126 D-C Characteristies e=tin retin Gea) pat (bev 4 X10" [Osee) 12 fin} 5 fin), 2.54 om) _ 99 x yor eo fen) 4x5fn] 3 Gin) 7Resistive Voltage Drop The resistive voltage drop will be computed from the power losses that cause a reduction of the direct voltage. Corrections for measurements made with short-cireulted dee terminals will be discussed. Basic Relations ‘The power losses in a re fier system can be classified into 1, Losses that increase the primary current, 2. Losses that reduce the direct voltage. Losses of the first kind are the “no-load” losses with the core losses of the transformer as the main portion; losses of the second category are the “oad losses,"” caused by the flow of the load current. Quite obviously, the load losses must equal the product of the direct current times the resistive voltage drop. Hence this voltage drop can be computed from |, the Losses according to total lent losses on It is now a logical step to conceive all values of resistance, which are ‘actually spread over the entire rectifier system and represented in fi. 9.14 by the resistors Rin the three secondary phases, as being concen- ‘trated in one resistor in series with the load circuit. This resistor, R’ in fig, 9.1, carries the load current, and the voltage drop across this resistor is E,. Thus the resistive voltage drop is eliminated from the rectifier ‘connection and is included in the direct voltage Ey, which simplifies the investigations. This concept is the more justified since with instantaneous ‘commutation R= R’, because the load current passes at any instant { through one of the three phases, and it does not matter whether the resistance isin this phase o in the d-c circuit. am128 D-C Characteristies ‘With a certain commutating angle the situation is changed since during ‘commutation the load current is shared by two phases, and the resultant value of resistance is smaller than R, In fact, commutation reduces the rms value of the current in the ratio J,/1y,,-, graphically presented as @ o Fig. 9:1, Resistance of the individual branches transferred to the d-e circuit, correction factor in fig, 21.5. The losses are reduced by the square of this ratio. From this we conclude a Ri = R|—% y fee] oa (This elation jgnores the fact that the correction factor for thers value ofthe eurent iin some cases diferent forthe primary andthe secondary currents, whereas and R represent the combined resistance of bth sides) ‘The main sources ofthe power loses are the transformer, the diodes, and the bus bars. ‘Transformer designers usually know how to compute the losses, and the losses in the diodes are specified in the data sheets for various conducting angles as a function of the average value of the current. For computing the losses in the bus bars many small contributions have to be regarded, and it is sometimes more convenient to compute their total, as a rough approximation, from the average current density for which the installation is designed, and from the total amount of copper or aluminum that isResistive Voltage Drop 19 used. For this purpose the losses per pound of copper or aluminum are shown in fig. 9.2 as a function of the current density. ‘The power losses are usually measured with short circuited d-c terminals at reduced input voltage. However, under such a condition the wave- shape of the currents in the various branches, and sometimes also the slumioum, opps { Hi 7 ref /aore 2 i ower losses (W/b) > 1 200 400600 G00” — 00 1000 1500” 2000 eureent deny (st) —>- Fig. 92. Chart for computing power losses in bus bars from the current density, temperature, differs from that under regular operation, and the results need a correction. This may be demonstrated best with an example, Example (Computing power losses from short circuit test, corrections) ‘The losses of a rectifier in 3-phase bridge connection have been measured With short circuited d-c terminals. Results: Total losses = 4.8 kW measured at the a-c input, with a current in the short circuit path of J, = 1000 A, and at a temperature of 20°C,130 D-C Characteristies Determine the losses and the resistive voltage drop at regular operation with J, = 1000 A and at a temperature of 75°C, Assume a diode charac teristic as shown in fig. 9.3. Disregard any temperature coefficient of the forward voltage drop of the diodes, and further assume that all values of impedance are common for the two commutating groups, > forvardwotage drop V1) > curent Fig. 9.3. Idealized diode charecerstic for sample eslolaton (instantaneous values), Solution. We ist itemize the measured losses. (@) Losses caused by the constant voltage drop across the dodes. These lossesare 2 x 0.9 [V] x 1000 A] = 18 [kW] (actor 2takes positive and negative system into account) (©) Losses caused by the internal resistance ofthe diodes. For comput- ing this portion we have to compute the rms valve of the current Fig. 9.4, Correa through diodes during short-cireut test (only common impedance), carried by the diodes under the short circuit condition, and to determine the equivalent resistance of the diodes, ‘The waveshape of the short circuit current is investigated in Chapter 11 and shown in ig. 9.4, Since three branches contribute to the current in the d-e path, the average value of this current is 4, and the crest value is w times this value, With this knowledge the rms value can be computed: Ima (each second half-wave is omitted ——rms value of full sine curveResistive Voltage Drop 131 From the slope of the diode characteristic (fig 9.3) we determine the equivalent resistance: a Rano = 281) — 06 (may ea 1000 [A] | This eds to the oss o al si branches us 6 x {524 [A]}? 0.6 [mO] = 1.0 [kW] (© The reat (20.W) ae reste lses in the asfomer and the but bar Under regular operation the rms value of the current is, in the leads that carry instead of [1 unidirectional current in the leads that carry 2 y. instead of 1 3YA/* alternating current is in both cases an increase by the Factor 3 ia Furthermore, the values of resistance will be increased by the higher temperature in the ratio 14 55 [°C] x 0.004 (1/°C] = 1.22 This raises the losses in the transformer windings and bus bars from 2kWto 2 [KW] x [1.1]! x 1.22 = 2.95 [kW] The losses caused by the constant voltage drop across the {diodes will be unchanged (under the cited assumptions) = 1.80 [kW] ___ The losses caused by the internal resistance of the diodes | are increased from i kW to 1 (KW) x (LIP 1.21 [kW] Total: 5.96 TEW] This causes a resistive voltage drop at J, = 1000 [A] of 5.96 [kW. = 596 1V) 1000 [A] Serine