The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.Contents Acknowledgments Recommended References Reference Usage Level 1 Questions Level H Questions Level Ill Questions z vi 13 31d Recommended References Radiographic Testing Method The following references were used in formuteting the questions contained in this book. A.* Bossi, RLH., FA. Iddings and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 4, Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 2002. B.* Staton, J. Radiographie Testing Classroom Training Book. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 2005. © Kinsella, T. ASNT Level Il! Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method, second edition. Columbus, OH: The ‘American Society for Nondestructive Testing. 2004, D.* MeCain, D. ASNT Study Guide Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 2009, E. Radiography in Modern industry, fourth edition. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodek Co. htto://www.kodak.com/eknec/decuments/87/09006884802b3c87 /Radiography-in-Modern.ndustry.pdf. 1980. F* Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive Testing, “Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing,” Standard ASTM E 94. “Standard Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing,” Standard ASTM E 142, and "Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators ((Ql) Used for Radiology,” Standard ASTM E 1025. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. Latest edition, (Reference numbers after the questions contain the standard number in them. Example: H.£94.) G.* Becker, WT. and Ru. Shipley. Metals Handbook, ninth edition, Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control, Volume 11. Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, 2002. * Avallable rom The American Society for Nondestructive Testing tne9 Level | Questions Level | Questions - Radiographic Testing Method Radiographic Testing Method 1 Although there may be other reasons for 4, _In film radiography, image quality using calcium tungstate screens in indicators (penetrameters) are usually industrial radiography, they are most placed: often used to: a. between the intensifying screen and 44 improve definition and resolution in the film radiographic images ', om the source side of the test object b. improve contrast in radiographic on the film side ofthe test object, images 4. between the operator and the © decrease exposure time radiation source make films respond to multimillion Aas8 volt radiation 9 5, When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, an ASTM image quality indicator 2. Anexcellent radiograph is obtained (1Qq) for 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) thick 2024 ‘under given conditions of exposure with aluminum alloy has a thickness of: the film located at a distance of 914.4 mm. (36 in.) from the target of the X-ray tube. a. 127mm (03in) If the film is now placed only 457.2. mm. b. 0.081 mm (0.002 in.) (18 in.) from the target, and all exposure © 0.127 mm (0.005 in) conditions except time are held constant, 4. 0.254 mm (0.010 in) the new exposure time will be: Fe102s a. unchanged 6. The penetrating ability of an X-ray beam b, longer By approximately 80%6 is governed by «. shocter by approximately 55% 4. only about 25% as long asthe original a. kilovoltage ‘exposure time b. time e47 c. milliamperage 4. source-to-flm distance 3. Anexcellent radiograph is obtained Asse under given exposure conditions with tube current of 5 mA and an exposure 7. Co-60 used in nondestructive testing time of 12 min. If other conditions aze emits: rot changed, what exposure time would be requited if the X-ray tube current 4 alpha particles could be raised to 10 mA? b. neutrons & gamma rays a. 24min d. Xrays b 12min As, 7075 ©. 6min dd. 3min , 49 2 % PS a 08 Po OFLevel | Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 3 ‘When doing gemma ray radiography 22, X-ray tube currentiis controlled by with high-intensity emitters, the sources are best handled: a. the current passing through the filament a. directly by personnel equipped with b. the distance from the cathode to the special protective clothing anode b. by remote handling equipment . the type of material used in the target © directly by personnel with special d. the voltage and waveform applied to protective clothing except when the X-ray tube radiographs are being made Bst;c.15 . by the same methods used for low-intensity emitters 23, Lead foi in direct contact with X-ray Aso film: If film is placed in a developer solution 4. intensifies the scatter radiation more and allowed to develop without any than the primary radiation agitation: b, decreases the contrast of the radiographic image a. the radiograph may not show proper . intensifies the primary radiation more contrast than the scatter radiation . twill be impossible to fix the 4. should not be used when gamma rays radiograph permanently are emitted by the source of radiation 6 there will bea general “fogging” £30 condition over the entire radiograph uneven development or streaking 24. Lead intensifying screens are usually could occur ‘mounted in pairs in rigid holders calle: 81, 108 a. film racks ‘The selection of the proper type of film bo. cassettes tobe used forthe X-ray exarnination of a ©. emulsifiers particular part depends on: 4. diaphragms £30 a. the thickness of the part . the material of the specimen 25, In order to decrease geometric ©. the voltage range of the available tansharpness: X-ray machine 4. allof the above a. radiation should proceed from as ER small a focal spot as other considerations will allow A Co-60 source has a haltfe of b. radiation should proceed from as latge a focal spot as other a. 12 years considerations will allow b. 6 months . the film should be as far as possible © 527 years fom the object being radiographed 4. 743 days 4. the distance from the anode to the aa material examined should be as small asis practical 60, 144 abe EZAE:SCTCSC«éi ; SCC34, Ifa piece of lead 12.7 mm (05 in.) thick 38, is placed in the path of a beam of radiation emanating from Go-60, it will reduce the dose rate ata given location one-third ‘one-quarter one-half three-quarters a b, eh nase 235, Excessive exposure of film to light prior to development ofthe film will most 2%. likely resut in 2 foggy fl improved definition streaks yellow stain E432433 36. Reticulation resulting ina puckered or net-like fli surface is probably caused by: a. crimping film after exposure b, sudden extreme temperature change while processing in the developer 40, . water or developer on unprocessed film 4. excessive object-to-film distance 37. Frilling or loosening of the emulsion from the base of the film is most likely caused by: a. water or developer on unprocessed filma b. low temperature of processing a solutions developer solution contamination 4. warm or exhausted fixer solution es07 Level | Questions - Radiographic Testing Method Ifan exposure time of 60 s was necessary using a 1.2:m (4 ft) source-tocfilm distance for a particular exposure, what time would be necessary if 0.6 m (2 1) source-to-film distance is used and all other variables remain the same? e 1208 308 15s 240s eat One of the general rules concerning the application of geometric principles of shadow formation to radiography is: the X-rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow Db. the film should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed «. the distance between the anode and the material examined should always bbe as great as possible 4, allof the above £2223 ‘Asa check on the adequacy of the radiographic technique, itis customary to place a standatd test piece on the source side of the specimen, This standard test pleceis called: a. arreference plate b. allead screen an image quality indicator (1QD, 4. an illuminator Ara, 167 An IQLis used to indicate the: size of discontinaities in a part density ofthe film amount of film contrast sensitivity ofthe radiographic technique £90 5 Ply Or 6B OBEC LEO, ese be51. Water spots on films can be by: the rapid drying of wet film using a wetting agent solution using afresh fixer solution ‘cascading water during the rinse cycle A205 52, ‘The small area in the X-ray tube from. which the radiation emanates is called the: b « a diaphragm focal spot focusing cup cathode 60 57. 