n ‘The Connections ‘According to the vector diagram we now plot the sine curves that define the steps of the ourent curves, "The rms values of these curves are equal to the ms values of the real current curves, as explained in Section C. Hence the erest values of ) and @ are /21,, Curve @ is reduced in the Pitio atated by relation (6.16) for p = 15% and curve @ i reduced in the Fatio expressed by relation (5.18). The phase angles shown in fig. 5.11 Correspond to the vector diagram. The final step i to determine the loca- tion of the pulses of operation, Current @ is shown asthe line current of 4 rectifier connection with £ = 30° (compare with fig. 8, 11, or 12). The pulses of the other current curves coincide with those of current @. Kenowing the positon of the steps and the erest value of the sine curves that dese theve stepe, the current values for all steps can be easily com- puted, This wil be demonstrated for the interval from cr 0 ef Current @: fm Jr, x sin 15° = 1.371, Current @ i Vil, x sin 60° = 1.221, Current @: 122 1, x sin 525° x sin 615° = 1.201, Current ©: ee X sin 7S" x sin(—$2.5°) = O47, Curox O+@-O=0 ‘The rms values are equal to the rms values of the sine curves that define the steps and are shown at the right of fig, 5.11. With these values and the voltages computed with relations (5.12) and (5.13) the design of the phase shifting transformer can be started.SECTION B D-C Characteristics In this section the rectifier circuit is conceived as a souRcE OF DIRECT VOLTAGE, and the OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS of this source, such as the relations between voltage and current, are investigated. ‘The direct voltage is computed from the no-load value and the reductions caused by phase control, commutation, and the, resistance of the circuit. ‘The no-load valve isa function of the alternating voltages and of the pulse number; it is computed in Chapter 6, The reduction caused by phase control is a function of the phase control angle, derived in Chapter 7. The reactive voliage drop is caused by the periodic current transfer, called ‘Chapter 8 computes this voltage drop from the values of inductance, and explains how to derive these values from the physical arrangement of the transformer windings and the bus bars. ‘The resistive toltage drop has little influence on the operation of the rectifier connection and is included in the remaining direct voltage. | The relations derived in Chapter 8 are valid only up to a certain load, | At higher currents novel phenomena occur and different relations exist ‘between voltage and current. These are investigated in Chapter 10, where Bethe load characteristic is derived for the entire range from no-load to Nshort circuit. The short circuit current is of special interest for the design [of the reefer system and is therefore more closely investigated in Chapter 11, Special attention is paid to the transient component, which con- iderably increases the total load to be carried by the diodes under the svorst condition. ‘A picture of tnverter operation is derived in Chapter 12. Other “special” des of operation are free-wheeling operation, studied in Chapter 13, operation with capacitive load, treated in Chapter 14. The performance ‘ rectifier connection under such conditions is explained, and new tions between voltage and current are derived. aaA 1” D-C Characteristics “The rectifier is not only a source of direct voltage; it also generates & certuin npple voltage, which may be regarded as being superimposed on & Serer Vchtage of constant value, ‘The voltage ripple again causes fvctiee cree Sethe current, depending on the characterstes of the d-e clesit “Hpac relations are investigated and presented asa function of the operating conditions in Chapter 15.No-Load Voltage The direct voltage of a rectifier connection with zero phase control and no internal voltage drop is clearly defined by the alternating voltages and is therefore selected for a general voltage reference. A formula for computing this fundamental value will be derived, In a rectifier connection the d-c circuit is periodically “switched around” among points of alternating potential. With open output there is no ‘current and consequently no voltage drop. Hence the direct voltage at no Toad must equal at any instant a certain combination of the alternating voltages as, for example, the sum or the difference of the alternating voltages of two phases. If we further assume that the alternating voltages are undistorted, which is a general assumption for all investigations in this book, the sum or the difference is also a sinusoidal voltage so that, during each interval of operation, the direst voltage is described by a sine Junction. During one cycle there are several intervals of operation, ‘depending upon the rectifier connection. ‘Thus the curve of the direct voltage at no load consists of as many identical sections of sine curves pet cycle as there are intervals of operation, and if the transition from one sine curve to the other is not delayed by phase control, each section is symmetrical with respect to the crest point of the sine curve. The number of sections is called the Putse NUMBER, designated by q, because the intervals of operation are comparable to pulses.* For various pulse ‘numbers the curves of the direct voltage are shown ia fig. 6.1. Since the shape of these curves is 60 simple and is only a function of the pulse number, and since the magnitude is clearly defined by the alternating voltages, the average value of the direct voltage at no load and zero phase control is used as a general VOLTAGE REFERENCE. Its symbol is Ey, and all other voltage quantities are preferably expressed in terms of Ey. ‘The quantity Ey. is a theoretical figure since it disregards the fact that ‘even a small current, as required for the proper operation of certain ‘connections, causes a voltage drop across the diodes of several hundred * The pulse number q should not be mistaken forthe number of phases ofthe supply system or ofthe secondary transformer connection 18