Impacts of Afghan Jihad narrative on Socio-Political

Order: A case study of North Waziristan

MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN (MAPS-1210)

WAJID KHAN (MAPS-1252)

2017-2019

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

GC UNIVERSITY LAHORE
Impacts of Afghan Jihad narrative on Socio-Political
Order: A case study of North Waziristan

Submitted to GC University Lahore in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award

of degree of

M.A

in

Political Science

By

Muhammad Zeeshan (MAPS-1210)

&

Wajid Khan (MAPS-1252)

2017-2019

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LAHORE

 RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the research work contained in this research report titled “Impacts of Afghan
Jihad on Socio-Political Order: A case study of North Waziristan” has been carried out and
completed by Muhammad Zeeshan and Wajid Khan untitled under Roll No. MAPS-1210 and

MAPS-1252 respectively, under my supervision.

______________ __________________
Date Supervisor
Naseer Ahmad Taib

Submitted through

__________________________ ______________________
Prof. Dr. Khalid Manzoor Butt Controller of Examinations
Dean of Social Sciences
Chairperson GC University, Lahore
Department of Political Science
GC University, Lahore
 DECLARATION

We, Muhammad Zeeshan, Roll No. MAPS-1210 & Wajid Khan, Roll No. MAPS-1252 students
of M.A in the subject of Political Science, Session 2017-2019 hereby declare that the materials
and information in the thesis titled “Impacts of Afghan Jihad narrative on Socio-Political
Order: A case study of North Waziristan” is our own field work and has not been published
and submitted as research work, thesis or publication in any form in any University, Research
institute etc. in Pakistan or abroad.

Muhammad Zeeshan

Roll No. MAPS-1210

Wajid Khan

Roll No. MAPS-1252

 DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to the people of North Waziristan, who are effected and still
faces the impacts of the remains of all what were produced and created during Afghan Jihad in
the period of Zia’s Islamization.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful Allah Almighty, the most beneficent and the most merciful, who provided
strength, courage and enable us to complete our research work.

We pay our warmest and heartiest gratitude to our supervisor, Sir Naseer Ahmad Taib whose
stupendous efforts, fatherly treatment and continuous guidance enable us to complete our
research work. Besides that, we are cordial thankful to our sincere senior and friend Muhammad
Safder who support us in every harsh and tough situations.

Muhammad Zeeshan & Wajid Khan

Table of Contents
Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Research objectives………………………………………………………..3

1.2 Research Questions………………………………………………………..3
1.3 Significance of the Study………………………………………………….4
1.4 Methodology……………………………………………………………….5
1.5 Significance of the Study………………………………………………….6

Chapter 2

Literature Review and Scheme of Study

2.1 Literature Review…………………………………………………………9

2.2 Scheme of Study……………………………………………………….....11

Chapter 3

Afghan Jihad and North Waziristan

3.1 World order of 20th century……………………………………………...11

3.2 Soviet Invasion and Afghan Jihad……………………………………….13
3.3 North Waziristan………………………………………………………….16

Chapter 4

Analyzing the Traditional order, narrative and Structures before Afghan

Jihad

4.1 The Original Cultural Outlook (Inclusive, Liberalize and Pluralistic)...17

4.1.1 Panah (Asylum, Refuge)……………………………………….…17
4.1.2 Melmastia (Hospitality)…………………………………………...18
4.1.3 Yo Attan (Cultural dance)……………………….,………………...18
4.2 The original political machinery…………………………………...18
 4.2.1 Jirga (Pashtun Parliament)………………………………………...19
4.2.2 Chegha (The Call)………………………………………………...19
4.3 The collective defensive temperament……………………………………19
4.4 The Original Economical Order (The old string of Liberalism)………..20
Chapter 5
Creative destruction of Traditional order; Tools used for disrupting the
Old narratives
5.1 Factors responsible for dismantling the old narrative………………22

5.1.1 Mullah (The religious God-father)………………………………..22

5.1.2 Malik (The Lord of Ring)…………………………………………23
5.1.3 Political Agent (The King of Agency)…………………………….24
5.1.4 Military (The Real Sovereign)……………………………………25

5.2 Tools used in disrupting the Social Order of North Waziristan…….25

5.2.1 Madrasah…………………………………………………………..25
5.2.2 Radical Literature used during Afghan Jihad……………………...27
5.2.3 Symbols and Toys as a tool………………………………………..28

Chapter 6

A shift towards new order: Designing and implementing new structures and
Narratives

6.1 The new/ perverted Cultural outlook……………………………………..30

6.2 The New Political Mechanism……………………………………………..32
6.3 The new perverted Economy……………………………………………....33
6.4 The New Temperament (Offensive and violent mind setup)…………….34
Chapter 7

Impact of bleeding old structures and feeding new structures

7.1 Education………………………………………………………………..35
7.2 Political Socialization…………………………………………………...36
7.3 Peace and prosperity……………………………………………………36
7.4 Health…………………………………………………………………....37
7.5 Women empowerment………………………………………………….38
7.6 Good Governance…………………………………………………….....38

Chapter 8

Conclusion and Recommendation

8.1 Recommendations……………………………………………………….40
8.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….….41
 Abstract

Present study was conducted in North Waziristan in 2019. This research project is an
attempt to develop basic understanding of the civic codes, cultural values, practices and
fundamental structures of Pashtun society. It develop the insight about the space provided by
Pashtuns to the Afghan Jihad and Jihadists, as a cultural duty and moral responsibility. The
project aims to explain in detail the role of Afghan Jihad in transforming the social, cultural,
political and economic orders and structures in North Waziristan, by bleeding the old existing
structures and feeding the new politically engineered structures. The research further gave the
insight into the tactics, tools and strategies used by the state to ensure the desired political
interests, through creative destruction of the old structures and narratives and by designing and
implementing new structures and narratives. It further throws light on the impacts of Jihad
process, including psychological, physical, political, economic and cultural impacts on the
people and the society.

Key words: Afghan Jihad, North Waziristan, Pashtunwali.

 Chapter 1

Introduction
Society as a social institution is as old as the history of civilization. Every society is different
from others in different contexts and their social ethos and values formulate its traditions to
govern it. Social order simply means set of social structures, customs, values and practices that
maintain and regulate certain pattern of behavior of a society. Pakistan is a federal state that
constitute different federating units. Every federating unit has its unique social traditions. All the
federating units collective formulate the state social order1. This research project is related to the
social order of Pashtun society, more specifically to the area of North Waziristan. Pashtun
society is based on Pashtun civic codes or Pashtunwali2 e.g. Melmasthia (hospitality), Pannah
(Asylum), Badal (revenge), and institutions like Jirga (Pashtuns parliament) etc. These codes are
followed by each and every one voluntarily because those who violate it, are hated in the society
and even cursed to call himself a Pashtun. Pashtunwali as a social constitution was evolved in
centuries and people of this areas have internalized such values. But the irony of North
Waziristan is that it was a part of FATA before 25th amendment and it was governed by FCR
that was formulated by the colonial master to keep this area underdeveloped and made it as a
buffer zone. Buffer zone is always a problematic place where rule of the state and local traditions
collide. As a result real social order was reshaped by the regimes in their own contexts and
objectives3.

1
Nicki Lisa Cole, “What Is Social Order in Sociology?” Thought Co., accessed on Jan 11 2019.
https://www.thoughtco.com/social-order-definition-4138213
2
Pakhtoon wali is an unwritten constitution of Pakhtoon society.

3
Noor Hamid Khan, Muhammad Zubair, “Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR), Status of Fundamental Human
Rights in FATA and Pakistan's International Obligations”, Global Social Science Review (GSSR), Vol. 1, No.2, Dec
2016, p.80-85, DOI. 10.31703/gssr.2016(I-II).06,
https://gssrjournal.com/article/Frontier-Crimes-Regulations-FCR-Status-of-Fundamental-Human-Rights-in-Fata.
20th century was a century of ideological confrontation. As a result, cold war was evolved and
Russia and America being the leaders of confronting ideologies order and reorder the world
politics in such a way that others were treated as devils. Afghan Jihad starts with Russian
invasion in Afghanistan during cold war era. Under U.S policy of containment and Pakistan geo-
strategic importance, U.S assisted Pakistan to counter Soviet Union. With the mutual effort of
CIA and ISI, they create mujahedeen, who were trained in the training camps or centers located
in Tribal belt near Afghan border, in the eve of Zia’s Islamization. After soviet withdrawal from
Afghanistan Taliban government established. Due to notorious style of political administration
base on Sharia, Taliban government is alienated by US, NATO allies and other western powers,
while Pakistan support it4.

After 9/11 and after the demised of Taliban government in Afghanistan they were fled towards
Pakistan and settled in tribal belt. The tribal people accepted them and provided them with
shelters and other basic necessities, on the base of their religious attachment with the afghan
Taliban (latterly declared as terrorist). But Pakistan changed its policy to support Taliban after
No table of contents entries found.the U.S statement, “with us or against us”. On other hand,
Taliban in the fabrics of Islam got stronger roots in the region. When they grabbed power they
started the abusing of power. The Taliban initiated campaign of insurgencies against Pakistan
forces. In response Pakistan military lunched counter attacks and Military operations against the
militants. Which created significant social disturbance. Taliban stained Pashtun codes and
customs in way that people are confused, doubted and afraid to follow it5.

