Smart Career Academy

SmartGk

g]kfn /fi6« a}ssf] k|j]z tof/L sIff Joj:yfkg v08 ;a}-#) c+s_
k|:t'tstf{ : k|lbk vltj8f, zfvf clws[t
Joj:yfkg v08
!= Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff, l;4fGt / sfo{x? (Concept, principles and functions of Management)
Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Management)
Joj:yfkg eGgfn] pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ sfo{s'zntf / sfo{ k|efjsf/Ltfsf ;fy nIo k|fKtL pGd'v ug{] ljBf xf] .
Joj:yfkg ;+u7g ;~rfngsf] d'6' xf] . o;n] ;fwgx¿sf] ;dGjofTds k|of]uåf/f sfdx¿ ug{ l;sfpFb5 (Gets the job done) .
Joj:yfkgn] dflg;x¿;Fu ldn]/ / dflg;x¿åf/f sfd u5{, u/fpFb5 .
Joj:yfkgn] of]hgf agfpg], ;ª\u7g ug]{, dfgj;+;fwg Joj:yfkg ug]{, g]t[Tj lbg] / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 .
bIftf / k|efjsf/Lk"j{s sfo{x¿ u/L ;ª\u7gsf nIox¿ xfl;n ub{5 .
"Management is the art of getting things done through people." – Mary Parker Follet (1919) SmartGk
"To manage is the forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control." – Henry Fayol
"Management means to make efficient use of resources and to get people and other resources to work harmoniously
together in order to achieve objectives."-Kast andRosenzweig (1974)
"Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling an organization's human, financial, physical
and information resources to achieve organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner."–Ricky W. Griffin (2000)
dflysf ljåfgsf kl/efiffx¿df lulk|mgn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] kl/efiff a9L Jojxfl/s / a'‰g ;lhnf] 5 . pgn] Joj:yfkgnfO{ Pp6f k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf
lnPsf 5g\ . ;ª\u7gsf] nIo k|efjsf/L / ;an 9ª\un] k|fKt ug{ ;ª\u7gdf ljBdfg dfgj ;|f]t, cfly{s ;|f]t, ef}lts ;|f]t / ;"rgf ;|f]tsf]
of]hgf ug]{, ;ª\u7g ug]{, g]t[Tj lbg] / lgoGq0f ug]{ k|lqmof g} Joj:yfkg xf] egL /fo lbPsf 5g\ .
Aoj:yfkgsf] gjLgtd cjwf/0ffx?
!= >dzlQm ljljwtf - Work force diversity Management_
;+u7gleqsf ljljwtfnfO{ s'zn Joj:yfkg u/]/ ljljwtfsf] nfe (Diversity dividend) lng' g} ;+u7gleqsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkg xf] . ;du|df of]
ækm/skgsf] of]u (Sum of differences)" xf] . ;+u7gsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿df /x]sf] ljz]if k|ltef / Ifdtfx¿ / pgLx¿jLrsf] ljljwtfnfO{ e/k'/
pkof]u u/]/ æ;dfj]zL sfo{;+:s[lt (Inclusive work culture)" sf] ljsf; u/L ;+u7g leq æcGt/;+:s[lts ;Ifdtf (Cross cultural
competency)" sf] ;fd"lxs phf{ / pTkfbg ug{] k|of; ul/G5 . of] ;dfj]zL sfo{;+:s[lt eg]sf] ;+u7gleqsf ;a}n] cfkm\gf] k"0f{ Ifdtfaf6 ;+u7gnfO{
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' xf] . o;nfO{ lgDg egfOn] yk k'li6 ub{5M
• ljljwtf Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkssf] d'Vo sfd xf],
• ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug'{ s'zn¿kdf sfo{ ;DkGg u/fpg' xf], SmartGk
• ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{] Ps dfq pkfo 5}g .
• cfkm\gf] cfjZostf, ;+:sf/, ;d:of, ;fwg / p2]ZonfO{ b[li6ut ub{} x/]s Ph]G;Ln] cfkm\g} /0fgLltx¿ ljsf; ug'{ kb{5,
• Ph]G;Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] sd{rf/Lx¿df jf+l5t ljljwtf k|fKt geP klg ;j} sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu cg's"n / ;xof]uL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ sfddf
nfUg' kb{5,
• ljljwtfnfO{ dxTj lbg' of]Uotf k|0ffnLk|lt k|ltj4 /xg' klg xf] .
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ;kmn kfg{ lgDg kIfx¿df Wofg lbg' kg{] Ps cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5M
• g]t[Tjsf] k|ltj4tf,
• sfdbf/sf] ;+nUgtf,
SmartGk
• /0fgLlts of]hgf
• wfGg ;Sg] nufgL,
• ljljwtf kl/;"rsx¿,
• pQ/bfloTj,
• dfkg / d"Nof+sg,
• ;+u7gsf] nIo /
SmartGk
• p2]Zox¿;Fu cfj4tf .
>dzlQm ljljwtfsf sf/0fx?
;dtn txsf] ljljwtf uxg txsf] ljljwtf
lnª\u d'No
hfthflt ljZjf;
hghflt dgf]j[lQ
pd]/ JolQmTj

1
e'uf]n sfo{cle?rL
zfl//Ls u'0fx? cGo dgf]j}1flgs tTjx?
@= afXo;|f]t Joj:yfkg -Out Sourcing Management_
;+u7gdf dfgj;|f]t, ef}lts ;|f]t tyf k|ljlw aflx/LkIfaf6 leqfpg'nfO afXo;|f]t Joj:yfkg elgG5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] a9\bf] k|efjdf ;+u7gdf
jfXok|efj a9\bf] 5 . a}s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfx?df sf]/ a}lsu+ ;k\m6j]o/b]lv cGo k|ljlwx? leqfpbf To;sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / sfo{bIftf
a9fpg Joj:yfkgnfO yk r'g}ftL ;d]t a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
afx\
afxo;|
\o;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] kmfO{bfx?
• Aoj:yfkgn] nfdf] cjlwsf nflu nfe lng ;Sg] /0fgLlts ljifox?df Wofg lbg ;Sb5 .
• ;+;f/sf] ;jf]{Qd ;|f]t / ;fwgdfly kx'Fr /fVg ;Sb5 .
• afXo kIf;Fu hf]lvd afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;Sb5 .
• k'FhLsf] pkof]lutf a9\b5 .
• u'0f:t/df a[l2 x'g]
#= k|ltef Joj:yfkg -Knowledge Management_
• k|ltef Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !((& b]lv k|of]udf cfpg yfn]sf] xf] . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ Joj:yfkg g} k|ltef Joj:yfkg xf] . k|ltef
Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffn] dfgj zlQmnfO{ bfloTjeGbf klg k"FhLsf ¿kdf lng] u5{ / s;/L sd{rf/L ljz]ifsf] bIftfnfO{ ;f+u7lgs nIo k|flKtdf
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] p2]Zoaf6 clek|]l/t ug]{ u5{ .
• k|ltef Joj:yfkg ;+u7gdf pknAw hgzlQmsf] ljj]sk"0f{ pkof]u xf] . k|ltef Joj:yfkgsf] of] a'emfO{n] ;+u7gdf k|fKt hgzlQmsf] pkof]u g}
k|ltef Joj:yfkg xf] eGg] dfq cy{ nfUg ;S5 . t/, k|ltef Joj:yfkg dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] ;du| kIf / rqm;Fu ;DaGw /fV5 .
• dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg lgo'lQm k"j{ / cjsfz kZrft;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg] k|ltef Joj:yfkg o;sf] cltl/Qm pTs[i6 hgzlQmsf] k|flKt, ljsf;,
k|of]u / ;+u7gdf l6sfO/fVg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
k|ltef Joj:yfkgdf d"ntM lgDg rf/ r/0fx¿ /xg] u5{g\ .
!= k|flKt k"j{sf] r/0f
@= k|flKtsf] r/0f
SmartGk
#= pkof]u / ljsf;sf] r/0f
$= alxu{dg kZrftsf] r/0f
!= k|flKt k"j{sf] r/0f
• hgzlQm of]hgf k|ltef Joj:yfkgsf] k|flKt k"j{sf] r/0fdf k5{ . ;f+u7lgs p2]Zo k|flKtåf/f /fli6«o p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu k|ltefjfg dfgj ;|f]t
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o; r/0fdf ;+u7gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ pd]/ ;d"x, of]Uotf / ;Lk tyf lj1tfsf] If]q cflbsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . /, ;f]
cg'¿k To:tf hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg ug]{ /0fgLlt lnOG5 .
• hgzlQm of]hgf ;f+u7lgs / /fli6«o txdf lgdf{0f x'g] u5{ . oL b'j} txsf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ljleGg z}lIfs ;+:yfn] nfdf] ;dosf]
cGt/fnkl5 >d ahf/df Ifdtfjfg / k|ltefjfg hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ u5{g\ .
@= k|flKtsf]
lKtsf] r/0f
Ifdtfjfg hgzlQmsf] k|flKt ug]{ k|lqmof k|ltef Joj:yfkgsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . >d ahf/df pknAw hgzlQmdWo] ;+u7gnfO{ cfjZos kg]{
Ifdtfjfg hgzlQmsf] k|flKt ug]{ k|lqmof o;cGtu{t k5{ . o;df s'g} lglZrt ;+u7gsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQmnfO{ 5gf]6sf] ljlzi6 dfkb08
tof/ u/L ljleGg k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodåf/f Ifdtfjfg hgzlQmnfO{ ;+u7gdf k|fKt ug]{ ul/G5 . ;+u7gsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm k|fKt ug{ ckgfOg]
5gf]6 k|lqmof lgDg cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ M
• k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/
• lgikIftfsf] cfwf/
• k|lt:kwf{df ;dfg¿kdf ;xeflutf hgfpg kfpg] cj;/sf] cfwf/
• ;xefuLsf] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ t6:y / lgikIf¿kdf k/LIf0f ug]{] cfwf/
• hgzlQmsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf / ;]jf cjlwsf] cfwf/
#= pkof]u / ljsf;sf] r/0f
• >d ahf/df pknAw Ifdtfjfg hgzlQmsf] k|flKtn] dfq ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ x'Fb}g o:tf] Ifdtfjfg hgzlQmnfO{ If]qut lj1tfsf]
cfwf/df sfddf pkof]u ug]{ k|lqmof k|ltef Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . ljleGg r/0fsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds 5gf]6 k|lqmof kf/ u/]/ cfPsf]
hgzlQmnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgDg cfwf/x¿ lng] ul/G5 M
lj1tfsf] cfwf/
SmartGk
h'g sfdsf nflu lnOPsf] xf] ;f] sfddf nufpg]
of]Uotf, ;Lk, bIftf, cg'ej cflbsf cfwf/df sfo{ ljlgof]hg ug]{
kl/0ffd / pQ/bfloTjsf] cfwf/
sfo{ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df sfddf nufpg]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL
2
 SmartGk
;Ifdtfsf] cfwf/
of]Uotf, cg'ej / bIftfsf cfwf/df sfddf nufpg] ePtf klg JolQmsf] Ifdtf, bIftf / ?lrsf cfwf/df sfddf nufpg]
:yfgcg'¿k JolQmsf] pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/
;xL JolQmnfO{ ;xL 7fpFdf kb:yfkg ug]{
pTk|]/0ffsf] cfwf/
cfsif{s j[lQ dfu{, sfo{ kl/jt{g, sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f, sfo{ k'i6Ls/0f cfsif{s tnjdfg / pTk|]/0ff -df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s_ sf dfWodåf/f
Ifdtfjfg hgzlQmnfO{ ;+u7gsf] nIo k|flKtsf pkof]u ug]{
Ifdtfjfg hgzlQmnfO{ ;+u7gdf l6sfO/fVg] cfwf/
cfsif{s, k"jf{g'dfgo'Qm / kf/bzL{ j[lQ dfu{,
Ifdtfjfg hgzlQm cfsif{0f ug]{ / l6sfO/fVg] /0fgLlt
sfd cg';f/sf] tnj eQf / cGo ;'ljwf
df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s k|f]T;fxg Joj:yf
;]jf zt{sf] ;'/Iff / ;]jf cjlwsf] ;'/Iff
labf, pkrf/ vr{ / kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf] ;Ddfg
;+u7g Pp6f ;'dw'/ ;DaGw ;lxtsf] kl/jf/sf] cjwf/0ff
k]zfut Jofj;flostfsf] k|a4{g
$= l;sGt] ;+u7g -Learning Organization_
;+u7gn] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] 1fg / k|ltefnfO Joj:yfkg ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 . ;+u7gdf 1fgjb{s jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{ / lg/Gt/ 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{
l;sGt] ;+u7g xf] . oLlgx? 1fgd'vL x'G5g\ . gofFgofF k|ljlwnfO l;Sb} Aoj:yfksLo sfo{x? ;+rfng ub{5g .
l;sGt] ;+u7gn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf l;Sg], cg's'ntf Nofpg] / kl/jt{g x'g] Ifdtf /fVb5 . ablnbf] jftfj/0f;Fu} kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfG5 . o;sf ljz]iftfx?
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
• ;Ldf/xLtf ;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgf
• k|0ffnLut ;f]rfO
• ;femf b'/b[li6d'ns g]t[Tj
• 1fg Aoj:yfkg
Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kl/efiffx¿df lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ M
Joj:yfkgn] pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tnfO{ nIo k|fKtLdf nufpFb5 .
Joj:yfkgn] dflg;x¿åf/f sfd u/fpFb5 .
Joj:yfkgn] of]hgf ug]{, ;ª\ul7t ug]{, cfb]z lbg], ;dGjo ug]{ tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .
Joj:yfkg ablnFbf] jftfj/0fdf ;~rflnt x'G5 .
Joj:yfkg bIftfk"j{s nIo xfl;n ug{ lqmofzLn x'G5 .
Joj:yfkgsf ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿ (Principles of Management)
l;4fGtx¿n] Joj:yfkgsf] Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ dfu{bz{g ub{5g\ . logLx¿ Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿df cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . oL ;j{JofkL 7flgPsf 5g\ .
logLx¿sf] k|of]u ljZjJofkL x'G5 . Joj:yfksLo sfo{ k4ltnfO{ ;xh ug{, ufO8 ug{ / ;/nLs[t ug{ Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿ ljsf; ul/Psf 5g\ .
Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo l;4fGtx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
!= >d ljefhgsf] l;4fGt (Division of labour)
o;cGtu{t k|To]s JolQm / ;d"xn] ug]{ sfd 5'66\ fOPsf] x'G5 . o; k|0ffnLaf6 sfd ubf{ l56f]] / sd vr{df w]/} sfd ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n]
sfddf ljlzi6Ls/0f lbnfpFb5 .
@= p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg (Management by objectives)
s'g} klg ;ª\u7g ;~rfng ubf{ o;sf] j[xt p2]Zo klxrfg ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . p2]Zodf s'g c:ki6tf cyjf :ki6tfsf] cefjn] Joj:yfksx¿nfO{
;d:of pTkGg x'G5 / cGTodf v/fa kl/0ffd lg:sg ;Sb5 .
#= ;fwgx¿sf] k|lt:yfkgsf] l;4fGt (Substitution of resources)
b}lgs hLjgdf s]xL j:t'x¿ b'ne{ b]lvG5g\ h;n] ltgLx¿ a9L eGbf a9L dxª\uf x'g hfG5g\ . dflg;x¿ o:tf dxª\uf j:t'x¿sf] sd k|of]u u/L
;fwgsf] jrt ub{5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;fwgx¿sf] k|lt:yfkgsf] l;4fGt pTkGg x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Labour substitutionnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
$= lgoGq0fsf] ;Ldf(Span of control)
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ Pp6f xflsdn] ;Lldt JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq k|efjsf/L ¿kn] lgoGq0f ug{ ;S5 . ;ª\u7gsf] 9fFrfn] o; s'/fnfO{ b]vfpg' kb{5 .
Pp6f Joj:yfksn] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lglZrt x'g' kb{5 .
%= cfb]zsf] PsfTdstf (Unit of command)
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ sd{rf/Ln] Pp6f xflsdaf6 dfq cfb]z kfpg' kb{5 . cyf{t Ps hgf sd{rf/Lsf] b'O{ hgf ;'kl/j]Ifs jf xflsd x'g'x'Fb}g .
^= lgb]{zgsf] PsfTdstf (Unity of direction)
of] l;4fGtcg';f/ Pp6} p2]Zo ePsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nflu Pp6} of]hgf x'g'kb{5 . Pp6} xflsdaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g' kb{5 .
&= clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;Gt'ng (Authority and responsibility)

3
 o; l;4fGtcg';f/ lhDd]jf/Laf6 clwsf/sf] k|jfx x'g'kb{5 . clwsf/ ljgfsf] lhDd]jf/L sfd nfUb}g . clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] cGt/;DaGw x'G5
. oL b'a}df ;Gt'ng x'g'kb{5 .
*= ;fª\
;fªu7lgs
\u7lgs lxtsf] l;4fGt (Superiority of organization interest)
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ JolQmut lxteGbf ;ª\u7gsf] lxt pRr x'g' kb{5 . JolQmut nIox¿ ;fª\u7lgs nIox¿;Fu afFlemg] x'g'x'Gg . ;ª\u7gsf]
;fd"lxs lxt g} ;jf]{k/L x'g'kb{5 .
(= cg'zf;gsf] l;4fGt (Principle of discipline)
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;~rfngsf nflu cg'zf;g ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o;nfO{ Joj:yfksx¿n] sfod ug'{kb{5 . ;Demf}tfx¿ / lgodx¿sf]
kfngf ug'{ u/fpg' kb{5 .
!)= ;f+of]lus Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt (Contengency management)
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ b}lgs sfo{df cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\g} txdf ;dfwfg ug'{kb{5 . cfkm\gf] clwsf/ aflx/sf ckjfbd"ns
;d:ofx¿ dfq dflyNnf] txdf ;dfwfgsf nflu k7fpg' kb{5 .
!!= ;dy{gfTds ;DaGwsf] l;4fGt (Supportive relationship)
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ Joj:yfksx¿n] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu ;dy{gfTds ;DaGwx¿ :yflkt ug'{kb{5 . ltgnfO{ ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs / g}lts
;dy{g lbg' kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx¿df Nofst / cfTd;Ddfgsf] af]w u/fpg'kb{5 .
Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx?(Theory of management)
!= j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt(Scientific management theory)
– F.W Taylor k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt xf] .
– bIftf / pTkfbg a9fpg kfl/>lds / cfly{s ;'ljwf rflxG5 .
– o;n] sfd ug]{ pko'St j}1flgs tl/sfsf] vf]hL ub{5 . o;n] sfdbf/sf] j}1flgs 5gf}6 / ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
– Time & Motion studysf] cfwf/df one best waysf] vf]hL u/]sf 5g\ .
@= k|zf;sLo l;4fGt(Administrative theory)
– Henry Fayol k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt xf] .
– o;n] dfgjLo kIfnfO{ dfq Wofg glbO ;du| ;+u7gsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
– of] l;4fGtn] Joj:yfkgsf !$ j6f l;4fGtx? k|ltkflbt eP .
#= sd{rf/LtGqLo l;4fGt(Bureaucracy theory)
– Max weber k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt xf] .
– lgod, sfg'gdf k|lta4, of]Uotf k|0ffnL, sfo{ljlw ePsf], c/fhgLlts rl/q ePsf] sd{rf/LtGqsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf 5g\ .
– pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .
$= dfgj ;DaGw l;4fGt(Human relation theory)
– Elton Mayok|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt xf] .
– of] l;4fGt k|of]uzfnLo k/LIf0fdf cfwfl/t 5 .
– dfcf]sf cg';f/ ;+u7gdf cgf}krfl/s ;d"xaf6 lgb]{lzt x'G5g\ / o;sf] e"lsdf k|jn /xG5 .
– o;n] sd{rf/L / Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGw k|uf9 agfpb5 .
– Abraham Maslow, Herzberg, M.C grager x?n] olx l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ pTk|]/0ffsf l;4fGtx? NofPsf x'g\ .
%= k|0ffnL l;4fGt
l;4fGt(System theory)
– Talkot parson k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt xf] . SmartGk
– of] l;4fGtn] Joj:yfkgnfO{ dfgj z/L/;Fu t'ngf u/]sf] 5 hfFxf Input, conversion machine / output d]lzgsf] ?kdf x]l/G5 .
^= ;xeflud'ns Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt(Participative Management theory)
– Rensis Linkert k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt xf] .
– of] l;4fGtn] Joj:yfkgdf ;a} kIfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
&= kfl/l:ylts Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt(Contingency theory)
– Fred Edward Fiedlerk|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt xf] .
– of] l;4fGt cg';f/ Joj:yfkgdf s'g} klg l;4fGt h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg nfu' ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ eg]sf 5g\ .
– Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x? lgDg s'/fn] k|efljt kfb{5 .
– ;+u7gsf] cfsf/ – sfdsf] c:ki6tf / hl6ntf
– k|zf;gsf] tx / clwsf/ – JolQmut ljleGgtf – jftfj/0fLo leGgtfsf] dfqf .
Joj:yfkgsf ljz]iftfx¿(Characteristics of management)
!= nIo k|flKt (Goal achievement)
– Joj:yfkgn] ;ª\u7gsf p2]Zox¿ tyf nIox¿ xfl;n ub{5 .
– o:tf p2]Zox¿ gfkmf sdfpg', ;]jf ug'{, gjk|jt{g ug'{, ahf/lx:;f cf]u6\g' cflb x'g ;Sb5g\ .
– Joj:yfkgn] nIo k|flKt bIftf / k|efjsfl/tfsf ;fy ub{5 .
@= sfo{ s]lGb|t (Job focused)
Joj:yfkg sfo{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . o:tf sfo{x¿ pTkfbg, ahf/ Joj:yf, cfly{s / dfgj wg;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . Joj:yfkgn] ;fwgx¿sf] ;dGjo
u/L sfo{x¿ ub{5 . sfo{ ug'{ g} sfof{Gjog ug'{ xf] .

4
#= dfgj s]lGb|t (People focused)
– Joj:yfkg dfgj s]lGb|t x'G5 .
– o;n] dflg;x¿;Fu ldn]/ / dflg;x¿åf/f sfd u5{ ÷ u/fpFb5 .
– o;n] ;d"x / 6f]nLx¿åf/f sfo{ u/fpFb5 .
– dflg;x¿sf] ;fd"lxs k|of;åf/f sfo{x¿ ul/G5 .
$= sfo{ut k|lqmof (Functional process)
– Joj:yfkg nIo xfl;n ug]{ sfo{ut k|lqmof xf] .
– of] k|lqmof Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
– of]hgf, ;ª\u7g, dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg, g]t[Tj / lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg k|lqmofsf sfo{x¿ x'g\ .
%= bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf (Efficiency and effectiveness)
– bIftfn] ;fª\u7lgs p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ pknAw ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] Go"gtd k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf hgfpFb5 .
– Cost benefit analysis n] Joj:yfkgsf] bIftf dfkg ub{5 .
– Effectiveness: "doing the right things"
– plrt p2]Zo lgwf{/0f u/L To;nfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfksLo IfdtfnfO{ k|efjsfl/tf elgG5 .
^= kfl/l:ylts cjwf/0ff (Situational approach)
– Joj:yfkg kl/l:ylthGo x'G5 .
– Joj:yfksLo cEof; kl/l:yltd"ns x'G5 . sfd ug]{ Pp6f dfq} ;j{>]i7 pkfo x'Fb}g .
– k|To]s kl/l:yltcg';f/ Joj:yfksLo l;4fGt Pjd\ sfo{x¿nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg'{kb{5 . l;4fGtn] kl/l:ylt;Fu d]n vfg'kb{5 .
&= ultzLn jftfj/0f (Dynamic environment)
– Joj:yfkg ultzLn tyf kl/jt{gzLn jftfj/0fdf x's]{sf] x'G5 . ;ª\u7gnfO{ cfGtl/s tyf afÅo jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿n] k|efj kfb{5g\ .
tyflk ;ª\u7gnfO{ afÅo jftfj/0fn] w]/} 7'nf] k|efj kfb{5 .
– afÅo jftfj/0fdf Socio-cultural, legal, political, technological tyf economic environmentkb{5g\ .
– pkef]Qmfjfb, jftfj/0fjfb, dfgj clwsf/ OToflbn] pkef]QmfnfO{ ;r]t agfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿(Functions of Management)
Joj:yfkgn] ljleGg sfo{x¿ ub{5 . oL sfo{x¿ nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ul/G5 . oL sfo{x¿ Ps cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . oL sfo{x¿
s'g} klg ;ª\u7gsf] zf;gsf] k4ltx¿;Fu (Governance sub-system of an organization) ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . h:t}M Planningsfo{ Legislative sub-system
;Fu ;DalGwt 5, Implementation sfo{ executive sub-system ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg] evaluation sfo{ Judicial sub-system ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
lj4fg Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x? lj:t[t ?k
Henry Fayol POCCC Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Controlling and
Coordinating
Harold and Knootz POSLC Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Leading and
Controlling.
George R Terry POSC Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Controlling
Luther Gullick POSDCORB Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing,
Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.
Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo sfo{x¿ lgDgadf]lhd 5g\
5g\ M
!= of]hgf agfpg' (Planning)
@= ;ª\u7g ug'{ (Organizing) SMartGk
Goals
#= dfgj;+;fwg Joj:yfkg ug'{ (Staffing)
$= g]t[Tj ug'{ (Leading)
Leading
%= lgoGq0f ug'{ (Controlling)
!= of]hgf agfpg' (Planning)
"Process of determining mission, goals and targets and the activities necessary to achieve them"of]hgf th'{df ug'{ Joj:yfkssf]
klxnf] sfo{ xf] . of]hgf gagfOsg s'g} klg sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsFb}g . o;åf/f nIo lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . jf:tjdf of]hgf eg]sf] ;ª\u7gsf] efjL
;f]r xf] . of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;ª\u7gsf ;fwg / ;|f]tx¿sf] s'zntfk"j{s clwstd k|of]u u/L nIo xfl;n ug'{ xf] . cfwf/e"t ¿kdf of]hgfnfO{ @ txdf afF8g\ ;lsG5 M
@= ;ª\
;ªu7g
\u7g ug'{ (Organizing)
– "It involves execution of activities, allocation of resources and processing information."
– o;n];fª\u7lgs 9fFrf lgdf{0f ub{5 .
– nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿sf] klxrfg
– sfdx¿nfO{ ;d"xut ¿kdf ljefux¿df afF8g\ ] (Departmentalization)
– sfdx¿nfO{ kbx¿df afF8g\ ] / k|To]s kbsf nflu clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ls6fg ub{5 (Authority and responsibility)
– ;dGjo ug]{ ;+/rgfsf] lgwf{/0f (Co-ordinating mechanism)
– dfgjLo Pjd\ cGo ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf
– ;fª\u7lgs agfj6 (Organizational structure)
– dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg (Staffing)
5
 – sfo{ ljefhg(Division of work)
– lhDd]jf/L k|bfg (Assignment of responsibility)
– sfo{ lgodx¿ (Work rules)
– k|lta4tf (Committment) SmartGk
– ;dGjo(Co-ordination)
#= dfgj;+;fwg Joj:yfkg ug'{ (Staffing)
Joj:yfkgn] ;ªu7gsf kbx¿sf nflu cfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ub{5 . k|To]s kbsf nflu tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf / bIftf ePsf] plrt
JolQmsf] 5gf]6 ub{5 .
– dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgf (Manpower planning)
– egf{ tyf 5gf]6 (Recruitment and selection)
– ljsf; (Development)
– k|of]u(Utilization)
– ;Def/ (Maintenance)
$= g]t[Tj ug'{ (Leading)
g]t[Tjn] ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ nIo k|flKtsf nflu Psh'6 eP/ sfd u/fpFb5 . g]t[TjcGtu{tsf d'Vo sfo{x¿df
– lgb]{zg ug'{ (Directing)
– lg/LIf0f ug'{ (Supervising)
– pTk|]l/t ug'{ (Motivating)
– ;~rf/ ug'{ (Communicating)
– pRr sfo{;Dkfbg ug{sf] nflu plrt jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ (Creating conducive environment to superior performance)
– sd{rf/Lx¿df pRr txsf] pTk|]/0ff / k|lta4tf g} g]t[Tjsf] pkh xf] . (The outcome of leading is a high level of motivation and
commitment among staff mambers.)
%= lgoGq0f ug'{ (Controlling)
– It involves the evaluation of operating results as compared to the establish standards.
– ;ª\u7gleq s] x'g'kg]{ xf] / s] eO/x]5, x'g'kg]{ s'/f e}/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g cflb ljljw ljifo af]w ug{ lgoGq0f k|lqmof cjnDag ul/G5 .
o;åf/f sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg Pjd\ dfkg u/L ;'wf/fTds sbdx¿ rflnG5 . oL sbdx¿ nIo k|flKtdf s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . lgoGq0f
cfjZos kg]{ If]qx¿df M sales, costs, profits, output, quality, accidents, labour relations, employee moral OToflb .
lgoGq0fsf k|lqmofx¿ (Process of control)
1. :t/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ (Establish standards)
2. :t/ ;'lrt u/fpg' (Communicate Standards)
3. sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug'{ (Measuring performance)
4. leGgtf ljZn]if0f ug'{ (Analyze deviations)
5. ;'wf/fTds pkfo (Corrective actions)
Joj:yfksLo e"ldsf (Managerial Roles)
;ª\u7gn] k|bfg u/]sf] kb (Position) ;Fu Joj:yfksLo e"ldsf ;DalGwt x'G5 . e"ldsfsf] ;|f]t clwsf/ (Authority) / bhf{ (Status) xf] .
Joj:yfksLo sfo{x¿n] e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ .
Henry Mintzberg (1973) n] !) j6f Joj:yfksLo e"ldsfsf] JofVof u/]sf lyP . oL !) j6f e"ldsfx¿nfO{ d'Votof efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
!= cGt/j}olQms e"ldsf (Interpersonal roles)
"Managers assume interpersonal roles in order to co-ordinate and interact with organizational members."
of] e"ldsf cGt/j}olQms ;DaGwx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . /fd|f] dfgjLo ;DaGwx¿ :yflkt ug'{ o;sf] p2]Zo x'G5 .Joj:yfksn] ;ª\u7gleq /
aflx/sf dflg;x¿;“u ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5 . o; e"ldsfsf d'Vo lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M
(i) k|d'v JolQm e"ldsf (Figurehead role)M ;ef ;df/f]xx¿df efu lng', cfuGt'snfO{ :jfut ug'{, k'/:sf/ ljt/0f ug'{, af]8{ a}7sx¿sf]
cWoIftf ug'{ OToflb .
(ii) g]tfsf] e"ldsf (Leader role)
– Directing
– Co-ordinating
– Motivating
– Staffing
– Controlling activities of staffs
(iii) ;Dks{ e"ldsf (Liaison role) M Joj:yfksn] aflx/ ;ª\u7gx¿ / ;d'bfo;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt ub{5 . o;n] hg;Dks{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ub{5 .
@= ;"rgfTds e"ldsf (Information roles)
of] e"ldsfdf Joj:yfksn] ;"rgf Joj:yfkg ub{5 . ;"rgf ;ª\u7gleq / ;ª\u7g aflx/af6 cfbfg–k|bfg x'G5 . o; e"ldsfsf d'Vo
lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
(i) cg'udg (Monitor)

6
 – ;ª\u7gnfO{ rflxg] dxŒjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿sf] ;ª\sng
– jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿sf] cg'udg
(ii) k|;f/s (Disseminator)
– Joj:yfksn] ;ª\slnt u/]sf ;"rgfx¿ ;+:yfleq k|;f/0f ub{5 . of] lnlvt, df}lvs, cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s x'g ;Sb5 .
(iii) k|jQmf (Spokes person)
– Joj:yfksn] ;ª\u7g aflx/ ;"rgf Pjd\ hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5 . ;ª\u7gsf] /0fgLlt, of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd Pjd\ pknlAwx¿af/] ;"rgf lbG5 .
#= lg0f{ofTds
fTds e"ldsf (Decisional roles)
Joj:yfksn] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lg0f{o ub{5 . o:tf ;d:ofx¿ b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ jf slxn] sfxL cfpg] k|s[tLsf x'G5g\ . o; cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx¿M
(i) pBdL e"ldsf (Entrepreneurship role)
– Joj;fonfO{ :j–nufgLdf ;~rfng ePem} ;f]r]/ lg0f{o lng] e"ldsf
– gofF cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL
– hf]lvd jxg
– Opportunities and threats sf] klxrfg
– Planning and initiating change within the organization.
(ii) cj/f]w ;dfwfgstf{ e"ldsf (Disturbance Handler Role)
– ck|Tofl;t cj/f]wx¿sf] ;dfwfg
– cj/f]wx¿ x8tfn, k|fs[lts ljkQL, d]l;g 6'6km'6 OToflb x'g ;Sb5g\ .
– cj/f]wx¿sf] nflu ;'wf/fTds sbdx¿ rfNg]
(iii) ;fwg afF8kmfF8 e"ldsf (Resource Role)
– ;fwgx¿ dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s / ;"rgfTds x'G5g\ .
– Joj:yfksn] pknAw ;fwgx¿sf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF8 ub{5 .
– ;fwg afF8kmfF8 ubf{ ;ª\u7gsf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ Wofg lbG5 .
– ah]6sf] th'{df ub{5 .
(iv) jftf{sf/ e"ldsf (Negotiator Role)
– Joj:yfksn] jftf{sf] dfWodåf/f ;ª\u7gleq / aflx/sf ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub{5 .
– sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gx¿;Fu jftf{ u/L ;Demf}tf u5{ .
– jftf{x¿df ;lqmo efu lnG5 .
;ª\u7gsf] k|To]s txdf sfo{/t Joj:yfksx¿n] dfly pNn]lvt e"ldsfx¿ axg ub{5g\ . ljleGg tx / ;dodf pQm e"ldsfx¿sf] k|s[lt /
dfqfdf leGgtf x'g ;Sb5 .
• Top level management :Figurehead, entrepreneurship, negotiator, spokes persons roles.
• Middle level management : Monitors, disseminators, negotiators, resource allocators and disturbance handlers.
• Lower level management :Leading, monitoring, disseminating, disturbance handling, resource allocating.
Joj:yfkgsf pboLdfg r'gf}tLx¿(Emerging Challenges for Management)
Joj:yfkg hl6n Pjd\ ultzLn jftfj/0fdf x's]{sf] x'G5 . Joj:yfksn] kof{Kt r'gf}x¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . d'VotM aflx/L ljZjdf pTkGg x'g]
dxŒjk"0f{ kl/jt{gx¿n] oL r'gf}tLx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . cl:y/ cfly{s kl/l:yltx¿, a9\bf] cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{, ljljw k|s[ltsf
sd{rf/Lx¿, 36\bf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg OToflb Joj:yfsx¿n] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ljifox¿ x'g\ . t;y{ Joj:yfks;Fu jftfj/0fnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{,
k|lt:kwL{x¿sf] sfo{x¿nfO{ ;r]ttfk"j{s a'em\g], cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] / ;fª\u7lgs kl/jt{gnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk x'g'
clt cfjZos 5 .
SmartGK
jt{dfg ;dodf Joj:yfkgdf b]vf k/]sf pboLdfg r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
!= Jofkf/sf] ljZjJofkLs/0f (Globalization of business)
ljZj cy{tGq a9\bf] ¿kdf ljZjJofkL x'Fb}5 . o;n] l;dfgf/lxt ljZjdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . t;y{ pgLx¿n] s;/L ljZjJofkL cy{tGqdf sfd ug]{
eGg] s'/f l;Sg' clt h?/L 5 . To;}u/L ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmof l;Sg' clt h?/L 5 . To;}u/L ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmof / o;n] l;h{gf ug]{
k|lt:kwf{ a'em\g' cfjZos 5 . ljZjJofkL ;f]rfO t/ :yfgLo tf}/tl/sfsf] sfd u/fO{ (Think globally act locally) dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 .
@= u'0f:t/ cfZjf;g / pTkfbsTj (Quality assurance and productivity)
jt{dfgdf w]/} Wofg lvr]sf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ k|lt:kwL{ r'gf}tL u'0f:t/ / pTkfbsTj xf] . w]/}eGbf w]/} ;ª\u7gx¿n] u'0f:t/nfO{ k|lt:kwf{sf] d'Vo
cfwf/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . u'0f:t/df ;'wf/n] pTkfbsTj u/fpFb5 . u'0f:t/df lg/Gt/ ;'wf/, u|fxs ;Gt'li6df clej[l4 / ;du| u'0f:t/
Joj:yfkg (Total quality management Joj:yfkgsf nflu r'gf}tL b]lvPsf 5g\ .
#= kl/jt{gzLn zLn k|ljlw (Changing technology)
k|ljlw b|'t ultdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . l8lh6n qmflGt (Digital revolution) cfO;s]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf lbgx'Fh;f] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 .
Joj:yfkssf nflu ab\lnFbf] k|ljlwsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ Pp6f r'gf}tL b]lvPsf] 5 . SmartGk
$= g}ltstf tyf tyf ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L (Ethics and social responsibility)
Jofj;flos g}ltstfsfsf ;fy ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf] dxŒj a9\b} uPsf] 5 . Joj:yfkgn] ;dfhnfO{ lxt ug]{ / bL3{sfnLg nIox¿tkm{ Wofg lbg
yfn]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, pkef]Qmf lxt k|a4{g / dfgjclwsf/k|lt rf;f] a9\b} uPsf] 5 . Jofj;flos g}ltstf / ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L axg ub}{
;fª\u7lgs nIox¿ xfl;n ug'{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu r'gf}tL b]lvPsf] 5 .

7
%= gjk|jt{g tyf kl/jt{g (Innovation and change)
Joj:yfkgn] gjk|jt{g / kl/jt{gdf Wofg lbg' clt cfjZos 5 . cGoyf ltgLx¿ Jofkf/af6 aflx/ x'g]5g\ . pTkfbgx¿df lg/Gt/ ;'wf/, a9f]Q/L
tyf kl/dfh{g ul/g' cfjZos 5 . gjk|jt{gfTds pTkfbg tyf ;]jfx¿åf/f ahf/df k|lt:kwL{x¿nfO{ k/flht ug'{ kb{5 . ;ª\u7gsf sd{rf/Lx¿ g}
gjk|jt{g tyf kl/jt{gsf d'Vo jfxs x'g\ .
^= ;zQmLs/0f (Empowerment)
;ª\u7gdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿df ;zQmLs/0f a9\b} uPsf] 5 . lg0f{odf ;xeflutf, sfd ug{df :jtGqtf ePsf] 5 . lg0f{odf ;xeflutf, sfd
ug{df :jtGqtf / sfo{ 6f]nLsf] k|of]u a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;zQm agfPsf] 5 . ;zQm sd{rf/L / u|fxsx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg ug'{ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
&= >dzlQmdf ljljwtf (Work force diversity)
;ª\u7gdf ljljw lsl;dsf >dzlQmx¿ n}ªl\ us, hftLo, j0f{, If]q OToflbsf ¿kdf sfo{/t x'G5g\ . >dzlQmdf dlxnf / cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf]
;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . >dzlQm lbgk|ltlbg lzlIft x'Fb}5g\ . 1fgd"ns sd{rf/L (Knowledge worker) sfo{ 6f]nL (Work team), 3/d} a;L
sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L (Virtual employees) / cf+lzs ;do sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L (Part time employees) sf] ;ª\Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5 . t;y{
ljljwtfd'vL >dzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
*= 1fg Joj:yfkg(Knowledge management)
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;~hfnn] ;dfhx¿sf] 1fgsf] cfwf/ g} kl/jt{g ul/lbPsf] 5 . 1fgn] gofF s'/fsf] l;h{gf ub{5 ;fy} k|lt:kwf{Tds IfdtfnfO{
lgwf{/0f ub{5 . t;y{ Joj:yfksx¿n] sfd ug]{ gofF tl/sf kQf nufpg k|of;/xt /xg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu Joj:yfksx¿sf] dfq geP/
;ª\u7gleqsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;fd"lxs 1fg (Collective knowledge) dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . t;y{ ;ª\u7gx¿n] o;sf x/]s ;b:ox¿sf] 1fgsf]
cfwf/ a9fpg nufgL ug'{ kb{5 .
(= ;ª\;ªu7gfTds
\u7gfTds 9fFrf (Organizational design)
;ª\u7gx¿sf] 9fFrf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fª\u7lgs 9fFrf Flat, lean / less hierarchy lt/ ljsl;t eO/x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L s6f}tL nrstfsf
nflu cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
!)= kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg (Change management)
;ª\u7g jftfj/0fdf x's]{sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0f ultzLn / kl/jt{gzLn 5 . Joj:yfksx¿ kl/jt{gsf tŒjx¿ / ltgsf] ;ª\u7gdf kg]{ k|efjk|lt
hfu?s x'g' h?/L 5 . ;ª\u7gsf] cl:yTj hf]ufpg kl/jt{gsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
Aoj:yfkgdf g]t[Tj -Leadership in Management_
g]t[Tj Tof] JolQm xf] h;Nf] NfIo k|flKtsf Nfflu ;Dk"0f{ dflg;NffO{ Ps cfk;df cfj4 ug{ ;3fpFb5 .
g]t[Tj kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6« hxfF;'s} ckl/xfo{ /xG5 . ;f+u7lgs jf /fi6«df ug{] g]t[TjNf] ljljw kIfNffO{ c;/ u/]sf] x'g] ePsfNf] oxfF ;+u7g;Da4
ljifodf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . s'g} klg ;+u7g ;'rf??kNf] ;~rfNfg ug{ ljleGg tTjx?sf] ld>0f cfjZos x'G5 h;df ;+u7gsf] d"No jf :yflkt
dfGotf, g]t[Tj / p;sf dfu{bz{s ljrf/, NfIo k|flKtsf Nfflu lgb{]lzt sfo{qmdx?, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg -dflg;, k"FhL, k|ljwL, ahf/, ef}lts
;fwgx?_ / ;+u7gfTds :j?k tyf ltgNf] ;Dkfbg ug{] sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 /xG5g\ .
g]t[Tj eGgfn] ;fd"lxs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu kl/l:yltcg';f/ cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf jf u'0fnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
g]t[Tjsf] eg]sf] c?sf] Jojxf/nfO{ k|efljt ug'{ xf] . o;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ nIo k|fKt ug{ dfu{bz{g / k|efljt u5{ . of] kl/l:yltd"ns / sfo{d"ns
x'G5 . g]t[Tj Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . of Joj:yfksLo k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;fFrf] 5 . ;fª\ul7gs ;kmntf g]t[Tjsf] Ifdtfdf e/ kb{5 .
"Leadership is the ability to influence a group towards achievement of goals."– Stephen Robbins
"Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an individual or group in efforts towards goal achievement in a
given situation." – Hersey and Blanchard
"Management is the doing things right; leadership is doing the right things." – Peter Drucker
"Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision and relentlessly drive it to
completion." – Warren Buffet
g]t[Tjsf] lzkx?
g]t[Tj ;DaGwdf a'‰g} kg{] ljifo eg]sf] g]t[Tj ug{' jf ;kmNf lehg lbg' ;lhNff] ljifo eg] xf]Og . To;}Nf] elgG5 Leadership is a beauty, it is easy
to observe but difficult to describe . g]t[Tjsf Nfflu s]xL lglZrt u'0f jf ;Lkx? x'g cfjZos 5 hf] lzIff, tflNfd / pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf
dfWodaf6 ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . casf lbgdf g]t[Tj;Lk hGdhft x'G5 eGg] dfGotfdf kl/jt{g cfpg yfNf]sf] 5 . s'zNf g]t[TjNf] NfIo k|flKtsf Nfflu
;Dk"0f{ cg'ofoLx?sf] k|efjsf/L of]ubfgsf] jftfj/0f agfO ;f] k|efjsf/L ?kdf kl/rfNfg ub{5 . g]t[Tjdf x'g'kg{] ;Lkx? ljleGg efudf jlu{s/0f u/L ;f]
sf] pkof]u NfIo pGd'v /xg' kb{5 .
-s_ dfgjLo ;Lk (Human skill): dflg;NffO{ a'‰g ;Sg] / ;d"xdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] u'0f, ;~rf/ bIftf / cGt/lqmof, kyk|bz{s jf lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg],
;d"xNffO{ lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;Sg], ;dGjo u/L ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] / åGb tyf jft{fdf bvNf ePsf] ;Lk egL juL{s/0f ul/Psf] of] ;Lk
g]t[Tj;Lksf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
-v_ cjwf/0ffTds ;Lk (Conceptual skill): ljifoj:t'sf] uflDeo{tf u|x0f ug{] Pjd\ ljZNf]if0ffTds Ifdtf, ;d:ofsf] 8foUgf]l;; ug{] v'aL, b"/b[i6L
;[hgzLNftf, pko'Qm ljsNksf] 5gf}6 tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] ;Lk cjwf/0ffTds ;Lkleq ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
-u_ k|ljlwut bIftf (Technical skill): k|ljwLdf rfv ePsf] / k|of]udf pTk|]l/t /xg] g]6jls{Ëdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] / 6]lSgsNf sDkL6]G; casf]
g]t[Tjsf Nfflu ckl/xfo{ 5 .
g]t[Tjsf e'ldsfx¿÷sfo{x? (Functions/Roles of leadership)

8
 g]t[Tjsf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo sfo{ eg]sf] nIo k|fKt ug'{ xf] . o;sf] nflu g]t[Tjn] cfkm\gf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ dfu{bz{g / k|efljt ub{5 . cg'ofoLx¿nfO{
dfu{bz{g / k|efljt ub{5 . qm]r / qm'rlkmN8n] (Krech and Crutchfield) g]t[Tjsf] sfo{x¿nfO{ k|fyldst sfo{ / ;xfos sfo{ eg @ ;d"xdf
juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ .
!= k|fylds
ylds sfo{ (Primary functions)
k|fylds sfo{x¿ g]t[Tjn] gu/ gx'g] sfo{x¿ x'g\ . o;cGtu{t lgDg sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ M
s= nIo lgwf{/s (Goal setter)
v= of]hgfsf/ (Planner)
u= gLlt lgdf{0f (Policy maker) SmartGK
3= lj1 (Expert)
ª= aflx/ ;d"x k|ltglw (Representative)
r= sfo{sf/L (Executive)
5= cGt/;DaGwsf] lgoGqs (Controller of internal relations)
h= b08 k'/:sf/sf] gfos (Purveyor of reward and punishment)
em= dWo:tstf{ (Arbitrator or mediator)
@= ;xfos sfo{ (Assessory functions)
lghsf] kb cg'¿k lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ cltl/Qm sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xfo sfo{ elgG5 . logLx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
s= pbfx/0fLo aGg] (Example)
v= ;d"xsf] k|lts (Symbol of group)
u= j}olQms lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|ltlglw (Representative for individual responsibility)
3= ljrf/s jf lrGts (Ideologist)
ª= lktf:j¿ (Father figure)
r= nf~5gf :jLsfg]{ JolQm (Scapegoat)
g]t[Tjsf l;4fGtx¿ (Theories of leadership)
!= u'0fd'ns l;4fGt (Trait theory)
@= Jojxf/fTds l;4fGt (Behavioural theory)
#= kl/l:ylthGo l;4fGt (Situational theory)
!= u'0fd'ns l;4fGt (Trait theory)
of] l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs Chester Barnard / Ordway Tead x'g\ . of] l;4fGtdf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s nIf0fx¿nfO{ g]t[Tjsf] cfwf/ dflgPsf]
5.
s= zf/Ll/s u'0fx¿ (Physical traits)M cfsif{s hLp8fn, km"lt{nf], cUnf, rlDsnf] d'vfs[lt, pd]/, zlQm
OToflb .
v= JolQmTj u'0fx¿ (Personality traits): :jd"Nofª\sg ug]{, cfkm\gf] ;Ldf / sdhf]/ a'em\g ;Sg], alx{d'vL, ;b\ljj]stf, cfj]ufTds
l:y/tf, cg'efjgfTds v'nfkg cflb .
u= af}l4s u'0fx¿ (Intelligence traits): a'l4, ljj]s, 1fg, af}l4s Ifdtf, gofF, k|ljlw / ;Lksf] hfgsf/L OToflb .
@= Jojxf/fTds l;4fGt (Behavioural theory)
of] b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ g]t[Tjsf] ;kmntf g]tfsf] Jojxf/df e/ kb{5 . g]tfx¿n] s] ub{5g\ (What leaders do) eGg] s'/fdf of] l;4fGt cfwfl/t 5 .
o; cfwf/df g]tfx¿ @ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
s= sfo{d"ns g]tf (Task oriented leader)
– sfo{nfO{ a9L hf]8 lbg]
– ;fwgx¿sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug]{
– of]hgfåf/f sfo{:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{
– sfo{ pQ/bfloTj ljefhg ug]{
– pTkfbgnfO{ Wofg lbg]
v= dflg;d"ns g]tf (People oriented leader)
– dflg;x¿nfO{ a9L hf]8 lbg]
– cGt/j}olQms ;DaGwx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg]
– cg'ofoLx¿;Fu ;/;Nnfx ug]{
– pTkfbsTj / sfo{ ;Gt'li6nfO{ Wofg lbg]
#= kl/l:ylthGo l;4fGt (Situational theory)
of] b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ g]t[Tj kl/l:yltd'ns x'G5 . kl/l:yltcg';f/ g]t[Tjz}nL kl/jt{g x'g'kb{5 . g]t[Tjsf] s'g} Ps z}nL dfq pQd x'Fb}g, o;sf]
k|efjsfl/tf kl/l:yltdf lge{/ x'G5 . of] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;f+of]lus b[li6sf]0f (Contingency approach) klg elgG5 .

