M.C cancer in females is breast cancer.

M.C cancer in males is prostatic cancer.

M.C cancer causing death in both gender is lung cancer.
M.C malignant tumor in liver is metastatic tumors.
M.C primary malignant tumor of liver is hepatocellular
carcinoma.
M.C benign tumor of liver is hemangioma.
M.C type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma.
M.C type of breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma.
M.C renal tumor in children is wilm's tumor
M.C renal rumor in adult is renal cell carcinoma.
M.C type of bladder cancer is transitional cell carcinoma.
M.C testicular cancer is seminoma.
M.C bone cancer is metastatic tumors.
M.C skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma.
M.C fatal skin cancer is melanoma.
M.C cancer in AIDS is kaposi sarcoma
M.C ovarian tumor is dermoid cyst.
M.C ovarian cancer in old women is epithelial ovarian cancer.
M.C ovaran cancer in young aged women is dysgerminoma.
M.C gynecological cancer is endometrial carcinoma.
M.C type of fallopian tube is adenocarcinoma.
M.C type of esophageal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma.
M.C type of stomach cancer is adenocarcinoma.
M.C tumor in appendix is carcinoid tumor.
M.C cancer of pancreas is adenocarcinoma of head.
M.C site of colorectal cancer is sigmoid.
M.C cause of cervical CA is HPV.
M.C cancer in children is ALL.
M.C tumor of minor salivary gland is adenoid cyst CA.
M.C salivary malignant tumor is mucoepidermoid cancer.
M.C tumor of salivary gland is pleomorphic adenoma.
Most common cause of peptic ulcer is H-pylori.
Most common symptom of peptic ulcer is mid-epigastric pain.
Most definitive diagnosis of peptic ulcer is endoscopy.
Most common complication of peptic ulcer is gastro-intestinal
bleeding.
Most common complication that needs surgery is perforation.
Most common site of gastric ulcer is incisura angularis(lesser
curvature).
Most common site of duodenal ulcer is first part of duodenum.
Most common site of gastrinoma is pancreas.
Most common sensitive diagnosis of H-pyloric is stool-antigen
test.
The best drug of NSAID-induced ulcer id misoprastol.
Most common risk factor of gastric cancer is H-pylori.
Most common symptom of gastric cancer is weight loss.
Most common site for metastasis of gastric cancer is liver.
Most common gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma.
M.C pituitary tumor is prolactinoma.Most common cause of
hypoadrenalism in developed country is addison's
disease(autoimmune).
Most common cause of hypoadrenalism in developing country is
TB.
Most common cause of ectopic ACTH secretion is small cell lung
carcinoma.
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is
parathyroid adenoma.
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is post-
thyroidectomy.
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Grave's disease.
Most common cause of goitrous hypothyroidism is hashimoto's
thyroiditis
Most common cause of non-goitrous hypothyroidism is
spontaneous atrophic hypothyroidism.
Investigation of choice in hypothyroidism is serum TSH.
Investigation of choice in thyroid nodule is FNAC.
Most common thyroid cancer in old age female is anaplastic.
Most common familial malignant neoplasm of thyroid is
medullary thyroid cancer.
Most common thyroid cancer associated with hashimoto's
thyroiditis is thyroid lymphoma.
Most common thyroid cancer is papillary.
Most common distant site for metastasis in papillary thyroid
cancer is lung
Most common site for metastasis in follicular thyroid cancer is
bone.
Most common nerve injuried in thyroid surgery is recurrent
laryngeal nerve(RLN).
Most common cause of cushing's syndrome is iatrogenic.
Most common adrenal medullary tumor in adult is
pheochromocytoma.
Most common adrenal medullary tumor in children is
neuroblastoma.
Most common sign of pheochromocytoma is HTN.
Most common cause of conn's syndrome is adenoma.
Most common symptom of acromegally is headache.
Most common cause of death in acromegally is hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy(heart failure).
Most common cause of GERD is hiatus hernia.
Most common symptom of GERD is hiatal hernia.
Most Definitive diagnostic test of GERD is PH monitoring.
Most common type of esophageal cancer is squamous worldwide.
Most common type of esophageal in USA is adenocarcinoma.
Most common symptom of esophageal cancer is dysphagia.
Most definitive diagnostic test is endoscopy with biopsy.
Most common cause of achalasia is idiopathic.
Most common symptom of achalasia is dysphagia.
Most definitive diagnostic test is esophageal manometry.
Most common cause of esophageal perforation is iatrogenic.
Most common type of esophageal diverticula is zenker's
diverticulum.
Most common type of esophageal atresia is distal tracheo-
esophageal fistula.