The research study revolves around the basic theme, impacts of Afghan Jihad, and exploring the
original framework of the old existing structures and values. It provides the insight into the shift
and transformation in the old existing structures into new one along with generating new
narratives by the state to acquire the designed and desired political interests. The tools and the
main players who were responsible for all the disastrous impacts and imprints of Afghan Jihad
process were highlighted in the research work. The research is based on primary data, collected
through interviews. The interviews were semi-structured, composed of open ended questions.

4
Abdul Sattar, Pakistan Foreign Policy 1947-2016, (Oxford University Press Karachi: Ameena Saiyid, 2017), p.35-
58.
5
Khan Zeb Burki,” Rise of Taliban in Waziristan”, The Dialogue: A Quarterly Research Journal, Vol.14, No.2, July
2109, p.189-213, E- ISSN #: 1819-6470
http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/5_3/Dialogue_July_September2010_188-211.pdf
That helps in finding out the detail account on Afghan jihad and its left over impacts on social
order of North Waziristan, while manipulating and exploiting its values and social structures.

1.1_Research Objectives:

 To evaluate Pashtun culture and Pashtun codes of life or Pashtunwali.

 To chalk out the means, methods and tools used to exploit the social values and structures
of North Waziristan. And its effects the social order.
 To explore modes of production and marketing in North Waziristan before Afghan Jihad.
 To portray the transformation in the means of production and its impacts on the society of
North Waziristan.
 To through light on those sources, used for the radicalization of society. And to show its
latter on impacts

1.2_Research questions:

 What was the societal setup of North Waziristan in pre and post Afghan Jihad era?
 How was the code of Pashtunwali exploited for vested interests?
 What were the impacts of Jihad narrative on shaping the psychological orientation of
locals in North Waziristan?
 How did afghan jihad impact the economic life in North Waziristan?
 In what ways did Jihad narrative instill the factor of radicalization in society of North
Waziristan?
1.3_Methodology:

Strategy of inquiry:

A study is based on self-experiences of the correspondents of North Waziristan before, during

and after Afghan jihad. Qualitative interpretative phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is being used
as method for data analysis in the study.

Sampling:

As IPA involves in-depth interview to explore the essence of lived experiences. Therefore, the
sample taken was purposive, consists of 25 participants. However certain things are taken into
consideration, according to the problem’s nature: (a) the participant should be aged fellow so that
he might eye-witness and observer of the situation before, during and after the Afghan jihad, (b)
The participant should be educated and are expert in certain respective academic fields. The
sample consists both common lay man and well academicians.

Semi-structured interview:

Semi-structured interview method is followed to generate and collect the required data. Some
guided questions that were followed by further sub-questions to find out the ground information.
Each interview is lasted for an average 12 minutes.

We tried to get access to North Waziristan and near frontier regions to get the viewpoint of the
people about their lived experiences. And managed to interview the active participant in Afghan
jihad, Mullah (the activist), Malik (Jirga member), teachers, journalists, researchers and common
lay-man. Due to extreme conservatism, it was extremely difficult to get access to ensure female
participants.

While conducting interviews, it was very difficult to convince correspondents to share their live
experiences on the record, because of the situations of fear and doubt. Therefore, many
interviews were noted on paper, however few allowed to record their views in audio and few
denied even to give interview. In North Waziristan all interviews were taken in great secrecy to
avoid public exposure.
All the participants are interviewed in confidentiality. Their names along with age and
professions are withheld by agreement. Native language was select as medium of interview to
get the information in-depth and in true essence.

1.4_Significance of the study:

Afghan Jihad as a phenomena was being played out by multiple actors in the field. The key
participants were US, Pakistan and USSR. Tracing the grounds of radicalization, a segment of
intelligentsia proclaimed that an inclusive culture, aggressive collective psyche and irrational
political setups were the factors that propagated it. However, Afghan Jihad with time became a
more perplexed phenomenon and generated few questions which became essential to be
addressed. These questions were: Did the Pashtun cultural structures contained an element of
radicalization since its origin or were engineered to propagate Afghan Jihad as a phenomena?
Was the collective psyche of people of Pashtun belt offensive or structures in Afghan Jihad made
them violent and offensive? Were the traditional political structure incapable and irrational to
replace it with new structures? Was it the part of Cold War? Does the international structures and
situation compel the Pakistan to rejoin with U.S against USSR? What was the traditional local
mentality and how it was shifted to other direction? What are the everlasting impacts of Afghan
Jihad and its extensions on people of NWA?

This project is based on the aggregated public opinions regarding the above questions and
conclude some precaution, suggestion and recommendation that might be helpful in future.
 Chapter 2

Literature Review and Scheme of Study

2.1_Literature Review:

While using Waziristan as a scapegoat by the state to ensure its policies like strategic depth,
confronting and defeating the rise of militant and militancy, Waziristan became a topic for global
consideration. The debasing of Taliban government in Afghanistan by the United State of
America resulted in the flow of militants in to the FATA region. Due to feasible ground in tribal
region created and produced by the state, the militants first make its roots stronger in South
Waziristan and then moved towards North Waziristan region. From whom they lunched attacks
against the security forces of Pakistan, U.S and its NATO allies. Later on, Pakistan government
also lunched Military operation against the militants. The harsh consequences are faced by the
local peoples6.

Mansoor Khan Mahsud in his Article, “The battle for: Militancy and Conflict in South
Waziristan” provided the insight of the fact that after the demolition of Taliban government in
Afghanistan various international factions of terrorist moved towards Waziristan from
Afghanistan. The groups e.g. Al-Qaeda, Uzbek, Chechens, Tajik, IMU (Islamic Movement of
Uzbekistan) etc. moved towards Waziristan from Afghanistan from whom they started campaign
against not only the U.S and NATO but also Pakistan Military and even civilians7. Zahid Ullah
Khan in his research paper, “Indigenous factor responsible for rise of militancy in FATA”
approves that all form of militants groups and terrorists range from small faction to large group
operated in Waziristan. From terrorist group Asian tiger to Al-Qaeda and IMU (Islamic
6
Khan Zeb Burki,” Rise of Taliban in Waziristan”, The Dialogue: A Quarterly Research Journal, Vol.14, No.2, July
2109, p.189-213, E- ISSN #: 1819-6470
http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/5_3/Dialogue_July_September2010_188-211.
7
Mansur Khan Mahsud, “The Battle for Pakistan Militancy and Conflict in South Waziristan”, New America
Foundation – Counterterrorism.newamerica.net, Vol.12, No.1, April 19, 2010.

http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/4799~v~The_Battle_for_Pakistan___Militancy_and_Conflict_
in_South_Waziristan.
Movement of Uzbekistan leaded by Tahir Yoldshev in Waziristan) were operated in Waziristan
with full power. They started their attacks against the forces of USA and its allies in Afghanistan
but could not forgive the military and other forces of Pakistan including innocent citizens. They
attack on convey and different stations and posts of the forces and also conduct blasts in the
market places etc.8

Syed Manzar Abbas in his paper, “Uzbek militants in FATA” argue that when IMU (Islamic
Movement of Uzbekistan) leader Tahir Yaldshev moved towards Waziristan from Afghanistan,
the lot of Uzbeks followed him and migrate into Waziristan. He started their proceedings and
campaign to attack on NATO and U.S forces, but when he launched campaign against Pakistani
forces then pro group of Taliban led by Mullah Nazir opposed the Uzbek activities. Similarly,
when the Uzbek faction of militants were found that they hampered the society dignity and
challenged the cultural values they were ousted from the region as happened in Wana (capital
city of South Waziristan)9. Debilina Chaterje in his research work, “Kalashnikov Culture in
Pakistan” Provide a detail account of Afghan Jihad fighters which were comprised of people
from Sunni and Shia factions and from all over the world. They were collectively known as
Mujahidin. The Mujahidin were created, backed, sponsored and trained by Pakistan intelligence
agency ISI with the help of American Intelligence Agency CIA. They were financially backed
and supported by U.S along with KSA (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), United Kingdom (U.K), Iran,
People Republic of China and other Sunni Muslim states. Mujahidin were not able to compete
with USSR army which was high professional and trained, on the other hand Mujahidin were
with rotten weapons. Therefore, USA along with China provide 6.2 mm version of AK-47 and
other weaponries e.g. Stinger missile to counter USSR army. This AK-47 was supplied in much
huge amount and sew a seed of Kalashnikov culture in tribal region.10

Muhammad Amir Rana in his Artical, “Jihadi Print Media” argue that during Afghan Jihad the
Taliban has been used various techniques and tools to glorify Jihad and to promote the Jihad

8
Zahid Ullah Wazir,” Indigenous Factors Responsible for the Rise of Militancy in FATA”, Middle-East Journal of
Scientific Research, Vol.22, No.9, p.1320-1330, 2014, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.22.09.22040.
https://www.idosijournals.org/mejsr/mejsr22(9)14/8.
9
Dr. Syed Manzar Abbas Zaidi, “Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan”, Centre for International and Strategic Analysis, no.
1, p.8-10, Feb 4 2013.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312086829_Uzbek_Militancy_in_Pakistan.
10
Chatterjee, Debalina, “Kalashnikov Culture in Pakistan”, Academia.edu, accessed on Dec 13, 2018.
https://www.academia.edu/39887687/Kalashnikov_Culture_in_Pakistan_.
narrative among the people. They used different kind of tools, one of them was print media
which includes CDs, DVDs, Newspapers and magazines e.g. Daily Ummah Newspaper, Zarb-e-
Momin, Daily Insaf etc.11 David Vestenkov says in his research paper, “The role of Madrasah”
that Afghan War was one of the Cold War tussles. USSR invasion in Afghanistan agitated the
U.S interests. Therefore, U.S along with its allies started campaign against the Soviets. In the
campaign they provided assistance to Pakistan to join them against USSR. For this purpose,
Pakistani military dictator Zia promoted Islamic culture and opted Islamization policy. Under
this policy Madrasah Culture was promoted to mobilize the people on the name of jihad.
Madrasah was a center for preparing the jihadist group while giving them mental and physical
training.12

