FEM ANSYS Classic Introduction PDF

Course in
FEM – ANSYS Classic

Introduction
FEM – ANSYS Classic

Computational Mechanics, AAU, Esbjerg
Introduction
• Presentation
– Anders Schmidt Kristensen
– M.Sc. in Mechanical Eng. from Aalborg
University in 1993
– Ph.D. in Mechanical Eng. from Aalborg
University in 1997
– Consultant for PTC Denmark 1997-1998 –
implementation of Pro/ENGINEER
– 1998 to pt. Associate Prof. at Aalborg
University Esbjerg
FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 2
Introduction
• The course is conducted the following
way:
– 20-40 minutes lecture followed by 40-60
minutes exercise (including a break)
– Questions are allowed at any time

References
• [ANSYS] ANSYS 10.0 Documentation (installed with ANSYS):
– Basic Analysis Procedures
– Advanced Analysis Techniques
– Modeling and Meshing Guide
– Structural Analysis Guide
– Thermal Analysis Guide
– APDL Programmer’s Guide
– ANSYS Tutorials
• [Cook] Cook, R. D.; Concepts and applications of finite element
analysis, John Wiley & Sons
• [Burnett] Burnett, D. S.; Finite element analysis: From concepts to
application, Addison-Wesley
• [Kildegaard] Kildegaard, A.; Elasticitetsteori, Aalborg Universitet

FEM - ANSYS Classic
• Lecture 1 - Introduction:
– Introduction to FEM
– ANSYS Basics
– Analysis phases
– Geometric modeling
– The first model: Beam model
• Lecture 2 - Preprocessor:
– Specification of Element type, Real Constants, Material, Mesh
– Frame systems
– Truss systems
– Element tables
• Lecture 3 - Loads:
– Boundary conditions/constraints/supports
– Loads
– Mesh attributes, meshing
– Sections
• Lecture 4 – 2D plane models :
– 2D Plane Solid systems
– Postprocessing
• Lecture 5 – Analysis types:
– Analysis types
– Modal analysis
– Buckling analysis

FEM - ANSYS Workbench/CAD
• Lecture 6 – 3D Solids:
– 3D solid models
– Booleans
– Meshing issues
• Lecture 7 – 3D Modeling:
– Operate
– Import CAD
– Advanced topics
• Lecture 8 – Analysis types:
– Analysis types
– Postprocessing
– TimeHistProc
• Lecture 9 – Workbench basics:
– Workbench basics
• Lecture 10 – Workbench analysis:
– Workbench analysis types

Overview
• CAD - Computer Aided Design
– AutoCAD, Bentley MicroStation, CadKey
• CAD - Solid Modeling
– Pro/ENGINEER, Inventor, IDEAS, CATIA, UGS, Solid Works
• FEM/FEA - Finite Element Method/Analysis
– ANSYS, ABAQUS, Algor, Altair, MscNastran, Cosmos
• CAE - Computer Aided Engineering
– Workbench, Design Space, Pro/Mechanica, CosmosWorks,
Inventor/ANSYS
• BEM - Boundary Element Method
• Mesh-less systems
• CFD - Computational Fluid Dynamics
– ANSYS/Fluent, ANSYS/Flotran, ANSYS/CFX, CF-Design, Altair
• Multi-scale systems
• Optimization – sizing, shape and topology

Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
• What is Finite Element Analysis?

• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• How to avoid pitfalls
• History
• FEM - Resources
• Examples

What is Finite Element Analysis?
• The FEM is a computer-aided
mathematical technique for obtaining
approximate numerical solutions to the
abstract equations of calculus that predict
the response of physical systems
subjected to external influences – [Burnett]

Each point have an
infinite number of
deformation state
variables, i.e. degre-
es of freedom (dof)
Transformation
Each point have a

finite number of
deformation state
variables (u,v), i.e.
Real model degrees of freedom Analysis model
Continuum Discrete
• Divide a continuum with
infinitely degrees of
freedom in to finite
elements with a given
number of degrees of
freedom
• An element is geometrical
defined by a number of
nodes in which the
elements are connected.
The directions a node can
move in is termed
degrees of freedom (dof)
• Following conditions
must always be satisfied
– Equilibrium conditions
– Compatibility conditions
– Constitutive conditions
– Boundary conditions

• Most FEA systems are displacement
based, i.e. an approximate displacement
field is established
u(x,y) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y
• Using a deformation based method yield

one unique kinematic determined system
to be determined
• The deformation method yield the FEM
characteristic system of equations:
Unknown displacement vector
[K]{D} = {R}
Stiffness matrix Load vector
• This system of equations is solved for {D} by,

e.g. Gaussian elimination
• Note on matrix algebra is found here
• Formulation techniques to determine the
stiffness matrix [K]
– Direct method
– Variational methods, i.e. principle of stationary
potential energy
– Weighted Residual methods, e.g. the Galerkin
formulation