Most sensitive diagnostic test of pheochromocytoma is plasma

free metanephrine.
Most specific diagnostic test of pheochromocytoma is 24_hours
urine metanephrine.

Most sensitive diagnostic test of SLEA is anti _nuclear antibody

(ANA).
Most specific diagnostic test of SLE is anti_sm ab and anti_
double stranded DNA antibody (AdsDNA)
Most specific diagnostic test of reumatoid arthritis is anti_CCP
antibody.

Most sensitive diagnostic test of scleroderma is ANA.

Most specific diagnostic test of limited form of scleroderma is
anti_centromere.
Most specific diagnostic test of generalized form of scleroderma is
anti_opoisomerase antibody (anti_scleroderma antibody

Most specific diagnostic test of wegener's granulomatosis is

C_ANCA.
Most definitive diagnosis of wegener's granulomatosis is lung
biopsy.

Most common type of gallstones is mixed stones

Second most common type of gallstones is cholesterol stones
Gallstone is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Most common artery injuried during cholecystectomy is right
hepatic artery
Most common bacteria causing ascending cholangitis is E_coli
Most sensitive diagnostic test of gallstones is abdominal US
Most sensitive diagnostic test of stones in bile duct is MRCP
Most accurate investigation to diagnose cholecystitis is HIDA
scan
Most common presentation of gallstones is asymptomatic
Most common type of cholangiocarcinoma is adenocarcinoma

Myocardial infarction signs and symptoms

PULSE
Persistent chest pain
Upset stomach
Lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Exessive sweating

Gastric carcinoma risk factors

5A
Anemia (pernicious anaemia)
Achlorrhydria
Atrophic gastritis
Adenoma
A blood type

Endometrial carcinoma risk factors

Honda
Htn
Obesity
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Age (increased)

Duke john's major criteria

ACNES
Arthritis
Carditis
Nodule (subcutaneous)
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea

Stroke risk factors

HEADS
Hypertension/hyperlipidemia
Elderly
Afrial fibrillation
Diabetes mellitus /drugs ( cocaine)
Smoking/sex (male)

Polyhydramnious complication
4 Ps

Placental abruption
Presentation (malpresentation)
Preterm labour
Prolapse of cord

Pre-eclampsia clinical features

HELP
Hypertension
Edema
Late in pregnancy
Proteinuria/primgravia
ACE inhibitors contraindications
PARK
Pregnancy
Allergy
Renal artery stenosis
K increased (hyperkalemia)

HLAB27 associated diseases

PAIR
Psoriasis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBD
Reiter's syndrome

Complication of mumps

MOPE

Meningitis
Orchitis/Oophoritis
Parotitis/Pancreatitis
Encephalitis

Cerebellar signs

DANISH
Dysdiadochokinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia

Causes of peripheral neuropathy

ABCDE
Alcohol
B12 deficiency
Chronic renal failure
DM and Drugs
Every vasculitis

Symptoms of intestinal obstruction

Vomit PAD

Vomiting
Pain
Absolute constipation
Distension of abdomen

Arterial thrombus signs

 6PS

Pain
Pallor
Pulseless
Paralyzed
Parasthesia
Perishing with cold

Gallstones risk factors

5Fs

Female
fatty
forty
fertile
Fair

Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) causes

APH

Apruptio placentae
Placenta previa (or vasa previa)
Hardly known (40% are idiopathic)
Meig's syndrome triad

PAT

Pleural effusion
Ascites
Tumor of ovary

beck's triad of acute cardiac tamponade:

3 D's
-decreased blood pressure
-distended jugular veins
-distant heart sounds (muffled)

Whipple’s triad of insulinoma :

1_Symptoms known or likely to be caused by hypoglycemia
especially after fasting or heavy exercise
2_A low plasma glucose measured at the time of the symptoms
3_Relief of symptoms when the glucose level is raised

Trauma death traid:

Hypothermia
Coagulopathy
Acidisis
immunocompromised patients can have severe measles
pneumonia without rash so Measles should be considered in any
immunocompromised patient with pneumonia of unknown
etiology

Prune belly syndrome (also called triad syndrome):

1.abdominal muscle deficiency (partial or complete)
2.cryptorchidisim
3.urinary tract abnormalities

JUST_REMEMBER ;
Treatment of cluster headache :
🔥Acute stage:

➡️-100% oxygen,
➡️-subcutaneous or a nasal triptan
🔥Prophylaxis :

➡️-verapamil, prednisolone &

➡️*second line –lithium

spot diagnosis of epigastric pain ..