Ikram Badshah, Hafeez-ur-Rehman, Sarfraz Khan and Farhan Ahmad Faiz in their research
paper, “War on Terror and its Impacts on the Socio-Political Structure of Pashtun Society of
Pakistan” described the detail account of the Afghan Jihad extension i.e. war on terror and its
impacts on the social, political and economic structures and values of the tribal society. It
provides a detail background and causes of militants’ growth in the tribal area. Moreover, the
exploitation of Pashtunwali or Pashtun civic codes by the militants were described in detail e.g.
the militants or Afghan fighter were settled here by the local people under the cultural principle
of Melmasthia (Hospitality). With the passage of time the same guest become curse for them.
Which turn the whole society happiness in to furry and put them on fire. The result of all these
events was that now everyone feels doubt and fear to welcome a guest (which was once
considered as a source of pleasure and honor) etc.13

2.2_Scheme of the study:

Chap 1: Introduction

11
Amir Rana,” Jihadi print Media in Pakistan: An Overview”, Pak Institution for Peace Study, Oct-Dec 2008
12
David Vestenskov,” The Role of Madrasas”, Royal Danish Defence Colleg: Rosendahls, Jan 2018), pp.16.
13
Dr Ikram Badshah, Sarfraz Khan, Farhan Faiz,” War on Terror and its Impacts on Socio Political structure of
Pakhtun society of Pakistan”, Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.12, No.6,Jan 2019,pp.826-832, DOI:
10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2012.12.6.1793
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265209401_War_on_Terrorism_and_its_Impacts_on_the_Socio-
Political_Structure_of_Pakhtun_Society_of_Pakistan
This chapter introduce the conceptual framework of thesis. It also complies of research
objectives, research questions, methodology and significance of research work.

Chap 2: Literature review

This chapter consist of all those secondary data that help in deep understanding of the research
problem, collected from research papers, articles, books etc. This part also includes Scheme of
the study.

Chap 3: Afghan Jihad and North Waziristan:

This chapter revolves around the background and introduction of Afghan Jihad. It also provides a
brief detail about the geographical location of North Waziristan along with its population,
territory and life of the people living there.

Chap 4: Analyze the Traditional order, narrative and Structures before Afghan Jihad:

This chapter takes in to account the historical overview of cultural values and codes of Pashtun
society, political structures, economy generation means and resources and about the
temperament of the society of North Waziristan. It presents the original outlook of the traditional
order, values and codes of the society on which the essence of Pashtun society is based.

Chap 5: Creative destruction of Traditional order; tools used for disrupting the Old
narratives:

Chapter 5 deal in details with destruction of social order based on old traditional setup. It takes
into account the factors and the tools used by the state to ensure the practice of its policy. That
destroy the old existing traditional order.

Chap 6: A shift towards new order: Designing and implementing new structures and
Narratives:

This chapter depict the process and its various stages which shows the shift from old existing
structures towards new structures and from old social order towards new social order. It also
deals with the new established narrative to support the newly established structures.

Chap 7: Impact of bleeding old structures and feeding new structures:

Chapter 7 take in to account the impact of the Afghan jihad process on the society. The
exploitation of existing structures and establishment of new structures. It also deals with what
would happen if jihad were not introduced. It describes the jihad and its extensions’ effects on
the various indicators which are essential for the development and progress of a society.

Chap 8: Conclusion:

This chapter conclude the thesis with concluding analysis along with recommendation and
suggestions.

Chapter 3

Afghan Jihad and North Waziristan

3.1_World order of 20th century:

20th century began with the end of great game i.e. the expansionist tussle between Great Britain
and Russian Empire. They both sign a treaty in 1904 and put the war to an end. But according to
Rudyard Kipling, “Great game will continue till to the end of life” 14. 20th century is the century of
ideological wars. Following the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, U.K and U.S united against
the USSR due to ideological confrontation. Then again the expansionist struggle starts among the
great powers. USSR expand its influence to Eastern Europe to counter any future aggression
from Germany. Thus in 1952 East Germany was under-controlled. On the other hand, US started
the projection of Marshal Plan-which was concern with the reconstruction of Europe. It was
actually US strategy to influence the western countries through the soft power. USSR expanded
its influence to Hungry in 1956, to Czechoslovakia in 1968 and finally to Afghanistan in 177915.
On the other hand, U.S and other western allies, under the US policy of containment (to control
the USSR expansion) projected resistive forces everywhere to USSR. U.S also signed various
treaties with Pakistan e.g. SEATO, CENTO etc. just to constrained the USSR expansion towards
South Asia and Arabian Sea. When USSR invade Afghanistan, U.S and Pakistan mutually
attempted to counter USSR, while supporting Mujahidin (Muslim rebellions against Soviet
infidels)16.

3.2_Soviet Invasion and Afghan Jihad:

Prior to USSR invasion, Afghanistan was ruled by King Muhammad Daud Khan, who was anti-
Soviets. He was overthrown by left wing military officer Nur Muhammad Taraki. Taraki came
into power after the coalition between the Parcham and Khalq parties. His government was very
ruthless with weak local support. Taraki was a pro-soviet ruler, therefore Muslims known as
Mujahidin started revolt against him. The clash of interest with in the government parties in

14
Rudyard Kipling, “Kim” (New York: Macmillan & Co, 1901), 93.
15
Edward Palmer Thompson, beyond the cold war: A New Approach to the Arms Race and Nuclear Annihilation
(London: Merlin Press, 1982).
16
Abdul Sattar, Pakistan Foreign Policy 1947-2016: A concise history (Oxford University Press Karachi: Ameena
Saiyid, 2017), p.127.
Afghanistan, backed by soviets backed and due to the insurgencies, USSR directly send its
troops and invade Afghanistan17.

To counter USSR in Afghanistan, U.S support Mujahidin (the insurgents in Afghanistan). And
with the support of Pakistan, CIA make its access of troops and logistics to Afghanistan and also
open training centers in Pakistan mostly in tribal belt. Under the influence of CIA and ISI
Pakistani religious cadres built up the narrative of jihad and declared Jihad in Afghanistan. The
literature was designed to change mind of the masses and to use them against USSR on the name
of Jihad. Mental and Physical training were given to Jihadi in Madrassas, training centers of
Mujahidin18. Initially they were fighting with USSR army with ordinary weapons, which could
harm nothing of USSR. Therefore, U.S provided them with 7.62mm version of AK-47 imported
from china, along with Stinger missile to fire USSR firearms. The Afghan jihad ended with the
Soviet withdrawal and the Mujahidin were organized under the banner of Taliban19.

After the soviet withdrawal civil war initiated between the war lords. Mujahidin organized under
the banner of Taliban group and by 1994 they established government in Kabul. Taliban
government was regretted by U.S and other western allies for its notorious ruling style. Their
agenda, to spread Islam to each and every corner of the world through the power of gun resulted
in 9/11 incident. In response, U.S declared war on terror to eliminate all terrorist groups from the
surface of earth. U.S president Bush in his speech to Congress said:

“Our country and other countries had embraced freedom, to create a place for realization of
our dreams. And there we must find out the terror where ever they exist and pulled out by the
roots and bring up to justice. Terror is evil and where ever evil exist, free nations of the world
must come together in a massive coalition. And United States is ready to lead that coalition, not
only in Afghanistan but where we find terror [applause]……..either you are with Unites states or
not with United States”.20
17
Kallie Szczepansk, “The Soviet Union's Almost Accidental War in Afghanistan.” Thought Co., accessed on Jan 7,
2019. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-soviet-invasion-of-afghanistan-195102.
18
Dr A. Z. Hilali, “FATA: The strategic depth of Pakistan”, Margalla Papers, Vol.5, No.3, ISSN 1999-2297, p.20-
25https://www.ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-paper/Margalla-Papers-2010/02-FATA-The-Strat-
Depth-of-Pakistan_.
19
Chatterjee, Debalina, “Kalashnikov Culture in Pakistan”, Academia.edu, accessed on Dec 13, 2018.
https://www.academia.edu/39887687/Kalashnikov_Culture_in_Pakistan_.
20
President George W. Bush addresses a Joint Congress about the War on Terror, AP Archive. YouTube, accessed
on 4, September, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vzRMaHCysU.
 When U.S declared the policy of “either with us or against us”, Pakistan changed its stance
against Taliban. Due to the shift in Pakistan policy towards Taliban, the Taliban turned their
guns against Pakistan, in response. When Pakistan military lunched operations to eliminate the
terrorist evil, the Taliban groups organized under the banner of TTP and challenge the writ of
government. The TTP not only targeted the security forces but also attack on civilians and their
properties. This lead to massive social, economic, political, physical and psychological disasters
in the tribal belt, where they were produced and nourished.21

3.3_North Waziristan:

North Waziristan is a district of KPK with total area of 4,707 km sq, occupied by 543254
people22. The capital of North Waziristan is Miranshah. It was established as an agency of FATA
in 1909 under the rule of colonial masters. Before the merger of FATA with Province, KPK.
North Waziristan was one of the tribal Agency of FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Area),
regulated by Federal government. Now it become a district of KPK. It is located in between the
Kurram River in the North, Gumal River in the South and Afghanistan in West. North
Waziristan share border with Khost and Paktika of Afghanistan. There is porous border between
the two countries, which ensure open trade and transport between the two, because of ties and
clan relations between the people of both sides.