;kmn g]t[Tjdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿ (Qualities of a Successful Leadership)

9
 g]t[Tj ljleGg u'0fx¿sf] kl/0ffd xf] . s]xL To:tf u'0fx¿ hGdhft k|fKt x'G5g\ eg] s]xL u'0fx¿ aflx/L jftfj/0faf6 kl5 xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f
g]tfsf tL u'0fx¿n] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|efljt u/L pQd glthf xfl;n ug{df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . ctM Pp6f ;kmn g]tfdf lgDg u'0fx¿ x'g'kb{5 M
JolQmut u'0fx¿ (Personal Qualities)
Pp6f ;Ifd g]tfdf lgDg JolQmut u'0fx¿ x'g'kb{5 M
-!_ ultzLn JolQmTj (Dynamic personality)
-@_ af}l4s Ifdtf (Intellectual capacity)
-#_ ;+j]ufTds :yfloTj (Emotional stability)
-$_ cfTdljZjf; (Self-confidence)
-%_ nlrnf] k|j[lQ (Flexible attitude) SMartGk
-^_ c;n rl/q (Good character)
-&_ lhDd]jf/Lsf] efjgf (Sense of responsibility)
Joj:yfksLo u'0fx¿ (Managerial Qualities)
Pp6f ;kmn g]tfdf lgDg Joj:yfksLo u'0fx¿ x'g'kb{5 M
-!_ ;ª\u7g Ifdtf (Organizing ability)
-@_ k|fljlws 1fg (Technical knowledge)
-#_ pTk|]l/t ug]{ l;k (Motivational skill)
-$_ ;~rf/sf] l;k (Communication skill)
-%_ dfgjLo ;DaGwsf] l;k (Human relation skill)
-^_ lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf (Ability of judgement)
-&_ cg's'ngtf (Adaptability)
Aoj:yfkgdf ;~rf/ -Communication in Management_
• cª\u|]hL zAb Communication Nofl6g efiffsf] Communis af6 lnOPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ ;femf (Common) eGg] x'G5 .
• To;}n] ;~rf/sf] zflAbs cy{ ;femf ¿kdf ul/g] ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg eGg] a'lemG5 . of] Pp6f k|lqmof xf] h;df b'O{ j6f kIfx¿ k|]ifs (Sender) /
k|fks (Receiver) n] Ps cf;kdf wf/0ff / hfgsf/Lx¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg u/L ;femf a'emfOsf] ¿kdf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub{5g\ .
• of] sfof{nosf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t sfo{ xf] h'g ;a} k|sf/sf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] nflu cfjZos k|lqmof ;d]t xf] .
• ;~rf/nfO{ Ps JolQm jf kIfaf6 s'g} dfWodsf] k|of]u u/L va/, ljrf/, tYo, wf/0ff jf cg'ejx¿ ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{
;lsG5 .
• of] ;Gb]z / hfgsf/L lng] / lbg] bf]xf]/f] k|lqmof xf] .
• ;~rf/n] of]hgf / gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf lgldQ dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg, dfu{bz{g / ;'emfj lbg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
• To;}u/L dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;d:of, u'gf;f] / pknlAwsf] hfgsf/L Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;Dk|]if0f ub{5g\ .
• ;ª\u7gsf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿lar k|efjsf/L ;dGjo sfod u/L ;kmntf xfl;n ug{sf] nflu ;~rf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .
• ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/LnfO{ cy{k"0f{, 9ª\un] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfo{ g} ;~rf/ xf] . ;~rf/af6 ;"rgf, ;Gb]z, ljrf/ cflb af]nL jf ;ª\s]t jf lnlvt
¿kdf k|jfx x'G5 .
• b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L hLljt k|f0fLlar cy{k"0f{ 9ª\un] ljrf/ efjgf ;"rgf cflb cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ k|lqmof g} ;~rf/ xf] .
• ;dfg p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;ª\u7gdf dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df cfa4 ug]{ dfWod g} ;~rf/ xf] .
• ;~rf/ ;"rgf÷hfgsf/Lx¿ Ps JolQmx¿af6 csf]{ JolQmdf, Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ;~rf/ Joj:yf k|efjsf/L
x'g k|jfx ug{ rfx]sf] jf:tljs ;"rgf jf ljrf/ k|fksn] a'em\g' jf k|fKt ug'{k5{ o; cy{df ;~rf/ ;"rgfsf] x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .
• Theo Haimann sf cg';f/ ;~rf/ eg]sf] Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{ JolQmdf ;"Rfgf tyf ;dembf/L k7fpg] k|lqmof xf] . of] ljrf/x¿sf] cjut ug]{
Pjd\ Psn] csf]{nfO{ a'em\g] k|lqmof klg xf] .
• New man and summer sf cg';f/ æ;~rf/ b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L JolQmx¿sf] tYo, ljrf/, wf/0ff, ;"rgf tyf hf]zsf] ljlgod xf] .Æ
• sfof{nosf] cfGtl/s b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{, lg0f{o ug]{ jf ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;Dks{sf] qmddf ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, ljrf/ cflbsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfo{
g} sfof{nosf] cfGtl/s ;~rf/ xf] .
• of]hgf agfpg], ;ª\u7g Jojl:yt ug]{, pTk|]/0ff hufpg], lgb]{zg lbg], lgoGq0f ug]{ h:tf sfof{non] ug]{ sfo{sf] cfwf/ klg ;~rf/ g} xf] .
• sfof{no ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 g} dftxtdf cfb]z lgb]{zg lbg tyf dftxtsf ;"rgf hfgsf/Lx¿ dflyNnf] lgsfodf ;xh ;Dk|]if0f ug{ dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
• sfof{no Joj:yfkgsf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf ;~rf/ /x]sf] 5 . h;/L dfgj z/L/ hLljt /xg / sfo{ ug{sf nflu /Qm;~rf/sf] 7'nf] e"ldsf x'G5
To;}u/L sfof{no ;xL 9ª\un] ;~rfng x'g sfof{no ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf x'G5 .
c;n ;~rf/sf u'u'0fx¿
• :ki6tfki6tf (Clearity):;~rf/ ug{ vf]h]sf] s] xf] < :ki6 ;'lgg] u/L ;f]xLcg';f/sf] ;/n efiffdf k|jfx ul/g'kb{5 .
• kof{Kttf (Adequate):;~rf/df cgfjZos JofVof x'g'x'Fb}g . hlt cfjZos xf] Tolt dfq ;~rf/ x'g'kb{5 .
• jf:tljstf (Accuracy):;"rgf ;xL / tYodf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .
10
• ljZj;gLotf (Reliability): ;"rgf hfgsf/L ljZj;gLo x'g'kb{5 .
• Ps¿ktf (Uniformity):efiff, :j/sf] dfqf, k|:t'lt z}nLdf Ps¿ktf x'g'kb{5 .
• p2]Zo pGd'v (Purposive):s]sf] nflu ;~rf/ ug]{ :ki6 x'g'kb{5 .
• ;d;fdflostf (Timeliness):;dod} ;~rf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
• :jLsfo{tf (Acceptibility):efiffz}nL / ljifoj:t' ;j{:jLsfo{ x'g'kb{5 .
• pko'Qm dfWod (Proper chancel):;~rf/sf] p2]Zoadf]lhd nlIft ju{nfO{ ;~rf/sf] kx'Fr k'Ug'kb{5 .
• plrt k|ltlqmof (Proper feedback):;"rgf kfpg]n] To;sf] k|ltlqmof ;"rgfbftfnfO{ lbg'kb{5 .
;~rf/sf p2]Zox¿
• nIo k|flKtnfO{ ;xh u/fpg] .
• ;"rgf, hfgsf/Ldf kx'Fr j[l4 ug'{ .
• sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;dGjog ug'{ .
• ;a} k|sf/sf lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ lbg' .
• ;xeflutf a9fpg' .
• b'O{ kIflarsf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug{ .
• ;]jfu|fxLd}qL sfof{no agfpg .
• ;r]tgf j[l4 ug{ .
;~rf/sf tŒjx¿÷;~rf/sf] k|lqmof
!= ;Gb]z (Message):k|]zsn] k|fksnfO{ ;~rf/ ug{sf nflu cfjZos klxnf] tŒj xf] . o;n] ;~rf/sf] p2]Zo lg0f{f/0f ub{5 .
@= k|]zs (Sender):s;n] ;Gb]z k7fpg] xf] .
#= ;ª\
;ªs]
\st] df ¿kfGt/0f (Encoding):k|]ifssf] ljefudf /x]sf] ;Gb]znfO{ k|fksn] a'em\g] ;ª\s]tdf ;ª\s]tLs/0f ug{ .
$= dfWod (Channel):;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ dfWod h:t} Internet, 6]lnlehg, km\ofS; cflb .
%= ;Gb]zdf ¿kfGt/0f (decoding):;ª\s]tdf kl/0ft ePsf] ;Gb]znfO{ k'/fg} cj:yfdf k|fksn] a'em\g] z}nLdf ¿kfGt/0f .
^= cfjfh (Noise):jf:tljs ;Gb]z ;'gfpg' . o;nfO{ ;~rf/sf] k|lqmofsf] cj/f]wsf] ¿kdf klg lnOG5 .
&= k|fks (Receiver):nlIft ju{, h;n] ;"rgf k|fKt ub{5 .
*= k[i7kf]if0f (Feedback):k|fksn] jf:tljs ;"rgf kfPsf] jf a'em]sf] k|ltlqmof k|]ifsnfO{ k|fKt x'g' .
SmartGK

;Gb]z cfjfh

k|]ifs ?kfGt/0f dfWod ?kfGt/0f k|fks

k[i7kf]if0f

o;/L Communication cycle k'/f x'gsf] nflu / k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ;Dkfbgdf k|]ifsn] h'g cy{df ;Gb]z k|fksnfO{ lbg vf]h]sf] xf] ToxL cy{df
k|fksn] a'em\g clgjfo{ 5 .
Aoj;flos ;~rf/sf k|sf/x¿
!= lnlvt dfWod (Written medium of communication)
• sfof{nodf k|fKt x'g] lr7Lkq, d]df], k|ltj]bg, P]g lgod, ;s{'n/ cflb .
• tTsfn k|ltlqmof ug{ ufx|f] .
• clen]v ;[hgf ug{ ;lhnf] .
• sfg'gL b:tfj]hsf] cfwf/ .
@= df}lvs dfWod (Oral communication)
• Face to face discussion
• 6]lnkmf]g jftf{, cf}krfl/s, efif0f
• låkIfLo jftf{ tyf a}7sx¿
• tTsfn k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]
• clen]v ;[hgfdf ;d:of .
11
 • kf/:kfl/s 5nkn
• jftf{nfk
#= laB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWod (Mass media)
• ljB'tLo dfWod h:t}M /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 5fkf dfWod .
$= ;fdflhs ;~hfn (Social media)
• Facebook, Twiter, Instrgram cflb .
%= JolQmx¿sf] ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df
• Inter personal communication: b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L JolQmx¿lar .
• Intra personal communication: JolQmleqsf] cfGtl/s ;~rf/ .
• Extra personal communication: dfgj / u}/dfgjlar x'g] ;~rf/ .
• Group communication: w]/} dflg;x¿lar x'g] ;fd"lxs 5nkmn .
• Mass communication: ;~rf/ dfWod h:t} TV, kqklqsfaf6 x'g] ;~rf/ .
a}ssf zfvf sfof{nodf ;~rf/sf] dxŒj
• sfof{nosf] p2]Zo Pjd\ nIo k|flKtsf nflu sfof{nodf ;+nUg kIflar ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ .
• ;ª\u7gsf] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfknfO{ PsLs/0f ug{ .
• sfof{no Joj:yfkgsf] ;xof]uL .
• ;~rf/n] lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ l56f], ;/n / k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf lg0f{odf ckgTj af]w u/fO{ sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ub{5 .
• sfof{nosf] cfGtl/s jftfj/0fnfO{ ;b[9 agfO{ ;ª\u7gnfO{ lbuf] / ;kmn agfpFb5 .
• ;~rf/n] eP u/]sf gLlt lgodnfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
• ;~rf/n] Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{bIftf clej[l4 ub{5 .
SmartGk
• ;~rf/n] ;"rgfsf] xs k|Tofe"lt ub{5 .
• ;~rf/n] åGå ;dfwfg ug{, tgfj Joj:yfkg, ;ª\s6 Joj:yfkgdf ;xhsf/L e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
• ;~rf/n] ;ª\u7gk|lt u|fxs tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ljZjf; a9fpFb5 .
• ;~rf/n] ;ª\u7gsf lqmofsnfkdf Ps¿ktf NofpFb5 .
a}ssf k|wfg sfof{nodf ;~rf/sf] dxŒj
• gLlt lg0f{osf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ jf ;d:of klxrfg ug{ .
• cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ ljsNkx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ .
• ljsNkx¿dWo] pQd ljsNk 5gf}6 ug{ .
• ljsNk lgdf{0f qmddf jf lg0f{oqmddf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu /fo jf dt a'em\g .
• lg0f{o ;~rf/ ug{, k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ .
• lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf ;xeflutf a9fpg .
• lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg .
• cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf k[i7kf]if0f lbg .
k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf cj/f]w
;~rf/df cfpg] ljleGg cj/f]wx¿sf] sf/0fn] ;~rf/sf] p2]Zo ljrlnt x'g ;S5 . k|]ifsn] eGg vf]h]sf] ;"rgf k|fksn] ;xL 9ª\udf lng g;Sg'sf]
k5fl8 x'g ;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ cj/f]wnfO{ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf cj/f]w elgG5 .
!= ef}lts cj/f]w (Physical Barriers)
• hl6n ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf, 7'nf] sfo{If]q, w]/} sd{rf/L ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf ;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf lg/Gt/tf sfod ug{ sl7gfO{ x'G5 .
• afx\o jftfj/0fdf x'g] xf]xNnf, df};dL u8a8Ln] ;d]t ;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 .
@= dgf]j}1flgs cj/f]w (Psychological Barriers)
• ;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf k|]ifs / k|fks b'j}df dfgjLo ;+j]bgf h:t}M k"jf{u|x, c:ki6 dfGotfM lh2L :jfefj, l56\6} lgisif{df k'Ug], JolQmut :jfy{
cflb sf/0f dgf]j}1flgs b"/L a9\g uO{ ;~rf/df cj/f]w cfpF5 .
• tgfjsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5 .
#= efiffut cj/f]w (Language Barriers)
• ;~rf/qmddf c:ki6, ax'cyL{, hl6n, Joª\UofTds zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] v08df k|fksn] ;xL cy{df ga'em\g ;S5 .
• n}ªl\ us c;dfgtfsf zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ePdf .
• kbLo dof{bfeGbf aflx/sf] zAb k|of]u ePdf .
sfof{no
no ;"rgfsf ;|f]tx¿M cfGtl/s tyf afx\
afxo\ ;|f]tx¿ (Sources of Office Information: Internal and External)
12
 -!_ cfGtl/s ;|f]tx¿ (Internal sources)
s= sfof{no clen]v (Office record)
v= ;"rgf / kl/kq (Notice & circular)
u= ;ef jf j}7s (Meeting or assembly)
3= ljQLo ljj/0fx¿ (Financial statements)
-@_ afx\o ;|f]tx¿ (External sources)
s= ahf/ ;j]{If0f (Market survey)
v= ahf/ cg';Gwfg (Market research)
u= tYofª\s a}+s (Data bank)
3= Od]n÷OG6/g]6 (Email/Internet)
ª= kqklqsf tyf k':ts (Newspaper & books)
r= u|fxs, dWo:ystf{ / cfk"lt{stf{x¿ (Customers, Intermediaries & Suppliers)
a}sdf ;~rf/sf k|sf/x¿ (Types of Communication)
;~rf/nfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . tL cfwf/ / ;f] cGtu{tsf] juL{s/0fnfO{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M–
!= ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df (On the basis of sources)
-s_ cfGtl/s ;~rf/ (Internal communication)
-v_ jfx\o ;~rf/ (External communication) SmartGk
@= ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df (On the basis of relationship)
-s_ cf}krfl/s ;~rf/ (Formal communication)
-v_ cgf}krfl/s ;~rf/ (Informal communication)
#= k|jfxsf] lbzfsf] cfwf/df (On the bais of direction of flow)
-s_ 7f8f] ;~rf/ (Vertical communication)
c_ cwf]d'vL ;~rf/ (Downward communication)
cf_ pWj{d'vL ;~rf/ (Upward communication)
-v_ ;dtn ;~rf/ (Horizontal communication)
-u_ 58s] ;~rf/ (Diagonal communication)
$= k|of]u ul/Psf] ;fwgsf] cfwf/df (On the basis of means used)
-s_ df}lvs ;~rf/ (Oral communication)
-v_ lnlvt ;~rf/ (Written communication)

a}sdf ;~rf/ dfWodx¿ (Means of Communication)

cfhsn ;~rf/sf ljleGg dfWodx¿ k|of]u x'Fb} cfO /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfdf ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt, ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, nfut tyf ;+:yfut k|of]hgsf]
cfwf/df ljleGg dfWodx¿ k|of]u u/L ;~rf/ ;Dks{ sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . x'g t ;~rf/ dfWod jf ;fwgnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
tfklg oxfF cWoogsf] b[li6sf]0fn] lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M–
!_ ;fª\s]lts dfWod (Symbolic means)
@_ df}lvs dfWod (Verbal/oral means)
#_ lnlvt dfWod (Written means) SmartGk
$_ oflGqs dfWod (Mechanical means)
!_ ;fª\
;fªs]
\sl] ts dfWod (Symbolic means)
• ljleGg ;+s]tsf] cfwf/df ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ k|of]u u/L dfWodnfO{ ;f+s]lts dfWod elgG5 .
• o;df ljleGg ;+s]tx¿ h:t} ;';]nL, 306L, lrGx, tfnL, zf/Ll/s xfpefp, /+u cflb dfWodsf] ¿kdf cfpFb5g\ .
@_ df}lvs dfWod (Verbal/oral means)
• b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L JolQm jf kIf lardf af]n]/ jf s'/fsfgL u/]/ ;"rgf jf ljrf/ k|jfx ug]{ dfWodnfO{ df}lvs dfWod elgG5 .
• cfdg] ;fdg] s'/fsfgL, cfb]z, 5nkmn, 6]lnkmf]g s'/fsfgL, nfp8 :kLs/ cflb ;~rf/sf df}lvs dfWodx¿ x'g\ .
#_ lnlvt dfWod (Written means)
• s'g} lnlvt sfuhft dfkm{t ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] dfWodnfO{ ;~rf/sf] lnlvt dfWod elgG5 .
• lr7Lkq, k|ZgfjnL kmf/fd, klqsf, a'n]l6g, kl/kq, tf]s cfb]z, l6Kk0fL, k|ltj]bg cflb ;~rf/sf lnlvt dfWodx¿ x'g\ . lnlvt dfWodn]
eljiodf k|df0fsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 .
$_ oflGqs dfWod (Mechanical means)
• x'g t ;~rf/sf df}lvs tyf lnlvt dfWoddf klg oflGqs ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u x'G5 . tfklg ;f] cGtu{t gk/]sf cGo oflGqs pks/0fx¿nfO{
oflGqs dfWod dfGg ;lsG5 .
• /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, Od]n, OG6/g]6, 6]lnlk|G6/ cflb h:tf pks/0f / dfWodx¿af6 klg ;~rf/ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 .
Aoj:yfkgdf cg'udg, ;'k/Lj]If0f / lgoGq0f -Monitoring, Supervision and Control_
13
 • cg'udg c;n jg Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg g} cg'udg ug]{ xf] . cg'udgn] tkfO{nfO{ tnsf s'/f ug{sf] nflu
;xof]u ub{5
• of]hgf rqmsf] clGtd efu cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg xf] . o; dWo] klg cg'udg ;fdfGotof sfof{Gjogs} avt ul/G5 eg] d"Nof+sg of]hgfsf]
;dflKt kl5 ul/G5 .
cg'udg
cg'udg d'Vot b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 – !_ sfuhL cg'udg (Paper Monnitoring_ M h:fdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ OsfO{n] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfwf/
dflgG5 / @_ :ynut cg'udg (Field Monitoring) M h;df of]hgf÷cfof]hgfsf] :ynut cWoog / cg'udg ul/G5 . bf];|f] k|sf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L
dflgG5 . b'j} k|sf/sf cg'udgx? k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;"rsx?sf cfwf/df ul/G5 . cg'udg ug'{sf d'VotM rf/ p2]Zox? x'G5g\ .
sfof{Gjogdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
;d:of / afwfx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ .
u'0f:t/Lotf a[l4 ug]{ .
k'gM t'h'{dfnfO{ ;3fpg] .
• of]hgf cg'udgsf b'O{ approaches 5g\ – !_ k|lqmof cg'udg (Process Monitoring) / @_ gtLhf cg'udg (Result Monitoring) k|lqmof
cg'udgdf lglZrt k|lqmofx? k"/f ul/Psf] 5 5}g x]l/G5 eg] gtLhf cg'udgdf of]hgfsf nIox? xfl;n ug{ ePsf pknlAwx? x]l/G5 . ;a}
nIox? sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf g} k"/f gx'g] / pknlAw Pj+ k|efjnfO{ ;+VofTds ?kdf dfkg ug{ g;lsg] ePsf] cj:yfdf ltgsf Proxy x?sf]
k|of]ujf6 cg'udg ul/G5 .
• em§ x]bf{ oL b'O{ approaches 5'§f5'§} b]lvP klg oL Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ – Pssf] cefjdf csf]{n] ck]lIft k|ltkmn lbg ;Sb}g . k|lqmof dfq
k'u]/ slxn]sfFxL gtLhf cfpFb}g eg] gtLhf dfq x]bf{ sfo{sf] u'0f:t/Lotf ;d]t cljZj;gLo x'g;S5 .
d"Nof+sg
of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf÷kl/of]hgfsf] d"Nof+sg eGgfn] ;fdfGo cy{df logsf] ;dflKt kl5 ul/g] d"Nof+sg (Post evaluation) eGg] a'lemG5 . t/
d"Nof+sg slxn]sfFxL z'?df, aLrdf / ;dflKt kl5 ul/G5 . o;/L x]bf{ d"Nof+sg tLg k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
!_ k"j{ d"Nof+sg (Pre evaluation) M of] jf:tjdf of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0f xf] . sfof{Gjogdf hfg' cufj} o;sf] k|efj d"Nof+sg ug'{ k"j{ d"Nof+sg xf] .
@_ dWofjlw jf aLrsf] d"Nof+sg (On going evaluation) M of] / cg'udg nueu p:t} xf] t/ bL3{sfnLg k|s[ltsf of]hgfx?n] sfof{Gjogsf r/0fdf
plrt k|ltkmn lbP lbPgg\ / of]hgfsf] p2]Zo k"/f pg{ ;Ifd x'G5g x'b}gg\ egL d"Nof+sg ug'{ o;k|sf/sf] d"Nof+sgsf] p2]Zo x'G5 . ;"rsx? kl/kSj
geO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ltgsf Proxy sf] d2tjf6 o:tf] d"Nof+sg ul/G5 .
#_ kZr d"Nof+sg (Post evaluation) M of]hgfsf] ;dflKtkl5 ul/g] d"Nof+sgnfO{ Post evaluation elgG5 . ;fdfGotof d"Nof+sg eg]/ o;nfO{
elgG5 . d"Nof+sg ubf{ tLg txsf] d"Nof+sg x'G5 M
Output level -k|ltkmn tx_
Outcome level -pknlAw tx_
Impact Level -k|efj tx_
of]hgfnfO{ nfut, ;do / u'0f:t/sf] cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ul/G5 . of]hgfsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{sf p2]Zox? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ .
!_ of]hgfdf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf] klxrfg ug'{ .
@_ To:tf sdL sdhf]/L Pj+ ;d:ofx?sf] sf/0fx?sf] klxrfg ug'{ .
#_ of]hgfsf ;jn kIfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ .
$_ of]hgfsf pknlAw tyf k|efjx?sf] cWoog ug'{ . SmartGk
%_ cfufdL of]hgfsf nflu lzIff lng' / ;Nnfx÷;'emfj lbg' .
of]hgf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf ;d:ofx?
g]kfndf of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf dfq xf]O{g, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgdf ;d]t ;d:of 5 h'g d'Vo ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
!_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg z"Gok|foM 5 . dGqfnox?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvf÷zfvfdf sfd ug'{kbf{ kmflnPsf] dx;'; ug]{ k|j[lQ 5 .
@_ sfuhL cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg j9L x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
#_ cfof]hgf÷kl/of]hgfx?df ;w} *)Ü eGbf a9L k|ult x'G5 t/ of]hgfx? ;w} c;kmn x'G5g\ .
$_ jLlQo k|ultn] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{ kl/kf6L sfod 5 .
%_ :ynut cg'udg d"Nof+sg k|fo ul/b}g . ul/Pklg cfof]hgf;+u ;Dj4 OsfO{sf] cltlysf] ?kdf hfg] / ;f] OsfO{n] b]vfPsf] dfq x]g]{ k|rng 5 .
^_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf cfw'lgs / j}1flgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/b}g .
&_ of]hgf÷sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] k|efj d"Nof+sg sd} dfq x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
*_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgstf{nfO{ of]hgf÷sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf af/]df oy]i6 hfgsf/L x'g] u/]sf] kfO{b}g . cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;"rsx? klxNo}
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'b}g .
(+_ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf of]hgfsf] cg'udg d"Nof+sg ul/b}g . ;]jfu|fxL kIfnfO{ o;df ;xefuL u/fOb}g .
!)_ gtLhf÷pknlAwsf] cfwf/df b08, k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{b}g . o;n] ubf{ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgstf{nfO{ /fd|/L cg'udg÷d"Nof+sg ug]{
Incentive x'b}g .
!!_ cg'udg÷d"Nof+sgsf nflu lglb{i6 kmf/dx?sf] ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] kfO{b}g .
!@_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ k|of]u ul/b}g .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cg' cg'udg d"Nof+sg Joj:yf

14
 ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf nfu" ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; k|0ffnL sfo{qmdjf6 z'? ePsf] . pknlAwnfO{ s"n vr{sf] cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ug]{
ul/GYof] .
cf=j= @)#@÷## b]lv efl/t k|ultsf] z'?jft eof] . -kfFrf} of]hgf_
cf7f}+ of]hgf sfndf ljZj a}+s tyf PlzofnL ljsf; a}+sn] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf (Technical Assistance) pknAw
u/fPsf .
k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgfsf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] / cGosf] ;DalGwt dGqfnon] ug]{ Joj:yf .
ul/jLsf ;Gbe{df Participatory Povery Assessment ul/Psf] .
dn]lzof tyf j+unfb]zn] ckgfPsf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ljlwnfO{ k5\ofOPsf] .
xfn ;dflhs GofonfO{ d"Nof+sgsf] Ps cfwf/ agfOPsf] .
cg'udg tyf d"No+fsg Joj:yf
ljsf; of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogåf/f of]hgfn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] p2]Zo Pj+ nIo xfl;n ug]{ Joj:yfksLo cf}hf/ Pj+ k|lqmofsf] ?kdf cg'udg tyf
d"Nof+sgsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . cfjlws of]hgfn] /fv]sf nIox? xfl;n ug{ ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx? k"j{ lgwf{l/t kl/df0f, u'0f:t/,
nfut tyf ;doleq ;DkGg u/fpg sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg (performance monitoring) ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljsf; gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf]
nlIft k|ltkmn nfeu|fxL ju{n] lbuf] ?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] / To;af6 pgLx?sf] hLjg:t/df k/]sf] c;/ tyf k|efj x]g{ lbuf]kgfsf] cg'udg Pj+
ljleGg kIfx?sf] d"Nof+sg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;}u/L ;du| ljsf; k|lqmofaf6 ;j} If]q, ln+u, ;fdflhs ;d"x, k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] hghLljsfdf k/]sf] k|efj
;d]t x]/L ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ tbg';f/ ;dfof]hg ub}{ n}hfg ljsf; glthf Pj+ ul/aLsf] cg'udg ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . log} tYox?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljutsf
k|of;x?sf] ;dLIff / cfjZos kl/dfh{g ;lxt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+:yfut ug{ / cGtl/d of]hgfdf ;+rfng x'g]
k'gMlgdf{0f, k'gM:yfkgf, k'gMPsLs/0f / k'gM;dfof]hg h:tf sfo{qmd / yk gofF sfo{qmdx?sf] ljz]if cg'udg ;d]t ug{sf] nflu cg'udg tyf
d"Nof+sgnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L jgfpg' k/]sf] 5 .
;d:of, r'gf}tL / cj;/x?
;d:ofx?
/fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt (National Development Action Committee-NDAC) / dGqfno ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt
(Ministrial Development Action Committee-MDAC) sf a}7sx? lgwf{l/t ;dodf / lgoldt ?kdf x'g g;Sg', cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgaf6
k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf k|of]u gx'g', cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] ;+u7gfTds ;'b[9Ls/0f, ;+hfnLs/0f
/ ;dGjo gx'g', sfg'gL Joj:yf gx'g', o; sfo{df ;+nUg hgzlQmnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ plrt Wofg glbOg', sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] sdL x'g' /
cfof]hgf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rgf k|0ffnL (PPIS) sf] pkof]u p2]Zofg';f/ gx'g' cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf If]qsf k|d'v ;d:ofx?sf ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
r'gf}tLx?
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg Joj:yfnfO{ ;do;fk]If ?kdf kl/dfh{g ub}{ ;+:yfut ug]{ / o;af6 ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] sfo{ g}
k|d'v r"gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L gLlt lgdf{0f txsf] k|lta4tf, tflnd k|fKt bIf hgzlQmsf] ;]jf lg/Gt/tf / nfu" ul/Psf ;"rs tyf ;du|
;"rgf k|jfx Joj:yfsf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf u/fpg' cg'udg Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf cGo r'gf}tLx? x'g\ . e/kbf]{, ;doa4 / ;dfa]zL gLlt cg';f/
juL{s[t ?kdf ;"rgf tyf tYof+sx? k|jfx ug]{ PsLs[t (harmonized) cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg Joj:yf canDag ug'{ csf]{ r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
cg'udg (Monitoring )
• s'g} gLltsf] Joj:yfkgsf] txaf6 cfkm} jf ljz]if1 dfkm{t lg/Gt/ jf j]nf jvtdf ul/g] hfFrj''emsf] sfdnfO{ g} ;fdfGo cy{df cg'udg elgG5 .
• :jLs[t ePsf] gLlt ;xL 9+uaf6 sfof{Gjogdf uPsf] 5 sL 5}g eg]/ x]g]{ sfo{ g}} gLltsf\] cg'udg xf] .
• to ul/Psf] af6f] cg';f/ lxl8Psf] 5 sL 5}g eg]/ Plsg ug]{ sfdnfO{ klg gLltsf] cg'udg sfo{sf] ?kdf a'lemG5 .
• gLlt adf]lhdsf] sfo{qmd ug{ cfjZos kg]{ jh]6, sfo{tflnsf cg';f/sf] sfo{ / kl/nlIft k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{sf] lgldQ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf x'g' kg]{
sfo{ ;+rfng e}/x]sf 5 5}g egL lglZrt ug{ cg'udg ul/G5 .
s] s] s'/fsf] cg'udg ul/G5 <
• sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf gLltx?sf]
• sfof{Gjog ePsf] t/ gLltsf] p4]Zo k|fKt ge} aLr}df cj?4 ePsf gLltx?sf]
• sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf gLltx?sf]
gLltsf] cg'udg s;/L ug]{ <
•sfo{ljlw / k|lqmofsf] cg'udg ( Process Monitoring )
•glthf / pknAwLsf] cg'udg ( Result Monitoring )
d"Nof+sg eg]sf] s] xf]] ( What is Evaluation ) <
• s'g} klg gLlt hf/L ul/;s]kl5 Tof] gLltsf] k|efj of c;/ s:tf] /Xof] eg]/ x]g]{ sfdnfO{ g} gLltsf] d"Nof+sg elgG5 .
• lglw{i6 ck]Iff / p4]Zo ;lxt hf/L ul/Psf] gLltn] cfkm\gf ck]Iffx? k|fKt ug{ ;Sof] ls ;s]g eg]/ x]g]{ sfo{ g} gLlt d"Nof+sg xf] .
• gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] r/0fdf klg gLltsf] d"Nof+sg ul/G5 t/ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 b]lvg] gLltsf] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfnfO{ x]g]{ sfd g}
af:tjdf gLltsf] d"Nof+sg xf] .
;fj{hlgs gLltsf] d"Nof+sg ubf{
ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/x?
!, k|efjsfl/tf ( Effectiveness ) @, sfo{s';ntf÷bIftf ( Efficiency) #, ;dtf ( Eqity )

15
 SmartGk

$, kof{Kttf ( Adequacy ) %, pko'Qmtf ( Appropriateness )^, hjfkmb]lxtf (Responsesiveness )

cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg larsf leGgtfx?
cg'udg d"Nof+sg
gLltsf] sfof{Gjog cjlwe/ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul/g] k|lqmof, h;nfO{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog r/0f / clGtd jf ;DkGg ePkl5 ul/G5 .
gLltsf] cfGtl/s sfo{sf] ?kdf lnOG5
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf dfq ul/G5 . sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf / sfof{Gjog ;DkGg ePkl5 klg ul/G5
.
sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lx? kQf nufO{ ;'wf/ sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug]{ Pj+ b]lvPsf sdL
ug{ ul/G5 . sdhf]/Ljf6 kf7 l;sL gLltdf ;'wf/sf] nflu .
gLltsf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmof, nufgL, k|ltkmn cflb;+u k|ToIf gLltn] lglb{i7 u/]sf k"j{ lgwf{l/t nIo tyf pknAwLsf] l:ylt
;DalGwt x'G5 . tyf o;n] ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ kf/]sf] c;/ / k|efjsf]
cWoog;+u ;DalGwt x'G5 .
Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . sfof{Gjog ul/Psf gLltaf6 kf7 l;Sg] sfo{d"lv
Joj:yfksLo cf}hf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'G5 .
sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] cfGtl/s ;+oGqaf6 g} ul/G5 . ;fdfGotM sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo eGbf dfyLNnf] lgsfo tyf
jflx/sf :jtGq ;+:yfx?sf] dfWodaf6 ul/G5 .
gLltsf] d"Nof+sg sfo{ s;n] ub{5 <
• d"Nofs+g sfo{ slxn] cf}krfl/s / slxn] cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ul/G5 . o:t]f sfo{ ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L b'j} ?kdf ul/G5 .
• d"Nof+sg sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] lgsfonfO{ @ efudf af8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5—
;/sf/L cyf{t cfGtl/s d"Nof+sgsf lgsfox? afXo d"Nof+sgsf lgsfox?
sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;+rf/ dfWod
;+;b\ / o;sf ;ldltx? ljZjljBfnosf ljJbfgx?
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu bjfj ;d"x
;fj{hlgs 5fgljg ;ldlt ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"x
/fli6\|o of]hgf cfof]u u}/;/sf/L cg'';+wfg s]Gb|
ljz]if cfof]u cGt/fli6\|o ;+:yfx?
;DalGwt dGqfno÷ljefu bft[ ;d'bfox?
d"Nof+sgsf r/0fx? d"Nof+sgdf s] s] x]g]{ <
• gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;DefJotf d"Nof+sg • gLltsf] k|efj / c;/ s:tf] /Xof] <
• gLltsf] sfo{Ifdtf d"Nof+sg • gLltsf] pkfb]otf s:tf] /Xof] <
• gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof+sg • ;+/rgfut / sfo{ut sdL sdhf]/L s] s] eP <
• gLltsf] /fhg}lts d"Nof+sg • ;'wf/sf If]q / ljifo s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <
• cj eljZodf s;/L cl3 a8\g] <
a}s tyf ljlTto ;+:yf ;DalGw P]g, @)&# sf] bKfmf %^= shf{ /sdsf] ;b'kof]u ;DaGwL cg'udg M a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu
C0fLnfO{ shf{ lbPsf] xf] ;f] k|of]hgdf C0fLn] shf{ /sd ;b'kof]u u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf cg'udgsf] tflnsf agfO{ ;f] adf]lhd lgoldt
cg'udg ug'{ kg]{5 . SMartGk
lgoGq0f (Meaning of Controlling)
• lgoGq0f eg]sf] ;ª\u7gfTds nIo xfl;n ug]{ x]t'n] k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;ª\u7gfTds :t/;Fu ef}lts / ljQLo sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu t'ngf / ;Gt'ng ug]{ sfo{
xf] . s'g} sfo{df ;'wf/fTds sbd g} lgoGq0fsf] ;f/ xf] .
• lgoGq0f ;ª\u7gsf] jf:tljs sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k"j{lgwf{l/t dfkb08;Fu t'ngf u/L s'g} leGgtf b]vf k/]df To;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .
• lgwf{l/t nIo / oyfy{ glthflarsf] t'ngfTds d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ sbd rflng] k|lqmof g} lgoGq0f (Controlling) xf] .
• Joj:yfksLo lgoGq0f Pp6f Jojl:yt k|oTg xf] h;åf/f Joj:yfksx¿n] lgwf{l/t ultljlwx¿nfO{ jf:tljs glthfdf abNg] k|oTg ub{5g\ .
• Joj:yfkgn] JolQmut / ;ª\u7gfTds sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L jf:tljs sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ pQm :t/;Fu dfkg ub{5 .
• k"j{ lgwf{l/t :t/ / jf:tljs sfo{ ;Dkfbg glthflar s'g} leGgtf b]vf k/]df To;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu Joj:yfkgn] cfjZos sbd rfNb5 .
• Joj:yfkgn] ;j{k|yd of]hgf / gLltx¿sf] th'{df u/L k"j{ lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu tL of]hgf / gLltx¿nfO{ jf:tljs Jojxf/df
sfof{Gjog ub{5g\ .
• ælgoGq0f Tof] k|lqmof xf], h;n] jt{dfg sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofª\sg ub{5 / s]xL k"j{lgwf{l/t nIox¿nfO{ kyk|bz{g ub{5 .Æ (Controlling is the
process that measures current performance and guides it towards some predetermined goals.) Joseph L. Maissie

SmartGk
16
• ælgoGq0f eGgfn] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofª\sg tyf ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 h;åf/f ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf lgwf{l/t of]hgfn] sfd u/f];\ .Æ
(Controlling is the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprises objectives and the
plans devised to attain them are being accomplished.) Koontz and Weihrich
• æs] ;DkGg eof] egL lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ lgoGq0f xf], To;n] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / cfjZos k/]df ;'wf/fTds sfo{ ;d]t ;DkGg ub{5,
h;n] of]hgfcg'¿k sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g ;Sb5 .Æ (Controlling is determining what is being accomplished, that is evaluating the
performance and if necessary, applying corrective measures so that performance takes place according to plans.) George
R. Terry
• ælgoGq0f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ To:tf] k|lqmof xf], hf] JolQmut PsfOx¿ tyf ;du| ;ª\u7gs} ;fwg / ;|f]t p2]Zo xfl;n x'g] u/L
k|efjsf/L Pjd\ bIftfk"j{s ;b'kof]u eP gePsf] x]g{' / p2]Zo k|flKt gePsf] eP ;'wf/fTds sbd rfNg' xf] .Æ (Control is the process of
monitoring activities to ensure that they are being acomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations.)
Stephen P. Robbins
lgoGq0f k|lqmof (Controlling Process)
!= sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08 :yfkgf ug]{ (Establishment of performance standards)
• lgoGq0fsf] klxnf] k|lqmofdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/sf] lgwf{/0f dfgj ;fwg of]hgf th'{df ug]{ qmddf sfo{ ljZn]if0f / sfo{ ljj/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ul/G5 .
• s'g} kbdf a;]/ s'g} JolQmn] s] ug'{kb{5, slt ug'{kb{5 / s;/L ug'{kb{5 eGg] af/]df lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
• o;cGtu{t pTkfbg dfqf, ;do, u'0f:t/, nfut cflbsf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
• sfo{;Dkfbg lgwf{/0f ubf{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] :t/ :ki6 / p2]ZofTds x'g'kb{5, h;n]ubf{ dfkg / a'em\g ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
@= sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08 ;"lrt ug]{ (Communicate standards to Employees)
• sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ lgwf{/0f ul/;s]kl5 o;sf af/]df sd{rf/Lx¿lardf hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZos st{Jo x'G5 .
• sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{nO{ cfzf dfq ul/of] jf :ki6 ¿kdf ls6fg ul/Psf eg] ToxfF ;d:of cfOkg{ ;Sb5 .
• sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf] hfgsf/L Joj:yfks / ;xfossf]lardf bf]xf]/f] lsl;dn] x'g'kb{5, h;n] ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{sf ;fy} a'em\g klg ;Sb5 .
#= jf:tljs
jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug'{ (Measure actual performance)
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ug'{kg]{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbO;s]kl5 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbgsf af/]df ljleGg tl/sfx¿ h:t}
JolQmut cjnf]sg, tYofª\sLo k|ltj]bg, df}lvs k|ltj]bg cflbsf dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
$= dfkb08 / jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbgsf] t'ngf ug'{ (Compare actual performance with standards)
• o; k|lqmofcGtu{t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] :t/nfO{ jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu t'ngfTds cWoog u/]/ To; larsf] sf/0fnfO{ ls6fg ul/G5 .
• o;cGtu{t sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ lgwf{l/t nIoeGbf a9L ;Gtf]ifhgs sd jf a/fa/ s] eof] eg]/ cWoog ul/G5 .
• lgwf{l/t :t/eGbf jf:tljs ;Dkfbg sd jf Go"g 5 eg] To;sf] k|s[lt, 36gf, sf/0f, c;/ cflb af/] kQf nufpg] sfd ul/G5 .
%= sd{rf/Ldfem sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\ ofªsgsf]
\sgsf] :t/ 5nkmn ug]{ (Discuss appraisal with the employee)
• of] k|lqmof jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg / ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ :t/sflardf t'ngfTds cWoog ul/;s]kl5 / sf/0f;d]t kQf nufO{ ;s]kl5 z'¿ x'G5 .
• o; k|lqmofdf Joj:yfksåf/f sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfdaf/] k[i7kf]if0f lbg] ul/G5 .
• Joj:yfks / sd{rf/Lx¿n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] sfdsf] :t/ / jf:tljs ;Dkflbt :t/sf af/]df ;'wf/fTds tl/sfn] 5nkmn ul/G5 .
• o;n] sd{rf/LnfO{ lgwf{l/t :t/df k'Ugsf nflu cfjZos ;'emfj tyf ;Nnfx JolQmut ¿kdf geO{ sfo{ut¿kdf cfwfl/t eP/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ffnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL 5nkmn ul/G5 .
^= cfjZos k/]sf] v08df sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg] (If necessary initiate correcture Action)
• o;cGtu{t jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg / x'g'kg]{ ;Dkfbs:t/sf lardf s'g} km/s b]lvof] eg] ;'wf/fTds cfosf] vf]hL ul/G5 .
• o;cGtu{t sd{rf/Lx¿sf s'g} sdLsdhf]/L b]lvPdf pgLx¿nfO{ ;'wf/fTds pkfolt/ nluG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;Dkfbg:t/df s'g}
sdLsdhf]/L b]lvPdf jf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ l:ylt cfOk'u]df To;nfO{ lgwf{l/t :t/ ;d]t jf:tljs l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
lgoGq0fsf tl/sfx¿ (Methods of Controlling)
lgoGq0fsf ljleGg tl/sfx¿ x'G5g\ . ah]6 / u}/ ah]6 lgoGq0fsf tl/sfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= ah]6/L lgoGq0f (Budgetary control)
-s_ ljQLo ah]6 (Financial budget)
c_ gub ah]6 (Cash budget)M
cf_ k'FhLut vr{ ah]6 (Capital expenditure budget)
O_ jf;nft ah]6 (Balance sheet budget)
-v_ ;~rfng ah]6 (Operating budget)
c_ ljqmL ah]6 (Sales budget)
cf_ vr{ ah]6 (Expenditure budget)
O_ d'gfkmf ah]6 (Profit budget)
-u_ u}/–df}lb|s ah]6 (Non monetary budget)
c_ >d ah]6 (Labour budget)
cf_ pTkfbg ah]6 (Production budget)
17
@= ljQLo lgoGq0f÷u}x| ah]6/L lgoGq0f
(Financial control/Non budgetary control)
-s_ ljQLo ljj/0f (Financial statement)
c_ jf;nft (Balance sheet)
cf_ cfo ljj/0f (Income statement)
O_ gub k|jfx ljj/0f (Cash flow statement)
-v_ cg'kft ljZn]if0f (Ratio analysis)
-u_ kf/ ljGb' ljZn]if0f (Break even point analysis)
-3_ n]vf k/LIf0f (Auditing)

SmartGk

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;f+u7lgs gful/stf Aojxf/ -Organizational Citizenship Behavior_
;f+u7lgs gful/stf Aojxf/ -OCB_ ;g\ !(^$ df 8]lg; cf]uf{g -Dennis Organ) n] leqfPsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . ;+u7gdf sd{rf/Lx?n] cfk'mnfO
lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L jxgsf cnfjf cltl/Qm of]ubfgnfO OCB elgG5 . sd{rf/Lsf] o:tf] clQml/Qm sfd ug]{ Jojxf/df df}lb|s jf u}/ df}lb|s ;]jf ;'ljwf
k|fKt ug]{ p4]Zo ;d]t x'b}g . sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf sd{rf/Lx?n] cfk\mgf ;xkf7Lx?nfO jf cGo sfd ;Sg ufx«f] k/]sfx?dfly cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L ;s]kl5
;xof]u ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;nfO clQml/Qm lhDd]jf/L jf sfo{ jxgtf ;d]t a'lemG5 .
sd{rf/Ln] ;+u7gsf] lxtnfO k|wfg ;f]r]/ clQml/Qm ;'ljwf-tna, eTtf_sf] s'g} ;f]r g/fvL ;xof]u :j?k ul/g] ;dGjo jf ljrf/ jf ;xof]usf]
Psd'i7 ?k g} ;f+u7lgs gful/stf Aojxf/ xf] . sd{rf/Lsf] gful/stf Aojxf/sf] ;DaGw sfo{;Dkfbg / pTk|]/0ff;Fu /xG5 . pRr pTk|]l/t sd{rf/Ldf
pRr gful/s ckgTj /xG5 . eg] o;n] pRf sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u ub{5 . sd{rf/Lsf] o:tf] Jojxf/n] c;n sfo{ k|lqmofdf b]lvg] ul/sf] ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g b]vf kb{5 .
;f+u7lgs gful/s Jojxf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf tLg tl/sfaf6 k|efj kb{5 . klxnf] hf] sd{rf/L o:tf] Jojxf/df nfu]sf x'G5g\, tLlgx?nfO Joj:yfksn]
/fd|f] sfo{;Dkfbg d'Nof+sg ub{5 . o:tf] sd{rf/L ;a}sf] Kof/f] x'g] / ;a}n] c;n 7fGg] ub{5g\ . bf];|f] pRr sfo{;DkfbgnfO glthf;Fu ;d]t hf]8]/ x]l/G5
. pRr OCB x'g] sd{rf/Ln] pRr txsf] glthf;d]t b]vfpb5 . t];|f] o:tf sd{rf/Lx?nfO ;+:yf nuftf/?kn] 3f6fdf uP klg, sd{rf/L ;+Vof s6f}tL u/]
klg o:tf sd{rf/Lx?sf] hflu/ ;'/lIft x'G5 .
;f+u7lgs gful/stf Aojxf/ -OCB_ sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj
• o;n] sd{rf/Lx?sf] pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ub{5 .
SmartGk
• >f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd pkof]u ub{5 .
• c;n sd{rf/Lx?nfO ;+u7gdf leqfpg / l6sfpg ;lsG5 .
• ;fdflhs pTt/bfloTj jxg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
• ;fd"lxs sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u x'G5 .
• ;'kl/j]Ifs / sd{rf/L aLr c;n ;DaGw :yfkgf x'G5 .
• dxTjk"0f{ t/ afWosf/L gePsf ;+u7gsf sfo{x? ;Dkfbg x'G5 .
Aoj:yfksLo cfr/0f -Management Ethics_
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstf eg]sf] 7Ls g}lts d'4fx? (Moral issues) 5gf]6 ug'{ xf] . of] Joltmljz]ifsf] s] 7Ls, a]7Ls / s] /fd|f],s] g/fd|f]af/] Joltmut
ljZjf; xf] . g}ltstf Joltmdf x'G5 . g}lts Jojxf/ ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf] cfwf/ xf] . o; ;DaGwdf l/sL lu|lkmg (Ricky Griffin) sf cg';f/
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstf eg]sf] Joltmut ljZjf; xf] h;n] Jojxf/, sfo{ jf lg0f{ox? 7Ls jf unt eGg] 5'§\ ofp5 . (Management Ethics is an
individual's personal belief about whether a behavior, action or decision is right or wrong.)

