CIRCLES

Introduction: The Geometry universally used today is referred to as the Euclidean Geometry.
Geometry was already in existence in 3000 B.C. in ancient civilizations of Babylon and Egypt
but was a nameless mathematical system. It can be concluded that the inventor of geometry came
from any of these civilizations. Ancient Indian civilizations also contained records of the earlier
versions of geometry. During the Vedic period, several sutras were made that contained
geometric instructions on how to construct fire altars. Euclid of Alexandria wrote the book called
“Elements”, which now becomes the foundation for our modern day geometry.

Circle: A circle is defined as the collection of all the points on a plane that are at equal distance
from a given fixed point on the plane. This fixed point is called centre of the circle and the fixed
distance is called the radius. (or) The locus of a point which moves in such that the distance from
a fixed point is always a constant is a circle.

The fixed point is called its centre and the constant distance is called its radius.

The boundary of a circle is called its circumference.

Interior and exterior of a circle: A circle divides the plane on which it lies into three parts.
They are

(i) inside the circle, which is also called ;the interior of the circle
(ii) The circle
(iii) outside the circle, which is also called the exterior of the circle.

Radius: A line segment joining the centre of a circle with any point on its circumference is
called the radius (r) of the circle.

Chord: A line that joins two points on the circumference of a circle is called a chord.

Diameter: A chord that passes through the centre of a circle is called the diameter (d) of the
circle.

A diameter divides a circle into two equal parts, each is called a semicircle.

Diameter is the longest chord of a circle.

The diameter of a circle is twice the radius ( d = 2r)

Circumference: The circumference of a circle is the distance around the circle. It contains 360º
at the centre.

The ratio of the circumference to the diameter in each of the circles, we will get the ratio equal to
22
approximately in each case.
7
 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐𝟐
So in a circle, = = 𝝅 or circumference = 𝝅 × 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟕

Since diameter = 2r, circumference = 𝟐 𝝅𝒓

The area of the circle: The area of the circle is 𝜋 times the square of its radius

arc : A continuous piece of a circle is called an arc of the circle.

The whole circle has been divided into two pieces, namely, major arc, minor arc.

Segment: A chord divides a circular area into two parts called segments they are major
segment and minor segments.

Alternate segments: The major and minor segments of a circle are called alternate segments of
each other.

Sector: The region between two radii of a circle and any of the arcs between them is called
a sector. The diameter of a circle divides it into two equal segments.

Secant: A line which intersects a circle in two distinct points is called a secant of the circle.

Tangent: A line that touches the circle at only one point is called a tangent to the circle.

The point at which the tangent meets the circle is its point of contact.
Concentric Circles: Circles which have the same centre but different radii are called concentric
circles.

In the given figure, the two circles are concentric circles having the same centre O but different
radii r and R respectively.

Inscribed circle: When a circle is inscribed in a square ABCD, the side of the square is equal to
the diameter of the circle
1
Hence radius of the inscribed circle = 2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒

CHORD PROPERTIES OF CIRCLES:

THEOREM (1): The Straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to bisect a chord, is
perpendicular to chord

GIVEN: AB is a chord of a circle with centre ‘O’ OD bisects AB at D

TO PROVE: OD ⊥AB
CONSTRUCTION: Join OA, OB
PROOF:
OA = OB [radii]
AD = DB [OD bisects AB at D]
OD = OD [common]
⇒ ∆OAD  ∆ OBD [SSS criteria]
⇒ ODA = ODB [∴∆OAD  ∆OBD]
But,
ODA + ODB = 1800 [ADB is a straight line]
⇒ ∠ODA = ∠ODB = 900
⇒ OD ⊥AB

THEOREM (2) The perpendicular drawn from the centre of the circle to a chord, bisects
the chord
GIVEN: AB is a chord of a circle
TO PROVE: AD = DB
CONSTRUCTION: Join OA, OB
PROOF:
 OA = OB [radii]
 ODA =  ODB [right angles, OD ⊥ AB]
OD = OD [common]
⇒ ∆ ODA  ∆ODB [RHS criteria]
⇒ AD = DB
COROLLARY: The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through its centre

THEOREM (3): One and only one circle can be drawn passing
through three non-collinear points
GIVEN: A, B, C are three non-collinear points
TO PROVE: One and only one circle can pass through A, B and C
CONSTRUCTION: Join AB, BC. Draw the perpendicular bisectors of
AB, BC to intersect at ‘O’
PROOF:
OA = OB [O’ lies on perpendicular bisector of AB]
OB = OC [ ‘O’ lies on perpendicular bisector of BC]
⇒OA = OB = OC
⇒A circle drawn with centre ‘O’ and radius = OA, it passes through B, C
[OA = OB = OC]
∴ the circle is unique