The population of North Waziristan are Pashtuns. They have their own way of life.
Waziristanis23 are peaceful and loving people. They have great concern with own culture,
traditions as well as religion. They follow their cultural codes voluntarily and strictly. By religion
the Waziristanis are Muslims and having deep concern with their religion. This is conservative
society (in sense of traditions and religion’s strict followers, orthodox) with liberal and secular
conception (in sense of lacking sectarianism element, free living style, liberal tradition etc.).
North Waziristan comprised of various clans and tribes e.g. Wazir tribe, Dawar tribe, Masood
tribe are the major tribes with further sub-classification. But these all tribes and clans are
21
Khan Zeb Burki,” Rise of Taliban in Waziristan”, The Dialogue: A Quarterly Research Journal, Vol.14, No.2,
July 2109, p.189-213, E- ISSN #: 1819-6470
http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/5_3/Dialogue_July_September2010_188-211.
22
According to the PDMA (Provincial Disastrous Management Authority) report of 2017 census of Pakistan.
23
The people of Waziristan.
connected with one another by same social-system based on common customs and traditions-
pashtoon wali.

Due to its geographical location, North waziristan crushed under the sever proceedings by
militants and military forces. Militant move back and forth over Afghan border to attack on
American forces in Afghanistan or attack on Pakistani securoty forces inside Pakistan. When
American forces counter the taliban in Afghanistan, then they will fled towards pakistan and start
attacks in pakistan on both civilians and military forces. Similarly when pakistan security forces
countered the Taliban they fled toward Afghanistan through porous border. In result the area and
the population of North Waziristan severly affected. The rise of Kalshinkove culter, smuggling,
drug traffiking, kidnapping etc became the daily riuteen activities in North waziristan. Which
distrup the beautiful and real essence of this society24.

Figure 1:
Map of District North Waziristan.

Mansur Khan Mahsud, “The Battle for Pakistan Militancy and Conflict in South Waziristan”, New America
24

Foundation – Counterterrorism.newamerica.net, Vol.12, No.1, April 19, 2010.

http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/4799~v~The_Battle_for_Pakistan___Militancy_and_Conflict_
in_South_Waziristan
Figure 2: Map of District North Waziristan.
 Chapter 4

Analyzing the Traditional order, narrative and Structures before

Afghan Jihad
This chapter deal with original outlook and setup of all traditional structures, customs, codes
and values existed in the respective society. The following are its detail account:

4.1_ the Original Cultural Outlook (Inclusive, Liberalize and pluralistic):

Bhawna Bawa in his essay, “Essay on Culture: Definition, Components and Types” stated that
Culture is a complex whole, consists of all what we think, do or have in a society. It is a blend of
belief, customs, values, traditions, knowledge, law, morals, art, religion, institutions and other
various capabilities, a man get in a society. Culture of a particular society is its identity. The
chapter deals with exploring the traditional structure of the Pashtun society, more specifically the
society of North Waziristan Agency. Ethnographic study reveals that Pashtun’s origin can be
traced back to 5000 years.

Pashtun culture is comprised of Civic codes called Pashtunwali (Pashtun codes of life).
Following is the list of some Pashtun civic codes:

 Panah (refugee)
 Badal (Revenge)
 Melmasthia (Hospitality)
 Cheegha (the call)
 Tappa (folklore)
 Yo Attan (Cultural dance)
 Jirga (Pashtun parliament)
 Hujra (A social gathering spot)
The original essence of those codes was inclusive, liberalize and pluralistic i.e. the door of Jirga
was open for all to participate. Chegha also ensured an aggregated participation against a
common threat. Badragga, a practice to handle a challenging task through collective
participation had also pluralistic root. In these structures and codes some were partially inclusive
and some are purely inclusive e.g. Panah (Asylum), Melmastia (Hospitality) etc. were partially
inclusive or conditionally inclusive in nature, while some are purely inclusive in naure e.g. Yo-
Attan (Cultural dance), Guddar, Chegha (The call) etc. are purely inclusive in nature. The
following are its brief detail;

4.1.1_ Panah (Asylum, Refuge):

Pannah means giving conditional asylum or refuge to those who demands. In his interview a
teacher said that, “Pananh (asylum) may be given to an alien or to a known person, provided
that he may not endanger the security of the community. It is given on a rational ground,
whereby the reputation/ record of the person seeking Pannah, is checked. A community is
bound to take action against its member, if he is intended to give asylum to a thief or a person
with undesirable repute e.g. in Wana (South Waziristan Agency) the local people exiled the
Uzbek militants (fled as migrant to tribal areas during Soviet invasion in 1979) from the area by
force, when they felt that hamper the peace of the society. This principle of asylum shows that
Pashtun culture is conditionally inclusive in some codes. Insulting, injuring or killing of the
person seeking asylum is considered a stain on the host’s honor, which is revenged as per social
norms”25.

4.1.2_ Melmastia (Hospitality):

Melmastia (Hospitality) is another identical feature of Pashtun Culture. It means to provide

shelter to guest and to serve him with food and all other basic requirements. A teacher said in
his interview that, “The rationale of Melmastia is that it is offered to both locals and non-locals,
conditioning that they may not violate the sanctity of the family and the community. It is a sort of
limited welcome in which the activities of the guest are censored. The rules of Melmastia
prescribe that the record of the person granting it, must be transparent. A community considers
it as a liability to take an action against the guest and the host, if its activities endanger the

25
Interview with Taj Muhammad (A senior PST teacher in GPS, Miranshah), Jun 12, 2019.
harmony and peace of the society. As it was happened in case of Wana, a city of South
Waziristan Agency, to exile the Uzbek militants from the territory”26.

James W. Spain wrote about Pashtun in his book, “Pathans of the latter day” that Pashtuns spend
much more on their guest without any political gain and they feel proud over it. There is no need
of understanding or recognition to become guest of Pashtun host. The hospitality of a guest is not
for some political gain, because if it were so, then the poor people would not provide warm
welcome to their guests. Pashtun can do anything for gold except to betray his guest27.
Explaining the last statement, it must be clear that a guest is not betrayed until a guest betrayed a
host.

4.1.3_Yo Attan (Cultural dance):

Yo Attan, a cultural whereby a unity in dance exist among male and female colleague. It ensures
the participation of both male and female counterparts. Thus it portrayed a pure inclusive but
liberalized nature of Pashtun society.

4.1.4_Godar (water spot):

A water spot (may be spring, well or stream) from where female would fetch water, is got a
landmark cultural institution and become a place of romance. Its romantic nature is the essence
of Tappa (A Pashto folklore). In short the real outlook of majority of cultural activities has
purely liberal and pluralistic.

4.2_ the original political machinery:

The traditional political machinery was framed rationally through collective consensus of the
society. These institutions were designed to respond the issues related to collective welfare of the
society. The essence of these institution was that it insured of each segments of the society and
decide what they considered to be in the best interest of the community. Thus the foundation of
these institutions was on rational grounds and its composition was pluralistic in nature.

4.2.1_ Jirga (Pashtun Parliament):

26
Ibid.
27
James W Spain,” Pathans of the latter day”, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Jirga has its role as deeper as the origin of Pashtun society. It is a social institution design to
regulate the social order of the society. Its composition shows that it is comprised of the head of
each tribe. It is an open institution, where participation of people of all ages and tribes is
appreciated, though the decision is passed through the authority of the majority. Its working
agenda is based on unwritten costumes and traditions of the society, followed since its formation.
All issues are settled in the shadow of these principles without any consideration of rank, color
or religion. Under this system the Pashtun society work very effectively28. Abasyean Yusufzaie
(a prominent Pashto poet) called Jirga as the oldest parliament of the world. It is liable upon
everyone in the society to surrender to Jirga decision.

4.2.2_ Chegha (The Call):

Chegha is a Pashto word means, The Call. It is a collective call for all the people of the
respective society, tribe, village or city to raise voice against any danger. It happened when an
incident that violates the collective interest of the society, happen and need a sort of collective
attention of the society. Rules of Chegha make it liable upon everyone to participate without
consideration of their status in the society. It is also purely inclusive and pluralistic in nature29.

4.3_the collective defensive temperament:

Going deep into the pluralistic diaspora across North Waziristan, history refute the myth that
people of this region were offensive in nature. Historically all campaigns which the people of
this region pursued were resistive in nature to the foreign imperialistic tendencies. For instance,
the struggle of Pir Rokhan, Shehzada Fazal Din, Mullah Pavinda, Faqir of Ipi etc. were against
the aggression of foreign imperialistic rule.

Pir Rokhan (The Roshnites) _ Roshnites was a religio-political moment of 16th century,
initiated in the Pashtun areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Roshnites (illuminati) also called
Rokhannian in folk Pashto language. The leader of this movement was Bazid Ansari (also known
28
Dr Ikram Badshah, Sarfraz Khan, Farhan Faiz,” War on Terror and its Impacts on Socio Political structure of
Pakhtun society of Pakistan”, Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.12, No.6,Jan 2019, p.826-832, DOI:
10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2012.12.6.1793
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265209401_War_on_Terrorism_and_its_Impacts_on_the_Socio-
Political_Structure_of_Pakhtun_Society_of_Pakistan
29
Ibid.
as Pir Rokhan in its followers and Pir Tareek in its opponents). The movement was organized
with the aim of doctrinal reformation but soon it became a political movement. The movement
was against the Mughal emperor Akbar, when he start agitation and announce Din-i-Ilahi30.