Joj:yfksLo g}ltstf Joj:yfksx?sf] Jojxf/sf] dfkb08 xf] . o;n] sfo{:yndf Jojxf/nfO{ dfu{bz{g u5{ . ;f·7lgs kl/j]zdf g}lts d'2fx?
5gf]6 u5{ . ;/f]sf/jfnfx? (Stakeholders) sf] Pscfk;sf] lxtnfO{ ;Ddfg u5{ .
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstfsf ;|f]tx?
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstfsf lgDg ;|f]tx? x'G5g\ .
• JolStut g}ltstf (Individual ethics) – of] JolStljz]ifsf] d"No, dfGotf Pj+ g}lts dfkb08 xf] . kl/jf/, gft]bf/ / ldqx?n] o;nfO{
k|efljt u5{g\ . cg'ej / wd{ of] g}ltstfsf] ;|f]t xf] .
• k];fut g}ltstf ( Professionl Ethics)o;n] k];fut ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?nfO{ k|efljt u5{ . of] g}lts cfr/0f ;+lxtfdf ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu 8fS6/x?n] lj1fkg ug{ ldNb}g .
• ;fdflhs g}ltstf (Social Ethics);dfhsf sfg'g, dfGotfx?, k|yfx? / Jojxf/x? o;sf ;|f]t x'g\ . ;dfhsf ;b:ox?n] logsf] kfngf
u5{g\ . k|To]s of] km/s km/s x'G5 . Pp6f ;dfhdf of] cg}lts dflgG5 eg] csf]{ ;dfhdf ToxL s'/f g}lts dflgG5 .
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstfnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ tTjx?
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstfnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ tTjx? lgDg 5g\
!= Joj:yfksx?sf] g}lts dfkb08 (Ethical standards of managers)
@= ;dsIfL / pRr Joj:yfkssf] sfo{ (Actions of peers and top management)
#= ;fª\u7lgs ;+:s[lt (Organizational culture)
$= ;fª\u7lgs jftfj/0f (Organizational environment)
%= ;fdflhs tTjx? (Social Forces)
!= Joj:yfksx?sf] g}lts dfkb08 (Ethical standards of managers)
g}ltstf Joj:yfksdf x'G5 . Joj:yfkssf] JolStut d"No, dfGotf Pj+ g}ltstfn] p;sf] g}lts dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u5{ . g}lts dfkb08n] p;sf] g}lts
cfrf/;+lxtf k|efljt x'G5 . e|i6rf/ / nf]en] cg}lts sfo{x? ug{ pTk|]lt u5{ . cfTdljZjf;n] g}lts Jojxf/ a9fpF5 . Joj:yfkssf] g}ltstf g}
;ª\u7gdf JolStut g}ltstf (Individual ethics) x'G5 .
@= ;dsIfL / pRr Joj:yfkssf]
Joj:yfkssf] sfo{ (Actions of peers and top management)
;dsIf / pRr Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{Jojxf/n] cGo Joj:yfksLo txsf] g}ltstf k|efljt u5{ . pRr Joj:yfkssf pRr g}lts dfkb08x?n] cGo
Joj:yfkssf] g}lts dfkb08 pRr /fVb5 . bafa lbP/ sfd u/fpg vf]Hbf cg}ltstf a9\5 . ;dsIfL / pRr Joj:yfkssf sfo{x? ;ªu\7gdf
k];fut g}ltstf ( Professionl Ethics) sf ;|f]t x'G5g\ .
SmartGk
19
#= ;fª\
;fªu7lgs
\u7lgs ;+:s[lt (Organizational culture)
;fª\u7lgs ;+:s[ltn] Joj:yfksLo g}ltstfnfO{ k|efljt u5{ . o;n] g}lts k|of]ux? nfO{ k|j4{g u5{ . cg}lts k|of]ux? lgif]w u5{ . lg0f{o ug{sf
nflu cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" u5{ . 3'; / e|i6rf/nfO{ ck/fwsf] ?kdf x]5{ . ;fª\u7lgs ;+:s[ltn] g}ltstfsf nflu dfu{lrq k|bfg ub{5 .
$= ;fª\
;fªu7lgs
\u7lgs jftfj/0f (Organizational environment)
;fª\u7lgs jftfj/0fn] Joj:yfkssf] g}ltstf k|/efljt u5{ . g}ltstfd'vL gLlt Pj+ sfo{x?n] g}ltstfnfO{ ;3fpF5 . k'/:sf/ / b08 k|0ffnLn] klg
g}ltstfnfO{ c;/ kf5{ . ;fª\u7gJofkL g}lts hfu/0fn] Joj:yfksdf g}lts Jojxf/ k|j4{g u5{ . jftfj/0fsf /fhgLlts, cfly{s,;fdflhs /
;+f:s[lts tTjx?n] g}ltstfnfO{ k|efljt u5{g\ .
%= ;fdflhs
;fdflhs tTjx? (Social Forces)
k|To]s ;dfhsf] cfk\mg} g}lts d"No, dfGotf / dfkb08 x'G5g\ . ;dfhsf] sfg'g, k|yfx? (customs) / Jojxf/x? g}ltstf b;f{pF5 . of] ;j{JofkL d"No
(universal value) sf ?kdf x]l/G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dfga clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g / n}ªl\ us c;dfgtfnfO{ cg}lts dflgG5 . ;fdflhs tTjx?af6
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstf k|efljt x'G5 . ;fdflhs tTjx? ;fdflhs g}ltstfsf ;|f]t x'g\ .
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstfsf] dxTj (Importance of Management Ethics)
Joj:yfksLo g}ltstfn] Joj:yfksLo lg0f{o, sfo{ Pj+ Jojxf/nfO{ k|efj kf5{ . o;sf] lgDg s'/fx?n] ubf{ x'G5 –
• ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|j4{g (Promotion of Social Responsibility)
• ;ª\u7gsf] sd{rf/Lk|lt Jojxf/ (Treatment of Employee by Organization)
• sd{rf/Lsf] ;\ªu7gk|lt Jojxf/ (Treatment of Organization by employee)
• ;ª\u7gsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?k|lt Jojxf/ (Treatment of stakeholders by organization)
!= ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|j4{g (Promotion of Social Responsibility)
g}ltstfn] Joj:yfkgdf ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L k|j4{g u5{ . o;n] Joj:yfksx?nfO{ cfk\mgf] lg0{fo Pj+ sfo{x?df ;fdflhs lxtnfO{ Wofg lbg k|f]T;flxt
u5{ . ;ª\u7gsf] 5lj /fd|f] x'G5 . d"Nodf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg ljsl;t x'G5 .
@= ;ª\
;ªu7gsf]
\u7gsf] sd{rf/Lk|lt Jojxf/ (Treatment of Employee by Organization)
g}lts dfkb08x?n] dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efljt u5{ . lgo'lSt, vf]n'jf, tna cflb s'/fx?df kIfkft ul/Gg . cfjZos lbOPsf s'/fx? k"/f
ul/G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] OHht ul/G5 . sfdx? kf/blz{tfk"j{s ul/G5 . sd{rf/Lx?df g}ltstf k|j4{g ug{ tflnd k|bfg ul/G5 . cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ul/G5 .
;ª\u7gn] sd{rf/L sNof0fsf s'/fx?nfO k|fyldstf lbG5 .
#= sd{rf/Lsf] ;+u7gk|lt Jojxf/ -Treatment of Organization by Employees_
g}ltstfn] sd{rf/Lsf] ;+u7gk|ltsf] Jojxf/nfO b]xfo adf]lhd k|efljt ub{5 .
• sd{rf/Ln] ;+u7gsf] lxtnfO JolQmut lxteGbf dfly 7fGb5 . h;n] ubf{ ;+u7gnfO xfgL x'g] sfo{ ub}{g .
• ;+u7gnfO clxt x'g] u/L uf]Kotf e+u ub}{g .
• lx;falstfadf kf/blz{tf / OdfGbfl/tf /fVb5 .
$= ;+u7gsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?k|lt Jojxf/ -Treatment of Stakeholders by Organization_
;+u7gn] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?k|ltsf] Jojxf/df lgDgfg';f/ k|efljt ub{5 .
• u|fxs;DaGwdf OdfGbfl/tf /fV5 . o;n] lb3{sflng ;DaGw ljsl;t x'G5 .
• k|ltikwL{x? k|lt plrt Jojxf/ ub{5 .
• sd{rf/L ;+u7gx? k|lt Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/ ub{5 . SmartGk
• ljlw / k|s[ofsf] kfngf ub{5 .

lgisif{df, Joj:yfksLo g}ltstfn] ;fu+7lgs ;+:s[ltdf g}ltstf cfpF5 . ;f+u7lgs :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5 .
@= dfgj ;|f]t Aoj:yfkg M cjwf/0ff tyf sfo{x? -Human Resource Management: Concept and functions_
;ª\u7gsf lglZrt p2]Zox¿ x'G5g\ . tL p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{sf] nflu ljleGg ;fwg / ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 / ltgsf] plrt kl/rfng ug'{
kb{5 . pknAw ef}lts, ljQLo Pjd\ cGo ;fwgx¿sf] plrt / ;dGjofTds kl/rfngsf] nflu dfgj ;fwgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;y{ ;ª\u7gsf]
nflu sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ g} dfgj ;fwg dflgG5, h;n] cfkm\gf] bIftf, 1fg, Ifdtf, l;k / k|oTgaf6 pkof]uL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;[hgf ub{5 . dfgj
;fwg ;ª\u7gsf] ;lhj / ;lqmo ;fwg xf] hf] cGo ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, kl/rfng, ;dGjo / lgoGq0f ub{5 .
;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;'–Jojl:yt ;~rfng / kl/rfng;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{nfO{ dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkg elgG5 . o;cGtu{t dfgj
;fwgsf] k|flKt, ljsf;, ;b'kof]u / ;Def/;DaGwL sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ . dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkgn] ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] s'zn Pjd\ k|efjsf/L
kl/rfng dfkm{t ;ª\u7gsf] nIo k|flKtsf] lbzfdf cufl8 a9\g] p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 . ;ª\u7gsf] ;kmntf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf, ;b'kof]u / sfo{bIftfdf
lge{/ ub{5 . o;y{ Joj:yfkgn] ;Ifd / of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|flKt tyf 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ l;k, bIftf / Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx¿af6 a9L eGbf a9L sfd lngsf] nflu plrt k|]/0ff, ;xof]u, ;xeflutf, pTk|]/0ff, kfl/>lds, ;'/Iff, plrt
Joj:yfkg cflb s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfg\x¿sf] kl/efiffx¿ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
"HRM is a process consisting of the acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of Human Resources" –
Decenzo and Robbins
"HRM refers to the philosophy, policies, producers and practices related to the management of people within an organization."
– Wendell French
20
 "HRM management refers to a set of functions, programmes and activities designed and carried out in order to maximize both
employee as well as organizational effectiveness." – K Aswathappa
;du|df dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg dfgj ;fwgsf] kl/rfng;Fu ;DalGwt bz{g, gLlt, sfo{gLlt Pjd\ cEof; xf], h'g dfgj ;fwgsf] k|flKt
ljsf;, pTk|]/0ff Pjd\ cg'/If0f dfkm{t ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t dfgj ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/Ltf j[l4 ub}{ ;femf p2]Zo k|flKtsf] lbzfdf cufl8 a9\b5 .
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf]
Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zo
s= dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zo(Objectives of Human Resource Management)
Goal Achievement
Goal Harmony
Structure Maintenance
Objectives
Productivity Improvement
of HRM
Efficiency Promotion
Change Management
Quality of Work Life
Fig. Objectives of HRM
1. Goal Achievement:
HRM n] lgDg lnlvt nIod k'/f ug{ d2t ub{5 M
a. JolQmut p2]Zo (Personal Goal):sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf JolQmut p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zo xf] .
sd{rf/LnfO{ kof{Kt tna, Hofnf, ;'/Iff, j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ tyf cGo lqmofsnfkn] pgLx¿sf] JolQmut p2]Zo k'/f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
b. sfo{ut p2]Zo (Functional Goal):lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ljleGg sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ug'{ dfgj ;+;fwg
Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ p2]Zo xf] . o;sf] nflu 7Ls 7fpFdf 7Ls JolQmsf] kb:yfkgf, d"Nofª\sg, tflnd cflbdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf plrt 1fg, l;k / of]Uotf ePsf sd{rf/Lxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' HRM sf] p2]Zo xf] . o;sf] nflu ;ª\u7gdf pTs[i6
hgzlQm k|flKt, ljsf;, pTk|]/0ff / ;Def/ ug]{ sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ .
c. ;+:yfut p2]Zo (Organizational Goal):;ª\u7gsf ljleGg p2]Zox¿ x'G5g\ . tL p2]Zox¿ d'gfkmf cfh{g;DaGwL, ;]jf;DaGwL, ljsf;
/ lj:tf/;DaGwL jf cGo s'g} x'g ;S5 . ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu pknAw dfgj zlQmsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug'{ kb{5 .
d. ;fdflhs p2]Zo (Social Goal):;ª\u7g ;dfhdf hGdG5, ;dfhaf6 g} ljleGg ;fwg / ;|f]t k|ofu ub{5, j:t' pTkfbg u/L ;s]kl5
;dfhdf ljqmL ub{5 / gfkmf sdfpF5 . ;ª\u7g klg ;dfhsf] Pp6f ;b:o xf] . o;y{ ;dfhk|lt ;ª\u7gsf] lglZrt pQ/bfloTjx¿ x'g]
ub{5g\ . o;y{ ;fdflhs bfloTj k'/f ug{, ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo xf] . ;ª\u7g ;dfhsf cfjZostf / r'gf}ltx¿k|lt g}lts Pjd\ ;fdflhs ¿kn]
pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 . o;y{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg ;dfhsf] nfe, sd{rf/Lsf] enfO{ cflb h:tf ;fdflhs rf;f]sf] ljifodf Wofg lbg' klg dfgj
;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zo xf] .
2. p2]Zosf] ;fdHo:otf (Goal Harmony):
;ª\u7gsf] cfkm\g} nIo x'G5, To:t} ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿sf] klg cf–cfkm\g} nIox¿ x'G5g\ . d'Votof ;ª\u7gn] d'gfkmfnfO{ hf]8 lbG5
eg] sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfl/>ldsnfO{ hf]8 lbG5g\ . oL b'O{ nIox¿ km/s k|s[ltsf ePklg Ps cfk;df ;Gt'ng / ;dfof]hg ug'{ kb{5 . o;k|sf/ b'O{
km/s nIox¿nfO{ tfls{s ;dfof]hg ug{sf] nflu dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] /rgfTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .
3. ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ (Structure Maintenance):
x/]s ;ª\u7gx¿ Pp6f lglZrt 9fFrfcGtu{t /x]/ rn]sf x'G5g\ . ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrfn] ljleGg Job Post x¿, kbsf] clwsf/, st{Jo, cGo
kbx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw cflb s'/fx¿ bzf{pF5 . ;+/rgfnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg] sfo{ HRM n] ub{5 . 7Ls 7fpFdf 7Ls JolQm k"lt{ ug{ HRM n] ;xof]u
ub{5 .
4. pTkfbsTj
pTkfbsTj clej[l4 (Productivity Improvement):
dfgj ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng dfkm{t ;ª\u7gsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug'{ klg dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zo xf] . o;sf] nflu HRM n]
ljleGg tflnd Pjd\ ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 ;fy} k|efjsf/L pTk|]/0ff Pjd\ lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u5{ .
5. sfo{bIftf clej[l4 (Efficiency Promotion):
sd egbf sd nfutdf a9L eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug{ dfgj ;fwgsf] clwstd / k|efjsf/L k|of]u ug{ dfgj ;fwgsf] clwstd / k|efjsf/L k|of]u
ug{ h?/L 5 . k|z:t dfqfdf tflnd / ljsf;sf cj;/af6 sd{rf/Ldf sfo{ bIftf a9\b5 . kmn:j¿k Wastage, sd x'g hfG5 . ;do
Joj:yfkg /fd|f];Fu x'g ;S5 / ;du|df Efficiency a9\b5 .
6. kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg (Change Management): SmartGk
jftfj/0f kl/jt{gzLn 5 . kl/jt{gnfO{ ;ª\u7gn] /f]Sg ;Sb}g . kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fcg';f/ ;ª\u7gsf sfo{ k|lqmofdf kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg'
kb{5 . o;y{ ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ eljiodf x'g ;Sg] kl/jt{gk|lt ;r]t, ;hu / ;xh /xgsf] nflu dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . o;sf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf cled'lvs/0f tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub{5 .
7. sfo{ cj:yfsf] u'0f:tl/otf
f:tl/otf (Quality of Work Life):
;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ jftfj/0fnfO{ QWL elgG5 . QWL n] sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] :t/Lotf / pko'QmtfnfO{ b;f{pF5 . sfo{
:ynsf] ef}lts ;'ljwfx¿, sfdsf] :jfoQtf, dfGotf, k|ultsf ;Defjgf, kfl/>lds cflb s'/f sfo{ jftfj/0fcGtu{t kb{5g\ . c;n
sfo{jftfj/0f sfod ug{ ;s]df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ bIftf dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] :t/Lo sfo{ hLjgsf] ;w}+ kl/sNkgf u/]sf] x'G5 .

21
v= dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljz]iftfx¿ (Characteristics of HRM / Staffing)
Human Focus
Management Function
Pervasive Function
Dynamic Function
Characteristics
Continuous Process
of HRM
System Approach
Environmental Influence
Mutually Influence
Normative Approach

Fig: Characteristics of HRM

1. dfgj s]lGb|t (Human Focus)
dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkgn] ;+:yfdf sfo{/t dflg;x¿sf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . JolQmx¿sf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf / k|lta4tfdfg} cGo
lqmofsnfkx¿ lge{/ ug]{ x'Fbf dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] of]Uo JolQmx¿sf] k|flKt, pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf, ljsf; / pTk|]/0ffdf hf]8 lbG5 . dfgj
;+;fwgsf] 1fg, l;k, zlQm / Ifdtfsf] Jojl:yt k|of]u ug]{ dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] kf;f]leq kb{5 .
2. Joj:yfksLo sfo{ (Management Function)
dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkg Joj:yfksx¿åf/f ;Dkfbg ul/g] Pp6f ;ª\ul7t / cf}krfl/s sfo{ xf] . dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f
cª\u ePsfn] o;df Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿, k|lqmof Pjd\ sfo{ljlwx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ .
3. ;j{Jofks sfo{ (Pervasive Function)
dfgj ljgfsf] ;ª\u7gsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g . hxfF dfgj ;+;fwg x'G5, ToxfF ;f]sf] Joj:yfkg klg :jefljs} x'G5 . ljZjdf ;fgf 7'nf,
gfkmfd"ns, ;]jfd"ns, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;a} k|sf/sf ;ª\u7gx¿df dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt / Jojxf/ nfu' x'G5 . o;y{ dfgj
;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]u ;j{Jofks ;+:yfsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 .
4. kl/jt{gzLn sfo{ (Dynamic Function)
jftfj/0f kl/jt{gzLn 5 . dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] oxL kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf sfd ug'Pkg]{ x'Fbf jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} o;sf
lqmofsnfkx¿ k|efljt x'G5g\ . t;y{, kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fLo kl/j]zdf cg's"n x'g] u/L o;sf sfo{, gLlt, /0fgLlt Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
;dfof]hg ug'{kb{5 . SmartGk
5. lg/Gt/
lg/Gt/ sfo{ (Continuous Process)
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . ;ª\u7g /x];Dd sfo{/t dfgj ;+zfwgnfO{ Joj:yfkg ul//xg' kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
pTk|]/0ff, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lg/Gt/ ¿kdf x'g' kb{5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] l;nl;nfdf pTkGg jfwf Jojwfg lg/Gt/ x/fpFb} hfg' kb{5 .
6. k|0ffnLut cjwf/0ff (System Approach)
ljleGg cGt/;Dalgwt / cGt/lge{/ tŒjx¿sf] ;+oGqnfO{ k|0ffnL elgG5 . dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkg cfkm}df Pp6f k|0ffnL xf] . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t
dfgj ;+;fwgsf] k|fl/t, ljsf; pTk|]/0ff / cg'/If0f h:tf cfk;df cGt/lge{/ / cGt/;DalGwt tŒjx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . To:t} HRM Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnLsf] ;xk|0ffnL klg xf] .
7. cfk;L lxt (Mutually Influence)
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/L / Joj:yfkgsf] lardf ;femf lxtdf ;dembf/L sfod ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . ;ª\u7gn] klg JolQmsf] OR5f,
rfxgf, cfjZostf / ;d:ofnfO{ a'em\g ;Sg'k5{ / sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg ;ª\u7gsf] p2]ZonfO{ cfTd;fy u/L cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k|flKtnfO{ ;f]Rg'k5{ .
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] ;ª\u7gdf cfk;L ;dembf/Lsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 .
8. Jojxf/jfbL cjwf/0ff (Normative Approach)
k/Dk/fut sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg a9L JofVofTds / bz{gjfbL b[li6sf]0f xf] . t/ dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg t'ngfTds ¿kn] a9L Jofjxfl/s / sd
JofVofTds 5 . o;n] lgod, sfg'g, bz{g / l;4fGt eGbf klg sfo{;Dkfbg / sfo{bIftf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 .
u= dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{(Functions of HRM)
dfgj ;fwfg Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/L;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfo{x¿ ug'{ kb{5 . dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ JoQm ug{ ;lsG5
HRM Functions

Acquisition Development Utilization Maintenance

– HR Planning – Development – Motivation – Descipline
– Job Analysis Need Analysis – Job Design – Employee
– Recruitment – Employee – Performance Welfare
– Selection Training Appraisal – Labour
– Socioalization – Management – Compensation Relation
Development Management – Dispute
– Career Holding
Planning
Organizing
Directing
Controlling

Fig.: Functions of HRM

22
 SmartGk
1. k|fKt ug'{(Acquisition)
;ª\u7gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu ;j{k|yd ;ª\u7gdf kof{Kt / ;Ifd hgzlQm cfjZos kb{5 . o;y{ ;ª\u7gdf ljleGg sfo{x¿sf nflu
plrt of]Uotf, Ifdtf / ;ª\Vofdf sd{rf/Lsf] 7Ls ;do / kbdf lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ Acquisition cGtu{t kb{5 . of] sfo{ ;+:yfsf] nflu rflxg]
hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{df ;dfj]z ul/g] k|d'v lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M
a. dfgj of]hgf (Human Resource Planning): dfgj ;+;fwfg Joj:yfkg dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgfaf6 ;'? x'G5 . ;+:yfsf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cfjZostf / To;sf] cfk"lt{sf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgf elgG5 . dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgfn] 7Ls
;dodf ljleGg kbx¿sf] nflu lglZrt ;ª\Vofdf of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k"jf{g"dfg ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .
b. sfo{ ljZn]if0f (Job Analysis): sfo{ ljZn]if0f sfdsf] lj:t[t cWoog xf], h;n] sfo{nfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ pQm sfo{x¿sf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ Jojxf/nfO{ :ki6 kfb{5 . sfo{ ljZn]if0fn] k|To]s sfdsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotf, Ifdtf, cg'ej, sfdsf] k|s[lt, lng'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L
tyf clwsf/x¿ cflb af/]df ;'rgf ;ª\sng / ljzn]if0f dfkm{t lgZsif{df k'Ug] sfd ub{5 .
c. egf{ (Recruitment_: ;ª\u7gsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ kbdf ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x¿sf] klxrfg u/L cfj]bg lbg pTk|]l/t u/L clwstd
pDd]bjf/x¿af6 b/vf:t k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ Recruitment elgG5 . s'g} klg l/Qm kbsf] nflu cfGtl/s tyf afx\o ;|f]tx¿af6 hgzlQm
cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
d. 5gf}6 (Selection): pknAw pDd]bjf/x¿af6 ;xL Pjd\ of]Uo JolQmx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ sfdnfO{ Selection elgG5 . 5gf}6 k|fKt b/vf:t
kmf/fdx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg, ;Gbe{ JolQmx¿;Fu ;f]wk'5, dgf]j}1flgs, k/LIf0f, cGtjf{tf{, :jf:Yo k/LIf0f h:tf ljleGg r/0fx¿ ;dfj]z
x'G5g\ .
e. ;fdflhsLs/0f
;fdflhsLs/0f (Socialization): 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;ª\u7gsf] ;+:s[lt, d"No, dfGotfaf/] kl/rlt u/fO{ ;ª\u7gdf 3'nldn
u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ Socialization elgG5 . o;y{ ;fdflhsLs/0f ;+:yfdf gjk|j]zLnfO{ 3'nldn u/fpg] o:tf] k|lqmof xf] . h;n]
gjk|j]zLnfO{ ;+:yfsf] sfo{ k|lqmof, sfo{, jftfj/0f, gLltlgod, cfly{s l:ylt, ef}lts ;'ljwf, d"No dfGotf cflb af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpF5 .
2. ljsf; ug'{(Development)
;ª\u7gsf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu l;ko'Qm / of]Uo dfgj zlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; sfo{cGtu{t ;+:yfsf] nIo k|flKtsf]
nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, l;k, bIftf, of]Uotfsf] clej[l4;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . ljsf; sfo{cGtu{t
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] ljsf; sfo{cGtu{t lgDg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 .
a. sd{rf/L ljsf; cfjZostf ljZn]if0f (Development Need Analysis): o;cGtu{t sd{rf/Lsf] ljsf; cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{
sfo{ ul/G5 . eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTdf;fy ug{ tyf pgLx¿sf] sfo{ Ifdtf, clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos kg]{ Ifdtf clej[l4;Fu
;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] cWofkg tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ o; sfo{cGtu{t kb{5 .
b. sd{rf/L tflnd (Employee Training): ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] l;k, Ifdtf / dgf]j[lQ ljsf; ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf
tflndx¿sf] cfof]hgf ub{5 . tflnd sfo{:ynleq / sfo{:yn eGbf aflx/ klg ul/G5 .
c. Joj:yfkg ljsf; (Management Development): Joj:yfkg ljsf; Joj:yfksLo kbdf sfo{/t pRr txsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg,
l;k, Ifdtf, Joj:yfksLo snf / wf/0ff ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;n] Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ eljZodf cfpg ;Sg] lhDd]jf/L u|x0f ug{sf
nflu tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg ;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf] nflu dfgj ;+;fwg bL3{sfnLg cjlwsf] ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ k|of]udf NofOG5 .
d. sd{rf/L j[lQ ljsf; (Employee Career Development): k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] ljsf; rfx]sf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf]
nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L pgLx¿sf] JolQmut tyf ;ª\u7gsf] bL3{sfnLg cfjZostf lar plrt tfnd]n ul/G5 . HRM
lqmofsnfk Career Planning dfkm{t sd{rf/Lsf k|efjsf/Ltf, pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ tkm{ pGd'v x'g] ub{5 .
3. k|of]u ug'{ (Utilization Function)
l;ko'Qm, lgk"0f{ tyf sltj[9 dfgj ;+;fwg ;ª\u7gsf] cd"No ;Dklt x'g\ . k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 dfgj ;+;fwgsf] k|flKt tyf ljsf; sfo{
ul/;s]kl5 t];|f] r/0fdf pgLx¿sf] clwstd pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . pgLx¿;Fu ePsf] 1fg, l;k / bIftfnfO{ ;ª\u7gsf] lxtdf k|efjsf/L 9ª\un]
kl/rfng ug'{kb{5 . oLg} dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .
o;cGtu{t dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] lgDg sfo{x¿ ;;Dkfbg
Dkfbg ug'{kb{5 M
a. pTk|]/0ff (Motivation): sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cGt/ dgaf6 g} sfd ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; ug'{nfO{ pTk|]/0ff elgG5 . ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
;ª\u7gfTds nIo k|flKt tk{m kl/rfng ug{ pTk|]/0ffsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . pgLx¿sf] dgf]jn pRr /fVgsf] nflu ljleGg k|of;x¿
ug'{kb{5 . o;y{ sd{rf/Ldf ePsf] of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ ;ª\u7gfTds nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{kb{5 .
b. sfo{ 9fFrf (Job Design): ;ª\u7gsf sfo{sf 9fFrf jf :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug'{ dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ st{Jo xf] . sfo{ 9fFrfn]
sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / ptkfbsTdf k|efj kfb{5 . o;y{ of] hl6n Pjd\ dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .
c. sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\
ofªsg\sg (Performance Evaluation): sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{bIftf slt 5 eg]/ kQf nufpg' clt g} cfjZos s'/f xf]
. sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfdsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L nIo k|flKtdf sd{rf/L k|efjsf/Ltfsf] ls6fg ug{ ;lsG5 .
d. k'/:sf/ (Rewards): sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfg plrt sb/ ub}{ pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'G5 . k'/:sf/ eg]sf] ;ª\u7gdf sfo{ u/]afkt kfpg] k|ltkmn xf] . Reward financial / Non financial u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
e. Ifltk"lt{ / nfe ljt/0f (Compensation and Benefit): ;ª\u7gdf ;]jf u/]afkt sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] plrt tna, eQf, ;'ljwf tyf
kmfObfx¿nfO{ g} Ifltk"lt{ elgG5 . Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff j[l4 ug{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ tyf nfesf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .
f. cg'zf;g (Discipline): cg'zf;g eGgfn] c;n ;+:sf/ / lgodx¿sf] cg'z/0f ug'{ xf] . cg'zf;gn] sd{rf/Lxsf] cfr/0fnfO{ bzf{pF5 .
;ª\u7gsf] lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf pTkfbs agfpg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cg'zf;g tyf cg'z/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;ª\u7gn] ;+:yfsf]
SmartGk

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 d"No, dfGotf, ;+:sf/cg';f/sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . kl5 sd{rf/Ln] ;f] lgod pNnª\3g u/]df p;nfO{ sf/jfxL ;d]t u/]/
cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] lgodcg';f/ j:g l;sfpg' kb{5 .
4. ;Def/ ug'{ (Maintenance)
l;ko'Qm, lgk"0f{ tyf sltj4 dfgj ;+;fwg ;ª\u7gsf] cd"No ;Dklt x'g\ . of]Uo Pjd\ ;Ifd sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+:yfdf lg/Gt/ /lx/xg] jftfj/0fsf]
l;h{gf ug'{nfO{ cg'/If0f sfo{ elgG5 . ;xL 9ª\uaf6 dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;Def/ ug{sf] nflu dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgcGtu{t lgDg sfo{x¿
k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 ;Dkfbg ug'{ kb{5 .
a. sd{rf/L ;]jf ;'ljwf (Employee Welfare): ;Ifd sd{rf/L ;+:yfdf /flv/xgsf] nflu pgLx¿sf] sNof0fdf kof{Kt Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, dgf]/~hg, k]G;g tyf pTkfbg, ;Gtfgsf] lzIff, v]ns'b h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ Pjd\ sfo{qmdx¿df dfgj ;+;fwg
Joj:yfkgn] plrt hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
b. >d ;DaGw (Labour Relation): >d ;DaGwn] ;ª\u7g / ToxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/Llarsf] ;DaGw a'emfpF5 . sd{rf/L / Joj:yfkglarsf]
;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGwn] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Gt'li6 a9fpF5 . t/ >d ;DaGw g/fd|f ePdf ToxfF åGå a9\5 .
dfgj ;|f]t k4lt (HR System)
;femf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu ag]sf] ljleGg cGt/;DalGwt / cGt/lge{/ tŒjx¿sf] ;~hfnnfO{ k|0ffnL elgG5 . dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg klg Pp6f
k|0ffnL xf] . o;cGtu{t ljleGg dfgj ;+;fwg ;DalGwt tŒjx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . HRM ;du| ;ª\u7gsf] ;xfos k|0ffnL xf] . HRM System cGtu{t
ljlegg cfut, k|lqmof / pkh h:tf cª\ux¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . o; k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o jftfj/0fLo tŒjx¿n] k|ToIf k|efj
kfb{5g\ .
External Environment

Inputs Process Outputs

– Human Energy – Acquisition – Goal Achieve
& Competencies – Development – QWL
– Labour Market – Utilization – Productivity
– Trade Union – Maintenance – Readiness for
Change
– Employ Related
Comitness
– Competence
Feedback – Effectiveness

Fig. HRM System

s= cfut (HRM Inputs)
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf cfutcGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\M
a. ;+:yfut of]hgf (Organizational Plan): ;ª\u7gfTds of]hgf tyf /0fgLltx¿n] dfgj ;+;fwgsf] eflj cfjZostf ;'lglZrt ub{5 .
;ª\u7gfTds of]hgfsf tŒjx¿ h:t}M pTkfbg of]hgf, ahf/Ls/0f of]hgf, lj:tf/ of]hgf cflbn] dfgj ;+;fwgsf] dfu k"jf{g'dfg tyf
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
b. dfgj zlQm / Ifdtf (Human Energy and Competencies): zlQm ef}lts sfo{ bIftf xf] eg] competencies JolQmleq /x]sf] 1fg,
l;k, Ifdtf, cg'ej / ;DefJotfx¿sf] ;ld>0f xf] . dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkgdf sd{rf/Lsf] Energy / Competencies nfO{ Input sf]
¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
c. >d ahf/ (Labour Market): ;ª\u7gsf] nflu cfjZos dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cfk"lt{sf] nflu ;Defljt jflx/L ;|f]tnfO{ Labour Market
elgG5 . afx\o ;|f]taf6 v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .
d. >lds ;+u7g (Trade Unions): cfhsf] k|hftflGqs o'udf >lds ;ª\3nfO{ ;ª\u7gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cª\usf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . cfhef]ln
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg ubf{ >lds ;ª\3sf] wf/0ff, larf/ / k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ .
v= k|lqmof (Process)
dfgj ;fwg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf k|lqmof tŒjx¿ g} HRM sf jf:tljs / dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj x'g\ . o; r/0fcGtu{t dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn]
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf, l;k / cg'ejnfO{ ;ª\u7gsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ¿kfGt/0f, ljsf; / k|of]u ub{5 . o;cGtu{t dfgj ;+;fwgsf] k|flKt,
ljsf;, pkof]u / ;Def/ k|lqmofx¿ kb{5g\ .
– Acquisition
– Development
– Utilization
– Maintenance
u= k|ltkmn (HR outcomes)
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg sfo{x¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;Dkfbgaf6 cGTodf k|ltkmn k|fKt x'G5 . HRM outcomes nfO{ ;ª\u7gfTds pkh / sd{rf/L
pkh u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/]/ cWofkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
a. ;+:yfut pkh (Organizational outcomes): dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 ;du| ;+:yfut hLjgdf g}
pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'u]sf] x'G5 . h;nfO{ xfdL HRM sf] ;ª\u7gfTds pkh elgG5 . o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt pkhx¿ x'G5M
i) u'0f:t/Lo sfo{ hLjg (Quality of work life): sd{rf/Ln] ;ª\u7gdf sfd u/L ljtfpg] hLjgnfO{ sfo{ hLjg elgG5 . pRr:t/Lo
sfo{ jftfj/0fn] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ ;d]t j[l4 x'G5 . sd{rf/Ln] sfd ug]{ kb;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0fLo

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SmartGk
 tŒjx¿sf] :t/LotfnfO{ QWL elgG5 . QWL n] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjZostf ;Gt'li6 kfg{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{df hf]8 lbG5 .
sfo{ hLjgsf] u'0f (QWL) cGtu{t :jfoQtf, dfGotf, cfkm\gf]kgf, k|ult tyf ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf, ef}lts ;'ljwf, k'/:sf/ Joj:yf
cflb kb{5g\ . olb oL tŒjx¿nfO{ plrt tl/sfaf6 Joj:yfkg / PsLs[t ug{ ;s]df o;n] pTkfbsTj a9fpg'sf ;fy} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
pRr dgf]jn / ;Gt'li6sf ;fy sfo{ ug{ ;3fpF5 .
ii) kl/jt{gsf nflu tDtof/ (Readiness for change): ;do kl/jt{gzLn 5 . ;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu ;ª\u7gsf] jftfj/0f klg lg/Gt/
kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ;ª\u7gdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sd{rf/L ju{af6 ;sf/fTds ;xof]u / b[li6sf]0f k|fKt x'g'
h?/L 5 . t/ kl/jt{g sd{rf/Lx¿af6 8/, qf; / lj/f]w ug]{ k|s[lt b]lvg ;S5 . t/ HRM n] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kl/jt{gsf nflu
cfTdf;fy ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ub{5 . kl/jlt{t ;do / kl/l:ylt;Fu kl/jt{g x'gsf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;w}+ tTk/ agfpg' k5{ .
kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt 8/nfO{ x6fpg tflnd uf]i7L cflb cfjZos kb{5 .
iii) pTkfbsTj (Productivity): j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, kl/df0f / To;df nfu]sf] ;fdu|L larsf] cg'kftnfO{ pTkfbsTj elgG5 .
ljz]if u/L pTkfbsTjn] sd{rf/Lsf] pknAwLnfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 . dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo pknAw ;Lldt ;fwgsf]
k|efjsf/L pkof]u u/]/ clwstd pTkfbg ug'{ xf] . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ s'zntf / d]xgtn] pTkfbsTj a9\5 . k|efjsf/L dfgj ;+;fwg
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLaf6 ;ª\u7gnfO{ clws pTkfbsTj k|fKt x'G5 .
iv) p2]Zo ;+;fwg (Goal achievement): nIo ;ª\u7gn] k|fKt ug{ rfx]sf] ck]lIft eflj kl/0ffd xf] . k|efjsf/L dfgj ;+;fwg
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLaf6 ;ª\u7gsf] nIo k|flKt x'G5 . o;cGtu{t ;ª\u7gsf] cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg nIo ;d]t kb{5 .
b. dfgj ;+;fwg pknAwL (HR outcomes): dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg sfo{ Pjd\ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;kmn ;~rfngaf6 ;+:yfdf sfo{/t
kg{ hfg] k|efjnfO{ dfgj ;+;fwg pkh elgG5 . o;cGtu{t sd{rf/L k|ltj4tf, ;Ifdtf, nfut k|efjsf/Ltf cflb kb{5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/0f -Performance Appraisal and Reward System_
JolQmutsf] s'g} klg sfd ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf] n]vfhf]vf g} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg xf] . o;sf] d"n Wo]o sd{rf/Lsf ;'wf/fTds kIfx¿ klxrfg u/L
To;sf] ;'wf/ ug{' xf] . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] gofF cjwf/0ff xf]Og . o; cjlwdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf w]/} ljlwx¿
k|rngdf cfPsf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] ;+u7gnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ljZjs} /fd|f dflgPsf sDkgLx¿n] jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgnfO{ kl/:s[t u/]/ gofF
d"Nofª\sg k4lt cjnDag ul/;s]sf 5g\ . sdhf]/L ;'wf/]/ ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf cg's"n agfpg g;s];Dd sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg k|efjsf/L
ePsf] dfGg ;lsFb}g . clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg k|0ffnL lgSs} k'/fgf] / pkof]uljxLg h:t} 5 . ljZjsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL
¿kfGtl/t e};s]sf] 5 xfdLn] k|of]u ul//x]sf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf PsfPs bf]if uGg' eGbf ca o;nfO{ km]g{] a]nf eof] eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] cy{ (Meaning of Performance Appraisal)
sfdbf/x¿sf] sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf ;Da4 JolQmut u'0fsf] n]vfhf]vf g} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg xf] . sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf / p;sf] efjL
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;Defjgf lgSof}{n ug{sf nflu sfo{;Dkfbgsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 . ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgoldt d"Nofª\sg ul/Pdf
pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] :jd"Nofª\sg ug{], c?;Fu t'ngf u/L sdhf]/L kQf nufpg] / ;'wf/sf] k|oTg ;d]t ug{] x'G5g\ . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt
glthfnfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ lbg] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ lgSof}{n ug{], ;?jf—kb:yfkg ug{], kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ug{], a9'jf ug{], b08–;hfo tyf sf/jfxL ug{] /
;+u7gaf6 ljbf ug{] ;Ddsf sfo{df pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg df}h'bf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Ldf /x]sf sdhf]/Lx¿ x6fP/ pTkfbg
a9fpg] / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{] pkfo xf] . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg dfgj ;+zfwg pkof]usf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg
(Performance Appraisal) nfO{ sd{rf/L d"Nofª\sg (Employee Rating), sd{rf/L l;+xfjnf]sg (Personnel Review), k|ult ljj/0f (Progress
Report), ;]jf d"Nofª\sg (Service Rating), Jojxf/ d"Nofª\sg (Behaviour Assessment), of]Uotf d"Nofª\sg (Merit Rating), h:tf
pkgfdx¿ klg lbPsf] kfOG5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] gofF cjwf/0ff xf]Og . o;n] ´em08} Ps ztfAbL nfdf] Oltxf; agfO;s]sf] 5 . k|yd
ljZjo'4tfsf jfN6/ l8n :sf]6n] cd]l/sL cfdL{df sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] ;'?jft u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf cfOk'Ubf sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sg ljZje/ kl/lrt e};s]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsb]lv sd{rf/LnfO{ p2]Zo / nIo lbP/ sfdsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ yflnof] . To;kl5sf]
;dodf sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / ;+nUgtfdf hf]8 lbg yflnof] . ;g\ @))) df cfOk'Ubf sd{rf/Lsf] :jr]tgf, ;~rf/, ;d"x sfo{, åGå Go"gLs/0f, g]t[Tj
Ifdtf h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]/ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug{] ax'cfoflds k4lt ;'? eof] .
;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;"DkLPsf] sfd k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] 5 ls 5}gg eg]/ n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfdnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sg elgG5 . ;ª\u7gsf ;]jf/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] JolQmut u'0f, of]Uotf, ;Lk, Ifdtf tyf efjL ;Defjgf;d]t o;n] dfkg ub{5 . sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sgsf] ;xof]u af6 Joj:yfksn] sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu ;DalGwt k'/:sf/ tyf b08sf] lg0f{o ug'{sf] ;fy} eljZodf lgefpg'kg]{ e"ldsf / ug'{kg]{
st{Josf af/]df sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dx;''; u/fpF5 . o;y{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg eGgfn] ;ª\u7gsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;ª\u7gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu
s] s;/L sfd ul//x]sf 5g\, plgx¿n] cf cfkm\gf] bfloTj k'/f ul//x]sf 5g jf 5}gg\, sfo{Ifdtfsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 / eljiosf] ;DefJotf s:tf] 5
cflb af/]df d"Nofª\sg ug'{ eGg] a'lemG5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg af6 sd{rf/Lsf] jt{dfg Ifdtf / eljZosf] ;+efjgfsf] cWoog ug'{sf] ;fy}
kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f, tflnd tyf ljsf; sf{qmdsf] lg0f{o, :yfgfGt/0f kbf]GgtL b08 , k'/:sf/ cflbsf af/]df lg0f{o ug{sf nflu ;xof]u ub{5 .
"A performance appraisals a process of evaluating an employees performance on a job in terms of its requirements."
- Spriegel
"Performance appraisal is the systematic evaluation of individuals with respect to their performance on the job and their
potential for development." – Dale S. Beach
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] dxŒj (Importance of Performance Appraisal)
• sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgn] ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf ;an kIfsf] phfu/ u/L ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] lhDd]jf/L lbP/ ;+u7gn] To;sf] clwstd
nfe k|fKt ug{ cj;/ l;h{gf ub{5 .
• sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgn] sd{rf/Ldf ePsf sdL sdhf]/L klxrfg u/L sfo{bIftf / lgk"0f{tf a9fpg klg ;xof]u ub{5 . sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sgn] sd{rf/Lsf] jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg / p;af6 ck]lIft sfo{;DkfbgaLrsf] vf8nnfO{ phfu/ u5{ .
25
 • o;n] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] s] s:tf] 1fg ;Lk / bIftf xfl;n ug{ s]–s:tf tflnd tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ cfjZos 5 egL klxrfg ug{ ;d]t
;3fpF5 . tflndsf ljifoj:t' lgwf{/0f ug{, tflnd nufot sfo{qmd of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;d]t sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg pkof]uL x'G5 .
• sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] lhDd]jf/L PsLg ug{, ;?jf ug{, kb:yfkg ug{, a9'jf ug{ sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgn] dfu{ lgb{]z ub{5 .
• sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ s] slt kfl/>lds lbg' k5{ egL lgwf{/0f ug{ ;d]t sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg cfjZos 5 .
• kfl/>lds dfq} xf]Og sd{rf/L / sfdbf/sf nflu lbOg] ;]jf, ;'ljwf nufotsf ljifo lgwf{/0f ug{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgn] ;xof]u ub{5 .
• sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgn] ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf ;d:of, b'Mv, si6, cGofo cflb kIfsf] klxrfg x'G5 . o;n] Joj:yfkg /
sd{rf/LaLrsf] ;'dw'/ / 3lgi6 ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;d]t ;3fpF5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof (The performance appraisal process)