EPIGASTRIC PAIN + pain worse with food = gastric ulcer

epigastric pain + pain better with food = duodenal ulcer.

epigastric pain + weight loss = gastric ulcer or cancer

epigastric pain +tenderness = pancretitis

epigastric pain + bad taste ,cough ,hoarse= GERD

epigastric pain + nothing = non ulcer dyspepsia [ 90% of cases]

epigastric pain + diabetic and bloating = diabetic gastroparesis

Epigastric pain+diabetic = think about MI until proven otherwise

Pneumonia Plus > diagnostic pointers

Pneumonia + hemolysis= mycoplasma

Pneumonia + erythema multiforme = mycoplasma
Pneumonia + hyponatremia = legionella
Pneumonia + rusty sputum = strept pneumonie
Pneumonia + elderly / diabetic / alcoholic = klesiella
Pneumonia + mutilple abscesses = staph aureus.
Pneumonia + parrots = chalymdia
Pneumonia + smoker = hemoph. influenze.
Pneumonia + neutropenia / chemotherapy= pseudomonas
auregenosa.
Pneumonia + unconsiouness / anasthesia = anaerobes.
✨MEN I :
▪️Pituitary adenoma
▪️Parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia
▪️Pancreatic tumour

✨ MEN 2A
▪️Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
▪️Parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia
▪️Pheochromocytoma

✨ MEN II B
▪️Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
▪️Mucousal neuromas
▪️Pheochromocytoma
▪️Marfanoid habitus

Extra-articular manifastations of Ankylosing Spondylitis.:-(6A's):-

*Anterior uveitis.
*Aortic regurgitation.
*Apical lung fibrosis.
*Asymptomatic prostatitis.
*Achilles tendinitis.
*Amyloidosis.

.........ARCHIVE.........
📝 A.... Ascitis.
📝 R.... Renal Failure.

📝 C.... Congestive gastropathy.

📝 H.... Hypersplenism.

📝 I...... Iron deficiency Anaemia.

📝 V.... Variceal bleeding.

📝 E.... Encephalopathy.

T he major symptoms of chronic pancreatitis:

Abdominal pain.
Dyspepsia.
Diabetes mellitus.

Most common symptom of meckel's diverticulum in children is

bleeding
Most common symptom of meckel's diverticulum in adult is
intestinal obstruction

Case of WPW with AF is a special case for 2 reasons

1️⃣when conducted through the accessory pathway the widened

QRS may look like ventricular tachycardia so important to
differentiate it from VT through have the irregular RR interval of
AF.
2️⃣because the AV conduction is occurring through the accessory
pathway rather than through the AV node the ventricular rate
may be very rapid, and the usual AV nodal–blocking drugs given
for ventricular rate control will not affect the accessory pathway.

*️⃣In fact beta blockers and verapamil and other AV nodal

blocking agents can paradoxically increase the ventricular rate
and should be avoided in WPW patients with AF.

Mx ::
⏺If hemodynamically unstable DC cardioversion should be
performed.

⏺If hemodynamically stable the agent of choice is procainamide

or amiodarone to slow conduction and convert the rhythm to
sinus.

*️⃣Some notes about Aortic Dissection

1_ Chest pain in the presence of a widened mediastinum on chest

x-ray should suggest aortic dissection.

2_Differentiating the pain of dissection from the pain of MI is

essential because the use of anticoagulation or thrombolytics in a
patient with a dissection may be devastating.

3_Most patients with dissection are hypertensive

*️⃣if hypotension is present one of the must suspect aortic

rupture and cardiac
tamponade

5_most dissections begin very close to the aortic valve a

dissection may produce the early diastolic murmur of aortic
insufficiency

*️⃣if it occludes branch arteries produce dramatically different

pulses and blood pressures in the extremities

6_mx

⏺type A (proximal or ascending) dissections require urgent

surgical therapy with replacement of the involved aorta and
sometimes the aortic valve.