COROLLARY 1 : Perpendicular bisectors of two chords of a circle intersect at its centre

COROLLARY 2 : Only one circle passes through three non-collinear points. Hence two
different circles can intersect at most in two different points

THEOREM (4): Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the

centre
GIVEN: AB, CD are two equal chords of the circle with centre O. OF, OG
are perpendiculars on AB, CD respectively
TO PROVE: OF = OG
CONSTRUCTION: Join OB, OC
PROOF:
1
FB= AB [Perpendicular from centre bisects the chord]
2
1
CG= CD [Perpendicular from centre bisects the chord]
2
Now, FB = CG [ AB = CD, Given]
OB = OC [radii]
 OFB = OGC [right angles]
⇒ ∆OFB  ∆OGC [RHS Criteria]
⇒ OF = OG [CPCT]

THEOREM (5): Chords that are equidistant from the centre of a circle, are themselves
equal [converse of theorem – 4]
GIVEN: AB, CD are two chords of a circle with centre ‘O’ OF, OG are
perpendiculars on AB, CD respectively such that OF = OG
TO PROVE: AB = CD
CONSTRUCTION: Join OB, OC
PROOF:
OF = OG (Given)
OB = OC (radii)
OFG = OGC (right angles)
⇒∆OFB  ∆OGC (RHS criteria)
⇒FB = CG [CPCT]
⇒2FB = 2 CG
⇒AB = CD [ OF, OG bisects AB, CD respectively]

Angle properties of circles:

THEOREM (6): The angle subtended at the centre by an arc of a circle is twice the angle
subtended by it, at any point on the remaining part of the circle

GIVEN: AB is an arc of a circle with centre ’O’ P is appoint on the remaining part of the circle
AOB is the angle subtended at the centre
∠APB is the angle subtended at any point ‘P’ on the remaining part of the circle

TO PROVE: AOB = 2 APB

CONSTRUCTION: Join PO and produce it to any point C
PROOF:
OA = OP (radii)
⇒OAP = OPA [angles opp. to equal sides of ∆OAP]
AOC = OAP + OPA [exterior angle = sum of interior opposite angles]

CASE (i): For figure (i) and (iii)

⇒  AOC = 2  OPA ------- (1) [ OAP = OPA]
Similarly ∠ COB = 2 ∠ OPB ____ (2)
1 + 2 ⇒ AOC +  COB = 2 OPA + 2  OPB
⇒ AOB = 2 APB
CASE (iii) For figure (ii)
COB –  COA = 2 OPB – 2 OPA
⇒ AOB = 2 APB
Hence for any position of A, B the result holds good

THEOREM (7): Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal

(ii)

GIVEN: ∠APB, ∠AQB are any two angles in the same segment of a circle, with centre O. In
fig(i) AB is a minor arc while in Fig (ii) it is a major arc
TO PROVE:  APB = AQB
CONSTRUCTION: Join OA, OB
PROOF: AOB = 2 APB
AOB = 2 AQB (Angle at centre is twice the angle at circumference)
⇒ 2  APB = 2  AQB
⇒∠ APB = ∠ AQB
[In Fig (ii) we consider reflex ∠ AOB]

THEOREM (8): If a line segment joining two points subtends

equal angles at two other points lying on the same side of
the line containing the line segment, then the four points lie
on a circle.

GIVEN: PQ is a line segment A, B are two points on the same side of the line to which PQ
belongPQA = PBQ
TO PROVE: P, Q, B, A lie on the same circle
CONSTRUCTION: Let P, Q, B, A do not lie on the same circle. Draw a circle to pass through
A, P and Q to intersect QB or QB produced at C
PROOF:
 PAQ =  PCQ (angles in the same segment given)
 PQA =  PBQ
⇒ ∠ PCQ = ∠ PBQ both are equal to ∠ PAQ
But, ∠ PCQ ≠ ∠ PBQ [Interior angle of a triangle cannot be equal to
exterior angle]
⇒ Our supposition that P, B, A, Q do not lie on a circle is wrong
⇒ P, B, A, Q lie on the same circle

