Fancherher Brown
Brown correl
correlati
ation
on is a non-sl
non-slip
ip corre
correlat
lation
ion i.e.
i.e. it assum
assumes es equa
equall flow
flow
velo
loccit
itiies for
for liq
liquid
uid and gas. It thus hus pred
redict
icts a no- o-s
slip
lip hold
oldup and a minim inimu
um
pressure drop. In reality however, there is always some slip between liquid and gas,
holdup is increased and the pressure drop in the pipe is increased. However, the plot
indi
indica
cate
tes s th
that
at actu
actualal pres
pressusure
re at a poin
pointt in the
the well
well (tes
(testt poin
point)t) is lowe
lowerr than
than the
the
Fanc
Fa nche
herr Brow
Brown n cocorr
rrel
elat
atio
ion
n whic
whichh is not
not phys
physicical
ally
ly poss
possibible
le.. This
This sugg
suggesests
ts so
some
me
inco
incons
nsisiste
tent
nt data
data in thethe PVT
PVT mode
modell and/
and/oror test
test data
data prov
providided
ed equi
equipm
pmenentt data
data
description of the well is accurate.
Fr
From
om a rerevi
view
ew of the
the test
test data
data,, a GOR
GOR of 432
432 scf/
scf/st
stb
b at a rese
reserv
rvoi
oirr pres
pressu
sure
re of
3844psi was input. However the PVT model shows that the solution GOR at bubble
point pressure is 500 scf/stb. If the PVT model is assumed accurate, then the test
data input is inconsistent with this and should be reviewed. The test GOR is changed
to 500 scf/stb and the calculation is re-done.
The following plot is obtained:

It can be seen that with consistency between the test data and PVT model, the test
data
dat a point
point plots
plots to the right
right of the Fanch
Fancher
er Br
Brow
own
n correl
correlati
ation
on.. This
This illus
illustra
trate
tes
s the
quality check procedure.
T he oduce
nexe
reproduc
repr t actual
stepalinpressure
actu volvsure
pres es mdrops
atchinin
g the
a vwell.
erticaThe
l liftmatched
corrhed
matc elaticorrelation
on to tion
correla the shall
test be
datused
a td
useo
in the analysis. Well test Data set 2 shall be used for this purpose.
Again, going through the correlation

correlation comparison
comparison steps as done for Data set 1, the
data
da ta sh
shal
alll be qual
qualit
ity
y ch
chec
ecke
kedd by perf
perfor
ormi
ming
ng pres
pressu
sure
re grad
gradie
ient
nt calc
calcul
ulat
atio
ions
ns wi
with
th
different vertical flow correlations.
Data Set 2
· Gas Lift =depth
Injection 1.0 MMscf/day
= 8000.0 ft
Performing the calculations and plotting the results, the following plot is obtained:
The test data point lies to the right of the Duns and Ross Modified (DRM) correlation.
correlation.
In like manner as the Fancher Brown (FB) correlation , the DRM correlation
represents the maximum pressure loss obtainable in a well if the flow regime is slug
flow. One can verify that the flow regime at the gauge depth (i.e. test point) is slug
flow
flow by chec
checkin
king
g the
the gradie
gradient
nt result
results
s as shown
shown below
below.. This
This ind
indica
icates
tes incon
inconsis
sisten
tentt
data between the PVT and test measurements assuming well configuration as input
under equipment data is accurate.
It can be further noticed that for the same well head pressure and IPR, the gas lift
well test (Data set 2) produces at lower flow rates than at naturally flowing conditions
(Data set 1). This indicates some inconsistency. If PVT model is assumed accurate,
then the well test data needs to be reviewed.
The other point to note is that for the same well head pressure and IPR, with gas lift
we are getting lower flow rates than without gas lift as indicated by data point one. It
coul
co uld
d be th
that
at the
the data
data poin
pointt is wrong
wrong or the
the PVT data are
are incor
incorrec
rect.
t. Ho
Howe
wever
ver we
already know that our PVT data
data are correct, so the data point must be incorrect.
Since Data set 1 has been quality checked, the VLP correlations can be matched to
it. The matching process seeks to tune the correlations to reproduce the test data
pointt by matchin
poin matching
g the two main pressure
pressure drop componen
components ts i.e. gravity
gravity and friction
friction
using multipliers (parameter
(parameter 1 and parameter 2) for each correlation. The correlation
that best matches the test will be selected to model flow in the tubing.
Select Matchi
Matching
ng | Matchi
Matching
ng | IPR/VLP
IPR/VLP (Quality Check) and input test data point 1
in the VLP/IPR matching interface as shown below:
Well
Tub
Tu head
bing headpressure
tem
temper
perature
ture 264.0
132.8 psig
degree
ree F
Water cut 20.3 %
Liquid rate 6161.0 stb/day
GOR 500 scf/stb
GOR free 0 scf/stb
Gas Lift gas rate 0 MMscf/day
Injection depth 13000. ft
Pressure @ 14800 ft 3382.0 psig
Select
Sele ct th
thee matc
matchh data
data spspre
readadsh
shee
eett row
row numb
numberer and
and clic
click the E s timat
k the imate U Val
Value
ue
butt
bu tton
on.. This
This proc
procededur
uree vali
validadate
tes
s the
the temp
temper
erat
atur
ure e mode
modell in PROSPER by back
calc
calcul
ulat
atin
ing
g the
the righ
rightt Over
Overalalll Heat
Heat tran
transf
sfer
er co
co-e
-eff
ffic
icie
ient
nt (OHT
(OHTC C or U-U-va
valu
lue)
e) whic
which
h
reproduces the actual temperature profile across the well using the Rough
approxim
appr oximatio
ation
n tempera
temperatureture model. Once this is calculat
calculated,
ed, it should
should be updated
updated in
the G eot
eotherm
herma al G rad
radient
ient section of the downhole equipment data. Select Yes on
the pop up menu to update the U-value.
Si
Sinc
nce
e a co
corr
rrel
elat
atio
ion
n co
comp
mpar
aris
ison
on has
has been
been co
cond
nduc
ucte
ted
d on the
the data
data,, Hage
Hagedo
dorn
rn and
and
Brown,
Brow n, PE2 and PE3 correlat
correlations
ions were closest
closest to the test point.
point. The next step is to
match these VLP to the measured data and the best correlation will be selected.
Click the Match VLP button and select the following correlations:
· Hagerdorn Brown
· Petroleum Experts 2
2
· Petroleum Experts 3
3
With the match calculations performed, the match parameters (Parameters 1 and 2)
can be accessed by clicking on Statistics.
Petroleum Experts 3
3 correla
correlation
tion gives
gives the best match
match and will be selected
selected as the vertical
vertical
lift correlation for the well.
With the VLP correlation matched to test data, the next step is to validate/match the
IP
IPRR mode
model. l. Sinc
Since
e the
the VLP
VLP repr
reprododuc
uces
es the
the actu
actualal pres
pressu
sure
re drop
drop in the
the well
well (i.e
(i.e
passi
pa ssing
ng throug
throughh the test point
point);
); it can
can be extra
extrapol
polate
ated d to the bottom
bottom of the wellwell to
obta
ob tain
in th
thee bott
bottom
om hole
hole pres
pressu
surere at the
the test
test co
cond
ndit
itio
ions
ns (Qli
(Qliq,
q, WC andand GOR)
GOR).. The
The
flowin
flowing g botto
bottomm hole
hole press
pressurure
e and
and Qliq
Qliq will
will plot
plot as a point
point on a VLP/I
VLP/IPRPR plot.
plot. The
The
matche
mat ched d VLP
VLP honou
honoursrs this
this point
point and
and from
from the conce
conceptpt of noda
nodall analys
analysis,
is, the IPR
IPR
mode
mo dell can
can be tune
tunedd (dep
(depen
endi
ding
ng on para
paramemeteters
rs of most
most ununce
cert
rtai
aint
nty
y in the
the IP
IPRR
model) to pass through this test point; hence honouring the measured data.
This is ac
This achie
hieve
ved
d in the VLP/
VLP/IPR
IPR match
matching
ing secti
section
on.. From
From the
the corre
correlat
lation
ion matche
matchedd
parame
par ameter
ters
s scree
screen, click on | Done | Done. Thi
n, click Thiss lea
leads
ds to the VLP/IP
VLP/IPR R match
matching
ing
interface.
Select VLP/IPR to perform the IPR match.
The objective of this calculation is to obtain the flowing bottom hole pressure for the
test conditions using the matched VLP correlation. Using the matched PE3
correlat
corr ion, click on Calculate. The result
elation, results
s of the calculat
calculation
ion and estimate
estimated
d flowing
flowing
bottom hole pressure are indicated.
It can be seen that the S olution R at

seen that ate
e and flowi
flowing/s
ng/solut
olution
ion bottom
bottom hole pressur
pressure
e
(BHP) as obtained from the model do not correspond with the Test R ate and Test
BHP.
Select Plot an
Select and
d zoo
zoom using
ing a left
left-c
-cllic
ick
k and mou
mouse drag
rag ove
over the tes
test point
int to
observe the VLP / IPR match.
The sq
The squa
uare
re box
box is the
the test
test poin
pointt whic
which
h co
corr
rres
espo
pond
nds
s to test
test rate
rate and
and test
test BH
BHP
P as
estimated form the matched VLP correlation. The cross indicates the solution rate
and pressure as calculated by the model. For the model to reproduce the measured
data, the VLP and IPR should intersect at the test point.
Rate and
Rate and pres
pressu
sure
re erro
errors
rs are
are disp
displa
laye
yed
d on the
the righ
rightt of the
the plot
plot sc
scre
reen
en.. The
The IPR
IPR
model can then be adjusted to minimise the errors.
There is no universal rule applicable to IPR adjustment. It is based on the IPR model
being used and knowledge of the system. For example, the reservoir pressure and/
or skin may be adjusted to achieve a match. It depends on the users judgement. Fo For
r
this exercise, the reservoir pressure shall be changed.
Change
Chang e the reserv
reservoir
oir press
pressure
ure from the VL P/IP
from the P/IP R Ma
Mattching dial
dialogue
ogue to 3874psi
3874psig.
g.
Select VLP/IPR an
andd Calculate and view the tabul
tabular
ar result
results
s the
thenn Plot to
to view the
graphical solution.
Click on Finish to close the plot window.
Select the IP R butto

Select button
n and change the reservoir
reservoir pressure
pressure in the IPR main screen
screen to
3874 psig to up-date the IPR pressure.
This concludes model validation exercise: matching model to test data.
Save the file as GliftG1.out in a suitable directory .
3.1.
3.1.4
4 STEP
STEP 3 : Gas
Gas Lif
Liftt Des
Desiign
Th
Theeigned
design
des obje
bj
edect
ctiv
ive
pr e ously.
previ of thi
evious th
ly.isThe
seection
Th tioptim
opontimum
isum
to gas
dessign
ga ig
liftn rate
lift a ega
rat gas
ats the
lif
lift for
fo
der sired
desirthe
thed
e pr
pro
os
llpe
well
we per
her ad
head wepress
ll essure
pr mod
moure
del
shal
sh alll be calc
calcul
ulat
ated
ed and
and the
the gasgas lift
lift desi
designgn perf
perfor
orme
med.d. Also
Also the
the vari
variouous
s desi
design
gn
parameters e.g. casing pressures required to open the valves at injection depth and
at surface will be calculated.
The design shall be performed for the well producing
producing at 50% watercut. Gas available
for injection is 6MMscf/day at 1900 psig casing injection pressure.
Select the Design | Gas Lift | New Well menu item. Input the following data. Casing
sensitive valves which open at casing pressure shall be used.
Design rate method Calculate from max production

Maximum Liquid rate 20000 stb/day
Maximum gas available 6 MMscf/day
Maximum gas during unloading 6 MMscf/day
Flowing top node pressure 250 psig
Unloading top node pressure 250 psig
Operating injection pressure 1900 psig