⏺type B(dissection does not involve the ascending aorta but can
involve any other part) first managed medically and surgery
usually is performed only for complications such as rupture or
ischemia of a branch artery of the aorta.

➡️Intravenous vasodilatorssuch as sodium nitroprusside to

lower blood pressure to a goal systolic pressure <120 mm Hg
➡️intravenous beta blockers such as metoprolol, to reduce
shear forces and try to achieve a heart rate of 60 bpm.
➡️Alternativelyone can administer intravenous labetalol which
accomplishes both tasks.

n aortic dissection can give these manfistisions🔽🔽

1️⃣ Compression of the superior cervical ganglion➡️ horner
syndrome

2️⃣ Occlusion of coronary artery➡️MI

3️⃣ Thoracic dissection with retrograde flow into the pericardium

➡️ Hemopericardium, pericardial tamponade

4️⃣ Thoracic dissection involving the aortic root ➡️ aortic

regurgitation

5️⃣ Carotid artery involvement ➡️ Hemiplegia

6️⃣ Dissection involving the mesenteric arteries or renal arteries

➡️ Bowel ischemia, hematuria

1️⃣ECG of acute pericarditis show diffuse concave ST elevation in

association with PR depression

*️⃣ may be these change more localized in post-MI pericarditis

*️⃣ Uremic pericarditis usually occurs without the typical ECG

abnormalities of pericarditis

*️⃣ ECG changes of acute pericarditis evolve over several days

resolution of the ST elevation is followed by widespread T-wave
inversion that subsequently normalizes
2️⃣ Troponin levels typically are minimally elevated in acute
pericarditis owing to some involvement of the epicardium by the
inflammatory process. An elevated troponin level in acute
pericarditis usually returns to normal within 1 to 2 weeks

*️⃣the elevated troponin level may lead to the misdiagnosis of an

STMI that may need another procedure like coronary
angiography or echo these normal in pericarditis

Most sensitive diagnostic test of pheochromocytoma is plasma

free metanephrine.
Most specific diagnostic test of pheochromocytoma is 24_hours
urine metanephrine.

Most sensitive diagnostic test of SLEA is anti _nuclear antibody

(ANA).
Most specific diagnostic test of SLE is anti_sm ab and anti_
double stranded DNA antibody (AdsDNA) Most specific diagnostic
test of reumatoid arthritis is anti_CCP antibody.

Most sensitive diagnostic test of scleroderma is ANA.

Most specific diagnostic test of limited form of scleroderma is
anti_centromere.
Most specific diagnostic test of generalized form of scleroderma is
anti_opoisomerase antibody (anti_scleroderma antibody)

Most specific diagnostic test of wegener's granulomatosis is

C_ANCA.
Most definitive diagnosis of wegener's granulomatosis is lung
biopsy.
Most sensitive and specific diagnostic test of MI is serum
troponin.

Most sensitive diagnostic test of pulmonary embolism is D_Dimer

level.
Most specific diagnostic test of pulmonary embolism is
CT_angiography.
Gold standard diagnostic test of pulmonary embolism is
pulmonary angiogram but it is invasive.

Most sensitive diagnostic test of gastrinoma is secretin

stimulation test,increased gastrin by more than 200 Pg /ml

Most specific test of infectious mononucleosis is IgM_EBV antigen

HIV , HBV , and HCV are all can be associated with nephrotic
syndrome .

HIV and HBV>>> focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

HCV>>>> Membranous or membranoproliferative GN .

HCV >>> mixed cyroglibulinemia and mononeuritis multiplex .

HBV>>> strongly associated with PAN with mononeuritis
multiplex and livido retucularis.

🔰Unilateral complete Ptosis + Normal/Mydriasis --- 3rd nerve

Palsy
🔰Unilateral partial Ptosis + MIOSIS--- Horner

🔰Bilateral Ptosis + NO Ophthalmoplgia--- Myotonic dystrophy

🔰Bilateral Ptosis + Ophthalmoplgia--- Myasthenia Gravis

Adrenal_cortex
(mnemonic GFR - ACD)
#G.. zona #G-lomerulosa (on outside): mineralocorticoids,
mainly #A-ldosterone

#F.. zona #F-asciculata (middle): glucocorticoids, mainly #C-

ortisol

#R.. zona #R-eticularis (on inside): androgens, mainly #D-

ehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

most common cause of liver cirrhosis is alcohol.