53. The radiation quality of a gamma ray 54 Theradiation intensity ofa radioisotope: 58, b, « a |. determined by the size of the focal spot determined by the isotope involved varied by the operator sreaterinIr-192 than in Co-60 ea increases with time decreases with time isnot affected as time lapses none of the above Ada, 456 55. A-curieis the equivalent of ange 37Bq 59, 37GBq 37.000 000 TBq 3.700.000 20,94 56. Level | Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method With a given exposure time and Kilovoltage,a properly exposed radiograph is obtained with a 6 mA minutes exposure at the distance of 508 mm (20 in.).Ttis desired to increase the sharpness of detail in the image by increasing the source-to-flm distance to 1016 mm (40 in.). The correct milliamperage-minutes exposure to obtain the desired radiographic density at the increased distance is: 12. mA-minates 24 mA-minutes 3 mA-minutes I. 1.7 mA-minutes acge E47 Very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons ‘travelling at high speeds collide with matter is called: a. X-radiation b. beta radiation © gamma radiation 4. none of the above £9 “The exposure of personnel to X-radiation and garnma radiation can be measured or monitored by means of film badges dosimeters radiation exposure survey meters all of the above 204; 0.44 Assuming that a good radiograph is obtained ata setting of 10 mA in 40 s, how much time would be necessary to obtain one equivalent radiograph ifthe milliamperage is changed to 5 ma (all other conditions remaining constant)? a. 005 b. 10s 805 4, 160s ear 7 pes elgg aS aggLevel | Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 68, Fluoroscopy differs from radiography in 72, When producing radiographs, i the that: kilovoltage is increased, the: a. fluoroscopy uses a much lower a. subject contrast decreases kilovoltage than radiography b. film contrast decreases b. fluoroscopy is mach more sensitive subject contrast increases than radiography d. film contrast increases the X-rey image is observed visually Asst, 170 ‘ona fluorescent screen rather than recorded on a film 73. The accidental movement of the 4. fuoroscopy permits examination of specimen or film during exposure or the thicker parts than does radiography use ofa focus-film distance that is too e161 small will: 69. An advantage of the pocket dosimeter & produce a radiograph with poor type of ionization chamber used to contrast monitor radiation received by personnel b. make it impossible to detect large is: discontinuities ¢. resultin unsharpness of the a. it provides a permanent record of radiogeaph accumulated dosage 4. result in a fogged radiograph b. itprovides an immediate indication of ease dosage ©. itis the most sensitive detector 74, Lead screens in intimate contact with the available film during exposure: 4. all ofthe above are advantages 026 a. reduce exposure time and improve radiographic quality 70. The density difference between two ». absorb the shorter wavelength selected portions of a radiogeaph is scattered radiation more than the long known as: wavelength primary radiation «intensify the photographic effect of a. unsharpness the scatter radiation more than that of b. radiographic contrast the primary radiation ©. specific activity 4. none of the above di subject density Asse A350 75, ‘The sharpness ofthe outline in the image 71, Fluorescent screens have the ability to: of the radiograph is a measure of: a. absorb electrons subject contrast bb, emit electrons . radiographic definition ¢. increase exposure time «radiographic contrast d. none of the above 4. film contrast ase2 Aa70 aL OHCL:SSCLSCTLSCLS (HD9 86, During manual film processing, the 31. purpose of the stop bath is to: a. change the exposed silver salts to black metalic silver b. neutralize the developer and stop the developing process ¢. eliminate most water spots and streaks 4. none ofthe above £85 2. 87. Athin metallic sheet (brass, copper lead, ete.) placed at the source to reduce the effects of softer radiation is known as: an intensifying screen after an electron inducer «focusing cup 93, A186.156 pose 88. The reason a shim is used in a radiographic setup isto: improve the 1Q1 image reduce diffraction simulate weld thickness 94. intensify the image ange Aas 89. The density ofa radiograph image refers to the: a. thickness ofthe film b. thickness of the specimen weight of the lm degree of film blackening Asss 95, 90. Gamma radiation and X-radiation interact with matter and may be absorbed by: a. photoelectric absorption b. compton scattering pair production 4. allof the above Ast Level | Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 44. ‘The image of the required image quality indicator and hole on the radiograph indicates that the radiograph has the requited: contrast definition sensitivity latitude Be7 ‘The primary parts of an atom are: ‘proton, neutrino and electron b. proton, electron and gamma ray © photon, electron and neutron d. proton, electron and neutron ot X-rays and gamma cays travel in pairs orbital spheres straight lines curved lines eas A large source size can be compensated forby: a, increasing the source-to-specimen distance b. addition oflead screens . increasing the specimen-to-flm distance 4. increasing the penumbra 8.44, 99100,0.39 Radiation arising directly from the target of an X-ray tube oran accelerator, or from a radioactive source, is usually referred to as: secondary radiation primary radiation backscatter inherent radiation Aces aes eG GPS OTS OG Pos e8B aLevel II Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 13 » Level II Questions Radiographic Testing 1. Low-voltage X-ray tubes are generally 5. fitted with windows made of ‘A Co-60 gamma ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of a plastic 4, 63.5 mm (2.5 in, of steel or its b. beryllium equivalent c. glass b, 101.6mm (4, of steel orits d. lead equivalent 62-63; 6.06 203.2:mm (8 in) of steel or its equivalent 2, ‘The projected area ofthe target of an 4. 2794 mm (LI in, of steel or its X-ray tube is called: equivalent ars a. focal spot b. foc 6. The absorption of gamma rays froma ©. effective focal spot given source when passing through 4. geometric unsharpness ‘matter depends on the: cy » «sonic nue: dys ick 3. The general method of producing X-rays of the matter involves the sudden deceleration of ». Young's modulus value of the matter high-velocity electrons ina solid body 6. Poissons ratio value of the matter called a: 4d. specific activity value of the source A481, 57 a. focus cup b, filament 7. ‘The fact that gases, when bombarded by c. target radiation, ionize and become electrical . cathode conductors makes them useful in: ez a. X-ray transformers 4. fitwere necessary to radiograph an b. X-ray tubes 177.8 mm (7 in.) thick steel product, masks Which of the following gamma ray 4. radiation detection equipment sources would most likely be used? Aso a. Co-60 b. Tm-170 © Ir192, 4. C5137 Av875 mo SYOESSCSSCLevel It Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 15 15, Inan X-ray tube, the filament and 20. The slope of a straight line joining two focusing cup are the two essential parts of points of specified densities on a the: characteristic curve ofa film is known as the a. anode b. cathode a speed of the curve ©. rectifier ». latitude d. Xray transformer average gradient aso al density e138 16, The quantity of radiation that will produce, by means of ionization, one 21. An X-ray film having wide latitude also electrostatic unit of electricity in has 0.001293 g of dry air is known as 4. poor definition a millicurie b. loweontrast b. gamma . high speed © roentgen none of the above d. carie £35 asts2 22, The purpose for citculating oil in some 17, The specific activity of an isotopic source types of X-ray tubes isto: is usually measured in ‘lubricate moving parts 4. million electcon volts (MeV) b. absorb secondary radiation . cuties per gram (Ci/g) dectease the need for high current ‘©, roentgen per hour (Rh) dissipate heat 4, counts per minute (cpm) Ae A455; 8.27; 6.28 23, An X-ray tube with a small focal spot is 18, Which of the following isotopes has the considered better than one with a large longest half-life? focal spot when it is desired to obtain: a. Tm-170 a. greater penetrating power b. Co-60 b. better definition © W192 © less contrast 4. C5137 4. greater film density avert en 19. The primary form of energy conversion 24. One method of reducin when electrons strike a target in an X-ray contrast isto: tube results in the production of a. increase the distance between the a. primary X-rays radiation source and the object b. secondary X-rays b. decrease the distance between the short wavelength X-rays object and the fim a heat &. decrease the wavelength of the 8.35:0416 radiation used increase development time within manufacturer’ recommendations 28 oe GETC(weZCSCTS:SCHHESCi SCT =SCLTSCSC«OESCGTLevel il Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 17 » 33. In comparison with lower voltage 37. Besides serving as a filter, screens of high radiographs, high-energy radiographs ‘atomic numbers, such as lead and lead show: antimony als: a greater contrast a. decrease the source-to-film distance b. greater latitude needed fora proper radiograph greater amounts of scatter radiation , provide some image intensifying relative to primary beam intensity action 4. none of the above 6 petmit the use of higher speed film asst, 170 decrease the graininess in a radiograph 34, Filters used at the port of the X-ray tube: £33 a intensify the X-ray beam by 38. Therange of thickness over which contributing secondary radiation densities are obtained that are », filter short wavelength X-ray beams to satisfactory for interpretation isa provide softer radiation measure of the: © provide the most readily adjusted ‘means of modifying X-ray intensity a subject contrast of a radiograph 4. filter out soft radiation to provide a b sensitivity of a radiograph more homogeneous X-ray beam latitude ofa radiograph. EBs definition of radiograph AA50451 35. An ASTM 1Q1 for use when inspecting a 12.7 mm (0.5 in,) thick steel plate to the 39, _ Almost all gamma radiography is ) 2-21 quality level using @ 406.4 mm performed with: (16 in.) source-to-film distance would be made of matual isotopes b. 192 or Co-60 0,127 mmn (0.005 in.) thick aluminam ©. radium b. 1.27 mm (0.05 in.) thick aluminum or dd. m-179 steel arara ©. 0.254 mm (0.01 in.) thick steel ‘4. 0.051 mm (0.002 in.) strip of any 40. ‘The amount of unsharpness or blursing metallic material of a radiograph is Fe94; £1025 a directly proportional to the 36. Filters placed between the X-ray tube and objectto-film distance and inversely specimen tend to reduce scatter proportional to the size of the focal radiation, undercutting the specimen by: spot b. ditectly proportional to the size of the absorbing the longer wavelength focal spot and inversely proportional components ofthe primary beam to the source-to-object distance ». absorbing the shorter wavelength nversely proportional to the components ofthe primary beam objectto-film distance and directly . absorbing backscatter radiation proportional to the source-to-object 4. decreasing the intensity of the beam distance Feoes 4. inversely proportional to the size of the focal spot and the object-to-film distance ) Atd2146; 036; 63115313 Wor ae 8REECMOESSCKE:CSCiECSCELevel I! Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 19 50, Two serious obstacles to high-intensity 53, _A general rule governing the application fluoroscopy are: of the geometric principles of shadow formation states that the: a. the inability to reproduce results and the need for periodic replacement of a. X-rays should proceed from as large a screens focal spot as other considerations will b, the limited brightness and large grain allow: size of flucroscopic screens b, distance between the radiation source cost and slow speed and the material examined should be the need for using fong wavelength asstnall as practical X-rays and the lack of X-ray intensity ©. film should be as far as possible from associated with this method the object being radiographed e461 . central ray should be as neaely perpendicular to the film as possible 51. In general, the quality of fluoroscopic to preserve spatial relationships equipment is best determined by: Anas 4 densitometer readings 54, The developer solutions b. 1QI sensitivity measurements discontinuity area measurements a. acidic reference standards ». alkaline Aart © saline 4. colloidal 52. In fluoroscopic testing, a fundamental azz difficulty is the relative low brightness level of the images, One method for 55. The radiographic absoxption of a increasing brightness uses, ‘material will tend ta become less which converts light energy from the ‘dependent upon the composition ofthe initial phosphor surface to electrons, material when which are in turn accelerated and focused conto a smaller fluorescent screen, athe kilovoltage is increased by the source-to-film distance is 4 abetatron decreased b. an electron amplifier &. the kilovoltage is decreased an image amplifier or intensifier d. after is used d. an electrostatic belt generator aas2 A264 56, The fortmala (milliamperes x time) distance? is: used to calculate film gradient b. the reciprocity law & used to determine radiographic contrast 4, the exposure factor Aaas Pos ego ays) PES.eGSTSSSCOLevel II Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 2. 64. In the microrediographic technique: 68. Improper geometric factors, poor contact between film and lead foil screens and a. soft X-rays are usually used graininess of film are possible causes of b. akilovoltage range of 5-50 KV is usually used a. high film density ‘c. the photographic materials often b. poor definition finer grained than an ordinary X-ray . fogged film film 4, low film density 4d. all of the above Aas, 150.160, 170.71 e164 69. A radiograph of a steel weldment is made 65. In order for a radiograph to have an IQL using a 15 MeV betatron. When the sensitivity of 2-27 or better: radiograph is developed, there is an overall film mottling. A possible cause for a. the radiographic procedure has to be such mottling is: able to differentiate a 2% difference in specimen thickness a. incorrect exposure time ». the radiographic procedure must be b, excessive object-to-film distance able to define the 27 hole in an 1QL © failure to use lead sereen during that is 2% of the thickness ofthe exposure specimen . excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays the radiograph must be able to A158 distinguish a discontinuity with a length equivalent to 2% of the 70. A basic difference between a radiograph specimen thickness and a fluoroscopic image is: . none of the above aaa a. the fluoroscopic image is more sensitive 66, For practical purposes, the shape of the b, the fluoroscopic image isa positive characteristic eurve of an X-ray fl is: whereas the radiograph isa negative transparency a. independent ofthe type of film used &. the fluoroscopic image is brighter b. independent of the quality of i there is no basic difference between X-radiation or gamma radiation the two ©. drastically changed when the quality e461 of X-ray radiation is changed 4. primarily determined by the subject 71. 