Faqir of Ipi (Haji Mirzali Khan) _Haji Mirza Ali khan started guerrilla war campaign against
the British forces in 1923 from Ipi (a village located near Mirali of North Waziristan). This was a
defensive struggle against the British imperialistic forces intervention in Waziristan. These all
movement initiated in this region particularly were defensive or resistive in nature. Some
movements are present in Pashtun history, with offensive nature e.g. the Ghaznavi Empire, Khilji
Empire etc. but again they were from Afghanistan not from the respective areas, moreover this
movements were the demand of age because they seek strategic depth in those conquered areas
against the Persian Empire31.

4.4_The Original Economical Order (The old string of Liberalism):

The old economic modes of production were Liberal and pluralistic in nature. There was no
restriction on women to collaborate with men in various activities. The economic modes were
not feudalistic in nature. Everyone was the ultimate possessor of what he generates. The profit
did not move to a single hand, but division of the profit was as per division of labor. There did
not exist a system of taxation from the feudal lords, rather each person was a possessor of a part
of land. Whole of the produce of the land was to go to its owner. The community consider it a
heinous crime when some influential person showed agitation towards a fellow, weak in its
possession. It was consider as community liability to respond to the usurpation of local lords.
The lives of the people of the mentioned region revolved around two economic factors i.e.
Revenues and necessities. Various tool and activities were used to cater out it, which are as:

Harvesting (lao-Ghobal):

Harvesting and cultivation of seasonal crops e.g. wheat and maize etc. were the main sources of
income generation. In this harvesting and cultivation process both male and female would

30
Zahid Shah,” Dogmas and Doctrine of the Roshnites and the dispute of Pantheism”, South Asian Study, Vol.28,
No. 1, January-June 2013, pp.151-164.
31
Milan Hauner,” One man against the Empire, The Faqir of Ipi and the British in Central Asia on the Eve of and
during the WW 2nd,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.16, No.1, Jan 1981. p.183-212.
equally have participated. The produce from these corps would use for domestic purpose and
further it would export to the market to make money. The whole produce belongs to those who
had its own land and harvested and cultivated it. This backed the fact that the system of income
generation was liberal and free.

Godar (the water spot):

A water spot (may be spring, well or stream) from where female would bring water for drinking
and other domestic purposes. It got a position of basic cultural institution in Pashtun society and
Pashtun literature. It became a place of romance and its romantic nature became the essence of
Tappa (Pashto folklore).

The Sewing Art (Kashida Kari/ Gul kari):

It is the art of stitching thread on cloths, handkerchief, shawls, pillows and others, mostly
performed by the skillful women. This includes sewing of dresses for male and female for elder
and children and the painting on utensils etc. These products were designed and prepared for
own use but also export to the market to generate money through it.

The Annual Produce (Owakhastha):

Beside the annual produce from maize and wheat other corps were harvested and cultivated to
regulate revenue of the society. All the activities related to the preparation of produce were
liberal in sense, as it allowed the participation of women in field work and other raw activities.
Furthermore, the free movement of the produce towards the local market ensured the pluralistic
and economically competitive nature of people and its area. Other sources of economy were
fresh fruits, dry fruits, farming, animal husbandry, wood work etc. were used for domestic
purpose or export into the market to make money.

Chapter 5
Creative destruction of Traditional order; Tools used for disrupting
the Old narratives
This chapter deals with all those factors and tools which are responsible for the
exploitation of the original traditional setup of North Waziristan and smoothen the way for the
installation of a new order. The traditional order was destroyed in a sophisticated ways using the
techniques of soft and structural imperialism. New structures were used to engulf the old
structures and collective consciousness was regulated in a way that people considered the new
destructive structures as best suited for them as per their religious ethos. A complete cycle of
psychological orientation was carried out for the installation of new structure deep in the roots of
society of NWA. Tools, factors and techniques being applied for such destruction of the old
order were as:

5.1_Factors responsible for dismantling the old narrative:

The following are the factors responsible for dismantling the original narrative;

 Mullahs (The religious God-father)

 Maliks (The lord of the Ring)
 Political Agent (The king of Agency)
 Military (the real sovereign)

5.1.1_Mullah (The religious God-father):

The word Mullah is derived from Arabic word mawla, which means “master” or “guardian”. The
word mullah is used for a Muslim educated in Islamic theology. Locally the word Mullah is used
for Cleric or religious leader.

In his interview a Teacher said that, “the role of Mullah in society was, as a teacher to provide
religious education, to teach Islamic teachings and Quran and as a guardian to guard mosques
and madrasah. Mullah was just concerned with religious matters, he has nothing to do with
other social issues and social matters. Similarly, the mosque and madrasah were the places used
for religious activities and as Islamic education centers. People, due orthodox background have
deep respect for him and have deep concern with his (Mullah) words. With the beginning of
Afghan jihad, the role of Mullah was boomed. And a teacher or a guardian become The
Religious God-father, similarly Mosques and Madrasahs role extended from just a station of
religious activities and Islamic education center to training centers of jihadist. It replaced the
Jirga and Hujra role because all political discussions were held along with religious seminars in
the mosque.32 The saying of Mullah was considered as the saying of God. Every one believe on
whatever he uttered. His say was final, there was no check over him. He was become an ultimate
God. He exploited the religious teachings to misguide the public. While playing with religious
sentiments of the people, he makes the use of various tactics (glorification of Jihad, Jihadist and
martyrdom etc.) and start recruitments and training sessions for Afghan jihad in madrasahs and
mosques.33

5.1.2_Malik (The Lord of Ring):

The word Malik is derived from Arabic word, which means the king. Malik is an influential man
of the society with all powers and respect. Historically tribal areas were controlled by tribal chief
or tribal leader. The chief possessed all legislative, judicial and executive powers. During
Colonial Imperialism the British Raj introduced Malakism system in the tribal areas, with the
purpose of effective administration and control. In this system those fellows were selected, who
were the most influential in the society. They were awarded with incentives on behalf of their
loyalties by the Colonial masters. The Malik was his own status in the society. He was a man
with enough power and respect in the society. He was provided with financial allowances by
Political Agent (P.A) of the respective area34.

With the beginning of Afghan Jihad, the role of Malik was decreased was replaced by Mullah.
The status of Malik as a political and social figure was taken by Mullah, likewise the position of
Hujra was replaced by Mosque. In the period of Mullah Dominancy all those tribal chieftains
and Maliks, who oppose the new adventures, were targeted and killed. Dr. A.Z Hilalli mentioned
in his research paper, FATA, the strategic depth of Pakistan,” out of 3600, 1600 Maliks were
abducted and killed because they oppose the new adventures and new constructed narrative of

32
Interview with Taj Muhammad, (Retr. SST teacher), Jun26, 2019.
33
Interview with Inam dawar, (Lecturar in Mirali College, Mirali), Jun 28, 2019.
34
Dr. Muhammad Akbar Malik, “Role of Malik in Tribal Society: A Dynamic Change after 9/11”, Pakistan Annual
Research Journal, Vol.49, 2013: p.104-105.
Jihad”. As a result, only those fellows (Malik) who support the established and constructive
narrative were set free35.

Now the Maliks were all those who contributed in propagating and strengthening the established
narrative. They were corrupt and incapable therefore they exploited and disordered the Jirga
system. They were unable to provide justice to people. The people lost their trust on Jirga
system. These all politically engineered innovation paved way for the dominancy of Religious
fellows (Mullah and Taliban), because in such situation they acquired the trust and attention of
the people by solving their issues and provide them with quick and free justice.36

5.1.3_Political Agent (The King of Agency):

As a king of agency Political Agent administer and supervise a tribal agency. He was assisted by
Assistant Political Agent (APA), Tehsildars (executive head of Tehsil), Naib Tehsildars,
Khassadars, levies (security forces). He was responsible for settling the dispute between the
tribes, regulate trade between the tribes and regulate the use of natural resources. He supervise
all the development projects.

A senior student of Political Science said in his interview,” As an administrative head of the
Agency all administrative units were its control including school teacher or mullah. He has to
design the curriculum, in this P.A played its role as a carrier to support state policies. Its
contribution in Jirga exploitation by the appointment of corrupt Maliks as a Jirga member37.
Which paved way for the domination of Mullahs and Taliban (Mujahiddin), whom provide quick
and free justice”38.