Most common infectious cause of liver cirrhosis is chronic
hepatitis B and C (especially C).
Most common cause of liver transplantation is chronic hepatitis
C.
Most common genetic cause of liver cirrhosis is
haemochromatosis.
Most common finding of hemochromatosis is liver cirrhosis.
Most common cause of portal hypertension is liver cirrhosis.
Most common cause of death in liver cirrhosis is esophageal
variceal bleeding.
Most accurate diagnostic test of liver cirrhosis is biopsy (gold
standard).
Most specific diagnostic test of primary sclerosing cholangitis is
ERCP or trans_hepatic cholangiogram.
Most common symptoms of primary biliary cirrhosis is fatigue
and pruritis.
Most common risk factor of hepatic adenoma is contraceptive
pills.
Most common symptom of liver diseases is fatigue.
Most common presentation of hydatid cyst is asymptomatic.
Most common complication of hepatic hydatid cyst is rupture
into biliary channels.
Most common site of hepatic abscess (both amoebic and
pyogenic) is right lobe.
Most common treatment of amoebic liver abscess is
metronidazole (flagyl).
Most common malignant tumor of liver is metastatic tumors.
Most common primary tumor of liver is hepatocellular carcinoma.
Most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma is alcholic liver
cirrhosis.
Most common cause of liver transplantation is chronic hepatitis
C.
Most common benign tumor of liver is cavernous hemangioma.
Most specific blood test of wilson's disease is low ceruloplasmin
level.
Most accurate diagnostic test of wilson's disease is biopsy.

step up to medicine
USMLE step2 CK internal medicine

✔️ most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood is

reumatic fever.

✔️ most common cause of mitral stenosis is reumatic fever.

✔️ most common cause of aortic stenosis in elderly is

calcification.

✔️ most common cause of aortic stenosis in children is bicuspid

aortic valve.

✔️ most common cause of tricuspid stenosis is reumatic fever.

✔️ most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is right

ventriclular dilatation (functional).

✔️ most common cause of pulmonary stenosis is congenital

(either isolated or associated with tetralogy of fallot's).

✔️ most common cause of pulmonary regurgitation is pulmonary

artery dilatation due to pulmonary HTN.
✔️ most common cause of subacute infective endocarditis is
strep.viridans

✔️ most common cause of acute infective endocarditis is

staph.aureus.

✔️ most common cause of infective endocarditis in IV drug

abusers is staph.aureus.

✔️ most common cause of infective endocarditis in prosthetic

valve is strept.epidermidis.

✔️ most common valve affected in endocarditis is mitral valve.

✔️ most common valve affected in IV drug abusers is tricuspid

valve.

✔️ most common cause of infective endocarditis in colo_rectal

cancer is strept.bovis.

✔️ most common cause of myocarditis in west is coxsackie viral

infection.

✔️ most common cause of myocarditis world_wide is chagas'

disease.

✔️ most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in developing

countries is TB.
✔️ most common symptom of pericarditis is pleuritic chest pain.

✔️ most common congenital heart disease is VSD.

✔️ most common cyanotic heart disease in newborn is

tetratology of fallot's.

✔️ most common cardiac tumor is atrial myxoma.

✔️ most common type of cardiomyopathy is dilated type.

✔️ most common cause of death in cardiomyopathy is

arrythmia.

✔️ most common cause of sudden death in young athletes is

hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

✔️ most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy is

amyloidosis.

✔️ most common cause of HTN is primary (essential).

✔️ most common cause of secondary HTN is renal artery

stenosis

✔️ most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage is HTN.

✔️ most common cause of heart failure is ischemic heart
disease.

✔️ most common cause of right_sided heart failure is left_sided

heart failure.

✔️ most common cause of pulmonary edema is left_sided heart

failure.

✔️ most common side effect of nitrates is headache

✔️ most common accurate diagnostic test of vegetation of

endocarditis is trans_esophageal echo (TEE).

✔️ most common persistent cardiac arrythmia is atrial

fibrillation (AF).

✔️ most common risk factor of angina pectoris is HTN.

✔️ worst risk factor of angina pectoris is DM.

✔️ most common cause of bronchial cancer is cigarette smoking.

✔️ most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma

✔️ least common type of lung cancer is large cell carcinoma.