1000 kVp X-ray machine used in contrast conjunction with a lead foil screen has an e127 approximate practical thickness limit of 67. The interval between the time a film is 38.1 mm (1.5 in.) of stel or ts placed in a fixer solution and the time equivalent ‘when the original diffuse, yellow b. 76.2 mm (3 in.) of stoel or its tmilkiness disappears is knawn as equivalent 127 mm (5 in.) of steel or its a dlearing time equivalent b. fixing time 406.4 mm (16 in, of steel or its . hardening time equivalent 4. oxidation time E15 eat a a a To)Level tI Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 23 A curve that relates density with the 85. The slope (steepness) of a characteristic logarithm of exposure ar of rative curve is a measure of exposure is called: 4. subject contrast a. asensitivity curve », radiographic definition b. adensity-exposure curve radiographic contrast a characteristic curve 4, film contrast . X-ray intensity curve £70 Aas? 86. A special radiographic method requiring 81. Subject contrast is affected by: two radiographs taken during separate exposures from two different positions to 4 thickness differences in specimen, give the visual impression of a b. radiation quality three-dimensional display when viewed &. scattered radiation in an optical device simultaneously is 4. allof the above called: aaroara a. fluoroscopy 82. Which of the following instruments b. xetoradiography ‘would exhibit the best sensitivity and stereorediography most likely be used to detect small leaks 4. parallel radiography in a radiation barrier? A024, 425 a. afilm badge 87, The depth of a discontinuity can be , a fountain pen type ionization estimated by making two exposures on a ) chamber single film from two different positions of © ageiger counter the X-ray tube. The depth of the 4. a dosimeter discontinuity is computed from the shift Ase in the shadow of the discontinuity with respect tothe images of fixed markers on 83. At voltages above 400 KV, the use of lead the front and back of the specimen. The to provide protection may present serious method is calle: problems. If this is a serious problem, Which of the following materials would a. stereoradiography most likely be used as a substitute? b. xeroradiography ©. fluoroscopy a. aluminum the parallax method of depth location b. concrete Aat9, 428 © steel 4. boron 88. Agitation of the developer during the Asse development process may: 84. A qualitative term often used to indicate a. speed the developing cycle the size of the smallest detail that can be b. help replenish the developer seen ina radiograph ©. cause undesirable, preferential flow of developer along certain paths a. radiographic sensitivity 4, cause reticulation b. radiographic definition A238 ©. radiographic contrast 4. subject contrast ) As70 968 -PLBRSCSBSCY:SCEBSSCOBCSC«iTR*C*«t) 97, Radiographic undercutting is caused by: a. side scatter b. poor geometry . lead screens 4. free electrons 98. When other operating conditions are held constant, a change in tabe current ‘causes a change in radiation intensity ‘emitted from an X-ray tube, the intensity being approximately proportional to tube current. What isthe primary factor that prevents this from being exactly proportional? 2 the voltage and voltage waveform of an X-ray machine transformer vaties with load b, wavelength changes are not exactly proportional current cannot be changed ata linear rate 4. scatter radiation does not vary at a proportional rate Asad 99, When viewing a radiograph, an image of the back of the cassette superimposed on the image of the specimen is noted, This 4s most tikely due to: undercut overexposure the X-ray int backscatter ty was too high po ee 4.159, 154 100. ‘The half-value layer of lead for Co-60 is approximately 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) If the radiation level on the source side of a 38.1 mm (15 in.) lead plate is 640 mSw/h (64 Rh), the radiation level on the ‘opposite side is 101. 102, 103. Level Il Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 25 Which ofthe following is nota factor in determining subject contrast? nature of the specimen the radiation quality used type of film used intensity and distribution of the scattered radiation Aazo 1 an exposure time of 60 s anda source-to-flm distance of 1.22 m (4 ft) is necessary for a patticular exposure, what exposure time would be needed for an equivalent exposure ifthe source-to-flm distance is changed to 1.83 m (6 ft? 278 4958 135 5 4005 aaa Developer solution should be discarded ‘when the quantity of replenisher added equals: athe original quantity of developer b. 2.3 times the original quantity of developer © 5-6 times the original quantity of developer 4. 10 times the original quantity of developer e110 a. 80 mSv/h (8 R/h) b. 213 mSv/h (21.33 Rh) © 106 mSv/h (10.66 R/h) dd. 320 mSv/h (32 RU) asa aeoT SOT OTST BOOTHSLevel i! Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 27 111, ‘The main purpose of the X-ray generator controls on the equipment isto: a. maintain the direction and width of the X-ray beam b. enable the operator to obtain the intensity, quality and duration of exposure desired allow the operator to adjust in focal distance remotely. change alternating current to increase X-ray intensity Aaat 112. When X-rays, gamma rays, light or electrons strike the photographic emulsion, a change takes place in the silver halide crystals. This change is called: a photographic density b. photographic sensitivity latent image i characteristic curve asda 113. With respect to quality, what three factors ‘must be considered in selectinga source-to-film distance? a. source activity type of film, type of b. source activity, sizeof film, thickness of material &_soutce size, source activity, specimen- to-film distance 4. source size, source side of abject-to- film distance, required geometric tunsharpness 115, A larger physical size source may produce an equivalent quality radiograph if: ‘the source-to-flm distance is increased b. more backing lead is used faster film is used exposure time is decreased 8.134; £20 116. A light image of a backing“B” on a processed radiograph is probably caused by: a excessive density . backscatter kilovoltage set too low 4. poor film handling Feo 117. Co-59 becomes Co-60 when it is placed in a nuclear reactor where it captures: an electron neutron, proton contamination ange Aza 118. When a faster speed film is substituted fora slower one to improve the economics of the exposure, which of the following conditions occurs? a the film must receive special processing b. the definition will improve ‘the image resolution will be reduced ‘4. none of the above will be experienced Ata5-106; £22.23 Baa, 114, Ona radiograph of a pipe weld, there isa 119. For agiven change in the radiation very ight irregularly shaped smell image ‘exposure, film contrast is the inherent in the weld. This image would most likely ability to show: bbe due to the presence of: a. adiferencein density a porosi b. no graininess bi, slag inclusion © graininess ‘c_ tungsten inclusion 4, no appreciable change in density d. inadequate buildup Bas A208 e6rt OSE LTT OEE STE PET ELT att TTTLevel II Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 29 NOTE: Using Figure 1, answer question 127. Figure 1 Exposure: 200 KVp Lead Screens Developer: 27.7 °C (84 °F) with 11 min Dry-to-Dry Cycle ‘Rutomatic processing 2 é 2 1S Log Relative Exposure oa & fae? ge 20 25 30 Courtesy Basiman Kodak Co,Level Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 31, ) Level Ill Questions Radiographic Testing Nature of Penetrating Radiation Interaction Between Penetrating 1. Atoms of the same clement that have different numbers of neutrons are called of the element. Radiation and Matter A consequence of a series of single events ‘occurring.as a radiation beam passes through material isa decrease in a. molecules intensity. The process is called b. isotopes © isotones a. photoelectric effect 4. isomers ». ionization ca absorption i half-value thickness 2. ‘The mumber of positive charges on the Bo nucleus of an atom equals the: 6, The number of ion pairs produced by a. number of neatrons particle per unit path is called: b, atomic number Denes etphotns a: secondary nization d. atomic weight b. total ionization oa ©. specific ionization d. roentgen 3. Unlike beta and alpha particles, neutrons 5, 94569 have no: 7. Pair production occurs wher a. charge clectromagnetic radiation consists of b. mass photons in what energy range? a hate 2. 