Establish Performance Standards

Communicate Performance Expectation

to Employees

Measure Actual Performance

Compare actual Performance with

Standards

Discuss appraisal with the employee

If necessary initiate corrective action

Fig: The Performance Appraisal Process
1. sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08 :yfkgf ug]{ (Establishment of performance standards)
sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/sf] lgwf{/0f dfgj ;fwg of]hgf th'{df ug]{ qmddf sfo{ ljZn]if0f / sfo{ ljj/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ul/G5 . of] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sgsf] k|d'v r/0f xf] h;cGtu{t s'g} kbdf a;]/ s'g} JolQmn] s] ug'{kb{5, slt ug'{kb{5 / s;/L ug'{kb{5 eGg] af/]df lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . o;cGtu{t
pTkfbg dfqf, ;do, u'0f:t/, nfut cflbsf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . sfo{;Dkfbg lgwf{/0f ubf{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] :t/ :ki6 / p2]ZofTds x'g'kb{5, h;n]ubf{
dfkg / a'em\g ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
2. sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08 ;"lrt ug]{ (Communicate standards to Employees)
sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ lgwf{/0f ul/;s]kl5 o;sf af/]df sd{rf/Lx¿lardf hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZos st{Jo x'G5 . sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{nO{
cfzf dfq ul/of] jf :ki6 ¿kdf ls6fg ul/Psf eg] ToxfF ;d:of cfOkg{ ;Sb5 . sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf] hfgsf/L Joj:yfks / ;xfossf]lardf
bf]xf]/f] lsl;dn] x'g'kb{5, h;n] ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{sf ;fy} a'em\g klg ;Sb5 . t;y{ sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf] ;~rf/ eGgf;fy
cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f ;lxtsf] hfgsf/L h;n] sd{rf/LnfO{ To;sf] af/]df :ki6 ¿kdf k|:t't ub{5 .
3. jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug'{ (Measure actual performance)
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ug'{kg]{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbO;s]kl5 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbgsf af/]df ljleGg tl/sfx¿ h:t}
JolQmut cjnf]sg, tYofª\sLo k|ltj]bg, df}lvs k|ltj]bg cflbsf dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
4. dfkb08 / jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbgsf] t'ngf ug'{ (Compare actual performance with standards)
o; k|lqmofcGtu{t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] :t/nfO{ jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu t'ngfTds cWoog u/]/ To; larsf] sf/0fnfO{ ls6fg ul/G5 . o;cGtu{t
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ lgwf{l/t nIoeGbf a9L ;Gtf]ifhgs sd jf a/fa/ s] eof] eg]/ cWoog ul/G5 . lgwf{l/t :t/eGbf jf:tljs ;Dkfbg sd jf
Go"g 5 eg] To;sf] k|s[lt, 36gf, sf/0f, c;/ cflb af/] kQf nufpg] sfd ul/G5 .
5. sd{rf/Ldfem sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\ofªsgsf]
\sgsf] :t/ 5nkmn ug]{ (Discuss appraisal with the employee)
of] k|lqmof jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg / ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ :t/sflardf t'ngfTds cWoog ul/;s]kl5 / sf/0f;d]t kQf nufO{ ;s]kl5 z'¿ x'G5 . o;
k|lqmofdf Joj:yfksåf/f sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfdaf/] k[i7kf]if0f lbg] ul/G5 . Joj:yfks / sd{rf/Lx¿n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] sfdsf] :t/ / jf:tljs
;Dkflbt :t/sf af/]df ;'wf/fTds tl/sfn] 5nkmn ul/G5 . o;n] sd{rf/LnfO{ lgwf{l/t :t/df k'Ugsf nflu cfjZos ;'emfj tyf ;Nnfx
JolQmut ¿kdf geO{ sfo{ut¿kdf cfwfl/t eP/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ffnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL 5nkmn ul/G5 .
6. cfjZos k/]sf] v08df sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg] (If necessary initiate correcture Action)
o;cGtu{t jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg / x'g'kg]{ ;Dkfbs:t/sf lardf s'g} km/s b]lvof] eg] ;'wf/fTds cfosf] vf]hL ul/G5 . o;cGtu{t
sd{rf/Lx¿sf s'g} sdLsdhf]/L b]lvPdf pgLx¿nfO{ ;'wf/fTds pkfolt/ nluG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;Dkfbg:t/df s'g} sdLsdhf]/L
b]lvPdf jf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ l:ylt cfOk'u]df To;nfO{ lgwf{l/t :t/ ;d]t jf:tljs l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|lqmofn]
cfufdL ;dodf jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbg :t/nfO{ lgwf{l/t nIo glhs k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ub{5 . t;y{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ;Dbe{df
d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof :ki6 / a'em\g ;lhnf] x'g'kb{5 .

26
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] ljlw (Methods of performance appraisal)
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL METHODS

Absolute Relative MBO

Standard Standard
(Management
- Essay appraisal - Individual by Objectives)
- Critical Incident Ranking
- Check List - Group
- Rating Scale Ranking
- Forced Choice - Paired
- Behaviourally Comparison
anchared
rating scales
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf w]/} ljlwx¿ k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf ;du| ljlwx¿nfO{ k/Dk/fut ljlw / cfw'lgs ljlw egL b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f
u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . k/Dk/fut ljlw cGtu{t lgaGwfTds ljlw, k/LIf0f ;"rL ljlw, bafad"ns 5gf}6 ljlw, ;+j]bgzLn 36gf ljlw, t'ngfTds ljlw cflb
kb{5g\ . cfw'lgs ljlwdf Jojxf/ lgolGqt d"Nofª\sg ljlw, p2]Zod'vL ljlw cflb kb{5g\ . clxn] ljleGg ljlwx¿nfO{ ldl>t ¿kdf k|of]u ug{] u/]s]f
kfOG5 .
s_ lgaGwfTds ljlw (Essay Method)
of] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug{] ;a}eGbf ;/n ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf sd{rf/Lsf] s] s:tf u'0f Pj+ bf]if b]lvG5 eg]/ p;sf] ;'k/Lj]IfsnfO{
lgaGwfTds z}nLdf ljj/0f tof/ ug{ nufOG5 . ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] Ps kIfLo ¿kdf tof/ kf/]sf ljj/0fx¿sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] efjgf cg'e"lt
nufotsf ljifo k|ltlalDat x'g] u/L sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmTj, g]t[Tj Ifdtf, kbf]GgtLsf] ;Defjgf, 1fg ;Lk bIftfsf]
cfjZostf / b'a{ntf ;'wf/sf pkfo nufotsf ljifodf s]Gb|Lt eP/ d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sdf s'g} hl6n
of]hgf / kmf/fd tof/ ul//xg' gkg{] ePsf]n] of] ljlw ;/n x'G5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] pkof]lutfdf s]Gb|Lt eP/ d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; lsl;dsf] d"Nofª\sgaf6 lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . d"Nofª\sgaf6 b]lvPsf ljifo ;xh} ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ atfP/ sdhf]/L ;'wf/ ug{
;lsG5 . csf{tkm{, o;sf] d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ t'ngf ug{ ;lsGg . o:tf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ j}1flgs d"Nofª\sg dflgFb}g . o; ljlwn]
slt sfd u¥of] eGg'sf] ;§f s'g lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ b]vfof] eGg]df hf]8 lbG5 . ;'k/Lj]Ifssf JolQmut cfsf+Iff / dxTjsf+Iffn] d"Nofª\sgnfO{
k|efj kfb{5 . SmartGk
v_ k/LIf0f ;"rL ljlw (Checklist Method)
o; ljlwdf ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] d"Nofª\sg ug{' kg{] sd{rf/Lsf] sfd;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ k/LIf0f ul/g] ljifox¿sf] j:t'ut ;"rL tof/ ub{5g\ . ;'k/Lj]Ifsn]
sfo{ :yndf k'u]/ sd{rf/Lsf] j:t'ut ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u'0fx¿ 5 jf 5}g eg]/ /]hf nufpF5g\ . k/LIf0f ug{ vf]lhPsf ;a} ljifo j:t'df /]hf
nufO;s]kl5 sd{rf/Ln] k|bz{g u/]sf] ;du| Jojxf/sf cfwf/df p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . of] ljlw lgSs} ;lhnf] / k|rlnt ljlw xf] .
Ps} lsl;dsf sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lx¿ w]/} ePsf] ;+u7gdf of] ljlw k|efjsf/L x'G5 . d"Nofª\sgstf{ km/s km/s eP klg d"Nofª\sgstf{sf] JolQmut
?rL / dxTjfsf+Iffn] vf;} k|efj kfb{}g . o; ljlwaf6 d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] tYofª\s t'ngfof]Uo x'G5 . km/s km/s sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/LnfO{ km/s km/s
;"rL tof/ ug{' kg{] ePsf]n] of] ljlw em0eml6nf] ;d]t x'G5 . hl6n k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu of] ljlw pkof]uL dflgb}g .
o; ljlwaf6 ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lsf] dfq} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
u_ bafad"ns 5gf}6 ljlw (Forced Choice Method)
o; ljlwdf sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ljleGg pQ/ ;dfj]z u/L 5gf}6 ;"rL (Choice List) tof/ kfl/G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] sfd;Fu ;DalGwt
eP/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf pQ/x¿ dWo] Ps jf a9L pQ/ clgjfo{ ¿kdf 5fGg' kg{] ePsf]n] o; ljlwnfO{ bafad"ns 5gf}6 ljlw elgPsf] xf] . o;
ljlwdf s'g pQ/ 5gf}6 ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] a9L cª\s kfpF5 eGG]f s'/f yfxf gx'g] ePsf]n] o; ljlwaf6 d"Nofª\sg ubf{ kIfkft x'g] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g .
d"Nofª\sgstf{sf] kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ sd u/]/ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6 sd{rf/Lsf af/]df j:t'ut hfgsf/L a9L
/ ljifout hfgsf/L sd k|fKt x'G5 . of] ljlwnfO{ cK7\of/f] / dx+uf] ljlwsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . o; ljlwsf 5gf}6 ;"rL tof/ ug{ lgSs} bIf
d"Nofª\sgstf{x¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;xL pQ/ hfgsf/Ldf gx'g] / s'g pQ/n] slt cª\s ;'/lIft x'g] eGg] hfgsf/L gx'g] ePsf]n] o; ljlwn]
d"Nofª\sg stf{x¿nfO{ pT;flxt ug{ ;Sb}g .
3_ ;+j]bgzLn 36gf ljlw (Critical Incident Method)
o; ljlwdf sd{rf/Ln] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf s;/L sfo{;Dkfbg u¥of] / s:tf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g u¥of] eGg] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
d"Nofª\sgsf lglDt ljutsf vf;vf; ;+j]bgzLn 36gfsf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 . vf; jf gfh's ;dodf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{] Ifdtf / k|j[lQ g} ;Dk"0f{
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] ljj]szLn eP/ lg0f{o u5{ ub{}g < pTkfbsTj s'g
:t/df sfod /fV5 < hfu?stf slt dfqfdf b]lvG5 < hf]lvd slt xb;Dd Joxf]5{ < ;dGjofTds Ifdtf slt b]vfpF5 < h:tf ljifodf s]Gb|Lt
eP/ ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] d"Nofª\sg ub{5 . of] ljlwn] sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmTj geP/ sfo{;Dkfbg z}nLsf] d"Nofª\sg ub{5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf]
sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf] hfgsf/L u/fP/ ;'wf/ ug{ of] ljlw lgSs} pkof]uL dflgG5 . of] ljlwaf6 ul/Psf] d"Nofª\sg t'ngfof]Uo eg] x'Fb}g . ;+s6sf]
;dodf sd{rf/Låf/f k|blz{t Jojxf/ d"Nofª\sg ug{' kg{] ePsf]n] of] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ unt ;dosf] d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . s:tf]
36gfnfO{ ;+j]bzLn 36gf dfGg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ klg ;xh x'b}+g .

27
ª_ :t/ lgwf{/0f ljlw (Rating Scale Method)
of] ljlw lgSs} k|rngdf /x]sf] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf nflu klxNo} tof/ ul/Psf] kmf/fdsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . sd{rf/Lsf]
:t/nfO{ clt pTs[i6, pTs[i6, cf};t jf ;fdfGo, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ h:tf ljleGg >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf Jojxf/ cGtu{t
hfu?stf, g]t[Tj Ifdtf, pBdzLntf pT;fx, tgfa÷bafa vKg] Ifdtf, l;h{gzLntf, cg'zf;g, nfut, pTkfbsTj, sfo{ kl/df0f nufotsf
tTjx¿sf] cfwf/df :t/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . o; ljlwaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . d"Nofª\sg ug{ cToGt} sd ;dodf w]/}
sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6 d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt u/]s]f tYo t'ngfof]Uo x'g'sf ;fy} a'em\g / JofVof ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;
ljlwaf6 d"Nofª\sg ubf{ q'6L x'g] ;Defjgf a9L /xG5 . Ps} lsl;dsf] u'0f ;a} JolQmdf x'Fb}g JolQmut u'0f / k|efjn] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ k|efj
kf/]sf] x'G5 . d"Nofª\sg ljifout dfq} x'G5 .
r_ Jojxf/
Jojxf/ lgolGqt d"Nofª\ ofªsg \sg ljlw (Bahaviourally Anchored Ratting Scale, BARS– Method)
of] ljlw ;+j]bgzLn 36gf ljlw (Critical Incident Method) / :t/ lgwf{/0f ljlw (Rating Scale Method) ljlwsf] ldl>t ¿k xf] . o;
ljlwdf ;+j]gbzLn 36gf sfo{df ;'k/Lj]Ifsåf/f ck]lIft Jojxf/nfO{ hf]8]/ sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{ of] ljlw lgSs}
pko'Qm dflgG5 . o; ljlwdf bIf JolQmx¿af6 sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/g] ePsf]n] d"Nofª\sg a9L z'4 x'G5 . of] ljlw sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf]
cj:yf af]w u/fP/ ;'wfg{sf nflu a9L k|efjsf/L dflgG5 . of] ljlwn] sfd / sfdbf/ b'j}nfO{ plQs} Vofn u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ub{5 . cGo
ljlwx¿sf] t'ngfdf of] ljlw cfw'lgs ljlw dflgG5 t/ o; ljlwaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{] sfo{ lgSs} hl6n x'G5 . o; ljlwn] p2]Zosf
cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug{] s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g . sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/ k|To]s cfofdsf nflu ljlw lgdf{0f ug{ s7Lg x'G5 .
5_ t'ngfTds ljlw (Comparison Method)
;dfg lsl;dsf sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ t'ngfTds ljlw pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fgf] ;+u7gdf cyf{t yf]/} sd{rf/L ePsf] cj:yfdf
k|efjsf/L x'G5 . t'ngf ug{] ljleGg tl/sf x'g ;S5g\ .
• JolQmut qmd lgwf{/0f (Individual Ranking) M d"Nofª\sgstf{n] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/nfO{ klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f] u/]/ qmda4
u/L lgwf{/0f u/]/ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . of] ljlw Hofb} ;/n / nfutsf] b[li6n] lgSs} lskmfotL x'G5 . t/ w]/} sd{rf/Lsf]
d"Nofª\sg ug{ of] ljlw pko'Qm x'Fb}g . sfdbf/sf] qmd lgwf{/0f ul/g] ePsf]n] sd{rf/Ldf dgd'6fj jf c;Gt'i6L k}bf x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
• ;d"xut qmd lgwf{/0f (Group Ranking) M sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] ;§f ;d"x ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;d"xut
qmd lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . o;/L d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;j{k|yd d"Nofª\sg ug{] p2]Zon] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;d"x lgwf{/0f ug{'k5{ . k|To]s ;d"xsf] sfo{
d"Nofª\sg ug{'sf] ;§f s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu t'ngf u/]/ ;d"xut ¿kdf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ul/G5 . ;d"xut ¿kdf sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sg ul/g] ePsf]n] JolQmut ¿kdf kIfkft x'g] ;Defjgf Go"g /xG5 . of] ljlw sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] :t/ ;'wfg{ k]|l/t ug{] ljlwsf ¿kdf
lrlgG5 .
• ;xsdL{ t'ngf (Paired Comparison) M of] ljlwdf k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf k|To]s ;xsdL{;Fu t'ngf u/]/ d"Nofª\sg u/]/ klxnf] /
bf];|f] 5'6o\ fOG5 . k|To]snfO{ k|To]s;Fu t'ngf u/]/ klxnf] / bf];|f] 5'6\ofO{ ;s]kl5 ;a}eGbf w]/}k6s klxnf] x'g]nfO{ pTs[i6 dflgG5 . slt k6s
klxnf] eGg] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . o;/L d"Nofª\sg ubf{ q'6L x'g] ;Defjgf lgSs} sd x'G5 . of] ljlw j}1flgs klg 5 .
t/ w]/} sd{rf/L ePsf] ;+u7gdf k|To]snfO{ k|To]s sd{rf/L;Fu t'ngf ug{ sl7g x'G5 . of] ljlwn] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ ;'wf/ ug{
d2t ub{}g .
h_ p2]Zod'vL ljlw (Objective Oriented Method)
of] sd{rf/LnfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlw leq k"/f ug{] u/L kl/df0ffTds nIo tf]s]/ sfo{ lbg] / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf nIo k"/f eof] jf ePg eg]/
d"Nofª\sg ug{] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf lqmofsnfk s;/L eP eGg] ljifodf Wofg glbP/ nlIft p2]Zo k"/f eof] jf ePg egL d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
of] p2]Zoåf/f pknAwL dfkg ug{] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwsf] ;'?df ;xefuLtfd"ns 9+uaf6 sd{rf/Ln] ;'k/Lj]Ifs;Fu a;]/ nIo lgwf{/0f ub{5 . tL
nIox¿ g} sfo{;Dkfbg dNofª\sgsf dfkb08sf ¿kdf /xG5g\ . nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/G5 . o;/L ;~rfng
ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿ nIo xfl;n ug{] lbzfdf 5g\ 5}gg\ dfkg ub{} lqmofsnfk cuf8L a9fOG5 . o; ljlwdf ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] e"ldsf ;'wf/fTds
9+un] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;3fpg' /x]sf] x'G5 . cfjlws k'g/fjnf]sg ub{} sfo{;Dkfbg cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/G5 . JolQmsf] p2]Zo ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]/
p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ of] ljlw ;kmn x'G5 . p2]Zosf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{] of] ljlw j}1flgs 5 . o; ljlwn] ;xeflutfd"ns
Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u ug]{ of] ljlw lgSs} k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg
gePsf] ;+u7gdf o;/L sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsGg . ;a} JolQmsf JolQmut p2]ZonfO{ ;+u7gsf p2]Zodf ;dfj]z ug{] s'/f cfkm}+df
r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 .
lgisif{ (Conclusion)
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] d"n Wo]o sd{rf/Lsf ;'wf/fTds sfo{ut / JolQmut kIfx¿ klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;'wf/ ug{' xf] . sdhf]/L ;'wf/]/
;+u7gsf] cfjZostf cg's"n agfpg g;s];Dd sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg k|efjsf/L ePsf] dfGg ;lsFb}g . clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg
k|0ffnL lgSs} k'/fgf] / cg'kof]uL h:t} 5 . ljZjsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL ¿kfGtl/t e};s]sf] 5 . dflysf] rrf{af6 xfd|f] sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL s:tf] 5 / ljZjsf] k|0ffnL s:tf] 5 eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . xfdLn] k|of]u ul//x]sf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf Ps Ps bf]if uGg' eGbf ca
o;nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ a]nf eof] eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 .
pTk|]/0ff, dgf]jn / sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/sf] aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw
;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{ ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] OR5fzlQm hfUg', sfdk|lt clek|]l/t x'g'nfO{ g} sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff elgG5 . sd{rf/Lsf]
pTk|]/0ff eGgfn] sfd ug]{ hf]; hfFu/, rfxgf jf OR5f eGg] a'em\g ;lsG5 . pTk|]/0ffnfO{ ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] cf—cfkmg} lsl;dn] JofVof Pjd\ ljZn]if0f
u/]sf 5g\ . To;} ;Gbe{df Abhram Maslow n] Motivation sf kfFr tx x'G5g\ egL pNn]v u/L Hierarchy of Needs sf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ .
To;}u/L Frederick Herzberg n] s'g}klg JolSQdf pTk|]/0ff k|j4{g ug{ Pull Factors and Push Factors n] e"ldsf v]N5g\ . o;nfO{ pgn] Hygien

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factors Theory egL gfdfs/0f u/]sf 5g' . To;}u/L Victor Brooms n] Expectancy Theory tyf Douglas Mc Gregor n] Theory X /
Theory Y tyf William Ouchy n] Theory Z Motivation ;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] tYo cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .
sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ (Performance Standard) eGgfn] vf;u/L lgDgfg';f/ a'emg ;lsG5 M
Performance Standard = f ( AMOI )
Where, ’f’ means function, ’A’ for Ability, ’Mo’ means Motivation and ’I’ for integrity.
dfly k|:t't ;"qdf plNnlvt æAMOIÆ sf] Psd"i7 ¿k g} sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ xf] . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/nfO{ ldtJooL, k|efjsf/L /
pTkfbgd"ns agfpg ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff lg/Gt/¿kdf sfod /fVg' kb{5 . pTk|]/0ffsf] a9f]Q/Ln] sd{rf/Lx¿df pRr dgf]jn sfod x'g] cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . s'g} klg JolStsf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a9fpg p;sf] sfo{ Ifdtf, pTk|]/0ff Pj+ bIftf a9fpg h¿/L ePsf] tYo dflysf] ;"qn] ;d]t :ki6 kf/]sf] 5
. sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ a9fpg] s]xL pkfox¿ tn ;+If]kdf b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .
pTk|]/0ff, dgf]jn / sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ffn] dgf]jn pRr sfod x'g] kl/0ffd:j¿k JolQmsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ clej[l4 eO{ ;+u7g (Organisation) sf] p2]Zo k'/f x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a9fpgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
ljifoa:t'nfO{ ;"qsf ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+u7gsf] 5l/tf] Joj:yfkg tyf u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg ug{ hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg
ckl/xfo{ 5 . ljz]ifu/L hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ffsf ;|f]tx¿ h:t}M df}lb|s / u}x| df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgx¿ cfjZostf cg';f/ pknAw
u/fpg h¿/L 5 . kmn:j¿k sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an a9\g uO{ JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ (performance standard) a9f]Q/L ePsf] x'g]5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a9fpg] pkfox¿
!= df}lb|s ;'ljwfx¿ M– M– sd{rf/Lx¿4f/f ;Dkflbt sfdsf] plrt d"Nofª\sg u/L Monetary Incentive fund kof{Kt dfqfdf k|bfg ul/of] eg]
sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn Pj+ sfo{Ifdtf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf a9\5 . Monetary fund eGgfn] d"ntM tna, eQf, :yfgLo eQf,gub k|;'tL :ofxf/ eQf,
af]g;, 3/ef8f, kf]zfs eQf, sd{rf/Lsf ;GtltnfO{ 5fqj[lQ, cltl/SQ ;do sfd u/] jfkt eQf,;+rosf]if tyf ladf /sd, cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{
cflb /sdnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZos Monetary incentive k|bfg ugf{n] sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ff
clej[l4sf cltl/SQ pRr dgf]jn clej[l¢ x'g uO{ :jfefljs ¿kdf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtf (Efficiency) a9\5 . g]kfn h:tf] Go"g j]tg ePsf]
d'n'sdf t emg\ of] pkfo ;fx«} k|efjsf/L pkfo cGt{ut kb{5 .
@= u}x| df}lb|s ;'ljwfx¿M–
jwfx¿M– sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtf tyf dgf]jn psf:gsf nflu u}x| df}lb|s ;'ljwfx¿ k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 . ljz]ifu/L u}x|
df}lb|s ;'ljwf (Non—monetary Incentive) eGgfn] tnsf ljifonfO{ a'emfpFb5 .
• j[lQ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿, h:t} M– ;?jf, a9'jf, kb:yfkg, tflnd, cjnf]sg, e|d0f, cWoog .
• sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] lgodfg';f/sf ljleGg labfx¿, h:t} kj{ e}k/L, 3/ labf, cWoog labf, ;'Ts]/L labf tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ labf, j]tnaL
labf .
• clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, sfo{ lgIf]kLs/0f, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, sfod d'sfod tyf lgldQ .
• Joj:yfksLo Jojxf/sf s'/fx¿, h:t} M– Pat at the back ,Thank You, Very Good, Nice nufot ;+u7gdf sd{rf/LnO{ Pay-
incentive sf cltl/SQ ld7f] af]nL ljz]ifu/L sfd cx|fpFbf k|of]u u/]df sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn pRr x'G5 . t/ To;}nfO{ 5'b| af]nLaf6 cx|fpFbf
sd{rf/Ldf frustration cfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ 36\5 .
• kl/jxg ;'ljwf,sd{rf/L cfjf; u[x,:s"n tyf lghfdtL c:ktfn ;'ljwf Pj+ sfof{no sfo{ jftfj/0f (MBWA), Ergonomics, sfof{no
;dosf] nrstf .
• sfo{ ljj/0f, sfo{k'li6s/0f, sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f, sfo{ ljefhg , sfo{ kl/jt{g .
• k|efjsf/L cg'ud0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf d"Nofª\sgaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] sdL sdhf]/Lx¿sf] klxrfg eO{ ;dfwfgfy{ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
h;n] sd{rf/Lx¿ sfdk|lt k|lta¢ x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . SmartGk
• ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kb cg';f/sf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug{' kb{5 .
• sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf cg';f/ Right man in the right place at right time ul/g'kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ frequently transfer
k|lqmofaf6 xtf]T;flxt ul/+bf sd{rf/Ldf ;+u7gk|lt lat[i0ff k}bf x'G5 . o;n] JolStsf] sfo{Ifdtf Ifo (detoration) ug{;S5 .
• o;n] New Blood Inject sf] ;+efjgfnfO{ c;/ k'–ofpg;S5 .
• ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn tyf sfo{Ifdtf psf:g cfO{kg]{ ;d:ofsf nflu lg/fs/0fsf pkfox¿df crisis management,
conflict management, stress management, Knowledge management &Talentmanagement h:tf ljifodf ljif]z Wofg
k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . o;af6 ;d:of xb};Dd Go"g eO{ sd{rf/Lsf] Morale high x'G5 .
• ;+u7gdf proper evaluation tyf sfo{;Dkfbg cg'udg ug{ lgtfGt h¿/L 5 . o;/L ljljw Joj:Yffx¿ Jojxf/df NofO{of] eg] sd{rf/Lsf]
Efficiency a9\5 / dgf]jn klg ;w}+ pRr /xG5 .
k'/:sf/ jf Ifltk"lt{ Joj:yfkgsf] cy{ (Meaning of Reward or Compensation Management)
sd{rf/Ln] ;ª\u7gdf sfd u/]jfkt abnfdf kfpg] k|ltkmn jf kfl/>ldsnfO{ Compensation elgG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|ltkmn tna, Hofnf,
af]g;, eQf, sld;g, d]8n, k|z+;fkq cflbsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ub{5 . Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] u/]sf] sfdsf] plrt d"Nofª\sg ul/
k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . ;lx k'/:sf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;ª\u7gn] cg'elj / of]Uo sd{rf/LnfO{ ;ª\u7gdf /xg tyf sfdk|lt pTk|l/t eP/ sfd ug{
d2t ub{5 . k|efjsf/L k'/:sf/ Joj:yfkgaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] OdfGbfl/tf, g}ltstf, pTkfbsTj, cfTdljZjf; tyf ;Gt'li6 ;d]t j[l4 x'g hfG5 .
k'/:sf/sf k|sf/x¿ (Types of reward)
1. cGtlg{lxt tyf afÅo (Intrinsic & Extransic reward)
a. cGtlg{lxt (Intrinsic) : cGtlg{lxt k'/:sf/nfO{ 5'g rnfpg ;lsg] geO{ JolQmx¿sf] cfGtl/s dgn] cg'ej ub{5 . cGtlglx{t k'/:sf/
JolQmn] cfkm\gf] dgaf6 k'/:s[t ePsf] cg'ej ub{5 / JolQmn] cfGtl/s dgdf ;Gt'li6sf] cg'ej ub{5 . o:tf] k'/:sf/ JolQmn] rfvk"0f{
SmartGk
29
 Pjd / r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd, pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgf, :jtGqtf cflbsf ;fy} sfo{ 9fFrfcGtu{t sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 JolQmn] rfx]sf] ;do, sfo{
kl/jt{g, sfo{ 306fdf kl/jt{g cflbsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . o;n] JolQmsf] cfGtl/s dgdf ;Gt'li6 NofpFb5 .
b. afÅo (Extrinsic) : csf]{tkm{ jfx\o k'/:sf/ eGgfn] s'g} cfwf/ / ef}lts:j¿k ePsf] k'/:sf/ xf] h;nfO{ 5'g, rnfpg, b]Vg / t'ngf ug{
;lsG5 . o:tf] k'/:sf/cGtu{t tna, eQf, u|]8, kbf]Ggtlt k|z+;fkq, kbs slxn]sflx jfx\o k'/:sf/n] klg cfGtl/s k'/:sf/sf] sfd ug{
;Sb5 . t;y{ Joj:yfskn] ;+:yfdf cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ jfx\o k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fP/ cGtlg{lxt k'/:sf/sf] jftfj/0f pknAw u/fPdf
sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 .
2. ljQLo
ljQLo tyf u}/ljQLo k'/:sf/ (Finanical & Non financial reward)
a. ljQLo (Finanical) : cfly{s k'/:sf/ eGgfn] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf¿kdf sd{rf/Lsf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ Nofpg] k'/:sf/ a'lemG5 .
o;cGtu{t ljleGg k'/:sf/x¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] k'/:sf/cGu{t tna, Hofnf, af]g;, k]G;g, vfg, eQf, ;~rosf]if cflb kb{5g\ t/
;+:yfn] cfly{s k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ;+:yfsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;an x'g'kb{5 . o;n] slxn]sfxL sd{rf/Ldf c;Gtf]if ;d]t
Nofpg ;Sg] x'gfn] ;+:yfnfO{ sd cfly{s ef/ kg]{ lsl;dn] a9LeGbf a9L ;Gt'li6 Nofpg] k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
b. u}/ljQLo (Non financial) : u}/ cfly{s k'/:sf/ eGgfn] df}lb|s ¿kdf geO{ jf ;+:yfnfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf ef/ gkf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Gt'li6
lbg' eGg] a'lemG5 h;n] ;+:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] cfsif{0f a9fpFb5 . o:tf] k'/:sf/cGtu{t sfo{ zLif{s, sd{rf/Ln] rfx]sf] sfof{no kmlg{r/,
rfx]sf] ;dodf vfgf vfg] ;do, rfx]sf] sfd ;b:otf, Jofj;flos sf8{x¿ cflb dfWodaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Gt'li6 a9fpg ;lsG5 .
3. sfo{;Dkfbg tyf ;b:otfdf cfwfl/t (Performance based & membership based)
a. sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t (Performance based) : sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k'/:sf/ eGgfn] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg cg'kftsf] cfwf/df
lbOg] k'/:sf/ xf] h;cGtu{t /fd|f] sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu pRr k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fOG5 . o:tf] k'/:sf/cGtu{t sfo{b/ Hofnf k|0ffnL, laqmL
sldzg, pRr pTkfbg jf sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu k|]/0ff, af]g;, e'QmfgL k|0ffnL cflb k'/:sf/x¿ kb{5g\ . o:tf] k'/:sf/ k|foM sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ dfkg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] cltl/Qm sfo{;Dkfbsjfkt pknAw u/fOG5 / pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/Ldf xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon]
lbOG5 .
b. ;b:otfdf cfwfl/t (Membership based): csf]{tkm{ ;b:otfdf cfwfl/t k'/:sf/ eGgfn] ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] lbOg]
k'/:sf/ a'lemG5 . o:tf] k'/:sf/ pgLx¿sf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ gx]/L ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿n] Ps}gf;n] ;b:o ePs} cfwf/df k|fKt ub{5g\ . o:tf]
k'/:sf/cGtu{t tnaL labf, k]G;g, ladf /sd, cfjf; ;'ljwf, kf/jxg 5'6, e'QmfgLdf j[l4, h]i7tfsf cfwf/df k'/:sf/, z}lIfs ;'ljwf
cflb kb{5g\ . ;b:otfdf cfwfl/t k'/:sf/nfO{ klg JoQm / cGoQm u/L b'O{ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 . JoQm ;b:otfdf cfwfl/t k'/:sf/cGtu{t
tnaL ljbf, 5'6, ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx¿, ;'/IffTds sfo{qmdx¿ cflb kb{5g\ .
k'/:sf/ ljt/0fsf dfkb08 (Criteria on reward distribution)
1. sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/ (Job Performance)
k'/:sf/nfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|d'v / ;j{dfGo tŒj sfo{;Dkfbg xf] , h;cGtu{t slt pTkfbg ug{ ;Sof] To;}sf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fOG5 .
JolQmn] /fd|f] sfo} ;Dkfbg ug{ ;s]df k'/:sf/ klg /fd|f] jf w]/} pknAw u/fOG5 / sfo{ ;Dkfbg /fd|f] x'g g;s]df k'/:sf/ klg sd pknAw
u/fOG5 . t;y{ o;sf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fpFbf sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{kb{5 .
2. sfo{;Dkfbg k|of; (Effort)
pTkfbg kl/0ffdeGbf klg sd{rf/Ln] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ s:tf] k|of; u/]sf] lyof], To;sf cfwf/df klg k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;
cfwf/cGtu{t sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu a9L k|jf; k|of]u u¥of] eg] pRr k'/:sf/ / sd k|of; u/]df sd k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fOG5 .
k|foM o:tf] k'/:sf/ Pp6f JolQmn] pTkfbg slt u¥of] eg]/ 7Dofpg g;lsg] cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L s'g} a[xt\ sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{
cj:yfdf JolQm pTkfbg ug{af6 c;kmn ePdf k'/:sf/af6 jl~rt x'g'kb{5 . cyf{t w]/} k|of; u/]/ klg sfo{;Dkfbg x'g g;s]df k'/:sf/ ;d]t
pgLx¿nfO{ pknAw gu/fpFbf Gofo;Fut x'g;Sb}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf of] cfwf/ Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5 . To;}u/L Ifdtf ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] k|of; g} gug{
;Sg] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] k|of; dfkg ug{ ;lsof] eg] of] cfwf/ k|efjzfnL x'G5 .
3. h]i7tf (Seniority)
sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fpFbf h]i7tfnfO{ klg cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . o;cGtu{t w]/} ;dofjlw sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ a9L k'/:sf/ / sd
;dofjlw sfd u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ sd k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fOG5 . o;cGtu{t ;ª\u7gdf hlt a9L ;dofjlw sfd u¥of] Tolt g} s'zn / sfo{
;Dkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 / hlt sd ;do sfd u/]sf] 5 Tolt g} sd ;Ifd Pjd\ sfo{;Dkfbg klg Tolt g} sdhf]/ x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /flvPsf] x'G5 .
h:t} tnadf u|]8 j[l4 ug{] k|yf .
4. cGt/lglxt l;k (Skill held)
o; cfwf/cGtu{t sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;Lk k|of]u eP jf gePsf] eGbf klg JolQmdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ ;Lk 5 jf 5}g To;sf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/ pknAw
u/fOG5 . o;cGtu{t Pp6f dfGotf of] 5 ls /fd|f] ePsf] JolQmsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 / ;Lk g} gePsf] JolQmn] /fd|f] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb}g .
o; dfGotfcGtu{t a9L ;Lk x'g] JolQmnfO{ a9L k'/:sf/ / sd ;Lk x'g] JolQmnfO{ sd k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; cfwf/n]
sd{rf/Lx¿df ;Lk a9fpg tyf ljleGg tflnd tyf ljsf; sfo{qmddf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg k|]l/t ug'{sf ;fy} z}lIfs of]Uotf lngsf nflu
SMartGk
of] cfwf/n] cfslif{t u/fpFb5 .
5. sfo{ h6Lntf (Job difficulty)
a9L hl6n sfddf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfd ug{ rfxFb}gg\ . o; cfwf/cGtu{t a9L ufx|f] sfdsf nflu a9L kfl/>lds / ;/n sfdnfO{ sd kfl/>lds
pknAw u/fOG5 . a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ Pjd\ ufx|f] sfddf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|]l/t ug{sf nflu of] cfwf/ k|of]u ul/G5 . k|foM u/L hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd,
cg'ko'Qm sfo{ ;do, cg'ko'Qm 7fpF, sl7g sfo{, dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ sfd cflbdf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ nfUgsf nflu of] cfwf/
k|of]u ul/G5 . h:tf] sL a}+sdf 6]n/ eQf lbg' o; cGtu{t kb{5 .

