306 + AC Characteristics rms Value and Harmonie Composition It is no surprise that under the stated conditions connections with the same pulse ‘number but different phase shift angles have alternating currents with the same ratio rms value of the total current/rms value of the fundamental, for the following reasons, 1, Such connections have alternating line currents with the same har- monic composition. ‘The only difference is in the phase relations between the harmonic components. 2. ‘The phase relations do not affect the rms value of the total current bbeeause the fundamental and each harmonic will independently generate heat if the current is carried by a linear resistor. Hence the rms values will be equal. ‘The second statement establishes a relation between the rms value of the total current and the content of harmonics. “This statement is, in mathematical terms, Ip= 1+ Die where 7, = rms valué of the nth harmonic, and it ean be futher developed {nto the “distortion factor" fem [14 3G)] =E anu (18.7) is only However, this result is not suited for computing the ratio Ji//si Of theoretical interst.Power Factors "The total ave input power willbe spit into components, and power factors will be defined and computed from the operating conditions, ‘The aiterneting current of a rectifier connection ean be interpreted as a combination of a fundamental and harmonics, and the fundamental, again, can be split into an effective component “in phase" with the voltage and a reactive component 90° lagging. This is illustrated for a 3-pulee current in fg, 19.1, Each component of the current, multiplied by the voltage and the mum ber of phases, represents @ component of the power. ‘The following te-to-neutalvalage tie eurent fundamental of tie eurent sffectve component ‘of fundomentl 194. Composition of the alternating currentiof'a 3-pulse rectifier connection, 307308 \ + AC Characteristics quantities aro of importance (defined for a 3-phase supply system): Pox = total volt-ampere input power = 3EJI,, (neglecting transformer exciting current) This quantity represents the total power taken from the a-e supply system, Py apparent power of the fundamental = 3Eh (neglecting transformer exciting current) With instantaneous commutation this quantity equals P,., as explained in ‘Chapter 17, For other conditions the ratio Py/P,, is shown in fig. 21.4, Pag = effective power = 38, x effective component of Z, ‘This portion is under any operating conditions in balance with the effective power delivered tothe d-ccircuit (including the losses), Ttis therefore equal 40 Fel, (B, included in E,), Past = reactive power = 3E, x reactivecomponent of f, (neglecting transformer exciting current). Pay, = dlstortion power = 3E, x tms value of “distortion current” (see fig, 19.1) ‘This component contributes only with harmonies. ‘The components are geometrically added, as shown in fig. 19.2. ‘The exciting current of the transformer contributes mainly with a reactive N = Sistatin power no exetng curont Pa zezclve power caused ty exchng cent Proc ™ BB aly (pegecting a) Sean un) = Pay Bale ‘Composition of te total input power. Weise tihw=o),Power Factors 309 component, which dds to Pry 88 shown in fig. 19.2. No extra symbols will be introduced for the quantities that include the exciting current, Power Factors; Definitions ‘The useful function of a rectifier connection is the conversion of effective ac power into d-o power. It also, however, exchanges reactive and distortion power with the acc system, which is not desited. The degree in which effective power is involved is represented by certain ratios between the power quantities. ‘The following ratios are of special interest and are defined as power factors: 1, Displacement power factor, neglecting transformer exciting current: (19.1) 2, Displacement power factor, including transformer exciting current: Pat sane exe orront) (19.2) Pat Prottinstexoeurrent) Twill now be shown how to compute these factors for the various operating conditions, Total power factor w= 9a) a Situation with Phase Control As tig fist step we investigate the influence of phase control on the power ~ factors, but still assume instantancous commutation and disregard the excitiig current of the transformer. Under these conditions reactive power is cauiséd only by phase control, and P, equals Zyfs, and Pye isin balance with Egly. Hence the displacement power factor is con gh! = Bb = cose: (19.4) Based on this relation, the power diagram of the fundamental can be easily derived from the voltage ratio, as illustrated in fig. 19.3 for rectifier and inverter operation, Figure 19.4 presents the power quantities, referred to Pagy 88 8 function of a, which is useful for a comparison with the free- Wheeling mode (igs 20.7-20.10). It shows that the reactive power reaches310 AC Characteristies Fig. 1933. Relations between the power dagram and the ratio E/E ‘a maximum equal to P,, at « = 90° and then returns to zero under inverter operation. Again the ratio Pye/P4, equals ZZ, and thus provides a quick orientation. ‘To compute the total power factor, we modify equation (19.3) into Paty? Total power factor = Petty, Pa. eee rae ‘and recognize that P, is computed from the rms value of the fundamental, J, and Pi, ftom the rms value of the total current, Z,, With E,/By, PifPas 19) Noe Prat Pas 0 