• The unknown displacements (can be any field
variable, e.g. temperature) {D} = {u1, v1, u2, v2
…}T in the element nodes (nodal values) are
determined from v3
Unknown displacement vector
u3
[K]{D} = {R}
Stiffness matrix Load vector ndof = 6 v2
Displacement field variables: y v1
u2
In 2D: (u,v)
u1
In 3D: (u,v,w)
x
• It is assumed that displacements within an
element can be interpolated from known
nodal values
ui=? u2 u ≈ N1 u1 + N2 u2 ui u2
u1 u1
x1 xi x2 N1 = (1 – x/L) x1 xi x2
N2 = x/L
Linear case
The element stiffness matrix for a beam element with 2 nodes and
2 dof at each node [Cook], see also note:
ndof = 4
Found by the Direct Method Unknown displacement vector

ndof x 1
-1
[K]{D} = {R} → {D} = [K] {R}
Known stiffness matrix Known load vector
ndof x ndof ndof x 1
Advantages
• Irregular Boundaries
• General Loads
• Different Materials
• Boundary Conditions
• Variable Element Size
• Easy Modification
• Dynamics
• Nonlinear Problems (Geometric and/or Material)

Disadvantages
NB: Always document assumptions!
• An approximate solution
• An element dependent solution
– Shape quality of elements affect the solution,
e.g. poorly shaped elements (irregular
shapes) reduce accuracy of the FE solution
– Element density affect the solution, i.e. the
element size should be adjusted to capture
gradients
• Example: plate with a circular hole
• Errors in input data
Disadvantages
[Cook]
Disadvantages
[Cook]

How to avoid pitfalls
• Carry out:
– Hand calculations (Navier, Airy,
Timoshenko…)
– Norm based calculations (Euro-Code, EN,
API…)
– Experiments (strain-gauge, accelerometer…)
– Evaluate the kinematic behaviour
(deformations)

History
• A. Hrennikoff [1941] - Lattice of 1D bars
• McHenry [1943] - Model 3D solids
• R. Courant [1943] - Variational form
• Levy [1947, 1953] - Flexibility & Stiffness
• M. J. Turner [1953] - FEM computations on a wing
• Boeing [1950's] Engineer's at Boeing apply FEM to delta
wings
• Argryis and Kelsey [1954] - Energy Prin. for Matrix
Methods
• Turner, Clough, Martin and Topp [1956] - 2D elements
• R. W. Clough [1960] – Coins the term “Finite Elements”

History
• 1963 - Mathematical validity of method
established - applied to non-structural problems
• 1960's - First general purpose FEA code
developed
• 1970's - Non-linear solvers developed
• 1980's - Graphical pre-/postprocessors are
developed
• 1990's - FEM tools integrated in CAD software

FEM - Resources
• ALGOR • Matlab based:
• ANSYS – CalFem
• COSMOS/M – FemLab
• STARDYNE/FEMAP • CAE products:

– Pro/ENGINEER
• MSC/NASTRAN • Pro/FEA
• SAP90/2000 • Pro/MECHANICA
• ADINA – Cosmos/Works
• NISA – Inventor/ANSYS
– IDEAS
• GT Strudl
• ABAQUS • Resources
• Plaxis
Introduction to ANSYS
• What is ANSYS
• Facilities in ANSYS
• Interfacing with ANSYS
• Common terms

What is ANSYS
• ANSYS finite element analysis software enables
engineers to perform the following tasks:
– Build computer models or transfer CAD models of
structures, products, components, or systems.
– Apply operating loads or other design performance
conditions.
– Study physical responses, such as stress levels,
temperature distributions, or electromagnetic fields.
– Optimize a design early in the development process to
reduce production costs.
– Do prototype testing in environments where it otherwise
would be undesirable or impossible (for example,
biomedical applications).

Facilities in ANSYS
• Structural Linear
• Structural Nonlinear
• Structural Contact/Common Boundaries
• Structural Dynamic
• Structural Buckling
• Thermal Analysis
• CFD Analysis
• Electromagnetic - Low Frequency
• Electromagnetics - High Frequency
• Field and Coupled-Field Analysis
Facilities in ANSYS
• Solvers
– Iterative
– Sparse
– Frontal
– Explicit
• Preprocessing
• Postprocessing
• General Features
Facilities in ANSYS
..
ANSYS Commands reference
ANSYS Element reference
..
Basic Analysis Procedures
Advanced Analysis Techniques
..
Structural Analysis Guide
..
ANSYS Tutorials
Facilities in ANSYS
During an analysis, you may want to modify or delete
commands entered since your last SAVE or RESUME.
• You can access the following file
operations from the session editor
dialog:
– OK: Enters the series of operations
displayed in the window below. You will
use this option to input the command
string after you have modified it.
– Save: Saves the command string
displayed in the window below to a
separate file. ANSYS names the file
Jobnam000.cmds, with each
subsequent save operation
incrementing the filename by one digit.
You can use the /INPUT command to
reenter the saved file.
– Cancel: Dismisses this window and
returns to your analysis.
– Help: Displays the command reference
for the UNDO command.
The Session Editor is available in

interactive (GUI) mode only.
Facilities in ANSYS

Interfacing with ANSYS
• Matlab, Excel
• CAD – Pro/ENGINEER
• IGES
• Log-file editing
• Application Programming Interface (API)