Kick off injection pressure 1900 psig
Desired dP across valve 200 psi
Maximum depth of injection 13500 ft
Water cut 50%
Minimum spacing 500 ft
Static gradient of load fluid 0.45 psi/ft
Minimum transfer dP 25%
Safety for closure of last unloading valve 0 psi
Total GOR 500 scf/stb
Valve type Casing sensitive
Min CHP decrease per valve 20 psi
Valve settings All valves Pvo = gas pressure
Dome pressure correlation above 1200 psig Yes
Valve spacing Method Normal
Check rate conformance with IPR Yes
Vertical lift correlation Petroleum Experts 3
3
Surface pipe correlation Beggs and Brill
Use IPR for unloading Yes
Orifice sizing on Calculated dP at orifice
Current Valve Type Baker | B1 | Type_b
Maximum port size 53/64-in
Thornhill-Craver De-rating 100% (no de-rating applied)
Once the valve type has been selected, select Continue. The first step in the design
is to generate the gas lift performance curve by clicking the Get Rate button. Select
the Plot butto
button
n at the top of the screen
screen and the generate
generated d perform
performance
ance curve
curve is as
shown:
The performance curve of a gas lift design plots the oil rate produced with increased
gas injection rates. As discussed earlier, a well is gas lifted to decrease the pressure
loss in the tubing string by decreasing the gravity component of pressure drop. The
greater the amount of gas injected; the lighter the fluid column will be.
However
Howe ver as the amount
amount of gasgas injec
injecte
ted
d incre
increase
ases,
s, the
the other
other maj
major
or pre
press
ssure
ure drop
drop
component
compo nent (friction)
(friction) also increases.
increases. An injectio
injection
n stage
stage is attaine
attained
d when any further
further
increase
increase in gas injection
injection increas
increases
es the friction
friction pressure
pressure loss more than the relative
relative
decrease in gravity pressure
pressure loss. This causes the observed shape of the gaslift gas
perfomance plot.
A look at the performance

performance curve shows that at a gas lift rate of 6 MMscf/day the oil
produc
pro ductio
tion
n is about
about 3400
3400 ststb/d
b/day.
ay. From
From this
this plo
plott PROSPER dete
determin
rmines
es the gas lift
requir
req uired
ed for maxim
maximumum oil produ
producti
ction
on.. In case
cases where the Maxim
s where Maximumum Gas Available
Available
valu
va lue
e is high
higher
er than the Max
than the Maximimum
um Gas during
during Unloadi
Unloading
ng , the
the prog
progra
ram
m wi
will
ll only
only
inj
inject
ect the optim
optimum
um gas into
into the well,
well, based
based on the
the specif
specified
ied maxim
maximum um gas durin
duringg
unloading value which in this case is 6 MMscf/day. In cases where the available available gas
is less than optimum gas, the actual available gas value will be used.
The next step is to proce

proceed
ed to the actual
actual gas
gas lift
lift desig
design
n which
which shall
shall be condu
conducte
cted
d
with 6MMscf/day (maximum gas lift gas available). Click on Design to do this.
With th
With the
e desi
design
gn co
comp
mplelete
ted,
d, click on Plot to ob
click obse
serv
rve
e the
the desi
design
gn in term
terms
s of flui
fluid
d
pressure gradients in the tubing and annulus.
Cl
Click on Finish to ex
ick exit
it the plot and
and return
return to the design
design interf
interfac
ace.
e. Here
Here,, a click
click on
Results brings up the calculated gas lift design parameters. Click on Calculate to
obtain the dome pressures and test rack opening pressure settings required.
This concludes the gas lift design.
For any calculation involving this design, the gas lift parameters (valve depths and
injection pressure) needs to be transferred form the design to the gas lift data panel
on the PROSPER main interface. To do this, exit the gas lift design section and
double click on the gas lift data panel on the main interface. Select valve depths
specified and click on "Transfer | From Gas lift design" and the valve depth data
will be copied across.
Go back to the main screen, and save the file as GliftG2.out in a suitable directory.
3.1.5
3.1.5 STEP
STEP 4 : Use
Use of Quick
QuickLoo
Look
k Diagno
Diagnosti
stic
c tool
tool for gas lift
lift perfo
performa
rmance
nce vali
validati
dation
on
Ü Note:: In this
Note this sectio
section,
n, the Quick
Quickloo
look
k diagn
diagnost
ostic
ic too
tooll for
gaslift shall be used to validate a PROSPER gas lift well
model against measured data.
To access the Quicklook section, select Matchi

Matching
ng – QuickLook
QuickLook. It is assumed
assumed that
measured data is as given below (updated form Data set 1)
Tubing head pressure 264 psig

Tubing head temperature 160.7 degree F
L
Wiqaute
idr rcautte 6
210.631%
stb/day
Total gas rate 6.555 MMscf/day
Gas injection rate 4.1 MMscf/day
Casing head pressure 1750 psig
Input the values under minimum surface measurements.

To enteterr the valv

lve
e data,
ta, selec
lect the
the Valves bu
butt
tton
on on the
the abov
above
e inte
interf
rfac
ace.
e. The
The
following screen appears:
The valv
The valve
e data
data from
from the
the just
just conc
conclu
lude
ded
d desi
design
gn can
can be tran
transf
sfer
erre
red
d by sele
select
ctin
ing
g
Transfer| From Gas Lift Design on the screen below.
Next click on Done | Calculate | Calculate | OK | Plot to get the following diagnostic
diagnostic
plot which shows the pressure traverses along the tubing and annulus of the well.
The Quick
QuickLo
Look
ok princi
principle
ple calcul
calculate
atess well
well press
pressure
ure trave
traverse
rses
s in tw
two
o direc
directio
tions:
ns: one
one
beginning from the wellhead and going to the sand face, and the other going from
the sand-face
sand-face up to the wellhea
wellhead.
d. This is done
done for both tubing and casing
casing to a give
four pressure gradients.
The downward
downward gradients
gradients are based
based on measured
measured data (THP, liquid flow rates,
rates, WC,
GOR for tubing gradient;
gradient; and CHP, gas injection rates for casing gradient), while the
upward
upw ard gradients
gradients depend on the inflow (in the case of the tubing pressure)
pressure) and on
the pressure drop across the orifice (as regards the casing pressure).
If the model
model repro
reproduc
duces
es obser
observe vedd cond
conditi
itions
ons in the well (assu
(assumin
ming
g ac
accur
curate
ate test
measur
mea sureme
ements
nts),
), the press
pressure
ure traver
traverses
ses in both
both dir
direct
ection
ions
s shou
should
ld be ident
identica
icall for
tubing and annular flow. If this is not the case, likely cause of the deviations need to
be investigated.
From a review of the plot it can be seen that we see that the tubing traverse
calculated starting from the flowing bottomhole pressure is higher than the measured
tubing traverse. This suggests that the inflow potential is too high. The likely cause of
this will depend on the IPR model being used and the engineers knowledge of the
project. For example, it may be as a result of reservoir pressure and/or skin. For the
purposes of this example, it will be assumed that the skin value is incorrect and is
5.
5.5.
5. To chan
change
ge this
this,, exit
exit from the Quick
from the uick-Loo
-Look
k dial
dialog
ogue
ue and
and upda
update
te the
the IPR
IPR sk
skin
in
value. Return to the Quick-Look calculation
calculation and recalculate the gradient:
It will be seen that the tubing curves now overlap.
The next step is to compare casing pressure traverses above the orifice.
The calc
The calcul
ulat
ated
ed upwa
upward
rd casi
casing
ng pres
pressu
sure
re trav
traver
erse
se is now
now lowe
lowerr comp
comparared
ed to the
the
measured casing pressure traverse. This suggests that the pressure drop across the
orifice for some reason (like scaling) has increased. In order to match the gradients,
a smalle
smallerr orific
orifice
e diamet
diameter
er can be chos
chosen.
en. Decre
Decreas
ase
e the
the orific
orifice
e diamet
diameter
er to 25/64”
25/64”
and re-perform QuickLook calculations. The plot below is obtained.
The results show a match

match between
between the tubing
tubing and annular
annular gradients.
gradients. This exercis
exercise
e
show
showss how
how the quick
quick look
look diagno
diagnosti
stic
c tool
tool can
can be sued
sued to inves
investig
tigat
ate/t
e/tro
roubl
ublesh
eshoo
oott
performanc
performance e of gas lift
lifted
ed wells
wells provided
provided reliable
reliable flow and pressure
pressure measurem
measurements
ents
are available.
Save the file as GliftG3.out in a suitable directory.
3.2 PROSPER ESP Example
An ESP (Electrical

(Electrical Submersible
Submersible Pump) is installed in a well to provide additional
additional
energy for the fluid to flow at a target production rate and well head pressure.
This example
example presumes
presumes that the user is already familiar
familiar with setting
setting up well models
models
in PROSPER.
All the example

be found under:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples\Worked Examples\Physics
Examples\ESP
3.2.1 Objectives
The objectives of the exercise are:
1. Design a naturally flowing well in PROSPER.

2. Quality check the test / production
production data that is available.
available. The well test data quality
check is based on physics providing some validity of test measurements.
3. Based on the checked
checked data, the PVT and flow models
models (VLP+IPR)
(VLP+IPR) are input.
4. Design a new ESP
ESP lift system for this well.
5. Use
Use PROSPER QuickLook analysis for performance diagnosis.
Data Available:
PVT Data:
· Solution GOR = 392.0 scf/stb
· Oil Gravity = 37.66 API
· Gas Gravity = 1.045
· Water Salinity = 94334 ppm
· Temperature = 205 deg F
· Bubble Point Pb = 1361.0 psig
Pressure GOR Oil FVF Oil
Psig scf/stb rb/stb Viscosity

cp
1361.0 392 1.289
3215 392 1.25 0.66
Gradient Data:
Data Set 1
· Well head pressure = 334 psig
· Tubing Head Temperature = 174 deg F
· Water Cut = 6 %
· Liq. Rate = 5200 stb/day
·· GOR free = 0 scf/stb
Pressure @ 7677.2 ft = 2329.0 psig
· Design a naturally flowing well in PROSPER

· Perform data quality check
· Model validation
· Design of a ESP lifted well in PROSPER
·
The single well model will be designed in a step by step fashion and at each step
any available test / production data available will be used to validate the model.

· Define modeling objective in PROSPER

· Input PVT model and match BO correlations to PVT laboratory data
· Input equipment data: deviation survery, equipment, geothermal gradient
· Input IPR model.
· Quality check/Validate test data with PVT using quality control flow correlations
· Perform a new ESP lift design PROSPER
· Validate ESP lift well model using Quicklook tool in PROSPER
3.2.
2.2
tup
p
The type of well being modelled shall be defined under Systems Options.
Run PROSPER and go to the Option menu in PROSPER. Select the following options:
The options selected are:
· The fluid type is oil

· PVT behaviour
behaviour will be modelled as Black oil PVT technique with a single stage
separation scheme.
· This is an offshore well
· Temp
Temperatu
erature
re calcuati
calcuations
ons shall
shall be performe
performed
d using
using the rough
rough approxim
approximatio
ation
n
temperature model.
· The fluid flows through the tubing
· No emulsion forms
· Pres
Pr esen
Reasonentl
tly,
y,
for the
th e well
this well isbenatu
shall natura
rall
lly
y flow
discussedflowin
ing
g - No arti
later. artifi
fici
cial
al lift
lift opti
option
on is sele
select
cted
ed..
· It is a cased hole with no gravel pack.
· There is no gas coning and the well completion is single branch/lateral.
Next a Black
Next Black Oil fluid
fluid PVT model shall be input (The
(The Black
Black oil method
method was selected
selected
fo
forr fl
flui
uid
d PVT
PVT desc
descriript
ptio
ion
n unde
underr sy
syst
stem
em opti
option
ons)
s).. Black
lack oil
oil corr
correl
elat
atio
ions
ns shal
shalll be
matc
ma tch
hed to lablaborato
ratorry data
ata and the
the mos
most suita
itable
ble Blac
lack oil corre
rrelati
latio
on which ich
reproduces fluid PVT behaviour will be selected.
On th
the
e main
main interf
interfac
ace,
e, go to the PVT sectio
section
n by selecting PVT |
selecting | Inpu
Inputt Data.
Data. Input
the PVT data as indicated below.
Input the PVT match

match data availabl
available
e by clicking
clicking the Match
Match Data button
button on the above
above
screen. This is shown below:
Cl
Clic
ick
k Done
Done on the
the abov
above e dial
dialog
og to go back
back to the
the PVT
PVT inpu
inputt dial
dialog
og.. Co
Cond
nduc
uctt the
the
matching procedure by clicking on the Regression but button
ton and then the MatMatch
ch All
button. The program performs
performs a regression
regression analysis on all the entered data with all
standard black oil correlations that are available in PROSPER.
To display the regression parameters and standard deviations for all the correlations,
click on Parameters .
Based on the regression

Based regression parameters
parameters (parameter
(parameter 1, a multipli
multiplier
er and paramet
parameterer 2; a
shif
sh iftt fa
fact
ctor
or)) and
and stan
standa
dard
rd devi
deviat
atio
ion,
n, se
sele
lect
ct the
the best
best momode
del.
l. Idea
Ideall
lly
y the
the stan
standa
dard
rd
devi
de viatatio
ion
n sh
shouould
ld be ve
very
ry smal
small,
l, para
paramemete
terr 1 shou
shouldld equa
equall 1.0
1.0 and
and para
parame
meteterr 2
should
shou ld equal
equal zero.
zero. From the regressi
regressionon results,
results, the Standing
Standing correlat
correlation
ion gives the
bestt match
bes match for Pb, Rs and Bo while while Beggs
Beggs correl
correlat
ation
ion gives
gives the best matchmatch for oil
visco
viscositsity.
y. Once
Once this
this is done,
done, click
click the Main butto
buttonn to go back
back to the main main windo
window. w.
Ensure the matched correlations are selected on the main PVT interface interface (see below)
With the PVT match completed i.e. having a valid fluid PVT model which reproduces
fluid behaviour
behaviour in reality,
reality, the next step is to inpu
inputt the well configu
configurati
ration/
on/ equipme
equipment
nt
data. To do this, go to the main interface, select System | Equipment (Tubing etc.)
from main menu and input the equipment data as follows:
Deviation Survey:
The deviation survey is as follows:
Measured depth True vertical depth

(ft) (ft)
0 0
463.3 463.3
2399.9 2368.4
3450.1 3256.6
4649.9 4100.1
5200.1 4467.5
6899.9 5673.9
7450.1 6079.7
8687.7 7280.2
This survey
survey is the referenc
reference e for MD - TVD depth convers
conversions
ions.. The deviation
deviation survey
survey
should start from zero (i.e. a reference depth). Where this zero depth is refernced to
is up to the user.
user. Howe
However
ver,, it is impor
importan
tantt that
that all other
other depth
depth entrie
entries
s in teh model
model
should be consistent with this zero depth reference.
The next step is to define the equipments in the well itself. No surface data
equipment is available.
Down-hole equipment:
The following equipment data is available for the well. No tubing Outer Diameter
data is input at the moment. The data is input later when the ESP artificial lift option
is selected.
Type MD (ft) Tubing ID Tubing OD Casing ID

(in) (in) (in)
X’mas
tree 59.4 - - -
Tubing 689.0 3.96 4.5 8.68

SSSV - 2.13 - -
Tubing 7660.8 3.96 4.5 8.68
Restriction - 2.31 - -
Tubing 7677.2 3.96 4.5 8.68
Casing 7860.9 - - 8.68
Casing 8169.3 - - 6.18
Casing 8687.7 - - 3.96
All roughness
roughness of tubing
tubing / casing = 0.0006
0.0006 in
Next
Next,, geot
geothe
herm
rmal
al grad
gradie
ient
nt and
and OHTC
OHTC (U
(U-v
-val
alue
ue)) are
are spec
specif
ifie
ied
d as give
given
n belo
below
w for
for
temperature calculations in the well.