THEOREM (9): An angle in a semi circle is a right angle

GIVEN: AB is diameter of a circle with centre ‘O’ P is any point in one of the semi circles
TO PROVE:  AOB = 900
PROOF:
 AOB = 2  APB [angle at the centre is twice the angle at circumference]
⇒  AOB = 1800
⇒2  APB = 1800 [  AOB = 2  APB]
⇒ APB = 900

NOTE 1: angle in a major segment is an acute angle

NOTE 2: angle in a major segment is an obtuse angle

THEOREM (10): The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary

GIVEN: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with o as the centre of the
circle
TO PROVE: A + C = 1800 and  B +  D = 1800
CONSTRUCTION: Join OA, OC

PROOF:
 AOC = 2  ABC = 2  B [angle at the centre is twice the angle at
circumference]
Reflex  AOC = 2  AOC = 3600 [sum of the angles around a point]
⇒ 2  B + 2  D = 3600
⇒  B +  D = 1800
Similarly  C +  A = 1800

THEOREM (11): If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then

the quadrilateral is cyclic [converse of above theorem]
 (i)
(ii)

GIVEN: ABCD is a quadrilateral and b +  d = 1800

TO PROVE: A circle passes through A, B, C and D
CONSTRUCTION: Draw a circle to pass through A, B and C. If this circle does not pass
through D also let it intersect CD at E. (fig (i)) or CD produced at E (fig (ii)) Join AE
PROOF:
 B +  D = 1800 given
 B +  E = 1800 [opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
supplementary]
⇒ B +  D =  B +  E
⇒ D =  E
It is not possible because the exterior angle of a triangle is not equal to interior
opposite angle. Hence, the assumption that the circle does not pass through D,
is a cyclic quadrilateral

THEOREM (12): The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior
opposite angle
GIVEN: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. BC produced to any point E
TO PROVE:  DCE =  BAD
PROOF:
 A +  BCD = 1800 [opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral]
 BCD +  DCE = 1800 [BCE is a straight line]
⇒ A +  BCD =  BCD +  DCE
⇒ A =  DCE
⇒ BAD =  DCE

THEOREM (13): The quadrilateral formed by angle bisectors of a cyclic quadrilateral is

also cyclic
GIVEN: A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD in which AP, PB, CR and DR are the bisectors of A,
B, C and D respectively such that a quadrilateral PQRS is formed
TO PROVE: PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral

PROOF:
In order to prove that PQRS is a cyclic
quadrilateral, it is sufficient to show that ∠APB + ∠CRD = 1800
Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is 1800 Therefore, in triangles APB and CRD, we have
∠ APB + ∠ PAB + ∠ PBA = 1800
And ∠ CRD + ∠ RCD + ∠ RDC = 1800
1 1
⇒ ∠ APB + A + B=1800 [ AP and BP are bisectors of ∠A and ∠B
2 2
respectively]
1 1
And ∠ CRD + C + D=1800 [ CR and DR are bisectors of ∠ C and ∠ D
2 2
respectively]
1
⇒∠APB + ∠ CRD + (∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C + D ) =3600
2
1
⇒ ∠APB + ∠ CRD + ( ( ∠ A + ∠ C ) + ( ∠ B + ∠ D ) ) = 3600
2
1
⇒ ∠APB + ∠ CRD + (180 + 1800) = 3600 [ ABCD is cyclic ∴ ∠ A + ∠ C =
2
1800 = ∠ B + ∠ D]
 ⇒ ∠ APB + ∠ CRD + 1800 = 3600
⇒ ∠ APB + ∠ CRD = 1800
Hence, PQRS is cyclic quadrilateral

THEOREM (14): If two sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are parallel, prove that the
remaining two sides are equal and the diagonals are also equal.
OR
A cyclic trapezium is isosceles and its diagonals are equal
GIVEN: A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD in which AB∥CD
TO PROVE: (i) AD = BC (ii) AC = BD
PROOF: In order to prove the desired results,
it is sufficient to show that ∆ ADC  ∆ BCD.
Since ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and
sum of opposite pairs of angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is 1800
∴ ∠ B + ∠ D = 1800 ____________(1)
Since AB∥ DC and BC is a transversal and sum of the interior angles on the same side of a
transversal is 1800
∴ ∠ ABC + ∠ BCD = 1800
⇒ ∠ B + ∠ C = 1800 ___________(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
∠B+∠D=∠B+∠C
⇒ ∠ C = ∠ D _____________ (3)

Now consider the triangles ADC and BCD

In ∆ BCD, we have
∠ ADC = ∠ BCD [from (3)]
DC = DC (common)
And ∠ DAC = ∠ CBD [angles in the segment]
Therefore ∆ ADC  ∆ BCD [ASA congruence]
⇒ AD = BC and AC = BD

