302 A-C Characteristies ‘one halfscycle. For the curve of fig. 17.4a we calculate: bn ( recorder +2" Henna do with ath (743) this results in ey ana Ina similar manner we find for the curve shown in fig, 17.48: sin 2 (17.15) Where by is defined by (17.13), ‘Comparing (17.14) and (17.15) we notice that the fundamental and the harmonics of the,order 5,7, 11, 13,-++ are equal in value and polarity ahd total up, whereas the other hermonics are opposite and dliappear, which accords precisely with the result computed for the total current. ‘Thisis graphically presented infig. 17.4atthe right; showing the “spectrum” of the currents, Furthermore, the total-of the fundamental and the harmonics up to the fifth order is presented by the heavy broken curve in fig. 17.4a, and it can be seen that this eurve approaches very wel the real current curve. :rms Value of the Current We shall compute the rms values of nonsinusoidal currents and derive a simple relation between the rms value of the alternating line current of a rectifier connection and the rms value of the Fundamental of this current Computation of the rms Value ‘The rms value of a current of any waveshape is defined as the value of the direct current that is equivalent with respect to the generation of heat, if cartied by a linear resistor. Hence for computing the rms value of a current we assume that this current passes through a resistor with the value of resistance R, and determine the heat that is generated during the duration of one eycle (1/f): us heat = [ "Ri dr (as.t) Theat generated during de Usually,"the current is defined as a function of (wt). ‘Therefore we sub- stitute 4/0 for ¢, which changes relation (18.1) into vat f'n na ‘Then we express the same amount of heat according tthe definition ofthe rims value by 1 heat = Rifas 18.3) 7 (18.3) Irma = [2 fe do) (134) ms304 “A-C Characteristics For a “step-shaped” current the integration is very simple. It will be demonstrated with the following examples Example (rms Value of a 3-pulse current) Determine the rms value of a current with the waveshape shown in fig. 18.1 ¥ da ¥ — He 1 a=0 Fig. 18.1, Current curve for sample calculation Solution. According to equation (18.4) [lita x 4 + Gua" x 4] Ly, a pa EE I value value during during Foyele — Feyele Example (rms Value of a 6-pulse current) Express the rms value ofa G-pulse current with & ‘in terms of theyms yglue of the fundamental (2). (shown in fig. 18.2) va TL J 4 ee’ ig. 182. Current curve for sample calculation. ‘Solution, We recall the statement made in Chapter 16 that the rms value of the sine curve that defines the steps is the rms value of the fundamental times E,/E,,- In this case the crest value of this sine curve is equal to the value of the highest step, and £,/E,, = 1/3. Hence the highest step isrms Value of the Current. += 305 (13) JZ. The lower step is half this value, With this knowledge we compute the rms value of the current tows ([S20)5 + Gee] 3 value during value during 4 eyele Foycle Distortion Factor Ina similar manner as demonstrated with the last example the rms value of other current curves can be computed and referred to the ms value of the fundamental, and it will be discovered that the ratio is only a function of the pulse number, if the current under consideration is the alternating line eurrent of a regular connection operating with inductive load (regular operation) and with instantaneous commutation, Except for single-phase ‘connections, where 1 if) ace this ratio is equal to £,/E,y, computed in Chapter 6: 91,2 1.2rfor gt 3 105 forg = 6 1.01 for q = 12 where Jj, = rms value of alternating line current, neglecting transformer ‘exciting current 1, = rms value of fundamental of this current This ratio represents the distortion ofthe current and is sometimes called “distortion factor.” However, so many different definitions and symbols are used in conjunction with this ratio that in this book the distortion will be represented just by the ratio I,/h. For the general situation with a certain commutating angle, equations (8.5) and (18.6) need a correction since both quantities, Jz, as well as J, are affected by the deformation of the current curve caused by commu: tation, However, this is a subject of Chapter 21.306 AC Characteristies rms Value and Harmonic Composition It is no surprise that under the stated conditions connections with the same pulse-number but different phase shift angles have alternating currents with the same ratio rms value of the total eurrent/rms value of the fundamental, for the following reasons. 1. Such connections have alternating line currents with the same har- monic composition. The only difference is in the phase relations between the harmonic components. 2. The phase relations do not affect the rms value of the total current because the fundamental and each harmonic will independently generate heat if the current is carried by a linear resistor. Hence the rms values will be equal. ‘The second statement establishes a relation between the rms value of the total current and the content of harmonies, This statement is, in ‘mathematical terms, niatt+SI2 where Z, = rms valu¢ of the nth harmonic, and it can be further developed into the “distortion factor”: ue [i + x)" = a2 «s.7) However, this result isnot suited for computing the ratio Jy/I3 i of theoretical intergs. is only sePower Factors The total a-c input power will be split into components, and power Factors will be defined and computed from the operating conditions. The alternating current of a rectifier connection ean be interpreted as a combination of a fundamental and harmonics, and the fundamental, again, can be split into an effective component “in phase” with the voltage and a reactive component 90° lagging. ‘This is illustrated for a 3-pulse current in fig. 19.1 Each component of the current, multiplied by the voltage and the num- ber of phases, represents a component of the power. The following Hne-to-nautalvaage line curent ¥ fundamental of line crt i ] = (ts cen of fundamental stetve component ‘ol undamental sstotil current” (Goresponds to ‘roshatched area) ‘Composition of the alternating current of'a 3-pulse rectifier connection, 307