35
Dr A. Z. Hilali, “FATA: The strategic depth of Pakistan”, Margalla Papers, Vol.5, No.3, ISSN 1999-2297,
https://www.ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-paper/Margalla-Papers-2010/02-FATA-The-Strat-Depth-
of-Pakistan_
36
Dr Ikram Badshah, Sarfraz Khan, Farhan Faiz,” War on Terror and its Impacts on Socio Political structure of
Pakhtun society of Pakistan”, Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.12, No.6,Jan 2019, p.826-832, DOI:
10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2012.12.6.1793
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265209401_War_on_Terrorism_and_its_Impacts_on_the_Socio-
Political_Structure_of_Pakhtun_Society_of_Pakistan.
37
Maliks could be officially declared with the signature of political Agent.
38
Interviewed with Muhammad Safder (senior student of Political Science and analyst), Jun 30, 2018.
5.1.4_Military (The Real Sovereign):

Military has exclusive role in Afghan jihad, whom played the role of director in these all circus.
Afghan jihad was a part of Cold War tussles. When USSR seek to invade Afghanistan and
expend their boundaries toward Arabian Sea and South Asia. U.S showed response, under the
Policy of Containment. U.S needed, indeed Pakistan assistance in this case because of its
strategic location. Pakistan supported U.S because of its strategic position and other interests e.g.
Pakistan state policy was to acquire strategic depth in Afghanistan, in order to counter the
volatile neighbor India. Similarly, through strong hold in Afghanistan Pakistan would able to
counter Indian influence in Afghanistan. Similarly, by supporting U.S Pakistan achieved huge
military and economic assistance from U.S.39

Military was the main player of this game. All other actors were regulated and directed by
military establishment. They engineered and designed a kind of narrative and then propagated
and preached by some self-created puppets and self-designed actors in the society, to acquire the
politically engineered goals. They exploit the social system of tribal areas while playing with
their social values of the people and even they exploit the public orthodox sentiments.40

5.2_Tools used in disrupting the Social Order of North Waziristan:

The following are the tools used for disrupting the social order of North Waziristan;

 Madrasah
 Literature used during Afghan Jihad
 Symbols or toys

5.2.1_Madrasah:

Madrasah is an Arabic word which means, “School”. In Pakistan it refers to religious schools or
Deeni Madaris. The word Madrasah is used in various ways, but generally it refers to traditional
form of Islamic education, which consists of curriculum of different Islamic subjects. Such
39
Dr A.Z. Hilali, “FATA: The strategic depth of Pakistan”, Margalla Papers, (2010)
https://www.ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-paper/Margalla-Papers-2010/02-FATA-The-Strat-Depth-
of-Pakistan_

40
Ibid
schools are different not only in curriculum but in overall administration from colleges and
universities curriculum and administrations.

A question generally arises that why parents send their children to madrasahs? The answer to the
question is based on a research conducted by CRSS41. According to whom following are the two
reasons, due to which parents send their children into Madrasahs.

1: The major problem with parents were the huge costs of education. On the other hand,
seminaries were providing not only free of cost education but also provide students with foods
and shelters without any cost. This was very attractive for the poor parents.

2: The second reason was public orthodox sentiment and emotional attachments with religious
educations. They feel much proud, when their children got religious education or become
religious scholars.42

During Afghan jihad time period the Madrasah culture was promoted. Which was used in a sense
of training center more than education center. It was used as a tool to mobilize the human
resources. They recruited children and then polished their mind setup. They claimed that they
provide pure Islamic injunction. But in actual it was a political strategy to ensure the state policy.
Pakistan intelligence agencies with the support of U.S.A and K.S.A backed the madrasah
adventure to prepare ground for implementation of the policies. Madrasah culture not only cause
radicalization in the society but also grew the seed of sectarianism in the society. There are five
different types of Madrasahs based on different sects (Deobandi, Barelvi, Shia, Ahl-e-Hadith,
Jama’at-e-Islami). They have its own system of education. During Afghan Jihad the in Zia’s
regime the Deobandi sect was backed by the state with the support of its allies (specifically
K.S.A). This resulted in sectarian violence in the society. Shia and other sects were targeted by
the major and dominant sect of Deobandi sect. In this way Madrasah promoted sectarianism and
radicalism while working as a tool for preparing ground for Afghan jihad43.

5.2.2_Radical Literature used during Afghan Jihad:

41
The research was conducted by Center for Research and Security study (CRSS) conducted in 2016, with sample
size of 558 families.
42
David Vestenskov,” The Role of Madrasas”, Royal Danish Defence Colleg: Rosendahls, Jan 2018), p.16.
43
Ibid.
During Afghan Jihad to radicalize the society and to put them on the desired path, radical
literature was used as a tool. Zafarullah Khan used the term “Jihadi literature” and “jihadi
journalism” for the literature used during Afghan jihad, because it was completely Jihadist views
oriented and propagate the jihadist point of view. It is estimated that 150 publications on the
topic of jihad, was published up to 198944.

A journalist45 told in its interview the following various kinds of literature used as a tool during
Afghan Jihad

 Visible literature
 Verbal/ Oral literature
 Written literature
 Audionic literature

Visible literature:

Visible literature includes all those jihad oriented paintings on the wall. Which were consisted of
jihad relevant Quranic verses, quotations and names of Islamic heroes, to instigate the masses for
jihad e.g. “Islam ki jang, Taliban ki sang”. Jihadi groups make the strategic use of imagery and
symbols to instigate the people.

Verbal/ Oral literature:

Verbal literature includes the jihadi curriculum and the text in which the alphabets were
explained in context of weapons and all those necessary things used in fighting. The primary
school books were consist of Islamization of Urdu Alphabets, in order to prepare their mentality
for jihad e.g. A for Allah, B for Bandook, J for Jihad, K for Khanjr, T for Talwar etc. As shpwn
in figure No.3.

44
Amir Rana,” Jihadi print Media in Pakistan: An Overview”, Pak Institution for Peace Study (PIPS), Oct-Dec
2008.

Interviewed with Abdusallam Afridi (journalist and media reporter in Khyber TV from Darra Adam Khel), on
45

May 29, 2019.

 Figure No.3

Written literature:

It includes poetry, songs, text books and journals etc. which consist of jihadi materials and
convey the message of jihad glorifications among the people. According to Zafarullah khan 150
publications were published up to 1989, on the topic of jihad. Some of the journals and books
used in Afghan Jihad as a propaganda tools are;

Khalifa, Sadi Al-jihad, Sadaie- Madina, Sadi- Al malakhm etc.

Audionic literature:

It includes CDs, DVDs and Mullah Addresses on various religious celebration, seminars, Mullah
Hate speeches against infidels etc. These kinds of strategic tools were applied to instigate the
people in support of the state established narrative to push the state policy.

5.2.3_Symbols and Toys as a tool:

In order to manipulate the kids mind towards radicalism and to instigate the spirit and fond for
fight, various symbols and toys of war and fight were introduced in the children. The toys of
various kinds of guns, tanks, helicopter, bombs etc. (As shown in the figure.4). The children
used to play with it while fighting with each other. This was an indirect training and attraction
toward the weapons and fight. The kids were instigated toward it from their childhood. They
were indirectly radicalized and tilted towards the weapons and fight. Moreover, the glorification
Jihad and martyrdom in the seminars and Mullah Addresses would further speed up their pace
towards the state’s desired political objectives.
 Figure No.4

Chapter 6

A shift towards new order: Designing and implementing new

structures and Narratives
This chapter carries an insight into the new order that was being installed and look deep
into the narratives and concepts that were used to propagate the new order and bleed the original
order. It also highlights the tactics being used to change the collective psyche of the people
regarding the original order. It also shade light on process of presenting and decorating the new
order as much credible for the people of the area and attaching a sense of inferiority to their own
structures.

Pashtun culture, which is a central connectivity point among all Pashtuns was first targeted by
the British colonizers with exclusive oppressive laws, then after post-independence the typical
Mullahs has targeted the creative activities and healthy Arts of the respective society. In the
period of Zia’s Islamizing the soul of Pashtun culture was transformed entirely e.g. The Pashtun
literature was replaced with jihadi literature, pens with Guns, loudspeaker for religious seminars
and speeches took place the musical instrument.46

46
Taj Nabi khan, “Transformation of Pashtun Culture”, PAKISTAN TODAY, Jun 25, 2019.
 The following are the brief detail of how the Afghan Jihad process exploit the existing social
order and social structure and reestablished and designed new social order and social structures.

6.1_The new/ perverted Cultural outlook:

The original cultural outlook of Pashtun culture was inclusive, liberal and pluralistic. But it was
changed and transformed into exclusive, radicalized and monopolistic. It was based on bounded
rationality. All the cultural values, codes and traditions are rationally created and adopted. Which
were followed everywhere in the same mood. During the Afghan Jihad the inclusive nature of
Pashtun culture was transformed in exclusive nature because of the factors of fear, security issue
and doubts. These factors create Psychological impacts over society because now the same
structures and institutions are presents but with differ essence e.g.

A Poet said in his interview that, “The Melmasthia (Hospitality) is present everywhere even
now but with certain limitation. At first gusts would be welcome and considered him as the
symbol of joy and bless of God. But unfortunately, after the deceitful scene of jihadist persuasive
strategies of the state, people now possess doubt and fear regarding guests. Moreover, it is
difficult to welcome anyone without having proper acquaintance with him/ her. So the inclusive
principle and tradition of Pashtuns converted into exclusive one because of doubt, fear and
security issues47. A poet in his interview said that, “The role of Hujra in the society was
replaced by mosque. Hujra was a place for all social and political activities e.g. Jirga setup to
resolve the disputes, other entertainment activities etc. but after the domination of mosque and
madrasah role, Hujra remain a place for collective offerings of just death and marriage rituals.
Other major political discussions, issues settlement and policies were planned in religious
places. Similarly other cultural codes e.g. Attan (Pashtun dance), Guddr, Chegha etc. were
demolished completely”48.

Pashtun culture was liberal and secular in various perspective. A writer and columnist said in
his interview that, “Indeed Pashtuns were orthodox but not extremist in context of religion.
They have far more concern with Pashtun Culture, value and tradition than religion. In the era
and process of radicalization the whole Pashtun society was radicalized and islamized. The
Songs were replaced by Hamd (the praise of The God), Naat (The praise of the Holly Prophets
47
Interview with Ghazi Sial (A prominent Pashto poet), Jun 27, 2019.
48
Interview with Malik Khan Marjan (Jirga member and Chief of Hamzony village), Jun 27, 2019.
P.B.U.H) and Jihadi poems. The poetry was transformed from romantic contents towards war,
violence, terror, blast, trauma, martyrdom etc. Film industries, musical instrument, musician
and singers were banned and targeted, attacked and blew with bombs by the militants. Afghan
muhajir camps were supplied with weapons. It were a sort of training centers in which the locals
would also participated and get training. Mullah Hate speeches and seminaries glorification of
jihad, fight in battle field with infidels, martyrdom and heavens poisoned the mind of common
people and polish it with radical thoughts”49.