30
6. lbdfuL k|of]u (Mental Exercise)
ljleGg lsl;dsf sfdx¿cg';f/ cf–cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] ljj]ssf] cfjZostf kb{5 . s'g} sfdsf nflu a9L g} a'l4, ljj]s rflxG5 eg] s'g}
sfdsf nflu sd rflxG5 . a9L lg0f{o Ifdtf tyf a'l4sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ sfdnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/L x'G5 / k'/:sf/ klg a9L cfjZostf kb{5 .
lhDd]jf/L Pjd\ lg0f{o sd ug'{kg]{ jf sd cfjZos x'g] kbsf nflu k'/:sf/ klg sd pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf o; cfwf/cGtu{t /x]sf] 5
. o; cfwf/n] lhDd]jf/ sfd tyf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ sfddf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ub{5 .
7. ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL (Collecive bargaining)
slxn]sfxL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/sf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gsf] cfk;L ;Demf}tfnfO{ klg cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . k|foM of]
;Demf}tf ahf/ d"No, d'b|f:kmLlt, ;ª\u7gsf] jf;nft cflbsf cfwf/df ug{ ;lsG5 .
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fpFbf ;j{dfGo cfwf/ sfo{;Dkfbg xf] . t/ ;w}+el/ sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfGg sl7g x'G5 / c;Dej
klg . t;y{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cnfjf cGo cfwf/x¿nfO{ klg k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fpg] cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . ;do / kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;+:yfsf] l:ylt,
;ª\u7gsf] kb, sfdsf] k|s[lt cflb ljleGg s'/fx¿nfO{ larf/ k'¥ofP/ k|foM ;a} cfwf/x¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\g} ef/ pknAw u/fO{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/sf]
Joj:yf ug{ .
sd{rf/L ;DaGw / sfo{;Dkfbg
sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿aLr ;sf/fTds ;DaGw sfod x'g ;s]df sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf, ldtJolotf sfod x'g hfG5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg eGgfn] ck]lIft nIo xfl;n ug{ JolQm ljz]ifn] p;sf] 1fg ;Lk, Ifdtf cg'ej;d]tsf] clwstd pkof]udfkm{t pknAw ;a} lsl;dsf
;|f]t;fwgsf] kl/rfng u/L lglb{i6 ;do / :yfgdf /xL u/]sf] sfdnfO{ hgfpF5 . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] jl/kl/ / cfGtl/s :t/df jftfj/0f /x]sf] x'G5 / To;n]
sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efljt klg ub{5 . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|d'v kIf Pj+ Psdfq h}ljs tTTj dfgjLo ;fwgsf ¿kdf sd{rf/L /x]sf x'G5g\ . sd{rf/Ldf
cGtlg{lxt 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf, of]Uotf, cg'ej, b[li6sf]0f, Jojxf/n] sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf lge{/ x'G5 . olb sfd (Job) sf] k|s[lt / To:tf] sfd
(Job) ug{] sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk, b[li6sf]0f (KSA= Knowledge, Skill, Attitude) sf aLr ;sf/fTds ;x;DaGw sfod x'g ;s]df sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
k|efjsfl/tf a9\g hfG5 . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] pQm sfo{sf] u'0ffTds / ;ª\VofTds kIfnfO{ Oª\lut u5{ .
sd{rf/L / Jofj:yfkg txaLrsf] ;sf/fTds ;DaGwn] ;ª\u7gsf] gLlt, p2]Zo, sfo{qmd th'{df ug{, sfof{Gjog ug{, cg'udg d"Nofª\sg ug{]
sfo{df ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt x'g], afwfJojwfgx¿ cfpg glbg], cfPdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;xh x'G5 . sd{rf/Lx¿ pTk|]l/t / pRr dgf]ano'Qm ePdf ;ª\u7g k|lt
ckgTjsf] efjgf hfu[t x'g hfG5 . ;du|df o:tf s'/fx¿n] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/nfO{ :jtM psf:g d2t k'¥ofpF5 . Pp6f ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿aLr
cfk;df ;dGjo, ;xof]u, ;dembf/L, d]n sfod ePdf sfo{ut ;/ntf sfod x'G5 . nIo ;xh 9ª\uaf6 xfl;n x'G5 . Team Spirit sf]
efjgfd'tflas cfk;df nIo k|flKtsf lgldQ k[ys\ e"ldsfdf /x] klg cfk;df ;dGjofTds ;x;DaGw sfod ePdf sd nfutdf a9L k|ltkmn k|fKt
x'g ;S5 . ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t ;a} tx÷>]0fL / k[ys\ tx÷>]0fLaLr cfjZos ;dGjo, ;xof]u, d]nldnfk ePdf ;ª\u7gsf] a[xt\ nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]u
k'U5 .
lgisif{
g]t[Tj / sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gsf km/skm/s kbLo bfloTj axg u/]sf cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ dfgj ;+;fwg x'g\ . g]t[Tj cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s v'aL / kbLo
clwsf/ / k|efjsf] dfWodaf6 c?nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ dfgj ;+;fwg xf] eg] sd{rf/L g]t[Tjsf] dftxtdf /xL p;sf] cfb]z tyf lgb]{zg lz/f]wfo{ u/L sfo{
;Dkfbg ug]{ dfgj ;+;fwg xf] . Pp6f ;ª\u7gsf], efjL lbzf stf hfg] eGg] s'/f g]t[Tj / dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DaGw / kbLo lhDd]jf/Lsf]
afF8kmfF8n] w]/} xb;Dd lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . g]t[Tjsf ljleGg l;4fGtx¿ h:t}M Democratic leadership, charismatic leadership,
autocratic leadership x¿ dWo] kbLo lhDd]jf/L s:tf] 5 To;sf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . g]t[Tjn] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/sf] af8kmfF8, lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;'kl/j]If0fsf cfwsf/df sfo{ jftfj/0f lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . Pp6f ;kmn g]t[Tj Tof] xf] h;n] sd{rf/LnfO{
pTk|]l/t tyf xf};nfsf ;fy sfof{nosf sfdx¿ ;Dkfbg u/fpFb5 . a}ªs \ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df t emg\ sfo{ jftfj/0f k|efjsfl/tf w]/ xb;Dd zfvf
k|aGws / dftxsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf e/ kb{5 .
;'zf;gdf cfwfl/t lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL ;/sf/L cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjogdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ hgck]Iff / hgcfjZostfcg's"n
t'Nofpg sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] kIf Hofb} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;ª\u7gsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yf ;Ifd, u'0f:t/Lo, k|efjsf/L / bIf x'g g;s]df o:tf] ;ª\u7gaf6
k|jfx x'g] ;]jf ck]Iffg'¿k x'Fb}g . t;y{ @! cf}F ztfAbLsf] cfjZostf cg's"nsf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf sfod ug{ sd{rf/L
;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . cf]em]ndf k/]sf] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ sd{rf/L, Joj:yfkg / ;DalGwt ;a} kIfx¿n] pbf/tf,
k|lta4tf / cu|;/tfsf ;fy cFufNg ;s]df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{] /fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xh x'g ;S5 . l;4fGtdf ;Lldt cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfo{¿kdf
n}hfg ;s]df dfq ck]lIft nIo xfl;n x'g ;S5 . h;n] h] sfd ubf{ k|efjsf/L / bIftfsf ;fy ug{ ;S5, p;nfO{ ToxL sfd / lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg'k5{ /
pko'Qm sfo{jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L kof{Kt / pko'Qm ;fwg;|f]t pknAw u/fO{ ;/n / ;xh sfo{ljlw tf]lslbg'k5{ . cj;/ / ;'ljwfsf] ljt/0f Gofok"0f{
x'g'k5{ . Joj:yfkg txsf] Ifdtf, bIftf / sfo{s'zntf;d]t o;}af6 emNsG5 .
Aoj:yfkgdf pTk|]/0ff -Motivation in Management_
• pTk|]/0ff eGgfn] dflg;sf] o:tf] cfGtl/s OR5f, cfsf+Iff jf p2]Zo xf] h;sf] k|flKtsf nflu dflg; lglZrt sfo{ ug{ cu|;/ / pT;flxt x'G5 . s'g}
klg k|zf;lgs tyf Jofj;flos ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfk\mf]] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ hf];, hfFu/ tyf xf};nf a9fO{ sfo{k|lt
cu|;/ u/fpgsf lglDt h]–hlt k|lqmof ckgfOG5, To;nfO{ g} pTk|]/0ff elgG5 .
• s'g} klg k|zf;lgs tyf Jofj;flos ;+u7gdf ljleGg ljefu :yfkgf u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf ;Dk"0f{ ljefudf ljleGg Ifdtf tyf
of]Uotf ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿ egf{ u/L lglZrt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf lglDt lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] x'G5 / To;} lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPcg'¿ksf] clwsf/sf] klg
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lx¿ cfk\mgf tf]lsPsf lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/sf] k|of]uaf6 k"/f ug]{ u5{g\ . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cf–cfk\mgf] tx /
kbcg';f/ tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿ k"/f ug{ nfluk/]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ v';L / pTk|]l/t 5g\ eg] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ lglZrt ;dofjlwleq} ;lhn} k"/f u5{g\ .
olb pgLx¿df pTk|]/0ff gePsf] cj:yfdf tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L lglZrt ;dodf k"/f ug{ c;dy{ x'G5g\ clg ;+u7gsf] cfk\mgf] nIo k|flKtsf] lbzfdf
afwf pTkGg x'g yfN5 . sfof{noleq sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] o:tf ;a} cj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/ /xL pTk]|l/t gePsf sd{rf/Lsf af/]df ljZn]if0f
31
 u/L lsg pgLx¿ sfo{k|lt pT;flxt 5}gg\ / s;/L pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df Joj:yfksn] ;dod} ;xL lg0f{o lng ;Sg'k5{ .
o;af6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L jgfpg ;lsG5 .
• olb sd{rf/Ldf c;Gt'li6 5, sfd ug]{ hf];, hfFu/, pd+u x/fPsf] 5 clg cN5L dfgLdfgL sfd ul//x]sf] 5 / Pp6} sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ klg k6s–
k6s ;DemfO/xg'k5{ . o:tf]df sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ffsf] cefj 5 eg]/ a'‰g'k5{ . plrt sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] cefjdf Ifdtfjfg\ sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfk\mgf]]
;Dk"0f{ Ifdtf b]vfO/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . cfk\mgf] of]hgf / km/s ;f]rx¿ cufl8 Nofpg cj;/ gkfPsf] cj:yf klg x'g ;S5 . oL ;a}nfO{ Ps ;kmn
Joj:yfksn] ;xL ¿kdf a'em]/ ljZn]if0f u/L To;}cg'¿ksf] ;dfwfgfy{ kxn ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
• olb ;+:yfdf pTk|]l/t sd{rf/Lx¿ 5g\ eg] Tof] l:ylt ;+:yfsf nflu clt g} alnof] cj:yfdf /xG5 clg Tof] dfgjLo pTk|]l/t sd{rf/Lx¿ ;+:yfsf]
d"Nojfg\ ;DklQ aG5g\, cGoyf af]em dfq} x'G5 . pTk|]l/t sd{rf/L pRr dgf]ansf ;fy, cfTdljZjf;L eP/ ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy cfk\mgf]
sfo{If]qdf nfU5, h;af6 sfof{nodf sd{rf/LaLr klg Ps–csf{df ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod x'g hfG5 . cfk;L ;xof]u a9\g hfG5 . ldn]/ sfo{ ug]{
efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . sfof{nodf sfo{ ug]{ /fd|f] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g k'U5 . clg sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] ultdf klg j[l4 x'g k'U5 . sfo{sf] u'0f:t/Lotf
a9\g hfG5 . o;af6 cfly{s pTkfbsTjdf klg j[l4 x'g k'U5 . olb sd{rf/L pTk|]l/t x'g ;s]g eg] oL dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} /fd|f kIfx¿ 7Ls
pN6f] x'g k'U5G, cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ gsf/fTds lbzftkm{ pGd'v x'g k'U5 .
• o;af6 ;+:yfn] cfk\mgf]] nIo xfl;n ug{ c;dy{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f Joj:yfksn] ;+:yfdf sfo{/t tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lb]lv lnP/ dflyNnf];DdnfO{
s;/L pTk|]l/t u/fP/ sfo{pGd'v u/fpg] / ;+:yfsf] tf]lsPsf] nIo k"/f ug]{tkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg] eGg] s'/f hfGg'k5{ . sd{rf/Lsf] c;Gt'li6sf] h8
l5rf]n]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg pkfoåf/f pTk|]l/t u/fpg Joj:yfksn] hfg]sf] x'g'k5{ . pTk|]/0ffsf ljleGg k|sf/ k|rngdf 5g\ . tL ;a}dWo] s'g} klg
tl/sf cjnDag u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ cfk\mgf]] sfo{k|lt pTk|]l/t u/fpg ;lsG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ffsf] l;4fGt k|of]u u/L pTk|]l/t ug{'
;a}eGbf klxnf] tyf bL3{sfnLg pkfo klg xf], h;cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] dgf]an a9fpg], hf];, hfFu/ tyf xf};nf a9fpg] ug{'k5{ . o;sf nflu
sd{rf/Lsf] k|z+;f ug]{ / /fd|f] sfo{ ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . olb gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ffsf] l;4fGt k|of]u ul/G5 eg] eo, qf;
b]vfpg], sd{rf/LnfO{ cK7\of/f] kg]{ 7fpFdf ;?jf ug]{, tna /f]Ssf ug]{, sfd gug]{nfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] cflb ug]{ ul/G5 .
• sd{rf/Lsf] k|s[lt / kl/l:yltcg';f/ gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ffn] klg slxn]sfxL+ /fd|f] kl/0ffd b]vf k5{ . t/, of] ljlw ;w}+el/ k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g clg /fd|f]
klg dflgFb}g . To:t} ljQLo pTk|]/0ffcGtu{t cy{;Fu ;DalGwt tna, eQf, af]g;, pkbfg, ladf, ;]o/sf] Joj:yf cflbaf6 sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t
u/fpg ;lsG5 . To:t} u}/ljQLo pTk|]/0ffcGtu{t sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;, ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmof ckgfpg], sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf
cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug]{, lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] ;fy} clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ cflb k5{g\ . o:t} JolQmut pTk|]/0ffsf ¿kdf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|z+;f ug]{, k|df0fkq
k|bfg ug]{, gf]s/Lsf] ;'/Iff ug]{, ;Ddfg k|bfg ug]{, ljsf;sf ljleGg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ cflb ljlwx¿ k5{g\ . To:t} u/L ;fd"lxs pTk]|/0ffcGtu{t
sfddf ;xeflutf, af]g;, ljefuLo k'/:sf/, ;'emfj Joj:yf Pj+ ;ldltx¿sf] u7gh:tf ljlwx¿ k5{g\ . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s pTk|]/0ffsf]
ljlwcg';f/ sd{rf/L sfo{df Jo:t /xL sfo{;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg';Fu ;DalGwt /xG5 eg] afXo pTk|]/0ffcGtu{t hLjg ladf, labf jf
lj>fd ;'ljwf, cltl/Qm kfl/>lds cflbåf/f sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk]|l/t u/fpg ;lsG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/af6 cfk\mgf]] sfo{df pGd'v u/fpg]
tl/sfx¿ Joj:yfksn] ;dod} cjnDag ug{ ;Sg'k5{, cGoyf ;+:yfn] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{;Dkfbg u/L cfk\mgf]] nIo xfl;n ug{ c;Ifd x'G5 .
• o; k|sf/af6 s'g} klg k|zf;lgs tyf Jofj;flos ;+u7gdf sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ha;Dd sfo{k|lt pTk|]l/t u/fO{ pgLx¿af6 a9LeGbf a9L
sfo{;Dkfbg u/fpg ;lsFb}g ta;Dd s'g} klg ;+:yfn] cfk\mgf]] lgwfl{|t nIo xfl;n ug{ t ;Sb}g g}, emg\ ;+:yfsf] ;fv u'Dg k'uL ;+:yf w/fzfoL
aGg] vt/f a9\b} hfG5 / o:tf] cj:yf nuftf/ bf]xf]l/P ;fFRr} Ps lbg ;+:yfsf] cl:tTj d]l6g klg a]/ nfUb}g; t;y{ s'g} klg ;+:yfn] cfk\mgf]]
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ cj:yfsf af/]df ;b}j Wofg lbg h?/L x'G5 . Joj:yfksn] sd{rf/Ldf b]lvPsf ;–;fgf u'gf;f / c;Gt'li6x¿nfO{ a]n}df
klxrfg u/L To;sf] h/};Dd k'uL ;dod} ;dfwfg ug{'k5{ . sltko sd{rf/L cfk\mgf]] c;Gt'li6 k|ToIf ¿kdf cfk\mgf] Joj:yfks;Fu /fVg ;Sb}gg\ .
pgLx¿ u'gf;f] ug{ 8/fpF5G, Tof] s'/f pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf]] sfo{af6 JoQm u5{g\ clg lklN;P/ dg gnfuL–gnfuL sfo{ u5{g\ . Ps ;kmn Joj:yfksn]
o; s'/fnfO{ ;dod} a'‰g ;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿;Fu 3'nldn eP/ ;xh jftfj/0f agfO{ ;d:ofsf af/]df hfgsf/L lnP/ ;dfwfgsf] kxn ug{'k5{ . olb
To;nfO{ dtna g/fvL yfxf kfP/ klg yfxf gkfPh:tf] u/L a]jf:tf ul/of] clg bafpg vf]lhof] / x/avt sd{rf/LnfO{ lgoGq0fd} /fVg] k|of;
ul/of] eg] Tof] Ps lbg lj:kmf]6 klg x'g ;S5 / Tolta]nf g]t[Tjk+lQmn] k5'tfP/ a:g'sf] ljsNk x'g]5}g, hlta]nf ;Dk"0f{ Wj:t eO;s]sf] x'g]5 .
• h'g dfgj ;+;fwgn] ubf{ ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{ ;lsPsf] x'G5, To:tf] d"Nojfg\ ;fwgnfO{ c¿ cGo lghL{j k|s[ltsf ;fwgnfO{ h:tf] Jojxf/
gu/L v';L agfP/ pgLx¿af6 a9LeGbf a9L sfo{;Dkfbg u/fpg] sfo{ jftfj/0f agfO{ ;w}+ pTk|]l/t u/fO{ sd{rf/Laf6 w]/} sfd lng ;Sg' Ps ;kmn
Joj:yfkssf] u'0f x'g]5 / of] Joj:yfkgsf] ;Lk Joj:yfksn] cjZo cjnDag u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;bf pTk|]l/t u/fP/ ;+:yfsf] nIo k|flKtdf
pGd'v u/fpg' a'4LdfgL x'g]5 .
• ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{ ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] OR5fzlQm hfUg', sfdk|lt clek|]l/t x'g'nfO{ g} sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff elgG5 . It is the
desireness to full the organizational goal. Due tomotivation, everyone wants to do the better job.sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff eGgfn] sfd
ug]{ hf];hfFu/, rfxgf jf OR5f eGg] a'em\g ;lsG5 .
• pTk|]/0ffnfO{ ljleGg ljåfgx?n] cf—cfkmg} lsl;dn]JofVof Pjd\ ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;} ;Gbe{df Abhram Maslow n] Motivation sf
kfFrtx x'G5g\ egL pNn]v u/L Hierarchy of Needssf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L FrederickHerzberg n] s'g}klg JolSQdf pTk|]/0ff k|j4{g ug{
Pull Factors and Push Factorsn]e"ldsf v]N5g\ . o;nfO{ pgn] Hygien factors TheoryegL gfdfs/0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/LVictor
Broomsn] Expectancy Theorytyf Douglas Mc Gregorn] Theory X/ TheoryYtyf William Ouchyn] Theory Z Motivation;Fu
;DalGwt ePsf] tYo cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .
• vf;u/L pTk|]/0ff eGgfn] sfd k|ltsf] nufj, em'sfj tyf ;sf/fTds ;f]r Pj+ JolStsf] cfGtl/sOR5fzlSt xf] eGg] a'lemG5 . pTk|]/0ffn] JolSTfnfO{
sfdk|lt pT;'s / hfu?s agfpF5 . c+u]|hLdfegfO{ 5 "Why does a man work ? because he is motivated" eg] em}+ ljleGg k]zfdf h:t}
a}ssf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ clej[l¢ ug{ pTk|]/0ff cfjZostfkb{5 eg] pRr dgf]jn sfod x'g' pTk|]/0ffsf] k|ltkmn
xf] . d"ntM sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn eGgfn] dgsf] cfGtl/s ;f+G}bo{kg xf] .
32
• pRr dgf]jn / pTk|]/0ff Ps csf{df cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . dgf]jnpRr x'g' egsf] ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff hfUg' xf] eGbf km/s kb}{g, pTk|]/0ff ePg eg]
dgf]jn pRrx'g] ;Defjgf Go"g /xG5 . ljleGg bz{gx¿sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ubf{ pTk|]/0ff dfgj ;|f]t Joj:yfkg;Fu;DalGwt 5 eg] dgf]jn ;}lgs
k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ePsf] a'em\ g ;lsG5 . ljZj ;d|f6g]kf]lnog jf]gfkf6{n] lbUjLho k|flKtsf nflu xltof/, ;+:yf, k};f / dgf]jn dWo]
k|d'v tTjdgf]jn g} xf] eg]sf 5g\ . dgf]jn eGg] ljifo cd"t{ (Abstract) x'G5 o;n] JolStsf] cfGtl/sOR5f zlStnfO{ j9f]Q/L u/fO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpF5 .
Motivation sf] 'Motive' eGg] cª\ cªu|\u]h
| L zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] 'Movere' af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ x'G5– 5– 'To move' cu|;/ x'g' jf ult ult lbg' .
pTk|]/0ffsf] cy{ dflg;sf] leqL tTj;Fu x'G5 h;n] p;nfO{ sfo{ ug{sf nflu pT;flxt ub{5 .
s'g} sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ pTkGg cfGtl/s OR5f jf hfFu/ g} pTk|]/0ff xf] .
of] Ps To:tf] OR5f xf], h'g s'g} p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu cfkm" :jod\ lglxt zlQmsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
of] Ps To:tf] cfGtl/s zlQm xf], h;n] s'g} cfjZostf k"/f ug{ cfkm}nfO{ hfu?s u/fpFb5 .
pTk|]/0ff cfGtl/s dgf]ansf] pkh xf] h;n] tf]lsPsf] nIo xfFl;n ug{ d2t k'¥ofpFb5 .
pTk|]/0ff JolQm ljz]if;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . of] dgf]j}1flgs ljifo xf] .
pTk|]/0ff JolQm, sfd / kl/l:ylthGo tTjx¿ larsf] cGtlqm{ofsf] kl/0ffd xf] .
"Motivation is the stimulation of any emotion or desire operating up one's will or prompting or driving to an action."– J.C.
Lillis SMartGk
"Motivation can be defined as a willingness to expand energy to achieve a goal or reward." – Dale S. Beach
pTk|]/0ff eg]sf] nlIft p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ dflg;x?nfO{ sfd ug{ pT;flxt ug{' xf] . -William G Scott
pTk|]/0ff pRr d]xgt ug]{ OR5f xf] ; h'g k|of; JolQmut p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ ;t{df ul/G5 . Decenzo and Robbins
pTk|]/0ffsf] wf/0ff ljz]if ul/ dgf]a}1flgs 5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lglZrt tl/sfn] sd ug{ jf gug{ tTk/ agfpg] ;a} tTjx? ;+u ;DaGw /fV5 .
Dalton E McFarland
pTk|]/0ff eg]sf] pT;fx , OR5f , cfjZostf tyf To:t} cGo tTjx? k|bfg ug{' xf] ; h;n] dflg;x?nfO{ sd ug{ k|]l/t u5{ . koontz and Donnell
pTk|]/0ff nIo cyjf k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{sf nflu zlQmsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ tTk/tf xf] . Dale S Beach
pTk|]/0ffsf ljz]iftfx?
• dgf]a}1flgs k|lqmofaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff kTtf nufpg] .
• of] Ps lgoldt k|lqmof /x]sf] .
• hl6n tyf eljiojf0fL ug{g;lsg];j{JofkL sfo{
• Jojxf/df k|efj
• ;Dk"0f{ JolQm pTk|]l/t
• ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds
pTk|]/0ffsf] dxTj
• gfkmf x'g] sfo{ ug]{
• pRr pTkfbsTj
• kl/jt{gsf] :jLsf/ SmartGk
• dfgj ;+;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u
• sd{rf/L ;Gt'li6
• ljjfb / x8\tfndf sld
• ;dGjosf] cfwf/
• sd{rf/L :yfloTj
• lg/LIf0f vr{df sld
pTk|]/0ff;DaGwL tTjx¿(Motivational variables)
JolQm (Employee) SmartGk
sfd (Job)
sfd kbf{sf] kl/l:ylt (Work situation)
pTk|]/0ffsf cGtlg{lxt ;"rsfª\
sfªsx¿
\sx¿(Proposition of motivation)
• pTk|]/0ff JolQmleqaf6} l;h{gf x'G5 . SmartGk
• JolQm ;dk"0f{tf d} pTk|]l/t x'G5 .
• dflg;sf rfxgfk"lt{ ePkl5 s]xL t[KtLsf] cg'e"lt ul/G5 .
• cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] cefjn] JolQmnfO{ g}/fZo t'NofpFb5 .
• pTk|]/0ffsf sf/stTjx¿ cfkm}df ck"j{ x'G5g\ .
• cfTdwf/0ff g} Pstfj4 zlQm xf] .
33
 • kof{j/0fn] klg pTk|]l/t x'g jf gx'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
• ;a} Jojxf/ lg0ff{os x'G5g\ t/ tL ;a} pTk|]l/t x'Fb}gg\ .
t;y{ JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ u/fpg ljleGg tTj jf ;"rsfª\sn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . t/ oyfy{df ha;Dd JolQm cfkm} pTk|]l/t x'Fb}g,
ta;Dd p;nfO{ aflx/ tTjn] c;/ kfg{ ;Sb}g .
pTk|]/0ffsf] d'Vo sf/s tTj JolQm ePsf]n] lghnfO{ s] ubf{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/] ;d]t ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . o; l;nl;nfdf
cª\u|]hL 4p's sf] ;"q tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 M
!= Pay -tna_
@= Promotion-kbf]Gglt_
#= Praise -k|z+;f_ 4P's
$= Prize -k'/:sf/_
pTk|]/0ffsf lsl;d(Types of motivation)
!= ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff (Positive motivation)
of] pTk|]/0ffn] dflg;nfO{ sfdk|lt pGd'v u/fpFb5 . o;/L pTk|]l/t ePsf] JolQmn] ;+:yf, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] enf] lrgfO st{Jolgi6 eO{ sfo{ ub{5
. sfo{sf l;nl;nfdf lbOg] Ogfd, kbf]Gglt, tna j[l4, labf / dfGotfn] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd NofpFb5 .
@= gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ff (Negative motivation)
of] ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ffsf] 7Ls ljkl/t cj:yf xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ l;l4sf nflu gsf/fTds sfo{ ug{ k5fl8 kb}{g
sfd ubf{ cfly{s kmfObf dfq vf]Hg], l9nf;':tL ug]{, sfddf nfk/jfxL ug]{ OToflb k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/LnfO{ u|]8 /f]Ssf jf 36'jf,
r]tfjgL / gl;xt cflb b08 lbP/ ;hu u/fpg ;lsG5 .
#= cfTd pTk|]/0ff (Self motivation)
s'g} JolQm c?nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg cl3 ;/]sf] 5 eg] ;j{k|yd pm cfkm} pTk|]l/t x''g' kb{5 . cfkm} lg/fz jf a}/fuL cj:yfdf 5 eg] p;n] c?nfO{ pTk|]l/t
u/fpg ;Sb}g .
$= ;d"xut pTk|]/0ff (Group motivation)
of] cGtu{t ;d"xdf a;]/ sfo{ ug{] ;d"x sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s;/L pTk|]l/t u/fpg] eGg] af/] ljleGg ljsNksf] klxrfg ul/G5 . ;d"xdf sfd ug]{
JolQmx¿dWo] ;a}sf] sfo{ bIftf / Ifdtf Psgf;sf] gePdf pQm JolQmdf s] sdL 5 eGg] kQf nufO To;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu a}slNks pkfo kQf
nufOG5 .
;ª\u7gdf cfpg] pTk|]/0ffsf ;|f]tx¿nfO{ lgDg adf]lhd @ efudf klg afF8g\ ;lsG5 M
1. Intrinsic motivation
– This is related to the job one is doing.
2. Entrinsic motivation
– This is related to the external sources to the job like financial incentives for doing a job well.
pTk|]/0ff rqm(Motivation cycle)
rfxgf l;h{gf

OR5f lgj[Q 56k6L

pTk|]/0ff rqm

OR5f k"lt{ lqmofzLntf

sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff a9fpg df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgn] v]Ng] e"ldsf(Role of monetary incentive in motivation)
;ª\u7gdf sd{rf/LnfO{ tna, eQf, af]g;, ljdf, pkrf/ vr{, z}lIfs eQf, 3/ef8f cflb h:t df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . log} k|ToIf
k|f]T;fxgsf] cfwf/df ;ª\u7gsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pTk|]/0ffsf] :t/ s]xL xb;Dd cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Rrl/qtf, OdfGbfl/tf, j[l4, ljj]s, g}ltstf cflb h:tf kIfx¿ t k};fn] v/Lb ug{ ;lsGg t/ hLpgsf nflu Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f
ug{sf nflu k};f geO gx'g] j:t' klg xf] .
j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf k|0f]tf F.W. Taylor n] pTkfbg a9]kl5 sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ w]/} tna lbg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ k|>o lbP . Give a man
more money and he will produce more. o;n] df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem rlr{t agfof] .
Five a man more money and he will produce more eGg] xb;Dd t d'b|fsf] e"ldsf cjZo xf]Og, lsgeg] dfG5] d]lzgeGbf k[ys x'G5 .
Money is one answer for motivation eGg] egfOnfO{ klg :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g lsgsL one man's food may be position for another eGg]
oyfy{ klg xfd|f] ;fd' 5 .
jf:tjdf kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df d'b|fsf] cfjZostf sd x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ eGbf d'b|fsf] cfjZostf a9L x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgn]
a9 pTk|]l/t ub{5 .

34
 df:nf]sf] cfjZostfsf] ;f]kfg l;4fGtsf] ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs cfjZostf k"/f ug{ d'b|fsf] h?/t 5 eg] xh{ju{n] pTk|]/0ffsf] nflu kof{Kt
kfl/>dLssf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ s'/f cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .
xfd|f] h:tf] ul/a d'n'sdf ul/aLsf] df/af6 lklN;Ps sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Go"gtd hLjg lgjf{x ug{ df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xg] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{
;lsFb}g .
sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff a9fpg u}x| df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgsf] e"ldsf
(Role of non–monetary incentives in motivation)
"Money can buy all the things except good character, integrity and moral."
dfgjLo cfjZostfx¿ s]an ef}lts dfq x'Fb}gg\ . k|]d (Affection), ;xcl:yTj (Belongingness), :jLs[t (Acceptance) / ldqtf
(Friendship) h:tf cfjZostfx¿ k};fsf] cf8df k"0f{ ug{ ;lsFb}g . o:tf cfjZsotfx¿ k"/f ug{ dfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{ a'em\g' kg]{ x'G5 .
j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/, z}lIfs k[i7e"ld / ?rLcg';f/sf] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f, ;xeflutfTds lg0f{o k|lqmof, s'zn Joj:yfkg, k|efjsf/L g]t[Tj cflb
h:tf cef}lts tTjx¿n] k|zf;gdf ultlzntf k|bfg ug{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ .
k|zf;gdf sd{rf/L rl/qjfg\, OdfGbf/, g}lts bIf, jkmfbf/, k|lta4 / ldtJooL ePg eg] o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] sNkgf ug]{ < oL lgtfGt dfgjLo
kIfx¿sf] k|flKt s]an k};faf6 dfq x'g ;Sb}g .
pTk|]/0ff ;fdflhs lj1fgsf Ps ultlzn zfvf xf] . of] sfo{ jftfj/0f, sd{rf/Lsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yf, ;ª\u7gsf] ltg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, k|z+;f, k'/:sf/
cflb h:tf pkJoj:yf;Fusf] cGt/;;DaGwaf6 lgb]{lzs x'g] ub{5 .
jf:tjdf, pTk|]/0ff eg]sf] ;fWo geO{ ;fwg dfq xf] . t;y{ df}lb|s tyf u}x| df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgsf] ;Gt'lnt k|of]uaf6 dfq s'g} klg k|zf;g k|efjsf/L aGg ;Sb5 .
df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgx¿ u}x| df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgx¿
!= tna eQf != ;?jf
@= ;~ro sf]if @= a9'jf tyf j[lQ ljsf;
#= cf}ifwf]krf/ #= ljleGg ljbfx¿
$= lgj[lQe/0f $= cfjf;sf] Joj:yf
%= aLdfsf] Joj:yf %= ;jf/L ;fwgsf] Jojyf
^= kfl/jfl/s lgj[QLe/0f ^= ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff
&= ;GttL j[l4 eTtf &= k|z+;f tyf lhDd]jf/L
pTk|]/0ffsf l;4fGtx¿(Theories of motivation)
!= cfjZostfsf] kb;f]kfg l;4fGt (The hierarchy of needs theory)
@= b'O{ tTj l;4fGt (Two factor theory)
#= X tyf Y l;4fGt (Theory X and Y)
$= pknAwL cfjZostf l;4fGt (ERG theory of motivation)
%= pTk|]/0ffsf] ;dtf l;4fGt (The equity theory of motivation)
^= e'|dsf] ck]Iff l;4fGt (Vroom's expectancy theory)
!= cfjZostfsf]
cfjZostfsf] kb;f]kfg l;4fGt (The hierarchy of Needs Theory)
of] l;4fGt ;j{k|yd ;g\ !($) df ca|fxd\ Pr= df:nf] (Abraham H. Maslow) n] k|ltjfbg u/]sf x'g\ . o; l;4fGtn] dflg;sf ljleGg
cfjZostfaf/] rrf{ u/]sf] 5 . df:nf]n] oL ljleGg cfjZostfx¿nfO{ kb;f]kfgdf /fv]sf 5g\ . h;nfO{ cfjZostfx¿sf] z[ªv \ nf klg elgG5 .
qmda4 ¿kdf cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Gt'li6 ul/G5 . tNnf] txsf] cfjZostf klxn] k"/f ul/G5 . df:nf]n] cfjZostfnfO{ % txdf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ M
s= zf/Ll/s cfjZostf (Physiological needs)
• zf/Ll/s cfjZostf dfgjLo cfjZostfsf] klxnf] tx xf] .
• o; cfjZostf leq ufF;, jf;, skf;, of}g, cf}ifwL pkrf/, cf/fd h:tf cfjZostf kb{5g\ . hLjg lgjf{x ;DaGwL o; cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f
ug{ dfgj pTk|]l/t x'G5 .
v= ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf (Safety or security needs)
• zf/Ll/s cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ kZrft\ dfgjnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
• cflh{t ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff, cfwf/e"t ;fdu|L;DaGwL ;'/Iff, ljdf, hflu/ ;DaGwL ;'/Iff cflb o; ;DaGwL cfjZostfx¿ x'g\ .
u= ;fdflhs cfjZostf (Social needs)
• ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf k"/f eP kl5 dfgjdf ;x–cl:tTj jf ;fdflhs cfjZostf ;'? x'G5 .
• o; cGtu{t ;fdflhs ;+nUgtf, :g]x, ;fdflhs ;b\efj h:tf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ dfgj pTk|]l/t x'G5 .
3= cfTd ;Ddfgsf] cfjZostf (Esteem needs)
• ;fdflhs cfjZostf k"/f eP kl5 dfgjdf OHht, k|lti7f, ;fdflhs ;Ddfg h:tf cfjZostfsf] dx;'; x'G5 .
• o;n] zlQm, k|lti7f, dof{bf, cfTdljZjf; h:tf cfjZostfsf] dx;'; u/fpFb5 .
ª= cfTd ;Gt'li6sf] cfjZostf (Self actualization needs)
• cGo cfjZostfx¿ k"/f eP kl5 dfgjdf cfTd ;Gt'li6sf] cfjZostf ;[hgf x'G5 .
• of] df:nf]sf] dfgjLo cfjZostfsf] pRrtd z[ªv \ nfsf] ljGb' xf] .
• o; cGtu{t cfTd klxrfg, cfTd uf}/j, zlQm sfo{, wd{, ;]jf h:tf cfTd ;Gt'li6 x'g] cfjZostfx¿ kb{5g\ .
35
 • df:nf]sf] cfjZostfsf] z[ªv
\ nf tx lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M–

cfTd;Gt'li6sf] cfjZostf

cfTd ;Ddfgsf] cfjZostf

;fdflhs cfjZostf

;'/Iff cfjZostf

zf/Ll/s cfjZostf

;an kIfx¿ (Strengths)

– dfgjLo cfjZostfx¿nfO{ qmd;Fu a'em\g ;lhnf]
– dfgjLo pTk|]/0ff a'em\g of] l;4fGtn] dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5 .
– of] l;4fGt ;lhnf], Jojxfl/s / a'em\g ;lsg] 5 .
b'a{n kIfx¿ (Weaknesses)
– cg';Gwfgåf/f cfjZostfs;DaGwL z[ªv \ nf k'li6 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
– cfjZostfn] dfq pTk|]l/t ub}{g . cfsfª\Iff cg'ej / af]wn] klg pTk|]l/t ug{ ;Sb5 . dflg;sf] Jojxf/ hl6n x'G5 .
– PseGbf a9L cfjZostfn] Ps} ;dodf pTk|]l/t ug{ ;Sb5 . cfjZostfsf] ;Gt'li6 qmda4 gx'g ;Sb5 .
– kl/l:yltn] pTk|]/0ffnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 . k|To]s JolQmdf leGgtf x'G5 . o;nfO{ of] l;4fGtn] Wofg lbPsf] 5}g .
@= b'O{ tTj l;4fGt (Two factor theory)
of] l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs k|m]8l/s xhju{ x'g\ (Frederick Herzberg) x'g\ . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf lk6\;ju{l:yt nueu @ ;o n]vfkfn /
OlGhlgo/x¿l;t cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ xh{ju{n] of] l;4fGt tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . o; l;nl;nfdf pgn] dflg;x¿nfO{ sfo{df s'g s'g tTjx¿n] k|efljt kfb{5g\ eGg]
cWoog u/] b'O{ tTj l;4fGtsf] ljsf; u/] tL b'O{ tTjx¿ x'g\ M
s= cf/f]Uo tTj(Hygiene factor)
v= pTk|]/s tTj(Motivational factor)
s= cf/f]Uo tTj(Hygiene factor) : Herzberg n] sfo{ ;Gbe{ (Job context) tyf sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] gfd lbPsf 5g\ . oL tTjx¿
ljBdfg\ g/x]df sd{rf/Lx¿df c;Gt'li6 pTkGg x'G5 . oL tTjx¿n] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;Gt'li6 k|bfg u/] klg pTk|]l/t eGg] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
o;cGtu{t kg]{ tTjx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
–tna eQf – dof{bf
–gf]s/Lsf] ;'/Iff – a}ssf] gLlt tyf k|zf;g
–cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw – ;'kl/j]If0f
–JolQmut hLjg – sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f
v= pTk|]/s tTj -Motivational factor)
Herberg n] sfo{ ;"rL (Job context) ;Fu ;DalGwt tTjx¿nfO{ pTk|]/s tTjsf] gfd lbPsf 5g\ . oL tTjx¿n] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
pTk|]l/t ub{5g\ . logLx¿ ePdf sfo{ ;Gt'li6 x'G5 t/ logLx¿ gePdf sfo{ c;Gt'li6 x'Fb}g . o;cGtu{t kg]{ tTjx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
–pknAwL – dfGotf
–pGglt – r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd
–pQ/bfloTj – sfo{df j[l4
#= X tyf Y l;4fGt (Theory X and Y) Prof. 8Un; d]Su|]u/n] (Douglas McGregor)
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfddf pTk|]l/t jf ;xefuL u/fpg] af/]df b'O{ k/:k/ lj/f]w ljrf/wf/f k|:t't u/L 'Theory X' / 'Theory Y' sf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ .
pgn] 'Theory X' nfO{ gsf/fTds, k/Dk/fut / tfgfzfxL z}nL / 'Theory Y' nfO{ ;sf/fTds ;xeflutf tyf k|hftflGqs z}nLsf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
Theory X Theory Y
!= sd{rf/Lx¿ l;4fGttM cN5L x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ sfd ug{ dg != sd{rf/Lx¿ km"lt{nf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ sfd ug{ ?rfpFb5g\ .
k/fpFb}gg\ .
@= sd{rf/Lx¿ vf; u/L k};f / bhf{sf] nflu sfd ub{5g\ . @= sd{rf/Lx¿ sfdnfO{ r'gf}tLsf]¿kdf :jLsfb{5g\ . sfo{ ;Gt'li6
clGtd nIo xf] .
#= sd{rf/Lx¿ g]t[Tjsf] Ozf/fdf df kb{5g . #= sd{rf/Lx¿ :jtM :km"t{ ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5g\ .
$= sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ lgb]{zg lbg' kb{5 . $= sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfdaf/] agfO/xg' kb}{g .
%= sd{rf/Lx¿ pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg rfxG5g\ . %= sd{rf/Lx¿ p2]Zox¿k|lt k|lta4 x'G5g\ .
^= sd{rf/Lx¿ ;hfosf] 8/af6 ck]lIft nIo k|flKtdf nfUb5g\ . ^= sd{rf/Lx¿ p2]Zox¿k|lt k|lta4 x'G5g\ .
&= sd{rf/Lx¿df gofF 1fg / ;Lk l;Sg] k|j[lQ x'Fb}g . &= sd{rf/Lx¿df ;w}+ gofF 1fg / ;Lk l;Sg] k|j[lQ /xG5 .
*= sd{rf/Lx¿ cfkm"nfO{ ljz]if ;Ddfg lbPsf] ?rfpFb5g\ . *= sd{rf/Lx¿ cfkm"k|lt ;Ddfgsf] vf;} ck]Iff /fVb5g\ .
36
 (= sd{rf/Lx¿ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf sfd ug{ ?rfpFb5g 5g\ pgLx¿ kl/jt{g (= sd{rf/Lx¿ kl/jt{gsf kIfw/ x'G5g\
5g .
rfxFb}g .
!)= sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ af6f] b]vfO/xg' kb{5 . !)= sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Ps k6s af6f] b]vfPkl5 pgLx¿ cfkm} ofqf ug{
;Sb5g\ .
$= pknAwL cfjZostf l;4fGt (ERG theory of motivation)

Clayton P. Alderfer's ERG theory from 1969 condenses Maslow's five human needs into three categories Existence,
Existence Relatedness and Growth.
1. Existence Needs
Include all material and physiological desires (e.g., food, water, air, clothing, safety, physical love and affection). Maslow's
Maslo first two levels.
2. Relatedness Needs
Encompass social and external esteem; relationships with significant others like fam family, friends, co--workers and employers .
This also means to be recognized and feel secure as part of a group or family. Maslow's third and fourth levels.
3. Growth Needs
Internal esteem and self actualization; these impel a person to make creative or producti productive
ve effects on himself and the
environment (e.g., to progress toward one's ideal self). Maslow's fourth and fifth levels. This includes desires to be creative creati
and productive, and to complete meaningful tasks.
dfyLsf tLgj6f dfgjsf OR5fx? JolQm cg';f/ leGgfle
leGgfleGg} x'G5g\ . cnju{/n] o;nfO O{R5fsf] dfqf tyf k|fKtLsf] ;xhtf cg';f/ o;nfO juLs/0f
u/]sf 5g\ . Existence needsx? ;xh ?kn] k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] / ;a}n] clgjfo{ ?kdf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] c? OR5fx? qmdz M j[l4 x'b} hfG5 .
%= pTk|]/0ffsf] ;dtf l;4fGt (The equityy theory of motivation)

The core of the equity theory is the principle of balance or equity. As per this motivation theory, an individual’s
motivation level is correlated to his perception of equity, fairness and justice practiced by the management. Higher
High is
individual’s perception of fairness, greater is the motivation level and vice versa. While evaluating fairness, employee
compares the job input (in terms of contribution) to outcome (in terms of compensation) and also compares the same
with that of another
nother peer of equal cadre/category. D/I ratio (output(output-input
input ratio) is used to make such a
comparison.EQUITY THEORY
Ratio Comparison Perception
O/I a < O/I b Under-rewarded
rewarded (Equity Tension)
O/I a = O/I b Equity
O/I a > O/I b Over-rewarded
rewarded (Equity Tensi
Tension)

37
^= e|'dsf] ck]Iff l;4fGt (Vroom's expectancy theory)

g]kfn /fi6« a}s sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL, @)^* -Nepal Rastra Bank Employee Bylaws_

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL,@)^*

-bf]>f] ;+zf]wg, @)&@ ;d]t ldnfOPsf] ?kdf_

kl/R5]b @
;]jfsf] u7g / kb Joj:yf
5= ;]jfsf] u7gM -!_ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu æg]kfn /fi6« a}]+s sd{rf/L ;]jfÆ u7g ul/g] 5 .
-@_ pk–ljlgod (3) adf]lhd u7g ul/Psf] ;]jfnfO{ k|zf;g / k|fljlws u/L b"O{ efudf ljefhg ul/g] 5 .
6= ;]jfsf] ;d'x tyf pk ;d'xM ljlgod 5 sf] pkljlgod -@_ adf]lhd ljeflht u/]sf] ;]jfleq /xg] ;d'x tyf pk–;d'xx¿ cg";'rL (3)
df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x"g]5g\ .
7= ;]jfsf] :t/ tyf >]0fL ljefhgM
ljefhg ;]jfdf clws[t, ;xfos / >]0fL ljxLg u/L ltg :t/ /xg]5 .
-@_ ;]jfsf] clws[t :t/, ;xfos :t/ / >]0fL ljxLg :t/df /xg] >]0fLx¿ cg";'rL –@ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x"g]5g\ .
8= ;]jfsf kbx¿M
kbx¿ ;]jfdf clws[t / ;xfos :t/df ljleGg >]0fLsf k|zf;lgs, k|fljlws / >]0fLljxLg kbx¿ /xg]5g\ .
-@_ pk–ljlgod -#_ adf]lhd /xg] kbx¿ cg";'rL –3 df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x"g]5g\ .
(3) a}+sn] ;]jfsf clws[t, ;xfos / >]0fLljxLg :t/df /x]sf ljleGg >]0fLx¿sf k|To]s kbsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ cfÇgf] ljefu÷sfof{non]
tf]lslbPsf] lhDd]jf/L cg";f/ ;Dkfbg ug"{ kg]{ sfdx¿sf] sfo{ ;d]t v"Ng] u/L sfo{ ljj/0f cg";'rL–$ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf tof/ ug"{ kg]{5 / To:tf]
sfo{ ljj/0fdf ;DalGwt kbsf] sfd, st{Jo, lhDd]jf/L tyf clwsf/ ;d]t pNn]v ul/g]5 .
9= Joj:yf (3) a}+ssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x"g]5 . -@_
;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL Joj:yfM
a}+ssf kbx?sf] b/jGbL lgwf{/0f cfjZostf cg";f/ ;ldltn] k|To]s tLg÷tLg jif{df ug]{5 .
-s_ b/aGbL lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf ;ldlt ;dIf l;kmfl/z k]z ug{ jl/i7 8]k"6L ueg{/sf] ;+of]hsTjdf 8]k"6L ueg{/, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefu /
;+:yfut of]hgf ljefusf k|d"v / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefusf lgb]{zs ;b:o–;lrj /xg] u/L Ps b/aGbL lgwf{/0f l;kmfl/z pk–;ldlt /xg] 5 .
kl/R5]b #
kbk'lt{ / kbflwsf/
10. u7g (3) ;]jfsf] clws[t >]0fLsf] l/Qm kbdf gofF lgo"lQm jf a9"jfåf/f k'lt{ ug{sf] nflu ueg{/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; k]z ug{
kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf] u7gM
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Pp6f kbk'lt{ ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5M–
-s_ jl/i7 8]k"6L ueg{/ – cWoIf
-v_ 8]k"6L ueg{/ – ;b:o
-u_ k|ltlglw k|fWofks :t/ lqe"jg ljZj laBfno Joj:yfkg÷cy{zf:q ;+sfo – ;b:o
-3_ k|ltlglw, ;x;lrj :t/ cy{ dGqfno — ;b:o
-ª_ k|ltlglw, ;x;lrj :t/ nf]s;]jf cfof]u – ;b:o
-r_ k|d"v, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefu – ;b:o–;lrj
-@_ kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] cg"kl:yltdf 8]k"6L ueg{/n] ;f] ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{5 .
-3) kbk'lt{ ;ldltn] cfÇgf a}7s ;DaGwL ;Dk'0f{ sfo{ljlw cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
-4) kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf sDtLdf rf/ ;b:o pkl:yt ePdf ;f] ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] nflu u0fk'/s ;ª\Vof k"u]sf] dflgg]5 .
-5) kbk'lt{ ;ldltn] ueg{/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ cfÇgf] a}7sdf cfjZostf cg";f/ kb;Fu ;DalGwt afXo ljz]if!nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-6) hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefusf] k|d"v sfod d"sfod ePsf] cj:yfdf clws[t ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbk'lt{ ;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{ ueg{/n] tf]s]sf]
a}+ssf] jl/i7 ljlzi6 >]0fL clws[tn] kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf] ;b:o–;lrjsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{5 .
-7) Ps hgfdfq 8]k"6L ueg{/ kbdf axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf ueg{/n] jl/i7 ljlzi6 >]0fL clws[tnfO{ kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf] ;b:odf dgf]gog ug{
;Sg]5 .