✔️ most common worst type of lung cancer is mainly
mesothelioma (2_3 months survival rate) and small cell
carcinoma (1_2 years survival rate).

✔️ most common early symptom is dry cough.

✔️ most common lung cancer causing superior vena cava

syndrome is small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).

✔️ most common lung cancer causing pancoast tumor is

squamous cell carcinoma.

✔️ most common lung cancer causing SIADH is small cell

carcinoma (due to secretion of ADH).

✔️ most common lung cancer causing hypercalcemia is

squamous cell carcinoma (due to secretion of PTH_like protein).

✔️ most common lung cancer causing cushing's syndrome is

small cell carcinoma (due to secretion of ectopic ACTH).

✔️ most common lung cancer causing eaton_lambert syndrome

is small cell carcinoma.

✔️ most common lung cancer causing hypertrophic

osteoarthropathy is adenocarcinoma.
✔️ most common lung cancer causing gynecomastia and
galactorrhoea in males and false positive pregnancy test in
females is large cell carcinoma (due to secretion of beta_HCG).

✔️ most definitive diagnosis is biopsy

✔️.most useful initial test is CXR.

✔️ most common type of lung cancer in non_smoker is

adenocarcinoma.

✔️ most common cavitating lung cancer is squamous cell

carcinoma.

✔️ most sensitive lung cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy

is small cell lung carcinoma.

✔️ least sensitive lung cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy

is large cell carcinoma.
✔️MC type of aneurysm is abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA).

✔️ MC site of AAA is in the segment below renal arteries and

above iliac bifurication.

✔️MC cause of AAA is atherosclerosis.

✔️MC presentation AAA is asymptomatic.

✔️MC symptom of AAA is back and abominal discomfort.

✔️MC screening test for is AAA is ultrasound.

✔️Most important diagnostic test of AAA is CT angiography.

✔️Most common serious complications of AAA is rupture .

✔️Most common cause of death after AAA repair is MI.

✔️ Most common congenital aneurysm is berry's aneurysm.

✔️Most common site of berry's aneurysm is anterior

communicating artery.

✔️ Most common type of peripheral aneurysm is popliteal artery

aneurysm.
✔️ the best prognostic tumor among lung cancers is squamous
cell carcinoma.
Most common symptom of endometriosis is chronic cyclic pelvic
pain.
Most common site of endometriosis is ovary.
Most definitive diagnosis is laporascopy.

Most common physical symptom of premenstrual syndrome is

abdominal bloating.
Most common behvioral symptom of premenstrual symptom is
extreme sense of fatigue
✔️ Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia is
strept.pneumoniae.

✔️ Most common cause of atypical pneumonia is mycoplasma

pneumoniae.

✔️ Most common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients is

pneuomocystic carenii.

✔️ Most common cause of pneumonia in alcoholics is klebisella.

✔️ Most common cause of in COPD patient is haemophilus

influenzae.

✔️ Most common cause of pneumonia in children under five

years is respiratory synctial virus(RSV).

✔️ Most common cause of atypical pneumonia in hospital is

gram negative rods (especially pseudomonus).

✔️ most common cause of atypical pneumonia in ambulatory

setting is mycoplasma pneumoniae.

✔️ Most common cause of aspiration pneumonia is anaerobes.

✔️ most common cause of pneumonia in recent viral infection is

staph.aureus.
✔️ most common cause of pneumonia in diabetics is klebsiell

✔️Most common cause of pneumonia is pneumocystic careni.

✔️Most common cause of diarrhoea is cryptococcus sporidium.

✔️Most common cause of oesophagitis is candida.

✔️Most common cause of meningitis is cryptococcal meningitis.

✔️Most common cancer is kaposi sarcoma.

✔️Most common cause of death is infection (especially TB).

✔️Most common cause of brain infection is toxoplasma gondii.