042510041 MeV 439 b. 301050 MeV &. 102 or greater MeV 4, Radiation seattering increases as: 0.110 1.0 MeV ASO:04 4. the energy ofthe incident radiation decreases 8. _ Inthe photoelectric interaction process: b. the size ofthe radiation field increases c. the angle of scatter decreases a. electrons are emitted 4. allof the above . characteristic X-rays are emitted Ass ©. secondary photons are emitted allot the above p2zea eo 2 © OG P © & @®» Level Ill Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 33, 17. When comparing fluorescent intensifying screens with lead foil screens, their primary advantage is improved image resolution ‘markedly increased exposure times markedly decreased exposure times relative insensitivity to scattered radiation Feo 18, Fluoroscopy of a specimen using a 140 kVp 10 mA X-ray source results in an intensity of 660 mSv/min (66 R/min) at the screen surface. Of the screen brightness values and approximate screen colors below (for the stated radiation level), which represents the most desirable screen for use in direct viewing fluoroscopy? a. brightness ~ 9.8 lx (0.91 fe)s color green b. brightness ~ 8.5 bx (0.79 fe); color — yellow brightness ~7 ix (0.65 fe); color ~ blue brightness ~ 4.6 ix (0.43 fe) color ~ green A287, 267 Imaging by Electronic Devices 19. Unlike other commercially available X-ray intensification systems, the direct X-ray pick-up tube: a._has quantum energy losses exceeding a factor of 500 '. has extremely low sensitivity ©. converts the X-ray image dizectly into an electrical signal 4. converts X-rays to light and light to electrical signals A284 20. A fundamental difficulty of fuorescent imaging isthe relatively low brightness level of the images. Electronic fluoroscopy can help to eliminate this problem by all but which one of the following? a. using X-ray tubes of lower operating potential ’. using an image tube . using K-ray tubes of greater effective loading, 4. using the X-ray television system A284 Radiometry 21, The roentgen is defined as the amount of: 2. radiation emitied by { Ci of Ir-192 at a distance of 1 m (3.3 f0) b. 2 or gamma radiation of 0.1 py (1 erg) of energy in 1 g of dry air at standard temperature and pressure ©. X- or gamma radiation that will produce | electrostatic unit of charge in I cm’ of dry air at standard temperature and pressure 4. X- or gasnina radiation absorbed by 1 em? of water at 0°C (32 °F) and 101 kPa (760 mm of Hig) ase Generators and Tubes as an Integrated System 22, X-tay generators built to provide X-rays at very low energy levels are used in special areas in nondestructive testing. ‘The single section X-ray tubes in these low voltage units are usually built with thin windows of what material to permit soft X-rays to emerge from the vacuum envelope? a. berylliam b. germanium selenium 4. heat-resistant glass Ast2, 530 ee te~COeSC« ESCO) » Level Ili Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 35, ‘Sources of Electrons 29, The focusing cup of the cathode in an X-ray tube determines the size of the electron beam by: {surrounding the emerging beam with an electronic field that repels the ‘beam into a more localized form b. limiting the maximum amperage of the filament current ‘reducing the negative charge on the slass walls ofthe tube caused by secondary electrons scattered by the target controlling the electric field between. the anode and the cathode Aso 30. Barly X-ray tubes used a cold cathode from which electrons were released by: 4. reflection from the targetin the anode of the tube Increasing the kilovaltage positive ion bombardment 4. heating @ filament Aso Electron Accelerating Methods 31. The betatron accelerates electrons by: radio frequency energy ‘magnetic induction use of « nonconducting charging belt resonating the high voltage to the frequency of the AC power apogee 68; C44 32, What method is used for generation of X-raysin the multimillion volt range? electrostatic generator detatron linear accelerator allof the above ares oss 33, 3. 35, 36, Ina betatron, electrons are accelerated by which of the following? a. field emission b. high-frequency magnetic field c. high-frequency electrical wave accelerating magnets p63 Ina linear accelerator, the electrons are accelerated by which of the following? high-frequency electrical wave ». accelerating magnets © neatron bombardment changing magnetic fields of an AC electromagnet ett In a high-voltage generator of the electrostatic generator van de graaff type, by which method are the particles accelerated? accelerating magnets high-frequency electrical waves static negative charges none of the above pes Flash X-ray tubes are usually designed to produce electrons for acceleration by which one ofthe following methods? &. hot emission b. cold-cathode field emission changing magnetic field of a transformer primary 4. high-frequency electrical waves p62 a 208,Level Il! Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 37, 45. Which one of the following radioisotope 50. ‘The principal gamma rays emitted by sources would be the best choice for Tr-192 ore: radiography of a steel specimen 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) thick from an energy 2 0.66,0.84 and 0.91 MeV standpoint? . 031,047 and 0.60 MeV 0,08, 0.05 and 0.66 MeV a Co-60 4. 0.15, 1.12 and 0.18 MeV b. Tm-170 Ads, 75; 843 [192 4 51. Which of the following is true for a 58 smaller isotope source of higher specific activity? 46, The half-life isa useful characteristic of a radioisotope. After 6 half-lives the a, suffers less from self-absorption of its amount of decaying atoms is reduced to own gamma radiation approximately what percent ofthe ’. less geometric unsharpness in the amount atthe beginning? radiograph allows shorter source-to-flm a 2% distances b. 3% 4, all of the above c. 6% ea 1% A4%;042 52. Which of the following is an advantage of radiography with gamma rays as 47, Generally, sources of high specific compared to X-rays? activity are more desirable because they have self-absorption. 4. simplicity of apparatus ’. compactness of the radiation source a. higher independence from outside power b. the same 4. allof the above lower E46 . no E47 53, Of the isotopes listed below, which is @ fission fragment from the induced fission 48, Radiation output also known as dosage of Ur235? rate or characteristic intensity is usually expressed as effective output in what unit a. Co-60 per curie? b. Cs-137 © 1ei92 a. RHM 4. Tn-170 b. Rhr Ae 4d. mh p24 49. Co-60 emits gamma rays of: a, 117 and 1.33 MeV . 0.66 Mev ©. 