38
 SmartGk

11. kbk'lt{ pk;ldltsf] u7gM u7g a}+ssf] ;xfos >]0fL / >]0fLljxLg sfof{no ;xof]uL kbx¿sf] kbk'lt{ ubf{ cfjZostf cg";f/ kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/;df ueg{/n] Pp6f kbk'lt{ pk;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
12. kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf] sfd / st{JoM o kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf] sfd / st{Jo b]xfo adf]lhd x"g]5M–
-s_ ljlgod !^ adf]lhd ;]jfdf l/Qm /x]sf kbx¿ k'lt{ ug{ 5gf}6sf] k|s[of, kbk'lt{sf] k|ltzt / k|ltof]lutfsf] lsl;d lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
-v_ k|To]s ;fnsf] nflu cg";'rL 5 adf]lhdsf] kbk'lt{ ;do tflnsfsf] cfwf/df h]i7 dlxgfb]lv kbk'lt{ ;DaGwL sfo{ k|f/De ug]{ / r}q
dlxgfleqdf kbk'lt{ sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ .
-u_ v"nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k'lt{ ug"{kg]{ kbsf] nflu kf7\oqmd tof/ ug]{, lj1fkg ug]{, k|Zgkq tof/ ug]{, k/LIff lng] / cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ 5gf}6 ug]{ .
-#_ a9"jfåf/f k'lt{ ug"{kg]{ l/Qm kbsf nflu ;]jfdf /x]sf ;DefJo pDd]bjf/sf] o; ljlgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd a9"jfsf cfwf/ cg";f/
d'Nof°g u/L of]Uotfqmd cg";f/ kbk'lt{ ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, /
-ª_ 5gf]6 ePsf pDd]b/jf/nfO{ lgo"lQm jf kb:yfkg ug{ ueg{/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
13. kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnoM
;lrjfno kbk'lt{ ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] sfd hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefun] ug]{5 .
15. kbk'lt{ k|ltztsf] cfwf/df kb;ª\
kb;ªVof \Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{M ljlgod adf]lhd b/aGbL lgwf{/0f ePkl5 kbk'lt{ ;ldltn] l/Qm kbx¿dWo] ljlgod 15
adf]lhd v"nf k|ltof]lutf jf sfo{Ifdtfsf] d'Nofª\sg a9"jf jf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f x"g] kbk'lt{sf] kb;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
16. ;]jfsf] kbk'lt{M (3) v"nf k|ltof]lutf jf sfo{Ifdtfsf] d'Nofª\sg jf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f k'lt{ ul/g] kbsf] ;ª\Vof k|To]s
jif{sf] r}q d;fGt;Dd l/Qm /x]sf] hDdf kb;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|ltztn] sfod u/L k'lt{ ug"{ kg]{5M–
-s_ k|zf;g ;]jftkm{M
-!_ clws[t :t/ ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] l/Qm kb ljlgoddf plNnlvt k|s[ofåf/f .
-@_ clws[t :t/ k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] l/Qm kb ;ª\Vofsf] ;Q/L k|ltzt sfo{Ifdtfsf] d'Nof°gåf/f / tL; k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIffåf/f .
-#_ clws[t :t/ t[tLo >]0fLsf] l/Qm kb ;ª\Vofsf] krf; k|ltzt v"nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f, k}+lt; k|ltzt sfo{Ifdtfsf] d'Nof°gåf/f /
kGw| k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f . a9"jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ gePdf v"nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f .
kl/R5]b $
lgldQ, sfod d"sfod / sfh ;DaGwL Joj:yf
38= lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{M
-!_ljefu÷sfof{nodf sfo{/t cfÇgf] dftxtsf sd{rf/L ;ft lbg jf ;f] eGbf sd cjlwsf] nflu labf a;]df jf sfhdf uPdf jf cGo s"g} sf/0fn]
cfÇgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ sfof{nodf pkl:yt x"g g;Sg] ePdf To:tf kbdf tTsfn sfd rnfpgsf nflu ljefu÷sfof{no k|d"vn] Ps txd"lgsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] kbdf lgldQ eO{ sfd ug{ tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pk–ljlgdo (3) adf]lhdsf] cj:yf k/L s"g} sd{rf/L ljefu÷sfof{nodf pkl:yt x"g g;s]sf] / s;}nfO{ lgldQ eO{ sfdsfh ug{
gtf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf lgh sd{rf/Ln] ul/cfPsf] sfd gu/L gx"g] ePdf ;f]eGbf d"lgsf jl/i7 sd{rf/Ln] ;f] dflyNnf] kbsf] sfd lgldQ eO{ ug{ ;Sg]5
. (3) pk–ljlgod (3) adf]lhd lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] To; sfof{nosf] gub df}Hbft, sfof{nosf] 5fk, sfuhkq / b}lgs sfd rnfpgsf
nflu rflxg] lhG;L ;d]t a"lemlnO{ dflyNnf] kbsf] lgldQ e} sfd ug"{ kg]{5 .
(4) o; ljlgod adf]lhd lgldQ eO{ sfdsfh u/fpFbf To;/L sfd u/]sf] Joxf]/f hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefunfO{ lz#| hfgsf/L u/fpg" kg]{5 .
-5) s"g} sd{rf/Ln] s"g} kbdf lgldQ eO{ sfd u/]sf]df To; kbsf] sfd u/]sf] cjlwe/sf] ;Dk'0f{ sfd sf/jfxLsf] pQ/bfloTj lgh lgldQ eO{
sfd ug]{sf] x"g]5 . SmartGk
39= sfod d"sfod d"s// ug]{M (1) s"g}] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;ft lbgeGbf a9L cjlw labf a;]df jf sfhdf uPdf jf cGo s"g} sf/0fn] cfÇgf]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ sfof{nodf pkl:yt x"g g;Sg] ePdf To:tf] kbdf tTsfn sfd rnfpgsf nflu Ps tx d"lgsf sd{rf/LnfO{ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg
ljefunfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ a9Ldf Ps dlxgf;Ddsf] nflu ;DalGwt ljefu÷sfof{no k|d"vn] sfod d"sfod d"s// ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pk–ljlgdo (3) df h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljefuLo k|d"v jf sfof{no k|d"vsf] kbdf / 9's"6Lsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug"{kg]{ kbsf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;ft lbgeGbf sd cjlwsf] nflu klg sfod d"sfod d"s// ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-3) ljefu÷sfof{no k|d"v kbdf sfod d"sfod d"s// hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefusf] k|d"vn] ug]{5 .
-4) sfod d"sfod d"s// ubf{ ;fwf/0ftof Ps txd"lgsf jl/i7 sd{rf/LnfO{ sfod d"sfod d"s// ug"{ kg]{5 .
-5) hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefuaf6 sfod d"sfod d"s// eO{ sfdsfh ul//x]sf] sd{rf/L Ps dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf] nflu labfdf a;]df
lghsf] sfod d"sfod :jtM ;dfKt x"g]5 .
-6) sfod d"sfod d"s// ePsf s"g} sd{rf/L e|d0f sfhdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf lgh sfod d"sfod ePsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/L sfof{nodf
pkl:yt eP klg sfod d"sfod d"s// eO{ e|d0fdf hfg] To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] sfod d"sfod e|d0f sfh cjlwe/ oyfjt\ /xg]5 .
40= sfod d"sfod jf lgldQ lgldQ eO{ sfd u/]sf] tna eQf kfpg]M (3) s"g} kbdf sfod d"sfod eO{ jf kGw| lbgeGbf a9L cjlw lgldQ eO{ sfd
u/]sf]df To;/L sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] h"g kbdf sfd u/]sf]5 ;f]xL kbsf] tna eQf To;/L sfd u/]sf] ldltb]lv kfpg]5 .
-@_ pk–ljlgod (3) adf]lhd sfod d"sfod jf lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] tna eQf lghn] Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9"jf kfPdf
kfpg] tna eQf eGbf a9L x"g] 5}g . t/ To;/L kfpg] tna eQfsf] /sd lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna eQf eGbf 36L x"g] 5}g .
4!= sfh ;DaGwL Joj:yfM (3) a}+ssf] cfjZostf cg";f/ sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf sfhdf v6fpg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pk–ljlgdo (3) adf]lhdsf] sfh ljefuLo k|d"vsf] xsdf ;DalGwt 8]k"6L ueg{/ jf lghaf6 clVtof/L k|fKt clwsf/Ln] / .. 3! .. !6 .. 32
.. cGo sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf :jb]zsf] nflu ;DalGwt ljefuLo k|d"v jf sfof{no k|d"vn] v6fpg]5 .
-3) sf7df8f}F pkTosf aflx/sf sfof{no k|d"v Ps dlxgfdf tLg lbgeGbf a9L cjlwsf] nflu sfhdf hfg" k/]df sfhsf] p@]Zo tyf sfd ;d]t
vf]nL hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt lng" kg]{5 . SmartGk

39
 SmartGk
-4) sfhdf vl6g] sd{rf/Ln] sfh cjlwdf lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna eQf / ;"ljwfsf ;fy} kb cg";f/ tf]lsPsf] b}lgs eQf, e|d0f vr{ /
cGo ;"ljwf kfpg]5 .
t/ Pp6} sfof{nodf a;L sfd ug"{ kg]{ u/L sfh vl6Psf] sd{rf/Ln] klxnf] tL; lbg;Dd k'/} b}lgs eQf / To;kl5 ;f] 7fpFdf lgoldt
sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] ;/xsf] c:yfgLo eQf dfq kfpg]5 . lghn] To:tf] b}lgs eQf kfPsf] cjlwdf c:yfgLo eQf kfpg] 5}g .
-5) cfÇgf] 3/ ePsf] lhNnfdf sfh vl6g] sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t k"/f b}lgs eQf kfpg]5 .
-6) s"g} sd{rf/L cfÇgf] sfh cjlwdf la/fdL eO{ sfh uPsf] :yfgd} /f]lsg" k/]df ;ft lbg;Dd kb cg";f/ tf]lsPsf] b}lgs eQf kfpg]5 .
t/ To:tf] la/fdL ePsf] cjlwsf] sfh yk gePdf lghn] cfÇgf] ;l~rt la/fdL labf lng" kg]{5 . o:tf] la/fdL ePsf] s"/fsf] k|df0fkq
:jLs[t lrlsT;s jf glhssf] sfof{no k|d"vaf6 k|dfl0ft u/L k]z ug"{ kg]{5 .
(7) cWoog, tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, cjnf]sg cflbsf] l;nl;nfdf ljb]z e|d0f jf sfhdf hfg" kbf{ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt
lng" kg]{5 . t/ ljefu÷sfof{nosf] lgoldt sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ef/tdf sfhdf k7fpg" kbf{ ;DalGwt ljefu÷sfof{no k|d"vn] :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 .
$2 = cWoog sfhM (3) a}+sdf sfo{/t :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ a}+sn] cfjZostf cg";f/ pRr cWoog ug{ cWoog sfhdf dgf]gog u/L k7fpg
;lsg]5 .
-@_ cg";'rL 11 kl/lzi6 -s_ df tf]lsPsf ljifo dWo] cfjZos ljifodf cWoog ug{ 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog sfhdf dgf]gog
u/L k7fOg]5 .
-3) cWoogsf nflu k7fOg] ljZj laBfno jf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] ;'rL a}+sn] ;do ;dodf lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x"g]5 . ;fy}, t];|f] d"n"sdf -g]kfn /
ef/t afx]s_ cWoog sfhdf k7fOg] 5}g .
(4) cWoog sfhsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf k"u]sf] x"g"kg]{5 M–
-s_ a}+ssf] :yfoL ;]jf rf/ jif{ k"u]sf] / pd]/ k}tfnL; jif{ ggf#]sf],
-v_ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tf]lsPsf] ljifodf sDtLdf låtLo >]0fLdf :gftsf]Q/ tx pQL0f{ u/]sf],
-u_ ;DalGwt lzIf0f ;+:yfn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08 k'/f u/L egf{sf nflu :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] . t/ lgDg cj:yfdf cWoog sfhsf nflu lgj]bg lbg
kfpg] 5}g . (3) clws[t ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/L –@_ Ps k6s a}+saf6 cWoog sfh jf ljbfdf uO;s]sf] sd{rf/L, (3) tLg dlxgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L
cjlwsf] nflu tflnd jf cWoogdf ljb]z uO{ kms]{sf] tLg jif{ gk"u]sf] sd{rf/L (5) pk–ljlgod (3) adf]lhdsf] ljZj laBfno jf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf
a}+ssf] :jLs[lt lnO{ sd{rf/L cfkm}n] kqfrf/ u/L cWoogsf] nflu :jLs[ltkq k|fKt u/]sf] ePdf ;Dk'0f{ sfuhft ;+nUg u/L lgj]bg ug"{ kg]{5 .
-6) cWoog sfhdf dgf]gogsf] nflu ljlgod !07 adf]lhd ul0ft ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; ug"{ kg]{5 .
-&_ cWoog sfhdf hfg] sd{rf/Ln] To:tf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cjlw;Dd clgjfo{ ¿kn] a}+sdf ;]jf ug"{kg]{5M
cWoogsf] cjlw ;]jf ug"{kg]{ Go'gtd cjlw
-s_ Ps jif{;Dd – tLg jif{
-v_ Ps jif{eGbf a9L b"O{ jif{;Dd – kfFr jif{
-u_ b"O{ jif{eGbf a9L – 5 jif{
-*_ cWoog sfhdf a;]sf] s"g} sd{rf/Ln] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 pk–ljlgod -&_ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f gu/]df jf a}+ssf] k'j{ :jLs[lt
glnO{ aLr}df cWoog 5f8]df To:tf] sd{rf/Laf6 cWoog cjlwe/ lghn] a}+saf6 kfPsf] tna eQf, cGo ;"ljwf / cWoog afkt k|fKt u/]sf ;Dk'0f{
/sdx¿ a}sn] e"QmfgL lbPsf] ldltb]lv jflif{s bz k|ltzt Jofh ;lxt a}+sn] c;"n pk/ ug]{5 . ;fy} tf]lsPsf] cWoog sfh ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn]
30 lbgleq a}sdf xflh/ gePdf pQm cjlw sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cjlwdf ;d]t u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
kl/R5]b %
;?jf
44= ;?jf ug]{ clwsf/M
;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf ug]{ clwsf/ ueg{/df x"g]5 / cfjZostf cg";f/ ueg{/n] o:tf] clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
45= ;?jf ug]{ cfwf/x¿M (1) ;]jfsf] clws[t :t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ a}]+ssf] ljleGg ljefu tyf sfof{nox¿sf] cg"ej u/fpg ljleGg ljefu tyf
sfof{nox¿df ;?jf ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-@)k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{t 5"§} kf&\oqmd agfO{ 5"§} v"nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;kmn eO{ lgo"Qm ePsf sfg"g lj1 clws[t t[tLo tyf låtLo >]0fL jf
k|fljlws ;]jfsf clws[t t[tLo / låtLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sf&df8f}F pkTosf aflx/ ljz]if!tfsf] cfjZos gePsf] cj:yfdf ;?jf ul/g] 5}g .
(4) pk–ljlgod -@_ df h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf cj:yfdf s"g} sfof{nodf kb:yfkg ePsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] cjlw gk"Ub} ;?jf ug{
;lsg]5M–
-s_ s"g} :yfgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L la/fdL eO{ ;f] :yfgdf lghsf] pkrf/ x"g g;Sg] egL g]kfn lrlsT;s kl/ifbdf btf{ ePsf] lrlsT;sn]
l;kmfl/; u/]df,
-v_ s"g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug"{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf,
-u_ s"g} sd{rf/LnfO{ lgh sfo{/t /x]sf] sfof{nodf /fVg pko"Qm gePsf] cj:yfdf . (5) pk–ljlgod (4) sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd s"g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ s"g} sfof{nodf /fVg pko"Qm gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df ;?jf ubf{ :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f vf]nL lg0f{o ug"{ kg]{5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; pk–ljlgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æpko"Qm gePsf]Æ eGgfn] ;fdfGotM b]xfosf s"/fx¿nfO{ cfwf/df lnOg]5M–
-s_ ;doleq sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] tyf lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ c;Ifd,
-v_ ;dolgi7 gx"g],
SmartGk
-u_ sfo{k|lt nugzLn gx"g],
-#_ ;DalGwt sfdsf] nflu 1fg, zLk / b[li6sf]0f cg"s'n geO{ cGo k|sf/sf] sfdsf nflu pko"Qm x"g] ;Defjgf /x]sf], jf

40
 kl/R5]b ^
a9"jf
5!= a9"jfM (3) pTs[i6 k]zfut k|ltef sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf, bIftf, lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ ;Sg] v"aL tyf a}+sk|lt akmfbf/ eO{ sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf]
nflu j[lQ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df a9"jf ul/g]5 .
-@_ a9"jfsf] lgldQ ljlgod 16 adf]lhd 5"6o\ fOPsf] l/Qm kbx¿df a9"jf u/L k'lt{ ul/g]5 .
-3) ;]jfdf l/Qm /x]sf kbx¿ dWo] a9"jfåf/f k'lt{ ug"{kg]{ kbdf a9"jf ubf{ ljlgod 10 adf]lhd ul0ft kbk'lt{ ;ldlt tyf ljlgod 11 adf]lhd
kbk'lt{ pk–;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ueg{/n] ug]{5 .
-4) clws[t :t/ ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbsf] a9"jfsf] ;DaGwdf ljlgod 65 sf] Joj:yf nfu' x"g]5 .
-5) k|To]s ;fn a9"jf ubf{ cg";'rL–5 adf]lhd a9"jfsf] ;do tflnsf cg";f/ sfd ug{" kg]{5 .
52= ;DefJo pDd]bjf/M (3) a9"jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x"g a9"jf x"g] kbeGbf Ps tx d"lgsf] kbdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf]
x"g"kg]{5 M–
-s_ clws[t :t/sf] kbdf a9"jf x"gsf] nflu rf/ jif{ . SmartGk
-v_ ;xfos :t/sf] kbdf a9"jf x"gsf] nflu tLg jif{ .
-@_ pk–ljlgod (3) df h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckfé / lk5l*Psf] If]qdf a;f]af; ePsf
a}ssf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] plNnlvt ;]jf cjlwdf Ps jif{ sd ;]jf cjlw eP klg a9"jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x"g]5g\ .
-3) b]xfosf] cj:yfdf b]xfosf] cjlwe/ s"g} klg sd{rf/L a9"jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x"g kfpg] 5}g M–
-s_ lgnDag ePsf]df lgnDag /x]sf] cjlwe/,
-v_ a9"jf /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/,
-u_ xfnsf] kbdf tLg k6s;Dd gl;xt kfPsf] eP clGtd k6s gl;xt kfPsf] ldltn] Ps jif{;Dd,
-#_ tna j[l4 /f]Ssf jf 36"jf u/]sf] ldltn] Ps jif{;Dd .
53= d'Nof°g a9"jfsf cfwf/x¿M a}+sn] ;]jfsf] l/Qm kbdf ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ b]xfosf] ef/f°sf] cfwf/df d'Nof°g a9"jf ug]{5M
-s_ Ho]i7tf ;Q/L cª\s
-#_ z}lIfs of]Uotf aL; c+s, sfo{ ;Dkfbg d'Nofª\sg , Ps ;o c+s / ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cg"ej bz cª\s
54= h]i7tfM (3) gf]s/Lsf] h]i7tf jfkt v08 -s_ / -v_ u/L s"n ;Q/L cª\sdf ggf£g] u/L b]xfo adf]lhd cª\s lbOg]5 M–
-s_ xfn axfn /x]sf] kbdf sfd u/]sf] k|To]s jif{sf] nflu bz cª\ssf b/n], / -v_ xfn axfn /x]sf] kbeGbf Ps tx d"lgsf] kbdf sfd u/]sf]
k|To]s jif{sf] nflu b"O{ cª\ssf b/n] a9Ldf bz cª\s .
-@_ h]i7tf jfkt Ps dlxgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlwsf] bfdf;fxLn] lx;fa u/L cª\s lbOg]5 . t/ Ps dlxgfeGbf sd cjlwsf] nflu cª\s lbOg]
5}g .
-3) c;fwf/0f labf a;]sf] / uon ePsf] cjlwsf nflu h]i7tf jfktsf] cª\s lbOg] 5}g .
-4) a}+ssf] :yfoL ;]jfsf] kbdf Ps jif{eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd c:yfoL eO{ ;]jf g6"6fO{ ;f]xL jf ;f] ;/xsf] cGo kbdf :yfoL lgo"lQm ePdf
c:yfoL ;]jf cjlwsf] b"O{ ltxfOsf] lx;fan] ;]jf cjlw u0fgf ul/g]5 .
55= z}lIfs of]UotfM (3) b]xfosf] kbdf d'Nofª\sg a9"jfsf] nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf afkt s"g} Ps pkflwsf] dfq b]xfo adf]lhd cª\s lbOg]5M–
SmartGk
-s_ clws[t låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu :gfts txsf] nflu Psd"i6 16 c+s :gfQsf]Q/ tx nflu Psd"i6 !* c+s lk=Pr=8L sf] nflu Psd"i6
20 c+s k|df0fkq txsf] nflu Psd"i6 16 c+s :gfts txsf] nflu Psd"i6 !& c+s :gfQsf]Q/ tx nflu Psd"i6 20 c+s
u_ ;xfos låtLo / k|yd P;=Pn=;L sf] nflu Psd"i6 16 c+s k|df0fkq txsf] nflu Psd"i6 !& c+s :gfts txsf] nflu Psd"i6 20 c+s
-#_ ;xfos t[tLo bzd sIffsf] nflu Psd"i6 16 c+s P;=Pn=;L sf] nflu Psd"i6 !& c+s k|df0fkq txsf] nflu Psd"i6 20 c+s -@_ >]0fL
gv"n]sf] xsdf pk–ljlgod (3) adf]lhdsf] Go'gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf afkt lqe"jg ljZjlaBfnon] >]0fL lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] cª\s lbOg]5 .
-3) k|fljlws ;]jf tkm{sf kbx¿df d'Nofég a9"jf ubf{ k|bfg ul/g] cª\s ;d]t pk–ljlgod (3) ;/x g} x"g]5 . t/ k|fljlws ;]jfsf kbx¿sf
lgldQ ;DalGwt ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cª\s dfq k|bfg ul/g]5 .
56= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d'Nofª\ \sgM (3) sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d'Nof°g ug]{ ;"kl/j]Ifs / cg"df]bgstf{ cg";'rL – 15 df tf]lsP adf]lhd x"g]5g\ .
ofªsgM
-@_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d'Nof°g ubf{ cg";'rL 16 adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df cg";'rL – !& df pNn]v ePsf] tl/sf adf]lhd ug"{
kg]{5 .
-3) pk–ljlgod (3) adf]lhdsf kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] d'Nof°g pk/ b]xfo adf]lhd ;b:o /x]sf] k"g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] k"g/fjnf]sg u/L cª\s
k|bfg ug]{5M– SmartGk
-s_ jl/i7 8]k"6L ueg{/ – cWoIf
-v_ 8]k"6L ueg{/ – ;b:o
-u_ k|d"v, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefu – ;b:o
-4) 8]k"6L ueg{/ gePsf] cj:yfdf ueg{/n] tf]s]sf] jl/i7 sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs o; ;ldltsf] ;b:o x"g]5 .
-5) sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d'Nof°gsf] s"n cª\ssf] ljefhg b]xfo adf]lhd x"g]5M–
-s_ ;"kl/j]Ifsn] lbg ;Sg] clwstd ;Q/L cª\s
-v_ cg"df]bgstf{n] lbg ;Sg] clwstd aL; cª\s
-u_ k"g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbg ;Sg] clwstd bz cª\s
kl/R5]b &
41
 tna, eQf tyf ;"ljwf
72= tna eQfM (3) sd{rf/Ln] ;]jfsf] kbdf axfnL u/]sf] ldltb]lv tna eQf kfpg]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQf tyf tnadfg ;ldltn] k|To]s b"O{ jif{df k"g/fjnf]sg u/L tf]lslbP adf]lhd x"g]5 . tna eQf a[l4 ePsf] b"O{ jif{leq
d'Noj[l4nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL tna eQf k"g/fjnf]sg l;kmfl/; k|:tfj k]z ug{ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefusf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] ;+of]hsTjdf cg";Gwfg
ljefu, ;+:yfut of]hgf ljefu / ljQ Joj:yfkg ljefusf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsx¿ /xg] u/L tna eQf k"g/fjnf]sg pk;ldlt u7g ul/g] 5 . pQm
pk;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQf tyf tnadfg ;ldltn] k"g/fjnf]sg u/L tf]sL lbP adf]lhd x"g]5 .
73= ksfPsf] tna eQf kfpg]M (3) ljlgod !47 adf]lhd tna 36fOg] cfb]z ePsf]df afx]s s"g} sd{rf/Lsf] tna 36fOg] 5}g .
-@_ o; ljlgodfjnLdf cGoyf pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] ksfPsf] tna eQf s§f ul/g] 5}g .
-3) sd{rf/Ln] sfd u/L ksfPsf] k|To]s dlxgfsf] tna eQf ;f]xL dlxgfsf] klRr; ut]sf lbgdf jf a}+sn] tf]s]sf] cGo s"g} lbgdf lbOg]5 .
-4) s"g} sd{rf/Ln] ksfPsf] tna eQf lgh h"g;"s} sf/0faf6 ;]jfdf g/x] klg kfpg]5 .
74= tnadfgM (3) lgwf{l/t tnadfg cg";f/ tna kfpg] kbdf gofF lgol"Qm kfpg] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] tnadfgdf tf]lsPsf] ;"? tna kfpg]5 .
-@_ dflyNnf] tnadfgsf] s"g} kbdf a9"jf kfpg] sd{rf/Ln] pQm tnadfgdf tf]lsPsf] ;"? tna kfpg]5 .
t/ lghn] xfn kfO/x]sf] tna pQm dflyNnf] tnadfgsf] ;"? tna a/fa/ jf ;f]eGbf clws ePdf pQm dflyNnf] tnadfgdf lghsf] tna
tf]Sbf b]xfo adf]lhd u/L tf]lsg]5M–
-s_ lghn] xfn kfO/x]sf] tna dflyNnf] tnadfgsf] ;"? tna a/fa/ dfq ePdf ;f] tnadf Ps tnadfg j[l4 yk u/L tf]lsg]5 .
-v_ ;fljs kbdf kfO/x]sf] tna a9"jf ePsf] kbsf] ;"? tnaeGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf dflyNnf] kbsf] tna tf]Sbf xfn kfOcfPsf] tnadf
gk"u];Ddsf] tnadfg j[l4 yk u/L dflyNnf] kbsf] Ps tnadfg j[l4 ;d]t lbOg]5 .
75= tna j[l4M (3) ljlgod !47 adf]lhd tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ul/Psf] jf lgnDag ul/Psf]df afx]s k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] Ps jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f
u/]kl5 k|To]s >fj0f 1 ut] ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] b/n] x"g] /sd a/fa/sf] Ps tnadfg a[lWb kfpg] 5 . t/ o:tf] tnadfg j[l4 x"g] ;ª\Vof
;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd x"g]5 . SmartGk
-@_ ueg{/n] s"g} :yfoL sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] pTs[i6 sfo{sf] nflu k|f]T;fxg :j¿k Ps k6sdf a9Ldf tLg tnadfg;Dd j[l4 lbg ;Sg]5 .
-3) kbsf] clGtd jflif{s tnadfgsf] tna k"u]sf] ;xfos :t/ -;xfos k|yd b]lv ;xfos rt"y{ >]0fL / >]0fLljxLg sfof{no ;xof]uL rt"y{
txb]lv låtLo tx;Dd_ sf sd{rf/Lsf] tna lghn] wf/0f u/]sf] kbeGbf lgs6td dflyNnf] kbn] kfpg] tnadfgdf ldnfg u/L ;f] kbsf] jflif{s
tnadfg .. 65 .. 33 .. 66 .. cg";f/ clGtd tnadfg;Dd j[l4 x"Fb} hfg] u/L tna, eQf tyf cGo ;"ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
t/ o:tf] ;"ljwf k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/L ;xfos k|yd ePdf ;f]xL kbsf] kl5Nnf] rf/ jif{sf] / ;xfos låtLo jf ;f]eGbf d"lgsf] ePdf ;f]xL kbsf]
kl5Nnf] tLg jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d'Nofª\sg sDtLdf cf};t 75 k|ltzt eGbf a9L x"g" kg]{5 . r}q dlxgfkl5 clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg] ;xfos :t/sf
sd{rf/Lsf] kl5Nnf] r}q d;fGt;Dddf o; ljlgoddf plNnlvt ;t{x¿ k"/f u/]sf eP cjsfz x"g" cufj} o:tf] ;"ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
76= ;?jf, a9"jf ePdf kfpg] tnaM Ps sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf jf a9"jf eO{ kb:yfkgf ePsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;?jf jf a9"jf ePsf]
dlxgfsf] tna eQf ;?jf jf a9"jf ePsf] sfof{noaf6 kfpg]5 .
77= lgnDag ePdf kfpg] tna eQf / ;"ljwfM (3) s"g} sd{rf/L a}+ssf] sfdsf] ;DaGwdf jf ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf lgnDag ePdf
;f] lgnDagsf] cjlwe/ lghn] cfÇgf] tnasf] cfwf /sd dfq kfpg]5 .
-@_ s"g} sd{rf/L pk–ljlgod (3) df plNnlvt sf/0f jfx]s cGo s"g} sf/0faf6 lgnDag /xg uPsf] /x]5 eg] lghn] To;/L lgnDag /x]sf]
cjlwsf] tna eQf kfpg] 5}g .
t/ nfu]sf] cf/f]k k|dfl0ft geO{ lghn] ;kmfO kfPdf lgnDag /x]sf] cjlwdf cfwf tna kfPsf] eP ;f] s§f u/L afFsL cfwf tna / gkfPsf]
eP afFsL k'/} tna eQf tna j[l4 x"g] ePdf ;f] ;d]t kfpg]5 . s;"/bf/ 7xl/Pdf lgnDag ePsf] ldltb]lvsf] afFsL tna eQf kfpg] 5}g .

kl/R5]b *
xflh/L / labf
80= sd{rf/Lsf] ;a} ;do a}]+ssf] cwLgdf x"g]M
-3) o; ljlgodfjnLdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s sd{rf/Lsf] ;a} ;do a}+ssf] cwLgdf x"g]5 / h"g;"s} ;dodf klg lghnfO{ a}+ssf] sfddf
nufpg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f k/]df afx]s labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ s"g} klg sd{rf/L cfÇgf] sfof{nodf cg"kl:yt x"g" x"b}g .
8!= sfof{no ;do, ;do kfng / xflh/LM
-3) a}+ssf] sfof{no ;do sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ;ldltn] tf]lslbP adf]lhd x"g]5 .
-@_ lgwf{l/t ;dodf sfof{nodf gcfpg] / k6s k6s l9nf] u/L cfpg], rfF8f] hfg] tyf sfof{nosf] sfddf afx]s sfof{no ;dodf :jLs[lt glnO{
sfof{no 5f]8g\ ] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt ljefu÷sfof{no k|d"vn] uon ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-3) ljB"tLo dfWodaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] xflh/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
*2= sfof{no 5f]8b\ f :jLs[lt lng]M
-3) s"g} klg sd{rf/Ln] k'j{ :jLs[lt glnO{ sfof{no ;doleq sfof{no 5f]8g\ kfOg] 5}g .
-@_ pk–ljlgod -3) pNnª\3g u/L cg"kl:yt x"g] sd{rf/LnfO{ uon u/L ;f] lbgsf] tna eQf s§f ul/g]5 .
83= 58\s] hfFrM a}+sn] sd{rf/Lx¿ sfof{nodf xflh/ eP gePsf] hfFRg 58\s] hfFr ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;/L 58\s] hfFr ubf{ s"g} sd{rf/L l9nf u/L
sfof{nodf xflh/ ePsf] jf sfof{nosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf afx]s sfof{no 5f]8L aflx/ uPsf] km]nf k/]df / lghn] dgfl;j sf/0f lbg g;s]df
lghnfO{ uon ul/g]5 . lghL jf sfof{nosf] sfddf sfof{no ;dodf aflx/ hfg] sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v cg';"rL !8 adf]lhd /fVg" kg]{5 .
84= labfsf] lsl;d / u0fgf ljlwM
42
-3) sd{rf/Ln] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] labf kfpg ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ e}k/L cfpg] labf
-v_ 3/ labf
-u_ la/fdL labf
-3_ k|;"lt labf SmartGk
-ª_ k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf
-r_ lqmof labf
-5_ ljz]if labf
-h_ c;fwf/0f labf
-em_ cWoog labf
-`_ clgjfo{ e|d0f labf
-@_ labfsf] u0fgf ubf{ k|To]s ;fnsf] j}zfv Ps ut]b]lv r}q d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ Ps jif{ dflgg]5 .
-3) gofF lgo"lQm ePsf] ;fn / s"g} klg lsl;dn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x"g] ;fndf pk–ljlgod
85= e}k/L cfpg] labfM
-3) sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s jif{ afx| lbg e}k/L cfpg] labf kfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ e}k/L cfpg] labf cfwf lbg klg lng kfOg]5 . t/ ;l~rt u/L csf]{ jif{df lng kfOg] 5}g .
-3) e}k/L cfpg] labf a;]sf] sd{rf/Ln] k"/f tna eQf kfpg]5 .
-4) e}k/L cfpg] labf ;f]xL jif{sf] nflu k]:sLsf] ¿kdf klg lng kfOg]5 .
86= 3/ labfM
-3) sd{rf/Ln] Ps jif{df lt; lbg 3/ labf kfpg ;Sg]5 . of] labf pkef]u ubf{ sfd u/]sf] cjlw cg";f/ kfs]sf] labf dfq pkef]u ug{ kfOg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; pk–ljlgodsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ æsfd u/]sf] cjlwÆ eGgfn] ;f] cjlwleq lnPsf] e}k/L cfpg] labf, la/fdL labf, 3/ labf, k|;"lt
labf, lqmof labf / ;fj{hlgs labf ;Demg" k5{ .
-@_ 3/ labf a;]sf] sd{rf/Ln] k"/f tna eQf kfpg]5 .
-3) 3/ labf a9Ldf Ps;o aL; lbg;Dd ;l~rt u/L /fVg ;lsg]5 . o;/L ;l~rt ePsf] 3/ labf dWo]af6 a}+sn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] lbg ;l~rt
/fvL afFsL 3/ labfsf] ;§f sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna eQf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-4) sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cnu ePdf lghsf] ;l~rt 3/ labf jfkt lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna eQf a/fa/sf] /sd lbOg]5 .
87= la/fdL labfM
-3) sd{rf/Ln] Ps jif{df kGw| lbg la/fdL labf kfpg ;Sg]5 / sd{rf/L czQm lj/fdL eO{ ;+lrt ljbfn] gk"Ug] ePdf lghnfO{ a9Ldf !5 lbg;Dd
lj/fdL ljbf k]ZsL :j?k lbg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ la/fdL labfdf a;]sf] sd{rf/Ln] k"/f tna eQf kfpg]5 .
-3) sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] la/fdL labf ;l~rt x"+b} hfg]5 . a}+sn] tf]s]sf] lbg eGbf a9L ;l~rt ePdf ;l~rt /x]sf] . la/fdL labfsf] ;§f
sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna eQf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-4) sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cnu ePdf lghsf] ;l~rt la/fdL labf jfkt lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna eQf a/fa/sf] /sd lbOg]5 .
-5) pk–ljlgod -3) df h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s"g} 7'nf] jf s8f /f]u nfu]sf] egL g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] d]l8sn af]8{af6
l;kmfl/; k]z u/]df pkrf/fy{ labf a:bf la/fdL labf tyf 3/ labf ;d]taf6 gk"u]df To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps jif{df k}+tfnL; lbg;Dd ljz]if la/fdL labf
lbg ;lsg]5 . SmartGk
88= k|;"lt labfM
-3) dlxnf sd{rf/L ue{jtL ePdf lghnfO{ ;"Ts]/L x"g" cl3 jf kl5 u/L s"n ;f7L lbgdf ga9fO{ / a}+ssf] ;]jf cjlw e/df b"O{ k6s;Dd k|;"lt
labf lbOg]5 . k|;"lt labfdf a:g] dlxnf sd{rf/Ln] k"/f tna eQf kfpg]5 .
-@_ k|;"lt labf lnPsf] sd{rf/Ln] labf lnPsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleqdf aRrfsf] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq jf c:ktfn÷gl;{é xf]daf6 pknAw u/fOPsf]
aRrfsf] hGd ;DaGwL k|df0fkq cfk'm sfo{/t ljefu÷sfof{nodf k]z ug"{ kg]{5 .
-3) pk–ljlgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq hGd ;DaGwL k|df0fkq k]z gug]{ sd{rf/Ln] lnPsf] labf /@ u/L lghn] kfpg] cGo labfaf6 s§f
ul/g]5 .
89 k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf M
-3) kTgL ;"Ts]/L ePdf k"?if sd{rf/LnfO{ s"n kGw| lbgdf ga9fO{ k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf lbOg]5 .
-@_ k|;"lt :ofxf/ labfdf a:g] sd{rf/Ln] k"/f tna eQf kfpg]5 .
-3) k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf ;]jf cjlwe/ b"O{ k6s dfq kfOg] 5 .
-4) k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf lnPsf] sd{rf/Ln] labf lnPsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf leqdf aRrfsf] hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq jf c:ktfn÷gl;{é xf]daf6 pknAw
u/fOPsf] aRrfsf] hGd ;DaGwL k|df0fkq cfk'm sfo{/t ljefu÷sfof{nodf k]z ug"{ kg]{5 .
-5) pk–ljlgod -4) adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq hGd ;DaGwL k|df0fkq k]z gug]{ sd{rf/Ln] lnPsf] labf /2 u/L lghn] kfpg] cGo labfaf6 s§f
ul/g]5 .
90= lqmof labfM SmartGk

43
-3) s"g} sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] /Lltl/jfh tyf wd{ cg";f/ cfkm} lqmof a:g" k/]df jf s"g} sd{rf/Lsf] afa", cfdf, klt jf kTgL, 5f]/f, cljjflxt 5f]/L /
dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf] ;f;" jf ;;"/fsf] d[To" ePdf lghn] a9Ldf kGw| lbg lqmof labf kfpg]5 . To;/L lqmof labfdf a;]sf] sd{rf/Ln] k"/f
tna eQf kfpg]5 .
-@_ pk–ljlgod -3) adf]lhd lqmof labf a:g] sd{rf/Ln] d[To" ePsf] JolQmsf] tLg dlxgfleq ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 d[To" btf{ u/fO{ ;f]sf]
k|df0fkqsf] k|dfl0ft 5ljlrq cfÇgf] ljefu÷sfof{no k|d"v ;dIf k]z ug"{ kg]{5 . .. 79 .. 40 .. 80 ..
91= ljz]if labfM
-3) e}k/L cfpg] labf, 3/ labf / la/fdL labf afFsL gePsf sd{rf/Ln] ljz]if sf/0f b]vfPdf a}+s ;]jfsf] tdfd cjlwe/df Ps jif{df ga9fO{ /
Ps k6sdf ;ft lbg g36fO{ ljz]if labf kfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ljz]if labfdf a:g] sd{rf/Ln] To:tf] labfdf a;"Gh]n cfwf tna eQf dfq kfpg]5 . t/, o:tf] labfdf a:g] sd{rf/Ln] cGoq sfd u/L tna
eQf kfPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] sfd u/]sf] cjlwe/sf] a}saf6 s"g} tna eQf jf ;"ljwf lbOg] 5}g .
-3) ljz]if labfdf a:g] sd{rf/Lsf] pQm cjlwdf cGo labf kfSg] 5}g .
-4) s"g} 7'nf] jf s8f /f]u nfuL pkrf/fy{ labf a:g" k/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] d]l8sn af]8{af6 l;kmfl/; ePcg";f/ cfk}m jf afa", cfdf,
5f]/f, 5f]/L, >Ldfg\, >LdtL la/fdL eO{ jf b}jLk|sf]k k/L labf a:g" k/]sf cj:yfdf afx]s sDtLdf kfFr jif{ a}]+ssf] :yfoL ;]jf k"/f gu/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{
o:tf] labf lbOg] 5}g .
-5) ljlgod !!!, !!2 / !!3 adf]lhd sd{rf/L ;]jfdf g/x]kl5 lghsf] afFsL /x]sf] ljz]if labf afkt vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna eQfsf] cfwf /sdsf
b/n] x"g] /sd lghnfO{ e"QmfgL ul/g]5 .
92= c;fwf/0f labfM SmartGk
-3) e}k/L labf, 3/ labf, la/fdL labf / ljz]if labf afFsL gePsf] sd{rf/Ln] sf/0f v"nfO{ c;fwf/0f labf dfu u/]df a}+s ;]jfsf] ;Dk'0f{
cjlwe/df tLg jif{df ga9fO{ c;fwf/0f labf lbg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ s"g} sd{rf/Ln] /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfdf sfdsfh ug{ c;fwf/0f labf dfu u/]df c;fwf/0f labf lbg ;lsg] 5 .
-3) c;fwf/0f labf a;]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ tna eQf tyf ;"ljwf lbOg] 5}g .
-4) c;fwf/0f labfdf a;]sf] cjlwdf sd{rf/Ln] o; kl/R5]b adf]lhdsf cGo labf kfpg] 5}g .
-5) s"g} 7'nf] jf s8f /f]u nfuL pkrf/fy{ labf a:g" k/] g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] d]l8sn af]8{af6 ePsf] l;kmfl/; k]; u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s
sDtLdf 5 jif{ a}+ssf] :yfoL ;]jf k"/f gu/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ o:tf] labf lbOg] 5}g .
-6) ljlgodfjnLdf cGoq h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljlgod !!2 sf] pkljlgod -3) adf]lhd clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] lgldQ kbfjlw
tf]lsPsf] clws[tx¿n] c;fwf/0f labf lnPdf labf lnPsf] cjlw ;d]t lghx¿sf] ;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf x"g]5 .
93= cWoog labfM
-3) a}+snfO{ pkof]uL x"g] / cfjZos kg]{ ljifodf a}+sn] lnPsf] k|ltof]lutfdf ;kmn x"g] jf a}+sn] tf]s]sf] ljZj laBfnodf egf{ x"g ;DalGwt
ljZj laBfnoaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{ a}+sn] tf]s]sf] ;ª\Vofdf ga9fO{ b]xfosf] ;t{ aGb]hsf] cwLgdf /xg] u/L cfÇg} k|of;df
:jb]z jf ljb]zdf :gftsf]Q/ jf Pd lkmn jf rf6{8{ Psfp06]06 jf laBfjfl/lw pkflw xfl;n ug{ rfx]df cg";'rL 1! kl/lzi6 -s_ adf]lhdsf] ljifo
ePdf tdfd gf]s/L cjlwdf a9Ldf tLg jif{ cWoog labf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 M–
-s_ cWoog labfsf] nflu cfj]bg lbg ljlgod 42 sf] pk–ljlgod -4) adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf k"u]sf] x"g" kg]{5 .
-v_ cWoog labfsf] nflu a}+ssf] cfjZostf eGbf a9L lgj]bg k/]df ljlgod !07 adf]lhdsf] ;ldltn] .. 81 .. 4! .. 82 .. :jLs[t u/]sf]
5gf}6 ljlwsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 u/L dgf]gog ul/g]5 . SmartGk
-u_ sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf cjlw e/df Ps} k6s jf Pdlkmn, ln8 6", lkPr l8 cWoogsf] nflu k6s k6s u/L a9Ldf ltg jif{;Dd dfq cWoog labf
kfpg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ cWoog labfdf hfg] sd{rf/Ln] h"g ljifodf pkflw xfl;n ug{sf] lgldQ :jLs[t ePsf] xf] ;f] ljifosf] pkflw afx]s cGo ljifodf pkflw
k|fKt ug{ cWoog labf kfpg] 5}g .
-ª_ cWoog labfdf hfg] sd{rf/LnfO{ hlt ;dosf] nflu cWoog labf :jLs[t ul/Psf] 5 ;f] afx]s cGo cjlw yk ul/g] 5}g .
-r_ cWoog labf :jLs[lt kfPsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ dfl;s tna afx]s cGo eQf, ;"ljwf / labf lbOg] 5}g .
-5_ cWoog labfdf a;]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] sd{rf/L cjsfz sf]if vftfdf /x]sf] /sdsf] hdfgtdf -bf]xf]/f] hdfgt gx"g] u/L_ lgJof{hL ;fk6L
k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-@_ pk ljlgod -3) df h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg a}+ssf] :yfoL ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] a}+ssf] k'j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ lghL k|of;df
ljb]zl:yt ljZj laBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] pkflw xfl;n ug{ a}+sn] tf]s]sf] ljifodf 5fqj[lQ kfPdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ a}+sn] s"g}
cfly{s Jooef/ gJoxf]g]{ u/L a9Ldf ltg jif{sf] a]tnaL cWoog labf lbg ;lsg] 5 . t/ o:tf] cWoog labf Ps k6s lnP kl5 k"gM lng kfOg] 5}g .
a]tnaL cWoog ljbfdf hfg] sd{rf/Ln] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 cWoogsf] cjlw Ps jif{;Dd ePdf b"O{ jif{, Ps jif{ eGbf a9L / b"O{ jif{;Dd
ePdf tLg jif{ / b"O{ jif{ eGbf a9L ePdf rf/ jif{ cjlw;Dd clgjfo{ ¿kn] a}+sdf ;]jf ug"{kg]{5 M
-3) pk–ljlgod -3) adf]lhd cWoog labf :jLs[lt kfpg] sd{rf/LnfO{ a}+sn] cg";'rL – 11 kl/lzi6 -u_ adf]lhdsf] / pk–ljlgod -@_
adf]lhd a]tnaL cWoog ljbfdf hfg] sd{rf/Lx?n] cg";'rL – 11 kl/lzi6 -#_ adf]lhdsf ;t{ ;DaGwL sa"lnot u/fpg]5 / To:tf] sa"lnotsf
;t{x¿ kfngf ug"{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo x"g]5 .
-4) cWoog ug{ hfg] ljZj laBfno jf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] ;'rL a}+sn] ;do ;dodf lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x"g]5 .
-5) cWoog sfh pkof]u ul/;s]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog labf lbOg] 5}g .
-6) cWoog labfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ pRr lzIff cWoog sfo{ljlw agfO{ ueg{/n] nfu' ug{ ;Sg]5 .
94= clgjfo{ e|d0f labf M
SmartGk
44
-3) sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s jif{ ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd clgjfo{ e|d0f labf kfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ clgjfo{ e|d0f labf jif{df Ps} k6s lng" kg]{5 .
-3) clgjfo{ e|d0f labf ;l~rt u/L csf]{ jif{ lng kfOg] 5}g .
-4) clgjfo{ e|d0f labfdf a;]sf sd{rf/Ln] ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd b}lgs eQf / e|d0f vr{ afkt eQf kfpg]5 .
-5) clgjfo{ e|d0f labf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw ueg{/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x"g]5 .
95= labf glnO{ sfof{nodf cg"kl:yt x"g gkfpg]M
-3) o; ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ sd{rf/L cfÇgf] sfof{nodf cg"kl:yt x"g kfpg] 5}g .
-@_ pk–ljlgod -3) pNnª\3g u/L cg"kl:yt x"g] sd{rf/LnfO{ uon u/L ;f] lbgsf] tna eQf s§f ul/g]5 . t/ labf :jLs[lt glnO{ cg"kl:yt
ePsf] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm' cg"kl:yt ePsf] cjlwsf] nflu sf/0f v"nfO{ labfsf] lgj]bg lbO{ ;f] labf :jLs[t ePdf of] ljlgod pNnª\3g u/]sf] dflgg]
5}g .
-3) Ps k6sdf nuftf/ tL; lbg jf jif{el/df gAa] lbg;Dd uon x"g] sd{rf/LnfO{ a}+ssf] ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 .
-4) pk–ljlgod -3) adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] k}+tL; lbgleq ljlgod !58 df plNnlvt k"g/fj]bg ;"Gg]
clwsf/L ;dIf k"g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 . SmartGk
96= clgjfo{ labf M ljlgod !!! / !!2 adf]lhd clgjfo{ cjsfz x"g] sd{rf/Ln] cjsfz x"g"eGbf tL; lbg cufl8 clgjfo{ ¿kdf labfdf a:g"
kg]{5 . o:tf] labfdf a:g] sd{rf/Ln] k"/f tna eQf kfpg]5 . o:tf] labf sd{rf/Lsf] ;l~rt labfaf6 s§f ul/g] 5}g .
97= labfleq lgsf;f a]u/ cf]xbf ;XdfNg gx"g]M labfdf a;]sf] sd{rf/Ln] :jLs[t ePsf] labf afFsL 5Fb} labf lbg] clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt glnO{
sfof{nodf sfd ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
98= labf a;]sf] ;dodf Onfsf 5f8\ 5f8bf
\bf :jLs[lt lng"kg]{M
-3) labfdf a:g] sd{rf/Ln] Onfsf 5f8\bf labf lbg] clwsf/Lsf] k'j{ :jLs[lt lng" kg]{5 . o;/L Onfsf 5f8L hfg] ePdf lghn] cfkm' hfg" cufj}
hfg] :yfgsf] k"/f 7]ufgf ljefu÷sfof{no k|d"v ;dIf k]z ug"{ kg]{5 / To:tf] 7]ufgf kl/jt{g ePdf ;f] ;d]t ;'lrt ug"{ kg]{5 . la/fdL k/L jf cGo s"g}
cfsl:ds sf/0fn] Onfsf 5f8\g" k/]df kl/l:yltsf] afWotfnfO{ larf/ u/L labf lbg] clwsf/Ln] k'j{ :jLs[lt ljgf Onfsf 5f8L a;]sf] cjlwsf] labf
:jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ s"g} lsl;dsf] labf lnO{ labfdf a:g] sd{rf/L lab]z hfFbf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefu k|d"v;Fu To:tf] labf tyf Onfsf 5f8\g] :jLs[lt lng"
kg]{5 . o;/L Onfsf 5f8L ljb]z hfg] sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] ;Dks{ 7]ufgf / To:tf] 7]ufgf kl/jt{g ePdf ;f] ;d]t oyfzL3| hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefunfO{
;'lrt ug"{ kg]{5 . t/ a9Ldf Ps dlxgf;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu ef/t e|d0fdf hfg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf labf tyf Onfsf 5f8L hfg] :jLs[lt ;DalGwt
ljefuLo jf sfof{no k|d"vn] k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
99= labf :jLs[lt ug]{ clwsf/LM SmartGk
-3) clws[t k|yd >]0fL / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ljefuLo k|d"vsf] ;a} labf ;DalGwt 8]k"6L ueg{/n] / 8]k"6L ueg{/ axfn g/x]sf] cj:yfdf ueg{/n]
:jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljz]if labf, c;fwf/0f labf, laz]if la/fdL labf / cWoog labf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefusf] l;kmfl/;df hgzlQm
Joj:yfkg ljefu x]g]{ 8]k"6L ueg{/n] / 8]k"6L ueg{/ axfn g/x]sf] cj:yfdf ueg{/n] :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-3) sfof{no k|d"v / ljefuLo k|d"v afx]s cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pk–ljlgod
-@_ df pNn]v ePb]lv afx]ssf labf ;DalGwt clws[tsf] l;kmfl/;df sfof{no k|d"v jf ljefuLo k|d"vn] :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-4) sf7df08f}+ pkTosf aflx/sf sfof{no k|d"vsf] labf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefu k|d"vn] :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
100= labf dfu ug]{ / :jLs[t ug]{ ljlwM
-3) o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd labfsf] lgsf;fsf] lgldQ sd{rf/Ln] cfkm'nfO{ rflxPsf] labfsf] cjlw, sf/0f / Onfsf 5f8\g kg]{ jf ljb]z hfg" kg]{
eP ;f] ;d]t vf]nL labf lbg] clwsf/L ;dIf cg";'rL !9s adf]lhd lgj]bg k]z ug"{kg]{5 / sd{rf/Ln] cg";'rL !9v adf]lhd labf :jLs[t jf
c:jLs[t ePsf] hfgsf/L lng" kg]{5 .
-@_ labf lbg] clwsf/Ln] sd{rf/LnfO{ labf lbFbf ;f] sd{rf/Ln] ug]{ sfd g/f]lsg] k|aGw ldnfP/ dfq labf :jLs[t ug"{ kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b (
cWoog / tflnddf dgf]gog ;DaGwL Joj:yf
107= cWoog, tflnd dgf]gog ;ldltsf] u7gM
-3) cWoog, tflnd, cjnf]sg e|d0f / uf]i7L÷a}7ssf] dgf]gogsf nflu ueg{/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] Ps cWoog tflnd
dgf]gog ;ldlt /xg]5M
-s_ jl/i7 8]k"6L ueg{/ –cWoIf SmartGk
-v_ 8]k"6L ueg{/ –;b:o
-u_ k|d"v, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefu – ;b:o–;lrj
-@_ pk–ljlgod -3) adf]lhdsf] ;ldltdf cfjZostf cg";f/ tflnd;Fu ;DalGwt ljefu÷sfof{nosf] k|d"v jf ;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if !nfO{
cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-3) pk–ljlgod -3) adf]lhd ul&t ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] sfd a}+ssf] hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefun] ug]{5 .
-4) 8]k"6L ueg{/ gePsf] cj:yfdf ueg{/n] tf]s]sf] jl/i7 sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs o; ;ldltsf] ;b:o x"g]5 .
108= cWoog, tflnd cjnf]sg e|d0f, uf]i7L÷j}7ssf] lgldQ lgldQ dgf]gogsf cfwf/x¿M a}+ssf] ;]jfsf] lgldQ pkof]uL / cfjZos ePsf] ljifodf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cWoog, tflnd, cjnf]sg e|d0f jf uf]i7L÷a}7sdf ;xeflutfsf nflu dgf]gog ul/g]5 . a}+ssf] ;]jfsf] lgldQ pkof]uL / cfjZos

