Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ARCHITECTURE
This was the type of architecture
invented by the primeval man to get
shelter and protection :
From variable extreme weather
conditions.
From wild beasts and enemies.
PALEOLITHIC
DWELLINGS
Structures created in wood and
stone.
Fire used on paved hearths.
No buildings for any special
purposes but dwellings.
Categorized into 5 types:
CAVES
The oldest and most
common types of
dwellings.
Natural underground
spaces, large enough
for a human.
Example: Rock
shelters, Grottos,
Sea caves.
HUTS
Located in southern
French cities.
Oval in shape(8m-15m
X 4m-6m).
Built close to sea
shores.
Built using stakes with
stones as supports.
Stout posts along axis.
Floor made of organic
matter and ash.
MOLODOVA
A more sophisticated sought.
Wood framework covered with skins, held in place by
rough oval mammoth bones, enclosing 15 hearths.
DOLNI VESTONICE
Palisade of mammoth
bones and tusks set
into ground, filled with
brush wood and turf.
Oval shape(16m x10m)
Limestone used for
walls
Central hearth capped
with an earthen dome.
Summer structure
open to sky.
MEZHIRICH
Consisted of
foundation wall of
mammoth jaws and
long bones, capped
with skulls.
Roofed with tree
branches, overlaid
by tusks.
LEAN TOS
Erected against one
wall of cave.
Defined at base by
stones(12m x 4m).
Skin curtain and roof
draped over posts.
May have two
compartments, each
having an entrance on
the longer side.
TENTS
Skirts weighed down
with pebbles.
Paved interiors.
Open air hearths.
Wooden posts driven
into earth covered with
skins.
At a later stage, were
secured by reindeer
antlers.
PIT HOUSES
BIPARTITE:
Entrance
Living room combined with
storage.
SINGLE BAY
HOUSES:
Having living rooms only.
DRY STONE HOUSES
Stone built houses with 3m thick cavity walls.
Inner, outer caves were made of dry stones and the interiors
were covered with domestic refuse.
Rectangular plan with circular corners.
Thatched roofs with a smoke hole at the top positioned
over central hearth.
MONUMENTS
Settlements lead to building of
monumental stone architecture.
These were mainly collective tombs.
PASSAGE GRAVES
GALLERY GRAVES
MEGALITHIC PASSAGE
GRAVES
Covering mound (38m
x32m) surrounded by wide
space with wide ditch
beyond.
Entrance passage 1m wide
and 1.5m high. burial
chamber(5sqm)
Smooth walls built with
rectangular blocks and fine
joints.
Three cells at three sides
of the chamber.
Built mainly with masoned
walls and corbelled roof.
MEGALITHIC GALLERY
GRAVES
23m long chamber
divided into twelve
sections.
Covered with a
rectangular mound .
EARTHERN LONG
BARROWS
Trapezoid mound(40m x6m approx.)
Wide entrance and porch with 4 posts.
Earthen mound surrounded by a bedding trunch
over 1m deep and 0.5 m wide.
Timber retaining wall 2m high.
Mortuary houses exactly behind entrance,
constructed using three split tree trunks(600mm dia
app.) placed 1m apart from each other supporting a
ridge post.
Sloping timber formed triangular framework(1.5m
high, 2.4m wide) at groung level.
Fussel’s lodge
MENHIRS
Large, upright standing
stones.
Uneven textured, square
shaped, tapered towards
the top.
May exist as monoliths or a
part of group.
Existed as identification
marks at burial sites or
otherwise.
DOLMENS
Two or more stones
supporting a large
one at the top.
Burial features.
Also called
cromlechs
(brythonic origin).
HENGES
Open air ritual structures.
The plan comprised of
concentric circles.
An altar located in the
centre.
Surrounded by five
trilithon pairs of stones.
Followed by a circle of
blue stones.
Example: The stone
henge.
BRONZE AGE
DWELLINGS
Enclosed timber framed and dry stone
farmsteads.
Cooking area and storage were added
features.
TIMBER FRAMED
HOUSES
Log built houses with
central houses and lateral
wings.
Large proportions and
layout.
Contained large central
hall(10 x5m),attached six
rooms, five of them
contained hearths.
Logs interlocked by means
of notches cut near the
extremities.
Entrance porch facing the street, living area
and loft accessible by ladder.
Stone hearth on the left of entrance with a
family bed located against southern wall.
Wooden floors, thatched roofs.
Houses placed in rows oriented east-west.
CIRCULAR BRONZE AGE
Linked group of earthwork enclosures and hut
platforms(734m x55m).
Principal enclosures surrounded by a timber fence.
Containing 4-5 additional huts(4.8m dia), both with a ring
about 250mm wide.
Ring containing timber uprights supporting a thatched roof.
Porch at the entrance.
BURIAL MOUNDS
Single grave burials.
Variable forms in exterior
and interior forms and
arrangements and
groupings.
In their simplest form,
barrows consisted of
earth or stone.
Others were timber
mortuary houses or stone
cists.
NEW GRANGE
Development in domestic
architecture.
Traditional farmstrade maintained.
TIMBER FRAMED
HOUSES
Circular timber
structures.(15m diameter)
Timber palisaded
enclosure.(120 x90m)
Palisade consisting
upright stakes edge to
edge in a trench.(300mm
deep)
Main house defined by 4
groups of post holes.
Outer rings supported wall.
Posts had continuous lintels
with sloping rafters.
Both sets of posts had
continuous lintels overlaid
by horizontal members,
thatched roof attached.
Raised canopied roof
containing smoke hole.
Elaborate porch.
Central loft
Ancillary buildings and
woodburry
storage pits excavated
within palisaded enclosures.
DRY STONE HOUSES
East facing open courtyards.
Main living room at the rear
end.
On the left, front open, roofed
shelter.
Storage room at the right.
Drains, external terraced areas
were added features.
Roofed with stone slabs. Chysauster
Internal radial walls tapering in
plan.
FUNERARY
MONUMENTS
Artificial shafts, ritual wells sunken to
12 to 40 m.
Ditch and earthwork enclosures (10
x10 m approximately).
Long , parallel sided rectilinear
enclosures containing standing stones,
post holes and hearths.
DEFENSIVE
STRUCTURES
Parapets varying from sloping front earth work
backed by stone or timber revetting.
Stone cladded fortifications reinforced with
timber, fired occasionally for vitrification.
Gates in the east and the west.
Century later, eastern gates were elaborated with
claw like structures and the western gates were
enlarged.
Ramparts were reinforced with stones.
FORTIFIED BUILDINGS
BROCH
Approximately 20m wide.
10-15m high.
5m thick wall at the bottom.
10m wide central court
leading to narrow
doorways accessible by
oval intra mural chambers
with corbelled roof.
Timber galleried
accommodation
built against the
inner wall leading
to a spiral
staircase within
the wall accessing
the rampart at the
top.
DUNS
Similar to broch in
size and
structure.