Rome

Wilfredo Mejia

How did Rome become an empire? ​Augustus becomes Rome's first emperor
What was the high point of Roman society? ​Rome’s peak power was between 27 BC and 180
AD during what is called Pax Romana
How did Rome change Europe? ​The feudal system started because the Roman Empire fell and
Europe started the Middle Ages.
Why did the Roman Empire fall? ​the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside
forces

Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation

Culminating Questions

Who fought in the Crusades and why? ​Christians and Moslems for control of the Holy Land
Who won and what effects did the Crusades have on society? ​ the Muslims won control of the
Holy Lands. However, the crusades resulted in increased trade in Europe and the development
of towns.
What was the Bubonic Plague? ​is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from
the bite of an infected flea
What parts of the world did it affect? ​Europe and Asia
What economic and political effects did it have on society? ​The plague had an important effect
on the relationship between the lords who owned much of the land in Europe and the peasants
who worked for the lords. As people died, it became harder and harder to find people to plow
fields, harvest crops, and produce other goods and services. Peasants began to demand higher
wages
What was the Renaissance? ​The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural,
artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.
Where did the Renaissance begin? ​The Renaissance was a cultural movement that initially
began in Florence, Italy, but later spread throughout Europe.
What is Humanism? ​Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency
of human beings, individually and collectively.
What does it focus on? ​Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the
whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization.
What two civilizations was the Renaissance culture influenced by? ​Greek and Roman culture
What church did the Reformation attempt to change? ​the Catholic Church
Why did the movement want to change the Church? ​The catholic church was very corrupt
throughout the middle ages and it ended all acts of opposition against its authority and religious
doctrine. People questioned its views and wanted change
What social, political, and economic reasons influenced the Reformation movement? ​Economic
and social causes: technological advances and the ways the church were collecting revenue,
Political: distractions with foreign affairs, problems with marriage, challenges to authority.
Who was Martin Luther? ​was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, Augustinian
monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
What was his 95 Theses about? ​In his theses, Luther condemned the excesses and corruption
of the Roman Catholic Church, especially the papal practice of asking payment—called
“indulgences”—for the forgiveness of sins.
What reforms did he want to be made to the Church? ​His central teachings, that the Bible is the
central source of religious authority and that salvation is reached through faith and not deeds,
shaped the core of Protestantism.
What are the three branches of Protestantism? ​ Lutheranism, Calvinism, and the Anglican
Church
Who founded each branch and how did they differ in their beliefs? ​Martin Luther, Lutherans
believe that humans are saved from their sins by God's grace alone. John Calvin created the
Calvanism, Calvinists affirm the sovereignty of God and believe God predestines individuals to
salvation. Charles Longley, Anglicans believe the catholic and apostolic faith is revealed in Holy
Scripture and the Catholic creeds and interpret these in light of the Christian tradition of the
historic church, scholarship, reason, and experience.

Short Answer Question

What led to the Protestant Reformation? What lasting impacts did the Reformation have?

Clergy abuse caused people to begin criticizing the Catholic Church. The greed and scandalous
lives of the clergy had created a split between them and the peasants.
The Reformation led to modern democracy, skepticism, capitalism, individualism, civil rights,
and many of the modern values we cherish today. The Protestant Reformation increased
literacy throughout Europe and ignited a renewed passion for education.

Crusades

What was a Crusade?​ The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian
states of Europe against the Saracens. The term 'Saracen' was the word used to describe a
Moslem during the time of the Crusades​.
What was the Cause of a Crusade? ​The reason and cause of the crusades was a war between
Christians and Moslems which centered around the city of Jerusalem and the Holy places of
Palestine
How many were there? ​9