Roll No.

: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

Experiment No 6

Date:17/02/2020
Aim: Design the CMOS mixer

Software Used: AWR Design Environment 10.

Theory:

Frequency translation device:

Convert RF frequency to a lower IF or base band for easy signal processing in receivers.
Convert base band signal or IF frequency to a higher IF or RF frequency for efficient
transmission in transmitters. Creative use of nonlinearity or time-variance. These are usually
harmful and unwanted. They generate frequencies not present at input. Used together with
appropriate filtering: Remove unwanted frequencies

Two operation mechanisms:

• Nonlinear transfer function: Use device nonlinearities creatively. Intermodulation creates the
desired frequency and unwanted frequencies

• Switching or sampling: A time-varying process, Preferred; fewer spurs, Active mixers, Passive
mixers.

Conversion Gain

• Conversion gain or loss is the ratio of the desired IF output (voltage or power) to the RF input
signal value (voltage or power).

Voltage Conversion Gain = r.m.s. voltage of the IF signal / r.m.s. voltage of the RF signal
Power Conversion Gain = IF power delivered to the load / Available power from the source

If the input impedance and the load impedance of the mixer are both equal to the source
impedance, then the voltage conversion gain and the power conversion gain of the mixer will be
the same.
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

Circuit Diagram:
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

Simulation Procedure:

Importing a Schematic:

1. Create a new project named "Mixer".

2. Right-click Circuit Schematics in the Project Browser and choose Import Schematic.

3. Browse to and select the Mixer_circuit.sch schematic in the C:\Program

Files\AWR\AWRDE\10\Examples or

C:\Program Files(x86)\AWR\AWRDE\10\Examples directory. After the circuit is imported it

displays in the schematic window.

Creating Test Benches

1. Choose Project > Add Schematic > New Schematic or click the Add New Schematic button on
the toolbar.

2. Save the schematic as "Mixer Sim".

3. Choose Draw > Add Sub circuit or click the SUB button on the toolbar. Click OK on the
dialog box that displays and then click to place the mixer sub circuit in the schematic.

4. Double-click the mixer sub circuit to display the Element Options dialog box. Click the
Symbol tab, and from the list of symbols select MIXER_3_X@sys_block.syf, then click OK.
The schematic shown in the following figure should display.
5. In the Element Browser, expand the Sources category, then click the AC subgroup. Select the
AC_V block, place it on the schematic, and connect it to the RF node (node 1) of the mixer as
shown in the following figure.

6. Similarly, add another AC_V block to the LO node (node 3)

of the mixer as shown in the following figure.

7. In the Element Browser, expand the Lumped Elements category, then click the Resistor
subgroup. Select the RES element, place it on the schematic, and connect it to the IFnode (node
2) of the mixer as shown in the following figure.
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

8. In the Element Browser, expand the MeasDevice category, then click the Probes subgroup.
Select the V_PROBE element, place it on the schematic, and connect it to the IF node of the
mixer as shown in the previous figure.

9. Add grounds to the circuit as shown in the previous figure.

10.Set the parameters of AC_V connected to the RF node as shown in the following figure.
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

11.Set the parameters of AC_V connected to the LO node as shown in the following figure.

12.Set the R parameter of the resistor to "1e5" ohms. The schematic should now look like the
following figure. Notice how the symbol changes for the AC voltage sources.
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

Setting Defaults

To set defaults:

1. Choose Options > Project Options. On the Global Units tab set the Frequency to MHz.

2. Click the Frequencies tab and set the Data Entry Units to MHz. Type "900" in Start, "950" in
Stop and "10" in Step, then click Apply and OK.

3. Choose Options>Default Circuit Options and set up the harmonic balance simulator by editing
the parameters as shown in the following figures.
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

4. Click the HSPICE tab in the Circuit Options dialog box and set the parameters as shown in the
following figure.

5. Click the Transient tab in the Circuit Options dialog box. Clear the Use HB settings check box
and set the parameters as shown in

Adding Graphs and

Measurements
To add a graph and measurements:
1. Add a rectangular graph named "VRF and VIF vs Frequency".
2. Create a measurement for the fundamental frequency component of the RF voltage at the RF
port using the settings
in the following figure, then click Apply. Note that Sweep Freq uses the project frequency
FPRJ.
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

3. Similarly, add a measurement for the IF frequency component of the output voltage by
selecting V_PROBE.VP1 as the Measurement Component and -1,1 as the Harmonic Index, then
click OK.

4. Add a rectangular graph named "IF Spectrum".

5. Add the voltage spectrum at the IF output using the settings in the following figure, then click
OK. Note that Sweep Freq uses the project frequency FPRJ.

6. Run the
simulation (Simulate > Analyze or press F8 on the keyboard). The simulation response shown in
the following graph should display. To add a marker right-click on the graph, choose Marker,
and click inside the graph near the desired marker location.

7. Add a new rectangular graph named "VTime".

Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

8. Create a measurement for the time domain voltage waveform at the LO port using the settings
in the following figure, then click Apply. Note that the Simulator is Hspice Trans(ient) and
Sweep Freq is set to FPRJ.
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

Simulation Result:
Roll No.: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde

Conclusion: Hence we performed experiment successfully.