Module 3-Mathematical Preliminaries

At the end of this module, you as and are expected t0:

1. Define sets and relations
2. Perform operations on matrices.
3. Identify the inverse of a matrix.

Sets and Relations

set-collection of objects referred to as elements. The elements making up a set are assumed to be distinct

empty set or null set or void set -set with no elements denoted by { }

equal sets-sets having identical elements

disjoint sets -sets having no common element/s

Cartesian product of two sets-set of all the ordered pair of sets X and Y

Ex. X={ 1,2} Y={a,b} then X x Y={[1,a},{1,b},{2,a},{2,b}}

Relation-elements of the first set relate to the elements of a second set

A binary relation R is a subset of the cartesian product of the two sets

Domain-the set of all values in the first set (X)

Range-the set of all values in the second set (Y)

Ex. Let X= { 2,3,4} Y={3,4,5,6,7}

(x,y) is an element of R if x divides y

R= { (2,4),(2,6),(3,3), (3,6),(4,4)}

Domain is {2,3,4}

Range is {3,4,6}

Sequence-is a special type of a function in which the domain is a set of consecutive integers

A string over X ,where X is a finite set is a finite sequence of elements from X

Course Module
Ex. X={ a,b,c} then a string may be baac or acab, Order is taken into account

Repetitions in a string can be specified by superscriipts for example the string bbaaac may be written
b^2a^3c

null string-string with no elements indicated by λ

X^*-denote the t set of strings over X including the null string

X^+ -denote the set of all non null strings over X

The length of a string α is denoted by /α/ which refers to the number of elements

Ex. if α=aabab and β=a^3b^4a^32 then

/ α /=5 and /β/=39

the string consisting of α followed by β written α β is called their concatenation

A string β is a substring of the string α if there are strings γ and δ with α = γβ δ

Vector Algebra
matrix- rectangular array of data represented by capital letters. If A is a matrix the number of m rows
and n columns determines the size written as m x n. It is either enclosed by parenthesis or bracket.

Operations:

Addition and Subtraction of matrices: It can only be made possible if the matrices are of the same
size. Addition and subtraction is done by adding and subtracting corresponding entries.

Scalar Multiplication: Obtained by multiplying a fixed number to each entry.

Multiplication of matrices: To multiply any two matrices ,the number of columns of the first must be
equal to the number of rows of the second. A matrix with a size of 3x2 and a 2x3 yields a 3x3 matrix

Transpose of a matrix: If the entries in the rows and columns are interchanged.Uses the symbol A^T.

Matrix raised to an exponent p: M^p is equal to the matrix product taken p times

Inverse of a matrix: It exist if and only if the the matrix is invertible such that ad-bc is not equal to 0.
However the inverse does not exist if the matrix is NOT invertible.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals
1. Sanjiv Ranjan Das; 2016; Data Science :Theories ,Models ,Algorithms and Analytics ; S.
R. Das
2. Richard Johnsonbough; 2005; Introduction to Discrete Mathematics; Pearson
Education South Asia Pacific

Course Module