Geothermal Gradient:
The formation geothermal gradient is as given below:
Measured depth Formation

(ft) temperature
(degree F)
59.4 60
8687.7 205
Over
Overal
alll Heat
Heat Tra
Trans
nsfe
ferr Coef
Coeffi
fici
cien
entt (OHT
(OHTC)
C):: 3 BTU/
BTU/hr
hr/f
/ft2
t2/F
/F
The Average Heat Capacities are kept at their default values.
The next step is to define

define an inflow
inflow into the
the well
well from
from the reservo
reservoir.
ir. This involves
involves
defining an IPR model.
Select the System | Inflow Performance menu item to select an IPR model. Input
the IPR data as shown in the following dialogs:
Reservoir model PI Entry

Reservoir pressure 2468 psig
Reservoir temperature 205 degree F
Water cut 6%
Total GOR 392
Relative permeability No
The PI IPR model based on test measurement

measurements s is selected
selected.. Click
Click on Input
Input data tab
to input a PI of 7.19 stb/day/psi for the system.
Click the Calculate bu

butto
tton
n to view
view the IPR and the Absolut
Absolute
e Open
Open flow
flow potent
potential
ial
calculated.
3.2.3
3.2.3 STEP
STEP 2 : Well
Well Mod
Model
el Val
Valid
idati
ation
on and
and Data
Data Qual
Qualit
ity
y Check
Check
In this section, the response of the model shall be compared to measured data. The
fi
firs
rstt st
step
ep is to perf
perfor
orm
m a data
data qual
qualit
ity
y chec
check.
k. Data
Data set
set 1 shal
shalll be sued
sued for
for mode
modell
validation.
For ESP's pressure traverse calculations are performed form the bottom to the top of
the well
well unlik
unlike
e natur
naturall
ally
y flowi
flowing
ng wells
wells wher
where
e calcul
calculati
ation
ons
s are form
form top
top to bot
bottom
tom..
H oknow
weown
unkn
un venr, fothe
threanbo
for botttom
toP
ESP
ES m lift
lih ole
ol
ede well
fted pre
we ll..ssu
ssBut
ure
Bu fr(whi
(w
t fromhic
om ctest
h stbedata
te come
daom
ta,, ethe
s efirs
th first
t llca
well
we lcu
lcad
head
he ulat
latpres
ion
ioessu
prn sure
node
od
ree)and
anis
d
gauge
ga uge pressu
pressure re ab
above
ove the pumppump are knowknown. n. Abov
Above e the
the pump,
pump, the the press
pressure
ure drop
drop
calculations are similar to natural flow conditions but with high bottom hole pressures
(pump discharge point). This means a flow correlation in the model can be matched
to th
the
e te
test
st poin
pointt abov
above e the
the pump
pump and and this
this is why
why the
the ESP
ESP was was not
not sele
select
cted
ed for
for
artificial lift initially. After the well section above the pump is matched to test data, the
ESP option will be selected.
Therefore the first step in model validation is to match a lift correlation to test data
above
abo ve the pump. Selectt the Matc
pump. Selec Matchin
hing
g | Correla
Correlatio
tion
n Compari
Comparisonson | Tubing
Tubing menu
item and input the following data, selecting the highlighted correlations.
Perform the calculations (by clicking the Calculate | Calculate) and plot the results.
The
The abov
above
e plot
plot sh
show
ows
s that
that the
the test
test data
data po
poin
intt lies
lies on the
the righ
rightt of the
the Pres
Pressu
sure
re
tr
trav
aver
erse
se gene
genera
rate
ted
d by the
the Duns
Duns and
and Ros
Ros Modi
Modifi
fied
ed (D
(DRM
RM)) corr
correl
elat
atio
ion.
n. The
The DRM
DRM
correl
cor relati
ation
on repres
represenents
ts the maximu
maximumm pressu
pressure
re loss
loss obtai
obtaina
nable
ble in a well
well if the
the flow
flow
regime is slug flow. One can verify that the flow regime at the gauge depth (i.e. test
poin
po int)
t) is slug
slug flow
flow by chec
checki
king
ng the
the grad
gradie
ient
nt calc
calcul
ulat
atio
ion
n resu
result
lts
s on thethe prev
previo
ious
us
interface.
For the well

For well condi
conditio
tions
ns,, the plot
plot indica
indicates
tes tubing
tubing press
pressure
ures
s greate
greaterr than
than the DRM
DRM
corr
correl
elat
atio
ion.
n. This
This indi
indica
cate
tes
s inco
incons
nsis
iste
tenc
ncy
y betw
betwee
eenn the
the PVT
PVT mode
modell and
and test
test data
data
assuming equipment description is accurate.
Assuming accurate PVT model for this example, then the test data has to be
re
revie
viewe
wed.
d. A wate
waterr cu
cutt of 6% was
was input
input at tes
testt condi
conditio
tionsns.. This
This is a low valu
value
e for a
naturall
natu rally
y flowing
flowing well being
being conside
considered
red for artificial
artificial lift
lift.. A re-c
re-check
heck of test data now
indicates that actual water cut is 34% and not 6%. Changing this value on the Tubing
correlation comparison interface and re-calculating the gradients, the following plot is
obtained.
It can be seen that the test data point plots to the left of DRM correlation, and this
concludes the quality check process.
The next step involves matching a vertical lift correlation to the test data.
The matching process seeks to tune the correlations to reproduce the test data point
by matc
matchihing
ng the
the two
two co
comp
mpon
onen
ents
ts of pres
pressu
sure
re drop
drop i.e.
i.e. grav
gravit
ity
y an
and
d fric
fricti
tion
on usin
usingg
multiplie
multipliers
rs (paramet
(parameter
er 1 and paramete
parameterr 2) for each correlat
correlation.
ion. The correla
correlation
tion that
best matches the test will be selected to model flow in the tubing.
Select Matching | Matching | IPR/VLP (Quality Check) and input test data 1 on the
VLP/IPR matching
matching interface as shown below (note that a 34% water cut value will be
used).
Perform the correlation match by clicking the Match VL

V L P button. Select the following
correlations from the list:
Hagedorn Brown
Petroleum Experts 2
Petroleum Experts 3
Cl
Click the Mat
ick Match
ch butto
button
n again
again to calculat
calculate
e the match
match paramete
parameters. rs. Once complete
completed,
d,
the match parameters are reviewed by selecting the S tatis
tatis tics
tic s button:
Petroleum
Petro Experts 2 give
leum Experts gives
s the
the best
best matc
match
h and
and wi
will
ll be sele
select
cted
ed late
laterr as the
the vert
vertic
ical
al lift
lift
correlation. This concludes model validation and data quality check for the example.
Save the file as ESPG.out in a suitable directory.
3.2.
2.4
4 STEP 3 : ESP Desig
sign
The obje
The object
ctiv
ive
e of this
this sect
sectio
ion
n is to de
desi
sign
gn an ESPESP lift
lifted
ed oil
oil well
well for
for the
the prev
previo
ious
us
examp
xample
le.. The diffe
ifferrent
ential
ial press
essure req
require
ired by thethe pump
ump to meemeet the design ign
para
parame
mete
ters
rs are
are ca
calc
lcul
ulat
ated
ed and
and base
basedd on this
this,, a pump
pump,, moto
motorr and
and cabl
cable
e that
that ca
cann
meet this design and fit in the well are selected.
The design shall be performed at a target liquid rate of 6000stb/day, 60% water cut
against
against a well head pressure
pressure of 100psig
100psig.. The pump shall be placed
placed at 7660ft
7660ft and a
cable of 7710feet will supply power to the pump via the motor.
From the Options menu set the A rti

rtififici
ci al L i ft Method
Method to electrical submersible
pump.
Go to the Downhole E quipment S ection and complete the tubing and casing outer
diameter information.
Type MD (ft) Tubing ID Tubing OD Casing ID

(in) (in) (in)
X’mas 59.4 - - -
tree
Tubing 689.0 3.96 4.5 8.68
SSSV - 2.13 - -
Tubing 7660.8 3.96 4.5 8.68
Restriction - 2.31 - -
Tubing 7677.2 3.96 4.5 8.68
Casing 7860.9 - - 8.68
Casing 8169.3 - - 6.18
Casing 8687.7 - - 3.96
On the main menu, select Design | Electrical Submersible Pump .

On the ESP Design
Design interfac
interface,
e, input
input the following
following data.
data. An initial assumpti
assumption
on that no
gas sep
separa
rattion
ion is requi
quired
red at the
the pum
pump inletlet will be tak
taken (i.e
(i.e.. gas separati
ratio
on
efficiency is zero).
Pump depth 7660 ft

Operating frequency 60 Hz
Maximum OD 6 in
Length of cable 7710 ft
Gas separator efficiency 0%
Design rate 9000 stb/day
Water cut 60 %
Total GOR 392 scf/stb
Top node pressure 100 psig
Motor power safety margin 0%
Pump wear factor 0
Pipe correlation Beggs and Brill
Tubing correlation Petroleum Experts 2
2
Click on Calculate on the above dialog and Calculate again to determine the pump
head, fluid power required and other design parameters:
With the calculatio

calculations
ns complete
completed, d, the need
need for a gas separator
separator at pump inlet can be
checked
chec ked using an empirica
empiricall correlat
correlation
ion (Dunbar
(Dunbar plot). Click on Sensitivity an
plot). Click and
d the
plot appears.
The Dunbar plot is a plot of Intake pressure against gas enteri
entering
ng the pump (i.e. GLR
at pump intake).
The diff
The differ
eren
entt line
lines
s on the
the Dunb
Dunbar
ar plot
plot are
are for
for diff
differ
eren
entt leve
levels
ls of gas
gas sepa
separarati
tion
on
efficienc
efficiencyy at pump intake.
intake. When the test point plots above the Dunbar
Dunbar factor, a gas
separator is not necessary
necessary at pump inlet (as in this case). If the point plots below the
Dunbarr fa
Dunba facto
ctor,
r, then
then a gas
gas separ
separato
atorr wi
with
th an effici
efficien
ency
cy corre
corresp
spond
onding
ing to the
the line
line it
plots on is required at pump inlet. In such case, the separator
separator efficiency is entered in
the ESP design input dialog and pump calculations are repeated to ensure the point
plots above the Dunbar factor line.
The next step is to per

perform
form the design
design which involves
involves selecting
selecting a pump,
pump, motor
motor and
cable which meet design parameters. Exit the plot, click on Done and then Design.
PROSPER filters out pumps, motors and cable that meet the design parameters
parameters from
a dat
ata
abase
ase. The dat
data base can be acces cessed through Design | ESP | Pump
throug
database and the interface below is displayed.
On this screen use Import | Append to import

import a pump
pump database.
database. There
There are some
database
data basess provide
provided
d with the program
program in the \samples
\samples\\PROSPER direc
directory
tory.. One can
call up the motor and cable databases in a similar fashion.
Return to the ESP design interface to select equipment that meet design criteria.
From the available list of pumps, select the REDA SN8500 model.
From the motors listed select the Reda 540_90-0_Int 400HP 2116V 113A motor..
Based on the selectio

Based selection
n availabl
available
e select
select #1 Copper
Copper cable. This stage complete
completess the
ESP design and the results
results are displaye
displayed
d on the same interface
interface in terms
terms of current
current
required etc as shown below:
A click on Plot displays
displays the pump performance curve which shows operational limits
for the pump.
The REDA SN8500 pump will require 136 stages (impellar - diffuser configurations)
in series for the required head to deliver the fluids at the target rate and well head
pressure.
The point on this plot shows the design operating point on the pump performance
plot.
This concludes the new ESP design

3.2.5
3.2.5 STEP
STEP 4 : Use
Use of QuickL
QuickLook
ook Diag
Diagnost
nostic
ic tool
tool for ESP
ESP lift
lift perfo
performa
rmance
nce
validation
Ü Note:: In this
Note this sectio
section,
n, the Quick
Quickloo
look
k diagn
diagnost
ostic
ic too
tooll for
ESP shall be used to validate a PROSPER ES ESPP well
well
mode
mo dell agai
agains
nstt meas
measur
ured
ed data
data.. Data
Data avai
availa
labl
blee incl
includ
ude
e
rates and well head pressure as well as downhole pump
intake and discharge pressures.
To per erfo
forrm the valida
lidattion lect Ma
ion, selec Matc
tchi
hing
ng | Quic
QuickL
kLoo
ookk. Th
Thee meas
measur
urem
emen
ents
ts
indicate a water
water cut of 60%. The pump is same as designed in the prev previous
ious section.
It will be assume
assumed d that
that the
the pump
pump is not
not worn
worn out and
and is still operati
operating
ng at a desig
designn
frequency of 60Hz. Input the following test data.
Tubing head pressure 345 psig