MCC=most common cause

MCC of primary hypertension is idiopathic.
MCC of secondary hypertension is renal artery stenosis
MCC of primary amenorrhoea is turner's syndrome.
MCC of secondary amenorrhoea is pregnancy.
MCC of primary postpartum hemorrhage is uterine atony.
MCC of secondary postpartum hemorrhage is retained placental
parts.
MCC of primary nephrotic syndrome in children is minimal
change disease.
MCC of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults is focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis.
MCC of secondary nephrotic syndrome is DM.
MCC of primary nephritic syndorme in children is
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
MCC of primary nephritic syndrome in adults is IGA nephropathy

Microcytic anaemias
LIST
Lead poisoning
Iron deficiency anaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia
Thalassemia

🍁'CRAB' features of multiple myeloma 🍁

🌹 hyperCalcaemia

🌹Renal failure
🌹Anaemia (and thrombocytopenia)

🌹Bone fractures/ lytic

Lesions

🌹Stag-horn calculi 🌹

💫composed of Struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate,

triple phosphate)

💫 form in alkaline urine duo to ammonia producing bacteria

such as Ureaplasma urealyticum and Proteus.

• ⏺Most common cause of adult mengitis: S. Pneumoniae

• ⏺Most common cause of neonatal mengitis: S. Agalactie (group
B streptococci)
• ⏺Most common cause of fatality in neonatal mengitis: E. Coli
• ⏺Most common cause of mengitis in immunocompromised
individuals: Listeria
Pic.⏺ Postmortem gross examination in a patient died with
Meningitis

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs), the serological hallmark of

primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), are often targeted against
pyruvate dehydrogenase

Triad of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture:

Hypotension and shock.

Pulsatile abdominal mass.
Flank pain.

Most common cause of death in celiac disease patients is

non_hodjkin lymphoma.

✔️Plummer-Vinson syndrome Triad of:

👍dysphagia (secondary to oesophageal webs)

👍glossitis
👍iron-deficiency anaemia Treatment includes iron
supplementation and dilation of the webs

✔️Mallory Weiss syndrome

Severe vomiting :
painful mucousal lacerations at the gastroesophageal junction
resulting in haematemesis. Common in alcoholics

✔️Boerhaave syndrome
Severe vomiting : oesophageal rupture

Mc type of anaemia is iron deficiency anaemia.

Mc infection causing aplastic anaemia is parovirus 19.
Mcc of sideroplastic anaemia is alcohol.
Mcc of blood transfusion hepatitis is HCV.
Mc blood transfusion reaction is febrile non_hemolytic reaction.

-MC site of Richter's hernia is femoral canal.

-MC hernia in female is indirect ing hernia.
-MC tumor of of anus is Sq cell carcinoma.
-MC tumor of testis is seminoma.
-MC organism in abdominal abscess is E.coli.
-MC anaerobic colon is B.fragilis.
-MC primary malignant thyroid tumor is papillary.
-MC infection in postsplenectomy is pneumococcus.
-MC salivary tumor is pleomorphic adenoma.
-MC cause of blood discharge from nipple is dactal papilloma.
-MC site of breast cancer is upper outer quadrant.
-MC pancreatic malignancy is ductal adenocarcinoma.
-MC position of appendix is Retrocaecal.
-MC site of anal fissure is midline, posteriorly.
-MC form of anorectal abscess is perianal.
-MC presentation of wilms' tumor is abdominal mass.
-MC site of metastasis from wilms' tumor is lung.
-MC symptoms of renal cell carcinoma is hematuria.

Ptosis + dilated pupil =

👉<<third nerve palsy>>

ptosis + constricted pupil =

👉<<Horner's syndrome>>

Primary ovarian failure:

Means that the patient never has a normal menstrual cycle, and
has the triad of :
✔️amenorrhea, ✔️hypergonadotropinism, ✔️hypoestrogenism.

#the_most_common

#Stomch
.most common site of Gut lymphoma
.most common site of Gut GIST* tumor
.most common site of Gut sarcoma
🌹
#Sigmoid_colon
.most common site of colon volvulus
.most common site of colon diverticulum
.most common site of colon cancer
🌹
#Appendix
.most common site of Gut carcinoid tumor
🌹
#Splenic_flexure
.most common site of ischemic colitis
🌹
#Pelvic_abscess
.most common intraabdominal abscess
*Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

✔️Brain tumors

🔴 Most common Brain tumor:

Metastases

🔴 Most common primary Brain tumor:

Glioma

🔴 Most common Glioma:

Astrocytoma

🔴 Most common Astrocytoma:

Glioblastoma multiforme

The Classic Triad Of Hemochromtosis Is:

🔴 Micronodular Pigment Cirrhosis

🔴 Bronze Diabetes
🔴 Skin Pigmentation

Most common cause of erythema multiform is idiopathic.