45
ePsf] ljifodf ljleGg d"n"s jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf jf ljZj laBfnoaf6 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug]{ u/L 5gf}6 eO{ ljb]zdf cWoog jf tflnddf ;xefuL x"g]
cj;/ kfPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ a}+sn] tf]s]sf] cGo dfkb08 ;d]t k"/f x"g] u/L dgf]gog ul/g]5 . :ki6Ls/0fM o; kl/R5]bsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ,
-s_ æcWoogÆ eGgfn] ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt :gftsf]Q/, Pdlkmn, laBfjfl/lw / rf6{8{ Psfp06]06 h:tf pRr cWoog ;Demg" k5{ .
-v_ ætflndÆ eGgfn] v08 -s_ df pNn]v ePsf] pkflw afx]s s"g} ;ª\ul&t ;+:yfåf/f lglZrt kf&\os|d cg";f/ lglZrt cjlwdf ;~rfng x"g]
SmartGk
k|lzIf0f sfo{s|d ;Demg" k5{ .
-u_ æcjnf]sg e|d0fÆ eGgfn] cWoog / tflnd afx]s b"O xKtfdf ga9\g] u/L cfof]hgf x"g] cWoog jf cjnf]sg e|d0f ;Demg" k5{ .
(#_ æuf]i7L÷a}7sÆ eGgfn] cWoog ,tflnd, cjnf]sg e|d0f afx]s Ps xKtfdf ga9\g] u/L cfof]hgf x"g] uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ a}7s ;Demg" k5{ .
-ª_ tflnd,cjnf]sg e|d0f,uf]i7L÷a}7s cflbnfO{ Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfpg ueg{/n] sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!09= dgf]gogdf aGb]hM o; kl/R5]bdf cGoq h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljlgod 48 sf] pk–ljlgod -4) / ljlgod %@ sf] pk–
ljlgod
-3) adf]lhd a9"jfsf] nflu ;+efJo pDd]bjf/ x"g gkfpg] cjlwe/ s"g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog, tflnd, cjnf]sg e|d0f jf uf]i7L÷a}7ssf]
lgldQ dgf]gog ul/g] 5}g . !!0= tflnd tyf cWoog e|d0f sfhdf hfg] sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] ;"ljwfM cWoog, tflnd, cjnf]sg e|d0f jf uf]i7L÷a}7s
sfhdf hfg] sd{rf/LnfO{ tna eQf / cGo ;"ljwfx¿ ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd k|bfg ul/g] 5 .

kl/R5]b !)
cjsfz, pkbfg tyf lgj[lQe/0f
1!! clgjfo{ cjsfzM a}+sn] cG7fpGg jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] jf tL; jif{ ;]jf k"/f ePsf] jf ljlgod !!2 adf]lhdsf] kbfjlw k"/f u/]sf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ a}+ssf] ;]jfaf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz lbg]5 .
112= clws[t ljlzi6 >]0fL / k|yd >]0fLdf
fLdf axfn /xg] cjlwM
-3) clws[t ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf ;ft jif{ k"/f u/]sf] jf k|yd >]0fL clws[t kbdf afx| jif{ ;]jf k"/f u/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbOg]5
M–
-@_ pk–ljlgod -3) df h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg a}+ssf] clws[t ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/L a}+ssf] 8]k"6L ueg{/ kbdf
lgo"lQm ePdf lghn] ;]jfsf] clws[t ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbaf6 :jtM cjsfz kfpg]5 . !!3= :j]lR5s cjsfz lng jf lbg ;Sg]M
-3) aL; jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ;]jfaf6 :j]lR5s cjsfz lng ;Sg]5 .
1!5= c;dy{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yfM s"g} sd{rf/L zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s /f]u nfuL ;]jf ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] Joxf]/f g]kfn ;/sf/n]
u7g u/]sf] d]l*sn af]*{n] k|dfl0ft u/]df To:tf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf cjlwdf a9Ldf bz jif{ yk u/L pkbfg kfpg] ePdf pkbfg / lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]
ePdf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] u/L cjsfz lbg ;lsg]5 . ;]jf cjlw yk ubf{ To:tf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf k|j]z ubf{sf] zt{gfdf cg";f/ sfod x"g] clwstd ;]jf
cjlw eGbf a9L x"g] u/L yk ul/g] 5}g .
!!6= pkbfgM SmartGk
-3) kfFr jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;]jf u/]sf] t/ lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] cjlw gk"u]sf] sd{rf/Ln] cjsfz kfPdf jf /fhLgfdf :jLs[t u/fO{ ;]jfaf6 cnu
ePdf jf eljiodf a}s ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbPdf b]xfosf] b/n] pkbfg kfpg]5M–
-s_ kfFr jif{ k"/f u/L bz jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm'n] sfd u/]sf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ cflv/L tnadfg cg";f/ cfwf dlxgfsf] tna,
-v_ bz jif{ k"/f u/L kGw| jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm'n] sfd u/]sf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ cflv/L tnadfg cg";f/ Ps dlxgfsf] tna,
-u_ kGw| jif{ k"/f u/L aL; jif{eGbf sd ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm'n] sfd u/]sf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ cflv/L tnadfg cg";f/ 8]9 dlxgfsf]
tna .
-@_ pk–ljlgod -3) df h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg a}+s ;]jf kfpg] jf ;f] ;]jfdf axfn /xg] p2]Zon] gful/stf, pd]/ jf of]Uotf 9fF6]sf]
k|dfl0ft x"g cfPdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ pkbfg lbOg] 5}g .
-3) a}+ssf] ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf sd{rf/Ln] pkbfg kfpg] 5}g .
-4) pkbfg kfpgof]Uo s"g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfdf 5Fb} d[To" ePdf lghn] kfpg] pkbfgsf] /sd lghsf] xsjfnfnfO{ lbOg]5 .
1!7= lgj[lQe/0fM
-3) aL; jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;do;Dd a}+ssf] :yfoL ;]jf u/L cjsfz kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] b]xfo adf]lhd dfl;s lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5M–

-s_ eljiodf a}+s ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf] sd{rf/Ln] o; ljlgod adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g .
-v_ a}+s ;]jf kfpg] jf ;f] ;]jfdf axfn /xg] p@]Zon] gful/stf, pd]/ jf of]Uotf
9fF6]sf] k|dfl0ft x"g cfPdf To:tf sd{rf/LnfO{ lgj[lQe/0f lbOg] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0fM æcflv/L tnasf] /sdÆ eGgfn] sd{rf/Ln] vfOkfO{ cfPsf]
tnadfgsf] clGtd tna ;Demg" k5{ . t/ lgs6td dflyNnf] kbsf] tna kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnadfgsf] clGtd tnasf] /sd
;Demg" k5{ .
-@_ dfly h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljlgod !!! / ljlgod !!2 adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] ;]jf cjlw k"/f gx"b} cjsfz kfpg]
sd{rf/LnfO{ b]xfo cg";f/ ;]jf cjlw yk ePdf ljlgod !!7 adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 M–
-s_ !* jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/L @) jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f gx"g] sd{rf/LnfO{ b]xfodf plNnlvt ;t{ k"/f u/]sf] eP a9Ldf b"O{ jif{ ;]jf
cjlw yk ul/g]5, .
-3) ;]jf cjlwe/df uon gePsf] tyf c;fwf/0f labf pkof]u gu/]sf], /
-@_ kl5Nnf] tLg jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d'Nofªsgdf sDtLdf cf};t &% k|ltzt eGbf a9L cª\s kfPsf] .
46
-v_ 15 jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/L !* jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw gk"u]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DaGwdf klg v08
kl/R5]b !!
cfr/0f / cg"zf;g ;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtf
126= ;dokfng / lgoldttfM 9869995445
-3) sd{rf/Lsf] ;a} ;do a}+ssf] cwLgdf x"g]5 / ljefu÷sfof{no k|d"vn] h"g;"s} ;dodf klg lghnfO{ a}+ssf] sfddf nufpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Ln] a}+saf6 lgwf{l/t ;dodf lgoldt ¿kn] cfÇgf] sfof{nodf xflh/ eO{ sfdsfh ug"{ kg]{5 / ;s];Dd labfsf] k'j{ :jLs[lt glnO{
sfdaf6 cg"kl:yt x"g" x"+b}g .
127= cg"zf;g / cf1fkfngM
cf1fkfngM
-3) sd{rf/Ln] cg"zf;gdf /xL cfÇgf] st{Jo, kl/>d / tTk/tfsf ;fy kfngf ug"{ kg]{5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Ln] a}+ssf] sfd ;DaGwL s"/fdf cfkm'eGbf dflysf] kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf] cfb]znfO{ zL#|tfsf ;fy k"/f ug"{ kg]{5 .
-3) sd{rf/Ln] cfkm'eGbf dflysf ;a}k|lt plrt cfb/ b]vfpg" kg]{5 .
-4) dflyNnf] >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] tNnf] >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ Gofok'0f{ tyf lzi6tfk'0f{ Jojxf/ ug"{ kg]{5 .
-5) c;n ;"zf;gsf] cfwf/e't dfGotfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg sd{rf/Ln] a}+ssf] ;Dks{df cfpg] ;]jfu|fxL k|lt gd|tfk'0f{ tyf lzi6tfk'0f{ ¿kdf
dof{lbt Jojxf/ u/L pgLx¿n] a}+saf6 kfpg] ;]jf l56f] 5l/tf] ¿kdf kfpg] u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug"{ kg]{5 .
-6) sd{rf/Ln] a}+ssf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] lgldQ ;do ;dodf nfu' ul/Psf P]g, lgod, ljlgod, lgb]{lzsf, kl/kq / Joj:yf tyf a}+sn] lbPsf
cfb]z lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug"{ kg]{5 .
-7) sd{rf/Ln] sfof{no ;dodf sfof{nosf] xftfleq dfbs kbfy{ jf nfu" kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{, u/fpg], ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf dfbs jf nfu" kbfy{ ;]jg
u/L jf gu/L cfkm'eGbf dflyNnf] jf tNnf] >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ufnL unf}h Pj+ ceb| Jojxf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g . ;fy} sfof{no xftfleq tf]lsPsf] :Yffgdf
afx]s cGo :yfgdf w"dkfg ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-8) sd{rf/Ln] sfof{no kl/;/leq tf;, h"jf / o:tf k|s[ltsf v]n -ljB"tLo dfWodaf6 ;d]t_ v]Ng, v]nfpg / cGo cdof{lbt sfo{ ug{ x"b}g .
-9) sd{rf/Ln] clgjfo{ ¿kdf a}+sn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] kf];fs / kl/rokq nufpg" kg]{5 . sd{rf/Ln] hflt, ln+u, wd{, efiff, If]q, ju{, :jf:Yo tyf
cf:yfsf] cfwf/df s;}nfO{ e]befj ug{ x"b}g .
-!!_ sd{rf/Ln] cGo s"g} JolQm jf sd{rf/LnfO{ of}g k|tf8gf x"g] lsl;dsf] ;ª\s]t, Jojxf/ jf cfr/0f ug{ x"b}g .
-!2_ sd{rf/Ln] 3/]n" lx+;f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug"{ x"b}g .
-!3_ sd{rf/Ln] s;}nfO{ klg s"g} k|sf/sf] oftgf lbg" x"b}g .
-!4_ sd{rf/Ln] a}ssf] sfo{ k|of]hgsf] nflu pknAw u/fO{Psf ef}lts ;fdu|L, cGo ;fwg tyf ;'ljwfx?sf] b"?kof]u ug"{ x"+b}g .
-!5_ s"g} klg sd{rf/Ln] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf a}+s tyf a}+ssf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx? k|lt nlIft u/]/ cdof{oflbt / nf~5fgfo"Qm efiffsf]
k|of]u u/L ljB"tLo ;fdflhs ;~hfn tyf kqklqsfdf k|sfzg÷k|zf/0f÷;Dk|]if0f ug{÷u/fpg" x"+b}g .
-!6_ lg/LIfs jf ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] cfkm\gf] lghL sfd tyf :jfy{sf] nflu jfl0fHo a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u ug{, C0f ln+bf Jofh 5"6 dfu
ug{ / s'g} klg k|sf/sf pkxf/x? lng x'+b}g .
-!7_ lg/LIfs jf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] 8/, qf;, wfs, wDsL, nf]e, nfnr, k|ltzf]w, cf:yf, df]nflxhf cflbdf gk/L :jtGq / lgle{s¿kn] cfÇgf] st{Jo
lgjf{x ug{' kg{]5 .
-!8_ cfw"lgs ;'rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd\ k|of]u u/L a}+ssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/ clea[l4 ug{df clwstd\ k|of; ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ Jojl:yt /
k|ltkmnd"vL agfpg Ps cfrf/ ;+lxtf agfO{ nfu" ul/g]5 .
128= Odfgbf/LM sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] hjfkmb]xLsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ ;b}j a}+ssf] enf] lrtfO{ Odfgbf/L tyf akmfbf/Lsf ;fy ug"{ kg]{5 .
129= bfg, pkxf/, rGbf cflb k|fKt ug{ / ;fk6L lngdf k|ltaGwM
-!) a}+ssf] :jLs[lt lagf s;}af6 s"g} k|sf/sf] bfg, bftJo, sf];]nL jf pkxf/ dfUg, :jLsf/ ug{ jf cfÇgf] kl/jf/sf] s"g} ;b:oaf6 :jLsf/
u/fpg kfpg] 5}g .
-@_ s"g} sd{rf/Ln] rGbf dfUg jf s"g} lsl;dsf] cfly{s ;xfotf lng kfpg] 5}g .
-3) s"g} sd{rf/Ln] cfkm'n] ug"{kg]{ a}+ssf] sfd;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] s"g} klg JolQm, ;+:yf jf sd{rf/L;Fu ;fk6L lng cyjf lgh;Fu cfly{s
sf/f]jf/ ug{ kfpg] 5}g . t/ a}+s jf s"g} ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu lgIf]k /fVg jf 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu shf{sf] n]gb]g ubf{ of] ljlgodn] afwf k"¥ofPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
-4) sd{rf/Ln] a}+saf6 Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug]{ qmddf /x]sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf / ;f];Fu ;nUg JolQmx¿af6 cfof]lht s"g} ef]h et]/ jf
hnkfgdf ;xefuL x"g" x"b}g .
-5) a}+saf6 Ohfhtk|fKt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lg/LIf0fdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Ln] lg/LIf0f cjlwdf ;DalGwt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 cfof]lht
s"g} ef]h et]/df ;xefuL x"g" x"b}g .
-6) sd{rf/Ln] a}+saf6 Ohfhtk|fKt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cf}krfl/s ;fd'lxs sfo{qmdsf] l;nl;nfdf cfof]lht afx]s cGo ef]h et]/df
;xefuL x"g" x"b}g .
!30= Jofkf/ Joj;foM
-3) a}+ssf] ;]jfdf /x]sf s"g} sd{rf/Ln] a}+ssf] :jLs[lt glnO{ b]xfosf] sfo{ ug{ kfpg] 5}gM–
-s_ s"g} Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{ jf kmd{sf] lx:;]bf/ aGg,
-v_ cGoq s"g} k|sf/sf] gf]s/L ug{,
-u_ a}+ssf] :jLs[lt lagf sd{rf/Ln] cf+lzs jf k'0f{sfnLg ¿kdf k/fdz{bftfsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug{,
-#_ sd{rf/Ln] a}+ssf] :jLsl[t lagf cGo lgsfodf gf]s/L ug{sf] nflu kxn ug{,
47
-ª_ sd{rf/Ln] JolQmut x}l;otdf cGo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] nflu tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ jf tflnd ;DaGwL Kofs]h sfo{qmd agfpg] sfo{
ug{,
-r_ a}+saf6 Ohfht kfpg] qmddf /x]sf / Ohfhtk|fKt ul/;s]sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf nflu k/fdz{ nufotsf s"g} klg sfo{ ug,{ jf
-5_ dfly h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg sd{rf/Ln] a}+ssf] k'j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ sfof{no ;do afx]ssf] ;dodf sfof{nosf] sfddf afwf gkg]{
u/L k/fdz{ ;]jf / a}+s ;]jfsf] k|j]z k/LIffsf nflu ;~rfng x"g] sIffsf nflu afx]s cGo cWoog, cWofkg, k|lzIf0f h:tf sfo{df ;+nUg x"g
;Sg]5g\ . o;/L cWoog, cWofkg, k|lzIf0f nufotsf sfo{df ;+nUg x"g rfxg] sd{rf/Lx?n] a}+saf6 k'j{ :jLs[lt lng" kg]{5 . o; ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{
yk kf/bzL{ / Jojl:yt ug{ ueg{/n] sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu' ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pk–ljlgod -3) df h"g;"s} s"/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Ln] ;flxlTos, snfTds, P]ltxfl;s jf j}!flgs k|s[ltsf] sfo{
ug{ jfwf k'/o\ fPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-3) a}+ssf sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] ;]jf cjlwe/ cfÇgf] gfddf jf >Ldfg\÷>LdtL / c7f/ jif{ gk"u]sf 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] gfddf a}+saf6 Ohfhtk|fKt s"g} a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfks z]o/df nufgL ug{ x"+b}g .
-4) a}+ssf sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] ;]jf cjlwe/ cfÇgf] gfddf jf >Ldfg\÷>LdtL / c7f/ jif{ gk"u]sf 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] gfddf a}+saf6 Ohfhtkq k|fKt s"g}
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] z]o/ bf];|f] ahf/af6 vl/b ug{ x"Fb}g .
-5) a}+ssf sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] jf cfÇgf] Psf 3/kl/jf/sf] gfpFdf a}+saf6 Ohfhtkq k|fKt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] z]o/df u/]sf] nufgL
ljj/0f cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] 60 lbgleq hgzlQm Joj:yfkg laefudf cg";'rL—@! adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf k]z ug"{ kb{5 .
-6) sd{rf/Ln] o; a}+saf6 Ohfhtkq k|fKt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu shf{ sf/f]af/ u/]sf] eP To:tf] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] ldltn] cg";'rL 22
adf]lhdsf]
9fFrfdf !5 lbgleq hgzlQm Joj:yfkg laefudf hfgsf/L u/fpg" kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b – !@
;]jfsf] ;"/Iff
!4!= sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;"/IffM b]xfosf cj:yfsf sd{rf/L afx]s cGo s"g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ ;kmfOsf] ;a"b lbg] dgfl;j dflkmssf] df}sf glbO{
;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf avf{:t ul/g] 5}gM
-s_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf],
-v_ DofbL jf s/f/ cGtu{tsf] s"g} kbdf axfn /x]sf],
-u_ efuL kQf gnfu]sf] jf ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ ;Dej gePsf] s"/fdf kof{Kt cfwf/ ePsf],
-#_ k/LIf0f sfndf lgo"Qm sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;+tf]ifhgs gePsf], jf
-ª_ e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]kdf cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf] .
!42= sd{rf/Lsf] arfpmM arfpmM
-3) sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] cf]xbfsf] st{Jokfng ;DemL u/]sf] s"g} sfdsf] ;DaGwdf lgh pk/ pk–ljlgod
-@_ adf]lhdsf] /Lt gk"¥ofO{ d"2f rNg ;Sg] 5}g .
-@_ pk–ljlgod -3) adf]lhd s"g} sd{rf/Lpk/ d"2f rnfpgsf] nflu kmf}Hbf/L d"2fsf] xsdf ueg{/sf] cg"dlt k|fKt ePsf] x"g" kg]{5 / b]jfgL
d"2fsf] xsdf b]xfo adf]lhd ePsf] x"g"kg]{5M
-s_ d"2f rnfpg] sf/0f ;lxt jfbL / lghsf] jf/]; ePdf To:tf] jf/];sf] ;d]tsf] gfd / 7]ufgf vf]nL lnlvt ;'rgf ueg{/nfO{ jf ;DalGwt
sd{rf/LnfO{ a"emfPsf] jf x"nfsåf/f /lhi6«/L u/L k7fPsf] / To;sf] Ps k|lt gSsn a}+sdf k]z ePsf] b"O{ dlxgf gf#]sf] .
-v_ d"2f rnfpg] sf/0f ePsf] cf7 dlxgfleq d"2f bfo/ ul/;s]sf] .
-3) s"g} sd{rf/L axfndf x"Fbf cfÇgf] cf]xbfsf] st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] sfdsf] ;DaGwdf axfn 6"l6;s]kl5 klg ueg{/sf] :jLs[lt
geO{ lgh pk/ d"2f rNg ;Sg] 5}g .
-4) pk–ljlgod
-3) adf]lhd d"2f rnfpg :jLs[lt lbPdf lghsf] k|lt/Iff a}+sn] ug]{5 .
-5) s"g} sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] cf]xbfsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf cfkm' pk/ s"g} JolQmåf/f nufOPsf] cf/f]ksf] ;kmfOsf] lgldQ JolQmut ¿kdf jf
ueg{/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ cbfntsf] ;xf/f lng ;Sg]5 . o:tf] ;xf/fsf] lgldQ ueg{/n] :jLs[lt lbPsf] xsdf lghsf] k|lt/Iff a}+sn] ug]{5 .
-6) s"g} sd{rf/Ln] cfÇgf] cf]xbfsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf cfkm' pk/ s"g} JolQm jf lgsfoåf/f nufOPsf] cf/f]ksf] ;kmfOsf] lgldQ JolQmut jf
ueg{/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ d"2fsf] k|lt/Iff ubf{ cbfntaf6 clGtd ¿kdf ;kmfO kfPsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL k|lt/Iff jfkt ePsf] dgfl;j vr{ lghnfO{ a}+sn]
;f]wegf{ lbg]5 .
!43= sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;t{sf] ;"/IffM s"g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] lgo"lQm x"Fbf tTsfn nfu' /x]sf] tna eQf, pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo ;"ljwf
;DaGwL ;]jfsf ;t{x¿df lghsf] ;xdlt a]u/ lghnfO{ k|lts'n c;/ kg{] u/L kl/jt{g ul/g] 5}g .
kl/R5]b – !#
ljefuLo sf/jfxL
!44= ;r]t u/fpg ;lsg]M cfr/0f / cg"zf;g ;DaGwL ljlgodx¿ pNnª\3g ug]{ jf cfÇgf] st{Jo /fd|f];Fu lgjf{x gug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ klxnf] k6s
;r]t u/fpg ;lsg]5 . o:tf] ;r]t u/fpFbf :ki6Ls/0fsf] df}sf lbg"kg]{ 5}g .
!45= ;hfosf] lsl;dM plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePdf sd{rf/LnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]5M–
-s_ gl;xt lbg] .
-v_ jflif{s tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{ jf 36"jf ug]{ .
-u_ a9"jf /f]Ssf ug]{ .

48
-3_ eljiodf a}+ssf] ;]jfdf cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L a}+ssf] ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] .
-ª_ eljiodf a}+ssf] ;]jfdf cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L a}+ssf] ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ .
!47= jflif{s tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{ jf jflif{s tna j[l4 36fpg] jf a9"jf /f]Ssf ug]{M
b]xfosf] s"g} cj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] jflif{s tLg tna j[l4;Dd /f]Ssf ug{ jf tLg tna j[l4;Dd 36fpg jf tLg jif{;Dd a9"jf /f]Ssf ug{ ;lsg]5M–
-s_ sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf,
-v_ em"§f sf/0f b]vfO{ labf lnPdf jf ljb]z uPdf,
-u_ sfof{no ;dodf sfof{nosf] xftfleq dfbs jf nfu' kbfy{ ;]jg u/]df,
-#_ ;?jf ePsf] sfof{nodf Dofbleq xflh/ x"g guPdf,
-ª_ k'j{ :jLslt glnO{ sfof{nodf cg"kl:yt /x]df,
-r_ a}+sn] tf]s]sf] Dofbleq gubL, lhG;L tyf cGo sfuhft ga"em]df jf ga"emfPdf,
-5_ sfd st{Jo kfng gu/]df jf nfk/jfxL u/]df,
-h_ cfr/0f tyf cg"zf;g ;DaGwL ljlgodx¿ pNnª\3g u/]df, jf
-em_ P]g, lgod, ljlgod / cfb]zsf] kfngf gu/]df .
!48= ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf jvf{:t ug]{M
-3) b]xfosf] s"g} cj:yfdf sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5M–
-s_ sd{rf/Ln] cof]Uotfsf] sf/0fn] cfÇgf] kbsf] sfd jf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;s]df,
-v_ cfr/0f ;DaGwL s"/f k6s k6s pNnª\3g u/]df,
-u_ sfof{no ;dodf k6s k6s dfbs jf nfu" kbfy{ ;]jg u/L cfPdf,
-#_ k6s k6s cg"zf;gxLg sfd u/]df,
-ª_ a}+ssf] uf]kgLotf eé u/]df,
-r_ /fhgLltdf efu lnPdf,
-5_ cfÇgf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] j]jf:tf u/]df, jf
-h_ nuftf/ tL; lbg;Dd jf jif{el/df gAa] lbg;Dd uon ePdf .
-@_ b]xfosf] s"g} cj:yfdf sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf a}+s ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug{ ;lsg]5M–
-s_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 s;"/bf/ 7xl/Pdf, jf
-v_ e|i6frf/ u/]df .
-u_ :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dtL lnPdf jf ;f] sf] nflu lgj]bg lbPdf . 

#= cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ff -Concept of Industrial Relations_

6«]8 o'lgog eGg]lalQs} k]zfut xslxt / dof{bf lj:tf/ Pjd\ Jofj;flos :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf] ;Dj4{gdf ;+nUg /xg] ;+oGqnfO{ a'emfpF5 . k]zfut xslxt
/Iffsf nflu 6«]8 o'lgogn] cfk}mn] pkfo ;'emfpg], Joj:yfkg;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ / sltko cj:yfdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug]{;Ddsf sfo{ ub{5 t/ 6«]8
o'lgog clwsf/ -;ª\ul7t x'g] clwsf/_ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] cfkm\gf] pkh eg] xf]Og . of] gLnkf];L -cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg_ If]qsf] pkh xf] hxfF >ldsx?
pRr hf]lvddf sfd ub{5g\ t/ pBdLaf6 pgLx?nfO{ hlt dfGotf lbg'kg]{ xf] Tolt lbOPsf] x'Fb}g . pTkfbg k|lqmofdf ;+nUg /xg] ;fwgx? >lds, pBdL /
nufgLstf{ ;a}sf] dxTj eP klg >ldsx?dfly ul/g] zf]if0f, sfo{jftfj/0fsf] hf]lvd / ;'/Iffsf sf/0f cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx? hlxn] klg åGå ;DefJo
If]qsf ?kdf /xg k'u] . cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ePsf cfGbf]ngsf pkhsf ?kdf >d ;ª\u7gx? cfljisf/ eP hf] Joj;fo / Jofj;flos lxtsf nflu
Joj:yfkg;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/sf dfWod ag] . 6«]8 o'lgogx? clxn] Joj;foL / >ldsx?sf] lxt lj:tf/sf ;+oGq alg/x]sf 5g\ . ;Da4
d'n'ssf sfg'gL Joj:yfn] 6«]8 o'lgogjfb ljsf;sf] dfu{nfO{ ;+:yfut ul//x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gn] o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf g} kx/]bf/L u/L
/fHonfO{ >ldssf] lxtdf s]lGb|t x'g g}lts dfu{bz{g v8f ul//x]sf] 5 hxfF 6«]8 o'lgoflghdsf] cfwf/ :j:y ?kdf ePsf] 5 ToxfF Joj;foL / sfdbf/
b'j}sf] lxt lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 hxfF o;nfO{ /fd|/L ckgfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g ToxfF >d ;DaGw / cf}Bf]lus zflGtdfq sfod gePsf] xf]Og ls /f]huf/L /
cfly{s ultzLntfdf klg afwf k'u]sf] 5 .
6«]8 o'lgog Trade Unionism
;fj{hlgs If]q cfd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxt k|j4{gsf] If]q xf] . To;}n] ToxfF lghL If]q / cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgdf h;/L 6]«8 o'lgog cEof; ug{ ;lsFb}g .
;fj{hlgs If]qsf] k|j[lQ, sfo{If]qsf] Jofkstf Pjd\ sfdsf] h?/Lkgfsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s cEof; ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs If]q ;j{;fwf/0fsf
nflu /fHosf tkm{af6 ljz]if lhDd]jf/L af]Sg] If]q xf] . of] cfd hgtfsf] s/af6 ;~rflnt x'G5 / g… ful/s ;]jf o;sf] bfloTj Pjd\ cfbz{ xf] . hgtfk|lt
;dlk{t x'g] s/f/ u/]sf] / hgtfs} kl;gf -s/_ af6 ;~rflnt x'g] ju{ ePsfn] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf sfdbf/x? hgtf -;/sf/_ lj¿4 nlIft x'g ;Sb}gg\
. oxfF ljz]if ;fjwfgL / ljz]if k|lqmof k'¥ofP/ dfq 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ cEof; ul/G5 eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 .
g]kfn a}s lnld6]8leq 6]«8 o'lgog cEof; slt cfjZos 5 eGg] ljifodf k/:k/ lj/f]wL b'O{ ljrf/wf/f /lxcfPsf 5g\ . klxnf] ljrf/wf/f cfkm\gf]
k]zfut xslxt k|j4{gsf nflu ;ª\ul7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs cfjfh p7fpg] sfo{ljlwsf] g};lu{s clwsf/s} cleGg efu xf] . a}ssf] sd{rf/L ePs}
cfwf/df gful/s / k]zfut xslxtsf] clwsf/af6 sf]xL klg jl~rt x'g' x'Fb}g . o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt csf]{ ljrf/wf/f 5, sd{rf/L >lds geO{ ;/sf/ /
a}ssf tk{maf6 gful/s ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ dxÎjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf kbflwsf/L x'g\ h;sf] d'Vo bfloTj sfg'g sfof{Gjog / Gofo lgikbfgnufot
/fHosf tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug'{ xf] . To;}n] /fHosf cleGg cª\un] 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{ eg]sf] sd{rf/L cfbz{eGbf leGg s'/f xf] . oL ts{sf]
ljjfbn] g} ;fj{hlgs If]qdf 6]«8 o'lgoflghdsf] c;lhnf]kgf b]vfFp5 / o;sf] cEof; ;fjwfgLk"j{s ;Gt'ng (trade off with precaution) ug'{n] g}
6]«8 o'lgog cEof;sf] r'gf}tL / ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ klg xf] .
6]«8 o'lgogsf] ;'?cft

49
 6]«8 o'lgog eGg]lalQs} k]zfut xs / ;'ljwf ;+j4{gsf nflu Joj:yfkg;Fu ul/g] ;xsfo{sf ;fy} aGb, x8\tfn, wgf{ / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL;Ddsf
lqmofsnfkx? kb{5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;Lldt cEof; ;g\ !()^ lt/ a]nfotsf] x'nfs ;]jfdf ;'? eof] . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf x'nfs ;]jfsf]
sfo{k|s[lt gLnkf];L >ldssf] h:t} x'g] ePsf]n] klg 6«]8 o'lgogsf] k|j]z ljGb' x'nfs x'g' :jfefljs lyof] t/ a]nfotLx? :jefj}n] k/Dk/fjfbL
lyP, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf aGbx8\tfn xf]nf eGg] eoaf6 k"j{lqmofzLntf b]vfpg] clek|fon] ;g\ !(!& df ;efd'v PrhL lJx6\n]sf] ;+of]hsTjdf
ul7t ;ldltn] dWo:ydfuL{ af6f]sf] ;'ema'emk"0f{ ;'emfj lbof] / sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfsf nflu ;+o'St k|of; ug{ lJx6\n] sfplG;n u7g ug{
yflnof] h;nfO{ cfhko{Gt Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L ;xsfo{sf] cfbz{ 9fFrf dfGg] ul/G5 .
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g -cfO=Pn=cf]=_ sd{rf/L ;ª\ul7t x'g] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ljZjJofkL gD;{ tyf dfGotf :yflkt ug]{ / >ldsx?sf] lxt
k|j4{g ug]{ lgsfo xf] . cfO=Pn=cf]= n] ;g\ !(@! b]lv g} >ldssf] xslxtsf ;DaGwdf ;b:o /fi6«x?sf] Wofg lvRb} cfP klg lkmnf8]lNkmof
3f]if0ffkq, !($$ / ;g\ !($* sf] cle;lGwn] sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ / JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu cfk"mn] OR5fPsf] k]zfut ;ª\u7gdf cfa4 x'g]
clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt u/L ;ª\ul7t x'g] clwsf/;DaGwL dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt ug{ k'u]kl5 eg] >ldssf] xslxtsf]
ljifon] ljZjJofkL dxTj kfpg yfNof] t/ cfO=Pn=cf]= cle;lGw, !($( sf] rf}yf] sfo{;"rLn] /fHo k|zf;gdf cfa4 sd{rf/Lpk/ dxf;lGwsf]]
JofVof ;fjwfgLk"j{s ug'{kg]{ cfzo /fv]sf] 5 .
To:t} cfO=Pn=cf]= ;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o g+ !#& / !#* cg';f/ /fHosf] gLlt lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{, /fHosf tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / Gofo
;Dkfbg ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] ;ª\ul7t x'g / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLdf efu lng gkfpg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} lg0f{o g+ !#( cg';f/ cTofjZos
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?n] klg 6]«8 o'lgog k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] pNn]v 5 . ;fj{hlgs cfbz{ /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f ug]{ ;Gbe{df
cltl/St dfGotfx? /flvPsf 5g\ .
ljZjsf w]/} h;f] nf]stflGqs d'n'sx?n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k]zfut ;ª\u7gx?df cfa4 x'g / 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/
k|of]u ug{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ t/ cEof;sf] :t/ / 9fFrfdf eg] ;dfgtf kfpg ;lsFb}g . hd{gLdf ;xsfl/tfk"0f{ cEof; 5, clt ;lqmo 6]«8
o'lgog xf]Og .
hfkfgdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf] cEof; t 5 t/ gLnkf];L sd{rf/Ln] dfq ;f}bfafhLsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ub{5g\, Tof] klg jif{sf] Psk6s j;Gt Ct'df dfq
t/ aGbx8\tfn ug{ kfOFb}g, cEof;x? lgs} dof{lbt x'g] ub{5g\ .
pbf/ nf]stGq ePsf] ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !(#% sf] jfUg/ sfg'gaf6 o;sf] cEof; eP klg ;g\ !($& 6fk\m6 xf8\n] P]gcg';f/ x8\tfn
lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 .
ef/tdf v08Ls[t Joj:yf 5 . ToxfF sd{rf/LnfO{ rf/ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] ju{sf clws[t sd{rf/Ln] g]kfnsf] k~rfotsfnsf] h:tf]
sNof0fsf/L ;ª\3df cfa4 x'g kfpFb5g\ t/ dfubfaL k|:t't ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . rf}yf], t];|f] / ;xof]uL txn] 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpF5g\ eg]
bf];|f] ju{ clws[tdf a9'jf x'g ;Sg] ju{ ePsfn] ;Lldt ?kdf dfq o'lgogdf cfa4 x'g kfpF5g\ .
g]kfndf sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] ;'?cft g} /fhgLlts p2]Zoaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !($& df :yflkt 6«]8 o'lgog sfª\u|]; g} klxnf] >d ;ª\u7g lyof]
h;sf] p2]Zo g} /f0ff zf;glj¿4df dhb'/ kl/rfng ug'{ lyof] . o;n] :yfkgfsf] Ps jif{ glaTb} lj=;+= @))$ df lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldndf dhb'/
cfGbf]ng eof] h;sf] g]t[Tj lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] u/]sf lyP eg] dgdf]xg clwsf/Lnufotsf dhb'/ g]tfn] ;fy lbPsf lyP . k|hftGq
:yfkgfkZrft\ eg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg o;sf] k|efj b]lvg yfNof] / @))* df Go"g j}tlgs sd{rf/Lsf tkm{af6 tna j[l4sf nflu cfjfh
p7fOPsf] lyof] . klxnf] cfd lgjf{rgaf6 ;/sf/ u7g x'gf;fy @)!^ ;fndf Go"g j}tlgs sd{rf/L ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf eof] . /fhf dx]Gb|n]
k|hftflGqs ;/sf/ ckb:y u/]kl5 eg] ljz]if aGb]hL Joj:yfsf sf/0f sd{rf/Ln] ;ª\ul7t x'g kfPgg\ . klxnf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 @)$& ;fnaf6
eg] sfg'gL cfwf/lagf g} sd{rf/Lx? ;ª\ul7t eP . SmartGk
g]kfn @)@# ;fnb]lv g} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o eO{ ;ª\u7gsf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf cGo ;b:o d'n'sn] e}Fm
labf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;ª\ul7t x'g] clwsf/, ;dfg kfl/>lds, Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff, lgs[i6 afn>d cGTo, cGo /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g], Go"gtd
Hofnf, sfo{jftfj/0fdf e]befj cGTo h:tf bzf}F dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L dxf;lGwsf] kIf ePsf] 5 t/ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL;DaGwL lj:t[t
clwsf/ ePsf] dxf;lGw *& nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5}g . cg'df]bg ul/Psf sltko dxf;lGwx?sf] bfloTj lgjf{x klg sd{rf/L Pjd\ ;/sf/
b'j} kIfaf6 kfng ePsf] 5}g .
6]«8 o'lgogsf] p2]Zo
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] lkmnf8]lNkmof 3f]if0ffn] >ldsx?sf] ;ª\ul7t x'g] :jtGqtfnfO{ dfGotf lbg', >ldssf] l:ylt ;'wf/ ug'{ / lbuf] cf}Bf]lus
zflGt :yfkgf ug'{ ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo dfg]sf]n] 6«]8 o'lgogsf] p2]Zo klg o;}df lglxt 5 eGg ;lsG5 . cfO=Pn=cf]=sf cg';f/ >ldssf xslxt k|j4{g
/ dof{bfk"0f{ >d jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu 6]«8 o'lgog ;+oGqsf ?kdf /xg] ub{5 .
sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g lsg rflxof] t eGg] ;Gbe{df o;sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ vf]Hg'kg]{ x'G5 . sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g jf 6«]8 o'lgogn] ;ª\u7gsf ;b:onfO{
cfGtl/s k|hftGqsf] pkof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f to ub{5 . To;}n] ;ª\u7gdf sd{rf/L / Joj:yfkgaLr ;femf :jfy{sf] vf]hL ub}{ k]zfut Jofj;flostf,
lgi7f, g}ltstf Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ul/df k|j4{gsf] clek|fo 6]«8 o'lgogn] /fVb5 / /fVg'kb{5 . sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gsf] p2]ZonfO{ ;fdfGotM %
cf]6f aF'bfdf ;d]6\g ;lsG5 M
;+:yfut ;bfrf/ / Jofj;flos g}ltstf sfod ug]{ .
/f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrtf / l:y/tf sfod ug]{ . SmartGk

sfof{j:yfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ .

k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
sd{rf/L ;zStLs/0f .
Gofof]lrt ljZjJofkLs/0fsf nflu ;fdflhs Gofo;DaGwL cfO=Pn=cf]= 3f]if0ff, @))^ cg';f/ dof{lbt >d sfo{;"rL -jf sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g_ sf $ p2]Zo
:yflkt u/]sf] 5 M
50
 lbuf] ;+:yfut / cfly{s jftfj/0fsf] :yfkgf u/]/ /f]huf/Lsf] k|j4{g ug]{,
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf pkfosf] ljsf; / ;anLs/0fsf] k|j4{g,
;a}eGbf pko'St ljlwsf] ?kdf ;fdflhs ;+jfb / lqkIfLotfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ /
cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / sfdsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, k|j4{g / ;fsf/ kfg]{ .

;ª\u7gsf kIf /fi6«x? h;n] o;sf cle;lGwdf x:tfIf/ / cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] ljwflosfaf6 cg'df]bg u/L bfloTj l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ To;cg'?k sfd u/]
gu/]sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gn] b'O{ ;+oGq -s_ dxf;lGw / l;kmfl/;sf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL ljz]if1 ;ldlt / -v_ dfkb08
sfof{Gjog;DaGwL clwj]zg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . oL b'O{ ;+oGqn] kIf /fi6«x?n] sfo{:yndf >ldssf] :t/, ;'ljwf / cGo dof{lbt >d;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ k|j4{g / ;+:yfut u/fpg] g}lts, sfg'gL / k|fljlws cfwf/ v8f ub{5 . SmartGk
6«]8 o"lgog P]g, @)$(df 6«]8 o"lgogsf] p2]Zo
-!_ 6«]8 o"lgogsf] p2]Zo b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M— -s_ sfdbf/x?sf] sfdsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L ltlgx?sf] cly{s / ;dflhs ;dGtLsf] nflu sfo{/t
/xg], -v_ sfdbf/ Joj:yfks aLr /fd|f] ;DaGw /fVg k|oTg ug]{, -u_ k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L k|lti7fgsf] ljsf; ug{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg], -3_
sfdbf/x?nfO{ st{Jolgi7 / cg'zfl;t agfpg k|oTglzn /xg],

sd{rf/L ;ª\;ªu7g\u7g / 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/;DaGwL k|d'v sfg'gx?