Liquid rate 6523 stb/day
Water cut 60 %
Produced GOR 392 scf/stb
Static bottom hole pressure 2468 psig
Pump depth 7660 ft
Operating frequency 60 Hz
Length of cable 7710 ft
Gas separation efficiency 0%
Number of stages 137
Pump wear factor 0 (fraction)
Downhole data:
Pump discharge pressure (MD = 7660 ft) = 2725 psig
Pump suction pressure (MD = 7660 ft) = 1025 psig
calculation, select Calculate | Calculate and plot the pressure traverse

To begin the calculation, traverse
along the well.
The QuickLook principle calculates well pressure traverses

traverses for in two directions: one
beginning from the wellhead and going to the sand face, and the other going from
the sand-face up to the wellhead. If the model reproduced observed conditions in the
well
we ll (a
(ass
ssum
umin
ing
g accu
accura
rate
te test
test meas
measur urem
emen
ents
ts),
), the
the pres
pressu
sure
re trav
traver
erse
ses
s shou
should
ld be
identical.
the pump
pump is a tie point for the system i.e. where
where the inflow
inflow up to the pump and the
lift
lift abov
abovee the
the pump
pump are
are tied
tied wi
with
th each
each othe
other.
r. For
For a give
givenn well
wellhe
head
ad pres
pressu
sure
re,, the
the
pump discharge
discharge pressure
pressure depends
depends only on the weight
weight and frictional
frictional loss of the fluid
fluid
abov
ab ove
e th
the
e pump
pump.. It ca
can
n be se
sen
n from
from the
the diag
diagno
nost
stic
ic plot
plot that
that the
the pump
pump disc
discha
hargrgee
pressure calculated
calculated from the downward traverse
traverse is slightly
slightly lower than the measured
measured
test point (blue point).
This section of the well can be considered as a naturally flowing well with bottomhole
pressure equal to the pump discharge pressure.
Thus to match the downward discharge pressure point with the measured point, the
model can be switched
switched back
back to natu
natural
ral flowing conditions
conditions and the flow correla
correlation
tions
s
tu
tune
ned
d to re
repr
prod
oducuce
e the
the meas
measurured
ed pres
pressusure
re prof
profil
ile
e from
from top
top of the
the well
well to pump
pump
discharge point. The test data is given below.
Tubing Head Pressure: 345 psig

Tubing Head Temperature: 174 deg F
Water Cut: 60 %
Lia
G quuigdeRDaete
p:th: 66
7 56
203 fSt TB/day
Gauge Pressure: 2725 psig
GOR: 392 scf/STB
GOR free: 0 scf/STB
Enter these data in the VLP/IPR Matching section:
Perform a Correlation Comparison to quality check the test data. The test data point
is wi
with
thin
in th
the
e limi
limits
ts give
given
n by the
the Duns
Duns and
and Ros
Ros Modi
Modifi
fied
ed and
and Fanc
Fanche
herr and
and Brow
Brownn
correlations, as shown in the following plot:
After data quality check, the correlation

correlation which gives pressure profile closest to data
point can be selected and then matched to the data point.
The choice of the correlation

correlation and VLP match is done
done followin
following
g the guidelines
guidelines given
by the PROSPER manual and previous examples for natural flowing wells.
Back to the VLP/IPR screen, click on Match VLP and match the Petroleum Experts 2
correlation.
The match parameters are calculated and displayed by clicking on Statistics.

With the well section above the pump matched to measured data, re-select the ESP
artificial lift method from Options interface and go to the Quicklook section.
Click on CalculateôCalculate, then Plot. The following QuickLook plot is displayed:

As can be seen, the measured and calculated

calculated discharge
discharge pressures
pressures are matched.
The next step is to obtain a match on the inlet conditions of the pump.
The abov
The abovee plot
plot sh
showowss that
that the
the DP acro
across
ss the
the pump
pump cacalc
lcul
ulat
ated
ed in the
the down
downwa
ward
rd
gr
grad
adie
ient
nt is grea
greate
terr than
than the
the meas
measurured
ed pump
pump DP (as(as indi
indica
cate
tedd by the
the dist
distan
ance
ce
betwee
betweenn the two blue
blue square
squares)
s).. The
The likely
likely caus
causee of the devia
deviatio
tion
n could
could be due
due to
pump wear, which decreases the pump performance.
If a pump wear factor of 18% (0.18) is input on the Quicklook main interface and the
calculations re-performed, the following diagnostic plot is obtained.

The downward gradient is now matched (green curve).

The
Th e fina
finall st
step
ep is to obta
obtain
in a matc
match
h on the
the upwa
upward rd grad
gradie
ient
nt.. The
The upwa
upward
rd grad
gradie
ient
nt
depe
dependndss on the
the Infl
Inflow
ow as it is calc
calcul
ulat
ated
ed star
starti
ting
ng from
from the
the flow
flowin
ing
g bott
bottom
om hole
hole
pressure obtained from the IPR. The upward gradient shows greater pressures than
the downward gradient. Parameters to change depends on IPR model being used
and the engineers knowlege
knowlege of the system. Reduce the PI for the well to 6.3 stb/day/
psi in the IPR section and perform the calculations again in the Quicklook section.
A match is now obtained for both downward

downward and upward pressure traverses.
traverses. This
exer
ex erci
cise
se show
shows s how
how the
the quic
quick
k look
look diag
diagno
nost
stic
ic tool
tool can
can be sued
sued to inve
invest
stig
igat
ate/
e/
troubl
troubles
eshoo
hoott perfo
performa
rmanc
nce
e of ESP
ESP lifted
lifted wells
wells provid
provided
ed reliab
reliable
le flow
flow and
and press
pressure
ure
measurements are available.
Save this file as ESPG1.out in a suitable directory.
3.3 MBA
BAL
L Ga
Gas
s Hist
istory Matchi
tching
ng Exam
amp
ple
This
This tu
tuto
tori
rial
al exam
exampl
ple
e is prov
provid
ides
es more
more insi
insigh
ghtt into
into MBAL fo
foll
llow
owin
ing
g on from
from the
the
MBAL Gas Reservoir Example of the Dexterity section.
3.3.1 Objectives
The focus of the example is to match a gas reservoir model in MBAL to production
hist
histor
ory.
y. The
The hist
histor
ory
y matc
match
h proc
proces
ess
s wi
will
ll prov
provid
ide
e more
more info
inform
rmat
atio
ion
n abou
aboutt orig
origin
inal
al
volumes of gas in place and drive mechanisms acting.
Knowledge of the drive mechanisms acting will increase one's understanding of the
re
reser
servo
voir’
ir’s
s poten
potentia
tiall produ
producti
ction.
on. Relat
Relative
ive permea
permeabilbiliti
ities
es for gas
gas and wate
waterr will
will be
esti
estima
mate
tedd by matc
matchi hing
ng hist
histor
oric
ical
al frac
fracti
tion
onal
al wate
waterr prod
producucti
tion
on to simu
simula
late
ted
d wate
water r
pr
prod
oduc
ucti
tion
on (fro
(from
m the
the mode
model)
l) and
and this
this sh
shal
alll be test
tested
ed by perf
perfor
ormi
ming
ng a pred
predic
icti
tion
on
calculation.
Input data required is production and pressure history data. This is contained in
GASRES2.xls located in C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples
\Worked Examples\Physics Examples\Gas history matching.

· History match a MBAL tank model

· Analyse a graphical
graphical material balance
balance plot
· Tune the model parameters to a suitable starting point for the regression
· Perform regression on parameters of most uncertainity
· Quality check history match
· Prepare model for predictions through fractional flow matching
· Quality check fractional flow match.

The following steps shall be taken to achieve the objective.
· Input production history

· Conduct history match
· Analyse graphical
graphical plots
plots
· Tune tank parameters and Input aquifer model
·· Perform regression
Verify quality of history match - Run Simulation
· Conduct fractional flow matching
· Verify fractional flow match - Run prediction
3.3.
3.3.2
2 STEP
STEP 1 : Ini
Initi
tial
alis
ise
e MBA
MBAL
L
Start the MBAL program by running MBAL.EX .EXE,

E, which can be foun
found
d in the PETEX
director
directory
y (The
(The default
default location
location is usually
usually C:\Progr
C:\Program
am Files\Pe
Files\Petrol
troleum
eum Experts
Experts\IPM
\IPM
7.0). See the MBAL manual for more details on how to start MBAL.
Chec
Check
k th
that
at the
the cu
curr
rren
entt ve
vers
rsio
ion
n of MBAL has
has been
been load
loaded
ed.. Select He
Select Help
lp | About
bout
MBAL Package to check the version number.
Select Fil
File
e | Open to open the file created from the MBAL Gas Reservoir Example
in the Dexter
Dexterity section - GASRES.MBI. Save
ity section Save this as a new
new file (GASRE
(GASRES2
S2.MB
.MBI)
I)
using File | Save As .
The model was previously built with an estimated GIIP. With production data this can
be better estimated along with drive mechanisms acting.
3.3.3
3.3.3 STEP
STEP 2 : In
Inpu
putt Pro
Produ
ducti
ction
on Hi
Hist
story
ory Data
Data
Production
Production history data is entered
entered and an aquifer
aquifer model
model is initiali
initialised
sed in this section.
section.
Enter the production history shown below in Table 1 by selecting Input | Tank Data
and selecting the Production History tab.
Reservoi Cum. Cum. Cum. Cum.

r Gas Water Gas Water
Ti m e Pressure Produce Pro
Produce
uced Injecte
cted Injected
d
date d/m/ ps
psig Bscf MMSTB MMscf MMSTB
y
01/01/199 11500 0.000 0 0 0

8
01/04/199 10866 23.109 0.0145645 0 0
8
01/07/199 10381 44.684 0.0285966 0 0
8
01/10/199 9967 65.298 0.0424057 0 0
8
01/01/199 9598 84.849 0.0559903 0 0
9
01/04/199 9267 103.049 0.0692967 0 0
9
01/07/199 8955 120.618 0.0830781 0 0
9
01/10/199 8659 137.575 0.0976719 0 0
9
01/01/200 8380 153.762 0.113271 0 0
0
01/04/200 8121 168.873 0.129811 0 0
0
01/07/200 7874 183.494 0.148142 0 0
0
01/10/200 7636 197.644 0.168577 0 0
0
01/01/200 7410 211.188 0.191149 0 0
1
01/04/200 7200 223.875 0.215463 0 0
1
01/07/200 6998 236.155 0.242381 0 0
1
01/10/200 6805 248.039 0.272059 0 0
1
01/01/200 6621 259.401 0.304208 0 0
2
01/04/200 6449 270.151 0.338412 0 0
2
01/07/200 6285 280.445 0.37498 0 0
2
01/10/200 6127 290.419 0.414325 0 0
2
01/01/200 5977 299.974 0.455474 0 0
3
This data is also contained

contained in an EXCEL spreads
spreadsheet
heet named GASRES
GASRES2.XL 2.XLS
S and
the data (cells A5:F25)
A5:F25) may be copied and paspasted
ted into MBAL usi ng a right mouse
using
cli
click on ththe
e pr
pra
amete
meterrs tabs
abs (to
(top) of the
the prod
roductio
ction
n hist
istor
ory
y spreareadshe
sheet. The
spre
sp read
adsh
shee
eett is loca
locate
ted
d in C:\P
C:\Pro
rogr
gram
am File
Files\
s\Pe
Petr
trol
oleu
eumm Expe
Expertrts\
s\IP
IPMM 7\Sa
7\Samp
mple
les
s
\Worked Examples\Physics Examples\GAS History Matching
Alternatively, any one of the production
Alternatively, production history spreadsheet
spreadsheet row numbers can be
right-clicked then from the pop-up menu select Paste.
NOTE: If a paste
paste function
function is done in the first spreadshe
spreadsheet
et cell then all the data will
will
be pl
plac
aced
ed in the
the si
sing
ngle
le cell
cell.. Dele
Delete
te the
the data
data by usin
using the B ackspa
g the ckspacece keyboard
button and use one of the above data paste conventions.
NOTE: It is very
very import
important
ant to chec
check
k that
that the
the units
units for the input
input data
data are consis
consisten
tentt
with those on the input screen of MBAL. The units can be changed in MBAL from the
main
mai n menu
menu by clicking
clicking on UNIT
UNITSS or by clickin
clicking
g on the unit itself
itself on the
the produ
producti
ction
on
data interface.
As seen from the table, the Cummulative
Cummulative gas producted
producted is in units of Bscf and this
unit is changed on the parameter tab before the data is pasted.
3.3.4
3.3.4 STEP
STEP 3 : Intr
Introd
oduc
ucti
tion
on to
to Mater
Materia
iall Bala
Balanc
nce
e conc
concep
epts
ts
A very brief
brief introduction
introduction to the material
material balance method
method is includ
included
ed here.
The governin
governing g principa
principall is volume conservat
conservation
ion as the reservoi
reservoirr is produced
produced.. This
This
may be restated as:
Th
The
e vol
volume
replacedum
byefluid/formation
of mate
materi
rial
al re
remo
move
ved
d byand
expansion prod
produc
ucti
tion
on aquifer
possible at rese
reserv
rvoi
oirr co
influx.cond
ndit
itio
ions
ns is
The equation below represents this volume (material) balance at reservoir conditions
(pressure and temperature):
F = N.Et + We
F is the produced
produced fluid volume at reservoir
reservoir condition
conditions.
s. Good producti
production
on history
history
and PVT is
is required to estimate this quantity.
N is the original
original oil/gas
oil/gas volume
volume in place,
place, which can be esti estimate
matedd by geologi
geological
cal
investigations.
Et is the expansion of the reservoir fluid and water, and formation rock
compactio
comp actionn followi
following
ng the depress
depressuris
urisatio
ationn of the reservoir
reservoir as it is produced
produced..
Good reservoir pressure history and PVT is is required to estimate
estimate Et. Note that
for oils,
oils, good
good PVT (Bo)
(Bo) above
above the bubble
bubble point
point is especial
especially
ly importan
important,
t, since
since
the compressibility of undersaturated liquid oils is relatively small.
We is the volume of aquifer water entering the initial reservoir volume.
In general, if good PVT , prod

