STATISTICS

LECTURE NOTES CH. 2

Dr. Muhammad Riaz
Department of Mathematics
University of the Punjab Lahore
mriaz.math@pu.edu.pk
mriazpu@gmail.com
Arithmetic mean
The Arithmetic mean or simply the mean is defined as “The value obtained by
dividing the sum of the values by their number” It is denoted by

𝑋
Sample mean 𝑋= 𝑛
where 𝑋 = sum of all values,
n = sample size = number of sample values
𝑋
Population values μ= 𝑁
where 𝑋 = sum of all values,
N = sample size = number of sample values

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics

Example:
Find the Arithmetic Mean (or Mean) of the marks obtained by 9 students are given
below:
X D = X-39
45, 32, 37, 46 ,39, 36, 41, 48, 36 -7
32
36 -3
𝑋 360
A.M = 𝑋 = 𝑛
= 9
= 40 36 -3
Second method: 37 -2
𝐷 39 0
𝑋=𝐴+ , 𝐷 =𝑋−𝐴 2
𝑛 41
where A is any value/number 45 6
46 7
9
Let A = 39, 𝑋 = 39 + = 39 + 1 = 40 48 9
9
𝑋 = 360 𝐷=9

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics

Example:
X D = X-30 𝑿−𝑨
Find the Arithmetic Mean of the data 𝑼=
𝟔
6,12,18,24,30,36,42,48,54,60 -24 -4
6
First method: -18
𝑋 330 12 -3
A.M = 𝑋 = 𝑛 = 10 = 33 18 -12 -2
24 -6 -1
Second method: 30 0 0
30
Let A = 30, 𝑋 = 30 + 10 = 30 + 3 =33 36 6 1
42 12 2
Third method (only for equal interval data): 48 18 3
Here equal interval is h = 6 54 24 4
𝑿 − 𝑨 𝑿 − 𝟑𝟎 60 30 5
𝑼= =
𝟔 𝟔 𝑋 = 330 𝐷 = 30 𝑈=5
𝑈 𝑈 5
𝑋=𝐴+ = 30 + = 30 + × 6 = 33
𝑛 10 10

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics

Properties of Arithmetic Mean:
(i) The sum of the deviation of values from their mean is zero i.e.
𝑋−𝑋 =0
(ii) The sum of squares of the deviations of the values from any value
𝑎 is minimum if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑋 i.e. 𝑋 − 𝑋 2 is always minimum.
(iii) Combined Mean.
If k subgroups of data consisting of 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 , … , 𝑛𝑘 observations have their arithmetic
means 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑘 then their combined mean is
𝑛1 𝑋1 +𝑛2 𝑋2 +⋯+𝑛𝑘 𝑋𝑘
𝑋=
𝑛1 +𝑛2 + …+ 𝑛𝑘
If 𝒀 = 𝒂𝑿 + 𝒃 then 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏
(a) (change of origin) 𝒀 = 𝑿 + 𝒃 then 𝑌 = 𝑋 + 𝑏
(b) (change of scale) 𝒀 = 𝒂𝑿 then 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑋

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics

Example: X 𝑿−𝑿 𝒀 = 𝟐𝑿 + 𝟑
𝑋 112
A.M = 𝑋= = = 16 7 -9 17
𝑛 7
13 -3 29
(i) 𝑋−𝑋 =0 15 -1 33
16 0 35

(ii) 𝒀 = 𝟐𝑿 + 𝟑 then 𝑌 = 2𝑋 + 3 18 2 39
𝑌 245 21 5 45
𝑌= = = 35 6 47
𝑛 7 22
Verify:
𝑋 = 112 (𝑿 − 𝑿) = 0 𝑌 = 245
𝑌 = 2𝑋 + 3 = 2 16 + 3 = 35

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics

 Section Number Number
Combined Mean Of boys Of girls
A 40 62
𝑛1 𝑋1 + 𝑛2 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑘 𝑋𝑘 B 37 58
𝑋=
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + … + 𝑛𝑘 C 43 61

40 62 + 37 58 + (43)(61) 7249
𝑋= = = 60.4
40 + 37 + 43 120

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics

Arithmetic Mean (Group data)
Example: Weights 65-84 85-104 105-124 125-144 145-164 165-185 185-204

𝒇 9 10 17 10 5 4 5

Weights 𝒇 𝑿 𝒇𝑿

65-84 9 74.5 670.5

85-104 10 94.5 945
105-124 17 114.5 1946.5
𝑓𝑋 7350 125-144 10 134.5 1345
A.M = 𝑋 = = = 1225 145-164 5 154.5 722.5
𝑓 60
165-184 4 174.5 698
184-204 5 194.5 972.5

𝑓 = 60 𝑓𝑋 = 7350

Dr. Muhammad Riaz Lecture Notes Statistics