a ae wa" OOF 5 eatitiee Inverter operation ‘eparaton 94. Components ofthe pov asi funtion of the phi conta aig pesPower Factors substituted for Pyq/P, as already discussed, this results in Total power factor = £4 E] (19.8) Fan Lisle = 2 for single-phase connections m BiJBafor phase conns&tions In this expression F/B, represents the influence of phase conirot while the second factor takes the distortion of the current curve into account and Is ‘only'a function of the pulse number (see Chapter 18). This second factor, representing the ratio P4/Pyq, under egular operation and instantaneous commutation also equals the ratio Py/Pqy since under these conditions P,=Pyy. ‘Thus this factor permits the computation of the total input power Pi. from the converted power P,,. For 3phase connections this leads to Pa = HOP, Exe Example (Power factors with phase control) An inverter in 3-phase bridge connection with Hj, = 100 [V}, reduced by phase control to E, = 87 [V] is operated with Jz = 1000 [A]. Disregard commutation and the transformer exciting eurrent, and compute the power factors. Furthermore, read from fig. 19.4 the reactive power. Solution Total power factor = os[ Ze] Bale =0873= For Peg/Pas = 0.87, fig. 19.4 shows & = 30°, Fok this angle we read Pri Pa and compute: Pag m 1001V] x 1000 [4) = 100 (kVA) Piesct = 0.5 X 100 [kVA] =:50.[kVA]312, AC Characteristics Correction for Commutation AAs the next step we include the influence of commutation and add a ‘correction factor to equation (19.4): os yf = PAF Bet we Bay Pw ee oo ‘The ratio P,,[Ps is the reciprocal value of the correction factor derived in Chapter 21 and graphically presented in fig. 21.4. ‘There it can be seen that the correction is insignifcant if, in addition to the reactive voltage drop, some voltage reduction is caused by phase control. The correction factor represents only the influence of commutation on the magnitude of ‘the fundamental caused by the deformation of the current curve). Itdoes not include the main influence of commutation, ie, the displacement of the current. This influence, responsible for the reactive power caused by ‘the commutation, is already taken into account by the ratio Fy/y since this ratio includes the reactive voltage drop, For computing the sofal power factor we develop equation (19.5) into Total power factor = Pot, Pury, Potuno Ea ft Tague Par” Poyeno” Put Bx“ Uphuee ™ eae ae {correction factor for ‘commutation = 2V2j for single-phase connections ey = EulEy for phase : ‘connections Intthis expression F,/E., again represents closely the reactive power caused by phace-control-and commutation, the following faétor takes the main portion of the distortion into‘acsount and is only a'fumction of the pulse umber, and the last one correeis for the deformation of the current curve ‘caused by commutation, and is computéd'in'Chapter 21. The'reciprocal value of this factor ig graphically presented by fig. 21.5, Equation (19.7) still disregards the tfansformer exciting current, Example (Power factors with phase control and commutation) Correct the power factors computed.ii the last sample calculation, assuming that the reduction of the direct voltage from Egy = 100 [V] to E, = 87{V] includes 9 reactive voltage drop of J%/Es, = 6%. Read the ‘correction factors from the chatts of figs, 21.4 and 21.5.Povier Factors eantormer excting curent in 9 of efestve componen of input erent ot) «Tov asse 0955 08 698 O57 O55 Toe O52, 090. O88 O86 OB ORE O80 Le ig. 195, Correction of daplaement power factor for transformer excling curent. (Redraw from ASA Standards C341-1958) Solution, For By[Fa, = 6%-and Eq[Ey, = 0.87 we read from fig. 21.4 Pi = 0975 and compute: 87 cos fy! = 282 ~ 0.893 = 975 = 9888314 "AC Characteristics ‘The upper section of fg. 21.5 shows forthe same conditions and 6-pulse performance a commutating angle of v= 15°. In the lower section we ‘ead for this value and q = 6 a correction factor of For u = 0 a total power factor of 0.831 was computed, Hence, with the reactive voltage drop taken into account, Correction for the Exciting Current ‘The exciting current of the transformer contributes to the reactive power and thus requires additional corrections of the power factors. For the displacement power factor the correction can be determined by means of fig. 19.5, taken from the ASA Standards, C34.1-1958. For the total power factor, this chart may be used as an approximation,Characteristics for Free-Wheeling Operation Under free-wheeling operation the rectifier connection carries pul- sating Toad. New relations between the a-c and the dee quantities will be derived and graphically presented, In the foregoing chapters the alternating currents ofa rectifier connection have been investigated under the assumption of a direct current of canstant value. Any variations of the Load willbe reflected to the primary side and ‘change the alternating currents, Such variations occur under free-wheeling ‘operation where the load current is periodically bypassed duting the intervals of negative transformer ern, so thatthe rectifier carries a pulsating, oad, as shown in fig. 20.1, Obviously, currents of this type do not belong a ae ig. 20:1. Influence of fte-wheeling operation on the alternating current. (2) Regular ‘operation. (6) Freewheeling operation (altemating current and direst voltage). as