THEOREM (15): If two opposite sides of a cyclic Quadrilateral are equal, then the other
two sides are parallel
GIVEN: A cyclic Quadrilateral ABCD such that AD = BC
TO PROVE: AB∥CD
CONSTRUCTION: Join BD
PROOF: We have,
AD = BC
⇒ AB  BC
 ⇒ m ( DA ) = m ( BC )
⇒2∠2=2∠1
⇒ ∠2 = ∠1
But there are alternate angles. Therefore, AB∥CD

THEOREM (16): If two non-parallel sides of a trapezium are equal, it is cyclic (OR)
An isosceles trapezium is always cyclic
GIVEN: A trapezium ABCD in which AB ∥DC and AD = BC
TO PROVE: ABCD is a cyclic trapezium
CONSTRUCTION: Draw DE ⊥ AB and CF ⊥ AB
PROOF: In order to prove that ABCD is a cyclic trapezium,
it is sufficient to show that ∠ B + ∠ D = 1800
In triangles DEA and CFB, we have
AD = BC [Given]
∠ DEA = ∠ CFB [Each = 900]
DE = CF [distance between two parallel lines is always same]
So by RHS criterion
∆DEA  ∆ CFB
⇒ ∠ A + ∠ B and ∠ ADE = ∠ BCF
Now, ∠ ADE = ∠ BCF
⇒90 + ∠ ADE = 90 + ∠ BCF
⇒ ∠ EDC + ∠ ADE = ∠ FCD + ∠ BCF [ ∠ EDC = 900, ∠ FCD = 900]
⇒ ∠ ADC + ∠ BCD
⇒∠D=∠C
Thus, ∠ A = ∠ B and ∠ C = ∠ D
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C + ∠ D = 3600
⇒ 2 ∠ B + 2 ∠ D = 3600
⇒ ∠ B + ∠ D = 1800
Hence ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral

THEOREM (17): The sum of the angles in the four segments exterior to a cyclic
quadrilateral is equal to 6 right angles
GIVEN: A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD and angles ∠ P, ∠ Q, ∠ R and ∠ S are in the four external
segments
TO PROVE: ∠ P + ∠ Q + ∠ R + ∠ S = 6 right angles
CONSTRUCTION: Join SB and SC
PROOF: Since APBS is a cyclic quadrilateral and sum of opposite pairs of angles in a cyclic
quadrilateral is 1800
∴ ∠ 1 + ∠ P = 1800 ______________(1)
Similarly, BQCS and CRDS are cyclic quadrilaterals
∴ ∠ 2 + ∠ Q = 1800 ____________(2)
∠ 3 + ∠ R = 1800 ____________(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3) we get
∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 + ∠ Q + ∠ R + ∠P = 180 + 180 + 1800
(∠ P + ∠ Q + ∠ R ) + ( ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 ) = 3 x 1800
⇒ ∠ P + ∠ Q + ∠ R + ∠ S = 6 x 900 [ ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 = ∠ S]
ARC properties of circles:

axiom-1: In equal circles, if two arcs subtend and equal angles at the centres, then they are equal
axiom -2: In same circle, equal arcs subtend equal angles at the centre

THEOREM (18): In equal circles (or in the same circles), equal chords cut off equal arcs
GIVEN: AB, CD are two equal chords of two equal circles with centers ‘ O’ respectively
TO PROVE: AB = CD
CONSTRUCTION: Join AO, BO, CO and do

PROOF:
 OA = OC (given)
OB = OD (given)
AB = CD (given)
⇒∆ OAB  ∆ OCD [SSS criterion]
⇒ ∠ AOB = ∠ COD [axiom of equal chords]
⇒ AB = CD
THEOREM (19): In equal circles (or in same circle), if two arcs are equal then their chords
are equal (converse of the above)
GIVEN: AB , CD are two equal arcs of two equal circles with centers O, O1 respectively
TO PROVE: AB = CD

CONSTRUCTION:
Join OA, OB, OC and OD
PROOF:
AB = CD [Given]
⇒ ∠ AOB = ∠ COD [axiom of equal arcs]
Again, OA = OC [radii of equal circles]
OB = OD [radii of equal circles]
∠ AOB = ∠ COD [proved above]
⇒∆ AOB  ∆ COD [SAS Criterion]
⇒ AB = CD [CPCT]

Corollary (1): In equal circles (or in the same circle), equal angles at the centre stand on equal
chords