1.09 and 1.29 MeV d. 1.36 and 2.75 MeV A475 aes P2SPTS «GOS GY SPRY COSY CSy Level Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 39 TV and Optical Systems 60. A fluoroscopic system for the inspection of welds in 25.4 nm (1 in.) thick steel has the following features: + X-ray source-to-image plane spacing of 431.8 mm (17 in.) + Xray focal spot size of 3.8mm (0.13 in) + steel (weld) to image plane spacing of 76.2:mm (3 in.) + image plane length of 228.6 mm. (9 in.) in vertical scan direction of TV system used to view image plane + "TV system with 525 line scan, with image fully focused on image tube During tests, it is found that this fluoroscopic system does very poorly in resolving wire IQIs and imperfections of less than 0.89 mrn (0.035 in.) when they ate oriented paalle to the horizontal scan lines of the TV. Assuming that the image screen, optical system and TV frequency response are capable of much better resolution than this, which of the following will increase the resolution of the system the most? a. increase the TV scan rate to 1029 lines, with an appropriate increase in frequency response b. increase the X-ray source-to-image plane spacing to 508 mm (20 in.) c. decrease the steel weld-to-image plane spacing to 50.8 mm (2 in.) 4, change to an X-ray source having a 7.6 mm (0,3 in.) focal spot 268-262 Other Nonfiim Devices sl. In the past, several companies have designed TV cameras with large faceplates and phosphors that directly convert the received X-rays to electron scanning-beam variations. The thickness of the glass faceplate is recognized to prevent use at lower kilovoltage applications, but use at higher kilovoltages has never gained acceptance «ithes, compared with other techniques. Which of the following is not correct for this type of system? a the quantum energy lasses associated with converting the X-rays to electrical signals is improved over ‘other systems by a factor of as much as 500 times ', in comparison to systems using image corthicons with screens or with image intensifier system, the image presented is noisier the extreme simplicity of this system and need for few controls or adjustments makes maintenance easier than other types of systems utilizing intermediate conversion 4. the extreme sensitivity of this system allows display of 2% 1QIs over the range of 40-300 kVp ars Gaseous Ionization Detectors 62. One desirable property fora gas to be used in an ionization detector isa a. low saturation potential at which recombination of positive ions with electrons becomes negligible b. lowionization potential ©. density approximately equivatent to the density of the chamber walls 4. density equivalent to that of air at standard temperature and pressure 92 Cr )9 Level Ili Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 44. 71. The two types of detectors used most ‘commonly in X-ray thickness gages are: a. fluorescent screens and ionization chambers , proportional counters and geiger counters & phosphor-photomultipliess and ionization chambers 4, fluorescent screens and phosphor-photomultipliers ASTASTS Exposure Hazards 72. Sources of radioactive material used for radiography are required by regulation to be leak tested at intervals not to exceed: 6 months 3 months 12 months 24 months pore cat Methods of Controlling Radiation Exposure 73. Distance isan effective means of external radiation protection because: a. air absorption reduces the radiation intensity . radiation intensity varies inversely as the square of the distance ¢. X-rays and gamma rays havea finite range 4. the wavelength of the photons is decreased by their interaction with matter 630 74, X-ray photons differ from gamma photons of the same energy only in their: biological effect origin interaction ‘wavelength 02 75. ‘The half-life of a radioactive substance is equal tothe: a. reciprocal ofthe disintegration constant b. average lifetime of an atom in the substance time required for half of the original atoms to disintegrate 4, number of atoms present divided by the rate of decay o28 76. A tenth value thickness for a specific {gamma source is 25.4 mm (1 in.) of lead. ‘The radiation intensity is 5000 mSv/ (500 Rh) at 609.6 mm (24 in.) from the source. How many inches of lead would be required to reduce the intensity to 50 pSvth (5 mR/h) at 609.6 mmm (24 in)? 50.8 mm (2 in.) 127 mm (5 254 mm (10in,) 101.6 mm (4 in.) aor Aas2 Operational and Emergency Procedures 77. Survey instruments used to monitor gamma radiation must be capable of measuring radiation in the range of: a. 1-2:mSv/h (100-200 mrem/h) b. 20-500 000 uSv/h (2-50 000 mR/b) 60-2000 jSv/h (0-200 mh) 4. 0.02-10 mSv/h (2-1000 rmzemn/n) 29 78, A radiation area refers to the perimeter of any area in which the radiation level exceeds a. 20 jSv (2 mrems) b. 1 mSv (100 mrems) 50 ySv(5 mR) dd, 5 mSv (500 mrems) Aas gL PLLC el tLLevel Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 43 86, Radiogtaphic sensitivity is affected by: subject contrast . geometric and film graininess factors «film contrast d. all of the above E66 ‘The image quality indicator (penetrameter) should not be used to: a judge the size or establish acceptance limits of discontinuities 90. 91 Poor definition can be improved by doing all but which one of the following? increase source-to-film distance ‘use a smaller physical source size change from Class Il to Class I film change from lead to flaorescent sereens aaae Based on the characteristic curves of the films shown in Figure 5, which film provides the highest contrast? b, judge the adequacy of a radiographic aX exposure bY & determine flm/sereen combinations eZ adequacy 4d. cannot be determined from the . judge the adequacy of part-to-film curves distance As6a anvsare 7 istic curv ana erpiaial Figure 8: Characteristic curves, 40 88, Which of the following parameters does not directly afect radiographic definition? 30 a. focal spot or source size b. density eS ype of seren 3 20 as 4. radiation quality 3 Film Y As70 a Film X a 89, Using filter at the X-ray tube, masking 10 to lessen the thickness range and a it multiple-film technique are ways of a) clr: correcting a ° 1 2 3 oa Log Relative Exposure (Exposure Time)» ¢. poor definition d, low radiographic contrast £5265; 6944945, a6 POS GG LB POSLevel Ill Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 45 a 101. Using Figure 6, determine the Ah | geometrical unsharpness under the Figure 6: Nomogram for solving the equation U, = ——. following conditions. Maximum 7 specimen thickness is 38 mm (1.5 in), source to-film distance is L016 mm veel gy Pamttine ce | citht : wee] Foca 1 eomelrical (40 in.) and the focal spot size is 1 mm spare] Hoe Ma) | Uasharpuess (0.04 in.), The geometrical unsharpness um ‘om 100 —L 10 rn &, 0.010 mm (0.0004 in.) ae: oo Roe b, 0.102 mm (0.004 in.) 5 jg 3 0.051 min (0.002 in.) OE 6 606 4. 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) oo 0 = S=E 0s aaas el 4304 we 3 3E03 102. In the following equation for geometric 7 _unsharpness, what does U, represent? ties gees Ft rr ” d 0 19 19. 0.10 ised Beets img se ees 3B 808 b, penumbra 6308 06 006 © source-to-flm distance se 0s 05 —E_ 00s 4. specimen-to-film distance +o 042 ond 460,457 a 3 03 003. 