productio
uctionn and pressure
pressure history is availabl e, F an
available, d Et are
and
reason
rea sonab
ably
ly well
well known.
known. Also,
Also, an ini
initia
tiall estimate of N ca
estimate can
n usua
usuall
lly
y be made
made.. The
The
objective of history match then is to refine correlations for We and the value
value of N to
match the production data. The material balance equation above can be rearranged
and a non-linear
non-linear regression performed on parameters of most uncertainty
uncertainty within it e.
g. on N and aquifer model parameters.
The
The qual
qualit
ity
y of the
the PVT and produ
producti
ction
on histor
history
y data
data is vital
vital to the
the mater
material
ial balan
balance
ce
PVT
calcul
cal culati
ation
ons.
s. For
For simpli
simplicit
city,
y, this
this exampl
example
e uses
uses an match
matched
ed Black
Black Oil and
and a
fictitious production history.
3.3.5
3.3.5 STEP
STEP 4 : Mate
Materi
rial
al Bala
Balanc
nce
e His
Histo
tory
ry Matc
Matchi
hing
ng
The production history data will be matched to a material balance model using non-
line
linear
ar re
regr
gres
essi
sion
on and
and more
more impo
importrtan
antl
tly
y the
the user
user's
's engi
engine
neer
erin
ing
g judg
judgem
emenentt and
and
know
kn owle
ledg
dgee of the
the sy
syst
stem
em.. The
The driv
drive
e mech
mechan
anis
isms
ms with
within
in the
the rese
reserv
rvoi
oirr and
and the
the
Original Gas In Place (OGIP) will be estimated.
The History Matching
Matching process starts with an initial assumption of no aquifer. Thus on
the Tank Input data screen, select No Aquifer.
Select History Matching | All. Three screens appear graphically illustrating

illustrating the fit of
th
the
e mate
materi
rial
al bala
balanc
nce
e mode
modell to the
the prod
produc
ucti
tion
on data
data and
and rese
reserv
rvoi
oirr pres
pressu
sure
re.. It is
suggested that the MBAL window is made full screen to aid viewing.
The material balance model is defined by the correlations and parameters entered in
the Input | Tank Data scr
screen
eens.
s. All of these may be altered
altered at any time to improve
improve
the fit, but only the OGIP and the aquifer model parameters may be modified by non-
linear regression. This reflects the observation that these are generally the least well
known variables.
It is very important that a systematic methodology is followed, based on an

understanding
understand ing of the material balance model, rather
rather than a series of regress
regressions.
ions. It
should
shou ld be understo
understoodod that the regressi
regression
on solution
solutions
s are not necessaril
necessarily y uniq
unique
ue and
work bet
bette
terr if the
their value
lues prior
rior to reg
regres
ression
ion ar
aree not too fa
farr from
rom a soluti
lutio
on.
Therefore the interpretation of the graphical representations of the material balance
model must be used to refine the model before a regression is performed.
Currently an aquifer model has not been included in the model as characteristic plots
obtained
obtained by re-arran
re-arranging
ging the material
material balance
balance equatio
equation n (graphic
(graphical
al methods)
methods) which
which
may
ma y indi
indica
cate
te the
the pres
presen
ence
ce of an aqui
aquife
ferr shal
shalll firs
firstt be chec
checke
ked.
d. High
Highliligh
ghtt the
the
Graphicall Method wind
Graphica window
ow by clicking
clicking the left mouse button
button within its title
title bar, and
sele
se
wr
writtct Me
lect
itten
en Metho
as thodd | /Et
(F-We) Cole
Cole
(F-We)/Et ((
((F-W
= N.F-We)/
(w e)/Et
(whenEt)
hen ). Reca
We Recall
= 0, llF/Et
the
the=mate
ma
N).teri
rial
Ifalthe
bala
bamater
lanc
nce
mat e ial
equa
eqbalanc
erial uati
tion
bal on ecan
ance can be
model
mod el
was well fitted to the production
production data then the Cole plot should
should be a horizon
horizontal
tal line
with an intercept equal to N (OGIP).
The plot
plot show
showss an ini
initia
tiall rise
rise which
which indica
indicates
tes an increa
increasin
singg appa
apparen
rentt value
value for N.
This means the expansion (Et) of the reservoir fluids/formation
fluids/formation alone is not sufficient
to main
mainta tain
in the
the rese
reserv
rvoi
oirr pres
pressu
sure
re.. In othe
otherr word
words,s, ther
there
e is more
more ener
energy
gy in the
the
reservo
rese rvoir
ir than currently
currently predicte
predicted d by the material
material balance
balance model.
model. These
These equivale
equivalent
nt
statements imply the reservoir pressure is being maintained by another mechanism,
which most likely is an aquifer.
Also note the shape

shape of the Cole
Cole plot. There is an initial
initial rise, a stabilization
stabilization and a later
decline. This can be interpreted
interpreted as the aq
aquifer
uifer inflow slowing
slowing at around data point
point 5
and
and sto
top
ppin
ing
g near data point
int 10.
10. This means ans tha
that arouround this time
time the outer
ter
boundary of the aquifer has been ‘felt’.
At early times, the well will not feel the influence of the aquifer. Therefore
Therefore the early
valu
values
and es
seton
thethe Colebottom
Y-axis curve
curve
bottom indi
indicate
cate
e to minimum
value
valu min
600imum
Bscf values
Bscf values for
(which N. OGIP
is the Select Display
Selectentered in |the
Scales
tan
tank
k
input
input scree
screen) select Done. An extr
n) and select extrap
apola
olatio
tion
n of the Cole curve
curve toward
towards s the Y
axis is difficult, emphasizing the importance of early data recording. However, as an
initial assumpt
initial assumption
ion an extrapol
extrapolatio
ation
n to the Y-axi
Y-axis
s would
would suggest
suggest a value
value for N larger
larger
than 600 Bscf, perhaps nearer 750 Bscf.
The origina
originall volum
volumes
es of gas
gas in place
place shall
shall be updat
updated
ed to 750
750 Bscf
Bscf and an aquif
aquifer
er
model input.
The following data for the aquifer can be used as a starting point:
Model Hurst-van Everdingen Modified
System Radial Aquifer
Reservoir thickness 100 ft
Reservoir radius 5000 ft
Outer / Inner radius ratio 5
Encroachment angle 360 degrees
Aquifer permeability
permeability 20 md
Conducting the history match again, the following plots are obtained.
Fr
From
om th thee Grap
Graphi
hica
call Meth
Method
od (Col
(Cole
e plot
plot)) scre
screenen show
shown n abov
abovee it is clea
clearr that
that the
the
aqui
aq uife
ferr th
that
at has
has been
been adde
addedd is too
too stro
strongng,, it is prov
provid
idin
ing
g too
too mu
muchch ener
energygy to the
the
system (i.e. the trend
trend line goes below the horizontal).
horizontal). The extrapolation
extrapolation of the Cole
curve to the Y-axis suggests a reduced OGIP (N).
The WD fu
The func
ncti
tion
on Plot
Plot sc
scre
reen
en (top
(top left
left sc
scre
reen
en)) shal
shalll be revi
review
ewed
ed.. This
This show
showss a
dimensionless
dimensionle ss time (tD) and dimensionless aquifer
aquifer inflow volume (Q)
(Q).. The ‘elbow’ of
this curve occurs
occurs at the point where
where the aquifer
aquifer cannot
cannot supply additional
additional water; the
boundary
boun dary of the aquifer
aquifer has been ‘felt’.
‘felt’. Recall
Recall that the initial
initial Cole curve
curve suggested
suggested
this occurred between data points 5 and 10.
Move the cursor within the WD function Plot screen and double click using the left
mouse
mou se butto
button.
n. This
This alter
alters
s the Outer/
Outer/Inn
Inner
er Radiu
Radiuss param
paramete
eterr of the aquif
aquifer
er model,
model,
alte
alteri
ring
ng th
the
e disp
displa
lays
ys in the
the othe
otherr Me
Meth
thod
od scre
screen
ens.
s. In part
partic
icul
ular
ar,, noti
notice
ce that
that the
the
Analyticall Method gas production/pressu
Analytica production/pressure re curve moves. By double left clicking in
the WD function
function plot screen,
screen, try to sele
select
ct an aquifer
aquifer Outer/In
Outer/Inner
ner Radius parameter
parameter
th
that
at sh
show
ows s a reas
reason
onab
able
le fit
fit to the
the prod
produc
ucti
tion
on disp
displa
laye
yed
d in the
the Anal
Analytytic
ical
al Meth
Method
od
screen. An Outer/Inner Radius
Radius of approximatel
approximately y 2.1 works quite well,
well, but the ‘elbow’
on the WD function Plot is not between data points 5 and 10.
Highlight the Analytical Method window

Highlight window and select Regression
Regression from the toolbar. Set
the Outer/Inner
Outer/Inner Radius
Radius to 2.1 in the start (left) column and select
select Done to view the
results.
The data points at very early times may only be reflecting responses from regions in
the vicinity
vicinity of the well and don’t necessar
necessarily
ily show respons
responses
es of the entire
entire reservoi
reservoir,
r,
therefore the material balance would not be expected to show the complete OGIP
until the pressure signal from the producing well
well has had time to permeate the entire
reservoir
It is possibl
possible
e that the Graphica
Graphicall Method
Method screen is showing
showing this effect
effect at early times.
The signal time to permeate the reservoir can be estimated from the diffusivity and
reservo
reservoir
ir dimensions
dimensions.. The diffusiv
diffusivity, D=k/jmc (ft2s-1) relat
ity, D=k/ relates
es the radial
radial press
pressure
ure
response at a distance
response distance r and time t from the well sour
source
ce by the equation P µexp(-r 2
equation
/4Dt).
For th
For this
is ex
examp
ample
le the first
first data
data point
point shown
shown (poin
(pointt 2) is one year after
after the start
start of
producti
prod uction
on and can probably
probably be expecte
expected d to refl
reflect
ect the whole
whole reservoi
reservoir’s
r’s response
response,,
suggesting
suggest ing that the aquifer model still
still requires some fine tuntuning.
ing. Note also that the
‘elb
‘elbow
ow’’ of the
the WD Func
Functition
on Plot
Plot is not
not refl
reflec
ecti
ting
ng corr
correc
ectl
tly
y the
the time
time at whic
which
h the
the
aquifer energy is exhausted.
However,
Howeve r, recognizing
recognizing the points noted above, the material balance model is now not
too far from being consistent with the production data and non-lineanon-linearr regression may
be used to refine the model parameters.
Highlight
Highlight the Analytica
Analyticall Method
Method window and click
click on Regress
Regression.
ion. Check the Gas in
Place,
Place, Outer/In
Outer/Inner
ner Radius,
Radius, Encroach
Encroachment
ment Angle and Aquifer
Aquifer Permeabi
Permeability
lity boxes
boxes to
regress on.
Select Calc to
to start the regression. When it finishes, copy the B est Fit values
values to the
S tart
tart values by clicking the left pointing arrows in the above screen shot or simply
Accept all fits. Select Done to view the changes.
It is imp
impor
orta
tan
nt not to regres
ress on combin
mbinaation
tions
s of param
ramete
eters that are simpsimply
ly
multiplied by each other in the aquifer model. For example, the Hurst-van
Everd
Ev erding
ingen
en aquif
aquifer
er cons
constan
tantt co
conta
ntains
ins the produc
productt of poros
porosity
ity,, reser
reservoi
voirr thickn
thicknes
ess,
s,
encroachment angle and the square
encroachment square of the original reservoir
reservoir radius.
radius. If a regression
is perfo
performe
rmedd on pairs
pairs of these
these param
paramete
eters,
rs, then
then the
the regres
regressio
sion
n will
will not
not conve
converge
rge
easily, particularly if the initial values are not close to a solution.
As seen from above, a good match is obtained, the aquifer model and OGIP are
consiste
cons istent
nt with the producti
production
on history.
history. Please
Please note that although
although the actual
actual values
calc
calcul
ulat
ated
ed for
for the
the aqui
aquife
ferr mode
modell desc
descri
ribe
be the
the aqui
aquife
ferr fair
fairly
ly well
well,, the
the indi
indivi
vidu
dual
al
para
pa rame
meteterr va
valu
lues
es do not
not in them
themse
selv
lves
es nece
necess
ssar
aril
ily
y corr
corres
espo
pondnd to real
realit
ity.
y. Thes
These e
parameters are not a unique set that characterize the aquifer. They are simply used
used to describe the aquifer response.
S elect Fi
Fini
niss h | Fi le | S ave to save the file.
3.3.6
3.3.6 STEP
STEP 5 : Rela
Relati
tive
ve Perm
Permea
eabi
bili
lity
ty Match
Matchin
ing
g
In this section, the effective relative permeability
permeability of water is calculated.
calculated. This pseudo-
relative
relative perms will be used to detdetermi
ermine
ne fraction
fractionalal flow of water
water during
during a predicti
prediction
on
ru
run.
n. It will
will be obta
obtain
ined
ed by matc
matchihing
ng the
the frac
fracti
tion
onal
al wate
waterr flow
flow obta
obtain
ined
ed from
from the
the
produc
pro ductio
tion
n histor
history
y to the fracti
fractiona
onall water
water flow
flow as define
defined
d by the iniinitia
tiall pseud
pseudo-r
o-rel
el
perms entered under tank parameters. Both fractional flows are plotted against fluid
saturations calculated by a material balance simulation.
The relative permeability data input under tank parameters were not used during the
mate
ma teri
rial
al bala
balanc
ncee hist
histor
ory
y matc
matchi
hing
ng and
and are
are also
also not
not used
used duri
during
ng the
the simu
simula
lati
tion
on
calcu
calculat
lation
ion,, since
since the
the produ
produced
ced water
water and
and gas
gas are
are input
input as part
part of the produ
producti
ction
on
histo
istorry. The
The si simu
mula
lati
tio
on st
ste
ep provi
ovides
des water
ter satur
turatio
ation
n with
ithin the tan
tank mod
model,el,
resulting from a material balance simulation.
The next step is to perform a material balance simulation. This process achieves two
objectives:
· Verifies the quality of the history match