Corollary (2): Equal chords of equal circles (or the same circle) subtend equal angles at the
centers

Corollary (3): Equal arcs of equal circles (or same circle) subtend equal angles at any point of
the remaining part of the circles (or circle)

Corollary (4): In equal circles (or same circle) equal chords subtend equal angles at any point on
the remaining part of the circle
Corollary (5): In equal circles (or same circle), if two arcs subtend equal angles at any point of
the remaining part of the circles, then they are themselves equal

Corollary (6): In equal circles, (or same circle), if two chords subtend equal angles at any
points on the remaining part of the circles (or circle), then they are themselves equal

Tangent Properties of a Circle:

THEOREM (20): The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through that point of contact
GIVEN: OA is a radius of a circle with centre ‘O’ PAQ is a tangent at A
TO PROVE: OA ⊥ PQ
CONSTRUCTION: Let us assume that OA is not
Perpendicular to PAQ then draw OB ⊥ PAQ
intersecting the circle at ‘C’
Now, OB > OC because B is a point on PAQ,
since all the points in PAQ lie outside the circle except A

PROOF:
OA = OC [radii]
∠ OBA = 900 [by construction]
⇒ ∠ OAB ∠ ∠ 900 [In ∆ OBA, already ∠ OBA = 900]
⇒ ∠ OBA > ∠ OAB
⇒ OA > OB [greater angle has greater side opposite to it]
⇒ OC > OB [ OA = OC]
This is wrong because ‘C’ is on the circle and B lies outside the circle. ∴ OA ⊥PAQ [ By
construction]
From the above theorem, we can deduce the following
(i) The live through a point on a circle and perpendicular to the radius passing through
the same point, will be a tangent at that point
(ii) The radius perpendicular to a tangent, passes through the point of contact of the
tangent
(iii) The line perpendicular to a tangent and passing through the point of contact, passes
through the centre of the circle
(iv) One and only one tangent can be drawn, at any point, on the circumference of a
circle.

THEOREM (21): If two tangents are drawn to a circle, from an external point, then.
(i) They subtend equal angles at the centre
 (ii) They are of equal length
(iii) They are equally inclined to the segment, joining the centre to the external point

GIVEN: PA, PB are two tangents P to the circle with centre O

TO PROVE: (i) ∠ POA = ∠ POB (ii) PA = PB (iii) ∠ APO = ∠ BPO
CONSTRUCTION: Join OA, OB and OP
PROOF:
∠ PAO = ∠ PBO [right angles]
OA = OB [radii]
PO = PO [common]
⇒∆ PAO  ∆ PBO [RHS criteria]
⇒ (i) ∠ POA = ∠ POB [CPCT]
(ii)PA = PB [CPCT]
(iii)∠ APO = ∠ BPO [CPCT]

CIRCLES
SOLVED EXAMPLES
 1. The diameter of a circle is 10 cm. It has a chord of length 8cm. Find the distance of
the chord from the centre.
SOLUTION: Let O be the centre of the circle AB the chord of length 8 cm. Let OC ⊥AB. Join
OA. We have to find OC.
10
OA = 5 cm [half of diameter = = 5 cm]
2
AC = 4 cm [OC bisects the chord AB]
Now, OC2 = OA2 – AC2 [∠ ACO = 900]
= 52 - 42
OC2 = 9
⇒ OC = 3 cm

2. AB and CD are parallel chords of a circle with centre O AB = 10 cm, CD = 24 cm

and they lie on opposite sides of O. If the diameter of the circle is 26 cm, find the
distance between AB and CD
SOLUTION: Let OP, OQ be perpendiculars on AB, CD respectively. We have to find OP +
OQ
Join OA, OC
In ∆ OAP, OP2 = OA2 – PA2 [∠ OPA = 900]
 1 
OP2 = 132 – 52 OA=radius= ×10=5cm 
 2 
⇒ OP2 = 169 – 25 = 144
⇒ OP= 144=12cm
In ∆ OQC, OQ2 = OC2 – C2 [∠ CQO = 900]
= 132- 122
= 25 cm
⇒ OQ = 25 - 5 cm
So, distance between AB and CD = (12 + 5) cm = 17 cm
NOTE: If the parallel chords are on the same side of the centre O, the distance between them
= 12 – 5 = 7 cm