Interfacing with ANSYS

Common terms
Processor Function GUI Path Command
PREP7 Build the model (geometry, materials, etc.) Main Menu> Preprocessor /PREP7
SOLUTION Apply loads and obtain the finite element solution Main Menu> Solution /SOLU
POST1 Review results over the entire model at specific time points Main Menu> General Postproc /POST1
POST26 Review results at specific points in the model as a function of time Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro /POST26
OPT Improve an initial design Main Menu> Design Opt /OPT
PDS Quantify the effect of scatter and uncertainties associated with input Main Menu> Prob Design /PDS
variables of a finite element analysis on the results of the analysis
AUX2 Dump binary files in readable form Utility Menu> File> List> Binary Fi /AUX2
les
Utility Menu> List> Files> Binary F
iles
AUX12 Calculate radiation view factors and generate a radiation matrix for a Main Menu> Radiation Matrix /AUX12
thermal analysis
AUX15 Translate files from a CAD or FEA program Utility Menu> File> Import /AUX15
RUNSTAT Predict CPU time, wavefront requirements, etc. for an analysis Main Menu> Run-Time Stats /RUNST

Basics
• Launching of ANSYS
• Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Menus, dialogs and toolbars
• Working area
• Preferences
• Files used by ANSYS
• ANSYS Menus
• ANSYS File menu
• ANSYS PlotCtrls menu
• Units
• Undo
• Hints
Analysis phases
• Build the model. PREPROCESSOR
• Apply loads and

SOLUTION
obtain the solution.
• Review the results. POSTPROCESSOR

Analysis phases
Element Type – select appropiate element type to model
the structural response/behaviour most accurately.
Real Constants – properties depending on the element

type, e.g. cross-sectional properties, area, area moment
of inertia
Material Props – material properties, e.g. modulus of
elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio n
Sections – cross-section definition
Modeling – define the geometry of the structure - “it is

essential to make some modeling considerations in
this phase”
Meshing – divide the geometry of the structure into
elements – “take care of element distribution/density”

Analysis phases
Analysis Type – specify the character of the problem
Define Loads – apply loads to the element model
Solve – run the solution process, e.g. for linear static

systems solve (Gaussian elimination) for the unknown
displacements: The global stiffness
matrix [K]:
Unknown displacement vector ndof = total number of
ndof x 1 nodes x number
degrees of freedom
per node
-1
[K]{D} = {R} → {D} = [K] {R}
Known global Known load vector
stiffness matrix ndof x 1
ndof x ndof
Geometric modeling
Create – geometrical entities
Operate – perform Boolean operations
Move / Modify – move or modify geometrical entities
Copy – copy geometrical entities
Delete – geometrical entities
Update Geom – update the geometry in relation

to for example buckling analysis

Modeling - Create
• The hierarchy of modeling entities is as listed

below:
– Elements (and Element Loads)
– Nodes (and Nodal Loads)
– Volumes (and Solid-Model Body Loads)
– Areas (and Solid-Model Surface Loads)
– Lines (and Solid-Model Line Loads)
– Keypoints (and Solid-Model Point Loads)
Examples - content
• Example0100’s: Link and/or beam models
• Example0200’s: Plane 2D models
• Example0300’s: Solid 3D models
• Example0400’s: Vibration/dynamic models
• Example0600’s: Thermal models

The first model


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Course in

FEM – ANSYS Classic

FEM – ANSYS Classic

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 3

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 4

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 5

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 6

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 7

• What is Finite Element Analysis?

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 8

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 9

Each point have a

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 12

• Using a deformation based method yield

• This system of equations is solved for {D} by,

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 15

Found by the Direct Method Unknown displacement vector

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 19

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 22

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 23

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 24

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 25

• STARDYNE/FEMAP • CAE products:

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 27

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 28

The Session Editor is available in

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 33

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 34

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 35

OPT Improve an initial design Main Menu> Design Opt /OPT

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 36

• Apply loads and

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 38

Real Constants – properties depending on the element

Modeling – define the geometry of the structure - “it is

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 39

Define Loads – apply loads to the element model

Solve – run the solution process, e.g. for linear static

Operate – perform Boolean operations

Move / Modify – move or modify geometrical entities

Copy – copy geometrical entities

Delete – geometrical entities

Update Geom – update the geometry in relation

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 41

• The hierarchy of modeling entities is as listed

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 43

FEM – ANSYS Classic Introduction 44

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