· Calculates historical tank fluid saturations
Sele
Se ct His tory Ma
lect Mattching | R un Simu
Simullation
ion | Calc to
to run
run a materi
teria
al bala
alance
simulation
simulatio n of the production history. Select OK when the calculation has completed.
Plot the simulation and history tank pressures by selecting Plot | History.
With a good match obtained

obtained between
between the historic
historical
al and simulate
simulated
d tank
tank pressure
pressures,
s,
fractional flow matching can now be conducted.
Return to the main MBAL display by clicking Done. Next, select His tory Mat
Matching
ching |
Fw Matchi
Matchingng to display the matching screen.
With
ithin this screen, the fractional water flow is plotted as a function of water
satu
sa tura
rati
tion
on.. The
The wate
waterr brea
breakt
kthr
hrou
ough
gh poin
pointt can
can be set
set by a doub
double
le left
left clic
click
k at an
appr
ap prop
opri
riat
ate
e satu
satura
rati
tion
on (a dash
dashed
ed gree
green
n line
line is show
shown n at the
the new
new brea
breaktkthr
hrou
oughgh
satu
sa tura
rati
tion
on).
). Note
Note that
that a brea
breakt
kthr
hrou
ough
gh poin
pointt belo
beloww the
the conn
connat
ate
e wate
waterr satu
satura
rati
tion
on
(ind
(indic
icat
ated
ed by a grey
grey line
line)) is not
not poss
possib
ible
le.. Addi
Additi
tion
onal
ally
ly para
parame
mete
terr va
valu
lues
es cacan
n be
entered by selecting Parameters . Leave Leave the water
water breakthro
breakthrough
ugh saturati
saturation
on at the
connate water saturation (0.2).
A region of the display can be enlarged by holding down the left mouse button and
dr
drag
aggi
ging
ng it acro
across
ss the
the desi
desire
red
d regi
region
on.. The
The orig
origin
inal
al disp
displa
lay
y ca
can
n be redr
redraw
awnn by
selec
selectin
ting
g R edraw
raw from
from the
the plot
plot menu
menu.. PrProd
oduc
ucti
tion
on hist
histor
ory
y data
data poin
points
ts may
may be
selected by holding down the right mouse button and dragging it to select the desired
points. The weighting
weighting of the selected
selected points may be altered, or excluded
excluded from use in
the regression.
ect Regress , then Parameters to display

Select
Sel display the matched
matched parame
parameter
ters. Select F
s. Select
inish | Y es to save the matched Corey coefficients.
It is now des desira

irable to perfor m a Mat
rform Materi
erial
al Balanc
Balance e Calcul
Calculati
ation
on to check
eck tha
that the
fr
frac
acti
tion
onal
al flow
flow of wate
waterr is su
suff
ffic
icie
ient
ntly
ly well
well ch
char
arac
acte
teri
rize
zed
d by the
the matc
matche
hed
d rela
relati
tive
ve
permeability model. This objective will be achieved by re-simulating the history such
that produced
produced water is not defined
defined by the historical
historical values
values but as obtained
obtained from the
matc
ma tchhed frfrac
acttion
ional flow
low (i.
(i.e. using
ing the
the pseu
seudo-re
-rel perms
rms). A mate
materrial
ial bala
alance
predictio
pred iction
n (over the history
history period)
period) will be done for this purpose.
purpose. This will requi
require
re a
production history of the main fluid phase in the tank and these will be put into the
model to calculate the evolution of other fluid phases as determined by the pseudo-
rel perms. Of particular interest will be the predicted WGR (Water Gas Ratio) for this
example.
Select Production Prediction | Prediction Setup and set the prediction method as
shown below and select Done. Ensure th that Use Rela
Relati
tive
ve Perm
Permea
eabi
bili
liti
ties
es is
checked, prediction is from Start of production and the Prediction
Prediction End is set to End
of Production History.
Select Pr
Prod
oduc
ucti
tion
on Pred
Predic
icti
tion
on | Prod
Produc
ucti
tion
on and
and Const
onstra
raiints
nts an
and copy the
production gas history (by selecting Copy) into the production constraint screen and
select Done.
Select Pro
Select Produc
ductio
tionn Predict
Prediction
ion | Reporti
Reporting
ng Schedu
Schedule.
le. The reportin
reporting
g frequen
frequency
cy of
the results generated by MBAL are specified here.
Select A utomat
utomatii c . Hence, click on Done to accept automatic reporting.
Next select Predicti
Prediction
on | Run Prediction
Prediction | Calc and OK | Plot when the calculation
calculation
has completed. Select Variables and highlight streams Simulation and Prediction,
and plot Pressure , then select Done to view the plot.
For this example,

example, the history,
history, simulati
simulationon and predicti
prediction
on (history
(history re-simul
re-simulated
ated using
fr
frac
acti
tio
onal
nal flow
lows) giv
give a goo
good matc
match h and thi
this give
ives some confid fidence in futu
futurre
predictions with the model. If the prediction does not model the fractional
produc
productio
tions
ns well,
well, then
then the fracti
fractiona
onall flow
flow can
can be re-mat
re-match
ched
ed using
using differ
differen
entt data
data
point weighting's or Corey parameters altered by hand.
Select Finish | Done | File | Save to complete this tutorial example.
3.4 MBA
BAL
L Oil Hist
istory Match
atchin
ing
g Exam
amp
ple
This example presumes that the user is familiar with setting up single tank models in
MBAL. The exercise focuses on the design of a tank model for an oil reservoir.
3.4.1 Objectives
The focus
The cus of the
the exa
exampl
mple is to mod
model an oil res
reservo
rvoir usin
sing ma
mate
terrial
ial bala
alance
techniques in MBAL, prov
provide
ide represen
representati
tative
ve estimate
estimatess of original
original volumes in plac
place
e
and
and drive
rive mech
mecha anis
isms
ms act
ctin
ing
g by hist
sto
ory matc
matchhing
ing the modmodel to prpreessur
sure and
production data.
Knowledge of the drive mechanisms acting will increase one's understanding of the
re
reser
servo
voir’
ir’s
s poten
potentia
tiall produ
producti
ction.
on. Relat
Relative
ive permea
permeabil
biliti
ities
es for gas
gas and wate
waterr will
will be
esti
estima
mate
tedd by matc
matchi
hing
ng hist
histor
oric
ical
al frac
fracti
tion
onal
al wate
waterr prod
produc
ucti
tion
on to simu
simula
late
ted
d wate
water
r
pr
prod
oduc
ucti
tion
on (fro
(from
m the
the mode
model)
l) and
and this
this sh
shal
alll be test
tested
ed by perf
perfor
ormi
ming
ng a pred
predic
icti
tion
on
calculation.
Input data required is production and pressure history data. This is contained in
GASRES2.xls located in C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples
\Worked Examples\Physics Examples\Oil history matching.

· Design a tank model for an oil reservoir.

· Quality check production and pressure data.
· Perform history match.
· Analyse a graphical
graphical material balance
balance plot
· Tune the model parameters to a suitable starting point for the regression
· Perform regression on parameters of most uncertainity
· Quality check history match
· Prepare model for predictions through fractional flow matching
Quality check fractional flow match.
·· Perform production prediction using the history matched model.

· Define MBAL reservoir modeling options/objectives

· Input tank paramete
parameters
rs for volu
volumes
mes and saturati
saturations,
ons, initial conditi
conditions
ons of pressur
pressure
e
· and
Inputtemperature e.t.c
production history
· Conduct history match
· Analyse graphical
graphical plots
plots
· Tune tank parameters and Input aquifer model
· Perform regression
· Verify quality of history match - Run Simulation
· Conduct fractional flow matching
· Verify fractional flow match - Run prediction
· Perform production prediction
3.4.
4.2
tup
p
· Start MBAL and select the menu option File | New.
· On the main menu, click on Tools | Material Balance.
· On the menu bar click on Options and following interface appears. Select the
following options as shown below:
From th
From this
is inter
interfac
face,
e, a single
single tank model
model has
has been
been chose
chosen
n with
with oil
oil defin
defined
ed as the
main
main fluid
fluid and
and produ
producti
ction
on histo
history
ry will
will be provid
provided
ed as a cummu
cummulalativ
tive
e for
for the entir
entire
e
reservoir.
Next on the main menu, click on PVT | Fluid Properties and input the following PVT
properties of the reservoir fluid expressed at standard conditions and match Black oil
correlations to the bubble point conditions of the fluid.
(@ 250 deg F)
· Bubble point (Pb) 2200 psig
· Solution GOR 500 SCF/STB
· Oil FVF @ Pb 1.32 RB/STB
· Oil Viscosity @ Pb 0.4 cP
· Oil gravity 39 API
· Gas gravity 0.798
· Water Salinity 100,000 PPM
· No Impurities
In the PVT section, any set of black oil correlations can be used to define the PVT
prop
roper
erti
tie
es of the fluid
luid.. With
ith lab
laborat
ratory mea
measur
suremen
ments availa
ailab
ble,
le, the
the blac
lack oil
correlat
correlations
ions will be matched
matched to them and the best correla
correlation
tion which reproduce
reproducess the
PVT behaviour of the fluid will be selected.
PVT matching is conducted by selecting the Match button and the following screen
a ppea
ppears
rs screen:
following and we can ent
enter mea
measur
ure
ed data at bubb
ubble point
int as indic
dicate
ated in the
entered,, click on Match to proceed to the regression interface. Select

With the data entered
Match All on the bottom and then Calc. This matches all the correlations available
to measured data.
With the matchi
matching
ng co
conc
nclud
luded, click on Mat
ed, click Match
ch Par
Param
am wh
where
ere the regress
regression
ion match
match
parameters 1 and 2; and standard deviation are reported for each correlation. For
this example, Glaso correlation gives the best match for Pb, Rs and Bo while Beggs
correlation will be used for viscosity calculations.
This step completes teh reservoir fluid PVT description. The next step is to define
reservoir parameters for the tank model.
On the main
main menu
menu bar
bar click on Inp
click Input
ut | Tank
Tank Data
Data, whe
where
re the followi
following
ng informat
information
ion
about the reservoir is entered.
Tank type Oil