3. AB, CD are two parallel chords of a circle with lengths 24 cm and 70 cm

respectively. They lie on opposite sides of the centre and the distance between them
is 47 cm. Find the radius of the circle
SOLUTION: Let ‘O’ be the centre and radius = r cm. Let OE,
OF be the perpendiculars on AB, CD respectively OA, OC
are joined
Let OE = x cm, OF = (47 – x) cm
In ∆ OEA, AO2 = AE2 + EO2 [Pythagoras theorem]
r2 = 122 + x2 _____________(1)
In ∆ OCF, OC2 = CF2 + FO2 [Pythagoras theorem]
r2 = 352 + (47 – x)2 ______________(2)
Eliminating r2 from (1) and (2)
122 + x2 = 352 + (47 – x) 2
144 + x2 = 1225 + (2209 – 94 x + x2)
⇒ 94 x = 3290
3290
⇒x =35
94
From, (1) r2 = 122 + 352 = 144 + 1225 = 1369
 r= 1369=37cm

4. In the figure, O is the centre and AB = 65 cm. OD ⊥ AC and OD = 31.5 cm. Find
the perimeter of ∆ ABC
SOLUTION: BC ⊥ AC [∠ ACB = 900, angle in a semi circle]
⇒ OD ∥ BC
Again, AO = OB [O is the centre]
⇒ BC = 2 OD = 2 x 31.5 ⇒ 63 cm
Now, AC2 = AB2 – BC2 [by Pythagoras Theorem]
= 652 – 632 = (65 + 63) (65 – 63)
= 128 x 2
=256
⇒ AC = 256=16cm
Perimeter of ∆ ABC = AB + BC + CA = (65 +63 +16) = 144 cm

5. ∆ ABC is inscribed in a circle with centre O. Given that ∠ AOB = 1300

SOLUTION:
∠ AOC = 3600 – (∠ AOB + ∠ BOC) [angle around’ O’]
= 360 – (130 + 112)
= 3600 – 2420
1180
1
∠ ABC = x 118 [Angle at circumference is equal to half of
2
angle at centre]
= 59

(6) Perpendicular chords AB, CD intersects at E.

Given that ∠ CAE = 400, find ∠ AOD, where O is
the centre of the circle
 SOLUTION:
∠ ACE = 900 – 400 = 500 [∠ AEC = 900]
∠ ABD = ∠ ACE [Angles in same segment]
= 500
∠ AOD = 2 ∠ ABD = 2 x 500 = 1000

(7) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AD is a diameter. If ∠ ABC = 1100, find ∠ CAD

SOLUTION:
∠ ADC = 1800 - ∠ ABC [opposite angles are supplementary]
= 1800 – 1100
= 700
Now, ∠ ACD = 900 [angle in a semicircle]
⇒ ∠ CAD = 1800 – (∠ ACD + ∠ ADC) [angle sum property]
= 180 – (90 + 70)
= 180 – 160
= 200

(8) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AC,

BD intersect at E given that ∠ ABE = 500 and ∠ DAE 370.
Find ∠ AED and ∠ BAE
SOLUTION: ∠ ADB = ∠ ACB = 500 [angles in same segment]
∠ AED = 1800 – (∠ DAE + ∠ ADE) [ angle sum
property]
= 180 – (37 + 50)
= 180 – 87
= 930
Now, ∠ BAE + ∠ ABE + ∠ AED [Exterior angle is equal to sum of the
interior opposite angles]
⇒ ∠ BAE + 560 = 930
⇒ ∠ BAE = 93 – 56
= 370
(9) AB is a diameter of a circle. AD = DC and ∠ BAC = 280 find ∠ BAD
SOLUTION:
∠ ACB = 900 [angle in a semicircle is 900]
⇒ ∠ ABC = 900 – 280 = 620 [from ∆ ABC]
 ⇒ ∠ ADC = 180 - 620
= 1180
Now, ∠ DAC + ∠ DCA + ∠ ADC + 1800 [sum
of 3 angles of a ∆le = 1800]
⇒ ∠ DAC + DAC + 1180 = 1800 [∠ DCA = ∠
DAC, AD = AC]
⇒ 2 ∠ DAC = 180 - 1180
62
 <DAC= -310
2
⇒ ∠ BAD = ∠ DAC + ∠ BAC
= 310 + 280
= 590
(10) In the figure, diameter AB produced meets DC produced at P. If O is the
centre, find ∠ OPC and ∠ OCB
SOLUTION:
Reflex ∠ AOC + 3600 – 1540 = 2060
1
∠ ADC = reflex ∠ AOC [angle at centre is equal to double the angle at
2
circumference]
206
= =1030
2