Most common viral infection of erythema multiform is herpes
simplex.
Most common bacterial infection of erythema multiform is
mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Felty's syndrome is a complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA),

defined as the triad of RA, neutropenia, and splenomegaly.

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia - Organomegaly with no bone

lesions

Multiple myeloma - Bone lesions with no organomegaly

MC complication of measles is otitis media

MC complication of chickenpox is secondary bact.infection.
MC complication of mumps is meningeoencephalitis.

Clinical examination in bronchiactasis:

4CD
Chronic purulent cough.
Clubbing.
Cyanosis.
Coarse crepitation on ascultation.
Dullness on affected area.

Gum hypertrophy is more common in acute myeloid leukemia

(AML).

Lymphadenopathy is more common in acute lymphoblastic

leukemia (ALL).

15% of ALL cases are associated with philadephia chromosome.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC) is more common

with M3 AML.

Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE

Most common manifestation of SLE is arthralgia.

Most common cardiac manifestation of SLE is pericarditis.

Most common respiratory manifestation of SLE is pleurisy.

Most common renal manifestation of SLE is lupus proliferative
glomerulonephritis(PGN).

Most common neurological manifestation of SLE is depressive

psychosis.

Most common cause of death in SLE is lupus nephritis(renal

failure).

Most common drug inducing lupus is hydralazine.

Most sensitive diagnostic test of SLEA is anti _nuclear antibody

(ANA).

Most specific diagnostic test of SLE is anti_sm ab and anti_

double stranded DNA antibody (AdsDNA).

Most effective drug for treating of SLE flaring is steroids.

most common cause of epiglottitis is Hemophilus influenza type

b.

_most common cause of croup is Parainfluenza virus.

_most common cause tonsilitis Strept pyogenes.

_most common cause of otitis media is Strept pneumonia.

_most common cause of osteomyelitis is staph aureus.

_most common cause of osteomylitis in sickle cell anaemia is

Salmonella.

_most common cause of bronchiolitis is RSV.

Causes of indirect hyperbilirubinemia in premature neonates:

_immature liver enzymes.

_low level of albumin(due to immature liver) to bind to indirect
bilirubin.
_low albumin capacity (due to high risk of infection,hypoxia and
acidosis) to bind to indirect bilirubin.
_more permeable blood brain barrier (immature) to indirect
bilirubin.

MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR OF NOSE IS OSTEOMA.

MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR OF NOSE AFTER OSTEOMA

IS PALPILLOMA.
MOST COMMON TYPE OF CANCER IN NOSE IS SQUAMOUS
CELL CARCINOMA.

MOST COMMON SITE OF CANCER IN UPPER RESPIRATORY

TRACT IS LARYNX

MOST COMMON TYPE OF CANCER IN LARYNX IS SQUAMOUS

CELL CARCINOMA.

MOST COMMON SITE OF LARYNGEAL CELL CARCINOMA IS

GLOTTIC REGION.

MOST COMMON MASS OF LARYNX IS VOCAL CORD POLYP.

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PHARYNGITIS IS ADENOVIRUS.

MOST COMMON BACTERIAL INFECTION OF PHARYNX IS

GROUP A BETA_HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI.

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ENDOCRINE DISORDER OF

REPRODUCTIVE AGE.

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPERANDROGENISM.

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA.

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ANOVULATORY
#ROM
Rupture of membrane

#S_PROM
Spontaneous rupture of the membranes any time beyond 28th
week of pregnancy but before the onset of labor is called prelabor
(premature) rupture of the membranes.

#T_PROM
When rupture of membranes occur beyond 37th week but
before the onset of labor, it is called term PROM

#P_PROM :
when rupture occurs before 37 completed weeks, it is called
preterm PROM.

#Prolonged_ROM:
Rupture of membranes for > 18-24 hours before delivery is
called prolonged rupture of membranes.

#Note
🔎PROM less 26weeks increase risk of :
💉 Pulmonary hypoplasia

💉Amniotic band syndrome INFERTILITY.

#Cord_presentation :
The cord is slipped down below the presenting part with intact
bag of membranes.

#Cord_prolapse :
The cord is lying below presenting part following rupture of the
membrane

#Occult_prolapse :
cord is placed by the side of the presenting part and is not felt by
the fingers on internal examination. It could be seen on
ultrasonography or during cesarean section.

#Cord_Expression :
Prolapsing cord with full dilated cervix.