Tank name Tank01
Temperature 250 degree F
Initial pressure 4000 psig
Porosity 0.23
Connate water saturation 0.25
Water compressibility Use Corr
Initial gas cap 0
Original oil in place 206 MMSTB
Start of production 01/01/1998
On the tank parameters interface, the reeservoir fluid volumes and initial pressure
and temperature conditions are defined.
The reservoir is initially undersaturated

undersaturated as indicated by an initial gas cap of zero (i.e.
OGIP/O
OGI P/OOIP
OIP ratio
ratio).
). In additi
addition
on,, from
from the fluid
fluid PVT
PVT model,
model, bubbl
bubble
e point
point press
pressure
ure is
2200ps
2200psii which
which indica
indicatestes that
that reserv
reservoir
oir is initi
initiall
ally
y unde
undersa
rsatur
turate
ated
d and
and no free
free gas
exis
exists
ts state
initial
initial at initial
initof
ialthe
conditi
conreservoi
ditions.
rese ons.r.Based
rvoir. on the
In case fluid
fluidreservoir
PVT model,
reservo the
ir is saturate
satu prog
program
rated, ram
d, an initdetermin
dete
initial rmines
esethe
ial estimate
estimat of
the gas capcap si size
ze is requir
required
ed.. Also,
Also, an ini
initia
tiall estim
estimate
ate of volum
volumes
es of oil
oil in place
place as
obtained from geological surveys is required and a production start date.
Next, information about aquifer support for the reservoir is required. As there is yet
no evidence to suggest the presence of an aquifer, this will be left as None.
The nex
The next inform
formaatio
tion requ
equire
ired is about
out the fororma
mattion
ion roc
rock compr
mpressib
ssibiilit
lity to
determine energy contribution due to Hydrocarbon pore volume reduction. This can
be user
user-s
-spe
peci
cifi
fied
ed,, obta
obtain
ined
ed from
from a poro
porosi
sity
ty corr
correl
elat
atio
ionn or vari
variab
able
le in term
terms s of
pressure. For this example, it shall be determined from porosity correlations.
The next data required is the relative permeability

permeability data. Relative permeability data is
used
used in pr pred
edic
icti
tion
on ca
calc
lcul
ulat
atio
ions
ns only
only.. It is used
used to dete
determ
rmin
inee the
the frac
fracti
tion
onal
al flow
flow of
wate
wa terr and/o
and/orr gas
gas which
which depe
dependnd on the water
water and
and gas
gas satur
saturati
ation
on in the tank.
tank. Th
This
is
defines the evolution of WC and/or GOR. If an initial gas cap exists and it is being
produced from, the total reservoir volume including the gas cap should be used to
obtain
obtain tatank
nk satur
saturat
ation
ion (i.e.
(i.e. conna
connate
te and
and irred
irreduc
ucibl
ible
e satura
saturatio
tions
ns shoul
shouldd be enter
entered
ed
relative to the entire reservoir system). Relative permeability can be entered in form
of tables or Corey functions. The following data based on Corey functions is input.
Phas Residual End Exponen

e Saturation Point t
(fraction) (fraction)
Wate 0.25 0.7 1.5
r
Oil 0.15 0.8 1.3
Gas 0.02 0.9 1
Water and gas sweep efficiency sections available on the Rel perms interface can
be us
used
ed to estima
estimatete speed
speedss at whic
which
h water
water and
and gas
gas conta
contacts
cts move
move when
when monito
monitor
r
contacts option is selected on the Tank P aram
ramet
eters
ers Interfa
Interface
ce .
The product
production
ion and pressure
pressure history
history data available
available are entered
entered on the producti
production
on
history tab. This data is contained in the Microsoft Excel file OILRES1.XLS located in
C:\Pro
C:\Progra
gram
m Files\
Files\Pet
Petrol
roleum
eum Expe
Experts
rts\IP
\IPM
M 6\Samp
6\Samplesles\Wo
\Worke
rked
d Examp
Examples
les\P
\Phys
hysics
ics
Examples\Oil history matching.
The data is copied

copied from the file and pasted
pasted in this section
section using a right-click
right-click on the
parameters tab (Top) of the interface and selecting 'Paste'. Alternatively, any of the
ro
row
w serial
serial numbe
numbers
rs ca
can
n be right-
right-cli
click
cked
ed upon
upon and
and the optio
option
n to paste
paste the data
data is
available.
This concludes model setup. Save the file as OilRes1.mbi in a directory of choice.
Next step is to perform history match.
3.4.3
3.4.3 STEP
STEP 2 : Matc
Matchi
hing
ng to
to Prod
Produc
ucti
tion
on His
Histo
tory
ry data
data in
in MBAL
MBAL
As a quality control step, the production

production history data can be compared with the PVT
mode
mo dell fo
forr cons
consis
iste
tenc
ncy.
y. From
From PVTPVT mode
model,
l, bubb
bubble
le poin
pointt pres
pressu
sure
re = 2200
2200ps
psii and
and
solu
soluti
tion
on GOR
GOR = 500s 500scf
cf/s
/stb
tb.. Clic
Clicking on Wo
king Work
rk with GOR at at the bottom of the
produc
productio
tion
n histo
history
ry inter
interfac
facee conve
converts
rts Cummu
Cummulat
lative
ive gas
gas rates
rates into
into produ
produced
ced GOR
values.
By scrolling down across the data, it can be seen that the reservoir is undersaturated
througho
throughoutut the history
history i.e pressure
pressure is always above the bubble
bubble point of 2200
2200 psig.
psig.
There is no free gas in the tank and hence the producing GOR equals solution GOR.
Indeed
Indeed in this case the gas rates coverte
covertedd into GOR values
values give approxim
approximatel
ately
y 500
SCF/STB. This shows that the data is consistent with the PVT.
In cases where the cumulative GOR is not consistent with PVT data, both should be
reviewed.
With consistent production history and PVT data, the history match can be
With
conducte
cond ucted.
d. It is importan
importantt to note that a model
model which
which closely
closely reproduc
reproduces
es historic
historical
al
behaviou
beha viourr of the reservoir
reservoir when
when differen
differentt history
history match
match techniqu
techniques
es are employed
employed is
what
wh at is sou
sough
ghtt after. Selectt His
after. Selec Histor
toryy Matchi
Matching ng | All. This produce
producess the followi
following
ng
plots.
The firs
The firstt plot is the
the Energy Plot
lot whic
hich sho
shows the contrib
tribu
ution
tion of variou
ious drive
ive
mechanisms towards production with time.
The second plot is the Campbell Plot which is a graphical

graphical (diagnostic) plot. Campbell
Campbell
analysis re-arranges
re-arranges the material balance equation
equation such that a plot of the ratio of net
produced volumes (Prod - Aquifer Influx and/or injection) divided by expansion terms
yields a horizontal line with an intercept equal to initial volumes in place.
The Campbe
Campbellll plot
plot is the default
default plot
plot in MBAL. There are other graphical methods
that can be selected by clicking on Method on the menu of the graphical plot
The third plot is the Analytical Plot. This is a plot of tank pressure against
cumm
cu mmululat
ativ
ive
e prim
primar
ary
y ph
phas
ase
e prod
produc
uced
ed (in
(in this
this ca
case
se oil)
oil).. The
The data
data po
poin
ints
ts are
are the
the
historical pressure and cummulative rate data. The blue line indicates the response
of the MBAL model according to the data entered in the Tank Data screen.
The Camp
Campbel belll plot
plot show
shows
s some
some form
form of energ
energy
y acting
acting (initi
(initial
al increa
increase
se and then
then a
stabilis
stab ilisatio
ation).
n). This is most likely
likely due to an aquifer acting
acting and thus an aquifer
aquifer model
wi
will
ll be ininpu
putt into
into the
the mode
model.l. The
The foll
follow
owin
ing
g aqui
aquife
ferr prop
proper
erti
ties
es are
are inpu
inputt as show
shownn
below and performing the history match again gives the following profiles.


A look at the analytical

analytical plot, indicates that with the current aquifer model, the tank
model
mod el pr
predi
edicts
cts produ
producti
ction
on rates
rates highe
higherr than
than those
those ac
actua
tually
lly obser
observed
ved.. This
This mea
means
ns
that the aquifer is weaker in reality than the aquifer model being used. The strength
of the(r aquif
ratio aq
) uifer
on erthe
model
mod elk can
tank
tan be model
aquifer
aquifer decre
decrease
asedd byce.
reduc
reducing
interface.
interfa We ing
canthe aquif
aquifer
decrease
decreaseerthe
inner
inner/ou
/outer
ter radius
strength
strength rad
of ius
the
D
aquifer either by accessing on the tool bar of the previous screen Input | Tank data
and decreasing the aquifer inner to outer radius ratio (r D).
This same objective

objective can be achieve d in the Q(tD) versus tD - Radial Aquifer plot.
achieved plot.
Double
Doub le click on the plot to change the to change
change the profile
profile to a smaller r D value of
4.0 such that on the analytical plot, the actual history points and the model response
fairly match as shown below.
From the analytical plot, it can be seen that a fairly good match is obtained between
the model and historical data. However from the Campbell plot (graphical method) a
horizontall profile was not obtained
horizonta obtained.. It is thus recommended to perform history match
while viewing all the different history match techniques at thesame time (i.e. History
matc
ma tch|
h| Al
All)
l) so that
that a mode
modell whic
whichh repr
reprododuc
uces
es real
realit
ity
y acro
across
ss all
all the
the tech
techni
niqu
ques
es is
selected.
With a close
close match
match betw
between
een model
model and measu
measured
red data as seen
seen on the analyti
analytica
call
plot, a regression can be performed on other parameters in the model to produce a
match across
across all the techniqu
techniques
es (graphic
(graphical
al and analyt
analytical
ical). Click on Regression on
). Click
the analytical plot menu bar. Select the following parameters to be regressed upon.
Parameters of least uncertainty are chosen for the regression (i.e fluids in place and
aquife
aqu iferr param
parameteters
ers).
). It is import
importan
antt not to regre
regress
ss on combi
combina
natio
tions
ns of parame
parameterters
s
th
that
at araree simp
simply
ly mult
multipipli
lied
ed by each
each othe
otherr in the
the aqui
aquife
ferr mode
model.
l. For
For exam
exampl ple,
e, the
the
Hurst
Hu rst-va
-vann Everd
Everding
ingen
en aquif
aquifer
er consta
constant
nt conta
contains
ins the produ
product
ct of poros
porosity
ity,, reser
reservoi
voir
r
thicknes
thickness, s, encroac
encroachmen
hmentt angle and the square
square of the original
original reservoi
reservoirr radius.
radius. If a
regressi
regr essionon is perform
performed ed on pairs
pairs of these
these paramete
parameters,
rs, then the regress
regression
ion will not
converge easily, particularly if the initial values are not close to a solution.
Once the regression is complete, select the parameters by clicking on Accept all fits
| Done.
The following plots are obtained.
A satisfactory
satisfactory match is now obtained across the graphical
graphical and analytical
analytical history
match methods.
Save the file as Oilres.mbi in a directory of choice.
3.4.
3.4.4
4 STEP
STEP 3 : Sens
Sensit
itiv
ivit
ity
y Ana
Analy
lysi
sis
s
With the history match completed, a model is obtained with certain parameters for
volumes in place and drive mechanisms acting. It is imperative to verify the
regresse
regressed d figures
figures using
using both
both engineer
engineeringing judgemen
judgementt and knowled
knowledge
ge of the system
system
as well as conduct ucting
ing some sen sensitiv
itivit
ity
y analys
lysis on the
the mod
model param
rameters
ters.. In
sensiti
sen sitivity
vity analysis
analysis the sensitivit
sensitivity
y of the model
model respons
response
e to changes
changes in paramete
parametersrs
obtained through history match/regression are checked.
A sensitivity performed by clicking on Histor

sensitivity analysis can be performed story
y ma
matc
tchi
hing
ng |
Sensitivity on the main menu.
menu. The
The follow
following
ing inter
interfac
face
e appea
appears
rs and
and the
the effec
effectt of a
change in OOIP between a range of 180 and 250 MMstb shall be investigated.
Click on Plot to obtain the sensitivity profile.
On th
thee x-ax
x-axis
is is the
the OI
OIP
P an
and
d on the
the y-
y-ax
axis
is is the
the stan
standa
dard
rd devi
deviat
atio
ion
n in term
terms
s of
predicte
pred icted
d product
production
ion rates over the history.
history. The presenc
presencee of a minimum
minimum shows the
uniqueness of the solution.
Similarly, a sensitivity analyses on other parameters of drive mechanism acting like

the aquifer parameters for this case can be performed.
3.4.
3.4.5
5 STEP
STEP 4 : Hist
Histor
ory
y Mat
Match
ch Qua
Quali
lity
ty Che
Check
ck
With a sensitivity analysis done, the next step is to check the quality of the history
match. This is achieved using the Run Simulation step. The fundamental
fundamental difference
in th
the
e calcu
lculati
latio
on for the Anal
nalyt
ytic
ica
al Meth
Metho
od of Hist
istor
ory
y Matc
atchin
hing and the
the Run
Simulation is explained in the following paragraphs.
The analytical method takes the reservoir pressure and cummulative

cummulative secondary and/
or tertia
tertiary
ry fluid
fluid phas
phases
es (w
(wate
aterr and gas
gas for this
this case)
case) from
from the produc
productio
tion
n histor
history;
y;
inserts these into the model and calculates the cummulative volumes of main fluid
phase
pha se (oil
(oil for this
this case)
case).. This
This is plotte
plotted
d with
with the reser
reservo
voir
ir press
pressur
ure
e and
and compa
compared
red
with
wit h the historic
historicalal cummulat
cummulative
ive oil produced
produced.. A regressi
regression
on in the analyti
analytical
cal method
method
seeks
seek s to match
match the calculat
calculated
ed cummulat
cummulative
ive oil volumes
volumes with historic
historical
al cumm
cummulat
ulative
ive
oil volumes by varying some parameters in the model.
The simulation step on the other hand seeks to reproduce the historical decline of
the reservoir. This step takes the various fluid phase rates from history data (oil, gas
and wate
and waterr for
for this
this ca
case
se),
), inse
insert
rts
s thes
these
e into
into the
the mode
modell and
and obta obtain
ins
s the
the pres
pressu
sure
re
decl
declin
ine.
e. The
The ca calc
lcul
ulat
ated
ed pres
pressu
sure
re resp
respon
onse
se is co
comp
mpar
ared
ed wi with
th hist
histor
oric
ical
al pres
pressu
sure
re
declin
dec line.
e. S good
good match
match betw
between
een these
these two parame
parameter
ters
s wi
willll indica
indicate
te a good
good histo
history
ry
match as model is able to represent reservoir behaviour.
Select Hist
History
ory Matching | Run Simulation | Calc., the program does calculations.
select Plot . From the
At the end of the calculation select the main plot menu select Variables
menu select
then highlight both the History and Simulation folders to compare the data.
A plot of tank pressure with time shows a good match between model and historical
data.
Ü Note: To prepa
prepare
re the model
model for pred
predict
iction
ions
s and
and study
study
various development alternatives, fractional flow

matching should be conducted. Fractional flow matching
step generates pseudo-rel perm curves that are matched
to histor
historica
icall water
water and/o
and/orga
rgas
s produ
producti
ction
on,, so that
that futur
future
e
evolution of these parameters can be accurately
esti
es tima
mate
ted.
d. Plea
Please
se refe
referr to prev
previo
ious
us exam
exampl
ple
e on Gas
history matching for
matching for more information.
3.5 MBA
BAL
L Pr
Produc
ucti
tion
on Predict
dictio
ion
nEEx
xamp
ample
This example shows how to perform prediction runs on a gas reservoir MBAL. model
which has been history matched. The history data was obtained for 3 wells and this
was
was enter
entered
ed on a well basis (Production History- By Well option). The data was
well basis
cumulated for the entire tank and history match conducted.
All the example

example files are located
located in:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples\Worked Examples\Physics
Examples\Production and Prediction