From ∆ ADP,
∠ APD = 1800 - (∠ DAP + ∠ ADP) = 180 – (56 + 103)
= 180 – 159 = 210
Again, ∠ BCP = ∠ DAB = 560 (ABCD is cyclic)
∠ DCB = 1800 - ∠ DAB [opp. angles of cyclic quadrilateral]
= 180 - 560
= 1240
 ∠ OCD = 3600 – (∠ COA + ∠ OAD + ∠ ADC)
= 3600 – (154 + 56 + 103)
= 360 – 313
= 470
∠ OCB = ∠ BCD - ∠ OCD = 1240 – 470 = 770

(11) Two circles intersect at B, E, ∠ A = 800 and ∠ F = 980 find ∠ BCD and ∠ EDC

SOLUTION: Join BE
∠ BED = ∠ A = 800 [exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to interior
opposite angles]
∠ BCD + 180 – 80 = 1000 [opp. angles are supplementary in cyclic quadrilaterals]
Again, ∠ EBC = ∠ F = 980 [Exterior angle is equal to interior opposite angle]
∠ EDC + ∠ EBC = 1800 [opp. angles of cyclic quadrilateral]
⇒ ∠ EDC + 980 = 1800
⇒ ∠ EDC = 180 - 980
= 820
(12) Secants AB, AC intersect the circle with centre O, at D, E respectively. BE,
DC intersect at F. If ∠ BOC = 1180 and ∠ A = 300 Find ∠ BFC
SOLUTION:
1
∠ BEC = x 1180 = 590
2
∠ BDC = 180 - ∠ BEC [AEC is a line segment]
= 180 – 59 = 1210
∠ ADC = 180 - ∠ BDC = 1210 [ADB is a line segment]
Now, ∠ A + ∠ ADF + ∠ DFE + ∠ AEF = 3600 [ADFE is a quadrilateral]
⇒ 30 + 1210 + ∠ DFE + 121 = 360
⇒ ∠ DFE = 360 - 30 -121 – 121 = 880
⇒ ∠ BFC = 880 [∠ BFC = ∠ DFE. vertically opp. angles]

(13) AB is a diameter of a circle with centre ‘O’, PCT is a tangent at C. If ∠ BCT

= 780 find ∠ ABC

SOLUTION:
∠ ACB = 900 [angle in a semi – circle]
⇒ ∠ PCA = 180 – (∠ ACB + ∠ TCB) [PCT is a line]
= 1800 – (90 + 780)
= 180 – 168
= 120
∠ ABC = ∠ PCA [angle between tangent and chord is equal to angle in alternate
segment]
= 120

(14) AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O AB produced, meets the tangent

QPT at T. AP, PB are joined. If ∠ BTP = 270 find ∠ BPT
SOLUTION:
Let ∠ BPT = O
∠ OBP = θ
∠ OPB = θ + 270 [OB = OP, radii]
Now, ∠ OPT = 900 [angle between radius and tangent]
⇒ ∠ OPB + ∠ BPJ = 900
⇒ θ + 27 + θ = 900
⇒ θ + 27 + θ = 900 ⇒ 20 = 90 – 27
63
⇒θ= = 310 301
2
(15) AB, CD are two chords of a circle, intersecting at E such that AE = ED. If
AB=xcm Show that CD = x cm

SOLUTION:
Join AC, BD
In ∆ ACE, ∆ DBE
∠ AEC = ∠ DEB [vertically opposite angles]
∠ ACE = ∠ DBE [∠ ACD = ∠ DBA, angles in the same segment]
⇒ ∆ ACE ∆ DBE [AA criteria]
AE AC
⇒ = [corresponding sides of similar triangles]
DE DB
AE AC
But =1  =1 [AE = ED given]
DE DB
 ⇒ AC = DB
⇒ AC=DB [equal chords contain equal arcs]
⇒ AB=CD [equal is added to both sides]
⇒ CD = x cm proved

EXERCISE

(1) The diameters of two concentric circles are 21 cm and 17 cm respectively. Find the
distance between their circumference
(2) If AB is a diameter and ∠ ADC = 1240 find ∠ BAC

(3) In the figure, PQR is the in circle of ∆ ABC. If AB = 7 cm and QC = 4 cm, then find the
perimeter of ∆ ABC
(4) In the figure, PA is tangent at A. If O is the centre and ∠ AOB = 1240, then find ∠ BAP