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt tyf p2]Zox?
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf dxf;lGw, l;kmfl/; tyf k|ltj]bgx?
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf df}lns xs / gLltx?
>d P]g, @)$*
6«]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$(
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, @)$*
cTofjZos ;]jf ;~rfng P]g, @)!$
बोनस ऐन, २०३० SmartGk
औोिगक िश
ाथ तालीम ऐन, २०३९
बालबािलका सबधी ऐन, २०४८
अयागमन ऐन, २०४९
बालम (िनषेध र िनयिमत गन) ऐन, २०५६
6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/sf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿
Right to Organization - ü lgdf{0f, 5fGg, cleJolQm, lgjf{rgdf efu lng kfpg], g]t[Tj ug]{
Right to Bargaining - ü dfu, ;+jfb, ;f}bfafhL, 5nkmn, ;DaGw, ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L
Right to strike - ü k|bz{g, x8\tfn, y'g5]s, 3]/fp, -cg'zfl;t÷dof{lbt÷k|lqmof÷gLltut_
Right to compulsion wages - ü >d, Hofnf, kfl/>lds, tna cflb -pbf/jfb, ljZjJofkLs/0f cflb_
Right to Decent Work - ü sfd ug]{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f_
g]kfndf 6«]8 o'lgog
g]kfndf sd{rf/Lx?n] ;ª\ul7t x'g] clwsf/sf] pkof]u /fhgLlts p2]Zoaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . @))# ;fndf 6]«8 o'lgog sfª\u|];sf] :yfkgf, @))$
;fnsf] dhb'/ cfGbf]ng k]zfuteGbf klg /fhgLlts clek|fosf nflu eP . /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;3fpg] clek|fon] klxnf] tyf bf];|f]
hgcfGbf]ngsf ;dodf klg sd{rf/Lx? kl/rflnt eP . kl/0ffdtM To;kl5sf ;dodf sd{rf/Lx?df :jfefljseGbf dflysf cfsfª\Iff ljsf;
eP h;n] 6]«8 o'lgog jf sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gsf] cfbz{ ljifofGt/ x'g] cfwf/ v8f eof] eg] /fhgLlts bnaf6 klg sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gnfO{ /fhgLlts
cfFvfaf6 x]g]{ k|of; eof] . /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fsf ;dodf ;ªu7gx?n] cgk]lIft ;lqmotf b]vfpg] / o;df /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Laf6 dnhn ug]{
sfd eof] . Pscsf{sf] sdhf]/L klxrfg u/]sf /fhgLlts kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gsf kbflwsf/Lsf sf/0f Pscsf{sf] Jojxf/nfO{
cfcfkm\g} :jfy{sf cfwf/df x]g{ yflnof] / kl/0ffddf clxn]sf] cj:yf b]lvof] . o;sf nflu k|zf;gsf] e/df bnLo :jfy{ k"/f ug]{ /fhgLlt,
/fhgLltsf] pkof]udfkm{t cfkm\gf]÷;d"xsf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{ vf]Hg] sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g / sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gsf] cf8e/f];fdf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjdf k'Ug rfxg]
pRr k|zf;s a/fa/ lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . oL # kIfsf] rfv ;Gt'ng -OG6«]:6 6]«8ckm_ sf sf/0f lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ul/df / uj{ lj:tf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
o;n] k|zf;g / /fHo k|0ffnLdflysf] hgljZjf;nfO{ klg kftNofpFb} NofPsf] 5 t/ lj8Dagf tLg} kIf clxn] klg Pscsf{nfO{ dfq bf]ifL b]Vg] /
cf}krfl/s aGg] k|of;df 5g\ .
6«]8 o'lgogx?n] xfn;Dd Wofg glbPsf ljifox? h:tf] lghfdtL k|zf;gleq ;+:yfTds uj{ ljsf; / of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu
s]s:tf k|of;x? cfjZos 5, To;tkm{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofg lvrL j}slNks ;'wf/ of]hgf lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . ;dfhsf cAan bhf{sf k|ltefx?
lsg ;]jfleq k|j]z ug{ rflx/x]sf 5}gg\, lsg ljZjljBfnosf pTs[i6x?sf] klxnf] 5gf]6df ;/sf/L ;]jf kg{ 5f8\of], ;]jfleq pknAw ;'ljwf
ljt/0f / ;]jf k|jfxsf] l:yltsf ljifodf o'lgogx?n] uDeL/ ?kdf cWoog, ljZn]if0f / lgisif{ lgsfnL g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg], ;/sf/;Fu
;xsfo{ ug]{ / ;/sf/nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg];Ddsf sfdx? ug'{kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx? lsg ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u5{g\ jf k|j]z ug'{kl5sf] k|]/s tÎj s] xf]
< Tof] 7Ls xf] ls xf]Og eGg] ljifodf ;/sf/n] clxn];Dd Wofg lbPsf] 5}g / sd{rf/L 6]«8 o'lgogx? klg ;/sf/nfO{ o;sf nflu 3r3Rofpg

51
 r's]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf Public Service Motivation Intitiatives sf] kIfdf g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf clxn];Dd Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g .
kl/0ffdtM lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;sf/fTdstf, sfo{pT;'stf / cu|;/tf lgs} Go"g b]lvPsf] xf] .
6«]8 o'lgogsf lqmofsnfkx? ;ª\u7gleq dof{lbt >d ;DaGwsf nflu s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gn] sd{rf/L ;ª\ul7t x'g]
clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] kIfnfO{ oxL cfzo;Fu hf]8]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gn] kfl/t u/]sf sltko dof{lbt sfo{:yn / >d ;DaGwsf
kIfdf Joj:yfkgn] Wofg lbPsf] 5}g . h:tf] ls Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff / sfo{:yn ;'/Iffsf] dfkb08 g]kfndf clxn];Dd lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5}g, Go"gtd
kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5}g . ;fy} zf/Ll/s czSttf, dft[Tj ;'/Iff, cfl>t kl/jf/sf] ;'/Iff, ;]jfdf k|j]z / ;]jfaf6 aflxl/g] pd]/, lgj[Q
cj:yfsf] ;'/Iff, z}lIfs of]Uotf / ;Lknufotsf kIfdf cfO=Pn=cf]= cle;lGwsf cfzocg'?ksf] sfo{lgwf{/0fsf nflu Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;r]t
u/fpg o'lgogx? r's]sf 5g\ . SmartGk
6«]8 o'lgogsf] xfn;Ddsf] cEof; pT;fxk|b 5}g eGb}df o;nfO{ cfjZostf g} 5}g eGg vf]lhPsf] eg] xf]Og . cEof;sf sfnv08df cf/f]xcj/f]x
cfpg ;S5, o'lgogsf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf, cled'vLs/0f / :t/sf sf/0f klg 36gfqmdn] o;nfO{ cdof{lbt agfpg ;S5 . cEof; ljsf;sf qmddf
;a} ;+:yf / ;+/rgfdf o:tf lqmofsnfkx? b]lvg ;S5g\ . To;}n] 6«]8 o'lgognfO{ dof{lbt agfO{ Joj:yfkg ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{ o'lgogsf]
;ª\Vof Pp6fdfq sfod ug]{, o'lgogdf cfO=Pn=cf]=sf] cjwf/0ffcg'?k ;xfos txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq ;+nUg x'g] Joj:yf u/L clws[tnfO{
cnu ug]{, o'lgogn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf cfr/0f, cfbz{ / cfrf/ ;+lxtfljk/Lt x'g] sfd u/]df ;hfo ug]{, o'lgogn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s
k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ug]{ / o'lgogsf] lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/L, Joj:yfkg / ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;+o'St cg'udg ;+oGq
agfpg] sfd ul/g' cfjZos 5 . sf]xL sd{rf/L o'lgogdf ;+nUg ePs} cfwf/df cj;/ pkof]u ug]{ ljz]if Jojxf/ ug]{ sfd Joj:yfkgaf6 ul/g'
x'Fb}g . lgwf{l/t sfo{cg'zf;gaf6 sf]xL klg ljz]if Jojxf/df /xg' x'Fb}g . ;fy} /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lx?af6 :yflkt dfkb08nfO{ cltqmd0f ug]{ s'g}
k|of; x'g' xF'b}g . o;f] ePdf dfq 6«]8 o'lgogx?n] k|zf;g Joj:yfkgdf l;h{gzLn tgfj lbg ;S5g\ .
>d ljjfb (Labour disputes)
>d ljjfb eg]sf] pBf]u Joj;fodf ePsf] ljjfb xf] . ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t >lds, sd{rf/L, Joj:yfks tyf /f]huf/bftflar x'g] ljjfbnfO{
>dljjfb elgG5 . d'Votof /f]huf/bftf / >ldsju{lar >dljjfb x'G5 . ljleGg e"efuaf6 cfPsf km/s km/s ;+:s[lt, d"No / dfGotf af]s]sf
dflg;x¿ Ps} ;ª\u7gsf] 5fgfd'lg sfo{ ub{5g\ . oL >lds / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] wf/0ff larf/wf/f, ¿lr, rfxgf, nIo, km/s km/s x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;a}
Ps} 5fgd'lg lbgx'F sfd ubf{ dtleGgtf x'g' :jefljs} xf] . o;/L sf/vfgfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L tyf >ldslar pTkGg x'g] dtleGgtfaf6 >dljjfb l;h{gf
x'G5 . >d ljjfbsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;ª\u7gdf cg]s cjfl~5t lqmofsnfkx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . h:t} afbljjfb, emu8f, dgd'6fj, x8\tfn, tfnfaGbL,
3]/fp, aGb cflb . SmartGk
>d ljjfbsf sf/0fx¿ (Major causes of labour dispute)
a. Compensation -kfl/>lds_ M sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kfl/>lds ckof{Kt ePdf ;ª\u7gdf >dljjfb x'G5 .
b. Employee Dismissal M ljgf pko'Qm sf/0f >lds lgisf;g u/]sf klg >dljjfb l;h{gf x'G5 .
c. Dividend M >ldsx¿n] ;ª\u7gsf] d'gfkmfdf cfkm\gf] klg s]xL xs x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿n] nfef+z gkfPsf] cj:yfdf
klg ljjfb x'G5 .
d. Dearness Allowances M a9\bf] ahf/ efpcg'¿k dxª\uL eQf gePsf] cj:yfdf klg >dljjfb x'g;S5 .
e. Working Conditions and hours of work M sfo{ jftfj/0f tyf sfo{ 306fdf lrt ga'em]df klg >dljjfb pTkGg x'G5 .
f. Modernization and automation M cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf oflGqs/0fn] ubf{ klg >dljjfb pTkgg x'G5 .
g. Indiscipline and Violence M cg'zf;gxLgtfn] >dljjfb tyf lx+;f lgDTofpF5 .
h. Non-Recognition of union M Joj:yfkgn] >lds ;ª\3nfO{ dfGotf glbPdf jf k|ltlglwnfO{ j]jf:tf u]/df >dljjfb a9\5 .
i. Poor Leadership M lkmtnf] k|zf;gdf >dljjfb x'g] clws ;Defjgf /xG5 .
j. Political Leadership M >lds ;ª\u7gx¿ /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] k|efjaf6 k|]l/t eO{ ;ª\u7g / dhb'/x¿sf] lxtnfO{ eGbf /fhg}lts :jfy{sf]
nflu sfd ug]{ u/]df >dljjfb x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
k. Biased Treatment M Joj:yfks tyf ;'kl/j]Ifsx¿n] kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf] v08df sd{rf/Lx¿df c;Gt'i6L eO{ >dljjfb pTkGg x'G5 .
>d ljjfbsf] /f]syfd (Prevention of labour dispute)
>dljjfb nfdf] ;do;Dd sfod /xg' ;ª\u7gsf] nflu /fd|f] x'Fb}g . To;}n] >d ljjfb ;s];Dd ;ª\u7gdf x'g lbg' x'b}g . ;ª\u7gsf >dljjfb
/f]syfdsf pkfox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
Sufficient wage system Bonus payment
Appropriate working condition Appropriate modernization
Effective leadership Free from political influence
Equal opportunity Proper discipline
>d ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg (Settlement of labour dispute)
>dljjfb ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu lgDg ljlwx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M SmartGk
a. Collective bargainingM Joj:yfkg / >dLs k|ltlglwlardf 5nkmn u/L cfk;L ;dembf/Ldf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|of;nfO{
;fd'lxs df]ntf]n elgG5 .
b. ConciliationM o; ljlwdf :jtGq ;xhstf{sf] ;xof]udf ljjfbdf ;+nUg kIfx¿nfO{ Ps} :yfgdf Nofpg] / 5nkmn u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
c. MeditationM o; ljlwdf ljjfbdf ;+nUg dWo:ytstf{ lgo'lQm ul/G5 . dWo:ystf{n] ljjfbsf] uxg cWoog u/L b'j} kIfnfO{ pko'Qm x'g]
ljsNk tof/ ub{5 / o;n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;xof]u ub{5 .

52
 d. Labour courtM cf}Bf]lus ljjfbdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu :yflkt cbfntnfO{ >d cbfnt elgG5 . >d cbfntaf6 Goflos
km};nf u/]/ klg >dljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] clwsf/
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ lbg] jf ;ª\u7g :jtGqtfdfq lbg] eGg] s'/fsf] leGgtf g} ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] clwsf/ x'g] jf gx'g] eGg]
s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\u7gnfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{lalQs} ;f}bfafhL ug]{ clwsf/ cGof]Gofl>t¿kdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
To;}n] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ jt{dfg P]gåf/f ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . sd{rf/Lsf] txsf] / kbsf] juL{s/0f, s'g]} klg cGo
u'gf;f], tna / eQf / /f]huf/Lsf ;]jf;t{sf af/]df Joj:yfkgn] lg0f{o ug'{eGbf cufl8 clgjfo{ k/fdz{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
Sofg8fdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL P]g g} th'{df u/L ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ;DaGwdf lj:t[t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;cg';f/ tna, eQf,
a9'jf, ;¿jf, u|]8 j[l4, sfo{;do, cf]e/6fOd, labf tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k'/:sf/, z}lIfs labf / :jf:Yo ;]jf, cjsfz of]hgf, u'gf;f] ;dfwfg,
OG:of]/]G;, ;Demf}tfsf] cjlwh:tf ljifodf dfu k]; ug{ / ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L o'lgogn] ;]jfsf]
;'/Iff ;do;fk]If ;'ljwf, j[ltljsf;, sd{rf/Lsf] hLpHofgsf] /Iff, Jofj;flos ;'/Iffh:tf sd{rf/L xslxt;DaGwLdfu /fVg kfpF5g\ .
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] btf{ ubf{ /fli6«o :t/df btf{ ePsf] / o;sf] k|lti7fg txsf] kl/sNkgf ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] ;f}bfafhLsf] tx;d]t
:yfgLo¿kdf geO{ /fli6«o :t/df g} x'g] :ki6 5 . t/ lgodfjnLn] lhNnf txaf6, ljefu jf lgsfo jf cfof]udf ;d]t dfu ug{ ;lsg], 5nkmn x'g]
/ x8\tfn ug{;d]t ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yf Jojxf/tM plrt b]lvFb}g . ;f] txaf6 ;f]xL txn] ;dfwfg ug]{ xs dfusf] ljifodfq
;dfwfg x'g ;S5 t/ lxtdfu ;f] txaf6 k'/f x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . To;}n] tL k|fjwfgx¿sf] lqmofzLntfdf ;d:of /xg ;S5 .
$= kqn]vg / 6LKk0fL n]vg -Letter Writing and Memo Writing_
kqn]vg-Letter Writing)
sfof{non] s'g} ;+:yf jf JolQmnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L k7fpg] n]vf]6 -kq, kl/kq, ;"rgf cflb_ nfO kq elgG5 .
sfof{no ;~rfngsf] qmddf ljleGg hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ug{ n]lvg] kqnfO{ Official Letter, Business Letter jf sfof{no kq elgG5 . k|efjsf/L
Letter Writing Skill n] sfof{nosf] sfd l56f], 5l/tf] / ;xL9+uaf6 ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
Letter Writing ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ jf Features of a Good Business Letter Writing or Contains of a Good Bussiness
Letter
!= Clearity : sfof{no kq n]Vbf eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f :ki6 / bf]xf]/f]—t]xf]/f] cy{ gnfUg] x'g'kb{5 .
@= Short and Precise : cfhsf] Jo:t o'udf dflg;x¿;+u ;dosf] cefj x'G5 . ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo] Time Resource ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{
;|f]t xf] . To;}n] sfof{no kq 5f]6f], ;+lIfKt t/ eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f k|:6;+u JoQm ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
#= Courtesy : sfof{no kq n]Vbf Courtesy Maintain ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu cfk"meGbf slgi6nfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ ædxfzoÆ n]
;Daf]wg ug'{ kb{5 eg] cfk"meGbf jl/i7 jf dflyNnf] txnfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ ædxf]boÆ zAbn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ kb{5 .
$= Acccurancy : sfof{no kq n]Vbf k|;+ujz ljleGg tYof+s, ljj/0f, 36gfqmd / hfgsf/Lx¿ pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . tL ;a} ;"rgf ;To /
e/kbf]{ x'g' h?/L 5 .
Structure of a Business Letter
sfof{no kqnfO{ d"nt lgDgfg';f/ $ efudf afF8g\ ;lsG5 .
(A) ;Daf]wg (Addressing Part)
(b) ljifo (Subject Matter Part)
(C) d"n c+z (Main Body)
(D) cflwsf/Ls b:tvt (Authorised Signature)
Addressing Part df h'g sfof{nonfO{ kq n]lvPsf] xf], To;sf] gfd, tx / k"/f 7]ufgf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . Subject Matter Part df
;DalGwt kq s'g ljifodf n]lvb} 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8, l;6L clkm;, aL/u+hn] cfˆgf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf
sd{rf/L cefj, km08 6«fG;km/, zfvfsf] d'gfkmf l:ylt, ejg dd{t, ah]6 h:tf ljleGg ljifodf kq n]Vb ;S5 .
sfof{no kqsf] Main Body df kqdf pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ d'Vo ljifoj:t'nfO{ Short, Precise, Accurate tyf Clearity ;lxt JoQm ul/G5 .
/, kqsf] cGTodf cflwsfl/s JolQmn] b:tvt u/L To;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbOG5 . b:tvtstf{n] ;j{k|yd cfˆgf] ;xL u/L To;kl5 gfd / kb klg pNn]v ug'{
h?/L x'G5 .
kq n]vg of]hgf
p2]Zo lgwf{/0f -lsg n]Vg]_
;Gbe{ s] xf] < -ljifoa:t' s] 5 _
k|fks tyf k|]ifs rog -s;nfO{ n]lvb} 5 <_
a'Fbf tyf tYo 5gf}6 -s] s] n]Vg]_
kl/0ffd s] x'g ;Sb5 -c;/ s] x'G5 <_
efiff, z}nLsf] 5gf}6 -s:tf zAb ÷z}nLsf] k|of]u ug]{_
kqn]vgsf] cfjZostf
;+u7gsf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg .
sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf zL3|tf Nofpg .
cGo ;+rf/ dfWodsf] cefjnfO{ k"/f ug{ .
ck|ToIf lsl;dsf] ;+rf/ k|s[of k"/f ug{ .

53
 lnlvt k|df0f h'6fpg .
cfjZos clen]v ;~ro ug{ .
Joj;flos kqdf lgDg a'“bfx? ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g' kb{5,
ldlt
k|fkssf] gfd 7]ufgf
ljifo
kqsf] Joxf]/f
kq n]Vg]sf] ;xL / ldlt
gfd / kb
af]wfy{÷sfof{y{ -cfjZos eP_
Joj;foLs kqdf zAbfjnLsf] k|of]u
kqdf ;+lIft ljifo pNn]v ug]{ .
kb cg';f/ ;DdfggLo, dfggLo, dxf]bo, >Ldfg\ h:tf cfb/fyL{ zJbx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ k|of]u ug]{ .
sfof{nonfO{ ;+jf]wg ubf{ >L dfq n]Vg] .
k|To'Q/ kq n]Vbf kqsf] ;a} ljj/0f pNn]v gu/L k|fKt kqsf] ldlt r=g+,k=; / ;+lIfKt ljifo pNn]v ug]{ .
;/n efiffsf] k|of]u tyf bf]xf]/f] cy{ lbg] zAbsf] k|of]u gug]{ .
kqsf] cGtdf cfb]zfg';f/, lgb]{zfg';f/, lg0f{ofg';f/ cfjZos eP n]Vg] .
;s];Dd ;/n jfSox?sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
kqsf] ljifo x]/L ;DjGw /fVg]] ;a} 7fpdf cfjZostf cg';f/ af]wfy{ jf sfof{y{ pNn]]v ug]{ .
P]g, lgod, cfb]z, lg0f{o h:tf s'/fx? pNn]v ubf{ h:tfsf] t:t} jf k|ToIf sygdf n]Vg] .
JolQmut ?kdf sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ n]lvg] kqsf] clGtd ;+af]wgdf cf1fsf/L jf ejbLo n]Vbf pko'St x'g] .
btf{
• ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ljleGg ;|f]t, dfWod / :yfg ljz]ifaf6 cfPsf lr7Lkq, lgj]bg, k|ltj]bg, cfb]z, / cGo sfuhftx¿ k|fKt x'gf;fy ;'?sf]
clen]v /fVg] sfo{nfO{ btf{ elgG5 .
• sfof{nodf k|fKt x'g cfPsf lr7Lkqx¿nfO{ clen]va4 u/L To:tf lr7Lkqsf] sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg ;'udtf k'uf]; eGg] p2]Zon] sfof{nodf
btf{ zfvf, btf{ lstfjsf] Joj:yf u/L s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ btf{sf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] x'G5 .
• btf{ k|s[ofn] s'g lr7L slxn], s:n] k7fof] / s:n] a'em]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5 . lr7Lkqx¿ x/fpg kfpFb}gg\ . To;}n] btf{nfO{ sfof{nodf
lr7Lkq k|j]z ug]{ åf/sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
btf{ ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ M
• lr7Lkqx¿ btf{ ug'{ k"j{ cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] xf], xf]Og osLg ug'{ k5{ .
• k|fKt x'g cfPsf] kqsf] vfdaGbL 7Ls 5, 5}g x]g'{ k5{ .
• kq a'‰g' k"j{ sfuhkqx¿ k"/f 5g\ 5}gg\ osLg ul/g' kb{5 .
• lr7Lkqx¿ ;fwf/0f, h?/L, uf]Ko jf cltuf]Ko s'g ju{sf x'g osLg u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ btf{ ubf{ g} 5'6o\ fpg' kb{5 .
• Dofb hfg] vfnsf kqx¿ Dofb leq k|fKt ePsf 5g\ 5}gg\ osLg ul/g'kb{5 .
• btf{ lstfjsf] dxn cg';f/ k7fpg]sf] gfd, 7]ufgf, ldlt, rnfgL gDj/, kq ;+Vof, kfKt ldlt, s}lkmot cflb hgfO{ ;DalGwt zfvf jf kmfF6df
a'emfpg' kb{5 .
btf{sf] dxŒj M
• sfof{nodf sxfFaf6 s] slt / s'g Joxf]/fsf lr7Lkq k|fKt eP ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] .
• sfof{nodf k|fKt lr7Lkqx¿sf] ;'/Iff ug{ .
• sfof{nodf s'g} lglZrt cjlwdf k|fKt ePsf kqx¿sf] lznlzn]jf/ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ .
• k|fKt kqx¿ ;DalGwt JolQm jf zfvfdf a'emfpg ;lhnf] x'g] .
• sfof{nodf k|fKt x'g cfPsf lr7Lkqx¿ s:sf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] 5 egL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ .
rnfgL
• sfof{noaf6 aflx/ hfg] lr7Lkqx¿sf] l;nl;n]jf/ gDj/, ldlt, ljifo / kq uPsf] sfof{nosf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v u/L /flvg] clen]vnfO{ rnfgL
elgG5 .
• sfof{nodf btf{ dfkm{t lr7Lkqx¿ lelqG5g\ eg] rnfgL dfkm{t aflxl/G5g\ . btf{ sfof{no ?kL z/L/sf] d'6' eP em} rnfgL wdgL xf], h;n] ;j{q
/Qm ;+rf/ ub{5 .
• rnfgL ug]{ k|s[ofn] sfof{noaf6 slxn], s:tf] kq s'g JolQm, ;+:yf jf sfof{nodf slxn] k7fOof] yfxf x'g'sf] ;fy} sfo{ km5\of}{6sf] k|df0f / eP
u/]sf sfd sf/afxLsf] l:ylt ;lhn} hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

54
rnfgL ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ M
• kqsf] ldlt, kq;+Vof, sfof{nosf] 5fk, clws[tsf] b:tvt kqdf pNn]v eP gePsf] lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .
• lr7Lkqx¿ rnfgL ug'{ k"j{ kq k7fpg] / k|fKt ug]{sf] gfd, 7]ufgf k|i6 ?kdf vfddf n]Vg' kb{5 .
• rnfgL lstfjsf] dxn cg';f/ rnfgL gDj/, k7fPsf] kqsf] k=;+= / ldlt, kfpg] JolQm jf sfof{nosf] gfd, ljifo, k7fpg] kmfF6 jf zfvfsf] gfd,
x'nfs lstfj g+= cflb r9fpg' kb{5 .
• kqsf] vfddf cfjZostf cg';f/ h?/L, cToGt h?/L, ;fwf/0f, uf]Ko, clt uf]Ko s] xf] pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
• kqsf] k|s[lt / :yfg x]/L x'nfs, PS;k|]z 8]lne/L, sfof{no ;xfos s'g dfWodaf6 k7fpg] xf] ;f]sf] 6'+uf] nufpg' kb{5 .
rnfgLsf] dxŒj M
• sfof{noaf6 aflx/ hfg] kqsf] clen]v /fVg] .
• sfof{noaf6 s'g} lglZrt cjlwdf aflx/ k7fPsf kqx¿sf] lznlzn]jf/ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ .
• sfo{ km5\of}{6sf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf k]z ug{ .
• kq k7fPsf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;lsg] .
• kq k7fPsf JolQm jf sfofnox¿sf] hfgsf/L cfjZos kgf{;fy pknAw u/fpg .
• aflx/ k7fPsf kqx¿ x/fPdf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] .
kqsf] gd'gf
/fli6ÅÄo jfl0fHo a}Æ
zfvf sfof{no, kf]v/f
k=;+=M ldlt M @)&%÷)*÷)*
r=g+= M

>L a|fGr ck/]zg ljefu

k|wfg sfof{no, /fdzfxky .
ljifo M ATM h8fg :jLs[tL ;DaGwdf .
k|:t't ljifodf o; zfvfdf ATM sf] cefjn] b}lgs a}lsÍ sf/f]af/df c;/ k/]sf] x'gfn] ATM h8fg :jLs[ltsf nflu k|:t't kq k|]lift
ul/Psf] xf] .
o; zfvf ut cfly{s jif{sf] a}Ësf] pTs[i6 kfFr zfvfleq kg{ ;kmn ePsf] Joxf]/f cjut g} 5 . zfvfdf lgIf]k tyf shf{;DaGwL u|fxsx¿sf]
j[l4n] a}lsË sf/f]af/df ATM ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ cTofjZos b]lvG5 . u|fxsx¿sf] a9\bf] cfw'lgs a}lsÍsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;d]t
ATM h8fg clgjfo{ b]lvG5 . a}Ësf] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;d]t o; zfvfnfO{ cfw'lgs a}lsÍ ;]jf ;'ljwfo'Qm
agfpb} n}hfg] eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ATM lj:tf/sf] nflu ah]6sf] ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf ;d]t ePsfn] ATM h8fg :jLs[tL cfjZos 5 .
o;y{ o; zfvfnfO{ cTofw'lgs a}+lsÍ ;]jf ;'ljwfo'Qm agfpg o; cfly{s jif{df ATM h8fg ug{ :jLs[tL k|bfg ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5' .
––––––––––––
-;'af]w uh'/]n)
zfvf k|aGws

/fli6Äo jfl0fHo a}Æ

kf]v/f zfvf
k=;+=M
r=g+= M )!
ldlt M @)&$÷)(÷)!
>L shf{ ljefu
k|wfg sfof{no, /fdzfxky .

ljifo M Joj;fo shf{ l:js[tL ;DaGwdf

k|:t't ljifodf o; zfvfdf kf]v/fsf Joj;foL >L/fd OG6/k|fOh]hn] ¿= ! s/f]8sf] Joj;fo shf{ k|flKtsf nflu lgodfg';f/ lgj]bg lbO{ cg'/f]w
eO{ cfPsf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ shf{;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfuhft tof/ ul/Psf] kmfO{n o;};fy ;+nUg u/L :jLs[tLsf nflu k|]lift
ul/Psf] 5 .
o; a}+Ësf] shf{ lgb]{lzsf @)^) -;+zf]wg_ n] tf]s]sf Joj;fo shf{ k|jfxsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx¿ k"/f u/L k|:t't shf{ kmfon tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
>L/fd OG6/k|fOh]h kf]v/fsf] Ps k|ltli7t / ;kmn Joj;foL /x]sf] / xfd|f] zfvf;Fusf] shf{ Oltxf; /fd|f] / ljZj;gLo /x]sf] 5 . Joj;fo shf{
k|jfxdf cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ lwtf] ;'/If0f tyf cGo sfuhft lnP/ shf{ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}Ësf] lgb]{lzsf ;d]t kfngf
55
 ul/Psf] 5 . shf{sf] lwtf] d"NofËg ToxfF ljefu / xfd|f] zfvfsf shf{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;ldltn] k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] h;df shf{ k|jfx ug'{ pko'Qm
x'g] egL /fo k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .
o;y{ a}Ësf] shf{ lgb]{lzsf @)^( adf]lhd k|:t't shf{ k|wfg sfof{non] :jLs[t ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf cfjZos k|lqmof a9fpg'x'g
cg'/f]w ub{5' .
––––––––––––
-xl/ sfsL{)
zfvf k|aGws

/fli6Äo jfl0fHo a}Æ

wgu9L zfvf
k=;+=M @)&% ÷ &^ ldlt M @)&%÷)*÷!(
r=g+= M )!

>L dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg ljefu

k|wfg sfof{no, /fdzfxky .

ljifo M :yfoL lgo'lQm ;dy{g ;DaGwdf

;DaGwdf .
k|:t't ljifodf o; zfvfdf sfo{/t jl/i7 ;xfos >L /fdx/L /f}lgof/ -qmdfË g+= @)%)&_ sf] Ps jif]{ k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt ePsfn] ToxfF
ljefuaf6 ;dy{g k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn] k|:t't kq n]lvPsf] 5 .
jl/i7 ;xfossf] ! jif]{ k/LIf0fsfn cjlwdf sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ pRr /x]sf], u|fxs ;DaGw Joj:yfkg /fd|f] /x]sf], cfr/0fut z'4fz'4L ;Gt'i6
/x]sf], ldng;f/ / ;d"xdf sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf b]lvPsf] 5 . xfd|f] a}Ësf] sd{rf/L lgodfjnL cg';f/ :yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf] ! jif]{ k/LIf0f sfn
kZrft\ dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg ljefusf] ljefuLo ;dy{g kZrft\ :yfoL lgo'lQm ;b/ x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o;y{ jl/i7 ;xfos >L /fdx/L /f}lgof/ -qmdfË g++ @)%)&_ sf] ! jif]{ k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt ePsfn] :yfoL lgo'lQm ;dy{gsf nflu cg'/f]w ub{5'
.

––––––––––––
-;Ltf vltj8f)
zfvf k|aGws
6LKk0fL n]vg
s'g} gofF ljifodf gofF lgod lgdf{0f ug'{k/]df, tTsfn rfn' /x]sf] gLltåf/f ;d:of ;dfwfg ge} kl/jt{g ug'{k/]df jf k|rlnt P]g, lgod cfbL ;d]t
cfwf/ /fvL ;lx Pj+ plrt lg0f{o u/L gLlt nfu' ug'{ k/]df jf s'g} ljifodf lg0f{o lngsf nfuL cfkm\gf] /fo ;lxt lg0f{ostf{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug]{
b:tfj]hnfO{ l6Kk0fL elgG5 .
sfof{no ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf ljleGg lg0f{ox¿ ul//xg' kb{5 . sltko lg0f{o df}lvs x'G5g eg] sltko lnlvt . lnlvt lg0f{ox¿ klg b'O{
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . klxnf], b}lgs ¿kn] ul/g] ;fdfGo lg0f{o h:t} sd{rf/Lsf] ljbf :jLs[t ug'{, a}+ssf] 9's'6L vf]Nbf eN6 a's (Vault Book) df
b:tvt ug{'[, a}+s 8«fkm\6 agfpFbf k'/fgf] u|fxsnfO{ sldzg 5'6 lbg' cflb . t/ slxn]sfFxL sltko gofF / gf}nf ljifodf lg0f{o lng' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L lg0f{o
ubf{ lg0f{o lng' kg]{ sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ub}{ To;sf] cf}lrTo k'i6L ug{ lnlvt ¿kn] ul/g] lg0f{o k|s[ofnfO{ l6Kk0fL jf Memo elgG5 .
l6Kk0fLsf] ;+/rgf (Structure of a Memo)
sfof{nosf] k|s[lt / sfo{If]q cg';f/ ljleGg k|sf/sf] Memo x'G5g\ . t/ cf};tdf eGg' kbf{ Memo sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kfFr efudf
5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5 .
!= l6Kk0fLsf] ljifo (Subject Matter)
@= ljBdfg Joj:yf (Existing Practice)
#= ljefuLo ljZn]if0f (Departmental Analysis)
$= k|:tfljt lg0f{o (Proposed Decision)
%= lg0f{o (Decision)
!= l6Kk0fLsf] ljifo (Subject Matter)
Memo sf] Subject Matter eGgfn] Memo s'g ljifo;+u ;DalGwt 5 eGg] xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu jfl0fHo a}+sx¿df sd{rf/Lsf] egf{, ;?jf /
a9'jf ug]{, lwtf] lnnfdL ug]{, gofF zfvf :yfkgf ug]{, 3f6fdf uPsf zfvfx¿ aGb ug]{ h:tf lg0f{ox¿ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . oL ljljw ljifox¿ Memo
sf ljifo x'g .

@= ljBdfg Joj:yf (Existing Practice)

56
 Memo p7fpFbf ljleGg lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L lg0f{o ubf{ ;DalGwt P]g, lgod, kl/kqx¿n] u/]sf] gLltut Joj:yf pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
o;}nfO{ Memo Writing sf] ljBdfg Joj:yf elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nlfu, gub lxgfldgf ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo ug'{ k¥of] eg] Memo Writing
ubf{ sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLn] s] s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
#= ljefuLo ljZn]if0f (Departmental Analysis)
ljefuLo ljZn]if0f v08df Memo Writing u/]/ s] lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ xf] < lsg ;f] lg0f{o ug'{ k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df tfls{s ljZn]if0f u/LG5 / ljefuLo
/fo k|:t't u/LG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, gub lxgfldgf ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ljutsf] Oltxf;, p;sf] Performance, a}+sk|ltsf] nufj, sf/jfxL] ubf{
a}+ssf] Od]hdf kfg]{ k|efj h:tf ljljw kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
$= k|:tfljt lg0f{o (Proposed Decision)
k|:tfljt lg0f{o Memo Writing sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ c+u xf] . o;df Decision Maker n] ug'{ kg]{ k|:tfljt lg0f{ox¿ pNn]v ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf
nlfu ?= ! nfv gub Shortfall ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo lbbf Memo Writing df k|:tfljt lg0f{ox¿ o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
/fdu|fd zfvfsf shf{sf sd{rf/L >L xl/eQm sfsL{n] nfk/jfxLsf ;fy sf/f]af/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf lghsf] ljutsf] Track Record, a}+snfO{
k/]sf] Iflt, sd{rf/L cg'zf;g, Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ dgg u/L >L svunfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g k|:tfj ub{5f}+ —
• lghnfO{ gl;xt lbg],
• lghsf] Ps u|]8 vf]:g] /
• lghaf6 ?= ! nfv c;'n e};s]sf]n] Ps jif{sf nflu /fdu|fd zfvfaf6 d]rLgu/ zfvfsf] gub 6]n/df ;?jf ug]{ .Æ
%= lg0f{o (Decision)
Memo Writing sf] clGtd r/0f Decision xf] . o; v08df zfvf k|aGws, ljefuLo k|d'v, k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t jf clVtof/k|fKt
kbflwsf/Ln] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff ;lxt lg0f{o lbG5g\ .
6LKk0fLsf] cfjZostf
• k|rlnt gLltdf x]/km]/ ug{ .
• gofF gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ .
• låljwf jf c:ki6tfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ .
• clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L af6 lgsf;f lng .
6LKk0fLsf] sfo{ljwL
• l6Kk0fL p7fg ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] cfjZos k|dfl0ft sfuhft ;+sng ug{'k5{ .
• sfuhftx¿ kmfO{lnÍ k4lt cg'¿k bflxg] efudf /fVg'k5{ .
• l6Kk0fLsf kfgfx¿ b]a|]tkm{ zL/ efudf /fVg'k5{ .
• l6Kk0fLdf sfnf] d;L k|of]u ug{'k5{ .
• l6Kk0fL p7fg ug]{n] 5f]6f] ljj/0f, ;d:of;+u ;DalGwt gLltut s'/f, k|rlnt P]g lgodn] k|efj kfg]{ s'/f;lxt :ki6 /fo pNn]v u/L k]z
ug{'k5{ .
• l6Kk0fLsf] cGTodf gfd, kb, b:tvt / ldlt n]Vg'k5{ .
• h?/L l6Kk0fLdf gLnf] lkmQf / cToGt h?/Ldf /ftf] lkmQf k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
6LKk0fLsf] kmfObfx¿
• ljZn]z0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
• tTsfn lg0f{o lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf;
• ;DalGwt ljifodf lj:t[t hfgsf/L
• unt lg0f{oaf6 arfj6
• clen]v /fVg ;lhnf]
• ;fd'lxs ljrf/sf] ;+sng
Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
• ;DalGwt ljifo jf ;d:ofsf] ;+If]k, k|rlnt P]g lgod, ljlgod / sfg'g, lg0f{o, kl/kqsf] JofVof / cfkm\gf] /fo ;'emfj qmda4 ¿kdf
k|:t't ug]{
• k'li6sf] nflu kmfO{nsf] bfofkl§ k|df0fLt sfuhkq qmdzM tnaf6 dfyL /fvL kmfOndf ;dfj]z ug]{
• kmfOnsf] jfofF kl§ l6Kk0fL kfgfx¿ qmdzM tnaf6 dfly /fVb} hfg] .
• l6Kk0fLsf] k|To]s kfgfdf k[i7 ;+Vof pNn]v ug]{ .
• l6Kk0fL n]lv;s]kl5 ?h' ug]{ / cfkm\gf] k'/f gfd, b:tvt, bhf{, zfvf dxfzfvf ;lxt ldlt /fVg] .
• sfnf] d;L k|of]u ug]{, ;fy} h?/Lsf nflu /ftf] /+usf] sfuh l6Kk0fL kmfOndf b]lvg] u/L gTyL ug'{ k5{ .
• s]/d]6 eP clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;lx ug]{ .
• l6Kk0fL x:tlnlvt cyjf sDo"6/ lk|G6 b'j} x'g ;S5 .
• l6Kk0fL kmfOn k]; ubf{ kmfOnsf] jflx/ kl§ /x]sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf dfq k]; ug]{ kbnfO{ ;+jf]wg, ;lx / ldlt pNn]v ul/ k]; ug'{ kb{5 .

6LKk0fLsf] gd'gf

57
 g]kfn a}+s kf]v/f zfvfsf] zfvf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu rfn' cf=a @)&$ @)&$÷÷&% sf nflu 5'6ofO{
\ofO{Psf] s'n ?= ! s/f]8 ah]6 lgsf;fsf nflu
k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[
clws[t ;dIf 6LKk0fL k]z ug{'xf];\ .
s[lif ljsf; a}s lnld6]8
-kf]v/f zfvf_
ljifo M rfn' cf=a @)&$÷&% sf] ejg lgdf{0f ah]6 lgsf;f ;DaGwdf .
l6=g+=======
6LKk0fL / cfb]z
>Ldfg\ d'Vo k|aGwsHo"
If]lqo sfof{no, kf]v/f
pko{'Qm ;DaGwdf, ldlt @)&$÷)$÷)% sf] o; s[lif ljsf; a}s lnld6]8sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ kf]v/f zfvfnfO{ cTofw'lgs ;]jf
k|jfx ug{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ub}{ n}hfg] lg0f{o ePsf] Joxf]/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . o; zfvfdf a}ssf cfwf/e't k'jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; qmlds ¿kdf ub}{ n}hfg]
egL rfn' cf=a @)&$÷&% sf] j}ssf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf k/]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] lqjlif{o of]hgf @)&$÷&%−@)&^÷&& df
;d]t zfvfnfO{ qmlds ¿kdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ub}{ n}hfg] gLlt a}sn] lnPsf] 5 . a}ssf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f kfl/t ul/Psf] o; cf=jsf] jflif{s
sfo{qmddf vr{ zLif{s g+ !@#&^% cGtu{t ah]6 /sd ?=! s/f]8 o; zfvfsf] sfof{no ejgnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .
o; kf]v/f zfvfsf] zfvf lj:tf/ tyf a}ªl\ sª clkm;nfO{ ;]jfd}qL jgfpg o; cf=jdf ljljw sfof{no ;fdfgx¿ vl/b ug{'kg]{ x'bf ;fj{hlgs
vl/b P]g @)^$ sf] clwgdf /xL vl/b k|lqmof cuf8L a9fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . a}ssf] cfGtl/s sfo{ ;+rfng lgodfjnL, @)&@ cg';f/ %) nfv eGbf
a9Lsf] sfof{no ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ >Ldfg\ d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[taf6 :jLs[tL k|bfg ug{'kg]{ egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} cfGtl/s ;'zf;g lgodfjnL
@)&# cg';f/ :jLs[t sfo{qmd cg';f/ sfof{no ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ k|wfg sfof{nosf] d'Vo sfof{sf/L clws[tsf] ;xdltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
pko{'Qm tYox¿ dgg ubf{ ?=! s/f]8 ah]6 lgsf;f tyf sfof{no ;fdfg vl/b tkm{ cfjZos ;xdlt tyf sfo{ cuf8L a9fpg dgfl;j b]vL
>Ldfg\ ;dIf cfjZos lgb]{zgsf nflu lg0f{ofy{ k]z u/]sf] 5' .
-nljtf yfkf_
zfvf k|aGws
zfvf sfof{no,s[=lj=a}=ln
>Ldfg\ pkdxfk|aGwsHo"
dfly kf]v/f zfvfsf zfvf k|jGwsn] k]z u/]sf] sfuhftnfO{ cWoog Pj+ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ?=! s/f]8 ah]6 lgsf;f tyf sfof{no ;fdfg vl/b tkm{
cfjZos ;xdlt tyf sfo{ cuf8L a9fpg dgfl;j b]vL >Ldfg\ ;dIf cfjZos lgb]{zgsf nflu lg0f{ofy{ k]z u/]sf] 5' .
-cfo{g zdf{_
d'Vo k|aGws
If]lqo sfof{no,s[=lj=a}=ln, kf]v/f
>Ldfg\ d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[t Ho"
dfly d'Vo k|jGwsn] k]z u/]sf] sfuhftnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ zfvf sfof{no, kf]v/fnfO{ ?=! s/f]8 ah]6 lgsf;f tyf sfof{no ;fdfg vl/b tkm{
cfjZos ;xdlt tyf sfo{ cuf8L a9fpg dgfl;j b]vL >Ldfg\ ;dIf cfjZos lgb]{zgsf nflu lg0f{ofy{ k]z u/]sf] 5' .
-;dg cfrfo{_
pkdxfk|aGws
zfvf Joj:yfkg ljefu,s[=lj=a}=ln
dfly pkdxfk|aGwsn] k]z u/] adf]lhd ?= ! s/f]8 nfv ah]6 lgsf;f tyf sfof{no ;fdfg vl/b tkm{ cfjZos ;xdlt tyf sfo{ cuf8L a9fpg]
:jLs[lt k|bfg ul/Psf]
-k|frL vltj8f_
d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[t, s[=lj=a}=ln
Aoj:yfkg v08af6 cfpg ;Sg] dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx? -o; PsfOaf6 # k|Zg cfpg]5 h;sf] c+sef/ k|To]ssf] !) x'g]5_
k|Zg ! M Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff k|i6 kfb}{ o;sf sfo{x?nfO ;+If]kdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . -$±^_
k|Zg @ M Joj:yfkgsf gjLgtd r'gf}tLx? s] s] x'g\ < /fi6« a}ssf] Aoj:yfkgnfO kg{ ;Sg] k|efj ;lxt ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ;d]t
n]Vg'xf];\ . -!)_
k|Zg # M g]t[Tj eg]sf] s] xf] < Ps c;n g]t[Tjdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx? n]Vg'xf];\ . -$±^_
k|Zg $ M ;+u7gfTds gful/s Jojxf/ -Organizational Citizenship Behavior_ eg]sf] s] xf] < ;+u7gdf o;sf] dxTjx?
n]Vg'xf];\ . -$±^_
k|Zg % M dfgj ;|f]t Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf sfo{x? n]Vg'xf];\ . -$±^_
k|Zg ^ M sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg / pTk|]/0ff jf/] rrf{ ub}{ o;sf] cGt{;DaGw n]Vg'xf];\ . -%±%_
k|Zg & M g]kfn /fi6« a}s sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLdf ljbf ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ . -!)_
k|Zg * M 6«]8 o"lgogsf] cjwf/0ff k|i6 kfb}{ g]kfn /fi6« a}sdf 6«]8 o'lgog cfjZos 5÷5}g, cfk\mgf ts{x? lbg'xf];\ . -%±%_
k|Zg ( M kqn]vg / 6LKk0fL n]vgaf/] k|sfz kfb}{ o;sf leGgtfx? n]Vg'xf];\ . -%±%_
wGojfb\

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