003 103. The sizeof the perumbral shadow can best be reduced by: 2p 0: eee 0 a, using larger diameter source . using a faster speed film 0.10 6.10 JE o010 reer ean oss $09 oat increasing the specimen-to-flm 097 OM 8.007 distance 0.96 6.063 01006 aoe 005 0.08 0.005 04 20 0.04 0.008 104. Deviation ftom the trae shape of an 093 06.03 = 0.003 object as exhibited in its shadow image is called on 10 0022 0.002 2. definition © cme oa 5 1H oe 4. distortion Asta Pot 9E0T-GzOT~OLOF9 So Level iil Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 47 113. The Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law states 117, that the product of a photochemical reaction is dependent only upon the product ofthe radiation intensity and the uration of exposure and is independent of the absolute values of either ofthese quantities separately. This law is invalid for which ofthe following? a. X-rays b. garnma rays fluorescent sereens 4. lead fei screens £190 ‘Variation in the thickness of lead screens from 0.1 mm (0,005 in.) to 0.2 mm. (0.01 in) a. has very slight effect on intensification , has very significant effect on intensification © actually has no effect on intensification 4. only serves to increase geometric unsharpness £39 Scattered Radiation 114, ‘The quality of the radiation necessary to * obtain an appreciable intensification 118, from lead screens depends upon all the following except: ‘The major component of scatter is the low-energy rays represented by photons weakened in what process? a, film type a. photoelectric b. Kilovoltage b. pair productive © milliamperage Compton scattering 4. thickness and material of test abject 4. ionization E40 825.04 115. An alloy of 6% antimony and 94% lead ‘119, The influence of low-energy scatter from should be used for screens instead of the film holder is most noticeable just pure lad because it provides inside the borders of the image. This condition is called: greater definition b. less mottling effect, 4, inherent unsharpness better wear resistance b. undercut 4. ahigher intensification factor ©. geometric unsharpness eat 4. mottling E38 116. In comparison to radiographs made with lead screens, radiographs made using, Auorescent sereens would show: a. better contrast b. good definition ©. higher density ._ poor definition £25 ert 8BrT LTT OTT OST Opry errExposure curves 126, Which one of the following is not a specific condition which applies to a given exposure chart? a. X-ray machine used b. film type processing conditions 4. radiation intensity © film density on which the chart is based Est 127, Exposure charts are fairly adequate for determining exposures in the radiography of: complicated structural items uniform plate step wedges all of the above ange eso 128. A gamma ray exposure chart differs from an X-ray exposure chart in that there is no variable factor corresponding to: Level Ili Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 49 Darkroom Procedures 130, In manual processing, the ideal temperature is 20 °C (68 °F). Atwhat temperature would the chemical action be slowed, resulting in underdevelopment? 21°C (90°F) 16°C (60°F) 32°C (90°F) none of the above e407 131, The shape of the film characteristic curve is relatively insensitive to changes in X- or gamma radiation quality but is affected by changes in the: a. geomettic factors b film graininess subject contrast degree of development £.138139 132, Light crimp macks appearing on a developed radiograph are the result of a. thickness a. static marks b. milliamperage b. scratches on lead fol screen ©. kilovoltage © poorhandling before exposure 4d. film density 4. poor handling after exposure 52 e37 129. An exposure chart is a graph showing the 133, Physical damage to the film emulsion relation between all but which one of the caused by suelden extreme temperature following? change is called: a. exposure a. reticulation b. density b. filling ©. kilovoltage «blisters material thickness d. streaks €. all ofthe above £84 £50 Peet SZET PIET «GOEL Geet oReT alzT poet° Level Ill Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 5. ui, 12, 43. MA. Better quality radiographs can be obtained when expertly done by manual processing rather than by automatic processing, but most processing is performed automatically because: 4. manual processing is time consuming and automatic processing produces consistency ». itis difficult to train and keep manual processing personnel . automatic processors are easier to maintain 4. chemical temperatures and solutions ate difficult to maintain in darkrooms ‘where manual processing is practiced east ‘The function of the developer isto: a. stop the process , harden the emulsion & recover silver d._ change exposed silver halide crystals to metallic silver E4106 ‘The best method of arresting the development process sto place the film an acid stop bath «fixer solution water rinse a wetting solution e410 ‘The most important function ofthe fixer isto: seutralize alkali from developer remove undeveloped silver salt increase density harden the emulsion anos eat 145, Wetting agents are used primarily asa deterrent for: a. reticulation b. changes in density water spots 4. filling e113 146, In automatic processing, ifthe film emulsion becomes swollen, sof, r sticky, the result may be: slowdown of the transport system and overlap D, film sticking on a roller film wrapping around a roller all ofthe above e407, 138 147. Ideally after processing, radiographs 148, should be stored ata relative humidity of a. 10% b. 30 to 50% 70 10 80% relative humidity is not an important ‘consideration £420 In manual processing, the “cascade method” of washing film is desirable. To be effective, the hourly flow of water should be: 4, 1-2 times the volume of the tank. 'b. water flow rate has no bearing on film washing 12-16 times the volume of the tank i. 4-8 times the volume of the tank Bs: e412 Pert GLbt PObT GPT Ghbt cent cer ETTLevel, lil Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 53. 156, When reviewing film, background 159, Incident fight of intensity of 2.2 Kix lighting should: (200 fe) on an area of film of 1.3 density transmits an intensity of 107.6 ix (10 £2) a. be virtually eliminated What is the intensity transmitted in the b, not reflect on the film under area ofthe film measuring 23 density? cexarnination c be carefully filtered a. 53.8 bx (5 fe) 4. be approximately 20 Im b. 54k 05) 6.39; FED © 1081 (1 fe) Le (0 fe) Asse Optical Aids 157, A stereoscope isa device that: Contrast ‘projects the contents ofa pair of 160. The relationship between film exposure stereoradiographs on a screen giving and the resulting film density of any spatial resolution to indications in the particular film is: radiographs b. permits each eye to see only one ofa a. the unsharpness pair of stereoradiographs . the film contrast ¢. byexposing two film cassettes the subject contrast simultaneously from different angles, d. none of the above enables the production of radiographs 8.44:0.36 4, allows accurate measurements of the shift of an image ina set of 161. As the kilovoltage is increased, the subject o stereoradiographs made for the contrast: purpose of parallax esa a. increases b. decreases «remains the same Judging Radiographic Quality Density increases directly with E2 ato 158. The density of any radiographic image is primarily dependent upon: 162. Radiographic image quality may be adversely affected by poor subject 4. the kilovoltage of the source of contrast; this may be caused by: radiation b, the amount of radiation absorbed by a. insufficient absorption differences in the emulsion ofthe film the specimen © bothaandb . excessive radiation energy for the 4 neithera nor b application Asst scatter 4, allof the above £66 peor Tor 40ST 86ST GST aust gar@ x. 172, 173, ‘The appearance of colored stains on a processed rediograph could be caused by: ‘neutralization of the acd in the fixer solution neutralization of the alkaline content in the fixer solution «acidification of the fixe solution underdevelopment db ean Prolonged washing of film in water above 20°C (68 °F) has a tendency to: a. crystallize the gelatin b. soften the gelatin cause yellow stain 4. cause the image to fade Enteais ‘When using lead foil intensifying screens, a fuzzy radiographic image isa sign: b of oil or grease on the screens that tin coating was used on the screens of poor screen-to-film contact of foreign material between the screen and the film eat |. A mottled tadiograph can be caused by: not removing the paper interleaving before the exposure b. using tin-coated lead screens Xctay diffraction effects all of the above 652,58 Level lil Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 55 Image Quality Indicators 100 VIh/2 x = material thickness (inches) 1QI thickness (inches) ssential hole