Name: Safina Akbar

Subject: Discourse studies

Assignment no: Spring, 04, 2020

ID no: 12194

Submitted to: Sir Sahil Anwar

Q 1: What is the role of Conversational Implicature in conversation?

CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

The concept of conversational implicative is due to the work of Paul Grice, and in
particular to his paper "Logic and Conversation," which was delivered in 1967 and
instantly became highly influential, although it was not published until 1975. A key goal
of this paper was to defend the traditional logical understanding of connectives
like and against what he saw as the excesses of ordinary language philosophy. He did
this by drawing a sharp distinction between what is strictly speaking said and what
is conversationally implicated. Consider sentence 1, below.

(1) Amanda and Beau fell in love and got married.

An utterance of (1) will typically suggest that the falling in love preceded the marriage.
However, if and has its bare logical meaning, (1) may be true even if the marriage was
initially loveless. According to Grice, (1) might indeed be true under these
circumstances—because, strictly speaking, and contributes no more than its logical
meaning to what is said. Grice claimed that the extra suggestion of temporal order was
a conversational implicature. Conversational implicatures are an important part of
communication, but (according to Grice) they have no effect on truth value. This is
because they are not a part of what is strictly speaking said.

Grice argued that conversational implicatures arise from our adherence to (and
presumption that others will adhere to) what he called the Cooperative Principle:
"[m]ake your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it
occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged. (He took this principle to govern conversation, but he also took it that the
principle would have correlates in other cooperative endeavors.) In its broadest outline
Grice's idea was that we presume that others are being cooperative and we will
generally make whatever supplementary assumptions are required to maintain this
presumption. This presumption is what allows for the communication of conversational
implicatures.Grice takes it that we generally follow the Cooperative Principle by
following four more specific maxims of cooperation (which, like the Cooperative
Principle itself, he takes to have correlates in other endeavors.

Q 2: What are the basic factors to do analysis of conversation?

Analysis of conversation

Conversation analysis (CA) is the dominant contemporary method for the analysis of
social interaction. Originating at the University of California during the 1960s (Sacks,
1992), the field has a broad interdisciplinary reach, and is used to study interaction in
many languages on an effectively worldwide basis. CA begins from the notion that
conversational interaction involves 'doing things with words,' and that, for example,
describing, questioning, agreeing, offering and so on are all examples of social actions
that we use words to perform. It developed from social science perspectives that
recognized the fundamental nature of human action and interaction in the formation and
management of personal identity, social relationships, and human institutions. These
perspectives stress four main features of actions that pose immensely challenging
issues for the systematic analysis of social life. CA was developed specifically to deal
with these four issues: 1. Human actions are meaningful and involve meaning-making.
2. Actions are meaningful and make meaning through a combination of their content
and context. 3. To be socially meaningful, the meaning of actions must be shared (or
intersubjective). This sharing may not be perfect, but it is normally good enough for the
participants to keep going. 4. Meanings are unique and singular. Actions function in
particular ways to create meanings that are also particular.
 Factors

People:

▪ What your relationship is to each person in the conversation

▪ What you know about each person in the conversation
▪ What does each person know about you
▪ What do you want them to know or not know, to think or not think, about you

Mood:

▪ What is the mood of each person in the conversation

▪ What is the mood of the group
▪ What mood are you in

Purpose:

▪ What is the purpose of the conversation

▪ What is the purpose of the gathering of people
▪ What do you want out of the conversation
▪ What do you know or think people involved want out of the conversation