(5) The diameter of a circle is 26 cm. It has a chord of length 24 cm. Find the distance of the
chord from the centre
(6) AB, CD are parallel chords of a circle with centre O. AB = 20 cm, CD = 48. And they lie
on opposite sides of O. If the diameter of the circle is 52 cm, find the distance between
AB and CD. What will be the distance when they are on the same side of O?
(7) AB, CD are two parallel chords of a circle with lengths 48 cm and 40 cm respectively.
They lie on opposite sides of the centre and the distance between them is 22 cm. Find the
radius of the circle
(8) In the figure, O is the centre and AB = 82 cm OD ⊥ AC and OD = 40 cm find the
perimeter of ∆ ABC

(9) Two circles with centers O, O1 intersects at A, B PAQ is a line segment drawn parallel to
OO1 If OO1 = 8 cm. Find PQ
(10) ∆ABC is inscribed in a circle with centre O. If ∠ AOB = 1400, ∠ BOC = 1540
Find ∠ ABC

(11) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AD is a diameter. If ∠ ABC = 1050, find ∠ CAD

(12) The circle through A, D, C has B as its centre CD is produced to any point P. If ∠
ADP = 640, find ∠ BAC
(13) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AC, BD intersect at E. Given that ∠ ABE = 480, ∠
BCE = 520 and ∠ DAE = 400, find ∠ AED and ∠ BAE

(14) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral BA, CD produced meet at E, outside the circle. F
is any point on BC produced. AF and CD intersect at G. If ∠ E = 340, ∠ F = 280 and ∠
DCF = 1200 find ∠ DAG

(15) AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O, AD = DC and ∠ CAB = 360. Find ∠

BAD

(16) In the figure, AD is a diameter find the magnitude of ∠ ACB

(17) In the figure, diameter AB produced meets DC produced at P. If O is the centre, ∠
DAO = 640 and ∠ AOC = 1480, find ∠ OPC and ∠ OCB

(18) O is the centre of the smaller circle and the bigger circle passes through O, ABC,
and ADE are line segments. The two circles intersect at B, D. If ∠ BED = 300, find ∠
BAD
(19) Two circles intersect at B,E ∠ A = 940 and ∠ F = 1000 Find ∠ BCD and ∠ EDC

(20) AB is a diameter of a circle with centres ‘O’ PA, PB intersects the circle at D, C
respectively. If OD = CD, find ∠P

(21) Secants AB, AC intersects the circle with centre O, at D, E respectively. BE, DC
intersect at F. If ∠ BOC + 1000 and ∠ A = 260, find ∠ BFC
(22) AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O. PCT is a tangent at C, If ∠ BCT = 680,
∠ ABC

(23) QPT is a tangent at P to a circle with centre at ‘O’ A,B lie on the circle and ∠
PAO = 380, find ∠ APQ

(24) AB is a diameter of a circle with centre ‘O’ AB produced, meets the tangent QPT
at T. AP, PB are joined. If ∠ BTP = 320 find ∠ BPT
(25) PT is a tangent at P, A, B are two points on the circle. CP is the bisector of ∠
APB. If ∠ APC = 200 and ∠ PAC = 420, find the measure of ∠ PTB

(26) ABC is a triangle in which ∠ ABC = 900. The circle on AB as diameter intersects
AC at D. The tangent at D meets BC at E. If AB = 12 cm and AC = 37 cm find EC
(27) TA, TB, Tangents to a circle with centre ‘O’ C,D are points on the circle. Given
that ∠ DAT = 500 and ∠ OBD = 760, Find (i) ∠ ACB (ii) ∠ ATB

(28) Two circles intersect at A, B, O and O1 are their centers. PAQ is a tangent at A to
the circle with centre O1. If ∠ BAO1 = 480, find ∠ OAB
(29) Solve by using arc properties. AB, CD are two chords of a circle intersecting at E.
Such that AE = ED. If AB = x cm, find the length of CD in terms of x

(30) Use arc properties to solve. AB, CD are two chords of a circle which bisect each
other at O. Show that O is the centre of the circle
 Key
1. 2 cm
2. 34°
3. 22 cm
4. 62°
5. 5cm
6. 34cm
7. 25cm
8. 180cm
9. 16cm
10. 33°
11. 15°
12. 26°
13. <AED = 88°, <ADE =52°
14. 54°
15. 27°
16. 20°
17. <OPC= 10°, <OCB = 74°
18. 75°
19. <BCD = 86°, <EDC = 80°
20. 60°
21. 50°
22. 22°
23. 128°
24. 29°
25. 56°
26. 17.5 cm
27. <ACB = 64°
28. 21°
29. X cm