Afghan Jihad changed the pluralistic Pashtun society into Monopolistic society. A Teacher said
in his interview that, “Pashtun society was pluralistic, every individual has its role, status and
position in the respective society, he was its basic contributor in various sense e.g. economy,
administration, security etc. There was no one wholly solely hold. All either poor or rich would
be treated and respected equally in customs and traditions. But the process of Afghan Jihad and
the Zia’s Islamization leads towards the Mullah and Taliban dominancy. They acquire strong
hold in society and grab all social and political power in own hand. The militants initially
strengthened its root through acquisition of cultural monopoly while using religion as a basic
tool. They evaluate all the cultural codes and values in context of Taliban version of Islam and
thus sideline various basic cultural elements, which were the essence of love, harmony,
unification and connectivity among the Pashtun society members. And after acquiring the
cultural monopoly, the Militant then acquired the political monopoly. And thus they radicalized
and Islamized all the cultural values through evaluating in context of Taliban version of Islam.50”

6.2_The New Political Mechanism:

Political mechanism also influenced from Afghan jihad process. Pashtuns are originally
traditionalist. They followed their own traditions and cultural values based on certain rationality.
In his interview a Journalist said that, “the shift from traditionalism in Political structures
occurred in following Three stages:

1) Traditional political structures; It were those structures which were rationally build up
by the society. The base for this structures was pure rational e.g. Jirga.

Interview with Ghulam Qadir (A writer and columnist, writer of the Book, “Chegha”), Jun 14, 2019.
49

Interview with Rashid Rehamn (A retired SST Teacher and ex-principle of Government Degree College,
50

Miranshah.)
 2) Modern political Structures or imperialist structures; Traditional structures were shifted
in to modern structures or imperialist structures e.g. FCR (Frontier Crimes Regulation
act), P.A (Political Agent) etc. by British Colonial masters. These established structures
of Colonial Masters were based on persuasion and force.
3) Post Modern Political Structures; The modern structures or imperialist structures shifted
into postmodern structures in post-independence era or more specifically in Afghan
Jihad era. These structures were also imperialist in nature and controlled by non-state
actors (Militants or the Taliban). These structures were established purely on force
based. The militants were more violent and extremist as compare to Colonial masters.
The colonial political structures were present but they were titular, they have no active
role e.g. Political Agent was present but was under threat of Militant. The militant would
hurt, abduct and even killed the political agent. So the militants have holistic coercive
control the political structure.”51

6.3_The new perverted Economy:

Afghan jihad process not only affect the cultural and political system of the society but also
affect the economic system of the society. A student of Economic said in his interview that,
“The economic setup of the respective society was traditionally pluralistic. There were multi
contributors and controllers of the system. Everyone had its own contribution and role. The
economic system was pure competitive i.e. open market system. There were multiple forms,
which were in competition with each other. The modes of production belonged to local people.
But in the transitional period the modes of production were centralized in the hands of Militants
and Taliban and thus they control and regulate the whole economic system of the respective
society”52.

In his interview a businessman said that, “the sources of economy, before the Afghan jihad
and militant dominance, were Agriculture, Farming, Animal husbandry, Vegetable corps, Corn
corps, fresh Fruits, dry Fruits, Transport overseas human resources, precious stones and mines
etc. During the Afghan jihad modes of production were changed from peaceful and legal to
violent, risky and illegal modes of productions. Due to porous border between North Waziristan

51
Interview with Samiullah Dawr (Journalist in Deva Radio), Jun 12, 2019.
52
Interview with Shahid Jamil (senior student of Economics department of GCU Lahore), Jun 18, 2019.
and Afghanistan, there was drug trafficking by Afghan Taliban. Hashish, opium was transported
into the tribal areas. Weapons were transported in huge amount to Mujahidin in the tribal areas.
Through the Kalashnikov culture AK-47 was provided with extra huge amount. In this way drugs
and weapons become a main marketing commodities. The main business revolved around these
two main commodities53. A bus driver in his interview said that, “The militants after grabbing
power and influence in the tribal areas they start threatening, abduction and killing as a main
source of economy and wealth generation. They abduct anyone and then demand for money,
which the victim would have to pay, otherwise they would shoot him. Similarly, the militants
impose illegal taxes of different kinds. The local would also join these group and follow the same
proceedings54. In this Afghan jihad process bring shift in the tribal economy system from
competitive, peaceful, legal and free market economy into concentrated, violent, risky, illegal
and controlled economy”.

6.3_The New Temperament (Offensive and violent mind setup):

The people of tribal areas are defensive in temperament. They are peace loving people but cannot
compromise on values and prestige. In his interview a Journalist said that, “History is full of
examples which depicts that Pashtuns never showed offence in fighting. British imperialist
attack on these areas but to defend own land Pashtuns fight defensively against the British
imperialist, and defeated them for two time. It is said that Durani Empire and Khilji Empire both
were Pashtun empires. But it has many reasons. First of all, it was the need of hour, Afghan
dynasties of Durani and Khilji want strategic depth against the Persian Empire. Therefore, they
have to fight offensively to take control of those areas. Moreover, they were from Afghanistan
not from North Waziristan55.

In his interview a journalist said that, “In the period Afghan jihad the people mindset were
first Islamized and then radicalized. A wide and strategic planning were set by the state official
to perceive their strategic interests, which include the manipulation and exploitation of all minds
including elders, youths and kids. For this purpose, they use variety of tools e.g. radical and
jihadi literature, Symbolic toys of warheads, Training camps, Audios and videos recordings,

53
Interview with Naveed (A Businessman belonged to Afghanistan and refuge in Domel, FR region Bannu), Jun 19,
2019.
54
Interview with Saed Muhammad (A bus driver belong to Hamzony village of North Waziristan), Jun 8, 2019.
55
Interview with Umar Daraz Wazir (A journalist in Mashal Radio and columnist), Jun 11, 2019.
mullah motivational and instigating speeches, seminaries glorification of martyrdom and jihad
etc. these radicalized the behavior of all elders, youth and kids, all either layman or educated.
And this radicalization cause the offensive temperament of the respective society”56.

Chapter 7

Impact of bleeding old structures and feeding new structures:

War is not a good omen for a society and its developments. It brings just miseries and
degradation to the society. Impacts of war includes the massive destruction of infrastructure,
state economy, destruction of human capital and social capital etc. North Waziristan was an area
bestowed with enough human resources, natural resources, minerals and mines. Moreover, its
weather is naturally suited for health, agriculture and other productive activities. But,
unfortunately, Afghan Jihad destroyed the nature, status and position of this area from various
angles. Afghan jihad debase the social development of the respective society. The following are
some indicators which are essential for the development of any society but they are severely
affected by Afghan Jihad;

 Education
 Political socialization
 Peace and prosperity
 Health

56
Interview with Safder Dawar (A media reporter in Deva Radio), Jun 5, 2019.
  Women empowerment
 Good governance

The above indicators are the soul for a society development and progress. Without these a
society could not get feed but bleed.

7.1_Education:

The basic purpose of education in a society is to educate its people, to equip them with
knowledge, to polish them with positive approach etc. to differentiate the respective society from
other societies. Education is a key to social development and progress. It is education which
could able a state and society to compete and confront of the modern age and its demands. The
case of North Waziristan, where the schooling system was completely damaged in the Afghan
Jihad process. Government could be responsible for the destruction of education system in North
Waziristan, because Afghan Jihad process and Talibanization process was the part of the state
policy and somewhat indirect consequences of the respective policy. In the process of Afghan
jihad not only the schools and colleges were targeted and attacked but also the provided literature
was radicalized and construct it completely jihad oriented. Despite to make the people mobilized
and educated, the syllabus was constructed and designed as to make them completely blind and
blunt. And to keep them in dark. Therefore, the area remains backward in development and
progress. The human capital due to lack of education remains dormant. They cannot able to
contribute in the mobilization of natural resources and mines for the development of their society
and the region.

7.2_Political Socialization:

Socialization means awareness, development of understandings and acquiring knowledge etc.

Socialization is necessary for the development of a society. Similarly, political socialization is
the awareness of political belief, values, and doctrines to develop political opinion. It is keen
necessary to comprehend the power politics of the world powers. Political socialization of a
society based on both the quality and quantity of the education system in the respective society.

As for as North Waziristan is considered the people are lest politically socialized due to various
reason i.e. due to lack of quality education and education facilities, due to state policy to kept the
people in dark so that they can be easily exploited and used. And when the time came, the people
were easily exploited on the name of religion because they could not comprehend the world’s
powers race. Which brought a big curse in to the tribal areas in the shape of Afghan jihad. Which
paralyzed the masses physically and psychologically. Afghan Jihad process destroyed the social
values, cultural values of Pashtun society and deprived them from political socialization- an
essence for a society development.

7.3_Peace and prosperity:

Peace and prosperity is in direct relation to development and progress of a society. Because it is
peace that encourage economic activities in a state or society. When there is peace there will be
confidence among the people to invest to conduct business, there will be more business
opportunities. Which will contribute in economic growth and increase in wealth generation of
that state or society. The result will be a prosperous state and society. Similarly, peace is
essential for a state or society to boost up their education system, to make it a system of quality
education to mobilize the future capital (kid class) and to use effectively the current capital
(youth class). Without peace and security, education could not be continued because mind need
fresh diet along with fresh and peaceful environment. Peace have great role in the life activities.
A state and society at peace would be healthier, prosperous and effective than a society at war
and roar.