3.5.1 Objectives
Statement of the problem
An MBAL model for a gas reservoir with production history obtained for 3 wells has
been created
created and history
history match
match performe
performed d with the cummulat
cummulative
ive producti
production
on history
history
for the tank. A production prediction is to be performed on the model considering two
development scenarios.
Case 1: Following
Following the historical/cu
historical/current
rrent production
production pattern
pattern i.e. with
with a FWHP of 800
800
psig
Case 2: Reduce the well head pressure to 100 psig as from 01/01/2004
Input Data
Well Inflow D ata

ata
For this example, each wells Inflow performance is represented by the C & n model.
Any analytical
analytical gas IPR model can be equated to the C & n method. For more details
on Inflow models, please refer to the PROSPER manual.
Well Name C- factor (Mscf/d/ n-Exponent

psi2)
Producer#1 0.027 0.85
Producer#2 0.002 0.95
Producer#3 0.005 0.9
G ene
eneri
ricc Well Out
Outflow
flow tta
able
bless :
It will be assumed that all wells in this example have the same lift tables.
Lift tables can be generated in PROSPER and then imported in MBAL. These have
already been prepared and can be found in:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.0\Samples\Worked Example\Physics
Examples\Production and Prediction\GasTank Well Lift Tables.TPD
· Perform production prediction using well models

· Define prediction well models - IPR and VLP models
· Assign matched
matched fractiona
fractionall flow rel perms
perms by well
well
· Saving prediction runs

Starting with a matched gas tank model in terms of production history and fractional
flow
· Define well models

· Input IPR model
· Assign individual
individual matched
matched fractional
fractional flows to each
each well
· Input VLP model - Import lift curves
· Input production schedule
· Run prediction
3.5.
3.5.2
2 STEP
STEP 1 : Prod
Produc
ucti
tion
on Pre
Predi
dict
ctio
ion
n Setu
Setup
p
The starting point for this example is gasTank1.mbi file located in the above
mentioned directory.
Step-by-Step procedure for a prediction run in MBAL
S tep 1: Prediction set-up

In order to perform a prediction, select Production Prediction | Prediction Setup
and make the following changes:
Select Done to complete this.
3.5.
3.5.3
3 STEP
STEP 2 : Boun
Bounda
dary
ry cond
condit
itio
ions
ns
Select Production Prediction | Production and Constraints and enter date and
Manifold Pressure as shown in the screenshot below:
The manifold pressure corresponds to the furthest downstream

downstream node pressure which
the well produ
produces
ces again
against.
st. In this
this exampl
example,
e, the
the manifo
manifold
ld press
pressure
ure is the well head
head
pressure.
Select Done.
3.5.
3.5.4
4 STEP
STEP 3 : Well
Well Type
Type Defi
Defini
niti
tion
on
This is where the well model is defined. Each well is defined by a VLP (Vertical lift
performance) and an IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship).
ct Prod
Select
Sele Produc
ucti
tion
on Pr
Pred
edic
icti
tion
on | Well
Well Type
Type Defi
Defini
niti
tion
on, the
the foll
follo
owing
ing scree
reen is
accessed:
Clicking the “ ” button

Clicking button to add
add a well.
well. The
The well
well name
name can
can be changed
changed to
“Producer#1P” as shown below.
The well type is also set as “Dry Gas Producer”.

Select the Next button to proceed to the Inflow section.

3.5.
3.5.5
5 STEP
STEP 4 : Inf
Inflo
low
w Per
Perfo
form
rman
ance
ce
The C & n IPR mdoel is selected and the parameters input as shown.
Since a well model is being used to predict main fluid phase, the eveolution of other
fluid phases are obtained from the pseudo-rel perms. The pseudo-rel perms have
been matched individually for each well since production history was obtained on a
well basis. Details on how to match historical fractional flow by well is provided later.
To assi
assign
gn the
the pseu
pseudo
do rela
relati
tive
ve perm
permea
eabi
bili
liti
ties
es matc
matche
hed
d for
for the
the well
wells
s duri
during
ng the
the
fra
fracti
ctiona
onall flow
permeabilityflow match
matching
tables ing,, select
selin
available theUs
ect e Relmodel
MBAL permis1displayed:
| Edit | Copy. A list of all the
Here select Material balance - Well Producer#1 and then select Copy and then the
Corey parameters are assigned to the well.
Now click on Done. MBAL asks if the water breakthrough saturation is to be copied;
select Yes:
Click on Next and Next to go to the outflow section.

Note: Generation of pseudo-rel perms when history data is provided on a well basis
is outlined below.
running a MBAL simulation, select History Matching | Fw Matching from the
After running
main menu toolbar. The follow plot is displayed:
Fr
From
om th
the
e menu
menu tool
toolba
barr of the
the plot
plot sc
scre
reen
en,, se
sele
lect
ct Well
Well,, and
and then
then the
the well
well whos
whose
e
fractional flow is to be matched.
By default, the breakthrough saturation

saturation (green line) is at the value entered under the
Rel perm data section
section of Tan
Tank
k data.
data. This
This value
value can be changed
changed by double-c
double-click
licking
ing
on th
the
e pl
plot
ot area
area to the
the poin
pointt corr
corres
espo
pond
ndin
ing
g to the
the desi
desire
red
d brea
breakt
kthr
hrou
ough
gh wate
water
r
saturation.
Click on Regres ress, so that the prog

rogram can
can perfor
rform
m a regr
gre
essio
sion to mat
match the
fracti
fractiona
onall flow
flow as compu
computed
ted from
from pseud
pseudo-r
o-rel
el perms
perms enter
entered
ed unde
underr tank
tank data
data (blue
(blue
line) to the historical fractional flow (data points) by varying corey function
parameters.
3.5.
3.5.6
6 STEP
STEP 5 : Outf
Outflo
low
w Perf
Perfor
orma
manc
nce
e
The Vertical lift curves for the wells are imported into the model in the Outflow
performance section.
On this interface, click on the Edit button and then select Import. Browse for the lift
curve file (*.tpd file) provided in C: C:\P
\Pro
rogra
gram
m Fi
File
les\
s\Pe
Petr
trol
oleum
eum Exper
Experts
ts\I
\IPM
PM 7.0
7.0
\Samples\Worked
\Sampl es\Worked Example\Phys
Example\Physics
ics Examples\Prod
Examples\Productio
uction
n and Predict
Prediction\Ga
ion\GasTank
sTank
Well Lift Tables.TPD.
TPD file
TPD files
s are
are lift
lift tabl
tables
es in Asci
Asciii form
format
at for
for Petr
Petrol
oleu
eum
m Expe
Expert
rts
s appl
applic
icat
atio
ions
ns (GAP
GAP,,
REVEAL,, MBAL
REVEAL MBAL)) and have been made from the respective PROSPER well models.
Click on Open and a statistics of imported variables is shown.

Select Done | Done and this completes the setup of this well.
Repeat the same process for two other wells using the data given in above sections.
Please note that the same .tpd file will be used for all the wells.
With the data for all the prediction three wells entered, click on Done to go back to
the main interface.
The main screen now shows three history wells and three prediction wells. Please
note that there wells.
and prediction are only three
Note thewells in reality.
difference These
between have
the only
wells. been
It is splitadvisable
further into history
to
differentiate between history and prediction wells in terms of nomenclature e.g. An
additional "P" for prediction wells.
3.5.
5.7
7 STEP 6 : We
Well Sc
Schedule
To schedule start times of the wells, select Production Prediction | Well Schedule
and input the following data:
Wells can be activated/deactivated by clicking on the respective row serial number.

Click on Done to validate the screen.

3.5.
3.5.8
8 STEP
STEP 7 : Repo
Report
rtin
ing
g fr
freq
eque
uenc
ncy
y
Select Production Prediction | Reporting Schedule.
The reporting frequency is set to "Automatic" and the option to "Keep history" is

selected.
The “Kee
The “Keepp Hisisto
tory
ry”” butt
button
on allo
allows
ws to have
have the
the full
full hist
histor
ory
y stre
stream
am alon
along
g with
with the
the
prediction stream for comparison purposes. Click on Done to exit the screen.
3.5.
3.5.9
9 STEP
STEP 8 : Pr
Prod
oduc
ucti
tion
on pr
pred
edic
icti
tion
on
Click on Produc
Production
tion Prediction | Run Prediction | Calcu
Calculate,
late, then Ok. The results
of the calculation are displayed:
Click on Plot | Variables and make the following choices:
ds, click on Done. The following plot is displayed:

Afterwards,
Afterwar
It is now possible to analyse production through different development schemes.
To do this, one can save the results for comparison
Fro
rom
m th
the
e so
prediction, plot
lothat
t too
toothey
lba
lbar can
sel
select
ec Finish. Ilater
bet reviewed t is p osscompared
and ible to sato
ve other
the rscenarios.
esults of each
In the Run Prediction screen, click on Save:
Then click on Add and input a stream name e.g. Case 1
Select Done | Done to complete this.
This completes the first exercise objective i.e. Case 1.
The second exercise objective can be achieved as follows
Choose Produc
Production
tion Prediction | Production
Production and Constraints
Constraints, and
and enter
enter the new
data for Case 2:
Select Done to complete this.
As previously
previously done,
done, run the prediction on Production Prediction | Run
prediction by clicking on
Prediction | Calculate. Save the results as Case 2 using Save | Add.
Both developmen
developmentt options
options can now be compared
compared in terms
terms of average
average gas rate and
cummulati
cumm ulative
ve gas producti
production clicking on Plot |Variables
on by clicking |Variables on the Run
Run produ
producti
ction
on
prediction interface and selecting Case 1 and 2.
Then Done and the following plot is displayed:

This plot shows a comparison between Case 1 and Case 2.
This completes the exercise objectives.
Please save the file as: GasTank1_Complete.mbi in a suitable directory.
An example of
of the above file
file is located at C:\Progra
C:\Program
m Files\Petroleum
Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM
Experts\IPM
7.x\Worked Examples\Physics Examples\Production prediction\GasTank1_Solved.
mbi

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The software described in this manual is furnished under

Petroleum Experts Limited

Tel : (44 131) 474 7030

© 1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited

Chapter 2 Dexterity Examples 5

STEP 5 : Calculate the Well IPR and VLP

October, 2009 IPM Tutorials

II IPM Worked Examples

Chapter 3 Physics Examples 95

Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 179

October, 2009 IPM Tutorials

1.1 About This Guide

What is in this guide:

· Chapter 2, ‘Dexterity Examples’, contains tutorials that concentrate on basic use

1.2 How to use this guide

© 1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited

3 IPM Tutorial Manual

Users proficient in Petroleum Experts IPM

PETEX The term PETEX program is used when the

IPM Tutorials October, 2009

5 IPM Tutorial Manual

This section contains the following tutorials:

GAP Gas Network Example:

PROSPER Gas Well Example:

MBAL Gas Reservoir Example:

GAP Gas Lift Example:

All the example

2.1 GAP Gas Network Example

· An onshore gas field is depleted by a well and producing

· separator (pressure of 1300psig).

IPM Tutorials October, 2009

· The well is 17, 350ft deep.

· Design a simple integrated oil production model in GAP

· Describe integrated model schematic in GAP

© 1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited

7 IPM Tutorial Manual

When GAP is star tarted

IPM Tutorials October, 2009

Figure 3: Oilfield Units for Input and Output

Select Options | Method to set the GAP calculation method.

© 1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited

9 IPM Tutorial Manual

Set System type to Production, Optimisation method to Production, PVT Model to

Set Prediction type to On. This tells GAP how to update reservoir

IPM Tutorials October, 2009

In this section schematics of the gas production

The toolbar ( ) is used to create and

Deselect the Link icon to prevent adding more links.

© 1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited

11 IPM Tutorial Manual

IPM Tutorials October, 2009

Go to the PROSPER Gas Well Example now – Initialise PROSPER.

© 1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited

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Select OK to return to the GAP main window.

From the main GAP ma maiin men elect Ge

The process is displayed below.

IPM Tutorials October, 2009

Figure 10: Select wells message

© 1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited

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Generate Well VLP's from GAP

IPM Tutorials October, 2009

Note that the Populate button