diameter (inches) ‘a = equivalent sensitivity (percent) Given @ x where 175, Using the formula given above, calculate the equivalent sensitivity of an ASTM #20 1Q1 showing the 27 hole on a32 mm (1.25 in) thick specimen, 2.09% 1.6% 18% 14% E1025 176. Using the formula given above, calculate the specimen thickness if the equivalent sensitivity is 2.6% based on seeing the T hole in an ASTM #40 1Q1. a. 34mm (1.35 in) b. 80 mm (3.17 in) «65 mm (256 in.) 88mm (2.17 in) E1025 ‘The DIN type 1QLis which type of image auality indicator? a plague type stepped type awit type an indirect imaging type £93 Causes and Correction of Unsatisfactory Radiographs 178, Omission ofthe stop bath or rinsing of the film may cause streaking of the film yellow staining of the film fogging of the film frilling of the emulsion b a estat Ba LEE POLE GGLE PwLE 9ELT ait err° ¢ Level Ill Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 57 187. Scattered radiation originating in matter outside the specimen is most serious for specimens which have high ebsorption for X-rays. One of the most satisfactory arrangements for combining effectiveness and convenience to reduce scatter when radiographing stel is to: 4. cut out diaphragms from lead sheet ». pack barium clay around the specimen sea liquid absorber 4. surround the object with copper or steel shot Ass6 188, Filtering an X-ray beam is analogous to: decreasing the kilovoltage increasing the kilovoltage decreasing the milliamperage increasing the milliamperage ange £39 191, If the thickness range of a specimen is too great for a single exposuze,a ‘multfilm technique may be used, If two films of different speeds are selected for this example, the log relative exposure ange for these two films is: 4 the difference in log exposure between the value at the high-density ‘end of the faster film and the low-density end of the siower film . the difference in log exposure between the value atthe low-density ‘end of the faster film and the high density end of the slower film the difference in log exposure between the value atthe low-density end ofthe slower film and the high-density end of the faster film 4, the difference in log exposure between the value at the high-density end of the slower film and the low-density end of the faster film e20 Muttifilm Techniques 189. The primary purpose of using two or Stereoradiography ‘more films of unequal speed in the same cassette isto: 192, Select the one advantage 4. eliminate retakes due to incorrect ‘exposure time b. eliminate retakes due to artifacts on the film cover a wide range of thickness in one exposure 4. reduce the scatter to the total image Bai3:0.72 193, 190, When two different films are selected for a multitilm technique, their speeds mast bbe such that on their characteristic curves: 4. there is some overlap on the density . there is no overlap on the density axis there is some overlap on the log B axis 4, there isno overlap on the log E axis £29 stereoradiographs have over films produced by parallax method, 4 they permit correct spatial relation b. they use inexpensive viewing devices they require spectal eading glasses 4. they use two films aang AA setup by which an arrangement of prisms or micrors permits each eye to see bbuta single one of a pair of radiographs isknown as: stroboradiography patallax radiography stereoradiography autoradiography ead 966 ezeT Te 906T S68) aaET Pist6 Level Ill Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 59 201, An electron emission radiograph shows surface details only; in this regard, similar to: 208. a mactoradiograph a microradiograph 4 photomicrograph tomography Boe Es70 202, ‘The principle of electron emission radiography is based on: a. differential absorption b. diffraction caused by crystalline structure &. differences in electron emission from an irradiated specimen, resulting from greater emission from higher atomic 206, umber materials 4. differences in film density caused by the differential penetrating ability of the various energy electrons e170 Microradiography 203, Which one of the following is not a commonly accepted use of Iicroradiography? 200. a. determination of segregation of constituents in thin alloy sections b. detection of minute discontinuities c. study of biological sections d. study crystalline structure e164 204. Xray devices used in microradiography typically operate at potentials up to: Controt of Diffraction Effects. Fillers and screens are devices used by radiographers to control diffraction effects. If spurious indications appear in the finished radiograph and diffraction is suspect, what technique aids or corrections can be made to the technique to eliminate suspect diffraction patterns? raise the kilovoltage b. lover the kilovoltage . change the radiation center 127 mm. 6 in.) from the previous location 4. change the class and type of film used from type Ito type 2 88 Xray diffraction patterns appearing in a radiograph are typically observed in the radiography of a. thick castings at greater than 1 MeV , thin metallic specimens with large grain size «. thin metallic specimens with fine tain size At thick metallic specimens with low atomic number (2) E58 The radiographic appearance of Gifiraction patterns is mottled and may be confused with which one of the following sets of indications? porosity or segregation ‘oxidation or burn through € porosity or burst 4, misruns or porosity b ese a. SOKV 208, A method for distinguishing between b. 100kV diffraction mottling and other causes of & 150kV mottling isto: d. 200kV e164 4, re-expose the film using a much lower exposure factor b. change the angle of incidence of the beam by 1-5 degrees and re-expose «. lower the kilovoltage and re-expose . re-expose without using lead sereens 58 aoe €10z a90z | eG0c «FOZ —PEOE —9eOz TOE215. Which of the following influences the ‘amount of radiation that falls on the recording plane in the umbral region of the image? a the thickness characteristics ofthe test specimen b. the angle ofthe incident radiation . thessize ofthe recording plane 4d. the thickness of the recording plane asst Material Processing 216. A consequence of insufficient heat or the presence of scale on the fasion face of the ‘weld bevel may be: incomplete penetration root concavity excessive root reinforcement lack of fusion proe 4.497.498 217. Aweld made with an excessive number of passes or inadequate speed of travel could result in root concavity b. oxidation & excessive root reinforcement 4. incomplete penetration 4.497.495 Discontinuities: Their Causes and Effects Level Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 64. 219. A discontinuity in welds caused by gas ‘entrapment in the molten metal, moisture, improper cleaning, or lack of preheat is called: a, dross b. lack of penetration . porosity 4. slag inclusion 104.105; 6.350, 584 220, A discontinuity consisting of one or several parallel fissures caused by the internal rupture or fractare of material while in the hot semiplastc state is called: Jack of fusion tear ‘unfused chaplet hot erack aoee c.108-105; 6.582.585 221. Cracks or fractures formed in a casting prior to completion of solidification because of restricted contraction is indicative of a: shrinkage cavity b. hottear . misran cold shut 309 222. A discontinuity that may be the result of improper pouring temperature or alloy composition is indicative of a. gas porosit 218, Discontinuities that develop in the base b. shrinkage porosity ‘metal during a welding process © dispersed discontinuities employing materials with high material <4. unfused chaplets hardness, excessive restraint and the ear presence of hyrogen in the metal promotes the development of a. heat-affected zone cracking b. porosity lack offsion 4, micro-shrinkage 6.585 ete Wee «POE « BLS: BTE:«SCLTZ «poe ~eaTe