In the case of North Waziristan, the Afghan Jihad process convert the peace of society into roar
and prosperity in to hardship and poverty. The introduction of Kalashnikov culture, huge amount
of fire armaments, heavy machine guns along with using the area as a battle field disrupt the real
and original structure of the society. In promoting Kalashnikov culture AK-47 was supplied to
areas with more than enough amount. Which was then used by the local people in their minute
mutual disputes. This cause severe disturbance and confusion in the society. Moreover, the
militant banned on all celebrations and entertainment activities, songs, threaten the musicians
and singers. This insecure situation endanger the business activities. There is no security of life
and property. Schoolings system is paralyzed. Schools are present but a student will first
observe, before reaching to his class, the dust of explosions, the dead bodies, the beheaded corps,
the guns either in the hand of security forces or in the militants. In such situation of disturbance
and insecurity how a student would acquire quality education, when he is unaware of what is
happened and what is to be happen.

7.4_Health:

Health either physical or mental both are necessary for the development because with these two
the human resources may contribute in the development, progress and prosperity of a society.
About health a member of FDMA (FATA disasters Management Authority) said in his
interview that, “The government, from the beginning neglect the tribal areas development in all
sectors of life. There were poor infrastructures and other health facilities etc. But in the process
of Afghan Jihad the militants and the later on operations by military against the militants (which
was the extension of Afghan Jihad) destroy the whole structure and infrastructure of the society.
The attacks by both militants and military made the citizens psychological patient and paralyzed
them physically. It is estimated that each second individual weather male or female, elder or
young is a psychological patient. The remaining land mines become a cause of daily base
causalities and injuries of the innocent people, mostly children. The explosive materials and
chemicals polluted the air and water of the areas, which become a cause of various serious
diseases. The roots of all these curses could be traced back into Afghan Jihad because
Talibanisation and the military operation or U.S Drone operations are the extensions of Afghan
jihad”57.

7.5_Women empowerment:

Women education is essential part of social development of a state and society. A developed
states and societies provide equal opportunities to both genders without any discriminations.
Woman is balancing wheel to a state development. In his interview A Teacher said that,
“Actually in Pakistan overall the female education ratio is not well enough but in the tribal
areas the ratio is least of all over the state. Moreover, in Afghan Jihad process and Zia’s
Islamization that leads towards Mullah and Taliban dominancy targeted the education system.
The mullah and Taliban more specifically targeted the girls’ education, they banned girls’
education and threatened them. They shoot hundreds of girls like Malala of Swath, while firing

57
Interview with Abdul Aziz Dawar (an active member of FDMA), Jun 29, 2019.
and bombing girls’ schools and vegans. This situation resulting in lack of woman education and
similarly they remain unable to contribute in the development of the area of North Waziristan”58.

7.6_Good Governance:

Development of a society based on its governance system and administration. Because

management of everything in a proper and effective way contribute to harmony, peace, progress
and prosperity of the respective society. According to David Ricardo, “A state is poor not
because of poor resources but because of poor administration”. Good governance may ensure the
effective and right use of human resources as well as natural resources of a respective society.
Accountability and transparency are other features of good governance, essential to ensure
progress and development of a region. Through accountability and transparency corruption could
be uprooted and zero crime rate in a society could be ensured. But in case of North Waziristan
the Government of Pakistan considered it as the region of aliens, without giving any proper
attention e.g. these people were provided with Watan card (Nation card) along with CNIC of
Pakistani government. This was their separate identity by the region. Similarly, this area was
used as a battle ground to fought war for others and against militants. Governance system was
present but it was dysfunctional and corrupt. Political Agent the chief executive and king of the
region was the most corrupt figure of the society. There was no accountability and transparency
in administrative system of the region. The crime rate was as the top so that the area was
declared as the most dangerous zone in the world. If there was a system of good governance in
this area, it might be possible that the militants would not make their strong hold. And it might
have happened that North Waziristan and even Pakistan would face the adverse situation that we
confront since the previous decades.

Interview with Rashid Rehamn (A retired SST Teacher and ex-principle of Government Degree College,
58

Miranshah.)
 Chapter 8

Conclusion and Recommendation:

8.1_Recommendations:
Few recommendations are the following;
 Proper and effective Education System:
Government should have to introduce proper and effective education system in the tribal
belts. This will helpful in shifting their mentality towards development and progress of
the society and state. It will make them well contributor to the system and society.
Moreover, it will make them able to know context and intention of every addressor and
every topic, and will make them able to know the power-politics game of the world
without ensuring their blind involvement.
 Administrative system:
There should be effective administrative system, so to manage everything in proper and
effective way. Good administration will ensure transparency in a system, it will curb
 corruption evil and will ensure rule of law etc. it will paved a way for progress and
development of the region.
 Security system:
There should strong security system to ensure peace in the society. In the presence of
strict security system the crime rate could be minimized and secure conditions could be
maximized. The peace will contribute in providing a platform for the grooming of
business activities, market and tourism etc. That would ultimately resulted in the
development and progress of the region.
 Political Socialization of the region:
Government should ensure ground level democracy in the region through conducting the
transparent local bodies’ election, to make sure the equal and universal participation of
the citizens of NWA.
 Health and basic facilities:
Government should to ensure all basic facilities to the people. The hospitals and other
heath and trauma centers should to be establish to ensure the cure of all those paralyzed,
injured, patients of other disease caused by the chemical and explosive materials and
psychologically and mentally patients of Afghan Jihad curses.
 State should to change its priorities:
Government should have to change its priorities and the policy of the strategic depth. It
should to focus on own economic and political conditions rather than overwhelming
others’ tasks or intervening in other state’s matters.
 Media access should be ensured:
Government should to ensure free media access to the tribal areas so that they explore
and present the ground realities about the region, and to highlight the problem and needs
of the people.

8.2_Conclusion:

The society and the region of North Waziristan was purely oriented on Pashtun culture,
structures, tradition, values and costumes. Which ensured love, harmony, peace and prosperity in
the region. This structures and costumes ensures proper administrative system of the respective
society e.g. political administration, economic administration, in short administration of the
whole life of the society.

In 1979 when the USSR forces invaded Afghanistan, then U.S and its other westerns allies,
under the Policy of Containment planned to counter USSR invasion and stop its further
expansion towards the Arabian Sea and towards the South Asia. Pakistan joined hand in hand
with U.S and its allies against USSR, because the conditions of Pakistan whether economic or
militarily conditions were very critical. Before the USSR invasion of Afghanistan, U.S had
imposed various sanctions both military and economic sanctions on Pakistan and even compel
the Westerns state to withdraw all their deals including nuclear deals with Pakistan. Now USSR
invasion provided Pakistan an opportunity to restore the aids.

U.S along with Pakistan created a force named, “Mujahidin” based on the Islamic ideology of
Jihad. As a parts of this strategy, Zia started islamization of the society and everything. Madrasah
culture was promoted, with more focus in the Tribal belt, to assist Zia project. Madrasah was
used as a training center for both physical and mental training. In physical training they were
educated with how to use weapons, and in mental training they were introduce with Jihadi
literature based on jihad, Mujahid, Shahid glorification audios, videos, seminaries address,
Mullah Speeches, Jihadi magazines etc. The USSR forces were declared and presented as
infidels before the Mujahidin. And they were directed and guided with the reference of Quran
sayings e.g. “wash out all the infidels from the surface of earth” or “fight with infidels till to the
last”.

During the Afghan Jihad process the Jihad, Mujahid, Shaheed was too much glorified and
exaggerated. Which cause the intense dignity, respect and honor for the Mujahidin or Afghan
Jihad fighters among the local peoples. They were treated as the more special ones. They were
awarded with each kind of assistance either physical or economical. In 2002, when U.S demolish
the Taliban government in Afghanistan, then they moved towards the adjacent areas of tribal
belt. Where they were warmly welcomed under the shadow of Cultural duties and due to their
prestigious and respectful posture in the eyes of people. The local provided them with shelters
and provided them all basic needs. But with the passage of time, as they grabed power they
started to exploit those civic codes and structures under whom they were bestowed with all their
basic needs. The whole structure and order of the tribal society was manipulated and disturbed
by these militants, including cultural, economic and political setup. They banned all the cultural
entertainment activities or other activities by force, radicalized the literature, song and music
(song with background music of gun’s fire etc.). Poet, musicians and singers were targeted and
threatened, education system was destroyed, hospitals and other necessities of life were put on
fire and administration system was exploited.
The militants challenged the writ of the state. They started campaign of attacks against Pakistan
military forces along with U.S and NATO forces in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In response,
Pakistan military lunched military operations against the militants and thus the tribal belt became
a battle field between the militants and military. As a result, the common people got loses more
than the others. The impacts of the whole Jihad process and the later on tug of war between
militants and military confront the society with awful facts and circumstances. Which physical
paralyze thousands of the citizens along with the death of hundreds, cause psychological traumas
with other severe mental diseases. And which produce the pollution of air, water and soil with
toxic chemicals and expulsive materials. Security issues including security of life, property and
family due to uncertain, insecure and chaotic situation in the region. No business activities
because of insecurity and uncertain situations. Pashtun civic codes and cultural values were
exploited and manipulated and make the thing of pride as a cause of curse for them.

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News Papers:
 Foreign Policy
 Pakistan today
 The Express Tribune