Math 6200 / Data Analyis

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Module 3-Mathematical Preliminaries

At the end of this module, you as and are expected t0:

1. Define sets and relations
2. Perform operations on matrices.
3. Identify the inverse of a matrix.

Sets and Relations

  set-collection of objects referred to as elements. The elements making up a set are assumed to be distinct

empty set or null set or void set  -set with no elements denoted by {    }   

equal sets-sets having identical elements

disjoint sets  -sets having no common element/s

Cartesian product of two sets-set of all the ordered pair of  sets X and Y

Ex. X={ 1,2}    Y={a,b} then X  x Y={[1,a},{1,b},{2,a},{2,b}}

Relation-elements of the first set relate to the elements of a second set

A  binary relation    R  is  a subset of the cartesian product of the two sets

Domain-the set of all  values in the first set (X) 

Range-the set of all values  in the second set (Y)

Ex. Let X= { 2,3,4}      Y={3,4,5,6,7}

(x,y) is an element of R if x divides y

R= { (2,4),(2,6),(3,3), (3,6),(4,4)}

Domain is {2,3,4} 

  Range is    {3,4,6}

Sequence-is a special type of a function  in which the domain is a set of consecutive integers

A string over X  ,where X is a finite set is  a finite sequence of elements from X
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Ex. X={ a,b,c}  then a string may be  baac or acab, Order is taken into account

Repetitions in a string can be specified by superscriipts for example the string  bbaaac may be written
b^2a^3c

null string-string with no elements  indicated by  λ

X^*-denote the t set of strings over X including the null string

X^+  -denote the set of all non null strings over X

The length of a    string      α is denoted by  /α/ which refers to the number of elements

Ex. if    α=aabab   and    β=a^3b^4a^32 then

/    α /=5      and        /β/=39

the string consisting of    α  followed by      β  written      α    β is called their  concatenation

A string      β  is a substring of the string  α  if there are strings  γ  and  δ with    α =  γβ  δ

Vector Algebra
matrix- rectangular array of data represented by capital letters. If A is a matrix the number of m rows
and n columns determines the size written as m x n.  It is either enclosed by parenthesis or bracket.

Operations:

Addition and Subtraction of matrices: It can only be made possible if the matrices are of the same
size. Addition and subtraction is done by adding and subtracting corresponding entries.

Scalar Multiplication: Obtained by multiplying a fixed number to each entry.

Multiplication of matrices:  To multiply any two matrices ,the number of columns of the first must be
equal to the number of rows of the second. A matrix  with a size of  3x2 and a 2x3 yields a 3x3 matrix

Transpose of a matrix: If the entries in the rows and columns are interchanged.Uses the symbol A^T.

Matrix raised to an exponent p:  M^p is equal to the matrix product taken p times

Inverse of a matrix: It exist if and only if  the the matrix is invertible such that ad-bc is not equal to 0.

However the inverse does not exist if the matrix is NOT invertible.
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References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals
1. Sanjiv Ranjan Das; 2016; Data Science :Theories ,Models ,Algorithms and Analytics ; S.
R. Das
2. Richard Johnsonbough; 2005; Introduction to Discrete Mathematics; Pearson
Education South Asia Pacific

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